&EPA
United States Industrial Environmental Research EPA-600/7-79-251b
Environmental Protection Laboratory November 1979
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Effects of Pathogenic
and Toxic Materials
Transported Via Cooling
Device Drift -
Volume 2. Appendices
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program Report
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide'range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal Agencies, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-79-251b
November 1979
Effects of Pathogenic and Toxic Materials
Transported Via Cooling Device Drift -
Volume 2. Appendices
by
H.D. Freudenthal, J.E. Rubinstein, and A. Uzzo
H2M Corporation
375 Fulton Street
Farmingdale, New York 11735
Contract No. 68-02-2625
Program Element No. INE624A
EPA Project Officer: Michael C. Osborne
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
-------
ABSTRACT
The report describes a mathematical model that predicts the percent
of the population affected by a pathogen or toxic substance emitted in a
cooling tower plume, and gives specific applications of the model.
Eighty-five pathogens (or diseases) are cataloged as potentially
occurring in U.S. waters, but there is insufficient data to predict the
probability of occurrence or relate their occurrence to public health,
population, or pollution. Sixty-five toxic substances are cataloged as
potentially occurring in U.S. waters, but the actual number is probably
many times the EPA-supplied list. Toxic concentrations to persons,
animals, and plants are known for only a few of the chemicals: most
toxic levels can be only inferred from animal studies. In the popula-
tion as a whole, the epidemiological impact of a pathogen is a function
of age, sex distribution, racial (genetic) distribution, general health
and well-being, prior exposure, and immunological deficiency states.
While cooling device drift may not be directly responsible for epidemics,
it may potentiate the burden in an already weakened population, raising
a segment of the population into the clinical state. The effect of
toxic substances is difficult to evaluate because of inadequate data on
humans. The effect is a function of concentration in susceptible tissue,
and is much less dependent than pathogens on host resistance.
11
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INTRODUCTION TO CATALOG
Cooling devices may utilize make-up water from a variety
of sources, including polluted water and treated wastewater. The
use of these waters may present a potential problem of aerosoliz-
ing entrained pathogenic organisms and toxic chemicals, and dis-
seminating them over large areas and populations. Such aerosol
drift could produce a significant health hazard to humans, other
animals and vegetation, causing infectious disease, allergic re-
action and toxicity in both clinical and subclinical manifesta-
tions.
The pathogens and toxins to be addressed are those which are
potentially present in cooling device make up water. The patho-
gens listed have been known to occur in U. S. waters and will
survive the physical and chemical environment in the cooling
devices as well as in aerosol drift transport. The list of
chemicals was provided by EPA Corvallis and are known toxins
and carcinogens.
The pathogens and toxins which were determined to warrant
consideration were coordinated into the Aerosol Drift Health
Hazard Assessment catalog which follows. This format organized
the information required for the assessment of the potential
health hazards when contaminated water is used for make-up water.
It presents the hazards that could occur if the toxins or
pathogens were present and the factors which contribute to this.
It is the responsibility of the device designer or operator to
ascertain if such pathogens or toxins are present, and to take
appropriate measures to remedy the situation.
Toxins and pathogens are individually listed on separate
sheets in the Aerosol Drift Health Hazard Assessment catalog,
Appendix A. Each sheet contains the following information.
Name: Group or species of pathogen, chemical substance or
chemical group.
Identification:
Disease or Effect:
Caused by the pathogen or toxin, includ-
ing the chemical manifestation and
severity.
-------
Epidemiological
Significance: Transmission of the disease or effect
through aerosol drift among humans, other
animals and plants.
Host Sensitivity/
Susceptibility: Host capture range; dosage required to
incur disease or effect.
Occurrence:
Polluted Water
Source: Origin of chemical or pathogen, e.g.,
industrial, municipal or agricultural
wastewater.
Geographical
Location: Regions in which there is a greater
probability of occurrence.
Occurrence : Range of concentration of pathogens or
toxins found in polluted water source.
Integrity/Survivability:
Integrity Parameters
In Surface
Water: Chemical change with time, synergistic
effects with chemicals in water.
In Treated
Effluent: Concentration reduction by treatment,
chemical change caused by treatment.
In Cooling
Device: Temperature effects, salinity effects,
effects caused by a change in form.
Control Methods
in Water or
Effluents: Methods of control specific to chemical.
Survivability Parameters
In Surface
Water: Susceptibility to temperature, salinity,
pH, exposure time, and any other con-
tributing factors.
In Treated
Effluent: Susceptibility to chlorination, ozonation,
pH, settling, etc.
iv
-------
In Cooling
Device:
Susceptibility to salinity, temperature,
pH, residence time.
Control Methods
in Water or
Effluents: Methods of control specific to this organism
Aerosolization:
Integrity Parameters
Probability of
Passage into
Aerosol State: Aerosolization and volatility of chemical.
Integrity in Air
and/or Aerosol
Fomites: Effects of temperature, pollutants,
radiation, salt of substances.
Survivability Parameters
Probability of
Passage into
Aerosol State: Considering organism size, density, form.
Survival in Air
and/or Aerosol
Fomites: Effects of temperature, relative humidity,
radiation, pollutants, susceptibility to
dessication; residence time.
Summary:
Concluding remarks at the end of each page will indicate
whether this pathogen or chemical should be of particular
interest due to its frequent usage or severe toxicity; or if
it warrants consideration as a potentially major health risk.
Appendix B is the Aerosol Drift Direct Effects Assessment
catalogue. This section.organizes the assessment of the. actual
effects which would become evident in proximate humans, vegeta-
tion and other animals should contaminated water be used for
make-up water. The manifestations may be imminently recogniz-
able or may not surface for an extended period of time. This
catalogue is designed to allow comparison between humans,
animals and vegetation for each given pathogen and toxin.
Within this section there have .been several additions to
the original list of pathogens and toxins. During the research
(investigation) process, it was determined that additional
-------
pathogens and toxins warranted consideration. For some of the
pathogens and toxins direct effects were not discussed for all
three categories of humans, animals and vegetation. If the
effects of a particular toxin or pathogen are not applicable
to any of the three subjects, it is stated as such on the sheet.
Sections left blank indicate a lack of available information.
The toxins and pathogens are listed individually on separate
sheets. Each sheet of the Direct Effects Assessment catalogue
contains the following information for each subject (human,
vegetation and animal).
Name: Group or species of pathogen, chemical
substance or chemical group.
Disease, or Effect: Clinical and subclinical manifestation;
acute and chronic symptoms.
Epidemiological
Significance: Transmission of the disease or effect
through aerosol drift among humans, other
animals and plants.
Host Sensitivity/
Susceptibility: Host capture range; dosage required to
incur disease or effect.
Comments: Concluding remarks at the end of each page
will indicate whether this pathogen or
toxin should be of particular interest due
to its frequency of presence, severe effects,
and whether it warrants consideration as
a major health risk.
VI
-------
OL
tc.
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ABSIDIA CORYMBIFERA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Mucormycosis
b) Phycomycosis
c) Zygomycos is
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) It is possible that this organism will caase
tted.
c) This organism will probably cause this disease.
o these diseases and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Hosts will rarely contract these diseases unless
their immune systems are weakened.
c) Few hosts contract this disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
o OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs rarely.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
*
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: a,c) It is doubtful the organism will survive here and then cause
these diseases.
b) The organism will survive here and cause this disease.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR. EFFLUENTS: a,c) The organism can be controlled by
physical and chemical means.
b) The organism can be controlled by physical
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive.in air and aerosol
fomites.
o
in
o
ui
«£
The organism may be found in aerosol drift and would be of serious cause for
concern for susceptible hosts.
A-l
-------
\
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ABSIDIA RAMOSA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Mucormycosis
b) Phycornycosis
c) Zygomycosis
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) It is possible that this organism will cause
these diseases, and be transmitted.
c) This organism will probably cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Hosts will rarely contract these diseases unless
their immune systems are weakened.
c) Few hosts contract this disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs rarely.
C9
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: a,c) It is doubtful the organism will survive here and then cause
these diseases.
b) The organism will survive here and cause this disease.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: a,c) The organism can be controlled by
physical and chemical means.
b) The organism can be controlled by physical
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
o
INTEGRITY IN AiR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and aerosol
fomites.
o
in
o
The organism may be found in aerosol drift and would be of serious cause for
concern for susceptible hosts.
A-2
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PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACTINOMYCES ISRAELI
•a:
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Actinomycosis
b) F>neuraonia - necrotizing & lung abscess
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a & b) Unlikely that the organism will cause disease
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Some hosts are susceptible and usually when
their immune systems are weakened by illness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE:
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
in human-municipal areas.
The organism is found and can survive here.
The organism is found universally and particularly
OCCURRENCE:
The organism occurs occasionally.
IN SURFACE WATER:
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
IN COOLING DEVICE:
The organism can survive in surface water.
It may survive in treated effluent.
It may survive here.
o;
en
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled
by physical (filtration, irradiation) and chemical methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
aerosol fomites.
The organism will probably
The organism can survive in air and
The organism will probably be found in aerosol drift. Actinomycosis is not highly
contractible so there is only a real cause for concern for compromised hosts.
A-3
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PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACTINOMYCES KERATOLYTICA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Pitted keratolysis
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is possible that it will cause disease and may
be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Rarely do hosts contract the disease and only
when their immune system has been weakened by illness.
o:
cz.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found and can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in this environment.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism may survive here.
o:
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism can survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It will survive in air and/or aerosol
fomites.
o
LO
O
^ The organism is likely to be found in aerosol drift but it is unlikely to be
et
a cause for public concern except for compromised hosts.
A-4
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PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACTINOMYCES spp .
5
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Actinomycosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Unlikely that this organism will be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Host will rarely contract this disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: it is doubtful that this organism could be found or survive in
these waters.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Can be found in human-municipal and agricultural-animal
husbandry environments.
o OCCURRENCE: Occurs occasionally.
o
IN SURFACE WATER: Can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Doubtful that organism could survive.
ce
IN COOLING DEVICE: Doubtful that organism could survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical
and chemical methods.
o
I—
"*
o
o:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: It is possible for the organism to
aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It is possible for the organism to survive
in air or aerosol fomites.
It is doubtful that this organism will be found in an aerosol drift. If it did,
there is still no real cause for public concern as it is not highly contractable.
A-5
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PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME:
ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Aspergillosis - aspergilloma fungus ball, - disseminated, - of
nasal sinuses.
b) Intraoccular infections
c) Otitis externa
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a) It is possible for this organism to be transmitted and
cause disease, b & c) It is unlikely for this organism to cause these diseases.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a, b, & c) Only susceptible host will contract
this disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: a, b & c) Organism may be found and survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: a, b & c) Organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: a) The disease occurs often.
b & c) The diseases occur rarely.
IN SURFACE UATER:
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
IN COOLING DEVICE:
Organism can survive in surface water.
Organism can survive but it is doubtful.
Organism can survive in cooling devices,
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
physical, chemical and biological methods.
Organism can be controlled by
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
aerosol fomites.
Organism will aerosolize.
Organism will survive in air or
o
ce
UJ
The organism will survive in aerosol drift but presents no real cause for public
concern except for susceptible hosts.
A-6
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PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Aspergillosis - aspergilloma fungus ball, - disseminated, - of
nasal sinuses.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is possible for this organism to be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: only susceptible host will contract this disease.
Q
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found universally.
" OCCURRENCE: The disease occurs often.
o
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism can survive but it is doubtful.
a:
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive but it is doubtful.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
a:
The organism will survive in aerosol drift but presents no real cause for public
concern.
A-7
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PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ASPERGILLUS NIVEUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Aspergillosis - aspergilloma fungus ball, - disseminated, - or
nasal sinuses.
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is possible for this organism to be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Only susceptible hosts will contract this disease.
O
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The disease occurs often.
eg
ID
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism can survive but it is doubtful.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive but it is doubtful.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
o
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
o;
The organism will survive in aerosol drift but presents no real cause for public
concern.
A-8
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PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ASPERGILLUS RESTRICTUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Aspergillosis - aspergilloma fungus ball, - disseminated, - of
nasal sinuses.
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is possible for this organism to be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: only susceptible host will contract this disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found universally.
o OCCURRENCE: The disease occurs often.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism can survive but it is doubtful.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive but it is doubtful.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
o
*- The organism will survive in aerosol drift but presents no real cause for public
concern.
SE:
oo
A-9
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PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ASPERGILLUS TERREUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Aspergillosis - aspergilloma fungus ball, - disseminated, - of
nasal sinuses.
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is possible for this organism to be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: only susceptible host will contract this disease.
O
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The disease occurs often.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism can survive but it is doubtful.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive but it is doubtful.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
QL
>-
concern.
The organism will survive in aerosol drift but presents no real cause for public
A-10
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PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ASPERGILLUS spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Pneumonia - necrotizing and lung abscess
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is probable that this organism will cause disease
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many hosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to the pathogen.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: It may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs frequently.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive here.
„, IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism can survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and/or
aerosol fomites.
o
V)
o
The organism is likely to be found in aerosol drift. It will be a serious
concern to the public and cause public health problems, especially for those whose
immune systems have been weakened 'oy illness.
A-ll
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Anthrax
b) Meningitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a & b) Unlikely that BACILLUS ANTHRACIS will be
transmitted and cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a) The host is highly susceptible to the organism
and will readily contract this disease, b) Hosts are rarely susceptible and will
only contract this disease if their immune systems are weakened.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE:
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
environments, but may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: a & b) The disease occurrence is rare.
Organism can be found and survive in water.
Usually found in agricultural-animal husbandry
IN SURFACE WATER:
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
IN COOLING DEVICE:
Doubtful that the organism can survive.
Doubtful that the organism can survive.
The organism may survive this environment.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
mettiods of radiation, filtration and autoclaving.
The organism can be killed by physical
<:
tvj
O
01
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
aerosol drift.
The organism will aerosolize.
The organism will survive in
>-
o:
<:
The organism will survive in aerosol drift and is a cause for public concern.
(Anthrax), although Meningitis is only a concern for compromised hosts.
A-12
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PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BACILLUS CEREUS
5
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Gastroenteritis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Organism will probably be transmitted and cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Some hosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to pathogen.
CJ
zz
LU
ce
=>
CJ
CJ
CD
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism can be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs frequently.
ct:
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism probably won't survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
<-n
o
Organism can be found in aerosol drift. It is only of concern when the host's
immune systems are weakened by sickness.
A-13
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PATHOGEN
'AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BACILLUS SUBTILIS
IX
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Conjunctivitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Jt is unlikely to cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY- Only those hosts whose immune systems have been
weakened are likely to contract the disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
^ GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: It may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: it frequently occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful that the organism will survive in this environment.
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism may survive in this environment.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It may be controlled by physical or chemical
means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably become
aerosolized.
5 INTEGRITY IN / IR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and/or
aerosol fomites.
o
1/5
O
a:
The disease is likely to be found in aerosol drift but is only a concern
•=c to hosts whose immune systems have been weakened.
A-14
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PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BACTEROIDES spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Pneumonia - necrotizing and lung abscess
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is probable that this organism will cause disease
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many hosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to the pathogen.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
" GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
cc
CL
^
0 OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs frequently.
o
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive.
„, IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism can survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological means.
o
i—
•=c
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and/or
aerosol fomites.
(j~i
The organism is likely to be found in aerosol drift. It will be a serious
concern to the public and cause public health problems, especially for those whose
immune systems have been weakened by illness.
A-15
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BASIDIOBOLUS HAPTOSPORUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Mucormycosis
b) Phycomycosis
c) Zygomycosis
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) It is possible that this organism will cause
these diseases, and be transmitted.
c) This organism will probably cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a,b) Hosts will rarely contract these diseases unless
their immune systems are weakened.
c) Few hosts contract this disease.
LU
o:
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs rarely.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: a,c) It is doubtful the organism will survive here and then cause
b) The organism will survive here and cause this disease.
00 these diseases.
>-
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: a,c) The organism can be controlled by
physical and chemical means.
b) The organism can be controlled by physical
chemical and biological means.
o
oo
o
CCL
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and aerosol
fomites.
The organism may be found in aerosol drift and would be of serious cause for
•a:
concern for susceptible hosts.
A-16
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: pneumonia - necrotizing and lung abscess
i- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is probable that this organism will cause disease
<-> and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many nosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to the pathogen.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
^ GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
LU
a:
o OCCURRENCE: rpne organism occurs frequently.
IN SURFACE WATER: -pne organism can survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism can survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and/or
aerosol fomites.
o
o;
The organism is likely to be found in aerosol drift. It will be a serious
concern to the public and cause public health problems, especially for those -whose
immune systems have been weakened by illness.
A-l?
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BORDETELLA PARAPERTUSSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Epiglottitis
b) Laryngitis
c) Laryngotracheo Bronchitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is unlikely the organism will be transmitted and
cause these diseases.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Few hosts are susceptible and rarely contract the
disease upon exposure to the pathogen.
DC
ex.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: it is doubtful the organism is found and will survive in this
water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found in human-municipal areas.
OCCURRENCE: Organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: it is doubtful the organism can survive.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism cannot survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is unlikely the organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
CD
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
o
LU
eC
It is doubtful the organism will be found in aerosol drift. It is unlikely the
organism will occur so public health problems will only result if the host's immune
system has been weakened by sickness.
A-18
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME:
BORDETELLA spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause whooping cough.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Very likely to cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Most individuals have been immunized. Unimmunized individuals are quite
susceptible.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE:
It is doubtful that the organism will be found nere and survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
The organism is found in human municipal areas.
o OCCURRENCE:
o
The organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER:
It is doubtful the organism will survive.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
The organism cannot survive in this source.
IN COOLING DEVICE:
The organism probably won't survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
The organisms may be controlled by physical, chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Very likely to become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
The organism will survive in air or aerosol fomites.
It is doubtful that the organism will be found in aerosol drift. Public
health hazards should not result although it may affect compromised individuals.
A-19
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BRUCELLA ABORTUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Brucellosis
b) Undulating fever
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) This organism can be transmitted and will cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Many hosts, especially in the U.S. are
susceptible and will contract the disease upon exposure to the organism.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: This organism can be found and will survive here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found in agricultural-animal husbandry and industrial
environments such as the milk industry.
OCCURRENCE: This disease rarely occurs in the U.S.
IN SURFACE WATER: It is unlikely the organism will survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism will survive here.
ex
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by chemical
methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
o
o
CtL
It is doubtful the organism can be found in aerosol drift and is cause for
public health concern.
A-20
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME:
BRUCELLA CANIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Brucellosis
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This organism can be transmitted and will cause disease.
<:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many hosts especially in the U.S. are susceptible
and will contract the disease upon exposure to the organism.
en
:D
o
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: This organism can be found and will survive here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found in agricultural - animal husbandry and
industrial environments such as the milk industry.
OCCURRENCE: This disease rarely occurs in the U.S.
IN SURFACE WATER: It isunlikely the organism will survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organie-n will survive here.
a:
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by
chemical methods.
5
o
cc.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air or
aerosol formites
It is doubtful the organism can be found in aerosol drift and is cause
for public health concern.
A-21
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BRUCELLA MELITENSIS
o
I—
•=r
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Brucellosis
b) Undulating fever
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) This organism can be transmitted and will cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Many hostgj especially in the U.S. are
susceptible and will contract the disease upon exposure to the organism.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: This organism can be found and will survive here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: organism is found in agricultural-animal husbandry and industria
environments such as the milk industry.
OCCURRENCE: This disease rarely occurs in the U.S.
IN SURFACE WATER: jt ^s unlikely the organism will survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism will survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: it is doubtful the organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by chemical
methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
o
I—
"* INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
o
IS)
o
It is doubtful the organism can be found in aerosol drift and is cause for
public health concern.
A-22
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BRUCELLA SUIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Brucellosis
b) Undulating fever
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) This organism can be transmitted and will cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Many hosts, especially in the U.S. are
susceptible and will contract the disease upon exposure to the organism.
ee
13
(_5
O
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: This organism can be found and will survive here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found in agricultural-animal husbandry and in-
dustrial environments such as the milk industry.
OCCURRENCE: This disease rarely occurs in the U.S.
IN SURFACE WATER: it is unlikely the organism will survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful the organism will survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: it is doubtful the organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by chemical
methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomltes.
o
o:
It is doubtful the organism can be found in aerosol drift and is cause for
public health concern.
A-23
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CANDIDA ALBICANS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Candidiasis
b) Otitis externa
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a) It is possible the organism will be transmitted
to cause this disease
b) It's unlikely that the organism will be transmitted to cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Hosts are rarely susceptible to either except when
they are compromised.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism may be found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs occasionally.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it's doubtful the organism will survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It's doubtful the organism will survive in a cooling device.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical
and chemical means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism survives well in the temp-
erature of the air and aerosol fomites.
o
to
o
^ The organism will be found in aerosol drift, but won't be of concern except to
<=c a host whose immune system has been weakened.
A-24
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CANDIDA ALBICANS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Enterocolotitis
b) Meningitis
c) Pharyngitis
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a) it is probable that it will cause this disease
and be transmitted.
b 8s c) It is unlikely it will cause these diseases and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a) Many hosts are susceptible to these diseases
caused by CANIDIDA ALBICANS.
b 8s c) Comprised hosts are susceptible to these diseases.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found in this source.
^ GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
a:
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs occasionally.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful the organism can survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism will survive in the cooling device.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and aerosol
fomites.
o
CO
o
It is doubtful that this will be of public concern, Enterocolotitis is more of
a risk than the others. All of these are a risk to weakened hosts.
A-25
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CANDIDA spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Candidiasis
b) Otitis externa
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a) It is possible the organism will be transmitted
to cause this disease
b) It's unlikely that the organism will be transmitted to cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Hosts are rarely susceptible to either except when
they are compromised.
CJ
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism may be found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: f^e organism occurs occasionally.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it's doubtful the organism will survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: it's doubtful the organism will survive in a cooling device.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical
and chemical means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
o
INTEGRITY IN * IR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism survives well in the temp-
erature of the air and aerosol fomites.
o
cc
The organism will be found in aerosol drift, but won't be of concern except to
a host whose immune system has been weakened.
A-26
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CLADOSPORIUM spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: chromomycosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is unlikeiy the organism will be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: The disease is rarely contracted by hosts.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Jt is doubtful the organism would survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: j^e organism is found in agricultural-animal husbandry en-
vironments particularly in woodlands and the soil.
CJ
o
OCCURRENCE:
The disease occurs rarely.
IN SURFACE WATER: It is doubtful the organism will survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism will survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It js doubtful the organism will survive in this water.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical
and chemical methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
o
1—I
I—
"* INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: it is possible the organism will survive
in air or in aerosol fomites.
o
C/1
o
It is doubtful the organism will survive in aerosol drift and presents little
cause for public health concern.
A-27
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Botulism
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is possible but unlikely the organism will transmit
and cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many hosts are susceptible and will contract the
disease upon exposure to the organism.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: This disease rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: It is doubtful the organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism can survive in treated effluent.
CC
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism can survive in the cooling device.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical
means to destroy the spores.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
o
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
o
o:
It is doubtful the organism will be in aerosol drift but would be a public health
concern is it survived.
A-28
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CLOSTRIDIUM PERFINGENS
<_>
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Gastroenteritis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is probable that this organism will cause disease
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: some hosts are susceptible and usually contract
the disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: It is found universally.
C£
C£
=1
o OCCURRENCE: -phe disease occurs frequently,
ce
IN SURFACE WATER: Jt can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful the organism can survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism survives in this environment.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: it can be controlled by physical, chemical
and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably aerosolize.
t—
** INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: it will survive in air and aerosol fomites.
o
o
<
z:
•Si
The organism is likely to be found in aerosol drift and is unlikely to
be a concern unless the host's immune system has been weakened.
A-29
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME:
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Tetanus
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
It is possible but unlikely for a host to contract this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Many hosts are susceptible to this disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE:
This organism is found in and can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE:
C£
<_>
o
The organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER:
It is doubtful that the organism can survive in surface water.
m IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
i.
It is doubtful that the organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE:
It is doubtful the organism can survive in the cooling device environment
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
The organsim can be controlled by physical means to destroy the spores.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
The orga ism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN alR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
^ The organism will survive in air or aerosol formites.
CD
It is doubtful the organic will be in aerosol drifts, but is would present
public health risks should it survive.
A-30
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME:
COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS
o
•=c
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Coccidioidomycosis
b) Pneumonis - necrotizing
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In the eastern U.S., it is unlikely the organism will
be transmitted thereby causing these diseases.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many hosts are susceptible and will contract these
diseases upon exposure to the organism. Generally, healthy hosts will not contract
these diseases.
a:
cz.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism may survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is usually found in agriculture - animal
husbandry environment, but may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The disease occasionally occurs.
•3.
O£
IN SURFACE WATER: It is doubtful the organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism will survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE:It is doubtful the organism can survive in this water.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS;The organism can be controlled by physical
and chemical methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:The organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
It is doubtful the organism will survive in aerosol drift. It is of serious public
health concern if introduced in large concentrations to an area, especially to com-
promised hosts.
A-31
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME:
CONIDIOBOLUS CORONATUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Mucormycosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is possible the organism will be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Hosts are rarely susceptible unless their
immune systems have been weakened by sickness.
UJ
o:
CJ
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: organism can survive in this water
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE UATER: Organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism will survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical
or chemical methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism can survive in air or aerosol fomites.
o
a:
>-
ex.
•<
Organism can be found in aerosol drift but is only of concern if the host's immune
system has been weakened.
A-32
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CONIDIOBOLUS CORONATUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) phycomycosis
b) Zygomycosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a) it is possible that this organism will cause these
2 diseases and be transmitted. b) This organism will probably cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a) Hosts will rarely contract these dissases unless
their immune systems are weakened.
b) Few hosts contract this disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
« GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs rarely.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: a) The organism will survive here.
b) It is doubtful the organism will survive here and then
cause this disease.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: a) The organism can be controlled by physical
chemical and biological means.
b) The organism can be controlled by physical,
and chemical means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and aerosol
fomites.
o
GO
o
The organism may be found in aerosol drift and would be a serious cause for concern
for susceptible hosts.
A-33
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CORYNEBACTERIUM spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: conjunctivitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is uniikeiy to cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Only those hosts whose immune systems have been
weakened are likely to contract the disease.
<_>
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: It may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: It frequently occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: f^e organism can survive in surface water.
ce
00
>-
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful that the organism will survive in this environ-
ment .
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism may survive in this environment.
CONTROL METHODS IN HATER OR EFFLUENTS: It may be controlled by physical or chemical
means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably become
aerosolized.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and/or
aerosol fomi^es.
o
00
o
ce
The disease is likely to be found in aerosol drift but is only a concern to
hosts whose immune systems have been weakened.
A-34
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Diphtheria
b) Epiglotitis
c) Pharyngitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE : a)it is probable the organism will be transmitted and
cause disease. b&c) It is unlikely this organism will cause these
diseases.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Some hosts are susceptible to any of these diseases.
if his immune system has been weakened by sickness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism may be found and survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found universally, and particularly in
human - municipal areas.
ex.
rs
o OCCURRENCE: Organism rarely occurs in the U.S.
IN SURFACE WATER: it is doubtful the organism can survive.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism can survive.
IN COOLING DEVICE: it is doubtful the organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical
and chemical methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
o
01
It is doubtful the organism will be found in aerosol drift but is of serious
5 public health concern if it occurs.
=3
A-35
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: C^YNEBACTERIUM ULCERANS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:a)Diphtheria
b) Pharyngitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a)it is probable the organism will be transmitted and
cause disease.
b) It is unlikely this organism will caupe this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Some hosts will contract either disease.
if his immune system has been weakened by sickness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism may be found and survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found universally, especially in human
municipal areas.
OCCURRENCE: Organism rarely occurs in the U.S.
IN SURFACE WATER: it is doubtful the organism can survive.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful the organism can survive.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical
and chemical methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
o
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
o
oo
o
a:
It is doubtful the organism will be found in aerosol drift but is of serious
public health concern if it occurs.
A-36
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Cryptococcosis
b) Meningitis
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is unlikely the organism will be transmitted and
cause either disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:a & b) Host will contract disease if his immune
system has been weakened by sickness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE:Organism is found and can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism can survive.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism can survive.
<= CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical and
chemical methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
It is doubtful the organism can be found in aerosol drifts. It is of public
health concern if the host's immune system has been weakened by sickness making
him susceptible.
A-37
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: DERMATOPHILUS CONGOLENSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Streptotrichosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is possible that the organism will cause disease
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Few hosts contract the disease and only if their
immune system has been weakened by illness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism can survive in this environment.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occasionally occurs.
>-
i—
ce
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism can survive in this environment.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism can survive in this environment.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism may be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism can become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AiR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It will survive in air and/or aerosol
fomites.
o
tn
o
LU
The organism is unlikely to be found in aerosol drift and not really cause
for public concern except in the case of susceptible hosts.
A-38
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
«r
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Intraoccular infections
b) Meningitis
c) Pneumonia
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a & b) It is unlikely that this organism will cause
these diseases.
c) It is probable the organism will cause this diesease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Rarely are hosts susceptible and only when their
immune systems are weak.
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism is found here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism is unlikely to be found here.
et
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism will be found here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organsim can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological means.
5
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and
aerosol fomites.
Intraocular infections and meningitis are less likely to be cause for concern
than pneumonia, and then only for weakened hosts.
A-39
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME:
ESCHERICHIA COLI
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Entercolitis
b) Gastroenteritis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) Organism will probably be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Some hosts are susceptible and usually
contract disease when exposed to pathogen.
C£
C£.
O
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism can be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs frequently.
=>
IN SURFACE WATER: organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism probably won't survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biologocal means.
3
o
00
o
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: FUSCOBACTERIUM spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Pneumonia - necrotizing and lung abscess
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is probable that this organism will cause disease
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many hosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to the pathogen.
OC.
OH
0
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs frequently.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism can survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and/or
aerosol fomites.
o
tn
o
The organism is likely to be found in aerosol drift. It will be a serious
concern to the public and cause public health problems, especially for those whose
immune systems have been weakened by illness.
A-41
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
" GEOTRICIUM CANDIDIUM
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Geotrichosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is unlikely the organism will be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Hosts are rarely susceptible and will contract the
disease only if their immune systems have been weakened by sickness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Unlikely organism will survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: organism can be found in human-municipal and agricultural-
animal husbandry areas.
OCCURRENCE: Organism rarely occurs.
ce
IN SURFACE WATER: j^ ^s doubtful organism can survive.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism cannot survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE: jt is unlikely the organism can survive in this water.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or aerosol fomites
o
cc
•a:
2:
2:
It is doubtful the organism will be found in aerosol drift, and would be of
public concern if the host's immune system was weakened.
A-42
-------
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: HAEMOPHILUS AEGYPTIUS
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Conjunctivitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is unlikely to cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Only those hosts whose immune system have been
weakened are likely to contract the disease.
UJ
o:
o;
ZD
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Tne organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: It may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: it frequently occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful that the organism will survive in this environ-
ment .
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism may survive in this environment.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: it may be controlled by physical or chemical
means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably become
aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and/or
<:
M
aerosol fomites.
o
uo
o
The disease is likely to be found in aerosol drift but is only a concern to
hosts whose immune systems have been weakened.
A-4 3
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: jjAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: pharyngitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It lg unlikely that this organism will cause disease
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Few hosts are susceptible and usually when their
immune system has been weakened by illness.
c_>
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: It is doubtful that the organism will be found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: It is found in human-municipal areas.
OCCURRENCE: The organism rarely occurs.
oo
IN SURFACE HATER: It is doubtful the organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism will not survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful that the organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and aerosol
fomites .
o
oo
o
The organism is unlikely to be found in aerosol drift and is unlikely to be
cause for public concern unless a host's immune system is weakened.
A-44
-------
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Histoplasmosis
b) Pneumonia - necrotizing and lung abscess
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) Organism will probably be transmitted and cause
"a: disease.
CJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Many hosts are susceptible and will contract
the disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism may survive in this source.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is usually found in agricultural-animal husbandry
areas.
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs frequently in the Eastern U.S., otherwise rarely.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism may survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism may survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism may survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical or
chemical methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
o:
LU
Organism will survive in aerosol drift and is a serious concern to public
health.
A-45
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA AND OTHER ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Pneumonia
b) Pneumonia - necrotizing and lung abscess
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) The organism will probably cause these diseases
c_j
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Many hosts are susceptible to these and
especially when their immune systems are weakened by illness.
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found and can survive here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs frequently.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it may survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: it may survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE'INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably become
aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and aerosol
5
fomites.
o
ui
o
The organism will probably be found in aerosol drift. It can be serious
cause for public concern especially for compromised hosts.
A-46
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Meningitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is unlikely organism will be transmitted and cause
"* disease.
o
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Hosts are rarely susceptible and will contract the
disease if their immune systems are weakened by sickness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found universally.
o OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs rarely.
o
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in surface water.
to IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Unlikely organism will survive here.
•a:
IN COOLING DEVICE: Unlikely organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism can survive in air or aerosol fomites
o
ui
o
The organism is unlikely to occur in aerosol drift and would only be of
concern if a host's immune system is weakened.
A-47
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: MUCOR PUSILLUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Mucormycosis
b) Phycomycosis
c) Zygomycosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) It is possible that this organism will cause
these diseases, and be transmitted.
c) This organism will probably cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a,b) Hosts will rarely contract these diseases unless
their imnune systems are weakened.
c) Few hosts contract this disease.
o
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs rarely.
ce
in
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: a,c) It is doubtful the organism will survive here and then
cause these diseases.
b) The organism will survive here and cause this disease.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: a,c) The organism can be controlled by
physical and chemical means.
b) The organism can be controlled by physical
chemical and biological means.
o
h-
•a:
o
CO
o
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and aerosol
fomites.
The organism may be found in aerosol drift and would be of serious cause for
concern for susceptible hosts.
A-48
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: MUCOR RAMOSISSIMUS
o
o:
Ct:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Mucormycosis
b) Phycomycosis
c) Zygomycosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a,b) It is possible that this organism will cause
these diseases, and be transmitted.
c) This organism will probably cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: ajt>) Hosts will rarely contract these diseases unless
their immune systems are weakened.
c) Few hosts contract this disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs rarely.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: a,c) It is doubtful the organism will survive here and then
cause these diseases.
b) The organism will survive here and cause this disease.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: a,c) The organism can be controlled by
physical and chemical means.
b) The organism can be controlled by physical
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and aerosol
fomites.
o
cr>
o
The organism may be found in aerosol drift and would be of serious cause for
concern for susceptible hosts.
A-49
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: MUCOR spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: otitis externa
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is unlikely the organism will be transmitted and cause
"* disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Hosts are rarely susceptible and will contract the
disease if his immune system is weakened by illness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: it is unlikely the organism will survive here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism can be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism can survive.
a:
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical
or chemical methods.
o
I—
<=C
O
LT)
O
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN ATR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism can survive in air and/or
aerosol fomites.
Organism can be found in aerosol drift but it is only of concern if the
host's immune system is weakened by sickness.
A-50
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: MYCOBACTERIUM spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Mycobacteriosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is probable the organism will be transmitted
and cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Few hosts are susceptible and will contract the
disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism can survive.
IN COOLING DEVICE: it is doubtful the organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical and
chemical methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism can survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
00
o
It is unlikely the organism will be found in aerosol drift. It it occurs,
it is serious and could cause public health problems if the host's immune
system is weakened.
A-51
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME:
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Pneumonia
b) Tuberculosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a) it will probably cause Pneumonia and be transmitted.
b) It is possible that this organism will cause Tuberculosis
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a) Rarely do hosts contract pneumonia and usually
when their immune systems are weak.
b) Some hosts contract tuberculosis.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found in polluted water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism rarely occurs.
o
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism will survive in the cooling device.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism may be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism can become aerosolized.
o
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and
aerosol fomites.
o
uo
o
G:
LU
eC
The organism may be found in aerosol drift. Tuberculosis poses a threat to
the public at large but Pneumonia is an unlikely risk except to weakened hosts.
A-52
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: NOCARDIA ASTEROIDES
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Nocardiosis
b) Pneumonia - necrotizing
c) Pneumonia - plague
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a,b,c) It is probable that the organism will be
transmitted and cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a) Few hosts will be susceptible and contract the
disease.
b&c) Rarely will hosts be susceptible and will
contract the disease only if their immune systems have been weakened.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism will be found in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
cc
a:
^>
<_> OCCURRENCE: The organism rarely occurs.
o
IN SURFACE HATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism will survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful that the organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical and
chemical means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: It will probably aerosolize.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It will survive in air and aerosol fomites.
—i
o
ut
o
It is unlikely for Nocardiosis to be transmitted in aerosol drift. Pneumonia-
necrotizing and - plague are likely to be found in the drift. While all 3 could be
cause for public concern, it is unlikely unless the host's immune systems have been
weakened.
A-53
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: NOCARDIA BRASILIENSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Nocardiosis
b) Pneumonia - necrotizing
c) Pneumonia - plague
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a,b,c) It is probable that the organism will be
transmitted and cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a) Few hosts will be susceptible and contract the
disease.
b&c) Rarely will hosts be susceptiblejand will
contract the disease only if their immune systems have been weakened.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism will be found in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE HATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful that the organism will survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful that the organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical and chemical
means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: It will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It wil1 survive in air and aerosol fomites.
o
oo
o
It is unlikely for Nocardiosis to be transmitted in aerosol drift. Pneumonia-
necrotizing and - plague are likely to be found in the drift. While all 3 could be
cause for public concern, it is unlikely unless the host's immune systems have been
weakened.
A-54
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: NOCARDIA CAVIAE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Nocardiosis
b) Pneumonia - necrotizing
c) Pneumonia - plague
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a,b,c) It is probable that the organism will be
transmitted and cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a) Few hosts will be susceptible and contract the
disease.
b&c) Rarely will hosts be susceptible and will
contract the disease only if their immune systems have been weakened.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism will be found in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
° OCCURRENCE: The organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful that the organism will survive here.
•a:
:=>
cc
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful that the organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical and chemical
means.
o
a:
LU
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: It will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It will survive in air and aerosol fomites.
Tt is unlikely for Nocardiosis to be transmitted in aerosol aritt.pneumonia-
necrotizo.iig aiiu - piague are likely to be found in the drift. While all 3 could be
cause for public concern, it is unlikely unless the hosts's immune systems have been
weakened.
A-55
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: pEPTOCOCCUS spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: pneumonia - necrotizing and lung abcess
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is probable that this organism will cause disease
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many hosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to the pathogen.
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: it may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs frequently.
oo
>-
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism can survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological means.
o
00
o
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and/or
aerosol fomites.
The organism is likely to be found in aerosol drift. It will be a serious
concern to the public and cause public health problems, especially for those whose
immune systems have been weakened by illness.
A-56
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Pneumonia - necrotizing and lung abscess
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is probable that this organism will cause disease
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many hosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to the pathogen.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: It may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs frequently.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism can survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and/or
aerosol fomites.
o
oo
o
a:
The organism is likely to be found in aerosol drift. It will be a serious
concern to the public and cause public health problems, especially for those whose
immune systems have been weakened by illness.
A-57
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: PHIALOPHORA spp.
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Chromomycosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is unlikely the organism will be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: The disease is rarely contracted by hosts.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism would survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found in agricultural - animal husbandry
environments particularly in woodlands and the soil.
OCCURRENCE: The disease occurs rarely.
IN SURFACE WATER: It is doubtful the organism will survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism will survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism will survive in this water.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical
and chemical methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
o
INTEGRITY IN AiR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It is possible the organism will survive
in air or in aerosol fomites.
o
cz
It is doubtful the organism will survive in aerosol drift and presents little
cause for public health concern.
A-58
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: PROTEUS MIRABILIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Enterocolotitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Organism will probably be transmitted and cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Some hosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to pathogen.
a:
az.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism can be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs frequently.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism probably won't survive in this water.
C£.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
Organism can be found in aerosol drift. It is only of concern when the host's
immune systems are weakened by sickness.
A-59
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: pROTOTHECA Spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: protothecosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is unlikely the organism will be transmitted and cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Hosts are rarely susceptible and will contract the
disease if their immune systems have been weakened by sickness.
<-J>
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Unknown
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism occurs universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs rarely.
CC.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is unlikely the organism can survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE: it is unlikely the organism can survie in this water.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will not aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will not survive in air or aerosol
fomites due to dessication and/or radiation.
CD
O
a:
It is doubtful the organism will be in aerosol drift, therefore, it is unlikely
to cause public health problems.
A-60
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Conjunctivitis
b) Intra occular infections
c) Otitis Externa
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is unlikely for the organism to cause any of
these diseases.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: it is rare for hosts to be susceptible and will
only contract these diseases when their immune systems have been weakened by illness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: it is doubtful the organism can survive in this environment.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: it is probable the organism will survive.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism will survive in treated effluent.
a:
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful it can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical, chemical
and biological means.
5
o
01
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
The organism may be found in aerosol drift, but will only be of concern to
a host whose immune systems are weakened.
A-61
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Enterocolotitis
b) Meningitis
c) Pneumonia - necrotizing and lung abscess
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&c) Organism will probably be transmitted and cause
disease.
b) Organism probably won't cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&c) Many hosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to pathogen.
b) Rarely do hosts contract this disease and usually when their immune systems have
been weakened.
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: organism is found and can survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism can be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs frequently.
cz.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism probably won't survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism probably won't survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN ATR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
O
ce
Organism can be found in aerosol drift. It is only of concern when the host's
immune systems are weakened by sickness.
A-62
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMfNT
NAME: PSEUDOMONAS MALLEI
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Glanders (horses)
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The organism will probably be transmitted, and cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many hosts are susceptible upon exposure if their
immune systems have been weakened by sickness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found in agricultural-animal husbandry areas,
o:
on
° OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs rarely.
o
IN SURFACE WATER: It is doubtful the organism will survive here.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism will survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical or
chemical methods.
o
in
o
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism can be found and survive in air
and/or aerosol fomites.
Organism can be found in aerosol drift. It is a serious cause for conern
and can cause public health problems.
A-63
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME:
PSEUDOMONAS PSEUDOMALLEI
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Meliodosis
b) Pneumonia
c) Pneumonia -necrotizing and lung abscess
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a b &c) The organism will probably cause dieases
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:a b &c) Many hosts are susceptible and expecially
so when their immune systems are weakened by illness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found and can survive here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is usually found in human - municipal areas
once introduced.
OCCURRENCE: The organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It may survive in treated effluent,
IN COOLING DEVICE: It may survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It may be controlled by physical, chemical
and biological means.
O
I—
<
O
GO
O
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably become aero-
solized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and
aerosol fomites.
The organism will probably be found in aerosol drift. It can be a serious cause
for public concern if it occurs, especially for compromised hosts.
A-64
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BHINOCLADIELLA spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: chromomycosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is unlikely the organism will be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: The disease is rarely contracted by hosts.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: It is doubtful the organism would survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Tne organism is found in agricultural - animal husbandry
environments particularly in woodlands and the soil.
o OCCURRENCE: The disease occurs rarely.
IN SURFACE WATER: it is doubtful the organism will survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful the organism will survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE: it is doubtful the organism will survive in this water.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical
and chemical methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: it is possible the organism will survive
in air or in aerosol fomites.
o
ex:
It is doubtful the organism will survive in aerosol drift and presents little
cause for public health concern.
A-65
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: RHIZOPUS ARRHIZUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Mucorraycosis
b) Phycomycosis
c) Zygomycosis
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a>b) It is possible that this organism will cause
these diseases, and be transmitted.
c) This organism will probably cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a;b) nosts will rarely contract these diseases unless
their immune systems are weakened.
c) Few hosts contract this disease.
(_3
z:
LU
CC
CJ
O
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Tne organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Tne organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE:
: The organism occurs rarely.
ce
Z3
1/1
IN SURFACE WATER: *[he organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: a,c) It is doubtful the organism will survive here and then
cause these diseases.
b) The organism will survive here and cause this disease.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: a,c) The organism can be controlled by
physical and chemical means.
b) The organism can be controlled by physical
chemical and biological means .
o
(—
<:
o
o:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and aerosol
fomites.
The organism may be found in aerosol drift and would be of serious cause for
concern for susceptible hosts.
A-66
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAM!:: RHI7.OPUS ORYZAE
DISEASE OR EEFECT: a) Mlu;Ormycosls
b) Phyeomycosis
c-) '/ygomycosis
EPIOEMIOLOGKAL SIGNIEICANCI : a>h) it is possible that this organism will cause
these diseases, and be transmitted.
c) This organism will probably cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a,b) Hosts will rarely contract these diseases unless
their immune systems are weakened.
c) Few hosts contract, this disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Tne organism is tound hero.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism js found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs rarely.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: a,c) It is doubtful the organism will survive here and then
cause these diseases.
b) The organism will survive here and cause this disease.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: a,c) The organism can be controlled by
physical and chemical means.
b) The oi'ganism can be controlled by physical
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and aerosol
1 omi Les .
The organism may be found in aerosol drift and would be of serious cause for
concern lor susceptible hosts.
A-157
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME:
SALMONELLA app.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Enterocolotitis
b) Salmonellosis
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a & b) Organism will probably be transmitted and
•a:
0
cause these diseases.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a & b) Some hosts are susceptible and usually
contract these diseases when exposed to pathogen.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism can be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs frequently.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism probably won't survive in this water.
„, IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
o
in
o
Organism can be found in aerosol drift. It is only of concern when the
host's immune systems are weakened by sickness.
A-68
-------
I'A I HOT,I N
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMINT
cc
ce
NAME: SALMONELLA TYPHI
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Typhoid fever
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is probable that it will cause disease unit be trans-
mitted for all hosts that are exposed to it.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many hosts are susceptible and will contract the
disease.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism will be found in this source.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs frequently.
«t
ce
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism is unlikely to survive in this environment,
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism can survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical, chemical
and biological means.
3
o
a:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism can become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and/or
aerosol fomites.
It is likely that this organism will be found in aerosol drift and it is
likely to be of public concern only to hosts whose immune systems have been weukem;
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: SHIGELLA spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: ^ ^ n
Enterocolotitis
o
<
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
disease.
n . .ln , .. . . ._ .
Organism will probably be transmitted and cause
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: some hosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to pathogen.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism can be found universally.
" OCCURRENCE: Organism frequently occurs.
o
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism probably won't survive in this water.
o:
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
o
i—
*t
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
(S>
o
Organism can be found in aerosol drift. It is only of concern when the host's
immune systems are weakened by sickness.
A-70
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: SHIGELLA BOYDII
UJ
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Bacillary Dysentary
b) Shigellosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&t>) This organism is transmittable and will cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Many hosts are susceptible and will contract
these diseases when exposed to organism.
t_j
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: xhis organism can be found and will survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found usually in human-municipal and agricultural-
animal husbandry environments but may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: a) This disease rarely occurs.
b) This disease frequently occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism may survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful the organism can survive.
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism may survive in this environment.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: It is likely the organism will aerosolize.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It is possible the organism will survive in
air or aerosol fomites.
CD
01
o
CtL
It is doubtful the organism will survive in aerosol drift but would be a serious
public health concern if it did.
A-71
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Bacillary Dysentary
b) Shigellosis
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a) and b) _ This organism is transraittable and will
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a) and b) _ Many hosts are susceptible and will
contract these diseases when exposed to organism.
UJ
CC
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: This organism can be found and will survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: organism is usually found in human-municipal and agricultural -
animal husbandry environments but may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE^) This disease rarely occurs.
b) This disease frequently occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism may survive in this water
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful the organism can survive
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism may survive in this environment.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: It is likely the organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It is possible the organism will survive in
air or aerosol fomites.
O
GO
O
o:
It is doubtful the organism will survive in aerosol drift but would be a seriouc
public health concern if it did.
A-72
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Bacillary Dysentary
b) Shigellosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) This organism is transmittable and will cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Many hosts are susceptible and will contract
these diseases when exposed to organism.
LU
O
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: xhis organism can be found and will survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: organism is found usually in human-municipal and agricultural-
animal husbandry environments but may be found universally.
o OCCURRENCE: a) This disease rarely occurs.
b) This disease frequently occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: organism may survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful the organism can survive.
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism may survive in this environment,
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: It is likely the organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It is possible the organism will survive in
air or aerosol fomites.
o
00
o
a:
It is doubtful the organism will survive in aerosol drift but would be a serious
public health concern if it did.
A-73
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: SHIGELLA SONNEI
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Bacillary Dysentary
b) Shigellosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a & b) This organism is transmittable and will cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a & b) Many hosts are susceptible and will contract
disease when exposed to organism.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE:
water.
This organism can be found and will survive in this
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is usually found in human-municipal and
agricultural animal husbandry environments but may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: a) This disease rarely occurs.
b) This disease frequently occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER:
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
IN COOLING DEVICE:
Organism may survive in this water.
It is doubtful the organism can survive.
The organism may survive in this environment.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
physical, chemical and biological methods.
The organism can be controlled by
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN /,IR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
survive in air or aerosol fomites.
It is likely the organism will
It is possible the organism will
o
o:
LU
It is doubtful the organism will survive in aerosol drift but would be a serious
public health concern if it did.
A-74
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Sporotrichosis (streptotrichosis)
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is possible the organism will be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Some hosts are susceptible and will contract the
disease if their immune systems are weakened by sickness.
ce
IT)
(_>
O
O
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism can be found and survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs occasionally.
IX.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful the organism can survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE: it is doubtful the organism can survive in this water.
CONTROL METHODS IN HATER OR EFFLUENTS: It is doubtful the organism can survive.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism can aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism can survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
o:
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: STAPHYLOCOCCUS AGALACTIAfi
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Meningitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is unlikely organism will be transmitted and cause
<_> disease.
ce.
a:
o
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Hosts are rarely susceptible and will contract the
disease if their immune systems are weakened by sickness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism can survive in this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs rarely.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Unlikely organism will survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Unlikely organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
3 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism can survive in air or aerosol
fomites.
o
o:
LU
•si
The organism is unlikely to occur in aerosol drift and would only be of
concern if a host's immune system is weakened.
A-76
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Enterocolotitis
b) Gastroenteritis
c) Pneumonia
d) Pneumonia-necrotizing and lung abscess
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is probable that this organism will be transmitted
and cause all of these diseases.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Many hosts are susceptible and will contract these
diseases when exposed to the pathogens. Hosts susceptible to the forms of pneumonia
are usually compromised.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: xhe organism is found here and can survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
a:
a;
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs frequently.
C3
LU
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism can survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organsim can survive in the cooling device.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical, chemical
and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: It will pass into aerosol state.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It will survive in air and aerosol fomites.
o
oo
o
C£
LU
*f
The organism will probably be found in aerosol drift. It can be a serious con-
cern to the public and especially to compromised hosts who are weakened by illness.
A-77
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: STREPTOCOCCUS spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Pharyngitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is unlikely that this organism will cause disease
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Few hosts are susceptible and usually when
their immune system has been weakened by illness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: It is doubtful that the organism will be found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: It is found in human-municipal areas.
OCCURRENCE: The organism rarely occurs.
o
IN SURFACE WATER: It is doubtful the organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: The organism will not survive here.
a:
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful that the organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism can be controlled by physical
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and aerosol
fomites.
o
I/O
o
a:
The organism is unlikely to be found in aerosol drift and is unlikely to be
cause for public concern unless a host's immune system is weakened.
A-78
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
DISEASE OR £FrECi: Enterocolotitis
EPI DEM I PLOGICtL SIGNIFICANCE: Organism will probably be transmitted and cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Some hosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to pathogen.
POLLL';ED WAiER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism can be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs frequently.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism probably won't survive in this water.
cc.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
Organism can be found in aerosol drift. It is only of concern when the host's
immune systems are weakened by sickness.
A-79
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAS (DIPLOCOCCUS)
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Conjunctivitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is unlikely to cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Only those hosts whose immune systems have been weakened
are likely to contract the disease.
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: it may be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: it frequently occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful that the organism will sruvive in this environment.
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism may survive in this environment.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: it may be controlled by physical or chemical
means.
5
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably become
aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism will survive in air and/or
aerosol fomites.
o
oo
o
The disease is likely to be found in aerosol drift but is only a concern
to hosts whose immune systems have been weakened.
A-80
-------
C*L
=3
<_J
C_J
O
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Otitis externa
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is unlikely the organism will be transmitted and
cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Hosts are rarely susceptible and will contract the
disease if his immune system is weakened by illness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: it is unlikely the organism will survive here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism can be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism rarely occurs.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful the organism can survive.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful the organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical
or chemical methods .
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism can survive in air and/or
aerosol fomites.
o
oo
o
a:
Organism can be found in aerosol drift but it is only of concern if the
host's immune system is weakened by sickness.
A-81
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES (GROUP A)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) Pneumonia - necrotizing and lung abscess
b) Pharyngitis
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a) The organism will probably cause disease and be
transmitted.
b) It is unlikely the organism will cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: afcb) Some hosts are susceptible and especially so
when their immune systems are weakened by illness.
POLLUTED UATER SOURCE: it is doubtful the organism will be found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism may be found universally but is usually found
in human-municipal areas.
n:
13
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs frequently.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organims may survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It is doubtful that the organism will survive in treated
effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: It is doubtful that the organism will survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: The organism may be controlled by physical,
chemical and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably become aero*
solized.
INTEGRITY IN ATR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and
aerosol fomites.
o
00
o
The organism may be found in aerosol drift. It would only be a serious cause
for concern for compromised hosts whose immune systems are weakened.
A-82
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: TORULOPSIS GLABRATA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Meningitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is unlikely organism will be transmitted and cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: ,losts aiC ra^ly susceptible and will contract the
disease if their immune systems are weakened by sickness.
POLLUTED WAT1P SOURCE: Organism can survive in this
o o r r> ^ r>n r> u T r ^! ! or/^TTO*!'
LU
a:
Z3
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs rarely.
ce
=
ex.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Unlikely organism will survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Unlikely organism will survive here.
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: VIBRIO PARAHEMOLYTICA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Gastroenteritis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: it is probable that this organism will cause disease
and be transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: some hosts are susceptible and usually contract
the disease.
ac.
cz.
Z3
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: it is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The disease occurs frequently.
o:
IN SURFACE WATER: it can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it is doubtful the organism can survive here.
IN COOLING DEVICE: The organism survives in this environment.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: It can be controlled by physical, chemical
and biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably aerosolize.
o
t-
** INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: It will survive in air and aerosol fomites.
o
a:
LU
The organism is likely to be found in aerosol drift and is unlikely to
be a concern to hosts unless their immune system has been weakened.
•=>
co
A-84
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: YERSINIA SNTEROCOLITICA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Enterocolotitis
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL S I GNIFTrANCE: Organism will probably he transmitted, and
disease.
HCST jENSITIVITV/C'JECCPTIP.TLITY: 2oae licsts arc s^cop-tible and u-'^.T lv contract
disease when exposed to pathogen.
PCLLUTED V!*TR Sniiprfr: organists is found ^ri«i oar S'ir"1ve.
i_> OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs frequently.
o
IN SURFACE WATER: organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism probably won't survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
o
IS)
CD
OL
Organism can be found in aerosol drift. It is only of concern when the host's
immune systems are weakened by sickness.
A-85
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: YERSINA PESTIS (PASTURELLA)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: a) plague
b) Pneumonia
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: a&b) The organism will probably cause disease and be
transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: a&b) Many hosts are susceptible and especially
so when their immune systems are weakened by illness.
o
ex.
o
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: The organism is found and can survive here.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: The organism is found universally.
OCCURRENCE: The organism occurs frequently.
IN SURFACE WATER: The organism can survive in surface water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: it may survive in treated effluent.
IN COOLING DEVICE: it may survive here.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: The organism will probably become
aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: The organism can survive in air and aerosol
fomites.
o
CO
o
The organism will probably be found in aerosol drift. It can be a
serious cause for public concern especially for compromised hosts.
A-86
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: YERSINA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Enterocolotitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Organism will probably be transmitted and cause
disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Some hosts are susceptible and usually contract
disease when exposed to pathogen.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Organism is found and can survive.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Organism can be found universally.
OCCURRENCE: Organism occurs frequently.
IN SURFACE WATER: Organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Organism probably won't survive in this water.
o:
IN COOLING DEVICE: Organism can survive.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Organism can be controlled by physical,
chemical or biological means.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Organism will probably aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Organism will survive in air or
aerosol fomites.
o
a:
o:
•a:
Organism can be found in aerosol drift. It is only of concern when the host's
immune systems are weakened by sickness.
A-87
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME:
ZYGOMYCETES (PHYCOMYCETES)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Intraocular infections
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: TT , ., , . .,, .
Unlikely organism will be transmitted or cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Hogts wm rarely contract digease upon
exposure and only if their immune systems are weakened by sickness.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Unlikely organism will survive ln this water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: organism can be found in human - municipal, agriculture
animal husbandry, and industrial areas.
CC
OCCURRENCE: organism occurs rarely.
TN
in iUKi-Mut wHitK. It ig doubtful organism can survive in this water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: It ig doubtful organism can survive in this water.
IN COOLING DEVICE:
It is doubtful organism can survive in this water.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: organism can be controUed by physical,
chemical & biological methods.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: organism will aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: organism can survive in air or aerosol fomites.
O
a:
UJ
et
Unlikely organism will be in aerosol drift and would be of public health
concern if the host's immune system was weakened.
A-88
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACENAPHTHENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Neoplastic Effects
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected Carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Lowest toxic dose on skin of mouse 600 gm/kgs
CJ
O
O
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (dye intermediate; manufacturing plastics, insecticides
fungicides).
Agricultural (insecticide, fugicide)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Industrial - significant in areas of heavy industry.
Agricultural - greater probability of occurrence in rural fnrr nrnas
OCCURRENCE: Industrial - frequent in these areas.
Agricultural - occasionally in these areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no change.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no change.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no change.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Extraction
O
If}
O
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Not likely to become aerosolized due to insolubility and high boiling point,
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Should remain stable
OL
Not likely to become a factor in cooling tower drift,
A-89
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACETONE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Inhalation may produce headache, fatigue, excitement, bronchial
irritation and in large amounts narcosis. Serious poisoning rare. Repeated topical
use may cause erythema, dryness.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure at 1000 ppm (air)
or 2400 mg/M3 (water).
a:
=>
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (use: solvent, manufacturers of many products).
Municipal (in inefficient waste treatment system).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in areas of heavy chemical industries. Municipal
areas - may be significant in densely populated areas.
OCCURRENCE: Frequently present in Industrial areas. Rarely present in municipal areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Miscible with water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: No significant chlorine demand; readily reduced by biological
degradation, plant operating over optimal capacity increases potential for acetone
discharge.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Very volatile; boils at 56°C.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Biological waste treatment (50% removal);
activated carbon (90% removal).
o
in
o
a:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Total aerosolization anticipated due to
high volatility , and low boiling point.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Should remain stable.
C£
<
This may be a significant factor in cooling tower drift
A-90
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACROLEIN
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Skin and mucus irritant. Vapors cause lacrimation. Sensitization
and asthma reported
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
•a:
o
z:
LU
Q
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: LD50 30 mg/kg subcutaneous in mice.
<_>
0
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (plastics manufacturers, military poison gas mixtures,
perfumes).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in areas of heavy industry.
OCCURRENCE: Range of concentration in surface water 0.1 mg/1-10 mg/1. Worst case
concentration is >10 mg/1
IN SURFACE WATER: Unstable, forms disacryl.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect
IN COOLING DEVICE: Boils at 52°C.
^ CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Absorption, adsorption, extraction.
5
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: probability due to high volatility
very high.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Very unstable; polymerizes especially under light,
Likely to be a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
A-91
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACRYLONITRILE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Very toxic through cyanide effect.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure at 20 ppm (in air) or
45 mg/M3
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (Manufacturers of acrylic fibers; in plastics,
surface coatings, adhesives; synthesis of'antitoxicents, pharmaceutical as pesticide
fumigant for stored grain). Agricultural (pesticide fumigant lor stored grain).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Industrial - significant in areas of heavy industry.
Agricultural - great probability of occurrence.
OCCURRENCE: Chemical concentration in surface water 18.0 mg/1
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; soluble in water, but difficult to degrade.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Volatile at cooling device temperatures (Boils at 77.5°C)
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Absorption, adsorption by natural or synthetic
resins, extraction.
IX.
LU
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Volatile liquid at cooling device temperature
High probability of aerosolizing.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
May polymerize spontaneously in presence of light. Develops yellow color after
excessive exposure.
A significant factor in cooling tower drift,
A-92
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ALDRIN
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Poisoning may occur by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption.
Acute exposure may cause renal damage, tremors, ataxia, convulsions followed by CNS
depression, respiratory failure, death. Chronic exposure may cause hepatic damage.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Severe symptoms from l-3g; do not exceed 8 hours
exposure to 0.25 mg/M3 (in water), sensitivity aspect. Susceptibility - host with
liver disease more susceptible to chemical. W^Lo in skin of rabbit 5 mg/kg; orally
in chicken 10 mg/kgl TDLo orally in mouse 440 mg/kg.
o
o
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (use: insecticide). Agricultural (use: insecticide).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Not significant in industrial areas. Concentrations may be
greater in farm areas.
OCCURRENCE: Rarely present. Permiss ble concentration in surface waters is 0.017 mg/1.
Worst case results with increased concentrations.
IN SURFACE WATER: Crystals insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect; low biodegradability.
„, IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal); incineration
inefficient for residual concentrations.
3
o
00
o
o:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
ot likely to pass into aerosol state.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Little or no effect; normally applied as
insecticide by dusting. Integrity is uncertain.
Should not be a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
et
A-93
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ANTIMONY AND COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Cause dermatitis, peratitis, conjunctivitis and nasal septal
ulceration by contact, fumes or dust.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Sensitivity - do not exceed 8 hours exposure to
0.5 mg/M3 (ip) LD50 in rats: 100 mg/kg (aq. suspension)
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (manufacturers of alloys, in fireworks, bullets
and hard lead.)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Not significant.
OCCURRENCE: In sea water the natural concentration is 0.45 ug/1 and the worst case
hazard concentration is 0.20 mg/1.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; insoluble in water
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
ec
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
0 Not likely to become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Can form highly toxic stibine if antimony
reacts with nascent hydrogen. Stibine can cause nausea, vomiting, headache,
hemolysis, hematuria, abdominal pain and death.
In and of itself antimony is not a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
KC
A-94
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ARSENIC AND COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Highly toxic; (acute) following ingestion: nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea. (Chronic) poisoning - exfoliation and pigmentation of skin, herpes,
polyneuritis, degeneration of liver and kidney.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Highly toxic.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.5mg/M3
o
0
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (hardens metal; manufacturers of some glass;
radioactive tracer; used in some medication).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: Relatively frequent in industrial area. Natural concentration in sea water
is 2.60 ug/1. Worst case hazard concentration in sea water is 0.05 mg/1. In drinking
water the range is 10-100 ug/1.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect. Insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Arsenic may combine to form other toxic compounds.
„, IN COOLING DEVICE: Vaporizing apparent at 100°F.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Hydroxide precipitation.
5
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL 5TATE: Since vaporizing apparent at 100°F,
probability of aerosolization is very high.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Yellow modification returns to gray modification when exposed to ultra violet light,
o
LU
et
Loses luster on exposure to air.
This may be a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
A-95
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ASBESTOS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Prolonged exposure to dust can result in pulmonary fibrosis
(asbestosis), emphysema, lung neoplasms.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected Carcinogen
o
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: TCLo inhaled by humans 1.2 fibers/cc; by rat 12 mg/M3.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (heat resistant insulator cements, pipe coverings,
inert filter medium, gloves, clothing, brake linings.)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in heavy industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: Frequent in heavy industrial areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect, insoluble in water and most solvents.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Ultra-filtration.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May become entrained in aerosol drift„
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Remains stable.
o
o:
LU
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BENZENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute effects (from inhalation or ingestion) : irritation of mucous
membranes, restlessness, convulsions, excitement, depression. Death may follow respira-
tory failure. Chronic effects: bone marrow depression and aplasia; rarely leukemia.
Harmful amounts may be absorbed through the skin.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected Carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 10 ppm in air.
Do not be exposed to concentrations greater than 25 ppm (in air).
inhaled by human 210 ppm (blood effects); LDso orally in mice 4700 mg/kg.
o
on
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (use: manufacturers of medicinal chemicals, dyes,
many organic compounds; solvent).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in areas of heavy industry.
OCCURRENCE: Frequently present.
IN SURFACE WATER: Slightly soluble in water; will layer on surface; little effect on
chemical.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: No significant chlorine demand; difficult to biodegrade (affected
by other constituents).
o:
IN COOLING DEVICE: Highly flammable; boils at 80°C.
„,
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Biological (90-100% removal); activated carbon
(90-100% removal); incineration (greater than 99.99% removal).
3
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: High probability due to high volatility;
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Should remain stable.
o
09
O
01
LU
rv*
May be a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
A-97
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BENZIDINE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: On ingestion may produce vomiting, nausea, liver and kidney damage.
May cause injury to blood and bladder; tumors.
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Known Carcinogen and poison
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: LD orally in dogs 400mg/kg. LD orally in mice
214 mg/kg. Rapidly absorbed through skin. TCro inhaled by man 18
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (manufacturing of dyes; as reagent for H202 in milk
and for detection of blood)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial and dairy farm areas.
Of.
rs
OCCURRENCE: Used in small amounts as an analytical reagent. Rare occurance
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; slightly soluble.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Improbably, due to poor solubility in water, high melting point, and very high
boiling point.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Slowly unstable, due to decomposition in light.
o
cc
LU
Not a significant factor in cooling device drift,
A-98
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BERYLLIUM AND COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Contact dermatitis; chemical conjunctivitis, corneal burns, non-
healing ulceration at site of injury, subcutaneous nodules. Acute: pneumonitis may
result from a single exposure; occasionally fatal. Chronic: pulmonary granulomatous
disease may appear in 3 mos.-15 yrs., often after short exposure to low concentration.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected Carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do no exceed 8 hours exposure to 2 ug/M3; do not
expose to concentrate 5ug/M3. TCLO inhaled by man 300 mg/M3.
Susceptibility - exposure to acid fumes may increase toxic effect.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (source of neutrons; in some alloys, radio tubes)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in areas of heavy industry and research using
radioactivity.
cc
ex.
•=>
OCCURRENCE: In sea water the natural concentration is 0.0006 ug/1 and the worst case
0 hazard concentration range is from 0.1 -1.5 mg/1. In drinking water the range is
0.01-0.7 ug/1 with mean of 0.013 ug/1.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT : Little or no effect.
„ IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Hydroxide precipitation.
5
o
on
o
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Not likely to pass into aerosol state.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: High permeability to x-rays.
Not expected to be a signfleant factor in cooling tower drift
A-99
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BIPHENYL (DIPHENYL)
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT: can cause central nervous system depression, paralysis, convulsions.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: None known. Used in food industry.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do no exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.2ppm (in air) or
1 mg/M3. LD5Q in rats 2.2 g/kg. TD^ inhaled by humans is 4400 mg/md.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (heat transfer agent, fungestat for oranges) in
organic syntheses.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in heavy industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: Occasionally occurs. May occur in sewage effluents in industrial areas,
concentration unknown. Concentrations in natural waters unknown, but improbably.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Very improbable, due to insolubility in water, moderate melting, and high boiling
point.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably stable, if it could get into an aerosol.
uo
o
a:
Not a significant factor in cooling device drift,
z:
z:
A-100
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: BROMOCHLOROBENZENE (CHLORINATED BENZENE)
o
I—I
t—
«£
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Irritant to respiratory tract and as CNS depressant.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
ce
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (use: synthesis of organic compounds)
Municipal (formed during chlorination).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas & in densely populated
municipal areas.
OCCURRENCE:
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect. Insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT : Chlorination may form more chlorinated benzenes.
IN COOLING DEVICE:
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal)
5
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Not likely to become aerosolized due to its high boiling point and insolubility.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably stable.
o
ce
Should not be a significant factor in aerosol drift.
A-101
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CADMIUM AND COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Ingestion causes choking, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea,
tenesmus, inhalation causes cough, headache, vomiting, chest pain, pneumonitis;
bronchopneumonia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.2 mg/M3 dust;
0.1 mg/M3 fume. Do not expose to>0.6 mg/M3 dust or >3mg/M3 fume. TD^o inhaled
by man »8j^g/ij3; systemic effects.
o:
ez.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (in easily fusible alloys; electroplating)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in areas of heavy industry.
OCCURRENCE: In sea water the natural concentration is 0.02 ug/1, and the worst case
hazard concentration is 0.01 mg/1. In drinking water the range is 0.4-60 ug/1 with
a mean of 8.2 ug/1.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
cc
IN COOLING DEVICE: Oxidizes in moist air.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Hydroxide precipitation, borohydride reduction,
ion exchange.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Compounds may possibly pass into aerosol state.
INTEGRITY IN ATR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Oxidizes in moist air.
o
a:
Compounds may possibly occur in cooling tower drift,
A-102
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption. Acute: nausea
vomiting, diarrhea, headache, stupor, renal damage leading to anuria and azotemia, liver
injury. Chronic: primarily liver damage but kidney injury and visual disturbances also
occur. Skin contact leads to dermatitis through defattening action.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected Carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: LC for mice 10,000 ppm (in air).
TCLo inhaled by man 20 ppm (central nervous system effects); TDLo orally in mice
120 mg/kg (carcinogenic effects).
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (use: fire extinguisher manufacturers, dry cleaning,
refrigerants, aerosols, propellants; organic chemical manufacturers.)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in heavy industrial areas.
" OCCURRENCE: Rarely present.
o
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect, only slightly soluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Volatile; boils at 77°C.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal)
o
ce
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: High probability due to volatility
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Should remain stableo
May become a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
A-103
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CHLORDANE
UJ
O
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute poisoning through ingestion, inhalation, and absorption
degradation of liver irritability convulsions, depression. Moderately irritating
to skin.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.5 mg/M3 (in water)
in rats: 457-590 mg/kg.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (pesticide manufacturers) Agricultural (use:
pesticide, insecticide)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Greater probability of occurrence in rural farm and orchard areas
OCCURRENCE: Permissible concentration in surface water is 0.003 mg/1, worst case results
with increased concentrations.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect, insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect, difficult to degrade.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal); incineration
inefficient for residual concentrations ( 50% removal).
<
tvl
O
in
o
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Should remain stable.
May possibly become significant in aerosol drift,
A-104
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CHLORINATED BENZENES (CHLOROBENZENE, HEXACHLOROBENZENE)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Low systemic toxicity; mild skin irritation on prolonged contact.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 75 ppm or 350 mg/M3.
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Municipal (may be produced during chlorination of sewage).
Agricultural as a fungicide. Industrial (organic chemical industry, solvents for
paints).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in heavily populated areas. High probability of
occurrence in rural farm areas. Significant in industrial areas dealing with
chemicals.
o OCCURRENCE: Chemical concentration in surface waters - 0.25 mg/1.
o
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; moderately persistant, insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Concentrations may increase with chlorination.
o:
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little effect; relatively high boiling points, moderately persistent.
IX.
e>
LU
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal); incineration
(>99% removal) .
O
to
o
oc
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
It is not likely that these will aerosolize due to their high boiling point and
insolubility„
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably remains stable„
ce
«^
z:
These should not be significant in cooling tower drift due to the low probability
of aerosolization and low level of toxcity.
A-105
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CHLORINATED ETHANES (1,2- DICHLOROETHANE)
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Vapors produce irritation of respiratory tract and ^conjunctiva corneal clouding, equil-
librium disturbances, narcosis, and abdominal cramps.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: The lowest toxic doge ingested by man ,„
428 ug/kg.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (organic chemical industry; insecticidal fumigant,
tobacco flavoring, general cleaning agent).
Agricultural (insecticide). Municipal (chlorination may produce chemical).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in chemical industry area. Significant in
rural farm areas. Significant in drinking water treatment areas. Higher probability
of occurrence in orchard areas.
u OCCURRENCE: Frequently present.
O
IN SURFACE WATER:
No effect.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Chlorination may increase concentration of chemical.
IN COOLING DEVICE:
May react with free chlorine ions.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal),
5
o
on
o
ac
LU
«£
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly pass into aerosol state.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Should remain stable
>-
1.
May be a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
A-106
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CHLORINATED ETHYLENES
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Moderate dose like alcohol intoxication; higher concentrations
result in narcotic effect; death from ventricular fibrillation.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 100 ppm (in air);
do not be exposed to concentrations > 200 ppm (in air).
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (solvent; dry cleaning; manufacturing of organic
chemicals; fumigant anesthetic. Municipal (formed during chlorination process of
drinking water).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial and municipal areas.
OCCURRENCE: Frequently present in industrial and municipal areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Practically insoluble in water; slowly decomposes (with formation of
HC1) by light in presence of moisture.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal)
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Slowly decomposes (with formation of HC1) by
light in presence of moisture.
Not a significant factor in cooling device drift,
A-107
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CHLORINATED NAPTHALENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Poisoning by ingestion of large doses, inhalation or skin absorption,
nausea, vomiting, headache, anaphoresis, hematuria, hemolytic anemia, fever, hepatic
necrosis, convulsions, coma.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: j^^ in rats range from 1540 to 2078 mg/kg and
LD50 in mice; 886-1091 mg/kg.
cc.
ex.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (solvent for oils, fats, DDT)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: Frequently present in industrial areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Absorption, adsorption by natural or synthetic
resins.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Low probability due to poor solubility,
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Uncertain
o
in
o
ce
Not likely to be a factor in cooling tower drift,
•s.
z:
A-108
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CHLORINE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: A powerful irritant which may cause fatal pulmonary edema.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
•a:
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CHLOROFORM
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Hypertension, respiratory and myocardial depression; death.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not expose to concentration of 150 ppm (in air)
or 240 mg/M3. TDT inhaled by human 10 ppm. TO orally in. mice 18 gm/kg.
LjO LO
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (as solvent, cleansing agent, insecticide, formerly
inhalation anesthetic; in fire extinguishers). Municipal (formed during chlorination
of wastewater and drinking water). Agricultural (as insecticide).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas. Significant in treated water
systems of municipal areas. Great probability of occurrence in rural farm areas.
o OCCURRENCE: occurs frequently
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; only slightly soluble in water; very
persistent.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Concentration may increase with chlorination.
eg
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% reduction).
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Very high, due to extreme volatility.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Questionable, due to instability in light.
This could possibly be significant in cooling tower drift,
s:
13
00
A-110
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: 2 - CHLOROPHENOL (m,o,p)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Increase then decrease in rate of respiration, blood pressure, urinary
output; fever; increased bowel action; motor weakness, collapse with convulsions
and death. Lung, liver, kidney damage. Contact dermatitis.
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected carcinogen; may be absorbed through the skin.
•a:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: sensitivity ranges from LD50 orally in rats is
0.57 mg/kg for M-Chlorophenol to 0.67 mg/kg for 0-, and p- Chlorophenols.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE:
p-Chlorophenol is used as a topical antiseptic,,
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
Use is unrelated to a particular geographical location,
u OCCURRENCE:
o
Normal occurance is not known.
IN SURFACE WATER:
Soluble in water
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
Would become a saturated pentachlorophenol when undergoing chlorination,
| IN COOLING DEVICE:
Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
o
C£
UJ
el
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly become aerosolized due to its solubility,
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Should remain stable.
This may become a significant factor in cooling tower drift
A-lll
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CHROMIUM AND COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Dermal contact - primary irritation and ulceration as well as
allergic eczema. Inhalation - nasal irritation, septal perforation, bronchogenic
carcinoma; ingestion causes violent G.I. irritation with vomiting and diarrhea.
Renal injury.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected carcinogen. Salts present most considerable
hazards,
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.5 mg/nS solution
of chromic and chromous salts, or 1 mg/jjS metal and insoluble salts. Do not
expose to concentrations >1 mg/lOuS chromic acid and chromates.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (manufacturers of chrome steel and stainless steel,
chrome plating).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in metal industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: In sea water the natural concentration is 0.04 ug/1 and the worst case
hazard concentration is 0.05 - 0.1 mg/1. In drinking water the range is 3-40
with a mean of 3.2 .ujj/1.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
cc
IN COOLING DEVICE: May plate out on metal parts.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Hydroxide precipitation.
o
LU
<
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Chromium itself should not aerosolize; chromium salts may.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Very stable. Not oxidized even in presence of moisture.
Salts may become a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
ce.
A-112
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: COPPER AND COMPUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Salts are strong irritants to skin and mucus membranes; copper
oxide fumes may cause metal fume fever.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.1 mg/m3
copper fume or 1 mg/m dusts and mists.
C£
ce
cj
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: industrial (manufacturing of copper alloys, conductors)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas
OCCURRENCE: in seawater the natural concentration is 1.00/ig/l with the worst
case concentration at 0.05 mg/1. In drinking water the concentration is usually
30
IN SURFACE WATER: Little effect; insoluble in water. Forms carbonate in presence
of moisture. Some salts are water soluble.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little effect
b;
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little effect
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Hydroxide precipitation, oxide precipitation,
ion exchange.
o
GO
O
EC
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Not likely for the element to become aerosolized although some salts may,
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Forms carbonate in presence of moist air.
>-
Salts may be a significant factor in drift, especially since copper is the base
of may biocidal control agents.
A-113
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: CYANIDES (BARIUM, CALCIUM, HYDROGEN, POTASSIUM, SODIUM, ZINC)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: High concentration can cause death due to respiratory arrest;
chronic concentration causes fatigue, weakness.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 5 mg/M3. Average
fatal dose 50 to 60 mg. ^50 in rats, 10 mg.kg potsddium cyanide. ™
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (as fumigant, rodenticide, electroplating and
metallurgyo
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: In sea water the worst case hazard concentration is 0.005 - 0.01 mg/1.
IN SURFACE WATER: Calcium cyanide soluble in water and liberates poisonous hydrogen
cyanide; most salts very-soluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Probably form cyanates when exposed to chlorination.
„, IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Chlorination, ozonation.
o
ce
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
High probability of these passing into the aerosol state due to extreme solubility.
INTEGRITY IN MR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Potassium cyanide is sensitive to light. Most decompose in moist air.
cc
•3.
s:
2:
These may become significant factors in cooling tower drift for the areas proximate
to the device due to aerosolization and extreme toxicity. For areas some distance
from the device, there should be no appreciable risk to their decomposition.
A-114
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
o
to
o
NAME: DDT AND METABOLITES
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute effects - death; chronic effects - hepatic damage, central
nervous system degeneration, agranulocytosis; readily absorbed through skin.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected Carcinogen ; readily absorbed through
the skin. Poisoning by absorption, inhalation or ingestion.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 1 mg/M3.
TDLo orally in humans 16 mg DDT/kg (central nervous system effects);
in mice 39 gm/kg (neoplastic effects).
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE:Industrial (pesticide manufacturers). Agricultural (formerly
used as insecticide). Municipal (metabolite may be formed during waste and
drinking water treatment if DDT is present).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Higher probability of occurrence in areas of agriculture,
farming. Not significant in other areas.
o OCCURRENCE: Frequently present (but declining) in areas of industry and agriculture.
0 Rarely present in municipal areas.
Permissible concentration in surface water is 0.042 mg/1, worst case results with
increased concentrations.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; practically insoluble in water; persistent.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:Metabolites may form during treatment of sewage and drinking water.
o:
13 IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect. Increased solubility in solvents at higher
00 temperature.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal); incineration
(95->99% removal)
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE;
o May be come aerosolized.
i—
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Should remain stable.
>. A probable drift contaminant in agricultural areas,
o:
A-115
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: DIALBYL ETHERS (Diglycidyl, n-Butye glycidyl, allyl glycidyl, chloromethyl
methyl ether)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Neoplastic effects
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: DO not expose to concentration>0.5 ppm (in air)
or 2.5 mg/m (diglycidyl); do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 50 ppm or to 270 mg/m'
(butyl glycidyl); do not expose to concentration >10 ppm (in air) or 45 mg/m
(allyl glycidyl) - TCLo inhaled by mouse 6 mg/m6.
3
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE:
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
CC.
IX.
13
o OCCURRENCE:
o
IN SURFACE WATER:
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
IN COOLING DEVICE:
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
o
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Uncertain, probability low
"* INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
° Uncertain
C/1
o
Not likely to be a factor in cooling tower drift,
A-116
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
>-
ce
cu
UJ
NAME: DICHLOROBENZENES
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute doses cause central nervous system depression; chronic doses
cause liver and kidney injuries.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected Carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed exposed concentration above 50 ppm
(in air) or 300 mg/M3 (in water). TDLo orally in humans 300 mg/kg; LD50 orally in
mice 950 mg/kg.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (organic chemical industry; pesticide manufacturing
industry). Municipal (found in small quantities during chlorination of drinking).
Agricultural (as pesticide).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas. Great probability of occurrence
in rural farm areas.
o OCCURRENCE: Rarely present in industrial and agricultural areas. Frequently present
0 in small quantities in municipal areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; practically insoluble in water, persistent,
high boiling point.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
„, IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon. (90-100% removal); incinera-
tion (>99% removal).
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Most probably will not become aerosolized.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Remains stable.
o
I/O
o
o:
Not expected to be a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
A-117
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: DICHLOROBENZIDINE (3'3 - Dichlorobenzidine)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: May cause allergic skin reactions.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected Carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: LDLo orally in rats 4740 mg/kg.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (manufacturers of azo dyes).
•GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: Occasionally occurs. May occur in sewage effluents in industrial area,
concentration unknown. Concentration in natural waters unknown, but improbable.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect, practically insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
„, IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Extraction, absorption, adsorption by natural or
synthetic resins.
o
ce
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Very improbable, due to poor solubility in water and high melting point,
INTEGRITY IN A,3 AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably stable, if it could get into an aerosol.
Not a significant factor in cooling device drift,
z:
rj
1/1
A-118
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: DICHLOROETHYLENES (1, 1 DICHLOROETHYLENE, VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Irritant to skin, mucus membranes; narcotic in high concentrations;
has caused liver, kidney injury in experimental animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Not known
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hour exposure to 100 ppm or
400 mg 1M3.
ce
OIL
rs
o
0
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (manufacturers of some polymer plastics.)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in some industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: May occur in sewage effluents in industrial areas, concentration
unknown. Concentration in natural waters unknown, but improbable.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect, practically insoluble.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
^ IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Absorption by natural or synthetic resins,
carbon adsorption.
5
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Very improbable, due to insolubility in water.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Unstable, polymerizes to a plastic in the presence of oxygen and temperatures
above 0°
ce
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: 2,4 DICHLOROPHENOL (DCP)
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: TOLO on skin of mouse 1600 mg/kg
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE:
Agricultural; pesticides. May occur in chlorinated sewage effluents; also from
steel mills, coke mills and chemical plants.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
Industrial areas
OCCURRENCE: worst case concentrations in surface water ranges from 0.001 - 0.014 mg/1
IN SURFACE WATER:
Slightly soluble in water
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
May increase concentration with chlorination,
| IN COOLING DEVICE:
Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly become aerosolized due to slight solubility.
o
i—
"* INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably remains stable.
o
LU
e£
May possibly become significant in cooling tower drift,
A-120
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: DICHLOROPROPANE & DICHLOROPROPENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Irritating to mucus membranes. Liver and kidney injury
produced in experimental animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Not known
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 75 ppm (in air)
or 350 mg/M3.
o
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (manufacturers of soil fumigant). Agricultural
(soil fumigant for control of nematodes).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas. Greater probability in
farming areas.
OCCURRENCE: ,
May occur in sewage effluents from industrial areas, concentration unknown. Con-
centrations in natural waters not know, but probable.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
cc
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Absorption by natural or synthetic resins.
Carbon adsorption.
5
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Improbable, due to slight solubility in water and boiling temperature of 87°,
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably stable .
o
>
Not a significant factor in cooling device drift.
A-121
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: DIELDRIN
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute dose - death; chronic dose - hepatic damage, central
nervous system degeneration, agranulocytosis. Readily absorbed through skin.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected Carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: LD5Q orally in rats 87 mg/kg.
LDjjo - orally in human 28 mg/kg; LD50 orally in chickens 20 mg/kg.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (pesticide manufacturers, wool processing).
Agricultural (insecticide).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in some industrial areas. Higher probability in rura:
farming areas.
OC.
en
LJ
CJ
o
OCCURRENCE: Rarely present in industrial areas. Frequent in agricultural areas.
Permissible concentration in surface waters if 0.017 mg/1, worst case results
with increased concentrations.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; practically insoluble in water, relative high
melting point, persistant.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
„ IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal); incineration
inefficient for residual concentrations ( 50% removal).
•a:
M
O
00
O
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Remains stable.
A probable drift contaminant in agricultural areas.
A-122
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAMJ : 2;4 DIMETHYL PHENOL
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: On skin of mice ^^ is 560o mg/kg; administered
internally LDLO is 150 mg/kg.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: industrial (found in manufacturing of organic chemicals,
Pharmaceuticals, plastics, disinfectants, solvents, insecticides and fungicides);
Agricultural (found in insecticides and fungicides); Municipal.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in manufacturing areas; high probability of
occurrence in rural farm areas; at municipal biological sewage treatment plants.
" OCCURRENCE: Frequently present
o
IN SURFACE WATER: May degrade in water (approximately 2 months for complete
degradation).
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: No effect of chlorination; small quantities formed during
biological treatment.
IN COOLING DEVICE: May readily degrade.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Biological treatment (95% - 100% reduction);
activated carbon (95% - 100% reduction); incineration ("> 95% reduction).
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly pass into aerosol state if found in make-up water.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Slow degradation in presence of moisture.
Not a sig-nificant factor in cooling device drift,
A-123
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: 2, 6 - DINITROTOLUENE
LU
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 1.5 mg/M3;
readily absorbed through skin. Orally in rats LD*n 177 mg/kg; orally in mice
LD50 1000 mg/kg.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (explosives manufacturers, organic chemical industry),
Municipal (small quantities may be formed by bacterial treatment of sewage).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in some industrial areas.
° OCCURRENCE: Rarely present.
o
IN SURFACE WATER:
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Small quantities may be formed by biological sewage treatment.
IN COOLING DEVICE:
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal); biological
treatment systems; incinerations.
O
OH
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Low probability due to high melting temperature and insolubility in water.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Uncertain.
Not likely to be a factor in cooling tower drift.
A-124
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE (1, - dephenylhydrazine)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Tumors
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected Carcinogen
SFNKTTT VTTY /9IKTFPTT fu i TTY • Insufficient data to determine risk,
btNSITIVHY/SUSCEPTIBILITY. ^ orally in rats 301 mg/kg.
a:
ZD
o
°
POLLUTED UATER SOURCE: Industrial (reagent for arabinose and lactose manufacturers)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Found in drug and chemical industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: Remote possibility of occurrence in sewage effluents in industrial
areas, concentration unknown, occurrence in natural waters improbable.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
5
0
o
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Very improbable, due to insolubility in water and high boiling point,
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably stable, if it could get into an aerosol.
Not a significant factor in cooling device drift.
A-125
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ENDOSULFAN AND METABOLITES
o
•—I
t—
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ENDRIN AND METABOLITES
o
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•=c
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute effects - death by respiratory failure; chronic effects
hepatic damage.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.1 mg/M3.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (pesticide manufacturers). Agricultural (insecticide,
minor constituent in dieldrin).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas of pesticide manufacturers.
Greater probability of occurrence in rural farm areas.
o:
CxL
OCCURRENCE: Permissible concentration in surface waters 0.001 mg/1, worst case results
with increased concentrations.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; insoluble in water, persistent.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal), incineration
inefficient for residual concentrations ( 50% removal).
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly pass into aerosol state.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably remains stable.
o
00
o
Probably not a significant factor in drift,
A-127
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ETHYLBENZENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Narcotic in high concentrations; irrtating to eyes, skin, mucus
membranes.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Administered to the human eye TDLo 200 ppm. Do
not exceed 8 hour average exposure to 100 ppm (air).
cz.
en
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas of petroleum refining,
organic chemical industry
OCCURRENCE: Frequently present. Worst case chemical concentration in surface
water <0.25 mg/1
IN SURFACE WATER: Little effect; practically insoluble in water, difficult to
biodegrate.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little effect; no significant chlorine demand.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Boiling point close to maximum temperature
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: activated carbon (90 - 100% reduction);
biological treatment (90 - 100% reduction).
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Probably will not become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably remains stable.
o
a:
This should not be a significant factor in aerosol drift,
A-128
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME HALOETHER (1,2 BIS - CHLOROETHYOXY ETHANE)
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
<£
0
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
LDgo orally in rats is 250 mg/kf; LD orally in guinea pigs is 120 mg/kg,
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (organic chemical industry)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in chemical industrial areas,
a:
CtL
o OCCURRENCE:
o
IN SURFACE WATER:
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: No effect; concentration may increase slightly with chlorination.
= IN COOLING DEVICE:
Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal).
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Probably will not aerosolize due to high boiling point,
3 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably remains stable„
ce
LU
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This should not be & significant factor in cooling tower drift,
A-129
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: HALOMETHANES (METHYLBROMIDE, METHYLCHLORIDE, NITROMETHANE, TRICHLOROMETHANE,
IODQMETHANE1
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Narcotic in high concentrations; fatal pulmonary edema (Methylbromide)
injury to liver, kidney, central nervous system may occur.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 100 ppm (jji air) or
250 mg/M (Nitromethane); do not expose to concentrations > 5 ppm (in air) and 240 mg/
M (Trichloromethane); TjnT on skin of rat 800 mg/kg.
LiO
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (manufacturing insect fumigant; refrigerant; solvent)
Agricultural (insect fumigant).
BROMODICHLOROMETHANE - Industrial (used in fire extinguishers; solvent; synthesis
intermediate); Municipal (formed during chlorination of wastes; fire extinguishers).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in some industrial areas. Greater probability of
occurrence near rural farm areas as fumigant. Bromodichloromethane significant in
industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: Rarely present in industrial areas. Frequently present in municipal areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Slightly soluble in water; easily biodegradeable.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little effect
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little effect
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90 - 100% removal)
aeration.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Very high probabiliy of becoming aerosolized due to its solubility and low
boiling points.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: HEPTACHLOR AND METABOLITES
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute dose - death; chronic doses - hepatic damage.
Stimulates the central nervous system, causes depression.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Poisoning from ingestion, inhalation or skin contamination.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.5 mg/M3; serious
effects at 1-3 g. Susceptibility - effects of poisoning more serious in presence of
liver disease.
POLLUTED UATER SOURCE: Industrial (pesticide manufacturing); Agricultural (insecticide
for boll weevil)
_ GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas of pesticide manufacturers.
uj Greater probability of occurrence in cotton belt which uses boll weevil insecticide.
C£.
•=>
cj OCCURRENCE: Frequently present in agricultural areas.
0 Permissible concentration in surface waters is 0.018 mg/1. Worst case results with
increased concentrations.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; insoluble in water; persistent.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Melts at 96° C.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal); incineration
inefficient for residual concentrations ( 50%).
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably remains stable„
Probably not found as a drift contaminant
A-131
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME- HEXACHLOR.O - 1,3 - BUTADIENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Orally in rats LDLo 300 mg/kg; administered in-
ternally in mice LD^o 32 mS/kg.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (solvent for polymers; transformer liquid,
hydraulic fluid; organic chemical industry). Municipal .
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Municipal - may be formed during chlorination of drinking
water. Greater frequency of occurrence near large cities (hydraulic fluids and
rubber).
OCCURRENCE: Rarely present, in industrial areas. Frequently present in large
0 municipal areas.
o:
IN SURFACE WATER: Little effect, persistant
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little effect
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little effect
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
INTEGRITY IN A'R AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
o
in
o
o:
•a:
A-132
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ISOPHORONE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Vapors have narcotic properties.
O
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
C-J
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 25 ppm (in air)
or 140 mg/M ( in water).
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (solvent; organic chemical manufacturing; finishes;
lacquers manufacturing; pesticide manufacturing). Agricultural (pesticide).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas. Greater probability of occur-
rence in rural farm areas (pesticide),
OCCURRENCE: Frequently present in industrial areas. Rarely present in agricultural
areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little effect; insoluble in water; very persistent.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little effect
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little effect
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal).
O
LTt
O
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Should remain stable.
Probably not a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
•=£
A-133
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: LEAD AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
o;
ex.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute dose - permanent brain damage; chronic doses - anemia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.2 mg/M3;
TD subcutaneous in rat 150 mg/kg (lead chromate).
Lo
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (tanks, pipes, etc.; radiation shields; bearing
metal and alloys; metallurgy of steel and other metals; plastics; batteries; ceramics)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in heavy industrial areas
OCCURRENCE: In sea water, the natural concentration is 0.02 ug/1, with the worst
case concentration 0.05 mg/1. In drinking water, the concentration range is 20-40
ug/1.
IN SURFACE WATER: Attacked by pure water in presence of oxygen.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little effect
= IN COOLING DEVICE: Little effect
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Hydroxide precipitation
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Unlikely to become aerosolized due to its high boiling point (1740°C) and insolubility.
Soluble salts could be aerosolized.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
o
a:
Attacked by pure water in presence of oxygen .
Could occur in drift and be a significant hazard.
A-134
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: LINDANE (HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE)
o
I—
•=C
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute: death; chronic: hepatic damage in experimental animals.
Vapors may irritate eyes, nose, throat.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected carcinogen. May be absorbed through the skin.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Acute dosage - 150 mg/kg body weight. LDLo orally in
humans 840 mg/kg. Orally in mice TDLo 62 mg/kg.
o
01
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: industrial and Agricultural
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: in areas of medicinal manufacturing; insecticide manufacturing
areas. Greater probability of occurrence in rural farm areas (insecticide).
OCCURRENCE: Rarely present
IN SURFACE WATER: Little effect; insoluble in water; persistant.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little effect
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little effect
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90 - 100% removal).
CD
CH.
LU
et
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Most probably would not pass into the aerosol state,
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Most likely would remain stable.
Probably not a significant factor in drift.
A-135
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: MERCUEY AND COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute dose - death within 10 days; chronic doses - kidney damage,
muscle tremors, brain damage (alkyIs).
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected carcinogen or toxin. May cause widespread
poisoning of wildlife and acute or subacute poisoning in humans
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: TD inhaled by humans 169/^/m3.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (in thermometers, barometers, mercury lamps;
extracting gold and silver from ores; amalgams in dentistry; cathodes, Pharmaceuticals,
anti-fouling paints, agricultural chemicals)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in heavy industrial areas and agricultural areas.
OCCURRENCE: Low levels indigenous to marine and fresh water in water, sediments,
and biota. High levels of contamination have occurred as a result of industrial
processes, poor disposal methods, or accidents.
IN SURFACE WATER: Metal insoluble and not attached by water; salts soluble in water,
slowly decomposed by sunlight.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little effect
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little effect
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Borohydride Reduction
o
n:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Mercury slightly volatile at ordinary
temperatures. Probability of passage into the aerosol state is good.
INTEGRITY IN ATR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Salts slowly decompose in sunlight.
Highly probable component of aerosol drift in areas in which nickel salts appear
in make-up water, and very liable to be toxic to plants, animals and man.
1
A-136
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: METHYL ETHYL KETONE (BUTANONE)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: irritating to eyes & mucous membranes; narcotic in high concentration;
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 200 ppm (in air) or
590 mg/M3.
cj
O
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: industrial (organic chemical industry; general solvent)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: significant in chemical industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: Frequently present in industrial areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Very soluble in water; readily degrades.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Quickly degraded in efficient biological systems.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Less soluble at higher temperature; boils at 79.6° C.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Biological treatment ( 90% removal); activated
carbon (90-100% removal) .
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Will possibly aerosolize due to its solubility in water.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably stable „
o
a:
May be of some concern in cooling tower drift,
A-137
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: NAPHTHALENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Coma and death if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through
skin in large quantities.
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 10 ppm (in air)
or 50 mg/M3.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (use: moth ball manufacturing (decreasing); pesti-
cides, fungicides; manufacturing dyes, resins, celluloid, asphalt)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial waste water. Greater probability of
occurrence near rural farm areas (fungicide).
OCCURRENCE: Frequently present in industrial areas. Rarely present in agricultural
areas. Worst case chemical concentration in surface waters is 1.00 mg/1.
IN SURFACE WATER: Insoluble in water; will sink; very volatile; difficult to degrade
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little effect
ce
IN COOLING DEVICE: Very volatile at room temperature
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal); biological
treatment (90-100% removal).
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Extremely volatile resulting in high
probability.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Sublimes at temperatures above its melting point 80.2°C, and it's volatile at
room temperature.
Could occur in cooling device drift.
A-138
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: NICKEL AND COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Dermatitis in sensitive people; soluble salts can cause vomiting,
diarrhea. Nickel salts are injurous to a variety of plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Nickel is a suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.001 ppm (in air)
or 0.007 mg/M^ (nickel carbonyl); and 1 mg/M (metal and soluble compounds).
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (plating; alloys; coins; storage batteries; magnets;
stainless steels; resistance wire; electronic and space applications)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial waste water, especially in steel
producing areas.
OCCURRENCE: Nickel salts are soluble and occur as leachate from nickel-bearing ores.
Concentrations reported ranging from 5 to 900 ug/1.
IN SURFACE WATER: Not affected by water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Hydroxide precipitation; ion exchange;
electrolysis.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Little probability of metalic nickel passing into the aerosol state,
but very high probability of salts becoming aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
0 Remains stable.
o:
uj
Highly probable component of aerosol drift in areas in which nickel salts
appear in make-up water, and very liable to cause injury to plants or
irritation to animals and man.
A-139
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: NITRITES (SODIUM NITRITE)
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Methemoslobia
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Only to infants, from waters containing more than 10 mg/1 nitrate of 1 mg/1 nitrite,
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Orally in humans LDLo 3 mg/kg.
cc
a:
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Agricultural (fertilizer). Industrial (manufacturing acids,
pickling meats, fertilizer). May be discharged in sewage effluent.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Greater probability of occurrence in rural farm areas.
OCCURRENCE Generally short lived due to rapid oxidation to nitrate. However,
can present as nitrate in low DO waters.
IN SURFACE WATER: Soluble in water; oxidized to nitrates and metabolized.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: May be produced by wastewater treatment.
IN COOLING DEVICE: If DO is maintained, nitrite will be oxidized to nitrate,
Will remain as nitrite only if DO is low.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Aeration
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Very probable, if it can survive the cooling device environment.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: will probably oxidize to nitrate, therefore
a low probability of survival.
O
n:
o:
•a:
Not a significant factor in drift, even though it may occur in make-up water.
A-140
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME : NITROBENZENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Headaches, nausea, drowsiness, methemoglobinemia with cyanosis.
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
•=£
May be absorbed through skin,
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 1 ppra (in air) or
5 mg/M3.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (manufacturing aniline & dyestuf fs ; solvent; in
metal and shoe polish; manufacturing rubber chemicals; drugs, photographic chemicals
refining lubricating oils, in soaps).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in heavy industrial areas.
o:
tx.
OCCURRENCE: Frequently present in industrial areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Only slightly soluble, but readily reduced by biological degradation.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little chlorine demand; reduced by biological degradation.
IN COOLING DEVICE:
Volatile at high temperatures in presence of moisture.
>-
I—
ce
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon; biological treatment,
o
o;
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably stable.
May be a significant contaminant in drift,
A-141
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: NITROPHENOL ( m,o,p )
DISEASE OR EFFECT: CNS depression, methemoglobinemia, hyperthermia (Nitro-
phenol p).
o
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Not known
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Orally in rats LD50; 447 mg/kg
Orally in mice LD40; 14 14 mg/kg
Intraveneously in dogs LD50; 83 mg/kg.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (indicator; manufacturing many important chemical
compounds)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in heavy industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE:
° May occur in sewage effluents from industrial areas, concentration unknown. Con-
centrations in natural waters unknown and improbable.
IN SURFACE WATER: Only slightly soluble in cold water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
cc.
IN COOLING DEVICE: More soluble in warmer water.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Carbon Adsorption.
o
I—
«:
o
CO
o
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Possible, due to slight solubility in water and high boiling point,
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably not a significant factor in codling device drift.
A-142
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TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: NITROSAMINES (N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE)
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Has causecj fatal poisoning, severe liver injury.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Potential carcinogen.
U_
£ HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Qrally ^ in rats 30 mg/kg: in mice TDLo
S 0.94 mg/kg.
u
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE:
Used in many chemical manufacturing processes. End product of sewage treatment
by action of nitrate-reducing bacteria.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
Found in receiving waters of domestic and industrial effluents.
OCCURRENCE:
Frequently occurs; related to polluted conditions; actual concentraions unknown,
but possible.
IN SURFACE WATER: No effect
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
May be produced by wastewater treatment
IN COOLING DEVICE:
Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Extraction; Absorption, Adsorption by natural
or synthetic resins.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
0 Very probable, because of solubility in water.
cC
C/l
o
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably stable.
A highly significant hazard in cooling device drift, due to wide usage,
high solubility, and potential carcinogenicity.
A-143
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TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: PENTACHLOROPHENOL
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute dose - death; chronic doses - lung, liver, kidney damage,
contact dermatitis.
O
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
May be absorbed through the skin„
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: LD50 orally in rats 180 mg/kg.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (manufacturing pesticides; wood & wood products
preservative; organic chemical industry). Agricultural (insecticides, herbicides,
algicides, fungicides).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas. Greater probability of
occurrence near rural farm areas.
OCCURRENCE: Rarely found in industrial areas. Frequently present in agricultural
areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; practically insoluble in water (sodium salt is
water soluble); persistent,
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal)
o
a:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly aerosolize. Salts are more likely to pass into aerosol state.
INTEGRITY IN A,R AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Remains stable.
May be a contaminant in drift and a health hazard.
A-144
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TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: PHENOL
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Paralysis; death from respiratory failure or cardiac arrest.
Renal and hepatic damage in chronic cases.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
May be absorbed through the skin.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Average fatal dose 15 g.; death from 1.5 g. reported.
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 5 ppm or 19
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: industrial (general disinfectant; resin manufacturing;
organic compounds and dyes). Reagent in chemical analysis.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: Permissible concentrations in surface water is 0.001 mg/1. Worst case
results from increased concentrations up to 1.0 mg/1.
ce
IX.
C3
IN SURFACE WATER: Soluble in water; affected by light and air especially in presence
of alkalinity.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Rapid uptake of chlorine; forms chlorophenol, di- and tri-
chlorophenol.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Melting point at 40° C.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Carbon adsorption
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Highly probable that this would become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Reddens on exposure to air and light,
particularly in presence of alkalinity.
May occur in drift, but not a significant hazard.
A-145
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TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: PHTHALATE ESTERS (Dibutyl phthalate)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Ingestion may cause GI disturbances, affects the central
nervous system causing headaches, tremor, drowsiness, convulsions, hypnosis,
anesthesia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Limited animal experiments suggest low order of
toxicity. Produced non-transmissible changes in offspring of rats.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Orally, in humans LD is 140 mg/kg; Administered
to rats lowest tolerated single dose is 8 mg/kg bodr*weight. Do not exceed
average 8 hour exposure to 5 mg/m^ in air.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Used as plasticizers especially in PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
plastics.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Occur in samples of water, sediment and aquatic organisms
in industrial and heavily populated areas.
OCCURRENCE: Occurs frequently in areas of plastic manufacturing.
IN SURFACE WATER: Slightly soluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
on
o
o:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Not likely to become aerosolized due to very slight solubility and high boiling point,
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Probably remains stable.
Not significant in cooling device drift.
a:
A-146
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB's)
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: industrial and Municipal
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in heavy industrial areas (manufacturing
electrical insulation; fire resistant heat transfer and hydraulic fluids, high
temperature lubricants, adhesives, paints, etc.) Municipal; potentially formed
during chlorination of sewage or drinking water containing biphenyl).
o OCCURRENCE: Frequently present,
IN SURFACE WATER: Little effect; persistent
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Chlorination of sewage or drinking water containing biphenyl
may form increase PCB concentration.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little effect
£> CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90 - 100% removal),
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
o
or
o:
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: SECONDARY AMINES (DIMETHYL, DIETHYL, DI-ISOPROPYL)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: May be irritating to skin, mucous membranes.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 10 ppm (in air)
or 18 mg/M3.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: industrial (used in rubber and petroleum industries; resins,
dyes, Pharmaceuticals).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE:
Frequently occurs in industrial areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Very soluble in water; degrades to ammonia which is toxic.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Rapidly takes up chlorine; easily degradable.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Will boil off at high temperatures
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE: Solubility, low boiling points,
and volatility make the probability of aerosolization high.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Unstabilized ti-isoprophl ready forms peroxides and is explosive.
These may be a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
A-148
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: SELENIUM AND COMPOUNDS (S. BROMIDE, CHLORIDE, MONOSULFIDE, OXIDE)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Nervousness, depression, dermatitis, G.I. disturbances, liv:
ailments in experimental animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.2 mg/M3.
o;
cc:
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (photographic toning bath; manufacturing of colored
glass; rubber processing, dehydrogenation of organic compounds.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in some industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: In sea water, the natural concentration is 0.45/ig/l. and the worst case
concentrations from 0.005 - 0.01 mg/1. In drinking water, the concentration is us-
ually <10 jig/1. Occasionally in industrial pollution the concentration >500 jag/1.
IN SURFACE WATER: Selenium bromide & chloride decompose in water; selenium oxide solubl
in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: May form more selenium chloride with chlorination.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Amorphous form reacts with water at 50° C forming selenious
acid and hydrogen.
% CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Selenium bromide decomposes in moist air.
Not expected to be a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
A-149
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: SILVER AND COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: No serious toxic manifestations; argyria or aryrosis (grayish-blue
discoloration of skin); many salts irritating to skin and mucous membranes. Inhalation
should be avoided. Toxic to bacteria and lower life forms.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.01 mg/M3.
a:
cc:
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (coinage; manufacturing of jewelry; tableware;
specialized vessels and apparatus; dental alloys; electroplating). Has been used
in purification of drinking water.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: In sea water the natural concentration is 0.3jug/l. and the worst case con-
centration is 1-5/ig/l. In drinking water the concentration ranges from 0-2 jag/1 with
a mean of 0.13 ;ag/l.
IN SURFACE WATER: Metal not affected by water; most salts are light sensitive.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Hydroxide precipitation; borohydride reduction;
ion exchange.
o
en
.o
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Metal probably will not pass into the aerosol state although the salts may,
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Most salts are light-sensitive.
It is unlikely that these will be a significant factor for concern in cooling tower
drift.
A-150
-------
TOXII
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
<•.
_j
NAME :
SODIUM CHLORIDE
DISEASE 01-: E F i7 Ef T.-
May affect blood pressure or central nervous system
EPIDEM10LOGRAL :-}r-'i i I '" "• •
Generally not considered poisonous.
HOST SENSITIV I I Y/"MJ V.; : " ' ;' [ '•• ' ' :
POLLUTED WAT"-' " •''••• <' :
Found in any polluted salt water source. Industrial; (metallurgy; mining; manufacturing
of soaps, dyes', curing hides', freezing mixtures).
GEOGRAPHICAL 1 <"' '• : 1 - :
Found universally
OCCURRENCE:
Occurs frequently in all areas.
IN SURFACE WATER:
No change.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT:
Little or no change.
IN COOLING DEVICE:
Little or no change.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OP EFFLUENFS
Desalination
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE
Will most likely aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IM AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITLS:
Will remain in air or aerosol fomites.
This is a significant and documented hazard from cooling device drift,particularly
to vegetation.
A-151
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TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: STYRENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; narcotic in high concentra-
tions.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 100 ppm (in air);
do not expose to concentrations >200 ppm (in air). Lowest toxic concentration inhaled
by humans, 500 ppm, produces irritating effects.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: industrial (manufacturing of plastics, rubber; resins;
insulator).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: significant in industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE:
IN SURFACE WATER: Only sparingly soluble in water; exposure to light and air causes
polymerization and oxidation to form peroxides, etc.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Carbon adsorption.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly aerosolize.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Polymerization and oxidation on exposure
to light and air.
o
LT1
O
Not expected to be a significant factor in cooling tower drift,
A-152
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TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: THALLIUM AND COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Death in acute cases by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tingling, pain
in extremities, coma, convulsions. Weakness and pain in extremities (polyneuritis) ,
loss of hair in chronic cases.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: May be absorbed through the skin.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.1 mg/M3
CJ
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (salts used for rat and rodent poisons).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in some industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: In sea water the natural concentration is 0.1 /ug/1. and the worst case
concentration is 0.05-0.10 mg/1.
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; Thallium insoluble in water; salts soluble.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS:
o
<£
o
O
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Highly unlikely that this will pass into aerosol state,
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Oxidizes superficially in air.
Not expected to be of significant concern in cooling tower drift,
A-153
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TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: TOLUENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Narcotic in high concentrations; may cause mild macrocytic anemia
but not leukopenia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 200 ppm (in air).
Do not be exposed to concentrations >300 ppm.
UJ
o:
cz.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (manufacturing of organic compounds ;_solvent; asphalt
naptha constituent). Used to extract principles from plants.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: Frequently present in industrial areas.
IN SURFACE WATER: Only slightly soluble in water; moderately biodegradable.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: No significant chlorine demand; moderately biodegradable.
IN COOLING DEVICE: No effect due to temperature; moderately biodegradable.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Activated carbon (90-100% removal); biological
treatment (90-100% removal).
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly pass into aerosol state.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
Remains stable in aerosol state.
o
LU
«t
May occur in drift,
f
A-154
-------
TOXII
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: TOXAPHENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Death in acute cases; irritation of skin, liver injury in chronic
cases (experimental animals). May stimulate the central nervous system. Cause
tremors, convulsions and death.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
5 May be absorbed through the skin.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.5 mg/M3.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (manufacturing of insecticides). Agricultural
(insecticides against army worms, bolT weevil, etc.).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in industrial and agricultural areas.
OCCURRENCE:
o
IN SURFACE WATER: Little or no effect; insoluble in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Extraction; absorption; adsorption.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Unlikely to become aerosolized.
5 INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES:
o What aerosolizes remains stable.
CD
U.S.E.P.A. drinking water standard is .005 mg/1. May be detected in water at ppb
level. Despite low probability of aerosolization, it remains a significant
consideration in cooling tower drift.
A-155
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TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: VINYL CHLORIDE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Narcotic in high concentrations; local frost bite if spilled on skin.
May affect the cardiovascular system.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Forms carcinogenic PCV's. Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not expose to concentrations exceeding 5 ppm.
Do not exceed 8 hr. exposure to > Ippnu Inhaled, lowest toxic dose to humans is
20 ppm.
OJ
o
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (in plastics; as refrigerant; in organic synthesis).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in some industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE:
IN SURFACE WATER: Polymerizes (to potentially carcinogenic PCV's) in light or in
presence of catalyst. Slightly decomp ses in water.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: Little or no effect.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Absorption, carbon adsorption by natural or
synthetic resins.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
May possibly become aerosolized.
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Polymerizes in light to form potentially
carcinogenic PCV's.
o
o;
In and of itself, vinyl chloride should not be a significant factor in cooling
tower drift but the PCV's may.
A-156
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
NAME: ZINC AND COMPOUNDS
o
I—
•=£
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Fumes may cause weakness, fever, nausea, vomiting, skin irritation;
ingestion of soluble salts can cause nausea, vomiting, purging.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours of exposure to 1 mg/M3 - zinc
chloride fumes.
POLLUTED WATER SOURCE: Industrial (galvanizing sheet iron; in alloys; anti-corrosion
coating on metals; electrical apparatus).
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Significant in some industrial areas.
OCCURRENCE: in sea water the natural concentration is 2.0 Mg/1- and the worst case con-
centration is 0.02-0.10 mg/1. In drinking water the concentration range is 0.06-7.00
mg/1. with a mean of 1.33 mg/1.
=
IN SURFACE WATER: May form carbonate.
IN TREATED EFFLUENT: May form zinc chloride.
IN COOLING DEVICE: Little or no effect.
CONTROL METHODS IN WATER OR EFFLUENTS: Hydroxide precipitation; ion exchange.
PROBABILITY OF PASSAGE INTO AEROSOL STATE:
Not probable due to high boiling point and insolubility„
INTEGRITY IN AIR AND/OR AEROSOL FOMITES: Forms carbonate on exposure to moist air.
Not a significant factor in cooling tower drift
A-157
-------
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL PRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
ABSIDIA CORYMBIFERA
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Mucomycosis;Evasive fungal infection particularly of the face, nasal
sinuses, and respiratory track.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide occurance of the organism, but infection is rare.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Infection occurs almost exclusively in diabetic or immunosuppressed
individuals.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Normally found in soil.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Lesions in abdominal cavity; and digestive tract infections in small rodents.
In parrots sporangia develop in air sacs.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Low susceptibility. Unlikely to cause the above effect.
If introduced into water system, it would create devasting conditions for
elderly and compromised hosts in the area.
B-l
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ABSIDIA RAMOSA
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Mucormycosis; evasive fungal infection particularly of the face, nasal sinuses
and respiratory tract.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide occurance of the organism but infection is rare.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Infection occurs almost exclusively in diabetics or immunosuppressed individuals.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Normally widespread in soil
S HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
In large animals some cases of bovine mycotic abortions have been reported.
In swine, the wall of the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes become
infected.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Generally susceptible
If introduced into the water system, it would create devasting conditions
for elderly and compromised hosts in the area.
B-2
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME'
ACANTHAMOEBA (NAEGLENIA)
eC
2:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Amebia Meningoemephalitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Acquired by swimming in brackish water. Cysts are hardy and easily enter
the human body through inhalation.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are universally susceptible, chronically ill hosts are more susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
cj
These two genera of free-living amebae have been reported in Florida, Texas,
Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York and California. The cysts easily survive
the cooling device environment and therefore pool a hazard when found in a
water source used for make up water.
B-3
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACTINOMYCES ISRAELI
=r
E:
n^
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Causes actinomycosis and pneumonia,,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Actinomycosis is not a hlghly contractible disease,
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: „ HcoH hostg are most susceptible.
CD
LU
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
This should not be a major risk from cooling tower drifts,
B-4
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EEEECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACTINOMYCES KERATOLYTICA
I—
UJ
o
DISEASE OR EFEECT:
Causes pitted keratolysis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Not a likely organism to cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are generally susceptible when compromised.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
This should not present a significant risk if found in cooling tower drift
B-5
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACTINOMYCES spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause actinomycosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
et
2:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are rarely susceptible and usually when they're compromised.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
This organism should not present significant risks if found in cooling tower drift
LiJ
O
B-6
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
ADENOVIRUSES
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
In dogs, kidney lesions develop and infectious hepatitus characterized by
abdominal pain, vomiting, fever and pale mucous membranes. Birds develop
spleen disease and poultry develop an acute, highly contagious respiratory
disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Antibodies have been found in wild pheasants,redwings and swans with no
disease associated.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Birds are more susceptible when compromised. Canine infection by direct
contact only. Birds may contract disease by airborne transmission as well.
B-7
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL. DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
ANCYLOSTOMIASIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Intestinal infestation (Hookworm disease) with long-term effects of anemia
with chronic secondary effects.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Widespread in U.S. Requires fecal contamination of soil and maturation
of eggs in soil.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are universally susceptible acquired through contact with infected larvae.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unlikely to be transmitted through cooling device.
o
CJ
B-8
-------
PATHGbEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Angiostrongyliasis - disease of the central nervous system caused by a
nematode.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found predominantly in the Pacific Islands and Eastern Asia.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
General, particularly in debilitated host.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
z:
et
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Presents no risk in the continental U.S.
o
o
B-9
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
ASCARIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Mild small intestinal infection with the possibility of larvae producing
Loeffler's syndrome.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found universally in moist tropical environments . Transmission via infected
dust is possible. Contracted through inhalation and ingestion.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are universally susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-10
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
'ERGILLUS FLAVUS
«£
s:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Aspergillosis; manifestalions as allergic bronchopulminary disease, and surface
infections on abnormal tissues or artificial surfaces such as prosthetic heart
valves.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found universally
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Elderly or chronically ill populations are particularly sensitive. Hosts are
universally susceptible due to new strains developing.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Produces aflatoxins as product of growth on some seeds
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Low sensitivity
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Potentially a major risk. Also known to cause epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
acute conjunctivitis. Due to sporadic distribution and required close contact
makes this an unlikely risk.
B-ll
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFF.CTS ASSESSMENT
NAMEtASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Aspergillosis; manifestations as allergic bronchopulminary disease, and
surface infections on abnormal tissues or artificial surfaces such as
iBtt^NCE :
Found universally
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Elderly or chronically ill populations are particularly sensitive. Hosts are
universally susceptible due to development of new strains.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Respiratory infections in a variety of mammals. Cases of abortion
in cattle with mycotic lesions on placentae and fetus. Poultry contract aspergillosis
which occurs in two forms; respiratory disease in young birds and ocassional adult
birds found dead among a healthy flock. In a large variety of wild birds fungal growth
in the respiratory tract and frequently in the peritoneum.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Condition in birds usually associated with stress.
Transmitted through inhalation. Pathogenicity is related to production of an
exogenus toxin (aflatoxin) as well as direct tissue damage from growth of hyphae.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: General sensitivity in poultry is heightened by unclean,
damp conditions which allow growth of fungus in the bedding. Released spores are
inhaled by the birds. Compromised mammals are more susceptible than normal hosts.
Potentially a major risk. Also known to cause epidemic keratoconjunctiviti.s
acute conjunctivitis but this is not a major concern because it requires close
contact and has only sporadic distribution necessary for infection.
B-12
-------
PATKCGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EEFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAMF •
ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Aspergillosis; manifestations as allergic bronchopulminary
disease, and surface infections an abnormal tissues or artificial surfaces such
as prosthetic heart valves
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found universally.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Elderly or chronocally ill populations are particularly sensitive. Hosts
are universally susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Not pathogenic to plants.
EPI DEM 10 LOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Potentially a major risk.
B-13
-------
PATHOGEN
AF.Rnsni. DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ASPERGILLUS NIGER
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Aspergellosis; manifestations as allergic bronchopulminary disease,
and surface infections an abnormal tissues or artificial surfaces such as prosthetic
heart valves.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found universally
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Elderly or chronically ill populations are particularly sensitive. Hosts are
universally susceptible due to new strains developing.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Causes black mold of fruits and vegetables.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
High sensitivity to this organism.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Potentially a major risk. Also know to cause epidemic keratoconjunctivitis -
acute conjunctivitis. This is not a major concern because it requires close
contact and is only sporadically distributed.
B-14
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ASPERGILLUS NIVEUS
o
t—
UJ
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Aspergillosis; manifestations as allergic bronchopulminary disease, and surface
infections on abnormal tissues or artificial surfaces such as prosthetic heart
v alves.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found universally.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Elderly or chronically ill populations are particularly sensitive. Hosts are
universally susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Potentially a major risk.
B-15
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ASPERGILLUS RESTRICTUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Aspergillosis; manifestations as allergic bronchopulminary disease
and surface infections on abnormal tissues or artificial surfaces such as prosthetic
heart valves.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found universally.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Elderly or chronically ill populations are particularly sensitive. Hosts are
universally sensitive.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
0 HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
cj
Potentially a major risk.
B-16
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
N A M F •
ASPERGILLUS TERREUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Aspergillosis; manifestations as allergic bronchopulminary disease, and surface infections
on abnormal tissues or artificial surfaces such as prosthetic heart valves.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found universally.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Elderly or chronically ill populations are particularly sensitive. Hosts are
universally susceptible.
o
i—i
i—
e£
I—
LJJ
(3
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
O
CJ
Potentially a major risk.
B-17
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME •
bACILLUS ANTHRACIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Manifestations as localized skin infections, respiratory and G.I. infections
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Preliminarily requires skin contact. Inhalation causes pulmonary infection.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are universally sensitive.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
No pathogenic effects on plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found widely distributed in soil and on plant surfaces.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Anthrax in large animals. Peracute form results in death in 1-2 hours from massive
septicemia. Localized form infection occurs in a skin wound. Localized form is
less common. Dogs develop lesions in intestinal wall, mesynteric lymph nodes and
spleen.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Transmission via ingestion, sercutaneous or inhalation.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY.
Large animals, domestic and wild -herbivores, are highly susceptible. Small
animals resistant.
Spores remain viable in water for years. If the cooling device is placed near
areas of agricultural contamination, it could be a major risk but is is unlikely to
occur in the continental U.S. Infected carcasses contaminate soil with spores which
can infect animals as they graze or can be wind blown long distances. Decaying plants
and,soil act as a harboring agent.
B-18
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
BACILLUS CEREUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute food poisoning
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Widely distributed organism in soil. Disease from poor food handling practices.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unknown.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The organism is found on plant surfaces.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Should not be a problem. Plants and soil harbor the organism.
B-19
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT CFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
BACILLUS PILIFORMIS
o
I—
c£
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
O
O
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Various rodents and rabbits develop liver lesions and intestinal hemorrhages.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
A low concentrations compromised hosts are susceptible^at high concentrations,
greater than 10 ppm , these small animals are highly susceptible.
B-20
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAf1E. BACILLUS SUBTILIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Inflammation of conjunctivitis, acute bacterial conjunctivae.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Epidemic in nature, widespread occurance.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Susceptiblity decreases with age for bacterial infections, remains for viral.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Decaying organic matter harbors the organism
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY;
o
o
The organism may be frequently found in soil and decaying plant matter.
3-21
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAM[~: BACTEROIDES spp .
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause pneumonia. Local tissues in the lung may become necrotic or abscessed.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The organism will remain viable under most conditions and is likely to cause disease,
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Most hosts are susceptible and will contract the disease.
o
(—
a:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
These organisms are likely to be found in aerosol drift and will present a cause
for serious concern for public health.
B-22
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: BALANTIDUM COLI
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Balantidiasis - acute diarrheal disease. Severity ranges from mild colitis to
acute dysentary.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Evidence of this disease in man is low. Water borne epidemics may occur.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Man appears to have a high natural resistance.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Minimal, if any, problem in the U.S.
B-23
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAMF •
BASIDIOBOLUS HAPTOSPORUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Mucormycosis; massive fungal infection particularly of the face, nasal sinuses and
respiratory tract.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide occurance of the organism, but infection is rare.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Infection occurs almost exclusively in diabetic or immunosuppressed individuals.
c£
t—
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
If introduced into water system, it would create devastating conditions for
elderly and compromised individuals.
B-24
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAHF- BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: North American Blastomyces: Chronic pulmonary disease with
or without systemic dissemination, possible chronic cutaneous papular disease.
South American: strain involving chronic mycosis, not found in U.S.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Rarely occurs in children. More common occurance in males than females.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Man is fairly resistant.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
In dogs, results in chronic debilitating pulmonary conditions characterized
by extensive granulomas in the lungs. Skin and subcutaneous tissues may also be
involved. .
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
No evidence of transmission from one animal to another, or to man.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Believed to be contracted from organisms found growing in nature.
Universally found in the U.S., predominantly in South-eastern and Central portions.
B-25
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
N 'BORDETELLA BRONCHISEPTICA
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Pertussis - whooping cough
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Primarily transported through contact or droplet but is potentially transmissible
through airborne route.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
All unimmunized persons are at risk although this country is widely immunized, many
areas remain susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Known to cause respiratory infections in some species of small mammals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Very low sensitivity unless compromised.
Generally not a hazard. Should cases occur and the organisms survive, secondary
dissemination could represent hazard.
B-26
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: BORDETELLA PARAPERTUSSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Pertussis - whooping cough
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Preliminarily transported through contact or droplet, but is potentially
transmissible through airborne route.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
All unimmunized persons are at risk, although this country is widely immunized, many
areas remain susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenci to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
CJ
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Generally not a hazard. Should cases occur and the organisms survive, secondary
d issemination could represent a hazard.
B-27
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS
;3
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Pertussis - whooping cough
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Primarily transported through contact or droplet, but is potentially transmissible
through airborne route.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
All unimmunized persons are at risk; although this country is widely immunized,
many areas remain susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Generally not a hazard. Should cases occur and the organisms survive, secondary
dissemination could represent a hazard.
B-28
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME"
BRUCELLA ABORTUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Brucellosis; systemic infection with many chronic focal sites
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Associated with animal workers and infected materials. Cattle and swine are
major resevoirs.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Man is relatively resistant. Unapparent infections are common.
o
t—
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: jn large animals effects begin as bacteriemia, after without
clinical signs and subsequently localizes in the lymph nodes, reproductive organs,
tendon sheaths, joints, etc. where it persists for long periods. In cattle, it is
an important disease which produces abortion, and infection of the udder. Males
develop orchit is and epididymitis. Similar effects found in wild ungulates
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Comparatively rare in wildlife. In large domestic animals, infection usually
occurs through ingestion of discharges of aborting animals. Experimentally, it
may be transmitted through the mucous of the eye. Wound contamination is also
possible.
Small risk in U.S., much greater in other countries, where water supply is
contaminated by enzootic or endemic focus.
o
o
B-29
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: BRUCELLA CANIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Brucellosis: systemic infection with many chronic focal sites.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Associated with animal workers and infected materials. Cattle and swine are
major reservoirs.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Man is relatively resistant. Unapparent infections are common.
o
*—1
t-
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
In dogs, this causes failure of conception and abortion in the bitchjand
orchitis and sterility in the male.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIPICADCE;
Transmitted via coitus.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Compromised doys are most susceptible. Carriers exist which can spread infection.
o
o
Small risk in the U.S., much greater in other countries where water supply is
contaminated by enzootic or endemic focus.
B-30
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAf1E: BRUCELLA MELINTENSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Brucellosis; systemic infection with many chronic focal sites.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Associated with animal workers and infected materials. Cattle and swine are
major reservoirs.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Man is relatively resistant. Unapparent infections are common.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Small risk in U.S., much greater in other countries where water supply is
contaminated by enzootic or endemic focus.
B-31
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: SUIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Brucellosis: systemic infection with many chronic focal sites.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Associated with animal workers and infected materials. Cattle and swine
are major reservoirs.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Man is relatively resistant. Unapparent infections are common.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
o EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
i—
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Swine have severe lesions from abortions. Boars develop orchitis. Arthritis
and spondylitis are also possible. This organism appears to be specific for
swine although some isolated cases have been found in rodents and canines.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
lyiany cases are asymptomatic and those can be carriers. Infection may induce no
immune response so reinfection is possible.
Some risk in U.S., much greater in other countries where water supply is
contaminated by enzootic or endemic focus.
B-32
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
N ' CANDIDA ALBICANS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause enterocolotitis, meningitis, or pharyngitis. May also cause candidiasis
and otitis externa.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Enterocolotitis is easily transmitted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Compromised hosts are susceptible to meningitis and pharyngitis, otitis externa
and candidiasis. Most hosts are highly susceptible-to enterocolotitus.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Oral lesions in dogs. Lesions found in swine, colts, and
calves as well as mastitis. Lesions in poultry involve mouth, crop, proventriculus
and gizzard. These lesions may become confluent and involve large areas of these
organs. Infected areas finally slough and leave ulcerations.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Transmission through ingestion.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: infection in large and small mammals is uncommon
and is usually connected with compromised hosts, debilitated or an antibiotic
therapy for long periods of time. Young birds are more susceptible to infection
of the intestinal tract. As they grow older, they overcome the infection.
Associated often with poor conditions and compromised hosts.
s:
o
B-33
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAf1E: , CANDIDA
spp
DISEASE OR EFFECT: May cause candidiasis or meningitis C. parapsilosis may cause
otitis externa.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Compromised hosts are most susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
LU
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Isolated cases found in rock doves from C. Krusei and skin abscesses found
in lab rats and mice from C. Stellatoidea.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Compromised hosts are most susceptible
B-34
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME"
CHICKEN POX - ZOSTER
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute viral disease characterized by skin rash. Once present virus may remain
dormant in spinal end ganglion and later produce"shingles" particularly in the
compromised host.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Universally distributed. May be contracted by direct contact, droplet,
fomite, airborne transport of respiratory or vesicular secretions.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Once an individual has contracted the virus, he obtains lifelong immunity.
Unexposed hosts and compromised individuals quite susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
<£
(-
LU
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unlikely to survive most conditions of a cooling device.
B-35
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NA E ' CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Chronic spreading lesions.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Requires direct contact penetrating an open wound. Primarily a tropical disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unknown
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Not expected to cause problems in the U.S.
o
o
B-36
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
N A M E '
CLADOSPORIUM spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause chroraomycosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Very low susceptibility to this organism.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Cladosporium bantianum and C. Carrionii are not pathogenic. Other species, C.
Carpopnilum and C. Fulvum are pathogenic.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-37
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
N A H E •
CLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Trachoma - chronic destructive keratoconjunctivitis, inclusion
conjunctivitis, occasional mild urethritis or cervicitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Relatively low communicability. Transmission requires either direct contact
with materials or insects serving as carriers. Often transmitted through genital
contact but outbreaks have been linked to contaminated swimming water.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Immunity is not well defined, especially for small innocula.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Low risk due to isolated geographical pockets of disease, its natural low
communicability, and the required close contact.
B-38
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: CLONORCHIS SINENSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Clonorchiasis - a nematode disease of the bile ducts producing hepatic lesions.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Present in China, Korea and Japan. Not present in the U.S.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universal susceptibility.
e£
t—
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
Not a problem in the U.S.
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
.NAME: CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Botulism - a life threatening interreaction characterized by failure of brain
functions with cranial palsies and respiratory failure.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Related to inadequately prepared foods.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universal susceptibility.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE (K thhh-l. symptoms of progressive paralysis in mammals. Poultry show
signs of progressive weakness leading to paralysis and the characteristic limp
neck. Wild birds become paralyzed.
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:^^ ingegt the toxinfrom another source and
do not generate the toxin in their own intestine. Outbreaks in ducks common. Toxin is
generated in stagnant pools and post mortem in infected birds. Outbreaks in ducks
and pheasants and wild birds occur from these pools or cannibalism of dead birds.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Sporadic cases shown in herbivores. Minimum lethal dosage for cavies is .00012 mg/kg
subcutaneoulsy. Waterfowl and pheasants are extremely susceptible. Scavenger
(vultures, gulls, etc. ) develop immunity to toxin (Type E) •
o
o
Conceivably the organism producing the toxin could be distributed more
widely through cooling tower effluent creating a major hazard.
B-40
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: CLOSTRIDIUM PERFINGES
«=(
z:
3.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Food poisoning - characterized by abdominal cramps and diarrhea.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide distribution related to inadequate cooking practices creating anaerobic
conditions. Living organisms necessary to produce disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Most individuals are probably susceptible.
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
3
3L
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Tetanus: characterized by stiffness of the body, painful tonic spasms of
voluntary muscles, exaggeration of reflex activity and generalized convulsions.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Would ordinarily require direct innoculation into tissue of open wound.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Many adults are immunized but many are either totally or partially unimmunized.
o
t—4
t—
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
LU
O
Spores may be quite hardy and ubiquity of the organism creates a potential
for dissemination to open wounds. The risk remains less than that of natural
exposure.
B-42
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL. DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Coccidioidomycosis: deep mycotic infection resembling
tuberculosis. Impacts the central nervous system.
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Usually found in semi-arid areas from California
to West Texas. Usually carried by wind and dust storms.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: General susceptibility to primary infection.
Recovery results in solid immunity. High rate of unapparent infection. Occurs
lOx more often in Negroes and Filipinos than Caucasians.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
o
i—
ct
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Coccidioidomycosis in large animals; a benign disease in cattle
which produces granulomas in the lymph nodes of the chest. Sheep react similarly.
Small animals develop granulomatous lesions primarily in the lung with other lesions
especially in the bone. In wildlife, the disease is characterized by fungating
:lesions on the skin, multiple pulmonary cavities or nodules and spleenomegaly,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
With few exception, all cases have been originated in the inland valleys of
California where it is contracted from dust infected with chlamydospores.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Small rodents, dogs and cattle seem most sensitive.
Unlikely for spores to get into water supply but would create a major hazard
if they did.
00
I—
UJ
B-43
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
CONIDIOBOLUS CORONATUS
•a:
•x.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Mucormycosis; evasive fungal infection particularly of the face, nasal sinuses and
respiratory tract.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide occurance of the organism but infection is rare.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Infection occurs almost exclusively in diabetic or .immunosuppressed individuals.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
0 HOST'SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
If introduced into water system, it would create devasting conditions for elderly and
compromised hosts in the area.
•3-
o
B-44
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: CORYNEBACTERIUM spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute bacterial conjunctivitis inflamation of con.iunctiviae.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Epidemic in nature, widespread
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: susceptibility decreases with age for bacterial in-
fections, remains for viral.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: The following cause rotting and lesions: C. agropyri, C. fascians,
C. flaccum faciens, C. humiferum, C. hypertrophicans, C. insidiosum, C. michiganense,
C. oortli, C. pimpinellifolium, C. poinsettiae, C. rathayi, C. tritici.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Corynebacterium pyogenes has caused isolated cases in sheep.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Compromised hosts are most susceptibl«
B-45
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME •
CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPTHERIAE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Diptheria primarily of pharynx and exposed skin.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Communicable by contact with infected materials. Occasionally transmitted by
unpasteurized milk.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Immunity through prior immunization. In U.S., large segments of the
population remain unprotected.
t-
•o:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
If an adequate supply existed and it survived the physical parameters,
this would be of serious consequence.
B-46
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: CORYNEBACTERIUM ULCERANS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Diptheria, primarily of the pharnyx and exposed skin.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Communicable by contact with infected materials. Occasionally transmitted
by unpasteurized milk.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Immunity through prior immunization. In U.S. large segments of the population
remain unprotected.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
If an adequate supply existed and it survived the physical parameters,
this would be of serirus consequence.
B-47
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: COXSACKIE B VIRUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Pleurodynia - acute viral disease with fever and chest pain.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Mode of transmission is not entirely clear but may
involve both contact or ingest ion via the fecal - anal route.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Probably generalized susceptibility.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
z:
o
CJ
The risk rests on survival and delivery of the virus in significant numbers
and is probably not great.
B-48
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL fiKlFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAMECRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Cryptococcosis; systemic mycosis with major impact on lung and central nervous
system.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Universally found in soil.
Man nas an appreciable resistance unless unusally large innoculum is administered.
Patients receiving therapy or with disorder of the reticuloendothelial system.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
In large mammals there have been outbreaks of mastitis with regional lymph
node involvment. Dogs develop encephalitis or chronic respiratory disease.
Nasal growths giving rise to chronic discharge.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The organism is found living in pigeons as an endosaprophyte and exosap'hophyte.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Dogs are most susceptible when compromised.
-------
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: DERMATOPHILUS CONGOLENSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Streptotrichosis
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Generally compromised individuals are the only susceptible hosts.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: jn cattle, horses, sheep and goats, small confluent, raised
and circumscribed crusts composed of epidermal cells a.nd coagulated serous exudate
with embedded hairs appear on the skin. It may be a local progressive or fatal
disease. In wildlife lesions appear which are an exudative epidermitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICAflCE:
Biting insects are thought to be a vector
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
With only one exception, dermatophiliosis in deer has only be reported in New
York State and its immediate vicinity.
Dampness is thought to be a contributing factor.
B-50
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: DIPHYLLOBOTH RIUM LATUM
Diphylloboyhriasis/Anisakiasis - intestinal tapeworm. May
produce disorders of the nervous and digestive systems. Malnutrition and anemia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Endemic worldwide in temperate zones. Contracted by eating raw food. Infected
fish found in the U.S. only in industrial lakes.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universal susceptibility
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
CJ
Not a problem in the U.S.
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: DRACONTIASIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
An infection of the subcutaneous and deeper tissues with a large nematode.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
No human disease has been found in the U.S.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universal susceptibility.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-52
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ECHINOCCUS GRANULOSUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Echinococcus granulosa - cystic disease of the liver and other organs.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
In U.S. restricted to Utah sheepraising areas.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Generalized susceptibility.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
When the ova are ingested, they develop into echinococcus cysts.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Animals may become an intermediate host.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Not a problem.
B-53
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ECHOVIRUS, COXSACKIE A & B, POLIO VIRUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: lEnterovirus disease - variety of clinical syndromes ranging
from central nervous system disease to arterial/pulmonary disease to upper
respiratory infections.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Transmitted via fecal oral route, persists in polluted waters and is a hardy
virus.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universal susceptibility.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Produces diabetic effects in 20-30% of rodents infected.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
These animals are rarely susceptible.
If these viruses survive the conditions of the cooling device, they will
present three of the major health risks related to cooling device effluent.
B-54
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRFCT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ENTAMEBA HISTOLYTICA
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Amebiasis - protozoan infection of the GI Tract and its accessory organs. Characterized
by diarrhea, and when severe; by fever and chills. Secondary infection may abscess
brain . liver or lungs.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
«: A cosmopolitan infection particularly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation;
expecially in tropical area.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
General susceptibility although there is a relatively high unapparent infection rate.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
o EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
i—
•y;
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Reported in dogs, characterized by a yellow, foamy, mucoid diarrhea.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIfICANCE:
Organism may be issolated from healthy animals,
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Frequently susceptible
Potentially important, expecially in the southern half of the country.
B-55
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Epidemic fceratocon.iunctivitis > acute conjunctivitis and intraoccular
infections; bacterial pneumonia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Eye infections require direct contact; Pneumonia is often contracted by
aspiration of throat flora •
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are very susceptible - Bacterial pneumonias have marked age distributions
in host's sensitivities.
•=£
I—
UJ
O
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Erwinia spp. cause necroses, galls and wilts on plants. At least 29 species
listed as pathogens of plants. Most common is E. corotovora which causes soft
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Not all tribes are pathogenic.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
These have been isolated as normal inhabitants of the intestinal tract and
sometimes respiratory and urogenital tract of all animal species.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Conditions under which these become parasitic and produce disease depend upon the
individual strain and species of bacteria and individual host response.
s:
o
o
Eye infections are not a major risk because they require direct contact and are
qnly sporadically distributed. In general direct dissemination is not a major
risk. Indirect consequences include small systemic changes in human skin,
pharyngeal or stool flora resulting from inhaled or ingested gram negative bacilli.
These changes would be most noticeable among compromised hosts, eg. hospital
patients. Dispersion in this type of setting would be catastrophic.
B-56
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ENTEROBIASIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Benign intestinal disease usually associated with anal itching.
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Widespread in the U.S. Fecal - oral mode of transmission.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universal susceptibility
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
ENTEROPATHOGENIC E. COLI
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Diarrhea
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
A major cause of nursery, institutional, and travellers diarrhea.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Infants and travellers to new environments most susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
<
zr
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Can cause coli bacellosis of foals (enteric disease), .Pyometra and osteomyelitis
in dogs and cats, wound abscessation in cats and a variety of disease in
poultry (Hjarre's Disease, coigranuloma, omphalitis). Associated with fatal
metritis and peritonitus in gray squirrels, diarrhea in calves.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Has been isolated in healthy individuals.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Susceptibility varies.
Fecal contamination of water presents probability of infection in conjunction
with cooling tower effluent. Potentially a major hazard.
B-58
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: PASCIOLOPSIASIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Fasciolopsiasis - a nematode disease of the small intestine particularly the duodenum.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Widely distributed in the Orient.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universal susceptibility.
o
»—t
i—
•a:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAMEPUSCOBACTERIUM spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause pneumonia; local lung tissue may become necrotic and abscessed.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
This organism will most likely cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Many hosts are susceptible to this disease.
er
I—
UJ
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
s;
o
This organism if found in aerosol drift would cause serious public health problems,
B-60
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAriE:VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide distribution, probably transmitted through fecal-oral transmission,
May occur in epidemic fashion (Norwalk Agent).
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Widespread susceptibility, particularly in young children.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
^ HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY;
Potentially a major hazard.
oo
B-61
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: GEOTRICIUM CANDIDIUM
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause geotrichosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
e£
The organism rarely causes disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are very rarely susceptible to this disease. Only compromised individuals
should contract this disease.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
CJ
This organism is unlikely to cause public health problems,
B-62
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: GIARDIA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Protozoan infection of the small bowel
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Worldwide significance. Most cases relate to fecal
contamination of water supplies.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Asymptomatic disease quite common
o
»—t
t—
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Not pathogenic to plant.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Potentially a major hazard.
B-63
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: HAEMOPHILUS AEGYPTIUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Causes acute or subacute infectious conjunctivitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
It is not likely to cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Compromised hosts are susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
The organism should not be a major concern to the public in general but to
compromised hosts it may cause concern.
B-64
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT FFFFfTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: yiral respiratory infection
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Universal distribution. As new strains appear,
epidemics occur. Transmitted from human to human via airborne and droplet
contract route.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Due to frequent changes in viral antigenicity
make nearly all ages susceptible to any major new strain. Particularly sus-
ceptible are elderly, and individuals with respiratory infections.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT- Parainfluenza coupled with one or more bacteria species
causes infectious tracheitis in dogs, characterized with a moist cough. New-
castle disease of poultry occurs in four clinical forms generally characterized
by respiratory and neurological nature.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Highly infectious diseases. Newcastle is of su-
preme importance to poultry industry.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY- Infectious tracheitis is highly contagious by
droplet infection. Newcastle disease is lightly infectious, spread by droplet,
feces, decaying carcasses drying or fermenting matter.
These strains are unlikely to get into the water systems which serves the cooling
towers. However, if found in make up water, this would present a serious risk to
populations over long distances from the cooling device.
o
o
B-65
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: HEPATITIS A, B, VIRAL
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Produces inflamation of the liver.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: »A" is usually transmitted by ingestlon and "B" by
direct contact with blood or blood products. Viral hepatitis is relatively
resistent to many environmental conditions.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Most of the adult population does not have prior
resistence. Immunity is obtained after primary infection.
o
•—<
i—
<£
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Although close contact is usually required, the stability of the agent and its
'ubiquity make this an agent of considerable risk.
B-66
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: HERPANGINA
•=r
2T
;D
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute fever and pharyngitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: An epidemic disease, summer and fall, in temperate
climates.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Extent and duration of natural immunity un-
known. Close contact generally required.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Survival of agent and nature is unclear. Close contact generally required makes
widespread aerosolization unlikely.
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: HERPES SIMPLEX
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Viral infection with local infections at many sites, especially
the eye, mouth and perineum, systemic infection occasionally resulting in en-
cephalitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Persistent and recurrent infection is common. Di-
rect contact can result in cross-reinfection.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Most aduits have acquired antibody LHSV-1. It
is unclear what the role of prior infection plays in immunity.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
t—
UJ
10 HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
1/5
h-
UJ
O
Role of epidemic waves and host susceptibility are inadequately understood, but
it is unlikely to a risk.
B-68
-------
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Histoplasmosis; Systemic mycosis resembling tuberculosis in its
clinical manifestations.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Usually transmitted through inhalation of airborne
spores in dust. Prevalent in eastern and central United States.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: widespread susceptibility but following primary
infection individuals retain immunity to reinfection.
o
i—«
i—
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Bacterial pneumonia
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Mjmy Qf thege are acqulred by asplratlon of the
throat flora. Contact or person to person transmission of pneumococci is
quite common.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
All ages are susceptible to pneumococcal. Other bacterial penumonias have
more marked age distributions.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Klebsiella sp. can cause severe metritis in mares and mastitis in cattle.
Reported septicemia ,in moose. Respiratory infections in primates.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found in respiratory, intestinal and urogenital tracts of animals.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Susceptibility varies
Risk of direct dissemination is small. Indirect consequences may include
small systematic changes in human skin, pharyngeal or stool flora resulting
from inhaled and ingested gram negative bacilli. Such changes may be manifest
only in a fewsespecially susceptible, hosts even those in hospitals. Might
be catastrophic in those settings and such changes might become apparent
in those setting.
o
o
B-70
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: LASA VIRUS , MARBURG VIRUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Lasa Fever, Marburg virus disease severely acute systemic febrile illness.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Currently limited to local outbreaks in Africa.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Probably universally susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Severity of this disease makes this significant were it to become
disseminated here, but this is unlikely.
B-71
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: LEGIONNER'S DISEASE
•z.
-<
«E
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
Should be considered a significant risk until more is known about the
stability and transmissivility of the organism.
B-72
-------
'!-• A i H U C E N
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
LEPTOSPINA INTERROGANS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Leptospirosis - systemic fibrile disease with many varied manifestations.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Transmitted via contact with water, vegetation and similar
natural sources. Found most often in rural and animal areas.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Widespread susceptibility.
o
t—
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Worldwide prevalence of these organisms, of many serotypes in natural
waters and in rural settings, and the risk of infection from contact or
ingestion makes this a realistic hazard.
B-73
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME •
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Listeria - usually an acute meningo-encephalitis; occasionally can
cause systemic illness in newbornes, abortions.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Universal pathogen, epidemiology is poorly understood.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Newbornes, infants and debilitated adults most susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
LU
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: in small rodents produces focal liver necrosis, necrotic areas
in myocardium and meningitis. Usually causes encephalitis in cattle and
sheep although it has been associated with neonatal septicemia in calves
and valvular endocarditis in sheep. In swine, focal liver necrosis and
peritonitis. Affects wildlife similarly to cattle.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Organism has been isolated from multiple species. Nasal route is port of
entry into mammals.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Young swine more commonly affected than old. Cattle are most susceptible
and the source is the ensilage fed to the cattle.
Unlikely to be a problem.
B-74
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Viral infection producing an influenza like and/or meningoencephalitis syndrome.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Maintained in small rodents, particularly guinea pigs, hamsters and the
house mouse. Occasionally transmitted by fomites either directly or via
an aerosol to man.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unclear how susceptible man is to this agent.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Quite conceivable that this agent would get into the water supply
and then be aerosolized.
B-75
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENERUM
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Venerally acquired systemic disease
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Widespread in venereal epidemiologic cycles but transmissible by indirect
contact -with contaminated articles
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unknown susceptibility.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
It is probably insignificant. Accessibility of this organism to non-
veneral sites is unclear.
B-76
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: MEASLES
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute systemic viral infection particularly affecting skin,
respiratory tract, mucusal surfaces and central nervous system
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
? Universally found, it is spread by droplet or direct contact. Sometimes
!§ presents significant morbidity and mortality.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are universally susceptible and retain lifelong immunity after
contracting natural measles.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
^ HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
If viable organisms can be found in the effluent.
This has enormous potential for epidemic dissimination.
B-77
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTION
~
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Meningitis and septicemia
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Common and serious epidemic and endemic disease, spread by contact with
droplets and discharge organism is quite labile, to environmental conditions.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
High ratio of unapparent to apparent cases under natural conditions, and a
high proportion of carriers.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Susceptibility of the organisms to environmental change is well known,
and it is doubted that it would survive in drift conditions. This is the
only thing which would preclude this from major consideration.
o
CJ
B-78
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIUM
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Papular viral disease of the skin.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Generally transmitted by direct contact. Though contact from fomites have been
proven possible.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
i—
c£
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Probably requires control which is too direct allowing too large an
innocullum to be important.
B-79
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: MONONUCLEOSIS
•*
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Systemic viral disease with lymphadenopathy.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Usually transmitted by close person to person contact.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Clinical disease more common in children and young adults. Older
adults may be immune due to prior infection. Specific predisposition
is unknown.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
s:
o
Under natural conditions, remote transmission via airborne or droplet
B-80
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: MUCOR spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
See specific species.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
i—i
t—
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Mucor piriformis causes rot in stores apples. Mucor saprophytic
molds on stored food.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
- Mucor spp. causes lesions in rodents and mucor rhizopodiformis is associated
with-abortion in cattle.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found isolated in birds and turtles. Muc>r rhizopodiformis is found isolated
from fetal membranes.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Generally low susceptibility. Compromised hosts are more susceptible.
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
N A M E: MUCOR PUSILLUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Mucormycosis; evasive fungal infection particularly of the
face, nasal sinuses, and respiratory tract.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide occurance of the organism but infection is rare.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: .
Infection occurs almost exclusively in diabetic or immunosuppressed
individuals.
IS
LjJ
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Forms mold on stored food.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Saprophytic
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
If introduced into the water system, it would create devastating
conditions for elderly and compromised individuals in the area.
B-82
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
r
, N'" MUCOR RAMOSISSIMUS
z:
:r>
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Mucormycosis; evasive fungal infection particularly of the face, nasal
sinuses and respiratory tract.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide occurances of the organism but infection is rare.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Infection occurs almost exclusively in diabetic or immunosuppressed
individuals.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Forms molds on stored foods.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
2 Saprophytic
UJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
If introduced into the water system, it would create devastating conditions
ibr elderly and compromised hosts in the area.
B-83
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: MUMPS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Mumps - fever and parotitis (or other salivary glands)
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
In childhood, transmitted by contact and droplet. Not as explosively epidemic
_, as other childhood viral diseases.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Susceptibility prior to infection is universal. After infection lifelong
immunity is universal.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
If it could survive cooling device conditions, it represents less of an
epidemic hazard than other childhood diseases.
B-84
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: MYCOBACTERIUM spp.
5:
3
3L
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause mycobacteriosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
These organisms may remain viable in soil.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Few hosts are susceptible and will contract the disease,
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
If this should be found in cooling tower drift| would cause public health problems,
especially for compromised hosts.
B-85
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
z:
<£
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Tuberculosis, systemic subacute - chronic disease with major impact on
lungs; bacterial pneumonia
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide distribution, transmitted via aerosols. Pneumonia usually
transmitted through contact or aspiration of throat flora.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
General susceptibility particularly in debilitated populations. Susceptibility
for pneumonia has a marked age distribution.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Of major importance, increasing incidence of tuberculosis. Direct contamination
leading to pneumonia is not a major risk. Indirect consequences may include
systematic changes in human skin, pharyngeal or stool flora, resulting from
inhaled and ingested gram negative bacilli. Such changes will manifest themselves
in few hosts and usually in compromised individuals. This could be a major risk
to areas with hospitals. Found in soil.
B-86
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: NOCARDIA ASTEROIDES
1
3-
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Nocardiosis; subacute - chronic systemic infection with
particular impact on the lungs. Mycoplasma pneumonia
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide distribution^found in soil causing sporadic disease, particularly
in the compromised host. Penumonia acquired in family units and school through
droplet and contact transmission.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Suspected to be relatively low in an uncompromised hosts but susceptibility is
unconfirmed. High rate of unapparent pneumonia infections indicating relative
resistance to normal innoculation.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIC LOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Causes mastitis in goats. Nocardiosis in dogs is a suppuractive pluritis.
A similar condition has been found in cats.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Isolated in cattle from abscesses in the udder. Transmission by inhalation
suspected.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Possible complicating factor in susceptibility such as canine distemper.
Large innocula could become aerosolized and widespread disease could occur.
Actual risk to normal host is unknown. For the impaired host, this will
certainly be a risk of Nocardiosis, and risk magnitude is expected to
increase with increasing contamination of the effluent.
B-87
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME'
NOCARDIA BRASILIENSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Nocardiosis:, subacute - chronic systemic infection with particular impact on
the lungs. Mycoplasma pneumonia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide distribution in soil causing sporadic disease, particularly
in compromised host. Pneumonia acquired through droplet or direct contact.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Suspected to be relatively low in an uncompromised host but susceptibility
is unconfirmed. High rate of unapparent infection of pneumonia indicates
relative resistance to usual innocula.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Large innocula could become aerosolized and widespread disease could occur.
Actual risk to normal host is unknown. Risk is significant for impaired
hosts and the risk increases with increasing contamination of the effluent.
B-8
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: NOCARDIA CAVIAE
' ' ' Nocardiosis, subacute - chronic systemic infection with
particular impact on lungs. Mycoplasma pneumonia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: . . .
Worldwide distribution in soil causing sporadic disease
particularly in compromised host. Pneumonia may be caused by droplet or direct
contact, frequently in schools or family units.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: ^ ^ ^ ^ -, ^ .-,->. • ^
Suspected to be relatively low in an uncompromised
host but susceptiblity is unconfirmed. High rate of unapparent infections
represents a relative resistance to the usual innocula.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Large innocula could become aerosolized and widespread disease could occur.
Actual risk to a normal host is unknown. Risk is significant for impaired
hosts and this risk increases with increasing contamination of the effluent.
B-89
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: PARAGONIMUS spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Paragonimasis - lung fluke disease
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Restricted to Far East, Africa and South America.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Generally susceptible hosts.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICAflCE:
UJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Not a problem in the U.S.
B-90
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME '
' PEPTOCOCCUS spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause pneumonia; local lung tissue becomes necrotic and abscessed,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
These organisms are likely to cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Many hosts are susceptible and readily contract this disease.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
LJJ
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
These organisms may present significant risks to public health if found in
aerosol drift.
B-91
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
These organisms may cuase pneumonia, local lung tissue may become necrotic or
abscessed.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The organisms are quite infectious and hardy.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Many hosts are susceptible and are likely to contract this disease.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
The organisms, if found in aerosol drift, will constitute a significant risk to
public health.
B-92
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: PHIALOPHORA spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
These organisms would cause chromomycosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
These organisms survive well in sludge, sewage and waste stabilization ponds.
Generally, it is unlikely for these organisms to cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Few hosts are susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
This organism presents little cause for concern for public health.
B-93
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Paliomyelitis - acute viral illness characterized by upper
respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms ranging to severe paralytic disease
or death.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Widespread epidemic potential principally by
droplet or direct contact.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: very high unapparent to apparent infection
rate. Disease can be severe even in normal hosts who are uniformly susceptible.
Large areas of the U.S. are inadequately immunized.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
0 HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Vaccine type poliovirus have been found in U.S. water supplies, although this
is not the traditional source of epidemics. But if make-up water were contaminated,-
the risk would be significant even though the dissemination of the virus is unknown.
o
o
B-94
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: PROTEUS MIRABILIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: May cause enterocolotitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:General susceptibility
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Associated with chronic, antibiotic resistant infections of
the skin of small animals and cetacea. Also in cystitis of small animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Found isolated in reptiles.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-95
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: PROTOTHECA spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Protothecosis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
These organisms rarely cause disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are rarely susceptible, occasionally compromised hosts are susceptible,
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
If these organisms should be found in aerosol drift, it is unlikely that they
would create a public health risk.
B-96
-------
PA'I HOGLN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute bacterial conjunctivitis; inflamation of conjunctivae;
epidemic keratocon.junctivitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Epidemic in nature, widespread occurances. Contract
through direct contact.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Susceptibility decreases with age for bacterial
infections,remains the same for viral. Compromised hosts most susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: May be a low grade pathogen
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Salad crops may harbor the pathogen and infect
other hosts.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: May cause necrotic pneumonia in swine; enteritis in calves;
resistant skin infections in small animals, particularly otitis externa; outbreaks
in poults; dermatitis in cetacea and meningitis in rodents.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Comparatively low virulence.
Not likely to be a risk because of the required close contact and sporadic distribution.
B-97
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: PSEUDOMONAS MALLEI
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Glanders, a cutaneous disease characterized by caseating lesions resulting in
ulcerations.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The infection may be contracted from infected horses and donkeys.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Most hosts are very susceptible to secondary infection.
o
*—4
I—
ft
I—
UJ
(9
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Glanders and farcy in horses and donkeys and cattle. Symptoms are chronic and
untimately fatal. Glanders characterized bv ceseatine nodular lesions that break
down and form ulcers.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The disease is easily contracted and highly contagious. The infection may be passed
on to humans.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Many hosts are susceptible.
This organism would present significant risks should it become aerosolized.
Definite impact would become apparent in agricultural or animal-husbandry areas,
B-98
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: PSEUDOMONAS PSEUDOMALLEI
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Melioidesis]Pneumonia or Septicemia
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Uncommon disease requiring close natural contact
with soil or water. Person to person transmission very uncommon.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: m natural conditions many asymptomatic cases;
clinical disease is more apparent in persons with an injury or antecedent disease.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Not pathogenic to plants
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Until a natural locus is found in the U.S., this should not be a hazard in this
country. Risk of pneumonia through direct dissemination is small. Indirect
consequences may include small systematic changes in human skin, pharyngeal or
stool flora resulting from inhaled and ingested gram negative baccilli. These
changes aren't often apparent and usually show in compromised hosts. This would
be a major risk near .iospitals.
o
cj
B-99
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME •
PSITTACOSIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute generalized infectious disease particularly impacting
the lungs.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: usually related to exposure to infected birds or
their droppings.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: General for all populations
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
0 HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unlikely to be transmitted through water used in cooling device, small risk.
B-100
-------
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: RABIES
DISEASE OR EFFECT: .
Viral encephalitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Although is's usually transmitted via bite of infected
animals, aerosol transmission under special conditions near Texas bat caves has
been demonstrated.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Universal.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unlikely to become a risk unless some source of the virus nearby has been disturbed.
B-101
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL HRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: RHINOCLADIELLA spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Causes chromomycosis.
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The disease is rarely contracted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Few hosts are susceptible to this disease.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
13 HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGN I FICAflCE:
"* HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
These organisms present little cause for concern for the public health.
J
B-102
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
r
NAME: RHIZOPUS ARRHIZUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Mucormycosis; evasive fungal infection particularly of the
face, nasal sinuses and respiratory tract.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
^ Worldwide occurance of the organism but infection is rare.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Infection occurs almost exclusively in diabetic or immunosuppressed individuals.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants. R. stolonifer and R. nigricans are common saprobes
and facultative parasite of mature fruits and vegetables.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
RHIZOPUS sp. has been isolated in rodents and birds.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Low level of susceptibility.
CD
(-J
If introduced into water system, it would create devastating conditions for
elderly and compromised hosts in the area.
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
RHIZOPUS ORYZAE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Mucormycosis; an evasive fungal infection particularly of
the face, nasal sinuses, and respiratory tract.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Worldwide occurance of the organism but infection
is rare.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: infection occurs almost exclusively in diabetic
or immunosuppressed individuals.
UJ
s>
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
If introduced into water system, it would create devastating conditions for
elderly and compromised hosts in the area.
B-104
-------
AEROSOL ORIFT DIRECT EFFRCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: RICKETTSIA BURNETII
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Q pever an acute reckettsial infection with particular impact on
lungs and liver.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: A hardy disease often disseminateci in dust
contaminated by infected anal tissues.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Populations are generally susceptible.
«£
I—
LU
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Could result in high risk for populations proximate to cooling towers adjacent
to agricultural - animal husbandry areas or animal processing plants.
B-105
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL ORIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: RUBELLA
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Rubella - a systemic, dermal, viral disease; may produce
congenital malformation.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Transmitted by droplet contact and airborne routes
causing periodic epidemic outbreaks.
15
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Widespread susceptibility. Pregnant women
represent the highest risk group due to risk to fetus. Immunization in
progress but susceptibles still available.
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAHE: SALMONELLA TYPHI, SALMONELLA PARATHPHI A, B & C
E:
z>
rt
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Four forms of infections: gastroenteritis, enteric fever,
sustained bacteremia, carrier state.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide significance as a human infection. Over 1500 serotypes of salmonella exist.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Generally susceptible hosts, particularly the defoliated.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
<
i—
UJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Disease may have clinical manifestations characteristic to allow
identification of disease or may only indicate infection. Infections are septicemic in
nature and characterized by weakness, recumbency and fever. Pregnant animals may abort.
Diarrhea is common. Brain symptons, convulsions may be observed in calves, blindness
in chicks.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Outbreaks more common in young and mortality exceeds that of adults.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: In animals it usually causes a septocemia as
well as gastroenteritis. Asymptomatic carriers can occur. The main carriers are
fowl, swine and dogs.
If salmonella survive the physical conditions, this could be an important problem
Approximately 10' organisms are required to produce disease in 50% of the
individuals
B-107
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: SHIGELLA sp.
•x.
31
=3
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute bacillary dysentery
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: worldwide relating to poor sanitation. Fecal-oral
route of transmission. Tiny innoculum required, <100 organisms. Very hardy,
persistent organisms.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universal susceptibility.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
LU
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY;
o
o
Has to be a major concern.
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT Ulki_,. i EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: SMALL POX
•a:
z:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Smallpox - systemic, very serious, viral disease, characteristic
rash.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Highly communicable disease easily spread by contact or airborne route. Virus
is stable in environmental exposures, allowing secondary cases to appear indirectly.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Most are immunized but many people in the U.S. have "lapsed" vaccinations, allowing
some return of susceptibility.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
0 HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
This is not now a hazard but only on geographical grounds. Barring a catastrophe
in the lab or in the deterioration of the current strain found in Ethiopia,
this should not produce a hazard simply because of the absence of the virus.
B-109
-------
PATHOGEN
AFROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSHENT
NAME: SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause sporotrichosis or streptotrichosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
This organism is not highly infectious.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Some hosts are susceptible to this organism, but generally they are compromised,
if susceotible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGN I FRANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
This organism is unlikely to cause public health problems if found in aerosol drift,
o
LJ
B-110
-------
PATHOGtN
AEROSOL DRIFT UlKL..i EFFF.CTS ASSESSMENT
NAME'
STAPHLOCOCCUS AUREUS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Aucte bacterial conjunctivitis; inflammation of conjunctivae, epidemic
keratoconjunctivitis; bacterial pneumonia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Eye infections are epidemic in nature, widespread occurance and usually transmitted
through direct contact with contaminated material. Contact also common in Trans-
mission of pneumonia.
HOST SENS IT IV ITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Susceptibility decreases with age for bacterial infections.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
o EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE;
t—
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: jn horses, pyogenic infections often associated with other
organisms. Botryomycosis — an infection of a surgical wound following castration
is due to this organism. In cattle, small animals and wildlife, mastitis and other
suppurative infections.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY; Birds are highly resistant, usually but not
always associated with other organisms.
Sporadic distribution and required close contact make this a low risk for eye
infections. Indirect consequences include small systematic changes in human
skin, pharyngeal or stool flora resulting from inhaled and ingested gram negative
baccili. These changes will manifest themselves in only a few susceptible hosts.
This could be catastropnic in settings near hospitals and those changes would be-
come apparent there.
B-lll
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT D1I
-------
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT FFFFCTS ASSESSMFNT
NAME: STAPHYLOCCUS spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Staphylococcal Disease - large variety from skin infections to pneumonia with
widespread systemic invasion.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Often find auto-innoculation resulting from small pools of organisms from
external sources. Major pathogen worldwide.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Local host defenses adequately protect normal individuals but person with
impaired local or systemic host defenses are at a special risk. Hosts are
universally susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
These organisms provide a potential secondary hazard. These hazards include
'becoming innoculated into the nasal flora, residing there without effect but
causing secondary disease in other sites of some individuals. Should the
organisms get into the water supply or survive physical conditions present,
there would be the risk of these secondary effects. Staphylococcus spp. is an
important human pathogen.
B-113
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
STREPTOCOCCUS spp.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Streptococcal diseases - a variety of disease especially
skin the pharyngeal infections, some causing serious secondary effects of
Rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Transmission by direct contact and rarely airborne.
Outbreaks following contamination of food or milk have been demonstrated.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: wide susceptibility to tissue infection.
o
i—
•a:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: streptococcus agalactiae causes a large occurance of chronic
catarehal mastitis in dairy cattle.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE transmission occurs by direct contact from contaminated
milking machines or hands of milkers.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Compromised hosts are most susceptible although
widespread among cattle.
oo
I—
Moderate epidemic potential if the organism survives. Transmitted by three
routes;direct infection colonization with subsequent secondary infection or
via non-suppurative secondary effects of the heart or kidneys.
B-114
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAMF: TAENIASIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Taeniasis - beef and pork tapeworm disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Fecal - oral route of transmission. Rare in the U.S.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universally susceptible hosts.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unlikely to be a problem.
B-115
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: TOGAVIRUS (CHIKUNGUNYA, DENGUE.YELLOW FEVER)
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Hemorrhagic fevers - acute hemorrhagic, systemic illness of
presumed viral etiology.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Mode of transmission unknown. Found in Russia and
Southeast Asia.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Most host are generally suscetible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
c£
I—
U4
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Not a problem in the United States.
B-116
-------
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
1E. TORULOPSIS GLABRATA
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Causes meningitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
It is unlikely that this organism will cause this disease.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are rarely susceptible. Compromised hosts generally contract the disease.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
5 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
t—*
i—
•=£
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
CJ
This organism should not create a public health hazard except possibly to
compromised hosts.
B-117
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: TOXOPLASMA GONDII
a:
E:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Toxoplasmosis - systemic protozoan infection
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide distribution related to animal fecal contamination. Disease is
often unapparent in hosts.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
General susceptibility, particularly immunosuppressed hosts.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unknown risk.
B-118
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: TRICHIVELLA SPRIALIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Trichinosis - generalized muscle disease due to larvae.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide; related to ingestion of inadequately cooked pork, beans and other wild
animals.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universal.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEI1IOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Not a problem related to cooling device effluent,
B-119
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: TRICHOMONAS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Trichmoniasis - a chronic protozoam genito - urinary disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Worldwide
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universal, but disease occurs mainly in the female.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
LU
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
Not a problem relating to cooling device drift.
B-120
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: VERRUCA VULGARIS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Verruca Vulgaris - warts
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Usually transmitted only by direct contact with infected material or individual.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Protective and immune characteristic, not known. .
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
•Absence of aerosol or droplet spread under natural conditions makes this
unlikely to be a hazard of aerosolization.
B-121
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: VIBRIO CHOLERAE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Cholera - acute disease
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Major problem in the Middle East, Africa, India, Pakistan & Asia. Not a
present problem in the U.S.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Universaly susceptibility
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Presently not a problem in the U.S. If it got into the water supply, it
would present a major risk.
B-122
-------
PATHOGEN
£
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:L
o
t—*
t—
a
t—
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
: VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS
DISEASE OR EFEECT:
Acute food poisoning characterized by diarrhea, cramps & fever
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Related to ingestion of raw seafood in coastal areas.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Probably universal susceptibility.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Vibrio sp. can cause cecum lesions in rabbits.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Compromised hosts are most susceptible
Unlikely to be a problem.
B-123
-------
PATHOGEN
AFRflsni. DRIFT DIRECT [TFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Viral respiratory diseases from the "common cold" to pharyngitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Spread by contact or droplet or indirectly through infected articles. Epidemic
_, potential depends on specific agent involved.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
All hosts are universally susceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-124
-------
PATHOGEN
AFRDSni DRIFT DIRECT I.ITFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: YERSINA PESTIS
DISEASE OR EFFE . piague; systemic bacterial infection with particular impact on
reticulo-endothelial system & lungs. Bacterial pneumonia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Wild rodents are a nautral reservoir of plague within infected
fleas the means of transmission. Pneumonia may be contracted by aspiration of
throat flora or direct contact.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Hosts are generally susceptible. Hosts showed marked age distribution in
susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Causes sylvatic plague which is characterized by enlarged
spleen, necrotic foci of the spleen,liver and lungs and presence of buboes.
Been found in ground squirrels, wood rats, prairie dogs, chipmunks, marmots,.
deer, mice and vole.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Organism persists indefinately once infected. Organism remains viable in
soil for many months.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Variability in susceptibility among co-existing species as well as individuals
within species. Mostly found in Western U.S. Dense population of rodents
combined with a high incidence of heavy flea infestation are predisposing factors.
o
o
Unlikely to be in the water supply but if it did, it would be a lethal risk in
increasing incidence of Tuberculosis. Pneumonia is a risk to compromised hosts
due to its indirect effects of small systemic changes in human skin, pharyngeal
and stool flora after inhalation and ingestion of gram negative bacilli.
B-125
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: YERSINA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS
<;
s:
•z.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause enterocololitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
General susceptibility of the entire population.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Not pathogenic to plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Most frequently occurs in colonies of guinea pigs who sicken,
obvelop diarrhea, lose weight and die in 3-4 weeks. Also can occur in white
rats. Reported in a wide variety of artiodactyes, carnivores, marsupials,
insectivores and primates; regional lymphadenitis involving visceral organs;
also granulomatour lesions.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Transmitted via fecal oral route.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Wildlife are generally asymptomatic. Occurs only under conditions of captivity
B-126
-------
PATHOGEN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ZYGOMYCETES
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Usually transmitted through direct contact with contaminated materials.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Compromised hosts are most susceptible. May become immune to one strain but
it's common for new strains to develop.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Mostly saprobes on plants but occasional weak parasites (eg. Mucor piriformis on stored
Epfu5frlf63L(^GICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Sporadic distribtuion and required close contact make eye infections a low risk in
cooling tower environment.
B-127
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACENAPHTHENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Neoplastic effects
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Lowest toxic dose shown when applied to skin of mouse was 600 gm/kg.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Mutations: induces ployploidy in same manner as colchichine.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Unknown
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
sr
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-128
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ACETONE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause headache, fatigue, excitement, bronchial irritation and possibly
narcosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Serious poisoning is rare.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hour exposure to 1,000 ppm in air or 2400 rag/m^ in water.
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Commonly used to formulate pesticides for application to plants because of
its low phytotoxicity.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Low significance unless present in large quantities.
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
ACROLEIN
=3
3-
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Skin and mucus irritant. Vapors cause lacrimation. Asthma reported,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Used as herbicide molluscide and slimicide in open recirculation cooling towers.
l.^-T.S ppm killed Cladophora, Elodea, Spriogyra, Collitrichi, Ceratrphyllum,
Potamogeton,, Zaonichellia and Hydrodictyon.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Unknown
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Normal dose range as a slimicide if 0.2 - 1.0 ppm. Highly effective at low doses.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Lethal to experimental mice.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
LD50 subcutaneously in mice is 30 mg/kg.
Could be associated with death or reduced growth of aquatic and terrestial flora
if used an an algacide or slimicide. Use as an algacide and slimcide would tend to
increase in a closed cooling system. If aerosolized this would be quite significant
to proximate flora.
B-130
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
ACRYLONITRILE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Cyanide effects.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Extremely toxic.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hour exposure at 20 ppm in air or 45 mg/nr* in water.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Toxic to foliage of vegetables.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Unknown
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unknown
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
R-131
\
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ALDRIN
DISEASE OR E . Renal damage) ataxia, convulsions followed by CNS depression,
respiratory failure, death. Chronic exposure may cause hepatic damage.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen. Poisoning by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
«t
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute effects found in birds .through survey; decreased
reproductivity, thin eggshells, depressed growth rate. Small, large and wild animals
react with tremors, spasms, convulsions. Acute lack of oxygen in system, difficulty
breathing.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: High response rate producing acute effects at low
concentrations. Higher concentrations results in death in small and large
domestic and wild animals.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: T . . , ^
Ingestion or topj.cal absorption produces toxicity.
Low level chronic exposure results in storage in adipose tissues and non-transmit-
able allergic responses. Higher concentrations culminate in high death rate.
Application of dilute solution to oral lesions resulted in death of 105 out of 107
lambs.
B-132
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
ANTIMONY AND COMPOUNDS
'Causes dermatitis, peratitis, conjunctivitis and nasal
septal ulceration.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Infection by contact, fumes or dust.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.5 mg/ni3.
"Medium toxicity for plants and low potential for aquatic
organisms. Exact response unknown.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Has a high "enrichment factor" in emissions (elemental composition of airborne
particles relative to elemental concentrations in crustal material).
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
E:
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Lethal to experimental rats.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
LDgQ in rats was lOOmg/kg in an aqueous suscension.
B-133
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ARSENIC & COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute effects after ingestion includes nausea, vomiting,, diarrhea. Chronic
effects includes exfoliation and pigmentation of skin, herpes, polyneuritis,
degeneration of liver and kidney.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
"* Highly toxic
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.5 mg/M^.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Highly toxic to bees and destructs beehives proximate to the airborne source.
Accumulates in roots of plants. Concentrations in soil arrests seed germination.
Toxic symptons include foliar necrosis, retarded growth, yield reduction.
o EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
~ May be passed on to herbivores. Slows germination due to bee loss. May produce
< potentially hazardous bio-accumulation in aquatic systems.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Older leaves more susceptible than young. Normal concentration in leaf tissues
range from <0.1 - 10 ppm. Generally, higher in roots. Some concentrations
found in soil 500-5,000 ppm. but rarely higher than 30 ppm. Snap and lima beans, peas,
cucumbers, alfalfa most sensitive.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
In small animals emesis, weakness, bloody diarrhea, cyanosis and weak pulse,
culminating in shock; collapse;and coma. In large animals, similar effects as
well as ataxia and blindness, ulceration of mucous membranes, higher incidence
of abortion and still births.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Toxic through ingestion or percutaneous absorption.: A tissue poison that combines with
and inactivates sufhydryl groups in tissue enzymes. Mortality rate is very high.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Doses range from 50-100 mg of sodium arsenite, 6.5 mg/kg for horses, 7.5 mg/kg
for cattle, sheep 11 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg for pigs.
A significant toxin due to potential bioaccumulation in aquatic systems, reduced
germination, legume sensitivity, extreme toxicity to humans and raised incidence of
abortion and still births in stock.
B-134
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ASBESTOS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Prolonged exposure to dust can result in pulmonary fibrosis (asbestosis),
emphysema, lung ;neoplasms.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
TCTri inhaled by humans 1.2 fibers/cc.
LI\J
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Possible accumaltion on plant surfaces. Potential effects is only on man or
animals sfter ingestion of plants coated.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
None
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
>
None
o
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
n
TC,. when inhaled by experimental rats was 12 mg/M .
B-135
-------
TOXIi
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT IIITCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: BENZENE
o
•a:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute effects include irritation of mucous membranes, restlessness,
convulsions, depressions. Death may follow respiratory failure.
marrow Depression and aplasia.
Suspected carcinogen. May be absorbed through the skin.
HOST SENSITIVITY/ SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to concentrations greater than 25 ppm.
inhaled is 210 ppm.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Lethal to foliage.
EP I DEM 10 LOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Benzene may be found in plant biosynthesis.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute affects in small animals; conjunctivitis, nausea and vomiting, depression,
cyanosis,weak pulse, depression and ataxia . Extreme reaction culminates in
convulsions and coma.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT D1RFCT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: BENZIDINE
^
n.
DllayApro9uceF vomit ing, nausea, liver and kidney damage. May cause injury to bloodvessels
and bladder; tumors.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen. Rapidly absorbed throught the skin.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
TCT inhaled is 18mg/,,o
J_iO Mo •
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen. Rapidly absorbed through the skin
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
LD orally in dogs if 400 mg/kg; in mice 214 mg/kg,
R-137
-------
TOXIN
DRIFT DIRECT IFITCTS ASSESSMENT
NAMI : BERYLLIUM & COMPOUNDS
o
C-J
DISEASE OR EFFFCT: contact dermatitis, chemical conjunctivitis, corneal burns,
non-healing ulcerationat site of injury, subcutaneous nodules. Pneumonitis may
result from single exposure. Pulmonary granulomatous disease 3 mo. - 15 yrs. later.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Occasionally fatal. Suspected carcinogen. Single exposure may precipitate
effects. Effects may appear years later.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 2 mg/M . Do not expose to concentrations of
5 ug/M . TCTr, inhaled is 300 mg/M3• Exposure to acid fumes may increase toxic
effects.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Low concentrations stimulate growth. High concentrations are toxic, inhibit
many enzymes of phosphorus metabolismjaccumulates in roots.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Plants transfer Be to animals and humans. Less potential toxicity to plants
than to man and animals.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Toxicity occurs at <2ppm in nutrient medium. Be is very soluble and increases with
higher acidity. As long as the roots are active, plants remain sensitive throughout
their life cycle. General repression of growth in tomatoes, lettuce and green peas.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-138
-------
TOXIN
•a;
:D
U-
AERnsm DRIFT DIRECT nircis ASSESSMENT
BIPHENYL
DISEASE OR EFEECT:
Can cause central nervous system depression, paralysis, convulsions.
CPIDEI1IOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hour exposure to 0.2 ppm or 1 mg/M^.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Probably accumulated in plants.
EPIDEI1IOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Used frequently as a fungicide.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Tolerance in citrus is llOppm.
DISEASE flR EFFECT:
In rabbits and rodents lowers disease resistance.
EPIDEM 101.0 GICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Heightens susceptibility to other pathogens and toxins.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Low concentrations are metabolized. High concentrations (>10ppm) are toxic.
LDso in rats is 2.2g/kg.
Significant should it become aerosolized due to probably accumulation in plants and
tendency to lower disease resistance in small mammals.
B-139
-------
TOXIN
AFRDSni DRIFT DIRECT IFITCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: CADMIUM
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Ingestion causes choking, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea,
tenesmus. Inhalation causes cough, headache, vomiting , chest pain, pneumonitis,
bronchopneumonla.
CPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.2 mg/M dust, 0.1 mg/M fume. Do not exceed
exposure to >0.6 mg/M3 dust or >3 mg/MJ fume. TDLO inhaled is 88 mg/M3.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Reduced growth, vigor, yield and quality. Excess Cd induces Fe deficiency symptoms.
Geochemically related to Zn.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Plants may act as a vector to other bioforms; herbivores are also accumulators.
Potentially hazardous concentration in aquatic systems.
MOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Toxicity due to replacement of Zn in certain enzymes. Increase in soil pH reduces
Cd intake by radishes. As Cd concentration rises, increase in soil content and
reduces yield. (Reduction at level as low as 2.5 ppm. Leaves of soybean more
sensitive than stems or roots.)
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Squirrels - renal damage. In other rodents increases retention of other metals,
alters DNA synthesis, lowers disease resistance. In toads, evidence of decreasing
primary spermatogenesis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Possible mutation of future generations. Increased susceptibility to other
pathogens and toxins.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unlikely to cause effects at low concentrations except compromised rodents.
Possible to cause effectsat high concentrations and very likely for rodents.
.Significant when amounts from industrial source is already present in water
to be used for cooling.
May be accumulated in aquatic systems and herbivores. Plants act as a vector.
Reduces disease resistance in animals.
B-140
-------
TOXIN
DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Acute effects include nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, headache,
stupor, renal damage anuria, azotemia, liver damage. Chronic effects include
liver damage, kidney injury, and visual distrubances.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
TCLQ inhaled is 20 ppm, affecting the central nervous system.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Exempt from FDA tolerance levels when used as a post-harvest fumigant on grains.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Used as an additive to fumigants to reduce flammability or hazard from explosion.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
In small animals, nausea, delirium, acute hepatic failure, collapse, coma, death.
In large animals, staggering, progressive narcosis, collapse, death. Toxic
hepatitis and respiratory depression.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Toxicity through ingestlon or inhalation. Har produced carcinogenic effects
in experimental mice.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Sheep can withstand 1-3 ml. doses monthly with no adverse effect. Cattle are
more susceptible than sheep. LC for mice was 1000 ppm in air. TDLQ orallv in
mice is 120/mg/kg.
B-141
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: CHLORDANE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute posioning, degradation of the liver.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.5 mg/M3 in water.
DI-SEASE OR EFFECT: Bioaccumulation in plants. Phytotoxicity is not an important
factor. Concentrated in algae and to lesser degree by vascular plants.
Penetrates leaf surface readily and is quite stable.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Persistant in soil. Plant could be effective means of bioaccumulation and
vehicle for passage to other biota. 2-4 year half-life in soil.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
conversion to other products in cabbage after 10 weeks.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Restlessness, fasciculations, muscle spasms, convulsions, fever,
cyanosis depression, frenzied movement, increased frequency of micturation, coma,
and death.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
After chronic low level exposure, chlordane can be stored in adipose tissue. Released
in wild aminals during stress or starvation yielding acute toxicity. In scavengers
and birds, leads to decreased hatchability of eggs and increased chick mortality.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Reported poisioning in dogs, cats, lambs and cattle. Cats most sensitive.
Acute poisoning leading to death more common in small animals than large.
In experimental rats, LD50 was 457-590 mg/kg.
Significant if aerosolized due to its persistance in soil and bioaccumulation in
vegetation and animal tissue, and delayed toxicity in animals.
B-142
-------
TOXIN
AFRflsni DRIFT DIRFCT ITITCTS ASSI-SSHOT
CHLORINATED BENZENES
DISEASF. OR EFFECT: LOW systemic toxicity. Mild skin irritation on prolonged
contact.
CPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 75 ppra, or
350 mg/M3.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Hexachlorobenzene is used as a fungicide.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: No evidence of breakdown on plants or in soil.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: persistant and stable.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: No direct effects noted.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: ySDA has detected hexachlorobenzene in body fat
of domestic animals and poultry in 14 states.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: EPA established interim tolerance of
0.5 ppm in fat of cattle, sheep, goats and horses.
B-143
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRFCT LTFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAf1E: CHLORINATED ETHYLENES
Effects result from inhalation.
ID
X
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May produce effects resembling intoxication; narcotic effects; death,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 100 ppm, or concentrations greater than 200 ppm in air.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-14A
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME. CHLORINATED NAPTHALENE
z:
Z3
I.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Causes nausea, vomiting, headache, anaphoresis, hematuria, hemolytic anemia, fever,
hepatic necrosis, convulsions, coma.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
° ' HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Death in laboratory animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
LD5Q in rats ranged from 1540 mg/kg to 2078 mg/kg. In mice the LD5Q ranged from
886-1091 mg/kg.
-------
TOXIN
AFRnsm DRIFT DIRFCT I.FITCTS ASSLSSMFNT
NAHE: CHLORINE/CHLORIDE
ct
z:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Powerful irritant which may cause fatal pulmonary edema.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do no't exceed 8 hours exposure to 1 ppm or 3 mg/M , 4 ppm in air may be detected
by smell, 30 ppm will cause coughing.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute effects are foliar injury . Chronic exposure can result in decreased
growth and mortality of plants. HC1 and SC>2 shown to be synergistic in phytotoxin
action.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Mean concentration of Cl - normally found in dry weight of foliage is 57% is a
range of 0.1 to 1.0% chronic effects most likely achieved with Cl salts. Relative
to SO-; HC1 is less toxic, Cl2 about equal in toxicity.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-146
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRFCT IIITCTS AST. LSSMFNT
NAME: CHLOROFORM
o
O
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Hypotension, respiratory and myocardial depression, death.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not expose to concentration of 150 ppm in air or 240 mg/M . TD,,. inhaled is
10 ppm.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Alters respiratory activity of tissue - similar to anaerobioslo. Kills
leaves at higher concentrations. Possibly an accumulator.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Exempt from tolerance level (FDA) when used as a post-harvest fumigant on
grain. May act as a vector to herbivores.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Probably no tolerance. TDj,. in experimental mice is 18 g/kga
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Prolonged administration has produced severe heart, kidney and especially
liver damage. Can produce early heart failure or cardiac depression.
Burns if left in contact with skin.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Has been administered, as an anesthetic.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Maximum allowable concentration for prolonged period 100 ppm.
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: 2-CHLOROPHENOL
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Increase then decrease in respiration rate, blood pressure, urinary
output; fever; increased bowel action; motor weakness, collapse with convulsions
and death. Lung, liver and kidney damage. Contact dermatitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
May be absorbed through the skin. Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
•*
t-
UJ
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
00
t—
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Toxic to experimental laboratory mice,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
TD . _ on the skin of mice is 6000 mg/Kg
B-148
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAMF:
CHROMIUM & COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
From dermal contact primary irritation ulceration. allergic eczema, After inhalation
nasal irritation, septal perforation, bronchogenic carcinoma. Ingestion causes
E PGiifch ttffitftf** fitf i FfMfc &W7'
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.5 mg/M solution of chronic and chromous
salts, or 1 mg/M3 metal and insoluable salts. Do not expose to concentrations
>lmg/10M3 chronic acid and chromates.
o
I—
•=£
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Damage to vegetation as soluable inorganic salts produce reduced growth,
yield, quality. Not essential to plant life. Cr in soil responsible for
"yellow branch" in citrus. May act as sinks for Cr concentration. Induces iron deficiei
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
May act as vector and transfer to other biota. May produce potentially hazardous
bioaccumulation in aquatic systems.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Chromates toxic to plants: Dichromates more toxic. High potential for toxicity
to plants. Concentration found higher in roots than leaves. Host soils contain
5-3000 ppm. Range of 0.01 to 1.0 ppm found in leaves of 25 families (dry weight).
Legumes to eat contain 0.03 to 0.05 ppm.
DISEASE f)R EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-149
-------
TOXII
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRFCT LITFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
COPPER
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Irritation to skin and mucus membranes. May cause metal fume fever,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
E:
;D
i.
•a;
1/5
h-
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.1 mg/M copper fume or 1 mg/M^ dusts or mist,
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
P EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
May act as bioaccumulators, and vectors to other animals.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute effects - gastroenteritis with symptomatic blue or green colored feces
and vomitus. Death from shock after 24 hours. Chronic effects; anorexia, thirst,
hemoglobinuria, iceterus, and death 24-48 after appearance of signs.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Toxic through ingestion directly or through plants which have absorbed the
metal from contaminated soil.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Doses greater than 250 ppm in feed is toxic to pigs.
B-150
-------
TOXIN
AFRflsni. I1RIFT DIRFCT I.FITCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: CYANIDE
•a:
z:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute effect from high concentration may be death due to respiratory arrest,
Chronic effects are fatigue and weakness.
EPIOEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Q
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 5 mg/M average' fatal dose is 50-60 mg.
o
»—•
i—
et
Metabolic poison inhibits metalloenzymes expecially in iron
containing enzymes. High concentration damages vegetation and uptake was
reported in fruits and leaves for 1-3 days following exposure.
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENS'TIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Injury from airborne cyanide out-of-doors is highly improbable. Is found naturally
in combined form as glycocides in members of rose and crucifer families.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Small animals lapse into coma. Larger react with dyspnea, restlessness,
recumbency and clonic convulsions with opisthotonus, death in 1-2 hours.
EPIDEMIC-LOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Minimal lethal dose for hydrocyanic acid in cattle and sheep is 2 mg/lb. Plant
material containing more than 200 ppm is likely to be toxic.
B-151
-------
TOXIN
AEROSm DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
DDT and METABOLITES
DISEASE OR EFEECT:
Acute effect is death. Chronic efforts include hepatic damage, central
nervous system digeneration, agranulocytosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen. Readily absorbed through the skin.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 1 mg/Ma, TDj,, orally is 16 mg/kg.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: QDT can be translocated from treated to untreated part of the
plant. It is taken up by marine algae and other small food chain organisms.
Phytotoxicity in itself is not important.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
DDT has a long residual life. Greatest accumulation is in organisms with smallest
cell size. May accumulate up to 100,000 fold compared with concentration in water.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Most DDT applied to cabbage foliage was recovered after 14 weeks, about 75% had
penetrated the plant. Plants concentrate DDT in germ of seeds and seed of wheat.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
In small animals reactions of extensor rigidity followed by convulsions and tremors.
Larger domestic animals become increasingly excitable, experience weakness,
tremors, terminal convulsions, premature births. Wild animals experience acute
toxicity after concentrations are released from fat during stress of starvation.
.In birds, thinning eggshells, feather loss.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Predators acquire higher levels and carnivores accumulate and concentrate in adipose
tissue. Alters susceptibility to viral infection. Manifests in morphological
deformities and reproductive failure. DDT can reduce species diversity.
MOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
At lower concentrations, most mammals and rodents are susceptible if compromised.
High susceptibility among animals at high concentrations >10ppm. In herring gulls
21 ppm reduced reproductivity* A single oral dose of 200 ppm is toxic to large
animals.
May be passed on in food chain resulting in higher concentrations.
B-152
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL I1RIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
DIABYL ETHERS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Neoplastic effects.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SEIIS IT IVITY/ SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not be exposed to concentrations greater than 0.5 ppm. in air (diglycidyl); do not
exceed 8 hrs. exposure to 50 ppm(butyl glycidyl).
t—
ct
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE flR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENS IT IVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT LFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:DICHLOROBENZENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute doses cause central nervous system depression. Chronic doses cause liver
and kidney damage.
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed exposure to concentrations above 50 ppm in air or 300 mg/M^ in water,
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Possibly accumulates in the plant. Has been used for borer control in peach trees
and as soil treatment for termites.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Effects found in small animals; head shaking, salivation, prostration and death.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Onset of signs within minutes of oral absorption, death within 15-20 minutes.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Extremely high sensitivity. LD5Q orally in experimental mice is 950 mg/kg.
B-154
-------
TOXIN
ALKiiSnt. DRIFT DIRECT EFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: DICHLOROBENZIDINE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May cause allergic skin reactions,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Lethal to experimental laboratory animals,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
LDT orally in rats 4740 mg/kg.
Lo
B-155
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: DICHLOROETHYLENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Irritating to skin, mucus membranes, narcotic in high concentrations.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed exposure to 100 ppm or 400 mg/M
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Toxic to foliage.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Unknown.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unknown.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Has caused liver damage and kidney injury in experimental animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-156
-------
TOXIN
AF.ROSOl DRIFT DIRTCT I.FITCTS ASSESSMENT
DICHLOROPROPANES /DICHLOROPROPENE
DISEASE OR EFEECT:
Irritating to mucus membranes.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hour exposure to 75 ppm in air or 350 mg/M^.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Probably accumulated in tissues. Used as a soil treatment for nematodes.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
No tolerances get for chlorinated €3 hydrocarbons or 1,3 dichloropropene; 5 ppm for
1,2 dibromo - 3 chloropropane .
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Liver and kidney injury produced in experimental animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-157
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT UIRFCT I.HTCTS ASS I'SSMEMT
NAME: DiELDRiN
E:
^>
3L
o
CJ
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute dose results in death. Chronic effects are hepatic damage, central
nervous system degeneration, agranulocytosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen. Readily absorbed through the skin.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
LD orally in humans is 28 mg/kg.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Possible bioaccumulation in plants and persistant in soils.
Translocated within plants. Plant tissues convert aldrin to dieldrin and other
metabollic reactions can occur. Once in plant, it is persistant.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Doesn't seem to concentrate in carrot roots, potato tubers wheat leaves or
alfalfa. '
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unknown, butphytotoxicity is not an important factor.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Effects found through survey in birds. Other effects found in mink, snakes,
amphibians and earthworms include spasms, convulsions, cyanosis, depression,
frenzied movements, death, morphological deformities.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Has been shown to accumulate in adipose tissues of wildlife, yielding acute
toxicity when animal is under stress over hatchability of eggs and increased
chick mortality.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Poisioning reported in dogs, cats, lambs, calves and steers. LD,-,-, orally in
rats is 87 mg/kg.
B-158
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL ORIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: 2,4,DIMETHYL PHENOL
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
UJ
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Lethal to experimental laboratory animals,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SEIISJTIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
On skin of a mouse LD5Qis 5600 mg/kg, administered internally LD L0 is 150 mg/kg.
B-159
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFTFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: 2.6 DINITROTOLUENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Readily absorbed through the skin.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
3
Do not exceed 8 hr. exposure to 1.5 mg/M .
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
MOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
CJ
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Lethal to experimental laboratory animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL'SIGNIFICANCE:
Readily absorbed through the skin,
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
LD orally in rats is 177 mg/kg. LD,- orally in mice is 1000 mg/kg.
50 ou
B-160
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
N A M E -^ j PHENYLHYDRAZINE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SI Gil IF ICANCE :
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Lethal to laboratory animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Ld_Q orally in rats if 30 mg/kg,
B-161
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAMEENDOSULFAN
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
u
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Lethal to laboratory animals and small birds.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNI FIf.AKCE:
Poisoning through ingestion,
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
LDKn orally in rats 28 mg/kg; in ducks 34 mg/kg; in wild birds 35 mg/kg.
Ot)
B-162
-------
TOXIN
AERflsni DRIFT DIRTCT LITECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
ENDRIN
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute effect is respiratory failure. Chronic effect is hepatic damage.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.1 rag/M^.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Bioaccumulation in plants and persistant in soil. Formed in plants from
isodrin. Endrin converts to keto-endrin which is more persistant. Products
t0
Would pose as significant vectors to herbivores.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Absorbed by algae and vascular plants from aquatic media. With Isodrine,
has half-life of 4-8 years. Exact sensitivity unknown.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Found through survey in birds with no attributable effects. Larger animals
experience excitability and irritability, muscle tumors, weakness, paralysis,
terminal convulsions. Chronic poisoning resulting in liver damage.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Animals are highly sensitive to prolonged exposure.
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
HALOETHER AND HALOMETHANE
<:
si
3
3.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Narcotic in high concentrations, fatal pulmonary edema. Injury to liver, kidney
and central nervous system may occur.
CPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed exposure to 100 ppm in air or 250 mg/M3 (Nitromethane). Do not
expose to concentrations>5 ppm in air or 240 mg/M3 (Trichloromethane).
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Haloether is phytotoxic. Halomethane is used as a fumigant for insects on
nursery stock or for vegetable products, grains and tubers.
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Probably an bioaccumulator.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Exact response to Haloether is unknown. FDA tolerance to Halomethane is 50 ppm.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
LD^Q on skin of experimental rats is 800 mg/kg.
R-164
-------
TOXIN
AFROSDI DRIFT UIRI'CT I.MTCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: HEPTACHLOR
DISEASE OR EFFrCT:
Acute dose leads to death and chronic doses to hepatic damage.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/ SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposur
Poisoning is more serious to hosts with liver disease.
o
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.5 mg/M .serious effects occur at 1-3 g.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Phytotoxicity is not an important factor. Absorbed by plants and found as an
epoxide. Potential vehicle for transfer to other biota.
o EPIDEI1IOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: HEXACHLORO - 1,3 - BUTADIENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Lethal to experimental animals
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Orally in rats LD.- is 300 mg/kg; administered internally in mice LD50 is 32 mg/kg,
B-166
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: jsoPHORONE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Vapors have narcotic properties
EPIDEHIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 25 ppm in air or 140 mg/M3 in water.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
° HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-167
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL RRIFT DIRECT ITFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAMf: LEAD
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute dose may produce permanent brain damage. Chronic dose produces anemia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
n
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.2 mg/M .
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Injury in nature not shown but has been induced experimentally. When
induced toxicity resembles "frenching". May produce bioaccumulation in
aquatic systems.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Content of leaves is normally less than 10 ppm.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Vomitting, diarrhea, anorexia, anemia, hemoglobinuria,
hysteria, listlessness, blindness, convulsions, coma, tremors, collapse
and tonic-clonic convulsions until death especially in large domestic
animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Decreases enzyme activity, impairs aviary reproduction. Concentrates in
brains, bones and teeth of carnivores. Higher levels found in predators.
Behavior changes in mammals and decline of egg production in fowl is common,
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Water fowl ingest lead shot - minimum lethal dosage is 16 mg/kg. TD^ subcut-
aneously in experimental rats is 150/kg. (lead chrornate). At low concentrations,
<10 ppm,compromised mammals, rodents are very susceptible.
o
o
Is passed on through food chain.
B-168
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:LINDANE
ct
•i-
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute symptoms include death. Vapors may irritate eyes, nose and throat
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen. Poisoning through ingest ion.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Acute dosage - 150 mg/kg body weight. LDTQ is 840 mg/kg.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
MOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Causes hepatic damage in experimental animals,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
TD orally in mice is 62 mg/kg.
B-169
-------
TOXIN
Arunsm DRIFT Diiucr 11 ITCTS ASSISSMFNT
MA Ml": MERCURY
s:
^
3_
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute dose may produce death within 10 days. Chronic doses produce kidney damage,
nuscle tremors, and brain damage.
CPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Suspected carcinogen.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
TD inhaled by humans is 169 ug/M .
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Direct toxicity to plants; growth retardation in leaflets, defoliation, browning of
veins, discoloration of flowers, general chlorosis. Potential toxicity is moderate.
1 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Mosses are significant bioaccumulators. Widely used in pesticides. Enters
atmosphere in gaseous and particulate forms.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Relatively high concentration necessary to affect plants. Older leaves are more
aisceptible.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Brain lesion and neural degeneration. Signs in large animals are gastro enteritis
and uremia. Eggshell thinning in birds and reproductive effects.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Increases accumulation of other metals. Affects reproduction, abnormal
behavior. Concentrates in brain, liver, kidney, gonads, skeletal muscles affecting
all functions.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Compromised individuals are susceptible to low concentrations. All individuals
are highly sensitive to higher concentrations. Cattle are extremely sensitive.
Toxicity depends on solubility of the compound as well as individual sensitivity.
Organic mercurials release mercury slowly and toxicity is cummulatlve. Higher
levels in predators indicate passage through food chain.
B-170
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: METHYL ETHLY KETONE (BUTANONE)
2:
~J
3-
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Irritating to eyes and mucous membranes. Narcotic in high concentrations.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 200 ppm in air or 590 mg/M^ in water.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
•a:
H-
U4
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-171
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRFCT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
. NAPTHALENE
DISEASE OR EFTECT:
Acute affects from inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption are coma and death.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 10 ppm in air or 50 mg/M3.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
May be phytotoxic at high concentrations.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Possible accumulation.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Actual sensitivity unknown.
DISEASE OR EFFFCT:
Small animals react with nausea, vomiting, severe depression and development of
hemolytic signs. In cattle /disease reaction characterized by thickening and
scaliness of skin, emaciation and eventual death.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
High sensitivity of cattle possibly affects food supply.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Cattle are the most sentltive. Toxicity increases with greater degree of
chlorination, 5 mg/kg is toxic. Pigs tolerate levels below 150 mg/kg and
sheep 500 mg/kg.
B-172
-------
TOXIN
AfRnsni. DRIFT DIRTCT LTFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: NICKEL
DISEASE OR EFEECT:
Dermatitis in more sensitive people. Soluble salts can cause vomitting and diarrhea.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
ppm in air or 0.007 mg/M3 (Nickel Carbonyl)
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.001 ppi
and 1 mg/M ''Metal and soluble compounds) .
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Chronic exposure produces iron-deficiency chlorosis, necrosis, dwarfing,
reduced yield. Potential toxicity is high.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
High bioaccumulation potential.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Iron has ameliorating effects on nickel toxicity. 2 ppm available nickel is an
accepted level of toxicity to many species, maximum allowable level in Illinois.
Others accept 50 ppm as toxic concentration.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-173
-------
TOXIN
AFRdSni. DRIFT DIRECT EFITCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: NITRITE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Orally LD-O is 3 mg/kg.
o
•a:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
NC>2 - is toxic to some plants, especially as undissociated HNC>2 > but N02
ion is more tolerated.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
NOX in atmosphere may become enriched in plants and become significant source
to herbivors.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Corn is particularly resistant but resistance decreases with decreasing pH;
similarly for citrus and avocado at 20 ppm in nutrient medium, pea plants weren't
injured and assimilated NC>2 •
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Respiratory distress due to the formation of methemaglobin which results
in anemic anoxia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Repeated exposure results in abortion in cattle after 3-13 doses.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Lethal dosage for swine; sodium nitrite 88 mg/kg; potassium nitrite 20 mg/kg.
Lethal dose for cattle; 88-110 mg/kg sodium nitrite; 60 mg/kg potassium nitrite.
Plants are considered safe for feeding livestock if they contain less than 1.5%
potassium nitrite on a dry matter basis.
B-174
-------
TOXIN
AFRflsni DRIFT DIRECT I.ITFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
NITROBENZENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Headaches, nausea, drowsiness, methemoglobinemia with cyanosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to Ippm in air or 5- mg/M .
o
t—
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Phytotoxic; Monochloric derivations much more toxic than pentachloro derivations.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Phytotoxicity reduces with increased chlorination.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Vertigo and ataxia, nausea, vomitting, dyspnea, cyanosis, convulsion and
death sho>vn in small animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-175
-------
TOXIN
AFRnsm DRIFT DIRFCT i rrrr.Ts ASSESSMENT
N M ' NITROPHENOLS (m,o,p)
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
CNS depression, methemoglobinemia, hyperthermia (p)
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Uncouples phosporylation. Used by agriculture to eliminate mold and mildew on
rubber and leathery used as a herbicide.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Metabolized by soil micro-organisms.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
No threshold infomation available.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Lethal dose: intravenously in dogs is 10 mg/kg (p)
-------
TOXIN
DRIFT imr.cT I.TITCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute dose may produce death. Chronic doses lung, liver, kidney damage and
contact dermatitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
i—
•a;
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Phytotoxic; used as a herbicide,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Tolerance unknown.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
High mortality in newborne pigs and increased number of still births when
sows are farrowed in treated crates.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Acute fatal dose for most species is 120-140 mg/kg. Chronic fatal dose for
most species 30-50 mg/kg. LD5Q orally in experimental rats is 180 mg/kg.
B-177
-------
TOXI!
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: PHENOL
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute effects include paralysis, death from respiratory failure or cardiac arrest.
Renal and hepatic damage in chronic cases.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Average fatal dose is 15 g. Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 5 ppm or 19 mg/M3.
exposure to 5 ppm or 19 mg/M .
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Toxic to foliage as spray; vapor inhibits growth if applied to soil.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Unknown sensitivity level.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Skin and mucuous membranes becomes white on contact. Effects include nausea,
vomiting and severe abdominal pain, circulatory collapse.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
High mortality among exposed newborne.
B-178
-------
TOXIN
AFRflsm. DRIFT DIRECT ETTECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:PHTHALATE ESTERS (DIBUTYL PHTHALATE)
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Ingestion may cause GI disturbances, affects the central nervous system causing
headaches, tremor, drowsiness, convulsions, hypnosis and anesthesia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Law order of toxicity.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Orally LDTr. is 140 mg/kg. Do not exceed 8 hour exposure to 5 mg/M in air.
\-l\J
o
I—
•=£
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Produced non-transmissable changes in offspring of rats.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Limited experiments suggests low order of toxicity.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Administered to rats LDLO is 874 mg/kg.
B-179
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB's)
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
May be absorbed through skin.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
TCTn is 10 mg/M3 when inhaled. Do not exceed 8 hour exposure to lmg/M3.
o
•a:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Thinning of eggshells and feather loss in birds. High incidence of still births
in seals in Puget sound. Reduced oyster shell growth. Drastic decline in pro-
duction and hatchability of eggs in domestic hens.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Severe deformities in offspring of birds.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
5 ppm in chickens reduced egg productions, 50 ppra reduced egg production and
drastically reduced hatchability of fertile eggs within 14 weeks.
B-180
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME SECONDARY AMINES
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Irritation to skin and mucous membranes.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 10 ppm in air or 18 mg/M^ in water.
•a;
I—
UJ
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
^ HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-181
-------
TOXII
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: SELENIUM
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Dermatitis, G.I. .Disturbances,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.2 mg/M^.
DISEASE OR EFFECT- Toxic concentrations of selenate can stunt growth, delay flowering,
induce snow-white chlorosis. In selenite, toxicity turns leaves dark green, and
reported cases of stem tumors and root lesions.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Plant may act as a vector and transfer Se to herbivores. May produce potentially
hazardous bioaccumulation in aquatic systems.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Primary accumulators grow in seleniferous soils and may contain greater than 1,000 ppm.
Low accumulators usually contain less than 30 ppm and include many weeds and most
crop loss.
Acute effects include nervous system involvement with blindness and head pressuring,
Chronic effects include emaciation, lameness and hair loss.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
May be passed on to herbivores from plants in contaminated soils.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY: , . ^.v,--,-*- T *v,
Deficiencies of cobalt and protein in the animal increases susceptibility. Length
and rate of digestion alters sensitivity. Cattle are more tolerant than sheep.
Daily intake of .25 mg/kg is toxic to both sheep and cattle, 44 mg/kg. to horses
and 11 mg/kg. to pigs.
Selenite or selenate salts are more toxic than selenium dioxide. Soils containing
greater than 1200 ppm will produce plants toxic to herbivores.
B-182
-------
TOXIN
DRIFT DIRCCT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
N A M E '
SILVER & COMPOUNDS
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Argyria or aryrosis (grayish-blue discoloration of skin). Salts may be irritating
to skin and mucus membranes.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
No serious toxic manifestations. Inhalation should be avoided.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.01 mg/M .
o
t—i
i—
«t
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Accumulation in plants may result in toxicity to herbivores.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Normally <0.01 ppm found in plant tissue is classified as more toxic than Cd or Hg.
Actual sensitivity unkonwn.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-183
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NflMF •
SODIUM CHLORIDE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Effects blood pressure. Major toxic effects not a problem.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENS IT IV ITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
TDLO orally is 8200 mg/kg. for 23 days. Rectally LD^ is 163 mg/kg.
o
t—
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Ingestion of excessive quantities causes inflamed alimentary tract with production of
gastroenteritis and diarrhea. When water is restricted salt intake may produce
cerebral edema and nervous signs.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Significant when salt intake is not excessive but water intake is restricted.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Greater toxicity in summer than winter. Toxicity occurs in cattle in drinking
water with 1.75% NaCl. Toxic dose is 2.2 g/kg. Horses are more susceptible than
dairy cows in milk. Cows in milK are more susceptible than dry dairy cows, sheep
and beef cattle.
Major source is salt spread on highways.
B-184
-------
TOXIN
AFRnsni. DRIFT DIRECT FFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: STYRENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Irritating to eyes, raucous membranes; narcotic in high concentrations,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 100 ppm in air; do not become exposed to con-
centrations greater than 200 ppm in air.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-185
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: 2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO - P - DIOXIN (TCDD)
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
o
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O
o
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Death in rabbits 3-5 mi. outside area contaminated by escaped gas in chemical
plant explosion in Sevesco, Italy.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
51.3 ppm. recorded in contaminated area of Sevesco. 35.7 mg. was toxic to 5 million
guinea pigs. 1 billionth of its body weight administered to a monkey was a lethal
dose.
B-186
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TOXII
AEROSOL nRIFT DIRECT EFFFCTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: THALLIUM
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute dose can result in death from nausea, vomitting, diarrhea,
tingling, pain in extremities, coma, convulsions. Chronic cases result in weakness,
pain in extremities and loss of hair.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
"* May be absorbed through the skin.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.1 mg/M^.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Highly toxic at low concentrations. Induces "Frenching" in tobacco.
May interfere with K absorption by plants. Produces internal chlorosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
May impact plants directly or through precipitation.
2 HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Less than 1 ppm induces "Frenching" Max. permissible level in soil is 0.25 ppm.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Acute effects in small animals include diarrhea, salivation, vomitting, mucous membranes
may ulcerate, Dyspneajmuscular weakness, convulsions may occur 1-4 days from onset.
Chronic effects include skin lesions, hair loss, erythema and necrosis of skin .
Large animals; alopecia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
2.5 mg/lb is lethal to dogs.
Would easily impact plants when transported via aerosols and droplets,
B-187
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TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: TOLUENE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Narcotic at higher concentrations. May cause mild macrocytic anemia, but not
leukopenia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hour exposure to 200 ppm in air. Do not become exposed to
concentrations >300 ppm.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Toxic to foliage at vapor phase.
EPI DEM 10 LOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
May be biosynthietic; product of plant metabolism
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Actual sensitivity unknown.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
When ingested small animals react with nausea, vomltting, fixed
pupils, ataxia » depression, coma. Inhalation results in acute conjunctivitis,
nausea, vomitting, depression, cyanosis, weak pulse, followed by convulsions and
collapse. In large animals repeated exposure results in depression of bone marrow
and anemia.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-188
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME:TOXAPHENE
I.
o
Has approximately a 10 year half life if worked into soil.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Death in acute cases. Irritating to skin.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
rt
Do not exceed 8 hours exposure to 0.5 mg/M
DISEASE OR EFFECT: phytotoxicity itself is not an important factor. Potential
bioaccumulation, aquatic plant concentrate toxaphene 5-12 fold from water.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Small animals become restless, increased fasciculations muscle spasms, convulsions,
lever followed by cyanosis depression, coma and death. Large animals become
excited with grinding of teeth, dyspnea, tetany, frequent micturation.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-189
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: VINYL CHLORIDE
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Narcotic in high concentrations. Local frost bite if spilled on skin.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
2: Forms carcenogenic PVC's.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not expose to concentrations exceeding 500 ppm.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Death to foliage and growth abnormalities.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Possible metabolization by plants.
UJ
"" HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Actual sensitivity unknown.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
B-190
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: WATER
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Importance of deposition on plant depends on time of day,
pathogen or particulate matter. Water solubilizes particulate matter on foliage. Promotes
spore germination and develops certain stages of foliar pathogens. Potentiates absorp-
E'P iBM^aGSieC°AULS mmtifo :
Near-site significance.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Significant level -- when relative humidity becomes >75%
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
A significant factor for all terrestrial vegetation proximate to cooling devices
R-191
-------
TOXIN
AEROSOL DRIFT DIRECT EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
NAME: ZINC
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Fumes may cause weakness, fever, nausea, vomitting, skin
irritation', Ingestion of soluble salts can cause nausea, vomitting and purging.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Do not exceed 8 hours of exposure to 2 mg/MJ of zinc chloride fumes.
DISEASE OR EFFECT: Soluble inorganic salts reduce growth, vigor, yield, quality.
When deficient, small amounts of airborne Zn could be beneficial. Toxicity induces
Fe-deficienty chlorosis in plants.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Act as an accumulator and vector of Zn to herbivores. High potential for bioaccumu-
lation in aquatic systems.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
Peas and corn tolerant to excess Zn, mustard is sensitive. Increase in soil pH
reduces Zn uptake by plants but below pH 5, availability of Zn increases rapidly.
DISEASE OR EFFECT:
Poultry show signs 1 hour after ingestion of lethal dose. Depression with ruffed
feathers, diarrhea, progressive weakness and terminal convulsions. Cattle have
chronic constipation and fall in milk yeild. Pigs become progressively weak and
joints enlarge. Small animals have toxic convulsions and coma.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Increases retention of other metals. Causes behavioral changes. Concentrates
in liver, gonads, pancreas and kidney of birds.
HOST SENSITIVITY/SUSCEPTIBILITY:
20-40 mg/kg of zinc phosphide is toxic to small animals. 6-8 ppm in drinking
water causes constipation in cattle. 1.0 g/kg administered to cattle and
sheep causes toxicity. 200 g of. zinc lactate fed to pigs over 2 months as a
0.1 0% solution causes arthritis
B-192
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-251b
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Effects of Pathogenic and Toxic Materials
Transported Via Cooling Device Drift--
Volume 2. Appendices
5. REPORT DATE
November 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
H.D. Freudenthal, J.E.Rubinstein, and A. Uzzo
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
H2M Corporation
375 Fulton Street
Farmingdale, New York 11735
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2625
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 1/77 - 9/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is
919/541-2915.
Michael C. Osborne, Mail Drop 61,
is. ABSTRACT
describes a mathematical model that predicts the percent of
the population affected by a pathogen or toxic substance emitted in a cooling tower
plume, and gives specific applications of the model. Eighty-five pathogens (or dis-
eases) are cataloged as potentially occurring in U.S. waters, but there is insuffi-
cient data to predict the probability of occurrence or relate their occurrence to
public health, population, or pollution. Sixty-five toxic substances are cataloged as
potentially occurring in U.S. waters, but the actual number is probably many times
the EPA-supplied list. Toxic concentrations to persons, animals, and plants are
known for only a few of the chemicals: most toxic levels can be only inferred from
animal studies. In the population as a whole, the epidemiological impact of a patho-
gen is a function of age, sex distribution, racial (genetic) distribution, general
health and well-being, prior exposure, and immunological deficiency states. While
cooling device drift may not be directly responsible for epidemics , it may potentiate
the burden in an already weakened population, raising a segment of the population
into the clinical state. The effect of toxic substances is difficult to evaluate because
of inadequate data on humans. The effect is a function of concentration in susceptible
tissue, and is much less dependent than pathogens on host resistance.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATl Field/Group
Pollution
Cooling Towers
Drift
Plumes
Pathology
Toxic ity
Water
Epidemiology
Mathematical Models
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B
13A,07A
14B
21B
06E
06T
07B
12A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport;
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
356
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage}
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
B-193
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