Draft
                                                   9/24/87
AMBIENT AQUATIC LIFE  WATER QUALITY CRITERIA  FOR

                    SILVER
      U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
       OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
      ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
                DULUTH,  MINNESOTA
           NARRAGANSETT, RHODE ISLAND

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                                    NOTICES
This document has been reviewed by the Criteria and Standards Division,  Office
of Water Regulations and Standards,  U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency,  and
approved for publication.

Mention of trade names or commercial products does not  constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.

This document is available to the public  through the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS),  5285 Port Rojal  Road,  Springfield, VA  22161.
                                       11

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                                   FOREWORD


      Section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Water Act requires the Administrator of
the Environmental Protection Agency to publish water quality criteria that
accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of
all identifiable effects on health and welfare that might be expected from the
presence of pollutants in any body of water.   Pursuant to that end,  this
document proposes water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life.
These criteria do not involve consideration of effects on human health.

      This document is a draft, distributed for public review and comment.
After considering all public comments and making any needed changes,  EPA will
issue the criteria in final form,  at which time they will replace any
previously published EPA aquatic life criteria for the same pollutant.

      The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the Clean
Water Act, section 304(a)(l) and section 303(c)(2).   In section 304,  the term
represents a non-regulatory, scientific assessment of effects.  Criteria
presented in this document are such scientific assessments.  If water quality
criteria associated with specific  stream uses are adopted by a State as water
quality standards under section 303,  then they become maximum acceptable
pollutant concentrations that can  be used to derive enforceable permit limits
for discharges to such waters.

      Water quality criteria adopted in State water quality standards could
have the same numerical values as  criteria developed under section 304.
However, in many situations States might want to adjust water quality criteria
developed under section 304 to reflect local environmental conditions before
incorporation into water quality standards.   Guidance is available from EPA to
assist States in the modification  of section 304(a)(l) criteria, and in the
development of water quality standards.   It is not until their adoption as
part of State water quality standards that the criteria become regulatory.
                                    Martha G.  Prothro
                                    Director
                                    Office of Water Regulations and Standards
                                     111

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                                ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Loren J. Larson                        Jeffrey.-L. Hyland
Larry T. Brooke                        Robert S. Carr
(freshwater authors)                   (saltwater authors)
University of Wisconsin-Superior       Battelle New England Laboratory
Superior, Wisconsin                    Duxbury, Massachusetts
Charles E. Stephan                     David J. Hansen
(document coordinator)                 (saltwater coordinator)
Environmental Research Laboratory      Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota                      Narragansett, Rhode Island
                                       IV

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                                   CONTENTS








                                                                         Page




Notices.	   i i




Foreword	  i i i




Acknowl edgments	   i v




Tables	   vi








Introduction	>....... *	    1




Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals	    3




Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals	    5




Toxicity to Aquatic Plants	    8




Bioaccumulation	    9




Other Data	   10




Unused Data	  13




S umma ry	'	  15




National Criteria		  16




Implementation	  17








References	  77

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                                     TABLES
                                                                         Page



1.  Acute Toxicity of Silver to Aquatic Animals..	  22




2.  Chronic Toxicity of Silver to Aquatic Animals..	  4.3




3.  Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic




      Ratios		  46




4.  Toxicity of Silver to Aquatic Plants	  51




5.  Bioaccumulation of Silver by Aquatic Organisms	  52




6.  Other Data on Effects of Silver on Aquatic Organisms	  54
                                       VI

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Introduction




    Primary sources of anthropogenic  silver  in  surface waters  include




industrial and smelting wastes,  wastes  in jewelry manufacture, or electrical




supply, and most importantly,  in the  production and  disposal of  photographic




materials.  In a study of six  water  treatment facilities,  however,  Lytle




(1984) found the highest influent concentrations of  silver in  plants




receiving no known photoprocessing or industrial silver  wastes.   Silver,  as




silver iodide, is used in cloud seeding operations,  and  atmospheric transport




can result in silver in precipitation great  distances  from target areas.




Freeman (1979) suggested that  influent  ground water  might  also be an




important source of silver in  surface waters.




    Silver cycling studies by  Freeman (1979) showed  a  strong affinity of




silver for aquatic sediments.   Sediments contained  approximately 1000 times




the silver concentrations occurring in overlying waters.  Organic sediments




(silt, clay) contained two to  three times more  silver  than inorganic




sediments (sand, pebble).  Dependent on the  specific conditions (e.g.,  redox




potential, pH, dissolved oxygen, organic content,  etc.)  in sediments, silver




might be associated with materials such as  manganese dioxide,  clay minerals,




organic ligands, sulfate, sulfite, or occur  as  elemental silver.  Although




silver can exist in the 0, +1, +2, and +3 oxidation states, only the 0 and +1




states occur to any great extent in the environment.  The +1 state is the




only one that occurs in substantial  concentrations   in natural  waters.  Due to




the low solubility product constant (Ksp = 1.8  x 10   )  of silver chloride,




chloride has a strong influence on the concentration of  free  ionic silver




(Callahan et al. 1979).  Free  silver ions are photoreduced to elemental




silver by natural sunlight at  a rate that is dependent on such  factors as the




degree of radiation, water clarity,  and differential penetration of




photoreactive wavelengths.




                                       1

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     Chambers  and Proctor  (1960) found that the germicidal action of silver in



 distilled water was  related to the concentration of silver ions, rather than



 to  the  physical nature  of the silver from which the ions were derived.



 Studies with  saltwater  species have shown that toxicity of silver is related



 to  the  concentration of the free +1 ion; however,  chlorocomplexes appear to



 play an important  role  in the accumulation of silver by saltwater organisms



 (Engel  et al.  1981).



     Symptoms  of silver  intoxication in aquatic organisms appear to be similar



 to  those caused by other heavy metals.  Separation and disruption of the gill



 epithelium  is  frequently observed, resulting in esphisia.  Damage may be the



 result  of silver ions reacting directly at the gill membrane, or as an



 indirect result of hematological osmotic imbalances (Katz 1979).  Although



 working with  a limited  data set, Campbell and Stokes (1985) stated that



 biological  responses to silver are generally pH independent.




     Unless  otherwise noted, all concentrations reported herein  are expected



 to  be essentially  equivalent to acid-soluble silver concentrations.  All



 concentrations are expressed as silver, not as the chemical tested.  A




 comprehension of the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water



 Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses"



 (Stephan et al. 1985), hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines, and the



 response to public comment (U.S. EPA 1985a) is necessary in order to



understand the following text, tables, and calculations.  Results of such




 intermediate calculations as recalculated LCSOs and Species Mean Acute Values



are given to four  significant figures to prevent round-off error in



subsequent calculations, not to reflect the precision of the value.  The



criteria presented herein supersede previous national aquatic life water



quality criteria for silver (U.S. EPA 1976,1980a) because these new criteria

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were derived using improved procedures  and  additional  information.   The




latest comprehensive literature  search  for  information for  this  document  was




conducted in July, 1986;  some more  recent  information  might  have  been




included.








Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals




    Acceptable data on the acute effects  of silver  in  fresh water are




available for twelve species of  invertebrates  and  seven species  of fish




(Table 1).  Although water hardness or  associated  factors  probably influence




silver toxicity and the previous freshwater criterion  (U.S.  EPA  1980)  was




based on hardness, it has been determined that insufficient data are




available at medium and high hardnesses (> 75  mg/L as  CaCOg) upon which  to




derive national freshwater criterion based upon hardness.   The lack of data




on silver toxicity at higher hardnesses and the poor agreement between the




few data that are available results in poor agreement  between species on the




regression slopes which were calculated but not presented.   Because the




freshwater criterion derived herein is  weighted by toxicity data from soft




waters, criterion concentrations might be overly protective of aquatic




organisms in hard waters.




    Freshwater Species Mean Acute Values (SMAV) for silver range from




0.9 ng/L for a cladoceran (Daphnia magna) to 560 jug/L for a crayfish




(Orconectes immuni s) (Table 1).   Genus  Mean Acute  Values (GMAV)   for the  15




most sensitive genera occur within a small range,  2.155 to 29 ng/L  (Table




3).  Although the five most sensitive genera are arthropods, freshwater




fishes do not appear to be greatly more resistant  to  silver intoxication with




SMAVs ranging from 8.163 p,g/L for Rhi nichthvs  osculus  to 13 p.g/L  for




Lepomi s macrochi rus.  The Final  Acute Value (FAV)  in  fresh water  is




1.833 ng/L.   This value exceeds  the SMAV for Daphnia  magna  (0.9  f*g/L).




                                       3

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     The  acute  toxicity  of  silver  to  resident North American saltwater animals




 has  been determined  with ten  species  of  invertebrates, including five




 molluscs,  four crustaceans  and  a  polychaete, and eleven species of fish




 (Table  1).   The  acute values  range from  3 jug/L for the Eastern oyster,




 Crassostrea  vi rginica (Zaroogian, Manuscript) to > 1,000,000 /^g/L for the




 mummichog, a value  in excess  of silver's solubility (Dorfman 1977).  Of the




 nine most  resistant  species,  eight were  fishes.  The four most sensitive




 species  include  a fish, the summer flounder Paralichthvs dentatus. and three




 bivalve  molluscs, including the Eastern  oyster; Pacific oyster, Crassostrea




 gi gas and  quahog, MercenariA  mercenaria.




    The  toxicity of  silver  to several  saltwater species has been tested more




 than once  in the same or different laboratories with generally reasonable




 agreement  in acute values.  Values ranged from 145 to > 357 ng/L for the




 polychaete,  Neanthes arenaceodentata  (Pesch and Hoffman 1983); from 3 to




 37 p.g/'L  for  the  Eastern and Pacific  oysters (Calabrese et al.  1973;




 Coglianese 1982; Coglianese and Martin 1981; Dinnel et al. 1983; Maclnnes and




 Calabrese  1978;  Zaroogian,  Manuscript);  from 23.5 to 66 ng/L for the




 copepod  Acartia  tonsa (Lussier  and Cardin 1985; Schimmel 1981); from 74.3 to




 300 pg/L for static  tests and from 65  to 313 ng/L for flow-through




 tests for  the  mysid  Mvsidopsis  bahia  (Schimmel 1981); from 640 to




 58,000 jug/L  for  static tests  and  from  441 to 1,876 /ig/L for flow-




 through  testa  with the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus (Heitmuller




 et al.  1981;  Schimmel 1981);  from 4.7  to 47.7 jugA for summer  flounder,




 Paralichthvs dentatus (Cardin 1986);  and from 196 pg/L to 503  jug/L for




winter flounder  Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Cardin 1986).




    Data on  the  relative sensitivities of early  life stages of  summer  and




winter flounder  to silver are contradictory.  Acute values were similar,

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196.3 to 503 ^g/L, in tests which began with embryos  just  after  fertili-




zation, in early clevage, at blastula and  one-day-old larvae  of  the  winter




flounder (Cardin 1986).   In contrast,  acute  values  from flow-through tests




that began with embryos  in early clevage were 15.5  and 47.7 Mg/L.  Acute




values were 8 p.g/L in tests that began with  embryos at gastrulation  and




4.7 /itg/L with the larvae (Cardin 1986).




    Of the 19 genera for which saltwater Genus Mean Acute  Values are




available (Table 3),  the most sensitive genus, Crassostrea.  is about 190




times more sensitive than the most resistant, Fundulus.  Molluscs,  including




oysters, quahogs, scallops, and squid are  particularly sensitive to  silver.




Certain crustaceans and fishes are similarly sensitive.  Acute values are




available for more than one species for two  genera; the maximum difference  in




Species Mean Acute Values is a factor of 2.74.  The saltwater Final  Acute




Value for silver was calculated to be 14.50  ng/L.   This value is slightly




higher than Species Mean Acute Values for  the Eastern and Pacific oysters,




and the copepod Acarti a clausl and greater than acute values from nine




individual tests with these three species  and the summer flounder,




Paralichthys dentatus.








Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals




    Acceptable data on chronic toxicity of silver to  freshwater organisms are




available for a cladoceran and two species of fish (Table 2).   Elnabarawy et




al. (1986) conducted life-cycle tests with three cladoceran species,




Ceriodaohnia reticulata. Daohni a magna. and  I), pulex. but did not measure




silver concentrations in test chambers.  They reported chronic  values of




1.3, < 0.56, and < 0.56 ng/L, respectively.




    The chronic values for the two cladoceran species  reported  are  close to




or greater than 48-hr LCSOs.  Based on these  values,  most acute-chronic




                                       5

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 ratios  for  the  cladocerans  are  less  than  1.0.  This is probably due to




 mitigating  influence  of  the  presence of food in the chronic tests.  Chapman




 (1980)  reported the 48-hr EC50  for Daohnia magna increased by a factor of 40




 when  organisms were fed.  The mean 21-day LC50 for I),  magna of




 3.4 Mg/L  reported by  Nebeker  (1982)  is greater than its Species Mean Acute




 Value,  2.557 /ug/L.  All  studies  reported high mortalities in chronic




 exposures in the first 24-hr  period.  Although having high acute toxicity in




 aquatic macroinvertebrates,  silver does not appear to have significant




 cumulative  effect in  chronic  exposures.  Nebeker (1982) and co-workers (1983)




 reported  chronic values  for  I),  magna ranging from 2.6 to 28.6 /ugA,




 resulting in acute-chronic  ratios from 0.3911 to 0.7507.




    The effects of chronic  exposure  to silver have been studied with two




 fishes, the rainbow trout and fathead minnow.  Nebeker et al. (1983)




 conducted a 60-day early life-stage  test with rainbow trout (Sal mo




 gai rdneri): growth was reduced  at a  silver concentration of 1.06 pg/L.




 Although  small, but statistically significant, growth reductions were




 observed  at the lowest concentrations tested, intermediate concentrations did




 not produce growth reductions compared to the control.  The most  sensitive




 parameter appeared to be survival, which was reduced at 0.51 Mg/L,  but not




 at 0.36 Mg/L-  The chronic-  value for this study was 0.43 Mg/L-  Davies




 et al.  (1978) reported a similar effect of silver on survival of  rainbow




 trout.  In an 18-month exposure, survival was reduced at 0.17 /ug/L, but




 was not affected at 0.09 /ig/L.   Growth was affected in 18 months  at




 0.34 Mg/L.  The chronic  value for this study was 0.12 fig/L.




    Holcombe and co-workers  (1983) conducted an early life-stage  exposure




with the fathead minnow,  Pimephales  promelas.  Growth was reduced  at a silver

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concentration of 1.07 MS/L,  although no effects  on growth were  observed at




0.65 /ig/L.  Survival of fry was reduced at 0.65  ng/L,  but not at




0.37 Mg/L.  The chronic value for the fathead minnow was  0.49 ng/L.




The acute-chronic ratio was 13.66.




    Theoretically,  acute-chronic ratios should not be  less than 1.0.   The




chronic value in any test must be equal to or less than the acute value.




Although the Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratio for Daphnia magna was




calculated to be 0.4994, considering the mitigating influence of food,  as




reported by Chapman (1980) and Nebeker et al.  (1983),  this value might be




artificially low.  The Acute-Chronic Ratio (ACR) for this species may more




realistically be in the range of 15 to 20, which is in general  agreement with




ACRs for other species tested.  Therefore, the ACRs for Daphnia magna were




omitted from the calculation of the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio.




    The chronic toxicity of silver has been determined in five  life-cycle




toxicity tests with the saltwater mysid, Mysi dopsi s bahia (Table 2).   Chronic




values from these tests conducted at five laboratories ranged from 15.00 to




87.75 ng/L (McKenney 1982).  Reproduction was reduced at  15, 19, and




53 /ig/L in three tests, and both reproduction and survival were  reduced at




16 jug/L in one test.  For three of the tests, 96-hr LCSOs from




flow-through tests using the  same dilution water are available.




Acute-chronic ratios for these tests ranged from 5.273 to 13.29.  The  Species




Mean Acute-Chronic Ratio for  this mysid  is 8.512.




    The three useful Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios are 33.29, 13.66, and




8.512 (Table 3).  The geometric mean of  these values  is  15.70,  which  is the




Final Acute-Chronic Ratio.  Division of  the freshwater and  saltwater  Final




Acute Values by 15.70 results  in freshwater and saltwater Final  Chronic




Values of 0.1168 and 0.9236 jug/L, respectively, which  are  lower than  the




lowest available chronic values.




                                       7

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 Toxicity  to  Aquatic  Plants




     Three  acceptable  tests  are  available with freshwater species exposed to




 silver  (Table  4).  The  most  sensitive  species was the alga Selenastrum




 capricornutum  for  which the  96-hr  EC50, based on chlorophyll a. production,




 was  2.6 f^g/L (U.S. EPA  1978).   Brown and Rattigan (1979) exposed two




 freshwater vascular  plants  to silver for 28 days.  ECSOs for Elodea




 canadensi s and Lemna  minor  were 7,500  and 270 Mg/L.  respectively.




     Toxicity tests on silver have  been conducted with eight species of




 saltwater plants (Tables 4  and  6).  The 96-hr EC50 for the diatom,




 Skeletonema  costatum. was 130 ng/L based on cell counts and 170 pg/L




 based on chlorophyll  a.  (U.S. EPA 1978).  Chlorophyll a. was reduced after two




 days exposure  to 5 ng/L for  the dinoflagellate, Glenodinium hal1i (Wilson




 and  Freeberg 1980).   Formation  of  cystocarps, sexual fusion, in the red alga




 Champia parvula was  reduced  by  1.9 pg/L (Steele and Thursley 1983).




     The effect of  temperature and  salinity on the toxicity of silver has been




 studied with three phytoplankton species (Wilson and Freeberg 1980).




 Salinity did not significantly  affect  the toxicity of silver to the diatom




 Thaiassiosi ra  pseudonana. whereas  the  dinoflagellate Gymnodini urn splendens




 appeared to  be more  resistant at higher salinities (Table 6).  T. pseudonana




 was most resistant at temperatures between 16 and 20°C, whereas G. splendens




 was most resistant at temperatures between 20 and 30°C.  Chlorophyll a. was




 reduced about  65%  after two  days exposure to from 15 to 110 fig/L for




 Isochrysi s galbana for  13 temperature  - salinity combinations; from 13 to




 84 jug/L for T. pseudonana for 25 temperature -  salinity combinations; and




from 1.3 to  18 jug/L  for G.  splendens for 15 temperature - salinity




combinations.

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    A Final Plant Value,  as  defined  in  the  Guidelines,  cannot  be obtained




because no test in which the concentrations of  silver were measured  has  been




conducted with any aquatic plant  species.








Bioaccumulati on




    Two studies reported on silver uptake  by freshwater fish  (Table  5).




Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) muscle  tissue had  bioconcentration




factors (BCF)  of 11 and 19 after  a 120-day exposure  to  1  and  10  ng/L,




respectively.   Bluegills (Lepomi s macrochi rus)  exposed  for 180 days  had  whole




body BCFs of 15 and 150 at water  concentrations of  10 and  100 ng/L,




respectively (Cearley 1971).  Both species demonstrated a  concentration-




dependent BCF.  In contrast, Barrows et al. (1980)  reported  no significant




uptake of silver by bluegills in  a 28-day  exposure.   No water concentration




was given.




    Bioconcentration tests have been conducted on silver with one  saltwater




species, the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.  (Table 5).  The mussels  were




exposed to three concentrations of silver  for 12 to 21  months (Calabrese et




al. 1984).  The highest BCF observed was 6,500.  The BCF decreased with




increasing concentration of silver in water and reached a maximum value after




12 months of exposure.  Fisher et al. (1984) reported a BCF of 34,000 for the




diatom Thaiassiosi ra pseudonana.  and 13,000 for the green alga Dunali e11 a




tertiolecta exposed to silver cyanide for  12 hours  (Table 6).




    No U.S. FDA action level or other maximum acceptable concentration  in




tissue, as defined in the Guidelines,  is available  for silver; therefore, no




Final Residue  Value can be calculated.

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 Other  Data



     Other data  on  the  lethal  and  sublethal effects of silver on aquatic




 organisms are found  in Table  6.   Two  algal species were tested for onset of




 inhibition  of cell multiplication (Bringman and Kuhn 1977a,1978a,b,1980b).




 The  blue-green  alga, Microcystis  aeruginosa. was about 14 times more




 sensitive to  silver  than  the  green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda.  The




 blue-green  alga  was  affected  at 0.7 /ig/L, whereas the green alga was not




 affected at concentrations  less than  9.5 ^g/L.  Other tests- on green algal




 species produced ECSOs or reduced growth effects in 6- to 21-day exposures




 ranging from  6.4 to  100 MgA-   In general, bacteria were about as




 sensitive as  algae to  silver.   However, the duration of exposures  was much




 shorter (0.5  to  16 hr)  for  the  bacteria tests than for the algal tests  (6-21




 day).




     Bringmann and  Kuhn (1959a,1980a,b,c) tested three species of protozoans




 for  incipient inhibition.   Results ranged from 2.6 /ug/L for a 48-hr




 exposure of Chi 1omonas  paramaecium to  580 /^g/L for a 72-hr exposure of




 Entosiphon sulcatum.                                        ;




     Nehring (1976) ran  14-day  exposures to silver with two species of




 immature insects.  A mayfly nymph,  Ephemerella grandis. was the most




 sensitive with a 14-day LC50  of < 1 £ig/L and a stonefly naiad, Pteronarcvs




 cali fornica. was nearly as  sensitive  with a 14-day LC50 of 4 to 9  ng/L.




 Bioconcentration factors  (BCF) were determined for each species at death in




 exposures of 1 to  14 days.  BCFs  varied inversely with exposure




 concentration.  This may  have  been the result of increased bioconcentration




with lower exposure  levels  or  due  to  early deaths at the higher exposure




concentrations.   Mean  BCFs  of  37  to 84 were reported in the stonefly and




mayfly, respectively.
                                       10

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    Davies et al.  (1978)  exposed rainbow trout  embryos  and  larvae  for  5  and




22 weeks.  They observed premature  hatching  at  concentrations  as  low as




2.2 y.g/1.  Rombough (1985)  exposed  rainbow trout  embryos  to  silver and




reported median time to death (LT50).   He also  exposed  a  group of  embryos




with the zonae radiatae (egg capsule)  removed.   Median  time  to death was




inversely related to exposure concentration  for all  embryos.   Embryos  without




the zonae radiatae were more sensitive to silver.




    Birge (1978) and Birge  et al.  (1978) exposed two species of fish and two




species of amphibians to silver during early life stages.   ECSOs  (dead and




deformed larvae) ranged from 10 to  240 Mg/L  for 7 to 8-day  exposures.




These results are greater than most of the Species Mean Acute Values  for




fishes found in Table 1.




    LaPoint et al. (1984) related silver concentrations in  a Texas stream to




benthic  invertebrate community dynamics.  Although silver levels were  high,




attaining a maximum of 79.9 fJ,g/L,  other factors, such as extreme nutrient




loading, appeared to obscure any effects caused solely by silver.




    Wilson and Freeberg (1980) studied the effects of temperature and




salinity on the toxicity of silver  to several species of saltwater




unicellular algae.  For the most extensively studied species, the diatom




Thalass ios i ra pseudonana. 'silver was more toxic at temperatures above and




below 20°C.  For a particular temperature, the  toxicity tended to decrease




with increasing salinity, except for the combination of 20°C and 3 g/kg




salinity, which was the least toxic combination tested.  The dinof1agel1 ate




Gymnodinium splendens also was more resistant to silver at  higher salinities.




    Several studies have been conducted with macroalgae (Boney et al.  1959;




Steele and Thursby 1983).  A significant decrease in the growth of female




gametophytes of the red alga Champi a parvula was observed after two days  of
                                       11

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 exposure  to  3.2 Mg/L-  No  cystocarp formation occurred at concentrations




 above  1.2 ng/L.




     An interlaboratory comparison was performed with the polychaete Neanthes




 arenaceodentata (Pesch and Hoffman 1983).  Ability to burrow was the effect




 tested.   The  geometric mean  values for the 96-hr and 28-day ECSOs were 158.6




 and  158.7 yug/L, respectively, which indicates that no additional toxicity




 occurred  during the  last 24  days of the  test.  Windom et al.  (1982) studied




 the  uptake of  silver  from  food by a polychaete.




     A  number  of studies of physiological or biochemical effects have been




 conducted with polychaetes (Pereira and  Kanungo 1981), snails (Maclnnes and




 Thurberg  1973), bivalves (Calabrese et al. 1977a,1984; Thurberg et al.




 1974,1975),  crustaceans (Calabrese et al.  1977b) and fish (Calabrese et al.




 1977b;  Gould  and Maclnnes  1977; Jackim 1974; Jackim et al. 1970; Thurberg  and




 Collier 1977).  Ionic imbalances in the  coelomic fluid and a significant




 decrease  in  respiration were  observed with the blue mussel, Myti1 us eduli s,




 the  Eastern  oyster, Crassostrea vi rginica. the surf clam, Spi sula  solidi ssima.




 the  quahog,  Mercenari a mercenari a. and the soft-shell clam, Mya arenari a.




 after  96-hr  exposures to silver concentrations of 50 to




 100




     Dinnel et  al.  (1982,1983) conducted  tests with gametes and  embryos of  many-




 species of echinoderms.  The  ECSOs, based  on sperm cell fertilization  success




 after  60-min exposures, ranged from 29.8 to 115.3 ng/L for the  four species




 tested.   The most  sensitive  effect observed was the percentage  of  larvae




developing to  the  pluteus  stage after 5  days of exposure.  The  lowest  EC50




based on  this  effect was 14.9 yug/L for the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus




droebachi  ensi s.




    The effect of  silver on  the early life stages of winter flounder,




Pseudopleuronectes americanus. was investigated by Klein-MacPhee et al. (1984)




                                       12

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and Voyer et al.  (1982).   A significant  increase  in  larval mortality was



observed after 18 days of exposure  to  92  ng/L.  Growth  was significantly




reduced by 180
Unused Data



    Some data on the effects of silver  on aquatic  organisms  were  not  used



because the studies were conducted with species  that  are  not resident in



North America (e.g., Khangarot and Ray  1987a;  Khangarot  et  al.  1985;  Laroze



1955).  McFeters et al. (1983) tested a brine  alga,  which is too  atypical  to



be used in deriving national criteria.   Doudoroff  and Katz  (1953),  Engel et



al. (1981), Ganther (1980), Goettl et al. (1976),  Jenne  et  al.  (Manuscript),



Kay (1984), LeBlanc (1984), Lockhart (Manuscript), Phillips and Russo (1978),



Whitton (1970), and the International Joint Commission (1976) compiled data




from other sources.



    Results were not used when the test procedures were  not adequately



described (Ding et al. 1982; Fitzgerald 1967;  Goettl  et  al.  1974,1976;



Hassell 1962; Ishizake et al .  1966; Palmer and Maloney 1955; Tanaka and




Cleland 1978).  Acute and chronic tests with fathead minnows from Davies



(1976), Davies and Goettl (1978), LeBlanc et al .  (1984)  and EG & G, Bionomics



(1979) were not used because silver concentrations were  measured using  a



silver electrode ( Chudd 1983), and it is expected that results would have



been substantially different had they been reported in terms of acid-soluble



si 1 ver.



    Data were not used when silver was a component of an effluent or mixture



(Bryan et al. 1983; Doudoroff et al. 1966; Greig  1979; Lewis 1986;



Lopez-Avila et al. 1985; Luoma and Jenne 1975; Malins et al. 1984; Martin et




al. 1984; McDermott et al .   1976; Parsons et al.  1973; Reynolds 1979;




Roesijadi et al. 1984; Terhaar et al. 1972; Young and Lisk  1972).  Data were




                                       13

-------
 not  used when the  organisms were exposed to silver by injection or gavage




 (Hibiya and Orguri 1981; Storebakken et al. 1981).  Christensen (1971),



 Christensen and Tucker  (1978), and Dalmon and Bayen (1976) only exposed



 enzymes, excised or homogenized tissue, or cell cultures.



     Tests conducted without controls (Albright and Wilson 1974; Coleman and



 Clearley 1974) were not used.  Data from Buikema et al.  (1973,  1974a,b)  were



 not  used due to possible reproductive  interactions.  High control  mortalities



 occurred in a life-cycle test reported by McKenney (1982).  Data from Hale



 (1977) was not used because dilution water contained high concentrations of



 other heavy metals.



     Results of some laboratory tests were not used because the tests were



 conducted in distilled or deionized water without addition of appropriate



 salts (Chambers and Proctor 1960; Jones 1939,1940; Mukai 1977;  Shaw and



 Groshkin 1957; Shaw and Lowrance 1956).  ffatanabe and Takimoto (1977) tested



 silver toxicity in duckweed at a pH below 6.5.  Dilution waters used by



 Hannan and Patouillet (1972) contained high organic levels.  Results from



 Bringmann and Kuhn (1977b) were not used because organisms were cultured and



 tested in different waters.



     Results of laboratory bioconcentration tests were not used when the




 concentration of silver in the test solution was not adequately measured




 (Goettl and Davies 1978).  Reports of  the concentrations of silver  in wild



 aquatic organisms  (Amiard 1978a,b, 1979; Bryan et al. 1983; Eisler et al.




 1978; Estabrook et al. 1985; Feldt and Melzer 1978; Hall et al. 1978; Jones



 et al. 1985;  Lucas and Edgington 1970; Martin, Manuscript; Martin and Flegal



 1975; Martin and Knauer 1972; Martin et al. 1984; Nelson et al. 1983;




Reynolds 1979;  Strong and Luoma 1981; Telitchenko et al.  1970; Tong et  al.




1972; Van Coil lie and Rousseau 1974) were not used to calculate
                                       14

-------
bioaccumulation factors due to an insufficient  number  of  measurements  of  the




concentration of silver in water.   BCFs  obtained  from  microcosm  or model




ecosystem studies were not used when the concentration of silver in  water




decreased with time (Terhaar et al .  1977).








Summary



    The toxicity of silver is probably  influenced by water hardness  or




related factors, although insufficient  data  are available on which to  base




national freshwater criteria upon hardness.   Silver  is highly toxic  to both




freshwater macroinvertebrates and fishes in  acute exposures.   Acute  values




ranged from 0.9 fJ,g/L to 29 jug/L for the  15 most sensitive species.   A




crayfish, Orconectes immunis. was the most resistant  species to  silver with a




96-hr LC50 of 560 Mg/L.  The six most sensitive species were arthropods.




    Data are available for a cladoceran and  two species of fish  in  chronic




exposures.  Chronic values for cladocerans were above  acute values  that were




obtained in acute tests in which the organisms  were  not fed, but were  below




acute values obtained  in acute tests in which the organisms \yere fed.   Mean




chronic values were 0.2272 and 0.49 Mg/L for rainbow trout and fathead




minnows, respectively.  Their respective acute-chronic ratios were  33.29 and




13.66.  Freshwater vascular plants appeared  to  be relatively insensitive to




silver, although algae and other microorganisms were reported to be very




sensitive.  Uptake of  silver was reported for several  organisms.




Bioconcentration factors ranged from less than detectable to 150.




    Acute toxicity values for silver are available for 21 species of




saltwater animals including ten species of  invertebrates  and eleven species




of fish.  Acute values range from 3 jug/L for the Eastern  oyster to
                                       15

-------
 >  1,000,000  for the mummichog.  Fishes are generally resistant except for




 sensitive  early life  stages.  The four most sensitive species include embryo




 and  larval stages of  the  summer flounder, Eastern oyster,  Pacific oyster,  and




 quahog.



     The chronic toxicity  of  silver has been determined in five life-cycle




 toxicity tests with the saltwater mysid, Mvsidopsis bahia.   Chronic values




 ranged from  15.00 to  87.75 pg/L based primarily on decreases in




 reproduction.  Acute-chronic  ratios for the three tests for which 96-hr LCSOs




 were available ranged from 5.273 to 13.29.  The toxicity of silver has been




 determined with eight species of saltwater plants.  Four species,




 Thalass iosi ra pseudonana. Glenodinium hal1i.  Gymnodinium splendens. and




 Champia parvula were  affected in one or more tests at concentrations below




 the  acute value for the most  sensitive saltwater animal.  The blue mussel can




 bioconcentrate silver from 1,056 to 6,500 times the concentration in water.




 Embryonic development of  sea  urchins and surf clam embryos was affected and




 physiological or histological changes occurred in American lobsters, surf




 clams, and blue mussels at concentrations below the acute value  for the most




 sensitive saltwater animal.








 National Criteria




    The procedures described  in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical




 National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and




 Their Uses"  indicate  that, except possibly where a locally important species




 is very sensitive, freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not  be




 affected unacceptably if  the  four-day average concentration of silver does




 not exceed 0.12 Mg/L more than once every three years on the average and




 if the one-hour average concentration does not exceed 0.92 ng/L  more than




once every three years on the average.




                                       16

-------
    The procedures described in the  "Guidelines  for  Deriving Numerical




National Water Quality Criteria for  the  Protection of  Aquatic  Organisms and



Their Uses" indicate that,  except  possibly  where  a locally  important  species



is very sensitive, saltwater aquatic organisms and their  uses  should  not be



affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration of  silver does



not exceed 0.92 pg/L more than once  every three  years  on  the average  and



if the one-hour average concentration does  not exceed  7.2 pg/L more than



once every three years on the average.








Implementation



    Because of the variety of forms  of silver  in ambient  water and the  lack



of definitive information about their relative toxicities to  aquatic  species,



no available analytical measurement  is known to  be  ideal  for  expressing



aquatic life criteria for silver.   Previous aquatic  life  criteria for metals



and metalloids (U.S. EPA 1980b) were expressed  in terms of  the total



recoverable measurement (U.S. EPA 1983a),  but  newer  criteria  for metals and



metalloids have been expressed in terms of  the  acid-soluble measurement (U.S.



EPA 1985b).  Acid-soluble silver (operationally  defined as the silver that



passes through a 0.45 /Jin membrane filter after  the sample has been



acidified to a pH between 1.5.and 2.0 with nitric acid)  is probably the best



measurement at the present for the following reasons:




 1.  This measurement is compatible  with nearly  all  available data concerning




     toxicity of silver to, and bioaccumulation  of silver by,  aquatic




     organisms.  It is expected that the results of  tests used in the




     derivation of the criteria would not have  been substantially different




     if they had been reported in terms of  acid-soluble  silver.




 2.  On samples of ambient water,  measurement of acid-soluble silver will



     probably measure all forms of silver that  are toxic to aquatic  life or



                                       17

-------
    can be readily converted to toxic forms under natural  conditions.   In



    addition, this measurement probably will not measure several  forms,  such



    as silver that is occluded in minerals, clays,  and sand or is strongly



    sorbed to particulate matter, that are not toxic and are not  likely to



    become toxic under natural conditions.  Although this  measurement  (and



    many others) will measure soluble complexed forms of silver,  such  as the



    EDTA complex of silver, that probably have low toxicities to  aquatic



    life, concentrations of these forms probably are negligible in most



    ambient water.



3.  Although water quality criteria apply to ambient water, the measurement



    used to express criteria is likely to be used to measure silver in



    aqueous effluents.  Measurement of acid-soluble silver is expected to be



    applicable to effluents because it will measure precipitates, such as



    carbonate and hydroxide precipitates of silver, that might exist in an



    effluent and dissolve when the effluent is diluted with receiving



    water.  If desired, dilution of effluent with receiving water before



    measurement of acid-soluble silver might be used to determine whether




    the receiving water can decrease the concentration of acid-soluble



    silver because of sorption.



4.  The acid-soluble measurement is expected to be useful  for most metals



    and metalloids,  thus minimizing the number of samples and procedures



    that are necessary.



5.  The acid-soluble measurement does not require filtration of the sample



    at the time of collection, as does the dissolved measurement.



6.  The only treatment required at the time of collection  is preservation by




    acidification to a pH between 1.5 and 2.0, similar to that required  for



    the total  recoverable measurement.
                                      18

-------
 7.  Durations of 10 minutes to 24  hours  between  acidification  and  filtration



     of most samples of ambient water  probably  will  not  affect  the  result



     substantially.



 8.  Ambient waters have much higher buffer  intensities  at  a  pH between  1.5



     and 2.0 than they do at a pH between 4  and 9 (Stumm and  Morgan 1981).



 9.  Differences in pH within the range  of 1.5  to 2.0  probably  will  not




     affect the result substantially.



10.  The acid-soluble measurement does not require a digestion  step,  as  does



     the total recoverable measurement.



11.  After acidification and filtration of the  sample  to isolate the acid-



     soluble silver, the analysis can  be performed using either atomic



     absorption spectrophotometric  or  ICP-atomic  emission spectrometric



     analysis (U.S.  EPA 1983a), as  with the  total recoverable measurement.



Thus, expressing aquatic life criteria for silver in terms  of the acid-



soluble measurement has both toxicological and  practical advantages.  The



U.S. EPA is considering development and approval  of a  method for a



measurement such as acid-soluble.



     Metals and metalloids might be measured using the total recoverable



method (U.S. EPA 1983a).  This would have two major impacts because this



method includes a digestion procedure.  First,  certain species of some metals



and metalloids cannot be measured because the total recoverable method cannot



distinguish between individual oxidation states.   Second,  in some cases these



criteria would be overly protective when based on the total  recoverable




method because the digestion procedure will dissolve silver  that is not toxic




and cannot be converted to a toxic form under natural conditions.   Because no




measurement is known to be ideal for expressing  aquatic  life criteria for




silver or for measuring silver in ambient water  or  aqueous effluents,




measurement of both acid-soluble silver and total recoverable  silver  in



                                       19

-------
 ambient water or effluent or both might be useful.  For example,  there might



 be  cause  for concern when total recoverable silver is much above  an



 applicable  limit, even though acid-soluble silver is below the limit.



      In addition, metals and metalloids might be measured using the dissolved



 method, but this would also have several impacts.  First, in many toxicity



 tests on  silver the test organisms were exposed to both dissolved and



 undissolved silver.  If only the dissolved silver had been measured,  the



 acute and chronic values would be lower than if acid-soluble or total



 recoverable silver had been measured.  Therefore, water quality criteria



 expressed as dissolved silver would be lower than criteria expressed as acid-



 soluble or total recoverable silver.  Second, not enough data are available



 concerning the toxicity of dissolved silver to allow derivation of a



 criterion based on dissolved silver.  Third, whatever analytical  method is



 specified for measuring silver in ambient surface water will probably also be



 used to monitor effluents.  If effluents are monitored by measuring only the



 dissolved metals and metalloids, carbonate and hydroxide precipitates of



 metals would not be measured.  Such precipitates might dissolve,  due to



 dilution or change in pH or both, when the effluent is mixed with receiving



 water.  Fourth,  measurement of dissolved silver requires filtration of the



 sample at the time of collection.  For these reasons, it is recommended that



 aquatic life criteria for silver not be expressed as dissolved silver.



     As discussed in the Water Quality Standards Regulation (U.S. EPA 1983b)



 and the Foreword to this document, a water quality criterion for aquatic  life



 has regulatory impact only after it has been adopted in  a state water quality




 standard.   Such a standard specifies a criterion for a pollutant that  is




 consistent with a particular designated use.  With the concurrence of the



U.S. EPA,  states designate one or more uses for each body of water or segment




thereof and adopt criteria that are consistent with the  use(s) (U.S.  EPA




                                       20

-------
1983c,1987).  In each standard a state  may adopt  the  national  criterion,  if



one exists, or,  if adequately justified,  a site-specific  criterion.



     Site-specific criteria may include not only  site-specific criterion



concentrations (U.S.  EPA 1983c), but  also site-specific,  and  possibly



pollutant-specific, durations of averaging periods  and  frequencies  of  allowed



excursions (U.S.  EPA 1985c).   The averaging periods of  "one hour"  and  "four



days" were selected by the U.S.  EPA on  the basis  of data  concerning how



rapidly some aquatic species  react to increases  in  the  concentrations  of  some



pollutants, and "three years" is the  Agency's  best  scientific judgment of the



average amount of time aquatic ecosystems should  be provided  between



excursions (Stephan et al. 1985; U.S. EPA 1985c).   However,  various species



and ecosystems react and recover at greatly differing rates.   Therefore,  if



adequate justification is provided, site-specific and/or pollutant-specific



concentrations,  durations, and frequencies may be higher or lower than those



given in national water quality criteria for aquatic  life.



     Use of criteria, which have been adopted in state water quality



standards, for developing water quality-based permit  limits and for designing




waste treatment facilities requires selection of  an appropriate wasteload



allocation model.  Although dynamic models are preferred for the application



of these criteria (U.S. EPA I985c), limited data or other considerations




might require the use of a steady-state model (U.S. EPA 1986).  Guidance on



mixing zones and the design of monitoring programs is also available  (U.S.




EPA 1985c,1987).
                                       21

-------
Table I.  Acute Toxicity of Silver  to Aquatic  Animals
Species Uethod" Chemical
Hydra, S, U Silver nitrate
Hydro sp.
Leech, S, M Silver nitrate
Nephel ops is obscura
Leech, F, U Silver nitrate
Nephelopsis obscura
Snail (adult), R, M Silver nitrate
Apl exo hypnorum
Snai 1 , F, U Si Iver nitrate
NJ
NJ Apl exa hypnorum
Cladoceran, S, U
Ceriodaphnio reticulata
Cladoceran S, U Silver nitrate
(<24 hr),
Ceriodophni a ret i culoto
Cladoceran, S, U Silver nitrate
Oaphni a moqna
Cladoceran, S, M Silver nitrate
Poplin i o maqna
Hardness LC50 Species Mean
(•g/L as or CC50 Acute Value
CaCO ) (ua/L)b (^a/L) Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
46 6 26 26 Brooke et al. 1986

46.6 53 - Brooke et al . 1986

44.7 29 29 Hoi combe et al.
1987
50.4 241 ' - Hoi combe et al. 1983

44.7 83 83 Holcombe et al .
1987
45. II - Uount and Morberg 1984
240 1.4 3.924 Elnabarawy et al . 1986


54 2.2 - Lemke 1981

1 .07 - Lemke 1981


-------
        Table  I.   (continued)
UJ
Hardness
(-9/L «s
Species Method" Chemical . CoCOj)
Cladoceran, S, M Silver nitrate
Dophni o moqno
Cladoceran, S, U Silver nitrate
Dophni o moqno
Cladoceran S, U Silver nitrate 255
(<24 hr),
Dophn i o moqno
Clodoceran S, M Silver nitrate 255
(<24 hr),
Dophn i o moqno
Cladoceron S, U Silver nitrate 73
(<24 hr).
Dophni o moqno
Cladoceran S, M Silver nitrate 73
(<24 hr),
Oophni o moqno
Ctadoceron S, M Silver nitrate 60
(<24 hr),
Dophn i o moqno
Cladoceran S, U Silver nitrate 60
(<24 hr),
Daphn i o moqno
LC50 Species Mean
or CC50 Acute Value
(fiq/L) (f9/L) Reference
0.64 - Lemke 1981
0.39 - Lemke 1981
48. - Nebeker 1982;
(45) Lemke 1981
55. - Nebeker 1982;
(49) Lemke 1981
8.4 - Nebeker 1982;
Lemke 1981
14.9 - Nebeker-1982;
Lemke 1981
I.I - Nebeker 1982;
Lemke I9BI
0.6 - Nebeker 1982;
Lemke 1981

-------
Table I.   (cant inued)
Hardness
(•g/L as
Species Method0 Cfcejucol CaC03J_
Cladoceran S, U Silver nitrate 46
(<24 hr),
Dophni o moqno
Cladoceran S, M Silver nitrate 46
(<24 hr).
Dophn I o maqna
Cladoceran S, M Silver nitrate 46
(<24 hr).
Dophni o moqno
Clodoceran S, U Silver nitrate 46
(<24 hr),
Dophni a moqno
Cladoceran S, M Silver nitrate 54
(<24 hr),
Dophni o moqno
Cladoceran S, U Silver nitrate 47
(24 hr).
Dophni o moqno
Clodoceran S, U Silver nitrate 60
(<24 hr),
Oophnia moqno . . v
Cladoceran S, U Silver nitrate 38-40
(<24 hr).
Dophn I o maqno
LC50 Species Uea*
or EC50 Acute Value
(/JQ/L) Ift^/L] Reference
0.63 - Nebeker 1982;
Lemke 1981
0.66 - Nebeker 1982;
Lemke 1981
0.9 - Nebeker 1982;
Lemke 1981
1.03 ; - Nebeker 1982;
Lemke 1 98H
2.9 - Nebeker 1982;
Lemke 1981
0.24 - Chapman 1980
I.I - Nebeker et ol. 1983
Q.6 - Nebeker et al. 1983

-------
Table  I.   (continued)
Hardness
(•g/L as
Species Method" Che»icol CaC03)_
Cladoceran S, U Silver nitrate 38-40
(<24 hr),
Dophn i o moqno
Cladoceran S, U - 72
(<24 hr),
Poplin i a moqno
Cladoceran (adult), S, U Silver nitrate 240
0 o p h n i o moqno
Cladoceran S, U Silver nitrate 240
(<24 hr),
Daphn i a moqno
to
*•" Cladoceron F, M Silver nitrate 44.7
(<24 hr),
Dophn i o moqno
Cladoceran S, U 45
(<24 hr),
Dophn i a pul ex
Cladoceran S, U Si 1 ver ni trate 240
(<24 hr),
Dophn i a pul ex v*
Cladoceron, S, U - 45.
Simocepho 1 us vet ul us
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
(pQ/L)b (iiQ/L) Reference
Nebeker et ol. 1983


1 .5 - LeBlanc 1980


10 - Khongarot and Ray
1987b
1.5 ' - Elnobarawy et al .
1986


0.9 0.9 Holcombe et al .
1987

14. - Mount and Norberg
1984

1 .9 5.158 Elnabarawy et al . 1986


15 15 Mount and Norberg 1984

Amphipod,             R, U
Cronqonyx pseudoqrqc ills
Si Iver ni trate
50
Martin and Holdich
1986

-------
Table I.  (continued)


Species Method" Chemical
Amphipod (adult), f, U Silver nitrate
Gammarus pseudol imnaeus
Mayfly (nymph), S, U Silver nitrate
Leptophlebia sp.
Midge (3rd instar), S, U Silver nitrate
Tanytarsus dissimi 1 is
Uidge (larva), F, U Silver nitrate
Tanytarsus dissimilis

Crayfish, F, U Silver nitrate
Orconectes immunis
Rainbow trout S, M Silver nitrate
( 1 arva) ,
Salmo qairdneri
Rainbo* trout S, M Silver nitrate
( 1 arva) ,
Salmo aai rdner i
Rainbon trout S, U Silver nitrate
( 1 arvo) ,
Salmo qairdneri
Hardness
(«g/L as
CaCO,)_
48.1

46.6

47.9

44.7


44.7

48


255


54


LC5Q Species yean
or CC50 Acute Value
(wa/L) (»iq/H Reference
4.5 4.5 Lima et al. 1982;
Call et al. 1983
2.2 2.2 Brooke et al. 1986

3,160 - Lima et al . 1982;
Call et al. 1983
420 420 Hoi combe et al .
1987
t
560 560 Hoi combe et al .
1987
19.92 - Lemke 1981


240 - Lemke 1981


48 - Lemke 1981


Rainbow trout
(I arva),
SaImo go i rdner i
S,  M       Silver nitrate
46.1
                                                                           11.8
                                                    Lemke  1981

-------
Table I.   (cant inued)
Species
Rainbo* trout
( larva) ,
So Imo qoi rdneri
Rainbow trout
( larva) ,
So Imo go i rdneri
Rainbow trout
( larva) ,
Solmo go i rdneri
Rainbow trout
( larva) ,
Solmo qoi rdneri
N> Rainbow trout
( larva) ,
Solmo go i rdner i
Rainbow trout
( larva) ,
Sal mo qa i rdner i
Rainbow trout
(juveni le) ,
Salmo qa i rdneri
Hardness
("9/L «
Met hod" Cheaicol CoCOJ
"""" "" J*—
S, H Silver nitrate 75


S. y Silver nitrate 48


S. y Silver nitrate 255


S, U Si Iver nitrate 54


S, y Silver nitrate 46

S, y Silver nitrate 75

S, y Si Iver nitrate 40


LC50 Species yean
or EC50 Acute Value
(«q/L)b (pa/L) Reference
24.6 - Lemke 1981


31.80 - Lemke 1981


280 - Lemke 1981


54 ' - Lemke 1981


108.9 - Lemke 1981

22.5 - Lemke 1981

72.9 - Nebeker et


Rainbow trout
(j uveniIe),
Salmo qoi rdneri
S,  y       SiIver  ni trate
                                                       37
                                                    84.4
                                                                                                          Nebeker  et  al.  1983

-------
          Table I.   (continued)


s.
w trout
ile)
• • « / ,
qoi rdner i


Method* Chemlcol
S, y Silver nitrate

Hardness
(-9/L os

26

LC50
or EC50
(^g/t)b
10.9

Species Mean
Acute Value
(fJ9/L)
-



Reference
Nebeker e

          Rainbow trout
          (juveni le) ,
          So I mo qoi rdneri
s. u
Silver nitrate
35
                                           8.5
                                                                                     Nebeker  et  ol.  1983
          Rainbow trout
          (larva) ,
          So I mo qoi rdneri
           Silver nitrate
                      54
                    16.38
                                                                                     Lemke  1981
N>
oo
Rainbow trout         F, U
(69 mm),
Soimo qoi rdneri

Rainbow trout         F, U
(146 mm).
Solmo aoirdneri
                                           Si Iver nitrate
                                 31
                                                                 20
                                           5.3
                                                      6.2
                                                    Davies et al . 1978;
                                                    Goettl and Davies
                                                    1978

                                                    Oavies et al . 1978;
                                                    Goettl and Davies
                                                    1978
          Rainbow  trout
          ( I 73  mm) ,
          Solmo go i rdner i
r,  u
                      26
                     8.1
                                                                                                           Davies et  ol .  1978;
                                                                                                           Goettl and Davies
                                                                                                           1978
          Rainbow  trout
          (167  mm),
          Solmo go i rdner i
          Rainbow  trout
          (j uveniIe),
          Solmo  go i rdner i
          Rai nbo«  t rout
          (juveniIe),
          So I mo  go i rdner i
r,  M
r,  u
r.  u
Silver nitrate
                                           Si Iver  ni trote
                     350
                                                                 36
                      29
                    13.0
                     9.2
                                                      8.6
                                                                                                           Davies et  al .  1978;
                                                                                                           Goettl and Davies
                                                                                                           1978

                                                                                                           Nebeker et ol   1983
                                                                                                                    Mebeker et al   1983

-------
Table I.   (continued)
Hardness
(.«/L as
Species Method" Chemical CaCOj)
Rainbow trout F, U Silver nitrate 42
(juveni le) ,
Salmo gairdneri
Rainbow trout f, U Silver nitrate 48
( larva) ,
Salmo qai rdner i
Rainbo* trout F, U Silver nitrate 255
( 1 orva) ,
Salmo qairdneri
Rainbow trout F, U Silver nitrate 54
( 1 arva) ,
Salmo qairdneri
M Rainbow trout F, U Silver nitrate 46.1
( larva) ,
Salmo qairdneri
Rainbow trout F, U Silver nitrate 75
( larva) ,
Salmo qairdneri
Rainbow trout F, U Silver nitrate 255
( larva) ,
Salmo qoi rdner i ' ' ~.
LC50 Species Uean
or CC50 Acvto Value
(pa/L)b (ua/Ll Reference
9.7 - Nebeker et


17.87 - Lemke 1981


240 - Lemke 1981


14 - Lemke 1981


6.9 - Lemke 1981
11.5 - Lemke 1981


170 - Lemke 1981


Rainbow trout
(larva),
So I mo qoi rdner i
F,  U       Silver nitrate        46.1
                                                                            8.4
                                                                                                          Lemke  1981

-------
Table I.   (cant inued)
Species Method0
Rainbow trout F, U
( larva) ,
So lino qoi rdner i
Rainbow trout F, U
( 1 arva) ,
So Into qa i rdner i
Rainbow trout F, U
( j uveni le) ,
Salmo go i rdner i
Fathead minnow, S, U
Pimephales promelas
CO
O Fathead minnow, S, U
Pimephales promelas
Fathead mi nnow, S , U
Pimepho 1 es promel as
Fathead mi nnow, S , U
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow, S, U
Pimephol es promel as
Hardness
(*g/L as
Chemical CaCO,i
Silver nitrate 75
Si 1 ver ni trate 54
Silver nitrate . 44.7
Silver nitrate 48
Silver nitrate 255
Si 1 ver ni trate 54
Si 1 ver ni trate 46. 1
Silver nitrate 75
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
(fia/Llb (ua/Ll Reference
9.7 - Lemke 1981
16.38 - Lemke 1981
6 13.38 Holcombe et al
1987
<
30.43 - Lemke 1981
230 - Lemke 1981
13.8 - Lemke 1981
6.7 - Lemke 1981
tO. 3 - Lemke 1981
Fathead minnow,       S, U
Pimepholes promelas
Si Iver n i trate
48
                                                                            22  66
                                                                                                           Lemke 1981

-------
Table I.   (continued)


Species Method* Cheaicol
Fathead minnow, S, U Silver nitrate
Pimephol es promelos
Fathead minnow, S, U Silver nitrate
Pimephales proroelos
Fathead minnow, S, M Silver nitrate
Pimephol es promelos
Fathead minnow, S, U Silver nitrate
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow F, U Silver nitrate
(juveni 1 e) ,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow F, U Silver nitrate
(juveni le) ,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow S, U Silver nitrate
(juveni le) ,
Pimephales promelas
Hardness
(-9/L «
CoCOJ

255

54

46.1

75

40


36


38


LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
(pa/L) (ua/L) Reference

270 - Lemke 1981

19.6 - Lemke 1981

12.3 - Lemke 1981

8.7 - Lemke 1981

5.6 - Nebeker et al . 1983;
Lemke 1981

74 . Nebeker et al. 1983;
Lemke 1981

9.4 - Nebeker et al. 1983;
Lemke 1981

Fathead minnow
(juvenile),
Pimepholes promelos
S,  M
                                  Si Iver  ni trate
                                 39
                                                                            9.7
Nebeker  et  al.  1983;
Lemke 1981

-------
          Table I.   (continued)
CO
ho
Species Method0 Chemical
Fathead minnow S, U Silver nitrate
(0.15 g),
Pimephales gromelas
Fathead minnow F, U Silver nitrate
(37 mm),
Pimephales gromelas
Fathead minnow F, U Silver nitrate
(37 mm).
Pimephal es promel as
Fathead minnow F, U Silver nitrate
( j uveni 1 e) ,
Pimephales gnome las
Fathead minnow, F, U Silver nitrate
Pimephol es promel as
Fathead minnow F, U Silver nitrate
(30 day old),
Pimephales gromelas
Fathead minnow, F, U Silver nitrate
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow, F, M Silver nitrate
Pimephales p_romelas
Fathead minnow, F, M Silver nitrate
Pimephales promel as
Hardness
(•9/L os
CoCOj
44.8
33
274
44.7
38
46.0
48
255
54
LC50 Species Uean
or ECSO Acute Value
(/iq/L)b (pq/L) Reference
14.0 - Holcombe et ol.
3.9 - Goettl and Davi
4.8 - Goettl and Davi
9 - Holcombe et al .
1987
16 - EG It G Bionomic
LeBlanc et al .
10.7 - Lima et al . 1 9£
Call et a! . 1 9J
tO. 98 - Lemke 1981
150 - Lemke 1981
It . 1 - Lemke 1981

-------
Table I.   (continued)
Uordiess
Species yet»od° Chemical CeCOjl
Fathead minnow, F, y Silver nitrate 46.1
Pimepholes promelos
Fathead minnow, F, y Silver nitrate 75
Pimepholes promelos
Fathead minnow, F, y Silver nitrate 48
Pimepholes promelos
Fathead minnow. F, y Silver nitrate 255
Pimepholes promelas
Fathead minnow. F. U Silver nitrate 46.1
Pimepholes promelos
Fathead minnow, F, y Silver nitrate 75
Pimephales promelos
Fathead minnow F, y Silver nitrate 44.4
(0.15 g).
Pimephales promelos
Speckled dace F, U Silver nitrate 30
(68 mm).
Rhini chthys oscul us
LC50 Species Uea*
or CC50 Acute Value
(pa/l)b (ua/L) Reference
5.3 - Lemke 1981
6.3 - Lemke 1981 ' .
11.75 - Lemke 1981
HO - Lemke 1981
3.9 ' - Lemke 1981
5.0 - Lemke 1981
6.7 11.34 Hoi combe et al . 1983
4.9 - Goettl and Oavies 19
Speckled dace
(68 mm),
Rhi nichthys osculus
F,  U       SiIver nitrate
                                                      250
                                                                           13.6
                                                                      8.163
                                                                                                          Goettl  and  Davies  1978

-------
Table t.   (continued)
Species

Uottled sculpi n
(81 mm),
Cottus bairdi
Method0    Cheat col
F, U
Si 1ver ni trate
                     Hardness
                     (•g/L os
                      CoCOj)

                      30
                                        LC50
                                       or  EC5D
                                        liia/L)fc
                                           5.3
                                                       Species Mean
                                                       Acute Value
                                                          fiia/Ll
                                                                                    Reference
                                                                                    GoetH and Dovies 1978
Mot11ed sculpi n
(81 mm),
Cottus bairdi
F, U
Silver nitrate
                     250
                                          13.6
                                                           8.490
                                                                         Goetti and Davies 1978
Channel catfish
(14.2 g),
Ictolurus punctatus
F.  M
Si Iver ni trate
                      44.4
                                          17.3
17.3
                                                                         Holcombe et al.  1983
Flagf ish
(30 day old),
JordonelI a f I or I doe
f,  M
Si Iver nitrate
                      44.5
                                           9.2
 9.2
Lima et  al.  1982;
Call et  al.  1963
Bluegill              S, U
(young of the year)
Lepomi s macrochi rus

Bluegill (juvenile),  F, U
lepomi s mocrocni rus
Silver nitrate        32-48
SiIver nitrate        44 7
                                                     60
                                                     13
                                                          13
                                                                         Buccofusco et al.  1981
                                                                         Holcombe et al.
                                                                         1987
                                                      SALTWATER SPECIES
Polychaete,           F, M
Neanthes orenoceodentato
           Si Iver ni trate
                                                                          151
                                                                                    Pesch and Hoffman 1983
Polychaete,           F, H
Neanthes arenaceodentata
           Si Iver n i trate
                                                       30L
                                                    145
                                                                         Pesch and Hoffman 1983

-------
            Table I.  (continued)
            Species
            Polychaete,           F, M
            Neanthes arenaceodent at a
                      Method"    Chemical

                                 Si Iver ni trate
Salinity
 (q/kg>

 30
 LC50
or EC50
 (WUb

  260
                                                                                                     Species Mean
                                                                                                     Acute Value
                                                                                                                      Reference
                                                                                                          Pesch and Hoffman 1983
            Polychaete,           F. U
            Neont hes orenoceodent at a
                                 Silver nitrate
 30
> 357
178.6
                                                                                                          Pesch and Hoffman 1983
Bay scallop
(j uvenile),
Arqopect i n i rrodi ans
                                  R, U
                                 Silver nitrate
 25
 33
33
                                                                                                          Nelson et at. 1976
U)
Ul
Pac i f i c oyster
(embryo,  1 arva) ,
Crassostreo qi gas

Pacific oyster
(embryo,  larva),
Crossostreo g i gos

Pac i f i c oyst er
(embryo,  1arvo) ,
Crossostrea gi gos

Pacific oyster
(embryo,  larva),
Crossostrea
Pac i f i c oyster
(embryo,  Iarva),
Crassostrea gi gos
Eastern oyster
(embryo ,  Iarva),
Crossestreo q i gas
                                  S, U       Silver nitrate
                      S, U       Silver nitrate
                                  S, U       Silver nitrate
                                  S, U       Silver nitrate
                                  S, U       Silver nitrate
                                  S, U       Silver nitrate
                                                       33.0
 33.0
                                                       33.0
                                                       22.7
                                                       30
                                                       25
                   II .91
 15.10
                    i8
                      .94
                                                                                     19.0
                                                                                      5.8
                                                                                                         14.21
                                   Coglianese and Uartin
                                   1981
                Coglianese  and  Uartin
                1981
                                   Coglianese  1982
                                   Coglianese  1982
                                                                                                          Dinnel et al.  1983
                                                                                                                      Calabrese et al.  1973

-------
Table I.  (continued)
Species Method" Chetncot
Eastern oyster S, U Silver nitrate
(embryo, larva) ,
Crossostreo vi rqi nica
Eastern oyster S, U Silver nitrate
( embryo , 1 arva) ,
Crossostreo vi rqi ni co
Eastern oyster S, U Silver nitrate
( embryo , 1 arva) ,
Crossostreo vi rqi ni co
Eastern oyster S, U Silver nitrate
(embryo , 1 arva) ,
Crossostreo vi rqi nico
Eastern oyster S. U Silver nitrate
(embryo, larva),
Crassostrea virginica
Eastern oyster S, U Silver nitrate
(embryo, larva),
Crossostreo vi rqi ni co
Eastern oyster S, U Silver nitrate
(embryo, larva),
Crassostrea virginica
Quohog clam S, U Silver nitrate
(embryo, larva) ,
Mercenar I a mercenor i a
Squid (larva) , S, U Silver nitrate
Loliqa opalescens
LC5Q Species yea*
Sali.ity or ECSO Acute Value
la/kg) (ua/L)b (ua/L)
26 24.2
(20'C)
26 35.3
(25'C)
26 32.2
(30"C)
30 13
30 7
30 3
30 37 U.I5
25 21 21
3U > 100, < 2UU > tUO, < 200
                                                                                                           Reference

                                                                                                           Uoclnnes and  Calabrese
                                                                                                            1978
                                                                                                            Uoclnnes  and  Calabrese
                                                                                                            1978
                                                                                                            Uaclnnes  ond  Calabrese
                                                                                                            1978
                                                                                                            Zaroogian,  Manuscript
                                                                                                            Zaroogian,  Manuscript
                                                                                                            Zoroagian,  Manuscript
                                                                                                            Zaroogian,  Manuscript
                                                                                                            Calabrese  and  Kelson
                                                                                                            1974

-------
Table 1.   (cont inued)
Species Method" Chemical
Copepod (adult), S, U Silver nitrate
Acort i o clousi
Copepod (adult), S, U Silver nitrate
Acort i o t onso
Copepod (adult), S, U Silver nitrate
Acart i a t onsa
Copepod (adult), S, U Silver nitrate
Acort i o tonso
Copepod (adult), S, U Silver nitrate
Acart i a t onsa
Copepod (adult), S, U Silver nitrate
Acort i o tonso
Copepod (adult), S, U Silver nitrate
A c o r t i a tonso
Copepod (adult), S, U Silver nitrate
Acort i o tonso
Uysid (juvenile), S, U Silver nitrate
Uys i dops i s bahi a
Uysid (juvenile), S, U Silver nitrate
Uysidopsis bahia
Uysid (juvenile), S, U Silver nitrate
Uys i dops i s boh i a
Uysid (juvenile), S, U Silver nitrate
Uysidopsis bahia
Salinity
(q/kq)
30
30
28
28
28
28
28
30
28
28
28
28
LCSO Species Ueaa
or CCSO Acute Value
(«a/L)b (UQ/L)
13.3 13.3
37 . 8
30,9
66.0
i
35.8
23.5
36.4
36.3 36.46
264
159.4
203
248
                                                                                                           Reference

                                                                                                           Lussier and Cardin
                                                                                                           1965

                                                                                                           Lussier and Cardin
                                                                                                           1985

                                                                                                           Schimmel  1981

                                                                                                           Schimmel  1981


                                                                                                           Schimmel  1981


                                                                                                           Schimmel  1981


                                                                                                           Schimmel  1981
                                                                                                           Lussier and Cardin
                                                                                                           1985

                                                                                                           Schimmel  1981
                                                                                                           Schimmel  1981
                                                                                                           Schimmel  1981
                                                                                                           Schimmel  1981

-------
            Table  I.   (continued)
oo
Species Method0 Cheaical
Uysid (juvenile), S, U Silver nitrate
Uvsidopsis bohio
Uysid (juvenile), S, U Silver nitrate
Mysidopsis bohio
Uysid (juvenile), S, U Silver nitrate
Uysi dopsis bohio
Uysid (juvenile), S, U Silver nitrate
Uysi dopsis bohio
Uysid (juvenile), S, U Silver nitrate
Uvsidopsis bohia
Uysid (juvenile), S, U Silver nitrate
Uys i dops i s bohi o
Uysid (juvenile), F, U Silver nitrate
Uvsi dops is bohio
Uysid (juvenile), F, U Silver nitrate
Uys i dops i s bohi o
Uysid (juvenile), F, U Silver nitrate
Uysidopsis bohio
Uysid (juvenile), F, U Silver nitrate
Uvsidopsis bahia
Uysid (juvenile), F, U Silver nitrate
Mys i dops i s bah i a
Mysid (juvenile), f. W Silver nitrate
Sal i*i ty
(q/ka)
28
28
15-30
»5-30
15-30
15-30
15-30
30
28
28
28
28
LC50
or EC50
178
74.3
89.54
300
300
298
64
249
256
300
86
313
Species Uea*
Acute Value
(ua/L) Reference
Schimmel
Schimmel
UcKenney
UcKenney
»
UcKenney
. - UcKenney
UcKenney
Lussier e
Schimmel
Schimmel
Schimmel !
S c hi mine 1 1
            My :; i do p.. i ;>  boli i a

-------
            Table I.  (continued)
u>
                                  Method*

            Uysid (juvenile).     F, U
            Uvsi dopsi s bohi o

            Uysid (juvenile),     F, U
            Uysidopsis bohi o

            Sand shrimp (adult),  F, U
            Cronqon spp. (mostly
            Cronqon franc iscorum)
            Dungeness crab
            (zoeo),
            Cancer maqister
            Coho salmon (small),  F, U
            Oncorhynchus k I sutch

            Sheepshead minnow     S, U
            ( juveni le) ,
            Cypr i nodon \iar i eqot us

            Sheepshead minnow     S, U
            (juveni I e) ,
            Cypri nodon vor i eqot us
            Sheepshead minnow
            (juveni le) ,
            Cypri nodon vor i eqotus

            Sheepshead minnow
            (juveni le) ,
            Cypr i nodon vor i eqot us

            Sheepsliead minnow
            (juveni I e ) ,
            C y p r i n o <) o n y a i i ^ q o i us
Che»ical

Si Iver nitrate


Silver nitrate


Silver nitrate
S,  U       Silver nitrate
Silver nitrate
Si Iver nitrate
Si Iver nitrate
S, U       SiIver nitrate
S,  U       SiIver nitrate
S.  U       SiIver  ni trate
                     Salinity
                      (g/tal

                       28
                       28
                       30.1
                       30
                       28.6
                     10-31
                       28
                       28
                       28
                       28
                                                                                     LC50
                                                                                    or EC50
                                                        Species Mean
                                                        Acute Value
                                                     65
                                                    132
                                                  > 838
                                          33.1
                                                    487.5
                                                 58,000
                                                    640
                                       1.082
                                       1.182
                                       I .584
                                                                       171 .8
                                                                     >  838
                                                                        33.1
                                                                       487.5
Reference

Schimmel 1981


Schimmel 1981


Dinnel et al.  1983



Oinnel et al.  1983



Dinnel et al.  1983
                                                                                    U.S. EPA 1978;
                                                                                    Heitmuller et al.  1981
                                                                         Schimmel  1981
                                                                                                                       Schimmel  1981
                                                                         Schimmel 1981
                                                                         Schimmel 1981

-------
Table I.  (continued)
Soliaity
Species Method" Chemical (q/tq)
Sheepshead minnow S, U Silver nitrate 30
(juveni le) ,
Cypr I nodon yori eqotus
Sheepshead minnow F, U Silver nitrate 28
(juveni le) ,
Cypr i nodon var i eqat us
Sheepshead minnow F, U Silver nitrate 28
(juveni 1 e) ,
Cypr i nodon vori eqotus
Sheepshead minnow F, U Silver nitrate 28
( j uveni 1 e) ,
Cypr i nodon van' eg at us
Sheepsheod minnow F, U Silver nitrate 28
(juveni 1 e) ,
Cypri nodon var i eqotus
Sheepshead minnow F, U Silver nitrate 28
( j uveni le) ,
Cypri nodon vori eqotus
Uummichog (adult), S, U Silver nitrate * 7.2
Fundul us heteroc 1 i tus
Uummichog (adult). S, U Silver nitrate 24 0
Fundul us heterocl i tus
LC50 Species Vea*
or EC50 Acut* Valve
(«a/Ub (jifl/L)
1,376
441
898
1,356
1,510
1,876 1,088
> 1 x I06
2,700 2,700
Reference
Cardin 1986
Schimmel 1981
Schimmel 1981
Schimmel 1981
Schimmel 1981
Schimmel 1981
Oorfman 1977
Dorfman 1977
Atlantic si Iversi de   S,  U
(juveniIe),
Men i d i a  men i d i a
Si Iver ni trate
                                                        30
                                                                         404
                                                                                                         Cardin 1986

-------
Table  I.   (conlinued)
Species
Atlantic silverside   F, U
(larva),
Men!dia menidi a
Method"    Cheaicol

           Si Iver ni trote
                     Salinity
                      (g/kal

                       32
                 LC50
                or EC50
                 (uq/L)b
                  110.1
                                                                                         Species Mean
                                                                                         Acvte Value
                                                                       110. 1
                                                                                                           Reference
                Cord in  1986
Fourspine stickleback S, U
(adult),
Apeltes quodrocus

Shiner perch (adult). F, U
Cymotoqoster aggregate

Cabezon (larva),      S, U
ScorpoenIchthys marmorotus

Summer flounder       S, U
(embryo),
Paroli chthys dentotus

Summer flounder       F, U
(embryo),
Paroli chthys dentatus

Summer flounder       S, U
(Iarva) ,
Paroli chthys dentotus

Summer flounder       F, U
(embryo) ,
Porali chthys dentotus

Summer  flounder       F, U
(embryo) ,
Paralichthys dent at us
Silver nitrate
Si Iver ni trate
Silver nitrate
Si Iver ni trate
Si Iver ni trate
Si Iver ni trate
30
29.3
27
30.2
30
30
Si I ver ni trate     v'  30
                                         546.6
                                                    355.6
                                                  >  800
                                                    140.8
                                                     47.7
                                                      4.7
                                                                       546.6
  355.6
> 800
  140.8
Si Iver ni trate
30
                                                     15.5
                                                            18 08
                Cardin  1986
Dinnel  et  al   1983
Dinnel  et  al.  1983
Cardin 1986
                                                                          Cardin  1986
                                                                          Cardin  1986
                                                   Cardin  1986
                                                                         Cardin 1986

-------
           Toble  I.   (continued)
NJ
Salinity
Species Method0 Chemical (g/tg)
English sole f, U Silver nitrate 29.5
( juveni le) ,
Porophrys vet ul us
Winter flounder S, U Silver nitrate 30
(embryo) ,
Pseudopl euronectes
omericonus
Winter flounder S. U Silver nitrate 30
(embryo) ,
Pseudopl euronectes
amer i canus
Winter flounder S, U Silver nitrate 30
( embryo) ,
Pseudopl euronectes
amer i canus
Winter flounder S, U Silver nitrate 30
( 1 arva) ,
Pseudopl euronectes
LC50 Species Uea*
or ECSO Acvte Value
(uq/L)b (iiq/U Reference
800 800 Dinnel et al
447.0 - Cardin 1986

295.6 - Cardin 1986
272 - Cardin 1986
503 - Cordin 1986
           americanus

-------
Table I.  (continued)
Sal inity
Species Method4 Chemical (q/k«|
Winter flounder F. U Silver nitrate 30
(embryo) ,
Pseudopl euronectes
omericanus
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
<«a/nb 
-------
                                   Table 2.  Chronic Toxicity of Silver to Aquatic Animals
Species Test

Cladoceran, LC
Dophn i o moqno
Cladoceran, LC
Daphni a moqno
Cladoceran, LC
Dophn i o moqno
Cladoceran, LC
Oophn i o moqno
Cladoceran, LC
Dophn i o moqno
Cladoceran, LC
Dophni a moqno
Rainbow trout, ELS
So Imo go i rdner i
Rainbow trout, ELS
Solmo qoi rdneri
Hardness Chronic
(•g/L as Limits
Chemical CaCO,) f^ia/Ll
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Silver nitrate 73 10.5-21.2

Silver nitrate 73 20.0-41.0

Silver nitrate 46 2.7-3.9°

Silver nitrate 60 1.6-4.1

Silver nitrate 75 8.8-19.4

Silver nitrate 180 3.4-8.0

Silver nitrate 28 0.09-0.17

Silver nitrate 36 0.36-0.51

Chronic Value
Ilia/L)

14.92

28.64

3.245

2.561

13.07

5.215

0.1240

0.4285

Fathead mi nnow,    ELS
PimephoIes promelas
SiIver nitrate       45.I
                                                                       0.37-0.65
                                                            0.4904
                                                                                                           Reference
                                                                                                            Nebeker  1982
                                                                                                            Nebeker  !9B2
                                                                                                            Nebeker  1982
                                                                                                            Nebeker  et  at.  1983;
                                                                                                            Nebeker  1982

                                                                                                            Nebeker  et  al.  1983;
                                                                                                            Nebeker  1982

                                                                                                            Nebeker  et  al.  1983;
                                                                                                            Nebeker  1982

                                                                                                            Davies  et  al.  1978
                                                                                                            Nebeker  et  al.  1983
Hoi combe et al.  1983

-------
            Table 2.  (continued)
Ui
Species Test0 Chemicol
Uysid, LC Silver nitrate
Uysidopsis bahia
Uysid, LC Silver nitrate
Uysi dopsis bohi o
Uysid, LC Silver nitrate
Uys i dops i s bohi o
Uysid, LC Silver nitrate
Uys i dops i s bahi a
Uysid, LC Silver nitrate
Uys i dopsis bohio
Chronic
Sali.ity Liiits
(a/kal (uo/L)b
SALTWATER SPECIES
15-30 70-11 Od
(60-110)
30 11-32
15-30 9-25
15-30 14-19
15-30 30-93
Chroiic Value
(ua/L) Reference

87.75 Breteler et al. 1982
UcKenney 1982
18.76 UcKenney 1982;
Lussier et al . 1985
15.00 UcKenney 1982
16.31 UcKenney 1982
52.82 UcKenney 1982
               LC = life-cycle or partial life-cycle; ELS = early life-stage.

               Results are based on measured concentrations of silver.

            c  Loner and upper chronic limits for this test *ere" concentrotions resulting in less than 50Z reproductive  impairment
               and greater than 5QZ reproductive impairment, respectively.

            d  Chronic limits from UcKenney (1982) from the same test reported by Breteler et al. (1982).

-------
Table 2.  (continued)

                               Acute-Chronic Ratio
                       Hardness
                       (•g/L as    Acute Value      Chronic Value
Species CgCO,) («g/L)
Cladoceran. 73 11.2°
Daphnio mogno
Cladoceron, 73 11.2°
Dophni o «aqno
Cladoceran. 60 I.I
Dophnia moq.no
Rainbow trout, 36 9.2
Sal mo go j rdneri
Rainbow trout, 28 6.4°
Solmo qoi rdneri
Fathead minnow, 44.8 6.7
Pimepholes promelos
Mysid. 30b 249.3
Uys i dopsi s boh i o
Uysid. !5-30b 86
Uvsidopsis bohi o
Mysid, !5-30b.v 132
Uvsi dopsis bohi Q
(ua/L) Ratio
14.92 0.7507
28.64 0.3911
2.561 0.4295
0.4285 ; 21.47
0.1240 51.61
0.4904 13.66
18.76 13.29
16.31 5.273
15.00 8 800
  Geometric  mean  of  tiro or more values in Table I.

  Salinity  (g/kg),  not  hardness

-------
    Table 3.   Ranked Genus Uean Acute Values with Species  Uean Acute-Chronic  Ratios
Rank*
Genus Mean
Acute Value
  (/WD
                                                      Species Uean
                                                      Acute Value
                                                        Species  Uean
                                                        Acute-Chronic
                                                           Ratio0
                                   FRESHWATER SPECIES
IB
   560
           Croyf ish,
           Orconectes immuni s
                                             560
17
   420
           Midge,
           Tony torsus di ss imi I I s
420
16
    83
           Snai I ,
           Apl exo  hypnorum
 83
15
    29
           Leech,
           Nephelopsis obscuro
 29
14
13
26         Hydra,
           Hydra sp.

17.3       Channel  cat fish,
           Ictolurus  punctotus
                                              26
                                                          17.3
12
II
    15         Cladoceran,
               Simocepholus vetulus

    13.38      Rainbon trout,
               So I mo qoirdneri
                                                          15
                                                          13.38
                                                                             33.29
10
    13
           BluegiI I,
           Lepomi s  mocrochirus
                                                          13
                11 .34      Fathead mi nnow,
                           Pimepholes  promelas
                                                          II  34
                                                                             13.66

-------
CD
                                Table 3.  (continued)

                                            Genus Mean                                Species Uean      Species Mean
                                            Acute Value                               Acute Value       Acute-Ckronic
                                Honk0         lua/l)        Species                     (fig/l)fc            Ratio0
                                                92        Flogfish,                       92
                                                           JordonelIo  fI or j doe

                                                8.490      Mottled  sculpin,                8 490
                                                           Cot tus hai rdi

                                                8.163      Speckled dace,                  8.163
                                                           Rhi ni chthys  osculus
5
45
3 924
22
2.155
Arophipod, 5
Cranqonyx pseudoqrac i 1 i s
Amphipod, 45
Gammorus pseudol imnoeus
Cladoceran, 3 924
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
Mayfly, 22
Leptophl ebi o sp .
Cl adoceron , 5 1 58
Dophnio pul ex
Cladoceron, 09 0.4994d
Daphnia maqna

-------
Table 3.  (Continued)
Rant0
Genus Uean
Acute Value
  (uq/H
                                                      Species Uean
                                                      Acute Value
               Species Uea«
               Acute-Chronic
                  Ratio*
              171.8        Uysid,
                           Mysi dopsis bohi a
                                             171 .8
                   8.512
            > 100, < 200   Squid.
                           Loliqo opolescens
                                          > 100. < 200
              110.I         Atlantic silverside.
                              Idi o menidid
                                            110.1
               33.10       Dungeness crab,
                           Cancer moqister
                                             33.10
   33
                           Boy seal lop,
                           Arqopect i n i rrodi ons
33
   22.02
                           Copepod,
                           Acortia tonsa
36.46
                           Copepod,
                           Acart io clous!
                                             13.3
               21
               Quahog,
               Merc norio mercenorio
21
               18.08       Summer flounder,
                           Parolichthys dentotus
                                             18.08
               14.18       Paci fie oyster,
                           Crossostreo qi gas
                                                         14.21
                           Eastern oyster,
                           Crossostrea vi rqi ni ca
                                                         14.15

-------
Table 3.  (continued)
Rank'
Genus Ueoa
Acute Value
  fua/l)
                                                      Species Ueon
                                                      Acute Value
 Species
               Species  Keen
               Acute-Chronic
                  Ratio6
                                   SALTWATER SPECIES
19
2.700
Uummichog,
Fundulus heterocli tus
                                                       2,700
18
1,088
Sheepshead minnow,
Cypri nodon vorIeqatus
                                                       1,088
17
> 838
Sand shrimp,                >  838
Cronqon spp.,
(mostly Cronqon franc i scorum)
16
> 800
Cobezon,                    >  BOO
Scorpaeni chthvs mormoratus
15
  800
Cnglish sole,
Porophrys vetulus
800
14
  546.6        fourspine stickleback
               Apeltes quodrgcus
                              546.6
13
  487 5        Coho salmon.
               Oncorhynchus kisutch
                              487.5
12
  355.6        Shiner perch,
                ' ' V.
               Cvmotoqoster aggregate
                              355.6
II
  196.3        Winter flounder,
               Pseudopleuronectes ameri canus
                                                         196 3
              I 78.6        Polychaete,
                           Neanthes arenoceodentato
                                             178.6

-------
Table 3. (continued)
  Ranked from most  resistant  to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
  Inclusion of "greater  than"  values does not necessarily  imply a true ranking,  but  does
  olio* use of all  genera  for  which data are available so  that the Final Acute Value is
  not unnecessarily  lowered.

b From Table I.

c From Table 2.

  Value not used  in  calculation of the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio (see text).
Fresh water  •

    Final Acute Value =  I . 833 /jg/L                          ;

    Criterion Maximum Concentration = (1.833 /ig/L) / 2 = 0.9165 /jg/L

        Final Acute-Chronic Ratio = 15.70     (see text)

    Final Chronic Value  = (1.833 /jg/L) / 15.70 = 0.1168 /ig/L

Salt water

     Final Acute Value =  14.50 /jg/L

     Criterion Maximum Concentration = (14.50 /jg/L) / 2 = 7.250

          Final Acute-Chronic Ratio = 15.70      (see text)

     Final Chronic Value = (14.50 /
-------
                                   Table 4.   Toxicity  of  Silver  to Aquatic Plants
Species Chemical

Green alga, Silver nitrate
Sel enost rum
copr I cornutum
Waterweed, Silver nitrate
El odea (Anachoris)
conodensis
Duckweed, Silver nitrate
Lemna mi nor
Hardness
(«g/L as Duration Concentration
CaCO, (days) Effect («a/L)b
FRESHWATER SPECIES
4 ECSO 2.6
28 ECSO 7,500
28 ECSO 270
;
Reference
U.S. EPA 1978
Brown and
Rattigan 1979
Brown and
Rattigan 1979
                                                           SALTWATER SPECIES
Di atom,             Si Iver ni trote
Skeletonemo costotum

Diatom,             Silver nitrate
Skeletonemo costotum
30"
30"
   ECSO         170
(chlorophyl1  aj

   ECSO         130
(cell  counts)
US.  EPA
1978

U.S.  EPA
1978
  Concentration of silver, not the chemical.
  Salinity (g/kg), not hardness.

-------
                                                 Table 5.   Bioaccunulat ion  of Silver by Aquatic Organises
       Species
Cheaicol
       Largemouth bass,
       Mi cropterus soImoi des

       Largemouth bass,
       Ui cropterus soImoi des

       Bluegi11 ,
       Lepomi s macrochirus

       Bluegi11.
       Lepomis mocrochirus
Si Iver ni trate
Si Ivor nitrate
Silver nitrate
Si Iver ni trote
Concentrat ion
in Water (wq/L)°
FRESHWATER
1
10
10
too
Duration BCF or
(days) Tissue BAFb
SPECIES
120 Muscle II
120 Muscle 19
180 Whole body IS
180 ; Whole body ISO
Reference
Gear ley
Cearley
Cearley
Cearley
1971
1971
1971
1971
Ul
u>
                               SALTWATER  SPECIES
       Blue mussel
       (j uveniIe to adult)
       Myt iI us eduli s

       Blue mussel
       (juvenile to adult),
       Myt iI us edulis
       Blue mussel
       (j uveniIe to adult),
       Myt iI us eduli s

       Blue mussel
       (j uven iIe to aduIt),
       Myt iI us eduIi s

       Blue mussel
       (juvenile lo adull).
       My t i I us eilu I i •,
Silver nitrate
SiIver nitrate
SiIver ni trate
Silver nitrate
S iIver nitrate
                                                                    1.5
                               5.4
                                                                   10
                               I  5
                                               630
630
                                                                                     630
                                               540
                                               540
              Soft  parts    5,100
Soft parts   1,435
                                                             Soft parts   1,056
              Soft  parts    6,500
              Soft  parts    2,203
                           Calabrese et al.
                           1984
Calabrese et al
1984
                                         Calabrese et al
                                         1984
                            Calabrese et al
                            1984
                            Calabrese  et al
                            1984

-------
Table 5.  (continued)
Species

Blue mussel
(juvenile to adul t),
Uyt iI us edulis
                              Chemical
                              Silver nitrate
                        Concentration
                        in. Water  (uq/L>a

                              10
                Duration
                 (days)

                  540
                           BCF  or
              Tissue        BAFb
                                                                                            Sort  parts    1,391
                            Reference

                            Calabrese et al
                            1984
Blue mussel
(j uveniIe to adult),
Myt iI us eduli s
Si Iver ni trate
10
365
Soft parts   I,533
                                                                                         Calabrese et ol
                                                                                         1984
  Measured concentration of silver.

  Bioconcentrat ion factors (BCFs) and bioaccumulotion factors (BAfs) are based on measured concentrations  of  silver
  in  water and in tissue.

-------
                                              Table 6.  Other Data on Effects of Silver on Aquatic OrganiSMS
Ln
Ui


Species

Mixed heterotrophi c
bacteria
Mixed heterotrophi c
bacter i a
Bacter i urn,
Ni troboct er sp. and
Ni t rosomonas sp .
Bacter i urn,
Ni t robac ter sp . and
Ni t rosomonas sp .
Bacter i um,
Pseudomonos put i do
Green alga,
Chi orel 1 a vulqaris


Green alga,
Haemot ococcus copens i ;
Blue-green alga,
Mi crocyst i s
Hardness
{•g/L as
Chemical CaCO,)

Silver
sulfate
Silver
sul fate
Si 1 ver
ni trate

Si 1 ver
ni trate

Si 1 ver
ni trate
4.5



_
s^
Si 1 ver
ni t rot e

Concentration
Duration Effect (jiq/Lla
FRESHWATER SPECIES
0.5 hr < IX I .
survival
0.5 hr 53Z reduction 0.1
in glucose uptake
4 hr EC50 30


4 hr EC90 - 100


1 6 hr Inci pient 7
i nhi bi t i on
14 days Growth 50
i nhi bi t ion


6 days Reduced 100
growth
8, .((ays Inci pient 0. 7
i nhi bi t i on


Reference

Albright et ol. 1972

Albright et al. 1972

Wi 1 1 iamson and
Nelson 1983

Will! amson and
Nelson 1983

Bringmann and
Kuhn I977o,l980b
Stokes et al 1973;
Hutchinson 1973;
Hutchinson and
Stokes 1975
Hutchinson 1973

Bringmann and
Kuhn I978a,b
            oeruqi nosa

-------
Table 6.  (continued)
Species
Blue-green alga,
Nostoc muse or urn
Green alga,
Scenedesmus ocumi note
Green alga,
Scenedesmus sp.
Green alga,
Scenedesmus
auodri coudo
Green alga,
Sel enastrum
0^ copri cornut urn
Uacrophy t e,
Cerot ophy 1 1 urn demersum
Protozoan ,
Chilomonas paromoecium

Protozoan ,
Cntosiphan sulcatum

Protozoan ,
Mi croreqmo het erostomo
Hardness
(«g/L as
Chemical CaCO,]_ Duration
Silver - 21 days
chloride
- - 12 day-
Silver 215 4 days
ni trate
Si Iver - 8 days
nitrate
14-21 days
Si 1 ver - 60 days
sul f i de
Si Iver - 48 hr
ni trate
Silver - 72 hr
ni trate
Si Iver - 28 hr
ni trate
Concentration
Effect (WUa
EC5G (survival) 2.9
Reduced 50
growth
Incipient 50
i nhi bi t ion
Inci pient 9. 5
i nhi bi t ion
CC50 6.39
70-80Z 
-------
Table 6.   (continued)


Species
Cil iote,
Uroneumo porduczi
Cladoceran,
Ceriodophnia reticulota
Cl adoceron ,
Ceriodaphnia reticulato
Cl adoceran ,
Dophni a mogno
Cladoceran (< 24 hr) ,
Dophni a mag no
Cl adoceran ( < 24 hr) ,
Dophn i o magno
Cl adoceran ,
Dophni o mogno
Cladoceran ,
Dophn i o mogno
Cladoceran ,
Dophni o magno
Cl adoceran ,
Dophni o moqno
C 1 adoceran ,
Oophn i a mogna
Hardness
("9/L os
Cheaical CaCO,) Duration
Silver - 20 hr
nitrate
Silver 240 7 days
ni trate
Silver 240 7 days
ni trate
Si Iver - 64 hr
ni trate
Si Iver 47 48 hr
n i trate
Silver 33 48 hr
ni trate
Si Iver - 48 hr
ni trate
Silver 240 14 days
ni trote
Silver 60 21 days
ni trate
Silver 60 21 days
ni trate
Silver 60 21 days
n i t rate

Concentration
Effect (ua/L)a
Incipient 100
i nhi bi t ion
RI50 0.8

Chroni c vol ue 1.3

1 nc i pi ent 3. 24
inhi bi t ion
EC50 ' 9.5
(fed)
EC50 12.5
(fed)
Incipient 30
i nhi bi t ion
Chronic value <0.56

LC50 2.9

LC50 3.6

LC50 3.9

                                                                                                             Reference

                                                                                                             Bringmonn and Kuhn
                                                                                                             I980c,l98l

                                                                                                             Clnabarawy et ol. 1986
                                                                                                             Clnabarawy et al.  1986
                                                                                                             Anderson  1948
                                                                                                             Chapman  1980
                                                                                                             Nebeker et al   1983
                                                                                                             Bringmonn and  Kuhn
                                                                                                             I959a,b,  I960

                                                                                                             Clnabara*y et  al.  1986
                                                                                                             Nebeker  1982
                                                                                                             Nebeker  1982
                                                                                                            Nebeker 1982

-------
          Table 6.  (continued)
Ul
oo
Species
Cl odoceron ,
Dophn i a pul ex
Cl odoceron ,
Dophn i o pul ex
Mayfly ( nai qd) ,
Ephemerel 1 a qrandis
Uayfl y (nai ad) ,
Ephemerel 1 a qrondis
Mayfly (naiad),
Ephemerel la qrondis
Uayfl y (noi ad) .
Ephemerel 1 a qrondis
Uayfly (naiad),
Ephemerel 1 o grand i s
Uoyfly (nymph),
Ephemeral la qrandis
Stonefly (naiad
final instar),
Pteronorcys colifornico
Hardness
(•a/L as
Chemical CoCOj
Silver 240
ni f rote
Silver 240
nitrate
Silver 30-70
ni trot*
Silver 30-70
nitrate
Si Iver
ni trate
Silver 30-70
nitrate
Silver 30-70
ni trate
Silver 30-70
ni trate
Si 1 ver
ni trate
Duration
14 days
14 days
Postmortem
1-14 days
Postmortem
1-14 days
Postmortem
1-14 days
Postmortem
1-14 days
Postmortem
1-14 days
14 days
15 days
Concentration
Effect (iifl/Ll' Reference
RI50 1 .2 Elnobaraiy et al. 1986
Chronic value < 0.56 Elnobaraiy et al . 1986
BCF=I7.4 750 Nehring 1976
BCF=I8.4 400 Nehring 1976
BCF=4I 8 ; 230 Nehring 1976
BCf=47.8 120 Nehring 1976
BCF=84.4 60 Nehring 1976
LC50 < 1 Nehring 1976
LC50 8.8 Nehring 1973,1976
          Stonefly (naiad),        Silver
          Pteronorcys colifornico  nitrate
30-70
Postmortem
1-14 days
BCE=I4.4
                                                                                                    738
Nehring 1976

-------
Table 6.   (continued)



Spec i es
Stonef ly (naiad) ,
Pteronarcys californica
Stonef ly (naiad) ,
Pteronarcys californica
Stonef ly (naiad) .
Pteronarcys californica
Stonef 1 y (nai ad) ,
Pteronorcvs californica
Rainbo* trout
(embryo, larva),
Sal mo qairdneri

Roinbo» trout
(embryo , 1 orva) ,
Solmo qairdneri
Rainboi trout (embryo).
Salmo qairdneri

Rainbow trout (embryo) ,
Salmo aairdneri

Rainboi trout (embryo),
Salmo qairdneri


Chemical
Silver
nitrate
Silver
ni trot*
Si Iver
ni trot*
Si 1 ver
ni trate
Si Iver
ni trot*

Si Iver
nitrate
Si Iver
chloride

Si Iver
chlori de

Si Iver
chlori de
Hardness
(•9/L as
CaCOjl Duration
30-70 Postmortem
1-14 days
30-70 Postmortem
1-14 days
30-70 Postmortem
1-14 days
30-70 Postmortem
1-14 days
104 (92-110) 27 days
(4 days post
hatch)

102 (92-110) 27 days
(4 days post
hatch)
30 35 hr


30 44 hr


30 35 hr



Effect
BCF=I5.4

BCF=2I.2

BCf=26

BCr=36.6

CC50
(Death and
def or mi ty)

CCIO
(Death and
deformity)
LT50

i T c n
LT50


LT50


Concentration
(ua/Lla Reference
399 Mehring 1976

217 Nehring 1976

105 Nehring 1976

50 Nehring 1976

10 Birge 1978;
Birge et al. 1978,1980
0.9 Birge et al . 1980.1981

500 Rombough 1985

400 Rombough 1985


300 Rombough 1985



-------
Table 6.  (continued)
Species
Rainbow trout (embryo),
So Imo go I rdneri
Rainbow trout (embryo),
So Imo qoi rdneri
Rainbow trout (embryo),
So Imo qoi rdneri
Rainbow trout (embryo),
So Imo qoi rdneri
Rainbow trout (embryo),
So Imo go i rdneri
Rainbow trout (embryo),
So Imp qoirdneri
Rainbow trout (embryo),
So Imo qoi rdner i
Rainbow trout (embryo),
Solmo gal rdneri
Rainbow trout (embryo),
Salmo aairdneri
Rainbow trout (embryo),
Solmo Qoi rdner i
Rainbow trout (embryo),
So Imo go i rdner i
Chemical
Silver
chloride
Silver
chloride
Si Iver
chloride
Silver
chloride
Si Iver
chloride
Si Iver
chloride
Si Iver
chloride
Si Iver
chloride
Si Iver
chloride
Si Iver
chlori de
Si Iver
chlori de
Hardness
(•9/L as
-C-COjL
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Duration
48 hr
61 hr
> 168 hr
> 168 hr
12 hr
12 hr
14 hr
12 hr
23 hr
58 tir
> 168 hr
Effect
LT50
IT 50
LT50
LT50
LT50
LT50
LT50
LT50
LT50
LT50
LT50
Concentration
fiia/ll"
200
100
50
10
- 500C
400°
300C
200C
IOOC
50C
IOC
Reference
Rombough
Rombough
Rombough
Rombough
Rombough
Rombough
Rombough
Rombough
Rombough
Rombough
Rombough
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985

-------
Table 6.  (continued)
Species
Rainbow trout
(embryo, larva) ,
So Imo qoi rdner i
Rainbow trout
(embryo, larva) ,
So Imo qoi rdner i
Rainbow trout (embryo),
So Imo qoi rdner i
Goldfish
(embryo, larva) ,
Carass i us aurat us
Fathead minnow
(37 mm, 0.5 9).
Pimepholes promelas
Fathead mi nnow
(37 mm, 0.5 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow
(37 mm, 05 g),
Pimephales promelas
Largemouth boss
(embryo, larva),
Micropt erus solmoides
Hardness
(•9/L as
Che.ical CaCOj
Silver
nitrate
Silver
ni trate
Silver 28
nitrate
Silver 195
ni trate
Silver 29-38
ni trate
Silver 29-38
ni trate
Silver 29-38
ni trate
Silver 93-105
ni trate
Duration
5 wks
22 wks
6 days
7 days
(4 days
post hatch)
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr
8 days
(4 days
post hatch)
Effect
LC50
LC50
Premature
hatching
EC50
(Death and
deformity)
LC50
LC50
LC50
CC50
(Death and
deformi ty)
Concentration
(wq/Lla Reference
0.69 Davies et al. 1978
0.34 Oavies et al. 1978
2.2 Davies et al 1978
, 30 Birge 1978
21 EG t G Bionomics 1979
16 EG t G Bionomics 1979
16 EG t G Bionomics 1979
I | J Birge et al 1978

-------
Table 6.  (continued)
Hardness
(•9/L «s
Species Chemical CaCO^L
Narrow-mouthed toad Silver 195
(embryo, larva), nitrate
Gastrophryne carol inensis
Uarbled salamander Silver 93-105
(embryo, larva), nitrate
Ambystoma ooacum

Green alga, Si 1 ver
Dunaliello tertiolecta cyanide
Green alga, Silver
Dunaliella tertiolecta cyanide
Golden-brown alga, - 10
Isochrysis qalbana
Golden-brown alga, - 12
Isochrysis gal bono

Golden-brown alga, - 12
Isochrysis gal bono
Duration
7 days
(4 days
post hatch)
7 days
(4 days
post hatch)
SALTWATER
3 days
12 hr
2 days
2 days
2 days
Concentration
Effect (««/L»*
EC50 10
(Death and
deformity)
CC50 240
(Death and
deformity)
SPECIES
EC50 2,700
(eel 1 counts)
BCF = 13,000
Chlorophyll a. 25
reduced about 65Z
at 20"C
Chlorophyll a 22
reduced about 65Z
at I6*C
Chlorophyll a 15
reduced about 65Z
                                                                                                             Reference

                                                                                                             Birge 1978



                                                                                                             Birge et  al.  1978
                                                                                                             Fisher et  al.  1984
                                                                                                             Fisher et  al.  1984
                                                                                                             Wilson and Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wi (son and Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wilson and Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                     at 28'C

-------
          Table 6.   (continued)
cr>
Sali.it*
Golden-bro«n alga, -14 2 days
Isochrvsis aalbana
Golden-brown alga, 16 2 days
Isochrvsis qalbana
Golden-brown alga, 16 2 days
Isochrysis qalbana
Golden-brown alga, 20 2 days
Isochrvsis qalbana
Golden-brown alga, - 20 2 days
Isochrvsis qalbana
Golden-brown alga, 20 2 days
Isochrvsis cjolbona
Golden-brown alga, 28 2 days
Isochrvsis qalbana
Golden-brown alga. - 28 2 days
Isochrvsis Qalbana
Golden-brown alga, - 28 2 days
1 sochrys is qal liana
Concentration
Effect (ua/L)a
Chlorophyll a 25
reduced about 65X
at 20" C
Chlorophyll a 24
reduced about 6SX
at I6*C
Chlorophyll a. 38
reduced about 65X
at 28*C
Chlorophyll a 64
reduced about 65X
at I6*C
Chlorophyll a 24
reduced about 65X
at 20*C
Chlorophyll a. 60
reduced about 65X
at 28" C
Chlorophyll a 24
reduced about 6SX
at I6'C
Chlorophyll a 26
reduced about 65X
at 20'C
Chlorophyll £ HO
reduced about 657.
n» ?fl"C
                                                                                                                      Reference

                                                                                                                      Wilson and  freeberg
                                                                                                                      I960
                                                                                                                      Wilson and Freeberg
                                                                                                                      1980
                                                                                                                      Wilson and freeberg
                                                                                                                      1980
                                                                                                                      Wilson and freeberg
                                                                                                                      1980
Wilson and freeberg
1980
                                                                                                                       Wi (son  and  freeberg
                                                                                                                       1980
                                                                                                                       Wi Ison and freeberg
                                                                                                                       1980
                                                                                                                       Wi Ison and freeberg
                                                                                                                       1980
                                                                                                                       Wilson and freeberg
                                                                                                                       1980

-------
Table 6.  (continued)
Salinity
Species Cheaicol («/ka)
Colden-broin alga, - 28
Isochrvsis qol bang


Diatom, - 3
Thai assi os i ra pseudonana

Diatom, - 3
Thai ass i os i ra pseudonana

Diatom, - 3
Thai ass i os i ro pseudonono

D i a t om , - 5
Thai ass i os i ro pseudonono

Diatom, - 5
Tholgss i osi ro pseudonono

Diatom, - 5
Thai ass i os i ro pseudonono

Diatom, - 7
Thai oss i os i ro pseudonano

Diatom. - J
T h a 1 a s •; i o ;, i r u pseudonana

Duration
2 days



2 days


2 days


2 days


2 days


2 days


2 days


2 days


2 days

Concentration
Effect fua/lV
Reduction in 20
chlorophyll a,
(lo*est value from
28 tests)
Chlorophyll a 14
reduced about 65Z
at I2"C
Chlorophyll a 84
reduced about 65Z
ot 20*C
Chlorophyll £ 13
reduced about 65Z
at 28°C
Chlorophyll £ 30
reduced about 65Z
at I2*C
Chlorophyll £ 70
reduced about 65Z
ot 20*C
Chlorophyll £ 16
reduced about 65Z
at 28'C
Chlorophyll a 23
reduced about 65Z
at I2°C
Chlorophyll a 68
reduced about 657.
                                                                                                             Reference

                                                                                                             Wilson  and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wi I son and freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wilson and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wilson  and  freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wi Ison and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wilson  and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wi Ison  and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wi Ison  and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                            Wi Ison and  Freeberg
                                                                                                            1981)
                                                                     at  20°C

-------
Table 6.  (continued)
m
Salinity
Diatom, - 7
Thalassi osi ra pseudonona
Diatom, - 10
Thalassiosi ra pseudonano
Diatom, - 10
Thai ass i os i ra pseudonana
Diatom. - 10
Thai ass i os i ra pseudonana
Diatom, - 10
Tholassi os i ra pseudonana
Diatom, - 10
Thai ass i os i ra pseudonana
Diatom, - 14
Thai ass i os i ra oseudonana
Diatom, - 14
Thai ass i os i ra pseudonana
Di ot om, - 14
Tho 1 ass i os i ra pseudonana
Duration
2 days
2 days
2 days
2 days
2 days
2 days
2 days
' "V*
2 days
2 days
Ci
Effect
Chlorophyll a
reduced about 65Z
at 28*C
Chlorophyll a_
reduced about 65Z
ot 12'C
Chlorophyll a.
reduced about 65Z
at I6°C
Chlorophyll a.
reduced about 65Z
at 20eC
Chlorophyll a
reduced about 65Z
ot 24" C
Chlorophyll a.
reduced about 65Z
at 28" C
Chlorophyll a.
reduced about 65Z
at I2*C
Chlorophyll a.
reduced about 65Z
ot 20"C
Chlorophyll o
reduced about 65%
incentrat ion
(jiQ/Lta
14
31
74
' 76
44
21
37
56
32
                                                                                                            Reference

                                                                                                            Wilson  and  freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wi(son and Freeberg
                                                                                                             I960
                                                                                                             Wilson and Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             WiIson and Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wilson and Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                              Wi Ison  and  Freeberg
                                                                                                              1980
                                                                                                              Wi Ison  and  Freeberg
                                                                                                              1980
                                                                                                              Wilson and Freeberg
                                                                                                              1980
                                                                                                              Wi Ison and Freeberg
                                                                                                              1980

-------
Table 6.  (continued)
Salinity
Species Cheaical (q/kq)
Diatom, - 21
Thai ossi os i ro pseudonano
Diatom, - 21
Thol ossiosi ro pseudonono

Diatom, - 21
Thol oss i os i ro pseudonono

Diatom, - 28
Thol oss i os i ro pseudonono

Diatom, - 28
Thol oss i os i ro pseudonono
Diatom, - 28
Tholossi osi ro pseudonono
Diatom, - 28
Thol oss i os i ro pseudonono
Diatom, - 28
Thai oss i os i ro pseudonono
Diatom, - 28
Tho 1 oss i os i ro pseudonono
Dural ion
2 days
2 days

2 days

2 days

2 days
2 days
2 days
2 days
2 days
Concentration
Effect (jiQ/Ll*
Chlorophyl 1 £
reduced about 65Z
at I2°C
Chlorophyll £
reduced about 65Z
at 20° C
Chlorophyll £
reduced about 65Z
at 28*C
Chlorophyl 1 £
reduced about 65Z
at I2"C
Chlorophyll £
reduced about 65Z
at I6°C
Chlorophyl 1 £
reduced about 65Z
at 20" C
Chlorophyll £
reduced about 65Z
at 24°C
Chlorophyll a
reduced about 65Z
at 28°C
Reduction in
chlorophyll a,
23
68

40

' 25

31
42
48
52
40
                                                                                                             Reference

                                                                                                             Wilson  and  freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wilson and Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wilson and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wilson  and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wilson and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wilson and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wi Ison and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wi Ison  and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             1980
                                                                                                             Wilson  and  Freeberg
                                                                                                             I 980
                                                                     (lowest  value from
                                                                     14 tests)

-------
Table 6.  (continued)
Species
Diatom.
Tholossiosi ra
Di atom,
Thai ass i os i ra

Salinity
Chemical (q/kal
Silver
pseudonano cyanide
Silvtr
pseudonana cvonide

Duration
4 days
12 hr
(equi 1 i bri urn
reached)
Concentration
Effect («a/L»a
EC50 100
(cell counts)
BCF = 34,000

deference
fisher et al. 1984
Fisher et al . 1984

Di noflagellate,
Glenodi ni urn halIi
Oi nofIagellate,
Gymnodini urn splendens
28
28
2 days
2 days
Reduction in           5
chlorophyll  o,
(lowest value from
6 tests)

Chlorophyll  a      7,5-8.0
reduced about 65Z
at I6°C
                                        Wi(son  and  freeberg
                                        1980
                                        Wilson  and  freeberg
                                        1980
Di nofIagellate,
Gymnodi ni urn splendens
28
2 days
Chlorophyll a
reduced about 65Z
at 20" C
                                        Wi Ison  and  freeberg
                                        1980
Di noflagellate,
Cymnodi ni urn splendens
28
2 days
Chlorophyll a.
reduced about 65Z
at 24*C
                                        Wilson  and  freeberg
                                        1980
Di noflagellate,
Cymnodi ni urn splendens
Di noflagellate,
Cvmnodi ni urn splendens
Di noflagellate,
Gymnod i ni urn spl endens
28
28
                                      28
2 days
2 days
              2 days
Chlorophyll £
reduced about 65Z
at 28'C

Chlorophyll £
reduced about 6SZ
at 30°C

Chlorophyll a
reduced about 65X
at 32°C
                                                                                           13
                                                                                           10
                                       Wi Ison and  freeberg
                                       1980
                                       Wi Ison  and  freeberg
                                       1980
                                                        Wilson and freeberg
                                                        I960

-------
         Table  6.   (continued)
00
Species Chemical
Dinof lagel late,
Cyronodi ni um splendens

Di nof logel late,
Cymnodi ni um spl endens
Oi nof logel late,
Cymnodi ni um spl endens
Di nof lagel late,
Cymnodi ni um splendens
Di noflagel late,
Cymnodi ni um spl endens
Oi nof lagel lote,
Cymnodi ni um splendens
Oi noflagel late,
Gvmnodi ni um splendens
Di nof lagel 1 ate,
Cymnodi ni um spl endens
Di noflagel late,
Cymnod i n i um spl endens
Salinity
(a/kfl)
28

14
14
14
14
16
20
24
28
Duration
2 days

2 days
2 days
2 days
2 days
2 days
2 days
2 days
2 days
Concentration
Effect («a/Ll*
Chlorophyll a. 10
reduced about 65Z
at 33*C
Chlorophyll a 7
reduced about 65Z
at I6*C
Chlorophyll a II
reduced about 65Z
at 30*C
Chlorophyll a , 2
reduced about 65Z
at 32*C
Chlorophyll a 1.3
reduced about 65Z
at 20*C
Chlorophyll a. 6.5
reduced about 65Z
at 20°C
Chlorophyll a 8.5
reduced about 65Z
at 20° C
Chlorophyll a 6.0
reduced about 65Z
at 20"C
Chlorophyll a 94
reduced about 65Z
                                                                                                                    Reference

                                                                                                                    Wilson and freeberg
                                                                                                                     1980
                                                                                                                     Wilson  and  freeberg
                                                                                                                     1980
                                                                                                                     Wilson  and Freeberg
                                                                                                                     1980
                                                                                                                     Wi (son  and freeberg
                                                                                                                     1980
                                                                                                                     Wilson  and  freeberg
                                                                                                                     1980
                                                                                                                     Wilson  and  freeberg
                                                                                                                     1980
                                                                                                                     Wilson  and  freeberg
                                                                                                                     1980
                                                                                                                     Wilson  and  freeberg
                                                                                                                     1980
                                                                                                                     Wilson  and  freeberg
                                                                                                                     I960
                                                                              ot  20*C

-------
Table 6.  (conlinued)
                                      Salinity
                                                                                       Concentration
                          Chemicel
Di noflogellote,
Cymnodi ni urn  splendens
 Red  alga,
 Chompio porvulg
 Red alga (sporeling).    Silver
 PIumorio e|eqons         nitrate
 Polychaete,
 Meant hes orenoceodentoto  nitrate
 Polychaete.               Si Iver
 Meanthes  orenoceodentoto nitrate
  Polychaete,               Silver
  Meonthes  orenoceodentoto nitrate
  Polychaete (adult)
  Meanthes virens
  Polychaete (adult)
  Neonthes virens
 SiIver
 ni trate
 SiIver
 ni trate
                                      28
Silver      30
nitrate
                           Silver       30
                                       30
                                       30
                                       26
                                       26
                          Duration

                          2 days
                                                    25 days
                          IB hr
                          immersion
                          followed by
                          7 days  in clean
                          seoiater

                          28 days
                                                     28 days
                                                     96 hr
                                                     48 hr
                                                     24 hr
Effect

Reduction in
chlorophyll  o.,
(lowest value from
14 tests)

Chronic  limits
for cystocarp
formation (sexual
fusion)

98Z mortality;
OZ  development
                                                                                        1.2-1.9
                                                                     LC50
 CC50
 (inability to
 burro*)

 CC50
 (inability to
 burro*)

 Significant
 reduction  in
 respirat ion

 Signi ficont
  reduction  in
  respirat ion
                                                                                        1,000
    158.7
(geometric mean
of 5 values)

    151.7
(geometric mean
of 5 values)

    158.6
(geometric mean
of 3 values)

    800
                                                                                          1.000
                     Reference

                     Wilson and Freeberg
                      I960
                      Steele and Thursby
                      1983
                                                                                  Boney et al. 1959
                                                                                                             Pesch  and  Hoffman  1983
                                                                                                             Pesch and Hoffman 1983
                                                                                                             Pesch and Hoffman 1983
Pereira and Kanungo
1981
                                                                                    Pereira  and  Kanungo
                                                                                    1981

-------
Table 6.  (continued)

Species
Poiychaete (adult).
Neonthes virens

Mud snail (adult).
Nossori us obsoletus

Uud snail (adult),
Nossori us obsoletus
Uud snail (adult),
Nossori us obsoletus
Bl ue mussel (adul t ) ,
Uyt i 1 us edul is

Bl ue mussel (adult) ,
Uyt i 1 us edul is

Blue mussel (embryo) ,
Myt i 1 us edul is
Blue mussel (juveni le) ,
Myt i 1 us edul is
Blue mussel (adul t ) ,
Uyt i 1 us edul is
Salinity
Chemical (a/kat Duration
Silver, 26 24 hr
nitrate

Silver 25 72 hr
nitrate

Silver 25 72 hr
nitrate
Silver 25 72 hr
ni trate
Silver 25 96 hr
ni trate

Silver 15 96 hr
ni trate

Silver 30 72 hr
ni trate
Si Iver 25 6 mo
nitrate
' ' V,
Silver 25 21 mo
ni trote
Concentration
tll«et fwa/U"
Significant ionic 1,000
imbalances in
coelomic fluid
Distressed 250
behavior
( inabi lity to move)
Depressed 500
respiration
Mortality 20,000
I
Significant 100
increase in
respiration
Significant 100
increase in
respiration
EC50 (develop- < 4.4
meat to veliger)
No growth 43.7

Histological 1.5
changes (deposition
                                                                                                             Reference

                                                                                                             Pereira  and  Kanungo
                                                                                                             1981
                                                                                                             Uaclnnes  and Thurberg
                                                                                                             1973
                                                                                                             Uoclnnes  and  Thurberg
                                                                                                             1973

                                                                                                             Uaclnnes  and  Thurberg
                                                                                                             1973

                                                                                                             Thurberg  et  al.  1974
                                                                                                             Thurberg et  al.  1974
                                                                                                             Dinnel  et  al.  1983
                                                                                                             Calabrese et  al.  1984
                                                                                                             Calabrese  et  al.  1984
                                                                     of  colored  particulates
                                                                     in  basement  membranes
                                                                     and connective  tissues
                                                                     of  various  body  organs)

-------
Table 6.  (continued)
Speci es
Bay scallop (juvenile),
Arqopect in i rrodions
Pacific oyster (gamete),
Grossest reo qi gas
Pacific oyster (embryo).
Crossost rea qiqos
Eastern oyster (larva),
Crosses t reo v i rqi ni co
Eastern oyster (larva),
Crossost reo vi rqi ni co
Eastern oyster (adult),
Crassostreo virqinica

Eastern oyster (adult),
Crossost reo virqinica

Eastern oyster (adult),
Crossost reo vi rqi ni eg

Surf clam ( larva) ,
Spisul g sol i dissima

Sal i ait y
Chemical («/kql Duration
Silver 25 96 hr
nitrate
Silver 27 1 hr
ni trot*
Silver 16.5 48 hr
nitrate
Silver 24 12 days
nitrate
Silver 24 12 days
ni trate
Silver 35 96 hr
ni trate
Silver 25 96 hr
ni trote

Silver 15 96 hr
ni trate

Silver 26 2-15 days
ni trote

Concentration
Effect (ua/LI*
Significant 22
increase in respiration
EC50 (sperm cell 28.8
fertilization success)
EC50 6 69
(development )
LC50 25

32 91 reduction ' 25
in gro*th
No significant 1,000
effect on
respirat ion
Significant 100
increase in
respirat ion
Significant 100
increase in
respiration
Significant 50
increase in
respi rat ion
Reference
Nelson et al. 1976
Dinnel et al. 1983

Coglianese 1982

Colabrese et al . I977a

Calabrese et al . I977a

Thurberg et al . 1974

Thurberg et ai 1974


Thurberg et al . 1974


Thurberg et al 1975



-------
           Table 6.   (continued)
NJ
Species
Surf clam ( juveni It) ,
Spisulo sol i dissimo

Surf clam (adul t ) ,
Spisula sol idissima

Surf clam (gamete),
Spisulo sol idi ss imp

Quahog (adult).
Uercenor i q mercenor i a
Quahog (adult),
Mercenar i a mercenor i a

Quahog (adul t ) ,
Uercenario mercenaria

Quahog (larva),
Uercenor i a mercenor i a
Quahog ( 1 orwo) ,
Mercenario mercenaria
Salinity
Chemical (q/ka) Duretioe
Silver 26 96 hr
nitrate

Silver 26 96 hr
ni trate

Silver 30 45 min
ni trote

Silver 35 96 hr
ni trate
Silver 25 96 hr
ni trate

Silver 15 96 hr
ni trate
Silver 24 8-10 days
ni trate
Silver 24 8-10 days
nitrate
Concentration
Effect (iia/L)'
Significant 10
increase in
respiration
Significant 50
increase in
respirat ion
Significant . 6.4
abnormal larval
development following
prefert i 1 i zat ion
exposure of eggs
and sperm
No effect on 1 ,000
respiration
Significant 100
effect on
respiration
Significant 100
effect on
respiration
LC50 32 4
33. BZ reduction 32 4
in growth
Reference
Thurberg et al. 1975

Thurberg et al . 1975

Eyster and Morse 1984

Thurberg et al . 1974
Thurberg et al . 1971

Thurberg et al 1974
Calabrese et al . I977a
Colabrese et a! I977a

-------
          Table  6.   (continued)
OJ
Species
Soft-shell clam (adult).
Uya orenar i o
Soft-shell clam (adult).
Uya orenor i o
Soft-shell clam (adult).
Myo orenoria
Barnacl e (odul t ) ,
Bol onus bol onoi des
Barnacle (adul t ) ,
Bol onus balonoides
American lobster
(adult).
Homorus oroer i conus

Sea urchin (embryo).
Arboc i o 1 i xu 1 o
Sea urchi n (gamete) ,
St ronqy 1 ocent rot us
droebqchi ensi s
Sea urchin (gamete),
St ronqy 1 ocent rot us
Sal i nit y
Chejiicoi (q/kq) Duration
Silver 35 96 hr
ni trate
Silver 25 96 hr
nitrate
Silver 15 96 hr
nitrate
Si Iver - 2 days
sulfate
Silver - 5 days
sul fate
Silver - 30 days
ni trate

Silver - 52 hr
ni trate
Silver 27.7-29.1 60 min
ni trate

Silver 30 60 min
ni t rate
Concentration
|ffect (ua/Lia
Significant 100
increase in
respirat ion
Significant 100
increase in
respiration
Significant 100
increase in
respiration
LC90 • 400
LC90 200
Heart transominase 6 -
activity depressed
and induction of
gonadal glycolytic
enzymes
Significant 0.5
reduction in embryo
development
CC50 (sperm cell 76
fert i 1 izat ion success)

EC50 (sperm cell 94 0
fert i 1 i zat ion success)
Reference
Thurberg et ol . 1974
Thurberg et al. 1974
Thurberg et al . 1974
Clarke 1947
Clarke 1947
Calabrese et ol . I977b

Soyer 1963
Dinnel et al . 1982

Oinnel et al . 1983
          droeboch i ens i s

-------
Table 6.  (continued)
Species
Sea urchin (gamete),
Stronqyl ocentrot us
droebochi ens i s
Sea urchin (gamete),
Stronqyj ocent rotus
droebach i ens i s
Sea urchin (gamete),
Stronqy locentrotus
droebochi ens i s
Sea urchin (gamete),
St ronqy 1 ocent rot us
droebochi ensis
Sea urchin (gamete),
Stronqvl ocentrot us
droebochi ensi s
Sea urchin (gamete),
Stronqy 1 ocentrot us
droebochiensis
Sea urchin (gamete),
Stronqvl ocentrot us
droebochi ensis
Sea urchin (embryo),
Stronqy locentrotus
droebach i ens i s
Sea urchin (gamete),
Stronqvl ocent rot us
Salinity
Che»icel (q/ka) Ouretio*
Silver 29 60 nin
nitrate
Silver 28 60 win
nitrate
Silver 27 60 min
ni trate

Si Iver 26 60 min
ni trate

Silver 25 60 min
ni trate

Silver 27 60 min
ni trate

Si Iver 27 60 min
ni trate

Silver 30 5 days
ni trate
Si Iver 27 60 min
ni t rote
Concentration
Cffect lua/Ll*
ECSO (sperm cell 85.9
ferti 1 ization success)
ECSO (sperm cell 44.9
fertilization success)
EC50 (sperm cell 44.3
ferti 1 ization success)

ECSO (sperm cell 34 1
fertilization success)

ECSO (sperm cell 29.8
fertilization success)

ECSO (sperm cell 85.7
fertilization success)

ECSO (sperm cell 84.5
ferti lization success)

ECSO (develop- 24.3
ment to pluteus)
ECSO (sperm cell 112.2
ferti 1 izat ion success)
Reference
Dinnel et at. 1983
Dinnel et al. 1983
Dinnel et al. 1983

Oinnel et al. 1983

Dinnel et al. 1983

Oinnel et al . 1983

Oinnel et al. 1983

Dinnel et al. 1983
Dinnel et al 1983
frone i sconus

-------
Table  6.   (continued)
Species
Sea urchin (gamete) ,
St ronqyl ocent rot us
purpurot us
Sea urchi n (gamete) ,
Stronqylocentrotus
purpurotus
Sea urchi n (embryo) .
Stronqyl ocent rot us
purpurotus
Sand dollar (gamete),
Oendroster excentricus
Sand dollar (gamete) ,
ui Oendroster excentricus
Coho salmon (gamete),
Oncorhynchus k i sut ch
Salinity
Chemical (a/ka)
Silver 27
nitrate

Silver 27
nitrate

Silver 27
nitrate

Silver 27-30
nitrate
Silver
ni trate
Silver 27
nitrate
Duration
60 min

60 min

5 days

60 mi n
60 min
60 min
                                                                     Effect
                                                  Concentration
                                                      lua/Ll*
Mummichog  (adult),
Fundulus heterocIi t us
Uummichog (adult),        Silver
fundulus heterocli tus     nitrate

Uummichog (adult),        Silver
Fundulus heteroclitus     chloride
Gunner (adult),           Silver
Toutoqolobrus odspersus   nitrate
20
24
              96 hr
              96 hr
96 hr
                                                    96  hr
                                                                     ECSO (sperm cell      115.3
                                                                     fertilization success)
                                                                     ECSO (sperm cell      89.5
                                                                     fertilization success)
                                                                     ECSO (develop-
                                                                     ment  to  pluteus)
                                                     14.9
CCSO (sperm cell  ,    54.5
fertilization success)

ECSO (sperm           45
fertilization success)

EC50 (sperm cell      It.4
fertilization success)

Inhibition of         40
Iiver alkaline
phosphatase activity

Increase in           20
Iiver enzyme activity

Degeneration of       50
lateral-line and
olfactory  structure

Significant          500
decrease in
respiration and
liver-enzyme activity
Reference

Dinnel et al. 1963



Dinnei et al. 1983



Dinnel et al. 1983



Dinnel et al. 1983


Dinnel et al  1982


Dinnel et al. 1983


Jackim et al. 1970



Jackim 1973


Gardner 1975



Gould and Uaclnnes 1977

-------
Table 6.  (continued)
                          Chemical

Cunner (adult),           Silver
Toutogolobrus odspersus   acetate
Salicily
 (aAal

24
                                                                                       Concentration
Purot ion

96 hr
Effect

Signi fleant
decrease in
respiration and
increase in liver-
enzyme activity
                                                    500
Cunner (adult),
Toutogol obrus odspersus

Winter flounder
(embryo) ,
Pseudopleuronectes
omer i conus
Winter flounder
( embryo) ,
Pseudopleuronectes
omeri conus
Winter flounder
(embryo) ,
Pseudopleuronectes
omer i canus
Winter flounder
(embryo) ,
Pseudopleuronectes
amer i conus
Winter flounder
( 1 orvo) ,
Pseudopleuronectes
Silver 24
nitrate

Silver 10
ni trate

Silver 21
ni trate

Silver 32
ni trate
Silver 27-32
ni trate
Silver 27-32
ni trate
96 hr

Throughout
embryonic
development

Throughout
embryonic
development

Throughout
embryonic
development
18 days
18 days
Signi f icant
decrease in
respiration
Signi f icant
reduction in
hatch success

Signi f icant
reduction in
hatch success

Signi f icant
reduction in
hatch success
• Signi f icant
reduction in
hatch success
Signi f icant
larval
mortal i ty
                                                                                         120
                                                                                       > 174
                                                                                       > 167
                                                                                       > 166
                                                                                         386
                                                                                          92
Reference

Gould and Uaclnnes 1977
                                                                      Thurberg and Col Iier
                                                                      1977
                                                                      Voyer et al. 1982
                                                                      Voyer et al. 1982
                                                                      Voyer et al. 1982
                                                                      Klein-UacPhee et al
                                                                      1984
                                                                      Klein-UacPhee et al
                                                                      1984
omericonus

-------
Table 6.   (continued)
Species
Winter flounder
( larva) ,
Pseudopl euronectes
omer i conus
Winter flounder
( larva) ,
Pseudopl euronectes
omer i conus
Winter flounder
(adult),
Pseudopleuronectes
omer i conus

Salinity
Cbeaical (q/ka) Duration
Silver 27-32 18 days
nitrate

Silver 27-32 18 days
ni trate
Si Iver - 60 days
ni trote
Coiceitrat ioi
Effect («
-------
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