YOU* The University of New Orleans URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH CENTER Under Contract to Region VI of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ------- Notes: ------- from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have passed through their end usage as a consumer item, including: Used corrugated boxes, old newspapers, old magazines, mixed waste paper, tabulating cards, and used cordage. All paper, paperboard and fibrous wastes that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste. 3. Manufacturing forest residues, and other wastes such as: Dry paper and paperboard waste generated after completion of the papermaking process (that is, those manufacturing operations up to and including the cutting and trimming of the paper machine reel into smaller rolls or rough sheets) including: Envelope cuttings, bindery trimmings, and other paper and paperboard waste, resulting from printing, cutting forming and other converting operations, bag, box and carbon manufacturing wastes, and butt rolls, mill wrappers and rejected unused stock. Finished paper and paperboard from obsolete inventories of paper and paperboard manufacturers, merchants, wholesaler, dealers, printers, converters or others. Waste Reduction Reducing the amount or type of waste generated. Sometimes used synonymously with source reduction. Waste Stream The total flow of solid waste from homes, businesses, institutions, and manufacturing plants that must be recycled, burned, or disposed. Writing Paper A paper suitable for pen and ink, pencil, typewriter or printing. Xerographic/Copy Paper Any grade of paper suitable for copying by the xerographic process (a dry method of reproduction). ------- the waste stream at the point of generation. Source Reduction The design, manufacture, acquisition and reuse of materials so as to minimize the quantity and/or toxicity of waste produced. Source reduction prevents waste either by redesigning products or by otherwise changing societal patterns of consumption, use, and waste generation. Special Waste Items requiring special or separate handling, such as household hazardous wastes, bulky wastes, tires and used oil. Spray-In-Place Insulation Insulation material that is sprayed onto a surface or into cavities and includes cellulose fiber spray-on as well as plastic rigid foam products. Stationery Writing paper suitable for pen and ink, pencil or typing. Matching envelopes are included in this definition. Subtitle D. The nonhazardous solid waste section of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Subtitle F. Section of the Resource Conservation Act (RCRA) requiring the federal government to participate in programs fostering recovery and use of recycled materials and energy. Tabulating Cards Cards used in automatic tabulating machines. Tabulating paper Paper used in tabulating forms for use on automatic data processing equipment. Tipping Fee A fee for the unloading or dumping of waste at a landfill, transfer station or waste-to-energy facility, usually stated in dollars per ton. Transfer Station A place or facility where waste materials are taken from smaller collection vehicles and placed in larger transportation units for movement to disposal areas. Trash Material considered worthless, unnecessary or offensive that is usually thrown away. Generally defined as dry waste, but is often a synonym used for garbage, rubbish, or refuse. Unbleached Papers Papers made of pulp that have not been treated with bleaching agents. Volume Reduction The processing of waste materials so as to decrease the amount of space the materials occupy. Reduction is accomplished by mechanical, thermal or biological processes. Waste Exchange A computer and catalog network that redirects waste back into manufacturing or reuse process by matching components generating specific wastes with companies that use those wastes as manufacturing inputs. Waste Paper Any of the following "Recovered Materials": 1. Any paper or paper product which has lost its value for its original purpose and has been discarded. This includes any waste or scrap created in paper converting operations, such as printing plant waste and envelope cuttings, as well as discarded products such as boxes or newspapers. 2. Postconsumer materials such as: Paper, paperboard and fibrous wastes ------- Recycling 1. All activity whereby a secondary material Is Introduced as a raw material Into a new product In such a manner that Its original Identity Is lost. Recycling consists of four steps: collection, processing, marketing, and use of as a raw material. 2. Any process by which materials that would otherwise become solid waste are collected, separated or processed and returned to the economic mainstream in the form of raw materials or products. Recycling System A circle or loop process consisting of three parts: collection, remanufacture, consumer purchase. Residential Waste Waste materials generated in single- and multiple-family homes. Resource Stream A new perspective on what we have commonly considered to be garbage, trash, or waste. Recognizes the inherent economic and environmental value of resource materials that we have been landfilling or incinerating. Resource Recovery A term describing the extraction and utilization of materials and energy form the waste stream. Materials are used in the manufacturing of new products, or converted into some form of fuel or energy source. Retread Tire A worn automobile, truck, or other motor vehicle tire whose tread has been replaced. Reuse The use of a product more than once in its same form for the same purpose; e.g., a soft drink bottle is reused when it is refilled at the bottling company. Rock Wool Insulation Insulation which is composed principally from fibers manufactured from slag or natural rock, with or without binders. Sanitary Landfill Solid waste land disposal site where waste is spread in thin layers, compacted, and covered with a fresh layer of soil each day to minimize pest, aesthetic, disease, air pollution, and water pollution problems. Separate Collection A system in which specific portions of the waste stream are collected separately form the rest to facilitate recycling or otherwise improve solid waste management. Shredder A mechanical device used to break up waste materials into smaller pieces by tearing, shearing, cutting, and impact action. Solid Waste Management The systematic administration of activities which provide for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste. Solid Waste Garbage, refuse, sludge and other discarded solid materials, including those from industrial, commercial and agricultural operations, and from community activities. Source Separation The segregation of various materials from ------- Postconsumer Waste Paper Paper that has been used by a consumer (such as the reader of a newspaper) and is available for recycling or disposal. It should be noted that there Is significant discussion on the definition of postconsumer waste paper. Postconsumer Material A finished material which would normally be disposed of as a solid waste, having completed Its intended final use as a consumer item. Preconsumer Waste Paper Paper that has become a waste paper prior to being purchased or used by a consumer. Preconsumer waste paper consists primarily of trim, cutting, punchlngs, and rejects from the conversion of paper or paperboard rolls or sheets Into finished products. Preconsumer Material Waste produced in converting Industries that turn materials from original manufacturers into consumer products. Printing Paper Paper designed for printing, other than newsprint, such as offset and book paper. Printing papers are those papers utilized by the printing industry for mass communications and other end uses where many copies are required. Products include magazines, books, pamphlets, greeting cards, etc. Private Collection The collecting of solid wastes for which citizens or firms, individually or in limited groups, pay collectors or private operating agencies. Pulp Substitutes High-quality waste paper that can be used as a direct substitute for virgin wood pulp. Generally waste from paper mills, converters, and printers that has not been used by the ultimate consumer. Pulp Fibrous material prepared from wood, cotton, etc. by chemical or mechanical processes for use in making paper or cellulose products. May Include virgin wood pulp or secondary fibers. Re-Refined Oils Used oils from which the physical and chemical contaminants acquire through previous use have been removed through a refining process Recyclable Paper Any paper separated as its point of discard or form the solid waste stream for utilization as a raw material in the manufacture of a new product. It is often called "waste paper" or "paper stock". Not all paper in the waste stream is recyclable, it may be heavily contaminated or otherwise unusable. Recyclables Materials that have useful physical or chemical properties after serving their original purpose and can be reused or manufactured into additional products. Recycled Content The portion of a product made with recycled materials. May consist of preconsumer or postconsumer or both. Recycled Paper Paper that is wholly or partially made from preconsumer and/or postconsumer waste paper. o ------- Old Newspapers (ONP) Trade name for recovered newspapers. There are five grades of old newspapers, depending on the quality of the product. Opacity The property of a sheet that obstructs the passage of light and prevents seeing through to objects on the opposite side. This property is especially important for printing papers. Original Resources Natural resources, often called "virgin" resources, such as minerals, trees, oil, water. Paper A generic term for all grades of paper and paperboard. In the industry, paper refers to thin products such as printing paper, newspaper, tissue paper, and wrapping paper. Paper Napkins Special tissues, white or colored, plain or printed, usually folded, and made in a variety of sizes for use during meals or with beverages. Paper Towels Paper toweling in folded sheets, or in raw form, for use in drying or cleaning, or where quick absorption is required. Paperboard In the industry, refers to thicker products such as boxes and other packaging material. Also called "board" in the paper industry. Perliter Composite Board Insulation board composed of extended perlite and fibers formed into rigid, flat, rectangular units with a suitable si/ing material incorporated in the product. It may have on one or both surfaces a facing or coating to prevent excessive hot bitumen strike-in during roofing installation. PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) A plastic resin used to make packaging, particularly soft drink bottles. Phenolic Insulation Insulation made with phenolic plastics which are plastics based on resins made by the condensation of phenols, such as phenol or cresol, with aldehydes. Photo-Degradable Refers to plastics which will decompose if left exposed to light. Plastic Rigid Foam Cellular polyurethane insulation, cellular polyisocyanurate insulation, glass fiber reinforced polyisocyanurate/polyurethane foam insulation, cellular polystyrene insulation, phenolic foam insulation, spray- in-place foam and foam-in-place insulation. Plastics Synthetic materials consisting of large molecules called polymers that contain primarily carbon and hydrogen with lesser amounts of oxygen or nitrogen. Polyethylene A family of resins obtained by polymerizing ethylene gas. They are grouped into two major categories, HOPE and PET. Postconsumer Recycling The reuse of materials generated from residential and commercial waste, excluding recycling of material from industrial processes that has not reached the consumer, such as glass broken during the manufacturing process. ------- Materials Recovery Extraction of materials from the waste stream for reuse or recycling. Examples include source separation, front-end recovery, in-plant recycling, post combustion recovery, leaf composting, etc. Mechanical Separation Mechanical separation of waste into components using cyclones, trammels, or screens. Medium The fluted inner section of corrugated board. More properly called corrugating medium. Mill Broke Any paper waste generated in a paper mill prior to completion of the papermaking process. It is usually returned directly to the pulping process. Mill broke is excluded from the definition of "recovered materials". Mill Buyer The person who buys waste paper for a paper mill. Mimeo Paper A grade of writing paper used for making copies on stencil duplicating machines. Mineral Fiber Insulation Insulation (rock wool or fiberglass) which is composed principally of fibers manufactured from rock, slag or glass, with or without binders. Minimum Content Law A law which requires that a specific product or packaging category contain a minimum amount of recycled and/or postconsumer material in order to be legally sold within the jurisdiction of the law. Mixed Papers A bulk grade of waste paper made up of papers from various sources. Generally a low grade. Molded Pulp Products Contoured products such as egg packaging cartons, food trays, etc. made by depositing fibers from a pulp slurry into a perforated mold, then drying. Often made of waste paper, e.g., old newspapers. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Includes nonhazardous waste generated in households, commercial and business estab- lishments and institutions. News Abbreviation for newsprint often used in the trade. Newsprint Paper of the type generally used in the publication of newspapers or special publications like the Congressional Record. It is made primarily from mechanical wood pulps combined with some chemical wood pulp. Office Paper Those papers that are usually discarded in a business office. Generally refers to forms, envelopes, copy paper, stationary, and other papers that are normally associated with desk work activity. Offset Printing Paper An uncoated or coated paper designed for offset lithography. Old Corrugated Containers (OCC) A postconsumer waste paper grade consisting of corrugated or solid fiber boxes that have served their packaging purpose and are discarded for later collection and recovery for recycling. ------- Is used for grocery bags and the outer layers of corrugated boxes, for example. The product is brown in color, but may be bleached, for example, to make milk cartons. Landfill A site usually controlled by a municipal government where municipal solid waste is disposed of. Landfills are highly regulated by state and Federal law. Because of more stringent standards, many municipal solid waste landfills are closing. Ledger Paper A type of paper generally used in broad variety of record keeping type applications such as in accounting machines. Ledger Trade term for a group of high-grade waste papers that usually come from offices or print shops. Includes copier paper, computer printout, envelopes, or other publication papers. The papers usually have printing on them, which can be removed by a deinking process. Life-Cycle Analysis Analyzing the total environmental impacts (such as energy and resource use, air and water pollution) for a specific product or product category, including mining, manufacturing, transporting, use, and recycling. Llnerboard The flat outer surfaces of corrugated board. Lubricating Oils Engine lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, and gear oils, excluding marine and aviation oils. Mandatory Recycling Programs under statute that require consumers to separate their trash to make all recyclable materials available for recycling. Manifold Business Forms A type of product manufactured by business forms manufacturers that is commonly produced as marginally punched continuous forms in small rolls or fan folded sets with or without carbon paper interleaving. It has a wide variety of uses such as invoices, purchase orders, office memoranda, shipping orders and computer printout. Manual Separation Separation of recyclables from the waste stream by hand sorting. Manufacturing Waste Material produced by a manufacturer, such as a paper mill, steel or aluminum mill, glass factory, or plastic resin manufacturer. Most manufacturing waste is returned to the manufacturing process as a matter of course. It is usually not counted as part of the publicized recycled content. However, Environmental Protection Agency guidelines for federal purchase of recycled paper allow some manufacturing waste in paper mills to be counted as recycled content in paper. Materials Market The combined commercial interests that buy recyclable materials and processed them for reuse. The demand for goods made of recycled materials determine the economic feasibility of recycling. ------- virgin wood pulp, recycled pulp, cotton fibers, or bagasse. Garbage Spoiled or waste food that is thrown away, generally defined as wet food waste. Gear Oils Petroleum based oils used for lubricating machinery gears. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyisocyanurate/Polyurethane Foam Cellular polyisocyanurate or cellular polyurethane insulation made with glass fibers within the foam core. Grade A term applied to a paper or pulp which is ranked (or distinguished from other papers or pulps) on the basis of its use, appearance, quality, manufacturing history, raw materials, performance, or a combination of these factors. Groundwood Pulp Type of pulp produced as a result of a mechanical pulping process (grinding action that is chemical free). HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) A recyclable plastic, used for items such as milk containers, detergent containers, and base cups for plastic soft drink bottles. High Grade Paper Relatively valuable paper such as computer printout, white ledger, and tab cards. High Grades Trade term for waste papers that have printing on them that can be removed by a deinking process. Includes ledger papers, computer printout, and other white office papers. Hydraulic Fluids Petroleum-based fluids used in the operation of heavy machinery. Incineration An engineered process involving combustion to thermally degrade waste materials. Incinerators must meet clean air standards. Industrial Wipers Paper towels especially made for industrial cleaning and wiping. Inorganic Waste Waste composed of matter other than plant or animal (i.e., contains no carbon). Integrated Paper Mill A paper or board mill that produces substantially all its own pulp. A partially integrated mill is one that produces some but not all of its pulp. Integrated Solid Waste Management The practice of disposing of solid waste that utilizes several complimentary compo- nents, such as source reduction, recycling, composting, incineration (waste to energy), and landfilling. Intermediate Processing Center Usually refers to a facility that processes residentially collected mixed recyclables into new products for market; also known as a materials recovery facility (MRF). Intermediate Processor An intermediate processor obtains recyclable materials and physically processes the materials that will be sold, upgrading them in order to get the best price. Kraft A process for making virgin fiber by a chemical digestion process. Term is also used to refer to the product, which o ------- Drop-Off Goiter A central point for collecting recyclable or compostable materials. The materials are taken by taken by Individuals to the collection site or center and deposited into designated containers. Dunnage Packing material (usually shredded) used as protection for items being packed for shipping. Frequently made from waste paper. Duplicator Paper Writing papers used for masters of copy sheets In the aniline ink or hectograph process or reproduction. End User Market An end user market is usually a manufacturing company that buys large volumes of recyclable materials for direct use in its manufacturing process. Examples for waste paper include paper and paperboard mills and cellulose insulation producers. Energy Recovery A form of resource recovery in which the organic fraction of waste is converted to some form of usable energy, such as burning processed or raw refuse to produce steam. Engine Lubricating Oils Petroleum-based oils used for reducing friction in engine parts. Envelope Brown, manila, padded, or other mailing envelopes not included with "stationery". Facial Tissue A class of soft absorbent papers in the sanitary tissue group. Fiber or Fiberboard Boxes Boxes made from containerboard, with either solid fiber or corrugated paperboard, or boxes made from solid paperboard of the same material throughout. Fiber The unit cell of vegetable growth derived from wood. Usually many times longer than its diameter. The basic physical unit of paper pulps. Fiberglass Insulation Insulation which is composed principally of glass fibers, with or without binders. Fly Ash The component of coal which results from the combustion of coal, and is the finely divided mineral residue which is typically collected from boiler stack gases by electrostatic precipitator or mechanical collection devices. Foam-In-Place Insulation Foam is rigid cellular foam produced by catalyzed chemical reactions that hardens at the site of the work. The term includes spray-applied and injected applications such as spray-in-place foam and pour-in-place. Folding Boxboard A paperboard suitable for the manufacture of folding cartons. Form Bond A lightweight commodity paper designed primarily for business forms including computer printout and carbonless paper forms. Furnish Industry term for the fibers used to make paper. Includes ------- used In the manufacture or shipping containers and related products. Conversion or Converting Terms commonly used in the paper industry to refer to almost any process or operation applied to paper or paperboard after the normal papermaktng operation. Printing, box making, waxing, envelope making, and the like are all converting operations. A converter is an organization that manufactures paper products. Converting Loss The normal loss of material that occurs in the process of making a product out of rolls or sheets of paper or paperboard. Consists primarily of trim, cutouts, rejects, punchings, etc. The scrap that occurs when paper or paperboard is made into finished products. Corrugated Boxes Boxes made of corrugated paperboard, which, in turn is made from a fluted corrugating medium pasted to two flat sheets of paperboard (Lineboard); multiple layers may be used. Corrugated Paper Paper or cardboard made in a series of wrinkles or folds, or ridges and grooves. Cotton Fiber Content Papers Paper that contains a minimum of 25% and up to 100 percent cellulose fibers derived from lint cotton, cotton liners, cotton or linen cloth cuttings. It is also known as rag content paper or rag paper. It is used for stationary, currency, ledgers, wedding invitations, maps and other specialty paper. Coarse Papers Papers used for industrial purposes, as distinguished from those used for cultural or sanitary purposes. Cover Stock or Cover Paper A heavyweight paper commonly used for covers, books, brochures, pamphlets, and the like. Curbslde Collection Collection of presorted recyclable materials from residential curbsides to be brought to various processing facilities. Dealer An organization that either bales waste paper and/or buys bales of waste paper from packers, generators, or brokers. They sell to domestic or foreign paper mills, trading companies, and other brokers. Deinking A process in which most of the ink, filler, and other extraneous material is removed from printed and/or unprinted waste paper. The result is a pulp which can be used, alone or with varying percentages of wood pulp, in the manufacture of new paper, including printing, writing, and office papers as well as tissue and toweling. Demand The total requirement for a given grade or material or group of products for a given period of time. Diversion Rate A measure of the waste being diverted for recycling compared with total waste previously thrown away. Doilies Paper place mats used on food service trays in hospitals and other institutions. ------- Cellulosic Insulation Insulation for homes or other buildings made of treated old newspapers. Chemical Pulp "type of pulp produced as a result of a sulphur-based chemical pulping process. Chip and Filler Board Recycled paperboard manufactured as a filler for solid fiber boxes and other container chipboard (all chipboard under 26 pounds per million square feet manufactured for use as facing corrugated, solid fiber and single faced products which are used for interior packing, e.g., pads, partitions, dividers, layers, and cushioning). Closed Loop A product is continually recycled into the same product, for example glass bottles into glass bottles. Collection The act of picking up and moving solid waste from its location of generation to a disposal area, such as a transfer station, resource recovery facility or landfill. Collector (of waste paper) The person(s) or agency that receives or gathers various grades of waste paper for processing into bales for subsequent sale to a recycler or exporter of waste paper. Usually a waste paper dealer. Color Fastness The property of a paper, dye or dyed paper to retain its color in normal storage or when exposed to light, heat, or other influences. Color Specification The quantitative description of a color. The color of papers is often specified in terms of trichromatic coefficients, and sometimes in terms of matching standardized color chips, or colored papers designated as standards. Combustible Various materials in the waste stream which are burnable, such as paper, plastic, lawn clippings, leaves and other organic materials. Commercial Waste Material which originates in wholesale, retail or service establishments such as office buildings, stores, markets, theaters, hotels and warehouses. Commingled Recyclables A mixture of several recyclable materials into one container. Compactor Power-driven device used to compress materials to a small volume. Composting The controlled biological decomposition of organic waste under aerobic conditions. Computer Paper A type of paper used in manifold business forms produced in rolls and/or fan folded. It is used with computers and word processors to print out data, information, letters, advertising, etc. It is commonly called computer printout. Containerboard A general term designating: (1) the component materials used in the fabrication of corrugated paperboard and solid fiber paperboard- lineboard, corrugating medium, chipboard; (2) solid fiber or corrugated combined paperboard ------- and foodboard. It may be made of woodpulp or waste paper or any combinations of these and may be plain, lined, or clay coated. Boxboard Cuttings A grade of waste paper consisting of the clippings of paperboard grades used in the manufacture of folding and setup boxes and similar boxboard products. Brightness The reflectivity of pulp, paper, or paperboard for specified bluelight measured under standardized conditions. Broker A broker buys and sells recyclables and arranges for transportation of the materials to domestic and overseas end users. Brown Papers Papers usually made from unbleached kraft pulp and used for bags, sacks, wrapping paper and so forth. Building Insulation A material, primarily designed to resist heat flow, which is installed between the conditioned volume of a building and adjacent unconditioned volumes or the outside. This term includes but is not limited to insulation products such as blanket, board, spray-in-place, and loose-fill that are used as ceiling, floor, foundation and wall insulation. Bulk Grades Trade term for the three commonly-collected grades of waste paper — old corrugated containers, old newspapers, and mixed paper. Bulky Waste Large items of refuse including, but not limited to, appliances, furniture, large auto parts, trees, branches and stumps which cannot be handled by normal solid waste processing, collection, or disposal methods. Buy-Back Center A facility where individuals bring recyclables in exchange for payment. Buy-Back Programs Programs for purchasing recyclable materials from the public. Cardboard Common name for what the paper industry calls paperboard, boxboard, or "board." Ceiling Insulation A material, primarily designed to resist heat flow, which is installed between the conditioned area of a building and unconditioned attic as well as common ceiling floor assemblies between separately conditioned units In multi-unit structures. Where the conditioned area of a building extends to the roof, ceiling insulation includes such a material used between the underside and upperside of the roof. Cellulose Fiber Loose-Fill A basic material of recycled wood-based cellulosic fiber made from selected paper, paperboard stock, or ground wood stock, excluding contaminated materials which may reasonably be expected to be retained in the finished product, with suitable chemicals introduced to provide properties such as flame resistance, processing and handling characteristics. The basic cellulosic material may be processed into a form suitable for installation by pneumatic or pouring methods. ------- APPENDIX F Glossary of Terms The definitions in this glossary are intended for general clarifica- tion purposes and should not be considered as legal definitions. Animal Bedding Product used for animals (usually to keep them warm and dry). Traditionally straw or hay, but shredded paper has sometimes been used more recently. Bag and Sack Paper Unbleached or bleached kraft paper, generally converted into bags or sacks, such as grocery bags or merchandise sacks. Baling The operation of forming a bale of pulp, rags, waste paper, and other materials through compression in a baling press. Baler A machine in which waste materials are compacted to reduce volume. Biodegradable Materials Waste material which is capable of being broken down by bacteria or other biomass into basic elements. Most organic wastes, such as food remains and paper are biodegradable. Blanket Insulation Relatively flat and flexible insulation in coherent sheet form, furnished in units of substantial area. Batt insulation is included in this term. Bleached Paper Paper made of pulp that has been treated with bleaching. Bleaching The process of chemically treating pulp to alter its color so that the pulp has a higher brightness. This is usually accompanied by partial removal of noncellulosic materials. Board Insulation Semi-rigid insulation performed into rectangular units having a degree of suppleness, particularly related to their geometrical dimensions. Board An abbreviation version of paperboard (see definition). Term often used in the paper industry. Bond Paper A generic category of paper used in a variety of end use applications such as forms, offset printing, copy paper, stationary, etc. In the paper industry, the term was originally very specific but is now very general. Book Paper A generic category of papers produced in a variety of forms, weights, and finishes for use in books and other graphic arts applications, and related grades such as tablet, envelope, and converting papers. Bottle Bill A law requiring deposits on beverage containers. Box Plant A manufacturing plant where corrugated and/or solid fiber shipping containers are made by combining linerboards and corrugating medium into structural blanks. Boxboard A general term designating the paperboard used for fabricating folding cartons, setup boxes, milk cartons. ------- Leaves, uncompacted Leaves, compacted Leaves, vacuumed Wood chips Grass clippings Used motor oil Tire, passenger car Tire, truck one cubic yard one cubic yard one cubic yard one cubic yard one cubic yard one gallon one one 250-500 320-450 350 500 400-1500 7 12 60 Food waste, solid and liquid fats 55 gallon drum 412 ------- APPENDIX E Conversion of Volume to Weight for Recyclable Materials Material Volume Weight (Ibs) Newsprint, loose Newsprint, compacted Newsprint Corrugated cardboard, loose Corrugated cardboard, baled Glass, whole bottles Glass, semi crushed Glass, crushed mechanically Glass, whole bottles Glass, uncrushed to manually broken PET soda bottles, whole, loose PET soda bottles, whole, loose PET soda bottles, baled PET soda bottles, granulated PET soda bottles, granulated Film, baled Film, baled HOPE (dairy only), whole, loose HDPE (dairy only), baled HOPE (mixed), baled HDPE (mixed), granulated HDPE (mixed), granulated one cubic yard one cubic yard 12' stack one cubic yard one cubic yard one cubic yard one cubic yard one cubic yard one full grocery bag 55 gallon drum one cubic yard gaylord 30'X48'X60' gaylord semi-load 30'X42'X48' semi-load one cubic yard 30"X48"X60" 30"X48"X60" gaylord semi-load Mixed PET & Dairy, whole, loose one cubic yard Mixed PET & Dairy and other rigid, whole, loose one cubic yard Mixed rigid, no film or Dairy, whole, loose Mixed rigid, no film, granulated Mixed rigid/film, densified by mixed plastic mold technology Aluminum cans, whole Aluminum cans, whole Aluminum cans Ferrous cans, whole Ferrous cans, flattened one cubic yard gaylord one cubic yard 360-800 720-1000 35 300 1000-1200 600-1000 1000-1800 800-2700 16 125-500 30-40 40-53 500 700-750 30,000 1100 44,000 24 500-800 600-900 800-1000 42,000 avg. 32 avg. 38 avg. 49 500-1000 avg. 60 one cubic yard 50-74 one full grocery bag avg. 1.5 one 55 gallon plastic bag 13-20 one cubic yard 150 one cubic yard 850 ------- Select Joint Committee On Printing Standards JCP Code Title & Description A70 G15 G45 0-65 Recycled Offset Book (5/2/90) • 50% waste paper content required • Postconsumer content encouraged • 25% groundwood allowed Recycled Groundwood Forms Bond (6/29/90) • 50% waste paper content required • Postconsumer content encouraged • 100% groundwood allowed Recycled 25% Bond (6/29/90) • 75% recovered material content required, of which not less than 25% must be cotton or linen fibers, the remainder bleached chemical wood pulp • Postconsumer content encouraged • 5% groundwood allowed Recycled Plain Copier Xerographic (6/29/90) • 50% waste paper content required • Postconsumer content encouraged • 5% groundwood allowed ------- Federal Minimum Content Standards U.S. EPA recommended minimum content standards for paper and paper products.* Fine Paper Waste Paper Offset printing 50% Mimeo and duplicator paper 50% Writing (stationery) 50% Office paper (e.g. note pads) 50% Paper for high-speed copiers 50% Envelopes 50% Form bond, including computer 50% paper and carbonless Book paper 50% Bond paper 50% Ledger 50% Cover stock 50% Cotton fiber paper 50% (Must contain 25% recovered cotton fiber or linen fiber and 50% waste paper) Postconsumer Material Newsprint 40% Tissue and Towel Toilet tissue 20% Paper towels 40% Paper napkins 30% Facial tissue 5% Doilies 40% Boxes Corrugated boxes 35% Fiber boxes 35% Brown papers (e.g. bags) 5% Paperboard Recycled paperboard products 80% (including folding cartons) Pad backing 90% * The Standards are currently under review, and may be changed in the near future. o ------- Nevada: Capitol Complex Purchasing Division Room 400, Kinkead Building 505 E. King Street Carson City, NV 89710 Attn: Phyllis Williams, Administrator New Mexico: Department of General Services Purchasing Division 1100 St. Francis Drive Santa Fe, NM Attn: Melinda Via, Procurement Specialist New York: Office of General Services Standards & Purchase Group Coming Tower Building, Room 3701 Empire State Plaza Albany, NY 12242 Attn: Anne V. Samson, Purchasing Officer Oregon: Department of General Services Purchasing Division 1220 Ferry Street SE Salem, OR 97310 Attn: Terry L. Lorance, Recycling Procurement Analyst Rhode Island: Department of Administration, Office of Purchases One Capitol Hill Providence, RI 02908-5855 Attn: Stephen A Vieira, Administrator, Purchasing Systems Texas: State Purchasing & General Services 1711 San Jacinto PO Box 13047 Austin, TX 78711 Attn: John Batterton, Purchasing Manager Virginia: Department of General Services, Division of Purchases and Supply PO Box 1199, 805 East Broad Street Richmond, VA 23209-1199 Attn: Donald F. Moore, Director ------- State Address Listing Alaska: Department of Administration, Division of General Services 2400 Viking Drive Anchorage, AK 99501 Attn: Del Simpson, Contracting Officer Connecticut: Department of Administrative Services, Bureau of Purchases PO Box 1141, 460 Silver Street Middletown, CT 06457 Attn: Peter W. Connolly, Director of Purchasing Delaware: Department of Administrative Services, Division of Purchasing PO Box 299 Delaware City, DE 19706 Attn: MJkeConaway&DonWeiford, Contract Procurement Officers Florida: Department of General Services Koger Executive Center 2737 Centerview Drive Knight Building., Suite 110 Tallahassee, FL 32399-0950 Attn: George Banks, CPPO Illinois: Department of Central Management Services, Procurement Services Division 801 William G. Stratton Building Springfield, IL 62706 Attn: Charles Rogers, Manager Iowa: Department of General Services Hoover State Office Building, Level A Des Moines, LA 50319 Attn: J. Robert Soldat, Administrator Kentucky: Finance & Administration Cabinet Department for Administration, Division of Purchases 348 New Capitol Annex Frankfort, KY 40601 Attn: Mary P. Cammack, Director Louisiana: Division of Administration PO Box 94095 Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9095 Attn: Greg Rogers, State Purchasing Supervisor Maryland: Department of General Services, Purchasing Bureau, Room M-2 301 W. Preston Street Baltimore, MD 21201-2368 Attn: Paul T. Harris, Sr. CPPO Michigan: Department of Management & Budget, Office of Purchasing PO Box 30026 Lansing, MI 48909 Attn: William S. Warstler, Director Minnesota: Department of Administration, Material Management Division 112 Administration Building 50 Sherburne Avenue St. Paul. MN 55155 Attn: James P. Kinzie, Manager Mississippi: Office of Purchasing & Travel, Department of Finance and Administration 550 High Street, Suite 1504 Jackson, MS 39201-1189 Attn: Don Buffum, Director o ------- 23"x35"/25"x38" Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas Cover stock Web roll Alaska 1 1" roll, white Florida 11" roll/ 14" roll, white Louisiana Bond dual purpose Alaska, Florida, Michigan, white Texas 20 Ib. Delaware, Louisiana, Mississippi, Rhode Island, Texas 25% rag, 8V4"xll" Connecticut, Kentucky, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Texas Tagboard & chipboard Rhode Island Paperboard/brown paper Kentucky Theme paper/kraft wrap Minnesota Letterhead Minnesota, New Mexico Calling cards New Mexico Automotive Supplies Tires, retread, passenger/truck Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York Oils/grease/fluids motor oil Illinois, Michigan, New York lubricating oil, grease Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, New York gear oils, hydraulic fluid Kentucky anti-freeze New Mexico Remanufactured parts Minnesota, New York Pavement markings, reflective (glass spheres) Florida Building Materials Building insulation Iowa, New York Carpet (100% recycled yarn/fiber): Iowa, New Mexico Various Kentucky Plastics Parking stops/benches Texas, New Mexico Food trays Minnesota Signs Kentucky Aluminum Kentucky ------- Notebooks Envelopes Specialty envelopes Miscellaneous Copier Mimeograph, 8^'xll Printing, carbonless Computer Offset file pockets, expansion bottom filejjuides/indexes 3-hole stenographic notebook filler memo books/slips binders padded mailers kraft white wove, unp_iinted printed general mailing tubes shipping tags packing payroll vehicle license W-2 forms index cards calendars business cards adding machine tapes refillable stick pens dual purpose general ", white & flat sheet continuous, carbon interleaved continuous, carbonless general 11" roll, white 11" roll/ 14" roll, white S'/fxll" Kentucky, Michigan Kentucky, Minnesota Kentucky Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota Florida, Kentucky Louisiana Minnesota Michigan, Minnesota Florida, Michigan, Minnesota Florida, Minnesota Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, New Mexico Kentucky Minnesota Michigan Florida Florida, Minnesota Kentucky Connecticut, Minnesota Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota Minnesota Alaska, Texas Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, New York, Rhode Island Connecticut, Kentucky, Mississippi Kentucky, Minnesota, New Mexico, Oregon Kentucky Kentucky, New Mexico, New York, Texas Florida Florida Louisiana, Michigan Alaska, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Texas ------- Storage cartons storage files/boxes corrugated boxes fiber boxes Connecticut, Louisiana, Minnesota Kentucky, Minnesota Kentucky Cafeteria Supplies Food service equipment (recycled aluminum) Minnesota Napkins, paper single ply, folded Connecticut 2 ply, folded Florida single, 2 . or 3 ply Virginia quarter folded Florida, Nevada, Virginia dinner & luncheon sizes Delaware creped/embossed Connecticut, Delaware, Virginia junior/senior dispensers Florida, Virginia lowboy Delaware, Florida general Kentucky, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York Office/Paper Supplies Writing pads legal size/scratch Connecticut, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota scratch New York tablets Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Texas telephone message Kentucky. Louisiana Post-It notes Florida, Louisiana desk/columnar, green Kentucky, Louisiana blotters Kentucky Folders file Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Texas hanging Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Texas tab Kentucky book « covers diploma Minnesota report covers portfolios Louisiana sheet protectors Minnesota ------- APPENDIX D Specifications Resource Listing for Specifications The following Is a list of various recycled products and the states that have specifications available upon request The addresses for the various states which can give further information are provided on page D-5. Janitorial Supplies Toilet paper 1 ply Connecticut, Delaware, Florida. Virginia 1 ply/2 ply Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada general Kentucky, Maryland, New Mexico, New York, Oregon Toilet Seat Covers Florida Towels, paper single fold Maryland single/multi-fold Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, New York. Virginia cfold Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, New York, Virginia roll, 1 ply Florida, Nevada roll, 1 ply/2 ply Delaware, Louisiana, Mississippi narrow fold New York general Towels, industrial Kentucky, Minnesota, New Mexico, Oregon windshield towel, wiper (2 ply) Kentucky, Nevada industrial wiping towel (2 ply) Connecticut, Kentucky, New Mexico, Nevada nonwoven disposal wipers (4 ply) Connecticut, New Mexico cloth wiping rags Minnesota, New Mexico Facial tissue 2 ply Delaware, Florida, Nevada general Connecticut, Minnesota, New Mexico. New York Doilies Kentucky Trash can liners (polyethylene) Michigan Waste containers Florida, Minnesota Recycling containers (deskside & larger) Minnesota ------- There's More Than One Way to Recycle: Case Studies of Recycling Programs; $2.00; Clean Air Council, 311 Juniper St., Room 603, Philadelphia, PA; 215-545-1832. Why Waste a Second Chance? A Small Town Guide to Recycling; National Center for Small Communities, National Association of Towns and Townships; 1522 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005; 202-737-5200 ------- Promoting Recycling to the Public: An Illustrated Guide to Recycling and Litter Reduction Programs (1988); National Soft Drink Association; 1101 Sixteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 Public Education: 1986; Free; Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering; 1 Winter Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA 02108; 617-292-5856 Recycle New Mexico 1990-1991; PO Box 27682, Albuquerque, NM 87107; 505-761-8176 Recycle Texas -- a Reuse, Recycling, and Products Directory: 1991; Texas Water Commission; PO Box 13087, Austin, TX 78711; 512-463-7754 Setting Up An Office Recycling Program: A How To; Community Environmental Council (CEC); 930 Miramonte Drive, Santa Barbara, CA93109; 805-963-0583 Setting Up a Solid Waste Recycling Program in Schools; McDonald's Education Resource Center; 3620 Swenson Avenue, PO Box 8002, St. Charles, IL 60174-7307; 800-627-7646 Solid Waste Strategies for the Natural State (Oct. 1990); Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology, Solid Waste Division; PO Box 8913, Little Rock, AR 72219-8913 Solid Waste Management (1989); National Conference of State Legislatures; 1050 17th Street, Suite 2100, Denver, CO 80265 Southeast Waste Exchange; Ms. Mary McDaniel, University of North Carolina, Urban Institute; UNCC Station, Charlotte, NC 28223; 704-547-2307 Southern Waste Jn/ormation Exchange; Dr. Roy C. Herndon; Florida State University; PO Box 6487, Tallahassee, FL 32313; 904-644-5516 Steps in Organizing a Municipal Recycling Program; 1988; Free; New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection, Division of Solid Waste Management, Office of Recycling; 401 East State Street, CN 414, Trenton, NJ 08625; 609-292-0331 A Strategy for Regional Recycling; 1985; 55 pages; Free; Massachusetts Department of Environment Quality Engineering, Bureau of Solid Waste Disposal; 1 Winter Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA 02108; 617-292-5856 ------- How to Set Up a School Recycling Program; The Council for Solid Solutions; 1275 K Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20005; 202-371-5319 Incentives for Recycling; 1988; Sen. J. L. Bruno, Vice Chairman, New York State Legislative Commission on Solid Waste Management; 80 pages; Free; New York State Legislative Commission on Solid Waste Management, 150 State Street, 5th Floor, Albany NY 12207; 518-455-4436 King County Home Waste Guide; 450 King County Administration Building, 500 4th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104 Louisiana Recycles: a Directory ofRecyclers and Recycling Industries Serving Louisiana; August, 1991; Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality; PO Box 82263, Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2263; 504-765-0674 Management Strategies for Landscape Waste; Collection, Composting, Marketing (1989); Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Office of Solid Waste and Renewable Resources; 325 West Adams Street, Room 300, Springfield, IL 62704-1892 Multi-Material Recycling Manual; 1987 (update expected mid 1989); Keep America Beautiful, Inc.; 9 West Broad Street, Stamford, CT 06902; 203-323-8987 Office Paper Recycling; 1987; Free; Portland Metropolitan Service District, METRO; 2000 SW First Avenue, Portland, OR 97201-5398; 503-221-1646 Paper Matcher, Free; American Paper Institute; 1250 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 210, Washington, DC 20036; 800-878-8878 Paper Recycling and Its Role in Solid Waste Management; 1987; 19 pages; Free; Paper Recycling, American Paper Institute; 260 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Pennsylvania Glass Recycling: A How to Guide; Free; Pennsylvania Glass Recycling Corporation, 509 North Second Street, Harrisburg, PA 17101; 717-234-8091 Planning and Implementing Community Recycling in Arkansas; Ozark Recycling Enterprise, Inc.; Sandy Garcia, Director; HC 79, Box 271 A, Marshall, AR 72650; 501-448-2472 Plastic Bottle Recycling Today; 1988; $1.00; Plastic Bottle Institute, The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.; 1275 K Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20005; 202-371-5200 ------- Used Oil Recycling Bulletin March 1988, EPA/530-SW-88-047 Used Oil Recycling Bulletin November 1988, EPA/530-SW-89-006 Used Oil Recycling Bulletin Fall 1990, EPA/530-SW-89-068 Books, Guides, and Directories Arkansas Source Reduction and Recycling Manual; Recycling Division, Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology; PO Box 8913, Little Rock, AR 72219-8913 The Complete Guide to Planning. Building and Operating a Multi-Mate- rial Theme Center, 1984; 30 pages; Free; The Glass Packaging Institute; 1801 K Street NW, Suite 1105-L, Washington, DC 20006; 202-887^850 Comprenensiue Curbside Recycling: Collection Costs and How to Control Them (1988); Glass Packaging Institute; 1801 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 Conducting a Recycling Program Publicity Campaign (series of pamphlets); 1985; Free; Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Solid Waste Division; PO Box 1760, Portland, OR 97207; 503-229-5395 Curbside Waste in a Throuxzuiay World (1990); National Governor's Association; 444 North Capitol Street, Washington, DC 20001-1572 The Earth's Future is in Your Grocery Cart; National Consumers League; 815 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 Fund Raising Through Recycling: An Euents Planning Guide (1988); Mid-America Glass Recycling; 29 Purfleet Drive, Bella Vista, AR 72714; 501-855-4703 Green Guide; Sierra Club; 730 Polk Street, San Francisco, CA 94109; 415-776-2211 Guide for Preparing Commercial Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling Plans; OSCAR, Department of Environmental Management; 83 Park Street, Providence, RI 02903-1037 Household Battery Collection Program; 1988; Free; NH/VT Solid Waste Project; Room 336 Moody Building, Claremont, NH 03743; 603-543-1201 How-To-Kit Household Hazardous Materials Collection Project 1990; League of Women Voters of Arkansas; 2020 West Third Street, #501, Little Rock, AR 72205; 501-376-7760 ------- Recycling Developing a Comprehensive Federal Office Recycling Program The Impacts of Lead Industry Economics and Hazardous Waste Regulations on Lead-Acid Battery Recycling: Revision and Update; 1987 Office Paper Recycling Program, An Implementation Manual, EPA/ 530-SW-90-001 Operating a Recycling Program, A Citizen's Guide, H-SW-770 Recycle, EPA/530-SW-88-050 Recycling in Federal Agencies, EPA/530-SW-90-082 Recycling Works! State and Local Solutions to Solid Waste Management Problems, EPA/530-SW-89-014 Use It Again, Sam — A Guide for Federal Office Paper Recycling Yard Waste Composting — A Study of Eight Programs, EPA/530-SW-89-038 Yard Waste Composting — Environmental Fact Sheet, EPA/530-SW-91 -009 Source Reduction/Waste Minimization Be An Environmentally Alert Consumer, EPA/530-SW-90-034A Plastics: The Facts on Source Reduction, EPA/530-SW-90-017C Promoting Source Reduction and Recyclability in the Marketplace, EPA/530-SW-89-066 Used Oil/Automotive How to Set Up Local Used Oil Recycling Program, EPA/530-SW-89-039A Recycling Used OiL Service Stations and Other Vehicle-Service Facilities, EPA/530-SW-89-039D Recycling Used OiL 10 Steps to Change Oil, EPA/530-SW-900-039C, English and Spanish translations Recycling Used Oil: What Can You Do?, EPA/530-SW-89-039B, English and Spanish translations Summary of Markets for Scrap Tires, EPA/530-SW-90-0743 ------- Selected U.S. EPA Solid Waste Publications Many of these publications are available at no charge from the EPA RCRA Hotline, 800-424-9346. Guide to EPA Hotline, Clearinghouse, Libraries, Dockets, 20K-1007 Your Guide to U.S. EPA, 21K1012 Procurement and Market Development Guidance on Use of "Recycled" and "Recyclable" in Product Labeling Fact Sheet, EPA/530-SW-91-072 Solid Waste Information Clearinghouse GRCDA, SWICH Assessing the Environmental Consumer Market, 21P-1003 EPA Guideline for Purchasing Building Insulation Containing Recovered Materials Fact Sheet, EPA/530-SW-91 -044 . EPA Guideline for Purchasing Paper and Paper Products Fact Sheet, EPA/530-SW-91-046 EPA Guideline for Purchasing Re-fined Lubricating Oil Fact Sheet, EPA/530-SW-91-043 EPA Guideline for Purchasing Retread Tires Fact Sheet, EPA/530-SW-91-045 Procurement Guidelines for Government Agencies, EPA/530-SW-91-011 Summary of Markets for Scrap Tires, EPA/530-SW-90-0743 Unit Pricing - Providing an Incentive to Reduce MSW, EPA/520-SW-87-026 Plastics The Facts on Degradable Plastics Fact Sheet, EPA/530-SW-90-017D The Facts about Plastics in the Marine Environment, EPA/530-SW-90-017B The Facts on Recycling Plastics Fact Sheet, EPA/530-SW-90-017E Methods to Manage and Control Plastic Wastes, EPA/530-SW-89-015A Plastics: Fads About Production, Use and Disposal EPA/530-SW-90-017A Plastics; The Facts on Source Reduction, EPA/530-SW-90-017C ------- Pulp & Paper Week Miller Freeman Publications 500 Howard Street San Francisco, CA 94105 415-995-2424 Recycled Paper News CERMA 5528 Hempstead Way Springfield, VA 22151 703-642-1120, ext. 116 The Recycling Magnet Steel Can Recycling Institute 608 Andersen Drive Pittsburgh, PA 15220 Recycling Polystyrene Polystyrene Packaging Council 1025 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 508 Washington, DC 20036 202-822-6424 Recycling Times 1730 Rhode Island Avenue, Suite 100 Washington, DC 20004 Recycling Today G.I.E. Inc. Publishers 4012 Bridge Avenue Cleveland, OH 44113 (216) 961-4130 Resource Recovery National League of Cities 1301 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20004 Resource Recycling 1206 N. W. 21st Avenue PO Box 10540 Portland, OR 97210 503-227-1319 Reusable News Communication Service Branch (05-305) U. S. EPA 401 M Street SW Washington, DC 20460 Reuse/Recycle Box 3535 Lancaster, PA 17604 Scrap Age 3605-111 Woodhead Drive Northbrook, IL 60062 Scrap Tire News 133 Mountain Road Suffield, CT 06078 Solid Waste Management Newsletter Office of Technology Transfer University of Illinois at Chicago Box 6998 Chicago, IL 60680 Sofid Waste & Power 410 Archibald Street Kansas City, MO 64111 Waste Age 1730 Rhode Island Avenue NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20036 202-861-0'708 ------- APPENDIX C Publications The following list is not intended to be a compendium of recy- cling and industry publications. Contact the publisher directly for information. Newsletters, Newspapers, and BioCycle PO Box 351 Emmaus, PA 18049 215-967-4135 EHMI Re:Source 10 Newmarket Road PO Box 70 Durham, NH 03824 Environmental Advocate - Renews LDEQ PO Box 44066 Baton Rouge, LA 70804 504-342-9143 Fibre Market News G.I.E., Inc. Publishers 4012 Bridge Avenue Cleveland, OH 44113 800-456-0707 Garbage Old House Journal Corp. 435 Ninth Street Brooklyn, NY 11215 718-788-1700 Green Reader GSD& M 1250 Capital of Texas Highway, 4th Floor Austin, TX 78746 Industrial Material Exchange Service 2200 Churchill Road, #31 PO Box 19276 Springfield, IL 62794-9276 217-782-0450 Periodicals Manufacturers Exchange Arkansas Industrial Development Commission One Capitol Mall Little Rock, AR 72201 Official Board Markets The Yellow Sheet" 233 N. Michigan Avenue, 24th Floor Chicago, IL 60601 The Paper Stock Report McEntee Media Corp. 13727 Holland Road Cleveland, OH 44142-3920 216-923-8042 PCE Newsletter Solid Waste and Recycling Divisions PO Box 8913 Little Rock, AR 72219-8913 501-562-6533 Plastic Bottle Reporter Society of the Plastics Industry 1275 K Street NW, Suite 400 Washington, DC 20005 201-371-5200 Pollution Prevention News U. S. EPA 401 M Street SW, (PM-219) Washington, DC 20460 Pulp & Paper Magazine 500 Howard Street San Francisco, CA 94105 415-397-1881 ------- Natural Resources Defense Council 1350 New York Avenue NW Washington, DC 20005 202-783-7800 National Soft Drink Association 1101 Sixteenth Street NW Washington, DC 20036 202-463-6732 National Solid Wastes Management Association 1730 Rhode Island Avenue NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20036 202-659-4613 Plastic Institute of America 277 Fairfield Road, Suite 100 Fairfield, NJ 07004-1932 201-808-5950 Plastic Loose-Fill Council PO Box 601 Grand Rapids, MI 49516-0601 800-828-2214 Scrap Tire Management Council 1400 K Street NW, Suite 900 Washington, DC 20005 Sierra Club PO Box 7959 San Francisco, CA 94120-9943 415-776-2211 Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. 1275 K Street NW, Suite 400 Washington, DC 20005 202-371-5200 Solid Waste Association of North America (formerly GRCDA) PO Box 7219 Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-585-2898 Steel Can Recycling Institute 4900 Bayou Boulevard, Suite 1 IOC Pensacola, FL 32503 904-479-7208 800-876-SCRI (Pittsburgh) Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry 15 Technology Parkway South Norcross, GA 30092 800-332-8686 Tire Retread Information Bureau 26555 Carmel Rancho Boulevard, Suite 3 Carmel, CA 93923 408-625-3247 U. S. Conference of Mayors 1620 Eye Street NW Washington, DC 20006 202-293-7330 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street SW Washington, DC 20460 U. S. EPA, Region 6 1445 Ross Avenue Dallas, TX 75202 214-655-6760 Vinyl Environmental Resource Center 1 Cascade Plaza Akron, OH 44308 800-969-VINYL WorldWatch Institute 1776 Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington, DC 20036 202-452-1999 ------- Councillor Solid Waste Solutions 1275 K Street NW, Suite 400 Washington, DC 20005 202-371-5319 Council for Textile Recycling 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 1212 Bethesda, MD 20814 301-656-1077 Environmental Defense Fund 1616 P Street NW, Suite 150 Washington, DC 20036 202-387-3500 Glass Packaging Institute 1801 K Street NW, Suite 1105-L Washington, DC 20006 202-887-4850 Inform 381 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10016 212-689-4040 Institute for Local Self-Reliance 2425 18th Street NW Washington, DC 20009 202-232-4108 Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries 1627 K Street NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20006 202-466-4050 Keep America Beautiful, Inc. Mill River Plaza 9 West Broad Street Stamford, CT 06902 203-323-8987 Lead Industries Association 295 Madison Avenue, 19th Floor New York, NY 10017 800-922-5323 Mid-America Glass 824 N. Mission Sapulpa, OK 74066 918-227-3889 National Association for Plastic Container Recovery 5024 Parkway Plaza Boulevard, Suite 200 Charlotte, NC 28217 704-357-3250 National Association of Solid Wastes Management 1730 Rhode Island Avenue NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20036 202-659-4613 National Association of Solvent Recyclers 1333 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20036 National Conference of State Legislatures 1050 17th Street, Suite 2100 Denver, CO 80265 303-623-7800 National Institute of Governmental Purchasing 115 Millwood Avenue, Suite 201 Falls Church, VA 22046 703-533-7300 National League of Cities Institute 1301 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20004 202-626-3000 National Recycling Coalition 1101 30th Street NW, Suite 305 Washington, DC 20007 202-625-6406 ------- Organizations Aluminum Association 900 19th Street NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC 20006 202-862-5100 Aluminum Recycling Association 1000 16th Street NW, Suite 603 Washington, DC 20036 202-785-0550 American Iron and Steel Institute 1000 16th Street NW Washington, DC 20036 202-452-7100 American Newspaper Publishers Association Box 17407 Dulles Airport Washington, DC 20041 703-648-1000 American Paper Institute 260 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 202-340-0600 American Retreaders Association PO Box 172203 Louisville, KY40217 502-367-9133 American Trucking Association 2200 Mill Road Alexandria, VA 22314 703-838-1700 Aseptic Packaging Council 1000 Potomac Street NW, Suite 401 Washington, DC 20007 202-785-4020 Association of Foam Packaging Recyclers 1025 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 515 Washington, DC 20036 800-944-8448 Association of Petroleum Re- Refiners 2025 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20006 202-833-2694 Can Manufacturers Institute 1625 Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington, DC 20036 202-232-4677 Center for Marine Conservation 1201 West 24th Street Austin, TX 78705 512-477-6424 Center for Plastics Recycling Research Rutgers University Busch Campus, Building 3529 Piscataway, NJ 08855 Citizens for a Better Environment 33 East Congress Parkway Chicago, IL 60605 312-939-1530 Composting Council 601 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 900 Washington, DC 20004 202-638-0182 Council on Plastics and Packaging 1001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 401 Washington, DC 20036 202-331-0099 ------- Region VI Resources Arkansas Arkansas Cooperative Extension Arkansas Recyclers Association Arkansas Recyclers Guide Arkansas Solid Waste Office Keep Arkansas Beautiful Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality Department of Natural Resources Keep Louisiana Beautiful Louisiana Recycling Office Louisiana Solid Waste Office Office of Litter Control and Recycling New Mexico New Mexico Beautiful New Mexico Energy Department New Mexico Recyclers Guide New Mexico Recycling New Mexico Solid Waste Oklahoma The MET Oil Recycling Hotline Oklahoma Department of Commerce Oklahoma Environmental Advocate Oklahoma Recycling Coordinator Solid Waste Management Texas Keep Texas Beautiful Texas Energy Extension Service Texas General Land Of flee/Re eye ling Texas Office of Energy Texas Renew Program Texas Solid Waste Bureau 501-671-2059 501-945-0881 501-682-1121 501-562-7444 501-682-2613 504-765-0674 504-342-1399 318-741-8309 504-765-0674 504-342-9447 504-342-8148 505-827-5698 505-827-5993 505-761-8176 505-827-2892 505-827-2780 405-584-0584 800-879-6552 405-271-7353 405-271-7159 405-271-7157 800-CLEAN-TX 800-643-SAVE 512-475-1576 512-463-1961 512-463-7761 800-458-9796 ------- Electronic Bulletin Boards Solid Waste Information Clearinghouse (SWICH) SWICH is funded by the U.S. EPA for the purpose of increasing the availability of information on solid waste management. SWICH may provide assistance to government agencies, professional associa- tions, industry, citizens groups and anyone else interested in any aspect of solid waste management. SWICH operates an Electronic Bulletin Board (EBB) to provide current information on solid waste issues such as meeting and conference information, new publica- tions, expert contact information, technical information, and state and federal legislative and regulatory changes. SWICH also pro- vides a Library System which includes Journals, reports, studies, proceedings, curricula, films and video tapes. Public access. Any PC-compatible or Apple equipped with a modem can access the system, 24 hours a day. No cost. Modem information: 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, 1200 or 2400 baud. 301-585-0204. Contact: SWICH, Solid Waste Association of North America PO Box 7219 Silver Spring, MD 20910 800-677-9424 FAX: 301-585-0297 Both the SWICH EBB and Library System may be accessed by modem. Pollution Prevention Information Exchange System (PIES) Public access. Any PC-compatible or Apple equipped with a modem can access the system 24 hours a day. No cost. Modem informa- tion: 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit. Operates up to 2400 baud. 703-821-1025. Contact: Office of Pollution Prevention 202-245-3557 RecycleLine Provides instant access to materials markets and prices for recyclable materials, the recycled products derived from these materials, the manufacturers producing these products, and where recycled products can be purchased. Essential and special services utilized by the indus- try are also incorporated into RecycleLine. Modem information: 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit. 800-461-0707 Contact: American Recycling Market 800-267-0707 ------- APPENDIX B Information Sources Currently there isn't one comprehensive source of information on purchasing recycled products. The following resources can be useful in providing information on the different facets of Clos- ing the Loop. U. S. EPA Procurement Guidelines Hotline EPA has established several mechanisms for assisting Federal and non-Federal agencies in setting up programs and for helping vendors market their recovered materials to procuring agencies. These include a telephone hotline and frequently updated lists of manufacturers and vendors of products designated in the guide- lines. Copies of the procurement guidelines, lists of manufacturers and vendors, and information on purchasing guideline items can be obtained from the procurement hotline by calling 703-941-4452. Official Recycled Products Guide (RPG) The RPG is a unique publication that lists thousands of recycled products In hundreds of product categories. Information is in- dexed by product, brand name, geographic area, and company. A telephone directory is included to assist users to find recycled products. It also provides a list of useful references, including contacts, definitions, and Information about the U.S. EPA re- cycled paper procurement guideline and the Canadian EcoLogo standard. It is available on a subscription basis. Call 800-267-0707. Peer Match Programs The Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA), formerly known as the Governmental Refuse Collection and Disposal As- sociation (GRCDA) and the National Recycling Coalition, with funding from the U.S. EPA, provides advisors on all aspects of solid waste management, including purchasing through a peer match program. The program is designed to provide technical assistance to state and local governments and includes provi- sions for 50% of the advisor's travel cost to local communities. Call 800-456-4723. The International City Management Association (ICMA) also op- erates a peer match program, with U.S. EPA funding, which pro- vides advisors to local governments on all aspects of solid waste management. The ICMA program covers up to 50% of travel costs. Call (202) 962-3649. ------- Notes: ------- Tires Despite the disposal problems associated with tires, they are only beginning to be recognized as a valuable resource. For sev- eral reasons, used tires are well-suited to recycling or reuse. Be- cause used tires are often stored in stockpiles, or are disposed of in large quantities by retailers who haul them by the truckload, used tires are a particularly accessible material for recycling or re-use. Also, tire components are fairly standard making them particularly suitable for recycling. Tire recycling options include retreading or recapping decent-quality used tires for reuse; us- ing whole tires for playground equipment or in reef construction; chopping, shredding, or grinding used tires and reusing the rub- ber in smaller rubber parts such as rubber mats and molded rubber objects; and mixing ground rubber from tires with as- phalt to produce rubberized paving materials. The energy value of tires is high (comparable to high grade coal) so re-use as fuel may be an option. Tire-de- rived fuel (TDK) refers to tires that have been shredded into small rubber chips that are burned in dedicated TDK boil- ers or used as a replacement for high grade bituminous coal. Facilities that may use TDF as a fuel include cement kilns, pulp and paper facili- ties, and electric power plants. I (Did You Know That... ? In 1985, only one state regulated scrap tires. As of January 1991, 36 states have scrap tire regulations. Virtually every commercial airline In the world routinely uses retreaded tires on their largest passenger planes. In 1989, 585 million pounds of tread rub- ber was used by the retread tire industry. Retreaded passenger car tires are manu- factured according to Federal safety stan- dards developed by the Department of Transportation. Tires are covered by Procurement Guideline for Retread Tires, 40 CFR Part 253, 53 FR 46558 (November 17. 1988). ------- Steel cans are one of the easier products to recycle. Yet, this re- cycling loop is often left open because people don't always recog- nize the item as recyclable steel. Steel food cans are often called "tin" cans, and not everyone recognizes that they are steel, and therefore, recyclable. Other steel products include common household items, that need little or no preparation for recycling include candy, cake and cookie tins; steel cans that hold spices and syrup; shoe polish, and car and floor wax. There are also lots of steel products used as cooking tools such as cookie cutters, cheese grat- ers, and baking pans. Included in the easy-to-recycle list of steel products are items such as book ends, trash cans and in/out baskets. These, and many other common household items can be easily recycled, and most fit into curbside bins and drop-off centers. Recognition is often a key factor in closing the recycling loop. Did You Know That... ? ]l\ All steel food and drink cans are 100% recyclable. Ill The vast majority of steel products are made with recycled steel. I The overall recycling rate of steel products In the U. S. is 68% — the highest rate of any material. Private investment and commercial recycling activity — without public funding or government mandates such as deposit laws — have achieved a steel recycling rate which averages 2/3 of annual production. The steel Industry is the single largest recycler in America because recycled steel is — and always has been — an integral Ingredient of steel production. The amount of steel recycled, instead of burled with other solid wastes, has, over the past decade, extended the life of the nation's landfills by more than three years. Steel products from food and drink cans to automobiles are recycled over and over again. Adapted from the Steel Can Recycling Institute's "Steel. Building on a History ol Recycling Leadership". ------- The term "plastic" encompasses a wide variety of resins or poly- mers with different characteristics and product uses. The most common among them include PET, primarily used to make soft drink containers; HOPE, milk and detergent bottles, and base cups on soft drink containers; PVC, which is used for cooking oil containers, and food wrappers; LDPE is used to make garbage bags and bread wrappers; PP, lids and heavy wrappers; and PS, which is used to make "clamshells" and dairy product contain- ers. The most popular plastics are HOPE and LDPE. These two together make up more than two-thirds of all plastics produced. To help the recycling effort, many container manufac- turers have begun stamping the bottoms of their recy- clable plastic containers with the recycling symbol and a number indicating the type of plastic. Con- sumers may want to con- tact the local recycler to find out which types of plastics they accept. Thirty-six two-liter bottles will make one square yard of carpeting. By the year 2000, the amount of plastic thrown away will increase by 50%. In 1989, 190 million pounds of plastic soft drink bottles were recycled — more than 28% of all soft drink bottles produced. Current volume estimates for plastic waste range from 14% to 21% of the waste stream. Plastic lumber is durable, rot-proof, weather- root, and splinter free. The availability of materials has spawned the search for new processing techniques and product uses, and new markets are expected to develop in the near future. While plastics recy- cling is not an established money-maker in many areas, plastics recycling industry is growing rapidly. Included among the many recycled plastic items now available are fences, park benches, traffic sign posts and carpeting. Steel Steel, according to the Steel Can Recycling Institute, is the num- ber-one recycled material in the world, as over 55 million tons of iron and steel were recycled in the U.S. and Canada alone in 1988. The overall market for ferrous metals is well established, and the demand for scrap metal is expected to remain steady or increase as processing technologies develop. The largest amount of recycled steel has traditionally come from large items such as cars and appliances. However, recycling of steel cans is also becoming more popular. Steel cans are easily separated from mixed recyclables or municipal solid waste using large magnets. ------- Corrugated Cardboard is the largest single source of waste paper for recycling, according to the American Paper Institute. Unlike ONP, markets for good quality, baled cardboard have historically been steady. "Did You Know That ... ? N Each ton of recycled paper saves 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space; 7000 gallons of water — half the amount required when making paper from wood pulp; 380 gallons of oil; 4100 kilo- watt-hours of energy — enough to power the average home for 6 months; and 60 pounds of air pollutants. Each year we throw away more than 4.5 tons of office paper and nearly 10 million tons of newspaper. We also throw away enough wood and paper combined to heat 5 million homes for 200 years. Making paper from recycled products can take as much as 64% less energy than It would take to make paper from virgin pulp. One press run of the Sunday edition of the New York Times uses the paper produced by about 75,000 trees. For every ton of paper manufactured from recycled papers, 17 trees are saved and 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space are saved. The process of removing ink from scrap paper is cleaner and less toxic than the process required to make paper from virgin pulp. High-Grade Paper includes computer pa- per, white led- ger paper, key punch cards, and trim cut- tings from in- dustrial paper manufactur- ers. The mar- ket for this material has historically re- mained steady, because good quality prod- uct can be used as a di- rect substitute for wood pulp. Mixed Paper is usually collected from office buildings and indus- trial plants, but can also be collected in municipal programs. Segregation is the key to success as mixed paper often has sig- nificant quantities of valuable high quality paper, but also typi- cally contains contaminate materials such as rubber bands, clay, and coatings. As with ONP, the market for mixed paper is currently soft. In considering recycling mixed paper, keep in mind the benefit of avoided disposal costs. Paper falls under the Procurement Guideline for Paper and Paper Products, 40 CFR Part 250, 53 FR 23546 (June 22, 1988). Plastics Plastics recycling is a comparatively young industry, and only a small percentage of plastics are currently recycled. However, as processing technologies are developed, plastics recycling is ex- pected to expand. ------- To meet the military specifications or the API service levels, lubricating oil, vir- gin or re-refined, must pass certain testing programs. Oil meeting the mili- tary specifications also meets the API service levels, but not vice-versa. A Qualified Products List of oil meeting the military specifi- cations is main- tained by the U.S. Army's Research and Development Center at Fort Belvoir, VA. It takes 42 gallons of crude oil to make 2V4 quarts of lubri- cating oil, but Just one gallon of used oil can be re-re- fined Into the same quality of 2V4 quarts of lubricating oil. Re-reflnlng used oil takes only about 1/3 the energy of refining crude oil to lubricant quality. If recycled, oil now Improperly disposed of by do-it- yourselfers could produce enough energy to power 360,000 homes each year. Coast Guard estimates Indicate that sewage treatment plants discharge twice as much oil Into coastal waters as do tanker accidents — IS million gallons per year versus 7.5 million gallons from accidents. Recycling used oil could reduce national petroleum im- ports by 25.5 million barrels of oil per year. Used oil is the largest single source of oil pollution {over 40%) In our nation's waterways. Oil Is covered by "Procurement Guideline for Lubricating Oils Con- taining Refined Oil", 40 CFR Part 252, 43 FR 24699 (June 30, 1988). Paper Waste paper recycling has several advantages: it provides mills with a valuable fiber source, may provide income to recyclers, and it reduces municipal disposal costs. Paper is collected in curbside programs, office collection programs, and at recycling centers. It is sorted by paper type, baled, and shipped to differ- ent kinds of mills depending on the end product. These papers are washed in big "pulpers" at the mill. Pulpers resemble giant washing machines that clean the paper and break It down into usable fibers and discards such as Inks, clays, paper clips and staples. The recycled pulp fibers are then incorporated into the standard paper-making process. Each of the different categories of paper represent a different market. Old newspaper (ONP) is one of the most prevalent materials in the municipal solid waste stream, and has historically been one of the most commonly recycled materials. In recent years recov- ery of ONP and mixed paper has frequently exceeded domestic mill capacity, and has led to a market which fluctuates greatly. ------- Did You Know That... ? Most recycling programs require glass to be sepa- rated by color. That's because the coloring In green and brown glass can't be removed. Both glass and aluminum are 100% recyclable with no loss In quality when they are melted and reformed. We throw away enough glass bottles and Jars to Mil the 1350 foot twin towers of New York's World Trade Center every two weeks. Each year, we throw away more than 11 million tons of glass. Recycled glass Is being used for new road sur- faces called "glassphalt". Using recycled glass in glass production saves about 30 percent of the energy usually required when producing glass from raw materials. En- ergy is saved because crushed glass, cullet, melts at a lower tem- perature than the raw materials used to make glass. In addition to sav- ing energy, using cullet to produce new glass re- duces the amount of noxious emissions pro- duced when creating glass from sand, soda ash, and limestone. Consumers recycle over 7% of the total glass produced annually. How- ever, glass recycling faces three specific problems. The first and probably the least of these is the low level of public awareness. Sec- ond, the requirement to separate colors of glass makes the task more complicated and, perhaps, less attractive to some people. Third, trans- portation costs can make glass recycling more expensive than conventional disposal in a landfill. Oils Re-refined oils are used lubricating oils that have been cleaned through a refining process. It can be re-refined into lubricating oil and used again as motor oil, or reprocessed and used as fuel in in- dustrial burners and boilers. EPA reviewed of a number of studies of re-refined oil, and found that all reached the conclusion that re- refined oils perform as well as virgin oils. Further, re-refining oil takes only about one-third the energy required to refine crude oil to lubricant quality resulting in a savings of both energy and natural resources. Purchasing agents should not require lubricating oils containing re-refined oil to meet any performance standard higher than that required of virgin lubricating oils. In general, engine oils are purchased using military specifications or the engine service classification system developed by the Ameri- can Petrolum Institute (API). The API service level is specified in the owner's manual of a vehicle. Oils meeting the API levels gener- ally are packaged in containers bearing the API-licensed logo. ------- Equal or reduced cost of total materials can be realized with the use of fly ash while maintaining or improving concrete proper- ties. In cases where no cost savings are realized by using fly ash, it may still be advantageous since fly ash can improve both the strength and durability of concrete. Composting As communities look for ways to divert significant amounts of organic wastes away from rapidly filling landfills, composting is becoming an increasingly popular municipal waste management alternative. Composting falls into two main categories -- mu- nicipal solid waste, and yard waste which usually is a compo- nent of municipal solid waste. Municipal solid waste (MSW) composting is a developing tech- nology that is expected to see increased use in the future. MSW composting can be developed simultaneously with recycling and refuse-derived fuel operations. Composting programs can sig- nificantly benefit other waste management operations, both envi- ronmentally and economically. Unlike recyclable items such as aluminum and glass, no na- tional markets for compost products are available. However, there are compost product outlets in many locations throughout the country. Some typical compost markets include residential for lawn and flower garden application; commercial, which in- cludes greenhouses, nurseries, cemeteries, and top-soil provid- ers; public agencies for public parks and playgrounds, roadside and median strips, and military installations; and land reclama- tion projects such as landfill cover, strip mined lands, and der- elict urban land. Glass Glass is one of the most commonly recycled materials, and the market for postconsumer glass has been historically steady. Glass is often separated by color (clear, green, and brown) to be reprocessed. Separation can take place in the household, at the drop-off center, or at materials recovery facilities by hand-pick- ers or optical separators. Glass recycling involves crushing used bottles and jars into small pieces, forming a material called cullet. Gullet is then sold to end-users who mix it with sand, soda ash, and limestone to form new glass containers. Glass crushing can take place at recycling centers, intermediate pro- cessing centers, or material recovery facilities. ------- Lead-Acid Batteries: Automobiles use lead-acid batteries, each of which contains approximately 18 pounds of lead and a gallon of sulfuric acid, both hazardous materials. Automotive batteries are the largest source of lead in the municipal solid waste stream. Battery reprocessing involves breaking open the batter- ies, neutralizing the acid, chipping the polypropylene containers for recycling, and smelting the lead and lead oxides, to produce reusable lead. Recycled lead must compete with virgin lead and markets can fluctuate greatly. When virgin lead prices are low, less recycling takes place. Another consideration in lead-acid battery recycling is potential liability associated with the storage and processing of hazardous materials. Household Batteries: Household batteries come in a variety of types, including: alkaline, carbon-zinc, mercury, silver, zinc, and nickel-cadmium. Not all household batteries are recyclable and, in fact, only those containing mercury and silver are usually marketed to end users who extract the metals. Most batteries are handled as hazardous wastes once they are segregated from the waste stream. The metals found in household batteries can contaminate incinerator air emissions and ash and cause ground water contamination through leachate, so removal from the waste stream is environmentally sound, regardless of the market value. Cement/Concrete (Fly Ash) Fly ash is "the finely divided residue that results from burning ground or powdered coal and is transported from the combustion chamber by exhaust gases." Fly ash has been used for decades in the production of durable and economical concrete. It is one of the products for which the EPA has issued procurement guide- lines [Procurement Guideline for Cement and Concrete Containing Fly Ash, 40 CFR Part 249, 48 FR 4230 (January, 28, 1983).] It comes from, almost always, coal-fired electric generating plants. The application and performance of concrete containing fly ash has been documented by both the U.S. Bureau of Recla- mation and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers since the 1940's. Over the last 40 years fly ash has been used in virtually every concrete market including highways, buildings, and tunnels. It is widely available throughout the United States, and can be purchased either in blended cement or as a mineral admixture for concrete. ------- APPENDIX A Things to Know About Commonly Recycled Materials Aluminum Aluminum Is one of the recycling leaders in the United States. Today, 40 percent of the aluminum products available Is made up of recycled aluminum. Everything made of aluminum, from soft drink cans, to sid- ing, to automobile parts can be re-melted and made into new alu- minum products. The demand for recycled aluminum is high, as it is estimated that it takes 95 percent less energy to produce an aluminum can from an existing can than from ore. And aluminum cans are only one [Did You Know That... ? In one year's time, Americans will throw away one million tons of aluminum cans and foil. Nationally, we throw away enough aluminum to rebuild our entire commercial air fleet every three months. Twenty cans can be produced from recycled alumi- num with the same amount of energy that It takes to manufacture a single can from raw materials. Recycling one aluminum can saves enough energy I to light a 100 watt bulb for over three hours. source of recyclable aluminum. Materials such as frozen food containers, residential siding, home appliances, storm doors, and lawn furniture are also recyclable. Conse- quently, aluminum is a high-value prod- uct that is the greatest revenue generator of many recycling programs. Batteries Battery recycling is a response to good market conditions (i.e., the price of lead) and to concern over the toxic components, which include lead, cadmium, and mercury, found in many bat- teries. These metals are contaminants in incinerator air emis- sions and ash, and can cause ground water contamination through leaching at landfills and composting facilities. Pressure to remove them from the waste stream is becoming more intense. Collection of batteries, however, does not constitute recycling — it is only the first step. Like other materials, battery recycling requires consistent collection and processing. However, as with other recyclable materials when markets are down recycling of batteries slows down. And yet it can be argued, that even when markets are down, batteries should be separated and collected, because disposal as hazardous waste, is more environmentally sound than landfilling as municipal solid waste. ------- The plastic debris was cleaned, ground up, melted and remolded into park benches by Hammer's Plastic Recycling of Iowa Falls, Iowa. Exxon Chemical Co. picked up most of the financial cost. Each of the six-foot benches is made out of 150 pounds of re- cycled plastic, roughly 1050 soda bottles or gallon milk jugs. Since plastic is more resistant to the corrosive beach environ- ment than wood, the new benches are expected to outlast several generations of their more traditional wooden cousins. Fort Howard In 1991, Fort Howard Corporation of Green Bay, Wisconsin agreed to recycle large quantities of outdated telephone books from Ameritech Publishing/Wisconsin Bell. Telephone books, along with other grades of waste paper, are recycled into various tissue products at Fort Howard's Green Bay mill. The recycling of these telephone books not only provides a good use for this poor quality, low grade paper, but also prevents unnecessary landfilling of bulky telephone books. Additionally, Ameritech Services, which is the purchasing branch for Ameritech and the five Bell Companies surrounding Wisconsin, have begun to purchase the recycled tissue products manufactured by Fort Howard. Purchasing these 100% recycled tissue products is what closes the recycling loop and decreases the use of limited virgin resources. o ------- SUCCESS STORIES: RECYCLED PURCHASING PROGRAMS Mary Kay Cosmetics In addition to meeting the beauty needs of women around the world, Mary Kay Cosmetics headquartered in Dallas, Texas has taken a leadership position in helping preserve the natural beauty of the world itself. Mary Kay's corporate letterhead, business cards, order forms, package inserts, publications, and some brochures are now be- ing printed on recycled paper and recycled cotton fiber. Of all paper purchased by Mary Kay for office use and printed pieces, 90% is recycled stock. Mary Kay also introduced recycled paperboard packaging in June 1990. To date, the company has used 4533 tons of re- cycled paperboard. In September 1990, recycled paperboard cartons for all skin care products debuted. This represents 45% of Mary Kay's product line (in terms of sales). In early 1991, Mary Kay introduced a promotional product bro- chure printed on a revolutionary new recycled paper stock de- signed for top quality four-color printing. Mary Kay was the first major user of this paper, purchasing 225 tons to print 6.5 mil- lion brochures. Mary Kay Cosmetics was the first major cosmetics company to introduce recycled packaging for such an extensive product line. Currently, 90% of the regular line products feature cartons made of recycled paperboard. Additionally, Mary Kay products are shipped with "peanuts" made of recycled polystyrene resins in recycled corrugated cartons. Galveston Beach In March of 1990 volunteers picked up plastic soda bottles and milk jugs off Texas beaches. Today, they're back on the beach again — this time as permanent park benches made completely out of recycled plastics. All told, twelve eco-friendly benches were installed in beachfront parks up and down the Texas coast, according to the "Adopt a Park" brochure. They are the result of a far-reaching joint effort by private citizens and the corporate community. Volunteers picked up 1345 tons of trash and debris, and a Chicago recy- cling company then sorted out 5000 pounds of reusable plastics. ------- An annual review of recycled product purchasing programs will provide useful information and should in- clude: • Data on recycled purchases in terms of volume and availability Review of the current availability/prices of products that could not be obtained Review of minimum content standards to determine whether they should be revised Survey of market developments ------- The United States Conference of Mayors and the National Recy- cling Coalition, in cooperation with EPA, are conducting a "Buy Recycled" campaign to encourage cities to purchase recycled products. The Conference of Mayors Task Force developed a technical assistance package, which contains model ordinances, information on how to find suppliers in or near jurisdictions, ar- ticles about procurement policies, and information on upcoming workshops on local government procurement. They have estab- lished a network of cities already purchasing recycled products to help other cities form procurement policies and programs. Successful solicitations of recycled products should be an- nounced to encourage other vendors to stock recycled products and to encourage other public and private purchases. Include the phrase "Recycled ..." whenever appropriate. Finally, stress the importance of closing the recycling loop by making a corporate commitment to purchasing recycled prod- ucts. The CEO, or other top official, needs to inform all employ- ees of the company's mission to buy recycled. A percentage goal can be set within e?ch category, e.g., 25% of all lubricating oils will be re-refined, or all paper products must contain 10 percent recycled fiber. The goal of the state agencies in Arkansas for the percentages of paper products to be purchased that utilize re- cycled paper steadily increases from 25% in 1992 to 60% by the year 2000. Make this commitment known to all employees through announcements, memos and/or other visible means. Monitor User Acceptance Expect resistance to using re- cycled products based on misinformation about the quality, and performance of the products available today. Acceptance is an integral com- ponent of a successful recycled product procurement program. A survey of users is a valuable tool in determining how well the recycled product is being used as well as any problems encoun- tered. It is also important to determine if the problems identified are real or reflect resistance to use. For example, a problem with copier malfunctions could be incorrectly blamed on recycled pa- per when in fact the problem is a worn or defective part. In addition to identifying problems, user surveys will also Identify successes and lessons learned. These successes and lessons should be publicized in order to educate other potential users about the quality and performance of recycled products. ------- Cooperative Purchasing Whatever you are purchasing, the greater the volume purchased, the smaller the unit cost. Cooperative purchasing is a useful mechanism for purchasing larger quantities and obtaining more favorable prices. In \fotume Ordered Un» Cewt 1991, the State of Loui- siana purchased ap- proximately $2 million worth of products with recycled content. Con- tracts awarded by the State of Louisiana are also available to most political subdivisions throughout the state. All cities, counties, and school districts are required to participate in the cooperative purchasing program in Arkansas. In addition to accessing state government purchasing contracts, local governments can work together to make cooperative pur- chases. Similarly, businesses and nonprofit organizations can make cooperative purchases. Promote your Purchasing Program One of the best methods to increase the availability of recycled products is to advertise an interest in purchasing them. During the past two years, the quantity and range of recycled paper products has increased dramatically in re- sponse to government and private demand. Promotion encourages other government and private pur- chasing agents to consider using recycled products. Promotion also serves to increase awareness of the existence of recycled products, and the importance of purchasing them. Promotion has a ripple ef- fect, and reaches far more people than the initial target audience. In implementing your Buy Recycled strategy, let existing vendors know in advance that future solicitations will include recycled requirements. Announce your program in industry, recycling, and solid waste publications; in trade association newsletters; in state or local recycling/solid waste newsletters; and in state or local listings of solicitations. ------- Handling Cost Differentials Recycled products can cost more than comparable products manufactured using virgin materials. The cost differential varies over time, and from region to region. Many factors can and do affect the cost of recycled products. They include the cost of virgin raw materials All 50 states and the District of Columbia now have laws, regu- lations or policies which favor recycled products. versus recycled raw materials; market conditions, including the state of the economy; and perhaps the most telling, public de- mand, which creates an increased supply. Despite the sometimes higher price, some government agencies and businesses regularly purchase recycled products. They use preferential purchasing mechanisms, such as price preferences, set asides, and dual bids. Price preferences allow the purchase of recycled products even if they are slightly more expensive than comparable virgin items. As a general rule, some government agencies use preferences of 10%, although some jurisdictions have preferences as low as 5% or as high as 15%. Set asides are an alternative or complement to price preferences. Arkansas offers a 10% differential for paper products. An addi- tional 1% is allowed in Arkansas for the product containing the largest amount of postconsumer materials recovered within the state. During October 1991, 93.9% of all paper contracts origi- nated by the Arkansas Office of State Purchasing contained waste paper. Louisiana offers 5% if the recycled product was manufactured, produced, or assembled in Louisiana or the re- cycled material was diverted from a Louisiana landfill. For paper products, dual track bids allow receipt of bids from both vendors offering recycled paper products as well as those offering virgin products. If a recycled paper offer is the low bid, the contract is awarded to that vendor. If a virgin paper offer is the low bid, the contract is awarded to that vendor and a contract is awarded to the lowest priced recycled paper offerers. Dual bidding will decrease as recycled paper availability is established and prices drop. ------- PURCHASING RECYCLED PRODUCTS The decision to purchase recycled products has been made. In preparation, information has been collected, needs have been in- ventoried, and specifications have been identified. Now you are ready to accept proposals/bids from vendors. Preparing a solici- tation for a recycled product is no different from nonrecycled. The only difference may be the actual specifications which should be highlighted in the solicitation in order to avoid confu- sion. Any required certifications or stan- dards of performance should also be clearly spelled out. For in- stance, certification of recycled content may be required for paper. This certification could be provided by the papermill or the vendor. A solicitation for bids for tires would! Postconsumer recovered materials content in newsprint likely require an equivalent-to-new tire warranty for re-tread tires. Sample Certification The offerer shall certify that all papers supplied under any contract resulting from this solicitation will meet or exceed the minimum percentage of recovered materials below (see definition). (Offerer should only make entries that apply to this offer.) Offerer's % Weight Minimum % Waste paper content in offset and/or writing paper 50 40 The Government reserves the right to require proof of such certification prior to first delivery and thereafter as may be otherwise provided for. under the provisions of the contract. CERTIFICATE OF WASTE PAPER AND/OR RECOVERED MATERIALS CONTENT The offerer hereby certifies that all papers proposed I to be supplied under this contract will contain the percentage(s) in the column "offerer's percentage' | above. Bidder's Company Bidder (type or print) Bidder's Signature Title Date Not every vendor will carry all types of prod- ucts. This is particu- larly true for recycled paper and paper prod- ucts which have such a diversity of product type. To maximize availability, do not use "all or none" clauses in the solicitation which require vendors to supply all products. Instead, allow vendors to offer one or more of the items covered by a solicita- tion. When the U.S. Government Printing Office makes its quar- terly paper purchases, each grade of paper required is assigned a lot number, and offerers can bid on one or more lots. This pro- cedure has allowed recycled paper vendors to participate in the bidding. This arrangement might work equally well for building insulation and lubricating oils. ------- A thorough review of existing specifications is essential in prepar- ing specifications for the purchase of recycled products. Particular attention should be paid to language that can create barriers to purchasing recycled products, or that can limit their use unnec- essarily. In general, some of the requirements to be aware of are: • Clauses that limit the materials to be used (e.g.,only virgin materials can be used); • Minimum content standards; • Aesthetics requirements which are too stringent or unnecessary; • Outdated requirements, which fail to recognize present-day standards and quality. Many state agencies have already revised specifications for cer- tain recycled products. Appendix D lists a variety of products, and the states that have specifications (at the time of this print- ing) available upon request. Rewriting your specifications may be unnecessary -- where appropriate, just borrow from your neighbor. Not all products require the same level of quality. If an item is intended as a throw-away, then it need not be made to last for- ever. In the case of paper, there are a number of paper prod- ucts, such as note pads and paper used for draft reports, which need not meet the same brightness standards or aesthetic re- quirements as letterhead or paper used in printing processes. Understanding basic recycling terminology is crucial to the de- velopment of specifications. Familiarity and understanding of the terms used to differentiate between and among recycled products can also help you to choose wisely. To help you famil- iarize yourself with these terms, a glossary has been included in Appendix F. ------- EPA Procurement Guidelines Cement/Concrete (Coal Fly Ash) Fly ash has bean used for decades to produce durable and economical concrete The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has developed standards for the use of fly ash that are updated annually It's widely available throughout the United States Fly ash can improve both the strength and durability of concrete Insulation Among the materials which may be manufactured with recovered materials are cellu- lose, fiberglass, perlite, composite board, plastic foams and boards, and rock wools. Architects/Engineers are encouraged to • incorporate EPA minimum-content standards into the insulation selection criteria; * review and advise the agency on the availability of insulation containing recovered materials; and • document rationale for deciding against using recycled materials. Oil Major studies of re-refined oil conclude that re-refined oils perform as well as virgin oils. In some cases, re-refined oils perform better than virgin oils. Paper and Paper Products Set minimum-content standards for paper and paper products containing recovered materials. Develop practical aesthetic requirements. Increase minimum content standards wherever possible Tires Ail tires, including retreads, are federally regulated. Retreads often carry the same warranty as new tires. ------- Review product requirements. For example, if the product is computer print-out paper (CPO), remember that it is used for printing drafts or data which are kept for short periods of time, and for printing data which are retained for years. Recycled CPO containing groundwood fibers (e.g., old newspaper) is suitable for drafts and short retention periods, but not for records to be retained for many years. Identify requirements which are overly stringent or unnecessary. For example, brightness requirements for office pads are prob- ably unnecessary. In addition, many brightness requirements for office stationery are higher than necessary. Determine product availability in your area. Recycled products, particularly in an area where a "buy recycled" campaign is rela- tively new, may not be as easy to locate as non recycled. Re- member, demand will create supply! With continued requests, a product which is currently unavailable, will likely become avail- able in the future. Inquiries help to assure that product avail- ability will increase. Evaluate Specifications Before purchasing recycled products, it is critical to evaluate specifications so that the product meets your needs. Developing specifications need not be a difficult or complicated task. In the case of re-refined oil, a review of the many studies which found that re-refined oil was equal to the quality of virgin oil should suffice. For many products, e.g., plastic items such as desk trays and trash baskets, it may only be necessary to retrain per- sonnel to consciously watch for and choose items with recycled labels. New paper specifications may not be necessary in order to buy recycled paper. A review of existing paper specifications often finds that a revision of existing specifications is all that is necessary. ------- GETTING STARTED End users and printers probably remember the poor quality of the recycled papers available in the 1970's, and, as a result, are reluctant or opposed to using recycled paper today. Technologi- cal advances have made high quality recycled paper as well as other recycled products available which are similar in quality and performance to products made from virgin materials. As the interest in procuring recycled products increases, it is particu- larly important to collect as much Information on the subject as possible. This is necessary In order to make cost-effective and responsible decisions. Begin the education process by discussing the specific recycled product you are interested in with recycling coordinators and other purchasing officials. This guidebook Includes some intro- ductory information on each of the major categories of recycled products. Information Is also available from state purchasing and solid waste agencies, vendors, and manufacturers. Names, addresses, and telephone numbers of a variety of Information re- sources are also included In Appendix B. Appendix C provides a list of recycling industry publications. The range of recycled products changes monthly as manufacturers introduce new products in response to demand. Staying informed of market developments either through recycling coordinators, vendors, or industry publications will facilitate the procurement process. Take Inventory After the research and fact- finding stage, there are a number of logical steps to follow in order to determine which recycled products (within a given category) to purchase. Take inventory. Determine the type and quantity of product currently used. How often is the selected product ordered? Are there any unique product specifics you should be aware of? ------- Encouraging markets for recovered materials and reducing the amount of solid waste requiring disposal is a vital part of the mission of the Environmental Protection Agency. As a part of these efforts, EPA has issued a series of procurement guidelines requiring government agen- cies to buy products made with recovered materials. The guidelines provide recommendations for implementing certain requirements ^- of Section 6002 of the Resource Con- servation and Re- covery Act (RCRA). To date, EPA has published five guidelines, designating the fol- lowing specific items containing recovered materials for procure- ment by government agencies including Federal, state and local agencies using Federal funds, and their contractors: • Paper and paper products, • Lubricating oils, • Retread tires, • Building insulation products, and • Cement and concrete containing fly ash. Once EPA issues a procurement guideline designating a specific item, procuring agencies have one year to meet the guideline's requirements. As government agencies and businesses purchase and use re- cycled products, they set an example for everyone and promote the merits of purchasing recycled products. ------- Purchasing Power According to the National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP), purchases by Federal, state and local governments ac- count for approximately 20% of the gross national product. This market share enables government agencies to exert significant influence on product supply. When businesses Join with govern- ment, the influence is even greater. Purchasing recycled products can have an incredible impact on the availability and price of recycled products. Currently, the supply is limited and the price of some products is higher than vir- gin products because recycled products are often produced by small manufacturers. Purchasing recycled products supports small manufacturers and encourages additional manufacturing. mately prices will decline as supply is increased. Ulti- Providing a Model Many government agencies and businesses are interested in purchasing recycled products because "it's the right thing to do" and helps them to project an image of concern for the environ- ment. Commitment by government, corporate, and agency management is essential to begin any recycled product procurement program. This commitment may be reflected in state laws, local ordi- nances, executive orders, and corporate management directives. Ideally, directives should include a commitment to purchase recycled products whenever it is reasonable and appropriate. This commit- ment must then be translated into ' procurement regulations and pc^IicyT^Purchasing officials may be required to revise existing specifications to include the purchase of recycled products. Each of the states in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 6 (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas) is encouraging the purchase of recycled products in one way or another. State regulations and policies vary from state to state, and this guidebook lists resource telephone numbers and addresses within each state (Appendix B) which you may contact for more detailed information. ------- WHY PURCHASE RECYCLED PRODUCTS? The recycling symbol has become increasingly familiar to all of us. However, not everyone knows what the chasing arrows really represent. Many people think that the arrows represent the buzzwords of waste minimization and recycling — reduce, reuse, recycle. Actually, the arrows represent the three necessary steps in recycling — collection, manufacturing, and purchasing. Purchasing Is the key to completing the recycling loop The number of municipal and commercial collection programs has recently increased dramati- cally. Through purchasing programs, there is a unique op- portunity to guarantee the continued success of these col- lection efforts by creating demand for products containing recycled materials. This guidebook is designed to provide purchasing officials with practical information, guidelines, resources for more information, and a glossary of recycling terms. The information presented can be used by anyone, whether you are purchasing for a government agency or a private sector organization. The purchase of recycled products promotes community goodwill as well as the conservation of natural resources. Closing the Loop It is no longer enough to separate garbage into components and deposit separated materials in a recycling bin or at the curb. Without markets, the separated cans, bottles and paper will sim- ply end up as discrete piles in the local landfill. The markets are manufacturers who use the cans, bottles and paper to produce new products. These manufacturers, in turn, need markets for their end products. By purchasing recycled products, a market is provided which is necessary to close the recycling loop. Buy- ing recycled products is a vital component of the recycling sys- tem. ------- Notes: ------- D Specifications Resource Listing for Specifications D-l State Address Listing D-5 Federal Minimum Content Standards D-7 Select Joint Committee on Printing Standards D-8 E Volume-to-Weight Conversion Table E-1 F Glossary of Terms F-l ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS WHY PURCHASE RECYCLED PRODUCTS? 1 Closing the Loop 1 Purchasing Power 2 Providing a Model 2 GETTING STARTED 4 Take Inventory 4 Evaluate Specifications 5 PURCHASING RECYCLED PRODUCTS 8 Handling Cost Differentials 9 Cooperative Purchasing 10 Promote Your Purchasing Program 10 Monitor User Acceptance 11 SUCCESS STORIES: RECYCLED PURCHASING PROGRAMS 13 Mary Kay Cosmetics 13 Galveston Beach 13 Fort Howard 14 APPENDICES A Things to Know About Commonly Recycled Materials A-1 Aluminum A-l Batteries A-l Cement/Concrete (Fly Ash) A-2 Composting A-3 Glass A-3 Oils A-4 Paper A-5 Plastics A-6 Steel A-7 Tires A-9 B Information Sources B-l U. S. EPA Procurement Guidelines Hotline B-1 Official Recycled Products Guide (RPG) B-l Peer Match Programs B-1 Electronic Bulletin Boards B-2 Region VI Resources B-3 Organizations B-4 C Publications C-l Newsletters, Newspapers, and Periodicals C-1 Selected EPA Publications C-3 Books, Guides, Directories C-5 ------- Care for Your World Buy Recycled New Orleans July 1992 Printed on Recycled Paper Inks are non-toxic Please Recycle this Booklet Instead of Discarding ------- ------- Acknowledgement This handbook was compiled by the University of New Orleans, Urban Waste Management and Research Center, under a grant from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6, Dal- las, Texas. Much of the information in this document was taken from the Great Lakes Region Waste Paper Work Group and the King County Solid Waste Division. This booklet was developed as a service to purchasing officials. Companies listed are not endorsed by U. S. EPA, nor are any exclusions intentional. In- formation contained herein was obtained from industry-wide sources. Mention of companies, trade names, products, or ser- vices is not, and should not be interpreted as conveying official U. S. EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation. This document and its contents do not necessarily reflect the position or opinions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the state agencies listed, or the university. Contributions were also made by: Mr. James Weaver Office of State Purchasing State of Arkansas Ms. Virgie O. LeBlanc Director of State Purchasing State of Louisiana Mr. Robert Musgrave Administrator Oklahoma State Recycling Mr. John Batterton Purchasing Manager State of Texas Ms. Melinda Via Office of State Purchasing State of New Mexico Compiled by: Ms. Ellen Greeney U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Dr. Carol Giffin-Jeansonne University of New Orleans Urban Waste Management & Research Center Page Layout, Design, and Graphics By: Mr. Donald D. Brown University of New Orleans Urban Waste Management & Research Center It I u !*! » I *.»•* M t. fi f t tltt i-rf- *i ------- |