DRAFT


ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

   US DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

        PERMIT  APPLICATION


 WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT ANCHIALINE PONDS
 Waikoloa, South Kohaia District, Island of Hawai'i

  US Arrny Corps
  of Engineers
  Honolulu District
March 1985

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              DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
         U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE  ARMY PERMIT APPLICATION





             WA1KOLOA BEACH RESORT ANCHIALINE PONDS





WAIKOLOA, SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICT, ISLAND  OF HAWAIM, STATE OF HAWAIM
                           PREPARED BY:





                    U.S. ARMY ENGINEER  DISTRICT





                             HONOLULU





                            MARCH 1985

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                DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT


            U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT APPLICATION
                           FILE NO. PODCO-O  1812
               WA1KOLOA BEACH RESORT ANCH1ALINE PONDS
 WAIKOLOA, SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAI'I, STATE OF HAWAI'I
     (a)   This is a Draft Environmental Impact Statement prepared by the U.S. Army
rnt;nnponrnenrS.?«Vr0 uIuuDistrict> for U'S- Department of the Army permit appli-
cation PODCO-0 1812.  In  the permit application, Transcontinental Development Co
and Atpac Land Co. request authorization under Section  10, River and Harbor  Act 'of
Innn    ST^f. ' ^ \*e  Cle™ ™aier Aci' as am^d^ to excavate  a recreational
lagoon and to fill anch.alme ponds on their property within the Waikoloa Beach Resort.
                  "6        '" C°njUnCtI°n W?th their PIans to dev*'°P ° major resort
nnH wnii-f Tc6 '*Qd T^V.V^ U'S- Army En9ineer District, Honolulu.   The Fish
and Wildlife Serv.ce of the U.S. Department of the Interior is a cooperating Federal
Qcnc*
i     (C) A £nstraut! ,'. The  aPP1!cants Proposed  to  excavate a 5-acre recreational
lagoon and fill anch.alme ponds on the Waikoloa Beach Resort in conjunction with their
imnm^rTtK^w Mhe, HXatt uR«Sency  Waikoloa  Hotel  and development of the
remamder of the Wa.koloa Beach Resort.  The proposed plan also includes a  12-acre
anch.alme pond preservation area.  The environmental consequences of the proposed
          ^T^ f° three (3) alternativ^, that differ principally  in the size oPf  he
          pond preservation area, and the no-action alternative or permit denial.
m.nt
?May
         t C°mme"ts '
       985?
                           c c°mments on this Draft Environmental  Impact State-
                                ^ Engineer District, Honolulu District Office by
Drnftpr    m°rf.inform°tion °n  the  permit application and the conten
Draft Environmental Impact Statement, please contact:

                              Mr. Michael T. Lee
                                   Biologist
                          U.S. Army Engineer District
                              Operations Branch
                                 Building 230
                       Fort Shaffer, Hawaii  96858-5440
                          Telephone:  (808) 438-9258
                                                                        of the

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                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                          Page
Cover Sheet	

Table of Contents	    "

List of Tables	
,..._.                                                   	    viii
List of Figures	

_           '                                          	    ix
Summary	

CHAPTER!.  PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION .  ...    I-I

CHAPTER I!.  ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION . . .   II-I

 1.    REGIONAL BACKGROUND	   IUI

 2.    ALTERNATIVES TO BE CONSIDERED	• •   "-1
 2.1     Alternatives Within the Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers and
        the Capability of the Applicants	•  •    "-b
 2.1.1     Issue the Department of the Army (DA) Permit for the Proposed      ^
          Action	      ",-
 2. . .1      History of DA Permit Application	      -^
 2. . .2      The Proposed Action	      "^
 2. . .3      Lagoon	      "7
 2. . A      Pond Preservation Area	      -'
 2.  . .5      Pond Filling	      '  *
 2.  . .6      Hotel/Resort	      '  *
 2.  .  .7      Public Access	      "  ;?
 2.  .1.8      Historic Sites	      -  ;?
 2.  .1.9      State and County Permit Requirements	      -  ^
 2.  .2      Issue a DA Permit for a Modified Action	      -  J
 2.  .2.1      Alternative I  -- Separated Pond Preservation Areas	     I-  -3
 2. .2.2      Alternative 2 -- Large Pond Preservation Area	     II-'5
 2. .2.3      Alternative 3 -- Applicants' Proposal Without the Swimming
             Lagoon	     \\~\c.
 2. .2.4      Economic Viability of the Alternatives	     '-15
 2. .3     Deny the Permit	•  • • •    "-20
 2.2     Alternatives Within the Capability of the Applicants but Outside the
         Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers	     -20
 2.2.1     Reduce or Eliminate Fill	     -^
 2.2.2     Siting Inland	     -^
  2.2.3     Other Coastal Sites at the WBR	     -^
  2.2.4     Alternate Development Sites  Outside the Waikoloa Beach Resort .    11-21
  2.2.4.1       Keauhou Resort	    j]-2l
  2.2.4.2      Mauna Kea Resort	     --^
  2.2.4.3      Mauna Lani Resort	     "~LL
  2.3     Reasonably Foreseeable Alternatives Beyond the Capability of the
         Applicants, but Within the Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers  .  .     11-22
  2.4     Reasonably Foreseeable Alternatives Beyond the Capability of the
         Applicants, and Outside the Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers .  .     11-22
  2.5     Environmentally Preferred  Alternative	     \\-Tl

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                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                 (Continued)
                                                                         Page

CHAPTER III.  AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT	   III-!

1.   PROJECT LOCATION	   III-!

2.   TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES	   Ill-l
2.1     Visual Elements.	   111-!
2.2    Topography and Geology	   HI-'
2.3    Soils	   1H-3
2.4    Drainage	    "1-3

3.   COASTAL FEATURES	    Hl-3

4.   OCEANOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS.  .  .	    Ill-*
4.1    Tides and Currents	    111-4
4.2    Storm Waves	    HI-*
4.3    Tsunamis	<	    "1-5

5.   CLIMATE	    IH-5
5.1    Wind	    HI-5
5.2     Rainfall	    HI-9
5.3     Temperature	    111-9

6.    AIR QUALITY	    III-9

7.    VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE	    111-1!
7.1     Vegetation	    Ill-l 1
7.2     Wildlife	    Ill-l!
7.2.1     Birds	    Ill-l 1
7.2.2     Mammals	    111-15

8.    AQUATIC RESOURCES	    111-15
 8.1     WaiuIuaBay	    111-15
 8.2     Coastal Water Quality	    111-16
 8.3     Anchialine Ponds	    111-17
 8.3.1     Hawai'i Anchialine Ponds	    111-17
 8.3.1.1       Overview	    111-17
 8.3.1.2      Hydrology	   111-17
 8.3.1.3      Water Quality	   111-18
 8.3.1.4      Aging .	   111-19
 8.3.1.5      Aquatic  Organisms	   111-19
 8.1.3.6      Future Trends  .	   111-20
 8.3.2     Waikoloa Anchialine Ponds	    111-22

 9.   HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES	    111-27
                                        in

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                 (Continued)
                                                                        Page
10.
10.1
10.2
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.3
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3
10.3.*
10.3.4.1
10.3.4.2
10.3.4.3
10.3.4.4
10.3.4.5
10.3.4.6
10.3.4.7
10.3.4.8
10.3.4.9
10.3.4.10
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS	
  Existing Economic Activity -- Hawai'i Island and South Kohala
  County Land Use Plans and Controls	
    Overview	
    The Waikoloa Project	
  Community Profile	
    Population	
    Labor Force and Employment	
    Housing	
    Public Services and Facilities	
       Schools and Libraries	
       Health Care Facilities	
       Recreational Facilities	
       Protective Services	
       Transportation Facilities	
       Solid Waste Disposal	
       Water Supply	
       Wastewater Treatment and Disposal System	
       Electrical Power	
       Telecommunications	'
MI-
HI.
HI
II!
Ill
III
111
III
 111
 111
 II!
 Ill
 III
28
28
30
30
•31
31
-31
-37
-39
-42
-42
-42
-43
-45
-45
-46
-46
-47
-47
-48
 CHAPTER IV.  ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES	    'V-l

 I.    INTRODUCTION	    IV-'
 2.    TOPOGRAPHIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC ALTERATIONS	
 2.1     The Lagoon	
 2.2     Discharge of Fill Material	    ' • -<•

 3.    ANCHIALINE PONDS	    lv~2

 4.    WATER QUALITY AND MARINE RESOURCES	    IV-5
 4.1     Effects on Coastal Water Quality	     /-^
 4.2    Potential Effects on Marine Animals	    1V-'

 5.   HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PROPERTIES	    IV-8

 6.   IMPACTS ON VEGETATION, BIRDS, AND WILDLIFE	    IV-8
 6.1    Vegetation	    \(~\
 6.2    Birds and Wildlife	    l/~y
 6.3    Threatened and Endangered Species	    IV~^

 7.   SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS	   JV-9
 7.1     Introduction	    ,!,  t
 7.2     Employment and Population Impacts	
 7.2.1     Construction Period	    V-
 7.2.2     Operational Period	    lv-

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                (Continued)
                                                                       Page


7.3     Housing Impacts	   IV-1 I
7.3.1     Construction Period	   IV-1 I
7.3.2     Operational Period	   IV-12
7.4     Other Economic Impacts	   IV-12
7.5     Social Effects and Concerns	   IV-13
7.5.1     Effects on Family Structure and Stability	   IV-13
7.5.2     Crime Impacts	   IV-13
7.5.3     Effects on Social Structure	   IV-14
7.5.4     Mitigation Measures	   IV-15
7.5.4.1     Housing	   IV-15
7.5.4.2     Maximizing Employment Benefits for Longtime Residents  .  .  .   IV-16
7.5.4.3     Other Steps	   IV-16

8.    IMPACTS ON RECREATIONAL RESOURCES AND ACTIVITY   ....   IV-17
8.1     Within the Waikoloa Beach Resort	   IV-17
8.2    Outside, the Waikoloa Beach Resort	   IV-18

9.    IMPACTS ON PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES	   IV-18
9.     The Proposed Action	   IV-18
9. .1     Transportation	   IV-18
9. .2     Potable Water	   IV-19
9. .3     Wastewater Treatment and Disposal	   IV-20
9. .4     Solid;Waste Disposal.  .  .	   IV-20
9. .5     Electrical Power and Telecommunications Facilities	   IV-20
9. .6     Public Services	   IV-2I
9.2    Alternatives	   IV-21

 10.   AIR QUALITY IMPACTS	    IV-21

 II.   NOISE IMPACTS	    1V-22

CHAPTER  V.  LIST OF PREPARERS	   V-l

CHAPTER  VI.  PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT	    VI-I

 I.    PUBLIC NOTICES AND THE SCOPING PROCESS	    VI-I

 2.    COORDINATION WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES	    VI-I
 2.1     Endangered Species	    VI-I
 2.2     Historic Preservation	    VI-2

 3.    DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT RECIPIENTS. .  .  .    VI-2-

 CHAPTER Vll.  REFERENCES	    VI1-I

 CHAPTER VIII. INDEX	    VIII-1

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                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                  (Continued)
APPENDICES

A   List of Public Recipients with Copies of Notices of Intent and Public
     Notices	
B    Correspondence Related to the Public Notices  ...<>...•

C    Endangered Species Coordination with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
      Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service	
 D    Coordination with the State Historic Preservation Officer

 E    List of DEIS Recipients	
A-l

8-1


C-l

D-l

F-l
                                         VI

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                               LIST OF TABLES
Table
11_|       Comparison of Alternatives  .................   11-19

lll-I      Selected Projections of Deep-Water Storm Waves:  Waikoloa
            Beach Resort .......................   1I]-6
III-2      Plant Species Checklist: Waikoloa Beach Resort  ........   111-13
III-3      List of Aquatic Species Found in Open Ponds on the West Hawai'i
            Coast ..........................   "1-21
111-4      Comparison of Pond Biota Surveys for the Waikoloa Beach Resort  .   111-25
 III-5      Principal Communities of Kohala  ...............   111-34
 111-6      Principal Communities of North Kona and Hamakua .......    111-35
 III -7       1970 and 1980 Census Data on Population and Demographics,
            by Area  .............  ............    1!|-36
 111-8      1970 and 1980 Census Data on Labor  Force Characteristics .  .  .  .    111-38
 111-9     Percent Unemployment in Urban Areas:  I960 ..........    111-40
 111-10    Estimates of Unemployed Since 1980  .............    111-40
 111 -II    Census Data on Housing Stock:  1 970 and 1 980  .'  ........    111-4!
                                        VII

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                               LIST OF FIGURES
ll-i
11-2
11-3
11-4
11-5
11-6
11-7

11-8
11-9

 11-10
 III-I
 111-2
 111-3
 HM
 111-5
 111-6
 111-7
 111-8
 111-9
 111-10
Kohala and North Kona Region	
Waikoloa Beach Resort Development Plan	
Location of Anchiaiine Ponds Within the Waikoloa Beach Resort.  .
Applicants' Proposal	
Proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel  Site Plan	
Proposed Lagoon Configuration	
Cross-Sections through Proposed Lagoon, Shoreline Berm, and
   Beach 	
Cross-Sections through Proposed Pond Preservation Area	
Conceptual Plan for Alternative  1 -- Separated Pond Preservation
   Areas	'  ' '
 Conceptual Plan for Alternative 2 — Large Pond Preservation
   Area	
 Existing Site Conditions	
 Flood Insurance Rate Map	•	
 Rainfall Map	
 Frequency Distribution of Wind Direction	
 Vegetation Map	
 Location of Anchiaiine Ponds within the Waikoloa Beach Resort
 Districts of Hawai'i  Island	
 Waikoloa Lands and  the South Kohala Region	
 Existing and Proposed Zoning — Waikoloa Beach Resort .  . .
 Recreational Facilities in Kohala/N. Kona Region	
11-2
11-3
11-4
11-6
11-8
11-9
 11-16

 III-2
 111-7
 111-8
 111-10
 111-12
 111-23
 111-29
 111-32
 111-33

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                                  SUMMARY
     (I)   This is a Draft Environmental Impact Statement prepared for U.S. Depart-
ment  of the Army permit  application,  File Number PODCO-O 1812.  In the permit
application, Transcontinental Development Co. and Atpac Land Co. requested authori-
zation under Section 10, Rivers and Harbor Act of 1899, and Section 404, of the Clean
Water Act, to excavate a 5-acre recreational lagoon at the head of Waiulua Bay and to
fill anchialine ponds on other portions of their Waikoloa Beach Resort properties.  The
work  would be performed in conjunction  with their plans to develop the area as a
major resort  destination complex.  A 12-acre anchialine  pond preserve  would be
created as part  of the proposed  action, and the preserve would be managed  by the
applicants.

      (2)   Purpose, and  Need  for  the  Proposed Action.  The applicants'  have stated
that  their proposed action  is coastal-dependent, that it  is consistent with  State ^and
County plans  allowing establishment of a  major resort on the property, and  that it is
an extension of substantial resort  development which has already taken place there.
They have further asserted that it would fulfill a publicly recognized need for more
employment opportunities  and increased  economic activity,  increase the range and
number of recreational  facilities available to residents of the island, and serve as a
major tourist destination.

      (3)  Beneficial and  Adverse Impacts  of  the Proposed  Action.   The resort
development  would  increase  employment  opportunities and economic activity  in
Hawai'i County  at  a time  when the decline in  the  sugar industry  threatens  to
 undermine the County's economic base. In addition,  the resort would serve as a major
 tourist destination.  This,  in  turn, would stimulate housing development and leisure
 recreational opportunities.  The lagoon would serve as a safe water recreation area
 along the shoreline.  The fill would raise the habitable structures above the estimated
 tsunami  inundation  level.   The proposed action would  result in a decrease in the
 number of anchialine  ponds,  a unique type of aquatic  ecosystem  containing unique
 aquatic organisms.  Hawai'i is one of the  few places where such  ponds are  found, and
 here they exist  only in  the Cape Klna'u area  on Maui and along  the western coast of
 the Island of Hawai'i.

       (4)   Summary of Major Conclusions  and  Issues.  The  proposed action and
 alternatives to the proposed action involve the loss of a number of anchialine ponds.
 The  proposed action and  Alternative I would both provide pond  preservation  areas
 totaling 12 acres, although the boundaries of the preservation areas differ between the
 two.  Alternative 3 is the same as the  proposed action, except that it omits the lagoon,
 thereby saving an additional  17 ponds.  Alternative  2 would  preserve a larger number
 of ponds than the proposed action or Alternatives I  or 3 by placing 39 acres of resort-
 zoned land within the pond preservation area.  Permit denial would preserve all of  the
 ponds present.

       (5)   Areas of Controversy. To be completed in the Final EIS.

       (6)   Issues to be  Resolved.   State  and County permits  and  approvals  are
 currently being sought by the  applicants.
                                         IX

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                                  CHAPTER I

              PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION
     (a)    The applicants, Transcontinental Development  Co. and Atpac Land  Co.,
propose to construct three  luxury  resort  hotels and a luxury resort condominium
project on  coastal properties within  the Wnikoloa Beach Resort. As part of the overall
approval  process, they have  requested  permission  from the  Corps of Engineers  to
excavate  a five-acre  recreational lagoon,  and to fill the  anchialine  ponds  that are
located on the development sites.  The  applicants modified their  proposal to include
the  establishment of  a  12-acre anchialine pond  preservation  area  to  insure  the
continued existence of this unique aquatic ecosystem on the  Waikoloa Beach Resort
property.

      (b)   The WBR properties containing anchialine ponds lie within the Coastal High
Hazard (tsunami) Zone as determined by the Federal Insurance Administration.  ^The
Hawai'i County Code requires elevating the lowest habitable floor of structures within
a Coastal High Hazard Zone,  so that their supporting members are above the J 00-year
base flood elevation (supporting pilings and columns may be below that elevation).  The
applicants indicated that  use of piles to-support the  large hotel structures would result
in an awkward and aesthetically unpleasing design, inconsistent  with  their efforts to
maintain a high-quality resort environment. Use  of piles for many of the recreational
facilities (tennis courts, ice rink, etc.), the parking areas, and other design components
is thought to be impractical.  Because of this, they proposed the use of fill  to raise the
ground elevation of low-lying  coastal  areas  above  the base flood elevation and to
provide flexibility in site design and layout.

      (c)   The  shoreline at Waiulua  Bay and  the rest  of  the WBR,  except  for
'Anaeho'omalu Bay, is rocky.    Also,  strong  storm waves  periodically strike the
 shoreline. These factors make water-contact recreation hazardous and the creation of
 a swimming  area and beach along the shoreline  infeasible.   Because of  this, the
 applicants propose to create  a 5-acre lagoon  and artificial  beach as  a  means of
 providing  a safe water recreation area. A footbridge would connect  the northern and
 southern  sides  of  Waiulua  Bay,  allowing continuous  public  movement along the
 shoreline.

      (d)   The  applicants indicated that the proposed action would fulfill  a publicly
 recognized need to increase employment and economic opportunities  on the  island.
 The State's Coastal Zone Management policies  recognized that  visitor  facilities are
 coastal  dependent and must be situated near the water.  The  applicants have stressed
  the need to have a shoreline  site that allows visitor facilities to be located close  to the
  ocean if they are to develop  a successful resort.
                                         1-1

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                                 CHAPTER 11

             ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
1.    REGIONAL BACKGROUND

     (a)   The South Kohala coastal area has long been recognized by State of Hawai'i
and Hawai'i County land use plans as a desirabls location for large-scale resort devel-
opment (see Figure Il-I). The Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, Keahole Airport, Kawaihae
Harbor, and the Lalamilo Water System are just a few of  the  public infrastructure
projects that have  been  undertaken to foster such development.  In conjunction with
these  government-sponsored projects,  private  landowners have begun  to develop
several large resort complexes in the region.  Aggregate private expenditures for the
resorts are estimated to have exceeded $IOO-million to date (Belt, Collins & Associ-
ates, 1985).

      (b)   Plans for  the 31,000-acre Waikoloa project were announced in the late
 1960s. In 1968 the State Land Use Commission granted Urban designation for approxi-
mately 500  acres of land bordering 'Anaeho'omalu and Waiulua Bays "to allow develop-
ment of the first phase of the Waikoloa Beach Resort (WBR).  In 1971 the County  of
Hawai'i designated the WBR as a "Major Resort" in its general plan, and initial County
zoning for the resort was granted by the County Council.  In 1977 County Ordinance
No. 265 adjusted the zoning to match revised  parcel boundaries. A Special Manage-
 ment Area Use Permit for  the entire resort makai (seaward) of the King's Trail was
 also issued in  1977. Current development  plans for the.WBR are shown in Figure 11-2.

      (c)   State- and County-approved plans  for the WBR provide for the ultimate
 development of approximately 3,000 hotel  rooms and 3,'>00 single- and multi-family
 residential units.   However, the 543-room Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel is the only
 hotel constructed thus far.  Ground-breaking for the first increment of "The Shores at
 Waikoloa" took place  in mid-1984, and initial  occupancy is scheduled for 1985.  This
 leaves slightly over 2,200 additional hotel rooms and about 3,300 resort residential
 units still to be constructed within the Waikoloa Beach Resort.

       (d)    Approximately 215 anchialine ponds are located within the Waikoloa Beach
 Resort (see Figure 11-3).  The ponds are situated on properties near the shoreline and
 extend from  the Kaniku lava  flow southward to 'Anaeho'omalu Bay. Two  large fish-
 ponds, Kahapapa and Ku'uali'i, are  located at the head of 'Anaeho'omalu Bay; they lie
 within an "Open" zoned  area that also encompasses approximately 15 of  the anchialine
 ponds. As  part of the open space zoning,  an archaeological site near  the ponds was
 restored, and a trail system with interpretive signs was constructed.  All the anchia-
 line ponds  and the two fishponds on the WBR, as well as  in the shoreline area,  are
 under the Corps of Engineers' regulatory jurisdiction.

 2.   ALTERNATIVES TO BE CONSIDERED

       (a)   The  alternatives  considered  in this environmental  impact  statement
 address the  range of  alternatives available ;o the U.S. Army Corps  of Engineers,
 Honolulu District. In terms of broad categories, they include:

       o   Issuance  of the permit as requested by the applicant;
       o   issuance  of a permit allowing a modified action; and
       o   Denial of the permit.
                                        Il-I

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                    Hahukona Harbor (
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                                         Hualalal
 Figure  11-1.  Kohala and North.Kona Region
                                              H-2
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                                                          - Ku'ualt'1 Fishpond




                                                      A; Kahapapa Fishpond
                                                             'Anaeho'onulu Bay
Figure  JI-2.       Waikoloa  Beach Resort Development Plan
                                   ii •»

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2.1.1.3   Lagoon

     (a)   If possible,  the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel lagoon (see Figure 11-5)
would be constructed using bulldozers equipped with rippers and blades.  If blasting  is
necessary,  the  size  of  Individual charges  would be limited to 100 pounds,  and they
would  be buried so that the force of the explosion is  directed  into the  rock.   A.
temporary  rock berm extending across the mouth of  the inner bay would be used to
isolate the excavation from the remainder of Waiulua Bay.  The temporary berm would
confine turbidity and sedimentation to the construction site.  .

     (b)   The lagoon would have an average depth of approximately four feet, and a
surface area of approximately 5 acres (see Figure 11-6).  Its maximum depth would be
approximately  six feet  below sea level.  The  mouth of the lagoon  would be  a shallow
basalt  shelf rather than a deep channel.  The lagoon would be designed to maintain
good water quality consistent with water-contact recreation. To accomplish this, the
natural flushing action  of the tide  and  ground water  flow would be supplemented by
pumping ground water from shallow on-site wells into the lagoon. Improvements in the
lagoon (see cross-sections  in Figure 11-7) would include a sand beach, swimming area
for resort  guests, footbridges, shoreline improvements, and other  recreational/resort
structures.  A small islet  would be created within  the lagoon area by excavating
through  a  small  peninsula of land  within the inner zone of the bay.  Creation of the
lagoon would require the excavation of up to 40,000 cubic yards of volcanic basalt; this
material would be used, together with similar material  from off  the site, to fill the
surrounding low-lying areas. If required by the State of Hawai'i, any material removed
from the state-owned land at the head of Waiulua Bay would be stockpiled for possible
reuse. No other work is planned in coastal  waters.

      (c)   The lagoon  excavation would combine about 17 anchialine ponds, having a
total water  surface area  of about 2 acres,  into the large tidal  lagoon.   Along the
seaward side of the lagoon, a revetted berm would be constructed on the existing
shoreline above the mean high water level.  This berm would shelter the lagoon from
storm  waves that occasionally overtop the  existing shoreline.   The revetted berm
would  be designed to withstand storm waves  and tsunami;  and would range in height
from 8  to 18  feet  above mean sea level.  Space would be provided for pedestrian
movement along the foot of the berm, and a landscaped and lighted pathway would  be
provided along its top (see Figure 11-7).

2.1.1.4   Pond Preservation Area

      (a)   The applicants propose to create a 12-acre "anchialine pond preservation
area"  within the Waikoloa Beach  Resort  (see Figure 11-4 and  the cross-sections  in
Figure 11-8).   When added to the  existing   I6.3-acre open space area  around the
'Anaeho'omalu Bay  fishponds, this new  anchialine pond preservation area  would bring
 the total  pond preservation area within the  WBR to over 28 acres.  The  new pond
preservation area that is  proposed contains  approximately 63 ponds  having  a total
water surface  area  of about 3.4 acres.  A  buffer zone would be maintained around the
preservation area  to  protect  the  ponds from  potentially  harmful effects of the
proposed resort activities.  No habitable structures would be constructed in the narrow
strip between  the preservation area and the  shoreline.  However, walkways,  shaded
rest stops, and landscaping incorporating coastal strand vegetation may be  developed
 within these areas.  The buffer zones around the pond preservation  area would be equal
 in  width to  the height of the  buildings on the adjacent land to  minimize any pond
shading or wind barrier effect.
                                       M-7

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                              8-1!
!
HYATT REGENCY WA1KOLOA

1AWTON, UMEMURA &YAMAMOTO
ARCHrrEcrs. AJA. INC

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     (b)  Fill surrounding the pond preservation areas would be graded or sloped to
prevent any stormwater containing petroleum products or other polluting chemicals
from flowing directly into the ponds.  Curbing or other means would be used to convey
stormwater  runoff  from paved areas away from ponds.  The stormwater would be
disposed of on lands to the side of the pond preservation area, or into injection wells
sufficiently  removed from the ponds to  avoid harmful contamination of the ground-
water  flow entering them.  Petrochemicals or other potentially hazardous materials
would  not be stored Immediately adjacent  to the pond preservation area.  Features
such as containment dikes around fuel storage tanks and sloping fueling areas would be
incorporated into the design of structures  to minimize the possibility of accidental
chemical spills affecting the ponds.

     (c)   As now envisioned, the pond preservation areas would be managed by the
applicants to provide a continued habitat for anchialine pond organisms, and to allow
educational, research, and public informational  use of the ponds.  Water  quality and
the status of anchialine pond biota would be periodically monitored to detect  changes
in pond health. If an unnatural declining trend is noted, action by the applicants would
be taken to determine the cause of the decline.  If surrounding development appears to
be responsible,  reasonable and practicable corrective  actions  would be taken  to
protect oraanisms or to insure the continued existence of the habitat.  The applicants
and the Corps of Engineers are currently exploring management structures  which could
best  achieve  these  long-term  management goals.  A management plan^ would  be
approved by  the Corps.  The management plan and the need for the anchialine pond
 preserves would be reviewed by the Corps  after  20 years  and  every  five years
 thereafter.  No specific arrangements for pond management have yet been concluded.
 Discussions  between the applicants and the Nature Conservancy and other organiza-
 tions  aimed at securing a long-term management agreement for the pond preservation
 area are continuing.

 2J. 1.5  Pond Filling

       Anchialine ponds within the Waikoloa Beach Resort that are outside  the designa-
 ted preservation area and not within the area to be excavated for the lagoon would be
 filled,- approximately 12,000 cubic yards of rock of volcanic origin would be used for
 this purpose. Additional  fill would  be  used to raise the ground elevation within the
 Hyatt site  and  other  coastal areas above the base flood  elevation of  the  100-year
 coastal flood (tsunami) as specified  in the Flood Insurance  Rate Map (Federal Emer-
 gency Management Agency, May 3,  1982) and the County Flood Control Ordinance.  In
 the case of the Waikoloa Beach Resort shoreline, the highest base  flood elevation
 shown on the FIRM map is  approximately 8 feet  above mean sea  level. The fill is
 exempt from testing under  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Section  404(B)(I)
 guidelines,  because it is the  same naturally occurring  material  which forms  the
 bottoms and sides of the anchialine pools.

 2.1.1.6   Hotel/Resort

       The Hyatt Regency WaiKoloa Hotel facilities that would be constructed partly or
 wholly atop  filled anchialine ponds include the Deer  Park Tower, a health spa and
 tennis courts, restaurants an!d a shopping village, automobile  parking, and the hotel's
 main lobby,  meeting  areas, and  ballroom.  Site-specific  development plans are not
 available  for the other  parcels within  the  project  area.   However, those  parcels
  already have hotel and resort condominium land use designations from the County, and
  the roadways and infrastructure necessary to support the uses are largely in place.
 Hence, it is reasonable to presume  that they would eventually be developed for their
  designated uses, as shown on Figure
                                        11-12

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2.1.1.7   Public Access

     Public access to the shoreline would be provided along an easement adjacent to
each of the development  sites.   Public  parking  for  right-of-way  users  would be
provided close  to the head of each path near the resort entrance road. Public use of
the existing shoreline trail would continue to be permitted as required by the County
of Hawai'I.

2.1.1.8   Historic Sites

     In response to a request from the State Historic Preservation  Officer (SHPO),
the applicants propose to preserve the archaeological features within  the Waiulua Bay
Settlement complex located near the shoreline along the northern side of Waiulua Bay.
This includes  portions  of  the, ancient  Hawaiian trail  which  passes  through  the
settlement complex.  The applicants  would also provide signs identifying the complex
and its previous use. The applicants have also stated their Intention to preserve  the
archaeological  and historic remains  within the "Kantku Settlement Group" and  the
"Nawahlne Settlement Group", two other previously identified complexes  along  the
coastline north of the  Hyatt site.   The  applicants and the  SHPO are continuing
discussions  on how best to  manage other  archaeological sites  found within  the
remainder of the project area.

2.1.1.9  State and County Permit  Requirements

      (a)   The issuance of a Department  of  the  Army  permit would not  negate or
satisfy the  applicants' need to obtain the necessary State  of Hawai'i and County of
Hawai'i permits and approvals.  To proceed with the proposed action, the  applicants
must  obtain a change  in  County Zoning, Planned  Unit  Development permits,  a
shoreline setback  variance for the Hyatt, a Special Management Area permit,  and
building permits, among others. State and County  permits and approvals necessary to
construct the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel, as well as many of the  approvals needed
to develop the other sites within the  project area,  are being sought concurrently with
the Corps permit.  The applicants must also satisfy the County's requirement regarding
the  provision  of adequate, affordable employee  housing.   A Federal Coastal Zone
Management consistency statement is needed from the State of Hawai'i Department of
Planning and Economic  Development prior to issuance of  the DA permit.  The DA
permit would  contain the provision  that all  necessary State and County permits be
obtained by the applicants prior to starting construction.

      (b)   To  construct the outer  portion of the proposed lagoon, as well as to build
the two pedestrian bricks that would cross the lagoon,  a  Conservation District  Use
Permit from the State o; Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources would be
required. The applicants have i --dicated they would forego this part  of the project  if
processing the CDUA applicatic.-i would delay the start of construction.

2.1.2   Issue A Permit for a Modified Action

2.1.2.1   Alternative 1 —Separated Pond Preservation Areas

      Alternative I differs  from the applicants' proposal in that there are separate
pond preservation  areas, rather than one area, so that ponds are preserved  in more of
the development sites (see Figure  11-9).  The  preservation  areas incorporated in  this
alternative encompass approximately the same total area as that  in the applicants'
proposal, but the  number  of ponds preserved is reduced from 62 to 55.  The total
                                      11-13

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surface area of the 55 ponds  Is about 3.8 acres.  Under this alternative, the Hyatt
Regency Walkoloa Hotel site would have less parking and fewer tennis courts than the
applicants have proposed, and  the luau area would be completely eliminated.  Provi-
sions for historic preservation,  pond management, shoreline access, public parking for
the  beach  rights-of-way, and  other development  features would  be essentially the
same as for the applicants'  proposed action. The Income that would be derived from
economic use of the preservation area would be foregone.

2.1.2.2   Alternative 2 — Large Pond Preservation Area

     (a)   As  depicted in Figure  11-10, this alternative would include  the establish-
ment of an anchialine pond preservation area nearly 39 acres in size.  The preservation
area contains approximately 122 ponds having a total .water surface  area of about 6.6
acres.  The  management of the pond preservation area would be the same  as that
outlined for the proposed action.

      (b)  As  compared  to the plan proposed by the applicant, the site intended for
the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel would be substantially smaller.  There would be no
room  for the  Deer Park  Tower,  the southernmost and smallest  of the three hotel
towers. Also, the hotel parking area would have to be reduced in size, fewer tennis
courts  could be built, and the  health spa facilities would have to be  redesigned and/or
 relocated. The last 500 feet of the existing entrance road would be abandoned, and no
shoreline condominium development would be possible.  Development on Sites 10 and
 12 could proceed in essentially the same  fashion as proposed by the applicants.  The
 same  historic preservation efforts  would be made as for  the applicants' proposal,
 except that  several additional archaeological sites (mostly trail segments and cairns)
 would be preserved by virtue of  their incorporation within the pond preservation area.
 The income  that could be derived from economic use of the preservation area would be
 foregone.

 2.1.2.3   Alternative 3 — Applicants' Proposal Without the Lagoon

      (a)  This alternative is  virtually identical to the applicants' proposal as depicted
 in Figure  11-4, except that authority  to excavate  the proposed  recreational lagoon
 would  be denied.  This would  mean that an estimated  17 additional  ponds with a total
 water  surface area of about two acres would be preserved.  Many of the features of
 the applicants' proposed  resort  complex  related to the lagoon such  as boat  docks,
 waterside restaurants, swimming area and beach, etc.,  could not be constructed.

      (b)   The applicants have  stated  that the  absence  of a swimming lagoon and
 beach  would  greatly handicap efforts  to create a viable  resort  hotel on  the site
 proposed for the  Hyatt.  Waiulua Bay does not have a broad sandy beach comparable to
 that found at 'Anaeho'omalu Bay to the south.  The shoreline  is rocky, and recreational
 swimming in coastal waters by visitors  unaccustomed to such an environment  could be
 both unattractive and hazardous.  This would make the marketing of resort facilities
 on the site difficult.

 2.1.2.4  Economic Viability of the Alternatives

       (a)   In a letter dated March 7, 1985, the  applicants indicated  that modifications
 to the proposed design of the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa  Hotel  that decrease the diversi-
 ty of activities and/or the developable  area of that project,  would seriously affect the
 viability of both the Hyatt hotel project and  the other planned  development on the
 WBR sites for which a DA  permit has been requested.
                                        1-15

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II-I6

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    (b)   According to the applicants:

         The growth of the visitor Industry on the Big Island has lagged behind
    the growth experienced by the islands of Kpua'i and Maul due, in part, to
    the K of  Identity for the Big Island and inadequate promotion.  Vis.tor
    statistks show that the Hyatt Regency Maul, with a vast range of  amen.-
    5 es exceeding that offered by any other hotel In the State, was an  instant
    sLcceiand tlday ranks as the most successful hotel  in the Hyatt chain.
    TWs success was not at the expense of other hotel properties 5 at Kef anapal u
    Thlie maintained their occupancy rates In spite of  the addition  of  this
    large new neighbor.
(c)
          The applicants believe that the Big Island suffers in comparison with Maul


                s^^^^^^^
       featuring &od from all over the world, a museum featuring art, acts from the
        of the Pacific Basin countries, and indoor and outdoor recreational facilities
of all types.
     (d)    In-house  design  and 'financial  analyses  conducted by  the
convinced them that it would be necessary to construct a minimum of  ,200 rooms ,
order to support  the necessary range of amemt.es.   To accomphsh  ail this with no
buUdinc exceeding six stories in height  and with ample  open space  surroundmg  the
ho e £ abated* he lo-acre site around Waiulua Bay.  The creation of a lagoon with its .
owr .teach; establishes a water-orientation for the project which is cons.dered critical
for the success of resort hotels in Hawai'I.

      (e)   The applicants  feel that:

      The  Hyatt  Regency  Waikoloa  would add "critical mass" to the  Waikoloa
      Beach Resort and increase the visibility of the entire project   This would
      lead to  increased  occupancy  for the  Sheraton Royal  Wa.koloa Hotel
      because of  increased "things to do" at  the resort.  It would also  g.ve world-
      wide recognition  to Waikoloa  and expedite further  development.  Many
      millions of dollars have been spent on the resort's infrastructure, '"eluding
      roads,  water, sewer, etc., but the slow rate of development has  made the
      nroject uneconomic  to this point in time.  The Hyatt  hotel will accelerate
      further development and thus  is crucial  for the econom.c  buildup of the
      Waikoloa project.

      (f)    Transcontinental  Development  Co. and  Atpac Land  Co. have  made the
  following statement regarding the economic requirements of the proposed project:

      The economic viability of the  Waikoloa Beach Resort project depends to a
      substantial degree  on  the  highest and  best  economic  use  of Waikoloa s
       oceanfront property.   The successful econom.c model for the Wa.ko loa
      Resort assumes that all land fronting the ocean is in fact put to ,ts highest
       and best  economic use so as to  add this financial credibility to justify
       Waikoloa's high infrastructure costs  and costs of landscaped  open space,
       Including golf  courses and parks.
                                        11-17

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    A.  Small developable land parcels will result in onacceptably high dens-

        ties.
     the Resort project economically unfeasible.



.,„ S^&~ JK3«










                                                         — - "











 economic considerations, the environmental  differences of ™e^bove a '    }   This
 native pond preservation strategies (as  well as the «ny-PermiT alterna
 evaluation is detailed in Chapter IV and summarized in Table I!-!.
                                      11-18

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 2.I-3  Deny the Permit   •      „ ~~"-  " -  n-'^-
 2.2
ALTERNATIVES WITHIN THE CAPABILfTY OF
OUTSIDE THE JURISDICTION 5?i^ COW*
                                                       m rr
 2.2.1   Reduce br Eiimfnote Fill

2.2.2   Siting Inland


^'w^r-^rf^^
Makaha, on Oahu, is one of tte few D aces !n thl ^f t  ^ °S C°QStal dePe
                                    "

2'2-3   Other Coastol Sites at the WBR

                              11-20

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operaton
fettina of
       ^
                                                                   to its maximum
                                                    500-room facility.   Finally  a
                                                      i 0 just north o/the SheraVon'
                                                    to expand the existing Sheraton
                                                  and/or  the extraordinary natural
                                             strongly believes that the development

                                          not have the
 2.2.4
       Alternate Development Sites Outside the Waikoloq Beoch R«
 Wc0'a
 the Big Island.  Further, the applicants have indicated that the development plans and
 marketing approaches of the Keauhou Resort, the Mauna Lani Resort, o "the Mauna

 expect  hem^ unH Tt1**^ Wl? thel[- °bJectives' a^ that it is unreasonable to

 fnTtead.   Soweve?  tne C«rn< °C '°P ^hlch  ^u^ h°Ve pr°P°Sed at another resort
 development^ aTternativel    P     En9'neerS  ^ revleWed  the followin9  off-site
          ln °ddition
                         the Waikoloa Beach Resort, there are three other areas on
2.2.A.I   Keauhou Resort
                                     11-21

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&#\. accommodate  a
f^ Waikoloa Hotel. ,
-•>•&! substantially more .„„„
     are of ten overcast, with
   2.2.4.2    Mauna Kea Resort Area
                           •
                                                                   Hyatt Regency
                                                                  located receives
                                                             re9ion> «* afternoons
P Inn
                                                             resort projects in South
          , and 40 condominiums (the Villas) and 65 .innf0? Wtructed there in the mid
     North and South) were wba^tty---                      (The
     "major resort" on the Hawaii County
     received State Land Use CommHX
     single-and multi-family res^ Sl
     Highway. The plans call for coitrultion
     to that of the existing  M£ ?K^a Bead1
     c-ed at a small, super-luxury market,

    2.2.4.3   Mauna Lani Resort
                                                            f,*t, is desi9™ted as a
                                                          "' ^AL' Inc' has rece^'x
                                                            h°,tel and 70° to '»°°0
                                                       ftdLes of Queen Ka'ahumanu

                                             ^    UAL ^VT ° ,market simllar
  end | h           opro^^^       ~7". °f the app.icant, property
  res.dential units.  Presently, only the 350 room f      M   r°?ms  and 3'200 res°rt
  luxury resort condominium apartment units hov^ KUXUI"y MT° Lani Ba>' Hotel and 80
  that  the remaining hotel  ^rtllfaf^^^S***- The applicants feel
  accommodate their development plans unless ^h^K tL?ni.+Resort Qre  too small  to
  consolidation were possible%wo sftes  minhf L ^      ' Slt^ Were co™olidated.  If
  that proposed for the WBR?' Th2 'f i It a^asurroun^l enOU|h f°r a pr°]ect the slze of
  anchialine ponds along the shoreline  Tte SrnnT   Pauoa Bay and also contains some


  ^Xte-^^-i^
   Engineers has  no  authority
   objectives as those which
                                                                   the  Corps  of

                                                               *°™
           ENGINEERS
                                        THE JURISDICTION OF THE CORPS
   the                   oson
   To the Corps' knowledge, no othfr
   cch,eve ,he same purposes as
                                                            h
                                                 °cc.omP!lsh »he same objectives
2.S  ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE

     No environmental,, preferred a.ternative has been identified ot this time.
                                    11-22

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                           AFFECTED ENV1RONMFMT
 I.    PROJECT LOCATION
of t JG|li
F aure MO
         '
                        ?eachuResort WBR) is located in the South Kohala District
              Th  M      "^ £* n°rt.hern boundar>' °f the North Kona District (see
              Th*Ma.una Lan *esPrt JS Just  to th* north.  Most of the land along the
                             by the state of Hawaii1'                        9
 ™A oh-  i-The pr°/ect. °r.ea encompasses almost all of the parcels containing shoreline
 and anch.alme ponds within the WBR from the head of Waiulua Bay south to 'Anaeho'^

                          PT?Ximately °ne-hdf °f the resort's total shorelin* «reage
              h            The project  area does not include the preservation parcel
-       ntA   KP,°Pa ,^1 ^H?1,"  «*hponds which are located in back of  the sandy
 beach at 'Anaeho'omalu Bay.  The fish ponds and anchialine ponds in this parcel  are
 DA  ™m'*n-    re9^°tory jurisdiction, but no development or other action requiring a
 DA  permit is proposed for this area.


 2-   TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES

 2.1   VISUAL ELEMENTS


 nnrtinn0> f  S^ f^J* ^°™cter\zes much of  the Waikoloa Beach Resort.  A  large
 Beach R^lr? '   ?f   acreage consists of grassed areas that are part of the Waikoloa
              9°If Bourse.   The  project area  consists  of the  land  near  the coast
been deveoped
                °f the,Waik°!oa Be-h Resort is on the KanikO lava  fow; it ' rough
                  Unre!'eVed by any Ve9etation except where the WBR golf course has
      (b)   The golf clubhouse, the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel complex the caved

        aVeadS' T^ T^ °TS> and ihe ^ COUrse  are the only man-made
                 ,    6 ^l*  ^ ^ of  the Kohala Mountains, HualSIai, Mauna
wh   H i     •-   °\?re the PrinciPQl  background features.   During very clear
weather, Haleakala on Maui can be seen on the horizon.

2.2   TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY


                                            n°rthern  side  of  Waiulua Ba/ south to
   u,t     o                     L                                 s
pahoehoe lava and covers the entire Waikoloa Beach Resort. The younger KanikD fava
               " °f '^ '^ °nd HeS On tOP °f the p5h°eh°e ^om'the Lad of Wai±a
                                     III-!


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               k* sHwIrf.»r4 t~*^*L  'r*Jf lit JJ-l'iv^ fvs
*i* —r*L*»^V <*«-^ * »^»»^p «• •• »* • f •• ^
iSfM^^^r^
                                                                          .
                                                                      during high tide.  At
                                                                                        '
f r- . v€-Sr^ii-M*3KW,cr'-jr«"S»ng iromiI»fO.3,teet.IB denth.'sft +hn* I* fn^m> -«-. !„._-	*	
                                                                                   .
                                                                   it forms one large water
                                                                      s-,: .:..• •
                                                                       -
                                                            that separate It from the outer
                                                          bay is less than five feet and the
                                                                          ™™'™
      ;-.—T.;?.  T ,"«—•-•""«•••• ."•••••"• Tiuid 111 ilK
      "!.ico_n?lsts primarily of smooth basalt r
      md-ionlthe ;bottomi8-Rn«ni+"^«kw-i-;'v
•• .^-r.  .  •''."&_   n<"*PAMnr?OAnt_nr» A»I_IAI-I A 
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   ?•• .  .,- • 3. .• <-^. ">* ~l|yi|iw«ring«'inc«lCD*r*»mK«i»:s-IOfl/.\i«crr*-"-*'V~--.t^. ."'•'• **1*WI *  were
   ^^hroughout:^^                                            data from
                                                                                "
                                                                                           •m
                                                                      of the site are
                                                                 ,  vln general, such
                                                                 .periods of 6 to 12
                                                                years, wave heights
                                                   .,---. ---n_" •••••/..Corps of Engineers.
                                                   ^Pves^onoccaslon; for example
                                                   A, «*'« seconds were recorded at
                                                              observation of
             "^rt^sl^                          ^e tsunami of (»<
    	Beach ResorJ^fo? whlch^a n^^l  Kailua-Kona, the points closest to the
  runup was 12 feet above mean low, low wnt-r (fin?wt  At |
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                                                               .Wdkoloa Bcoch Resort

3*Ms^;- V" "^vc** i* •>.«*! y^-' i • •,•* tvt  «, .-; •*• .•  ,
         Source of Wave;- ^!v
y^vg-^/- .,",-'>^!
• --. •••..-.' ;.£ft«f&S
.'.. "Height :*^;'^
•'• •: (feet) '•"•"" •;?.
•'•,•'•-•• , '•*'•".
10
15
20
25
30
17
27

^^^P^^^fel^/^:
rflFpeVioo^EM-
"(Seconds) -• i
. . .• ..; "".'.'• '" • . *
I2&20
I2&20
I2&20
I2&20
122,20
19
12
''''%&."• '•"•:-''" •
:.^~':r '.''' :'- '
Direction

West and NW
West and NW
West and NW
West and NW
West and NW
SW and W
SWandW
Estimated
Return
Period
(years)

I
1
2-10
10-25
25-50
10-30
50
        NOTES:

        (!)   The heights are presented as "significant  wave heights,  I.e., the average of the
             highest one-third waves."

        (2)   Estimated return periods are based on an inspection of  published frequency-of-
             occurrence data, which  are  limited and qua:;tiative in  nature for storm wave
             events applicable to the study area. No new or additional statistical analysis was
             undertaken; hence, the return periods are very approximate.

        Source: Sea Engineering, Inc. (December 1984:28).

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       te*it w
Source: State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Report R34
                                                              mimm
                   Figure III-3.  Rainfall Map
                               •. I1!?? Js*fe; ••

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^reverses ana oecomes an oirsnore breeze
Prevailing northedsteriy^rade^
l^^^^J^^^                                      the saddle
-• k«.*...*V  »u  i> u I r »i  "~~*:  ?.;""*:**•» yv-»»/*s»»Hiy»;.uiwwjng aown irom  me  saaaie
^between the;KohaIa.Mountains;^.d M^yna .Kea do.:red(^;''the^shorellne under certain


        MI 'i "-'»."" •.—r  	~ .-;,....- ... .he area is depicted Jn the wind rose shown in
      _ 111-^The wind rose Is based on hourlylwlnd data (3,785 hours) collected  at the
 Mauna Kea Beach Hotel In 1967 and analyzed  by  Morrow (February 1979).  The data
 clearly indicate an east-west dichotomy, and a closer examination reveals that the
      ;VT wMmu?60*6^1^ •occ!ir d.urln9 the ni9ht, early morning, and evening  hours,
       the WNW-West winds predominate during the daytime.

 5.2   RAINFALL

      The Waikoloa Beach Resort is located along the island's leeward coastline.  Long-
 term records show it to  be one of the driest areas in the state. Based on rainfall data
 collected  over a 36-year period at the National  Weather Service station at  Puako
 (about five miles north of the  WBR), the rainfall  at  the resort averages about nine
 inches per  year (Boise Cascade Home and Land Corp.,  1976:166).  The majority  of the
 rain which does fall occurs during the winter.

 53   TEMPERATURE

      Although the resort area  is quite dry and sunny, the temperatures along the
 shoreline are typically mild. Daytime highs above  88 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and lows
 below  63 degrees F are rare.   The  mean annual  temperature is 78 degrees F, with
           small daily and seasonal  fluctuations  (Boise  Cascade Home and Land  Corp.,
  6.   AIR QUALITY

       (a)   The closest continuous State Department of Health air quality monitoring
  fl°jjon '* Ioc.?cd 'n H'Io» some 60 miles to the east. Only total suspended particulates
  (TSP) and sulfur dioxide are measured, and in 1983 both State and Federal ambient air
  quality standards for these were met. A  second monitoring station (which  measured
  only TSP) was maintained at Honoka'a, also on the windward  side of  the  island, for a

  o^rn^ I"   tStQ+lIOr Wa*lCl°Sed ^ i981' bUt reC°rdS fr°m the yearS durin9 Which it
  operated indicate that both State and Federal ambient air quality  standards for TSP

  n,?tneJ  T9 men f»herf *" Wel'r Levels Of nitroaen oxid* 
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Figure 111-4.  Frequency  Distribution o!  Wind Direction
                  NNW
NNE '
           NW
   WNW
   wsw
           SW
         NE
               ENE
                                                        - E
               ESE
         SE
                  SSW
 SSE
Notes:

Based on data gathered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for March
through December 1967 and compiled by J.W. Morrow.

Center value indicates percentage of calm time.
                             III-IO

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7.   VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE
     ; VEGETATION
rc  *   u   ™             (1 977, Ausfl9stembe984a&b) and Earthwatch
September  1984) surveyed the aquatic and terrestrial vegetative communities on the
site of  the proposed Hyatt Regency  Waikoloa Hotel and around the WBR's anchialine
ponds.   The  information  contained In theirj reports, '-together  with aerial  color
photography of the coastal portions of the resort, provides a basis' for  characterizing
the vegetative communities throughout the project area. Four natural cover types are
present:  (I) Kiawe Woodland,  (2) Coastal Strand, (3) Marsh, and  (4) Barren Lava
(undisturbed and  largely unvegetated lava surfaces).  The approximate location  and
extent of these natural cover types, as well as areas that have been landscaped  and
cleared during development of the resort, are shown on Figure 111-5. The plant species
present outside the landscaped areas are  listed in Table Hl-2.  Oceanic Institute  and
Earthwatch  have  identified several endemic plant species in the Barren Lava, Coastal
btrand, and  Marsh communities. These communities, and  the species which comprise
them,  are found  in numerous similar locales throughout Hawai'i.  No plant species
listed on the Federal  list of threatened and endangered species were observed durinq
the course of the  field surveys.

     (b)  The Coastal Strand  community is more sharply defined than the other
communities because it  is generally limited to  areas covered  by coral  cobble  and
coarse sand  along the shoreline of the resort. The indigenous plants growing along the
shoreline are naupaka-kahakai,  hinahina,  nena,  'akulikuli, 'Shelo-kai, and  'aki'aki.
'Akuhkuli is the most frequently observed shrub, and nena and naupaka-kahakai are the
most prominent beach plants.

     (c)  The Marsh community is found in and around some of the  anchialine ponds,
but some ponds have virtually no vegetation near them.  Where  anchialine ponds  are
located close to the coast, the Marsh and Coastal Strand communities intermix.
bedges and rushes are commonly found in combination with grasses.  Widgeon grass is
abundant  on the  bottom  of some  ponds.  The Marsh  community contains more
indigenous plant species than the other community types.

     (e)  The Kiawe Woodland  community is closely associated and overlaps with the
Marsh  community because they  are  both  dependent upon  the. brackish water in  the
anchialine ponds.  As its name  implies, kiawe trees  are  the dominant plant in  this
cover type,  towering over, and often crowding out, other plant types.  Exotic species
dominate this community. However, noni and beach naupaka are also found here.

     (f)  Areas identified as 'Barren Lava" cover type actually contain scattered
grasses and forbs.  These grow in soil  accumulated in tiny crevices, and typically cover
a very small percentage of the surface.  Of the 14 species of plants recorded in  this
community,  three were endemic to Hawai'i and one was indigenous to the Pacific.

7.2   WILDLIFE

7.2.1    Birds

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Figurellll-Si^Vegetation Map

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'CRAWNEAE(Gr'o1i FornUyJ
 ^3,f»Vm»li« V*- * .*"T •» 'V" .-T- •;."••£;. I i"*wS?-
 CyPERACEAE (Sedge Fomlly)?PS
j^r^Tr-Tr-r.^^p4^ -  • <•.-.-  ;'.;/---:-oS%^-^-;-^,r;,r:-:,;-S^'- .V.;-;;;•,. ,  .  •;.,..
P^^y^°^ff':;''"' '^-M^^                          .M
|'wcoTVLEDOf4eAE';-'4;is^!^^>:X.v  .-  ''•.:   >^//.^rr#^'?^'^                      •  • "•.
|P^^^|rv;;|^S||j;i|    -:>
                         ^L).yL.- -'i;.v; .'•  ;••'     .-~i' 'Akuiikull; seapursione. '•" •.  ;;.... ..' '..,^::.r.':'
H&V P»i"lo^ oTereeeoU..K.: ;^.: . ',  •'   • '"'- -f'\,,.C.^'v0?;;.^Ur*l:a?f!'*';•' '
^CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PinkFamily)  ';           :  ':'?:.A"^;<-?;:^r i"'•.--•'"•
^?: sperouig spp. ;.^L^fe:..>.;;: :.'/..;-::; :;•-..  h":.^;^:-.-;^" " .
v_? PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family)
W^'Jf'i Aroemona qloueq Pope •;;- • /•   .  '      '•

^CAPPARACEAE (Coper Fomlly)
SPi. Copporls iondwlehlonq vor. zehoryl Deo. & Deg.

 §''IJEGUMINOSAE (Pea Fomlly)
   •'*? Projopls pollldo (Humb. i Bono!, ex Wllld.) HBK
8&wv                   "••
t--c EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family)
   Lj''j Euphorbia  prostroto Alt.

»>,5 MALVACEAE (Mallow Fomiiy)

^?i" TTyipeslo  populnea (L.) Solond. ex Correa
tf£%"?,-.; Hibiscus tiliocem*    '. • . ' •

i^'STERCULIACEAE (Cocoa Fomlly)
$.,<•! t: Wollherlo indlco vor. emefleono (L.) R.Br.

fc BORAGINACEAE (Heliotrope Family)
 S>j, '/. Hellotroplom onomolum H. i A.
 ";>\'». Heliolrepium curotsovicum L.'
  i,'-.Jv Messefsehmidio~orqenteo.lL.tJ Johnston
  i  fi	—	i— ,     ^^ _  _
 ^-' SO.ANACEAE (Nightshade Fomlly) ' .v.;;-
 jj" >'-., Lvcium sondwleense Cry   "... .',-.•-•
 ^•-t—'	.-...•  •-.•••-.•-.   .
 B*:' SCROPHU-ARIACEAE (Flgwort Fomlly)
 ^t..'.  „	1 mennl«rla(t.JWetlst.   ,,
                                                 Prickly poppy? poo-kola
                                                . :V. i ":;t-f:';^^:;':;/V •.
                                                 Native caper; puo-pllo


                                                 Mesqultet klaw*


                                                 Prostrate spurge
               (Coffee Fomiiy)  . •'
    "'.- ' Morlnda eltrlfolia L.

    GOOCeNflACEAE (Noupako Fomlly)
       Sc°evola toe coda (Goer tru) Roxb.

   ., COMPOSITAE (Sunflower Fomiiy)   '
      • Plueheo odorolo (L.) Cou. ,•:.  •.. i
   • •;.*. Sonchus bleroceuj L>
       '
                                                  Milo} portia tree
                                                  Hou   .        .
Woltherlpj hPaloha;'uhaloa


Hinohina-ko-kahakal' ."• ",'  . _';.
Nena; seaside heliotrope '
Tree heliotrope


•Ohelo-koi     '       '  '


Water hyssop


Nonlj Indian mulberry


Beach noupokaj noupaka-kahakal .


 Pluchea; sourbushj Indian pluchea
 Sow thistle; pua-lele  .,•.>';',•.  •'
 Wedelia    ;i.
                                                                                    I
                                                                                    X
                                                                                     X
                                                                                     X
                                                                                     X
                                                                                         B, C, K
                                                                                          C, K
                                                                                          C, M.
X
X
E
E
X
X
p
1
B
B
' B' "
B
B
B, K
B
B
C
M
                                                                                            C, M
                                                                                              C
                                                                                              C
                                                                                             C, M


                                                                                              M


                                                                                             M,K


                                                                                            C, M, K
                                                                                              K
                                                                                              R
                                                                                              M
                                                                                                                              IP

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                                                                           hA•••»;? '»;;•• .'*•"•
                                                                           y&-&&'^.

                                                       Ei-»w:^r»^a^i-V*vy»>>;.•-.•••.•      i •  '• '••••'-••<•
                                       i««^-««sw«KKiii^?B?X??flQ^Peci«s  are listed;.;:^,
                 +^Kor2*££3^-^^                                         foll°W '' ^
                 IgflMp^^^^P^^^                        citation  $
                 ^^^^te«^^M^^ISI^gj^es^            (*).     .^

                                                                ^Ste-;.
                                                             ;*;>'«&;"C;-*...'•;>}>•*•**?.••' '
                                                             »•!.-''••*-. ->'v; '•-•.;:'• '"• ' "         .    . -'-^MgJS;

                                                                f nowhere else in 'the '^M
                                                                   occurring naturally
                                r>:  plants brought  by the Polynesian immigrants prior
                             Western World*._

                           accidental or deliberate introduction after contact.
-anInInH
   cove            '
                                        conducted by Oceanic Institute (1977, August
                                   Iimlled to  the P!G^S growing in and  around the
                                 aeas     ond the Hyatt site that Earthwatch did not
Source:  Earthwatch (1984) except as noted above.

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^Heron.'family is believed ,to roost,;in a kiawe thicketlpn;.the Hyatt site, and may have
:^||4nested.there]earlier'-in .1 ?84r%,The piovers'wer'e' observed,defending territories around
^'the/-anchial5ne"ponds,^'and.are. believed to represenf?d^stable:population of about 15
                     '     the tuirnstones^^ forage,around the ponds or;the rocky shoreline;
                          '     '         '''
                                                                       dove the most
                                                                   Northern Cardinal
   were common
        Tirrion. in the area, as they are throughout other areas of Hawai'i.

 7.2.2 '  Mammals      .'        ;'^"££^£Uv''••&*&&&^'^f-.-',-:-':'.'  .• ••'.:.-'.  •.'..''

 ••"'•:" "\.Bruner did not find any mongoose or mongoose scat.'•'. Gnawed remains of human
 refuse scattered along the beach suggested to him that rats and mice could be found in
 the area. % On September 24, 1984, a "dead specimen of the endangered Hoary Bat was
 found on; the grounds of the Sheraton  Royal Waikoloa.Hotel.  ...The  specimen was
•donated to the Brigham Young University-Hawai'i Campus Museum of Natural History.
; Bruner did not  find any  evidence that  a significant bat population existed  on  the
  „ ^ i WAW-UA BAY '• ~: . - ;                                     v
  &•>£*<$    --y•".-*':••••• •'•••••••  -••      .  ...--,• •• 'itr'^^'^v^M^i^ssi';.1,.•.">;••••••• ••• -
  £*'. '-" (a) |.v-The distribution and abundance "of benthic organisms within Waiulua Bay is
  ^related  to !water depth and  substrate  type.iciThe,existing  distribution  and species
  ;- composition, of., marine fauna within the. inner|two zones of the bay is  the  result of
  •'.long-term exposure to significant freshwater discharge.;-Water in the Bay's outer zone
  ;J is .well-mixed  by wave  action,'and no  freshwater influence is  apparent  in the biota
  £'. found there. The outer portion of  the bay appears typical of coral communities found
  rValong the coast (Key et a]., 1971; ORCA, Ltd./D.P. Chaney, 1981). Thirteen species of
  xt: stony coral have been observed within Waiulua Bay, but .most ..of these are restricted to
  $• the:' outer '.zone.;, , Porites lobgta and Pocillopora meadrinaTwere the most  abundant

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                                                                                    middle
            ..wwwftwv.ar, ^X?mT4i«;coraIs;pr,e^                                      less than
            PSrcentf^t^                                                    with tube-
            *™>""""«>Si1agrnacte^^                                                  which
                       • -t *-X • •' • ***•. ••^^•*:>"S^'s'-"isr-"ip-jyx;.«''ffl^-£-*kv .- ' - • !'  i •• .   n L •—i»..-.i A ..  »    y
                                                                   ^s.gfound;;»n; crevices on
                                                                   fjplpsely'related species,
                       	^.^   ... ,»	fr. ,, .„.  ..--,,.	,	.-_,	y> but at greater depthis.
           . observ^posltions, ofitheCtwo speclesjlndicatesjjthattthe"salinity and  temperature
                            j-^xt-.x.     f .,          .     ...      .    'overtime.
V*;
                 .:. •- .;- ->v ".. •• .1 • -i-r3 :y* .>.>i'^s,.>.tv.y:yi>-\:.'r^.-M«:i.'^>.•.•.•;•;. i'^'^^.1;^'........s.:.^.^.^; >...
                 e_t'al. (1971) observed a graciation of species number, abundance, and
              fishes within Waiulua Bay.;These Values were lowest in the inner bay and
            towards the mouth.. hfinalea, parrot fish, sturgeon fish, and damsel fish were
gcommontthroughoyt;the;.area, although the two species  of  sturgeon  fish were less
^commoiniTinZthe middle  zone and even rarer in the innermost portion of the bay.  A
  wrasse arid a damsel fish species were abundant in the middle of the bay and were not
 -observed farther inside the bay.  An unidentified species of needlefish was observed
                    portion of the bay. i :,;.;;V/:...;K.  ;;  ;;  v;      •
...........              reconnaissance  survey  by marine  biologists  from  Oceanic Institute
^;:M£-: (October 1984) observed large schools of fish composed primarily of juvenile aholehole,
^ir^ t m'xed with manini, weke, and pipefish in the inner bay during high tide.  A large school
^:.'="-•"."   -.of juvenile parrot  fish and Hlnalea was observed on the1 shallow, algal-covered bench
:.  "    adjacent .to the north bank of the middle zone of the bay.
         - ;  (f)   The threatened,Green Sea Turtle and/or the endangered Hawksblll Turtle
       may be found in the offshore waters.  Duncan (September 26, 1984:2) reported that
       local ..fishermen rarely  found sea turtles  within  the  bay,  but that turtles are often
      . observed  along the  open  coast  just  to  the north and south where  there is  limu
       (seaweed) on which they feed. Sightings of the endangered Humpback Whale off the
       coast are,rare.      ,       .-:.-.•  '•;..'.•-'. •:.,.-'-,:' .-.••..

       8.2   COASTAL WATER QUALITY

           .  (a)   Key et al. (1971) found that.water quality  in the outer zone of Waiuiua Bay
       was similar  to open ocean conditions; nitrate and phosphate values were low, and
       salinity values (32 to 34 parts per thousand) were close to oceanic levels.

         - T (b):  . Salinity levels  near the surface'.throughout  the middle portion of Waiulua
      . Bay ranged from  10 to  18  parts per thousand, while bottom salinities ranged between
       28 and 33 parts per  thousand. ..This salinity stratification  is caused by the significant
       quantities,of: brackish  water discharge at, the  shoreline.   Levels of phosphate and
,;.:.;,>•.'.•: n'trate in. the water, samples showed patterns opposite to salinity;  both were much
vSL^: higher in the fresher surface layer than in the water near the bottom. The phosphate
E^'^-2?d nitrate.:values  were similar to those observed in the shoreline  anchialine ponds
.."1 -* & :-'•'• ,:'._ f^\ AA«A?Af_^.^A*.i...J._  lrt*T^ A     i I P\f\ t  *+   .    *    • A A *  &.«                      '

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                                                                          side of the
           ^?.ent» sparse^
           %^djs,tmctl^
        - • - "t^Ct°n"^c-—":*^                                                   The
        ^^Slfe^^Sil^&SlI^^

                    Ijng": to^MacIoje{(\qnd[, BfocktCApril;-•'!' 9^4)-varichIaiine^ponds should  be
                    je,type of aquatic;;ecosystem,' based Von their physical features and
                    . f anabl tat lpt:a; unique assemblage of aquatic organisms, some of
                  and known to occur only in .anchialine ponds.-; They form an estuarlne-
          * j.  j ,_?n,area yi*"00* Perennial streams.-Some of the West Hawai'i anchialine
         studied by Maciolek and Brock have occasional or,restricted surface connections
                                                               ponds without surface
      -,--•-   —L     	—•—• — j — •>.• iiutmv, pwnua ui c rMiuwu lu occur 'only in Hawai'i,
      1 °™Y •" tn.e recent lava flows on,the leeward coasts of the  islands of Maui and
         i.  . I he lava is porous, and thus ponds occur where depressions in the lava extend
4*'V«rr™ ,? TT1"  -I-   ,Ponds can^also occur in low. spots  behind  shoreline berms
-^.composed of depositional material (sand, coral rubble, small rocks, etc.).  Typically
         ccur.in  collapsed "lava.tubes" or "bubbles" in pahoehoe lava, or  simply  in
         sions  in  a a Java.. The  ponds can. occur several .hundred yards inland from the
             • there, are deep depressions  or fissures that  extend  to the water table.
           , ponds are not usually found more than 1,200 feet inland from the shoreline.
•  La
  l
                      •-.  • .    •••••• .--- •-..-  :--
                      ' anchialine ponds occur at Cape Klnrfu.  On the western coast of
                                  ?f-«gM«"ne. ponds are  found  at the Pauoa Bay,
                     u    -u      (the Waikoloa Beach Resort),  Makalawena/'Opae'ula
                   » Hw'!kohau/:Almal-oximate!y 600 ponds. , Maciolek and  Brock also
             T J   u ° • K° ?f fhe P0nds they studied wer« in m essentially naturaTsta e!
                f PhriCd a.Itera'Ion of P°nd hasins, contamination of pond waters, and
              t   eM0t',C SP,eae!' ,Mountina Pressures on the pond resource from proposed
            . . .COU,Id ?'?? !ead to loss ^ degredation of ponds. . ;•--• , .

            Hydrology >   ',.  ;   ''.•,:;-::--;' '^^fe^^S, ^ !•'.•''

    r       * Ancl}ialine Ponds contain brackish water that 'is a mixture of subterranean
» ..groundwater and seawater. The groundwater flows seaward through the porowTatra"
% .and discharges mto the ocean along the  shoreline.. The flow volume is dependent upon
                                                                                            c'fil?
                                                                                            -.••jsbfe.

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             e haIo4West^^                                               ranges from
          .:g?}tor^^                                             Q \QYer on
      |top ott he seawaterithat penetrates the poro       ***^**""*"******** ••-•-      7
                         S^^^JWWe^^- -r"*^*3r|^^                                  ; -•.",
           ^

                                                thettldaUcyclestsome'ponds can become
                                                '''-^--'^^^slngiide^?,',.
                                                        ?>tiB-.J-~i*.^'.'w-"'. ..» •.---'   .. •>"-••'• *
, 'J,'**1*
   •kfef
         "'•'» lii*Ai_»' ~ ..... tlV' tV"*"7***"" - "• WVTS.-.;^ — ?r.w- ',?;—> •-3B3se5B"SSWy!';*EWv"iff'1= •*•--.••-•.•
         £« Within anchlallne pond ecosystems, the animals and plants must be able to
tolerate or must be able to develop strategies for surviving a wide range of salinities
and  temperature, periods of dedication,  and limited  or  restricted food resources.
Some pond organisms can escape high water temperatutes and desslcatlon by retreat-
Ing Into the wet, dark crevices and spaces In the lava walls of the ponds, or by moving
Into  000* or P000* wnich retaln water «ven during low tide.
      •*  •  • j .1 •• ... "utrlent Ievels in mos* ponds are high, but the rapid flushing caused by
      twice-daily tidal cycles and outflowing groundwater is believed to prevent a build-up
     :In phytoplankton  concentrations  that  would otherwise reduce pond  water clarity
     . (Oceanic Institute, August 1984).  Those ponds in which temporal changes  in water
     .clarity  have been observed, especially the large ponds,  may have reduced water-
      exchange  rates and high water-residence  times  that  permit  the  growth  of  large
      phytoplankton populations within their nutrient-rich waters.  Because the large ponds
      have lower surface area:water volume ratios, large fishponds along the West Hawai'i
     .coast are probably more susceptible to the  growth of large phytoplankton populations
      than are the more  characteristically anchialine ponds. :

      a3.!.3  1 Water Quality                             !

      ui  . S  Waciolek and Brock (1974) reported that ths salinity of the water in  the
      west Hawai'i  ponds they studied averaged about  7 parts per thousand  (ppt).   (By
      comparison, the salinity of ocean water is  about  35 ppt.)  None of the West Hawai'i
      anchialine ponds have water which meets the potable water  standard of 0.5 ppt, and
      only a few have had salinity measurements below generally accepted maximum  for
      irrigation water of about 1.9 ppt.  In Maciolek and Brock there are some reported
      values^of  I ppt for the ponds around 'Anaeho'omalu Bay, but more recent and more
      extensive measurements of water salinities in the anchialine ponds within the Waikoloa
      Beach Resort  (WBR) were made by Oceanic Institute (1977; August 1984; September
                These showed salinity readings of from 2 to 18 ppt; the average  salinity was
      .     ., r   ,           .-•-:.-,     -        otrv .-:.     .."-
          -(b)^;- Maciolek and Brock (1974) measured water  temperatures In the ponds
      raging from  a low of J9 degrees centigrade  (66 degrees Fahrenheit) to a  high  of
      35 degrees centigrade  (95 degrees F).- Most often they were In the 22 to 28  degrees
      centigrade range (i.e.,  71 to 82 degrees F).  Solar heating, shallow pond water depth,
      and  a low rate of water  exchange are believed to account for  the relatively  hiqh
      temperatures  recorded  in some ponds. A The  lowest  water  temperature recorded
      (66 degrees F) "was  in a narrow fissure . V. with a  noticeable outflowing current  of
      groundwater" (Maciolek and Brock, 1 974:7).


-------

                                                                                            v\i Aw
,		itlo^rn^s-rj^
j:cIeo*«iEcr!x Investigatlor»ssugge$ted^tha|^                                           be
i'related to wind mixing Irivth«;shaHo^p«Ti^
Ithar'phbtdsVnthesIs/ita the a^                                                      be
lthe;prjn|ipayac^

     ,		^^r^tlvelP^                                       and are
,. ~ J or absent'on; old birjancienUqyaJlowsJ|F^                    processor, aging which
f Is causied by. the'aeomuI^Ibn'of/^ga^i^aifKJ mineral[ deposltyiDrlglnatlng from plant growth
?bnd the !ntroduettonrbf •wind-blown materlals.^As ponds age?they are  filled with organic
 detritus, sediment ond emergent'wet land plants.'*Conditions that promote rapid pond aging
• may Include extensive light exposure, shallowness, and .weak flushing (Maclolek and Brock;
•  1974). The sedimentation that occurs In such ponds further reduces water exchange and all
 these factors promote vegetative growth. The wetland  condition gradually becomes a dry
 land environment. ?,?-,<.    ..  .   -   ;  " : ";:'-.''• '-^'' ">''**H&;. :':''''~sf^^:. •"
 &3.I.5 ,'. Aquatic Organisms  . •'    .     j;  .

 ;\    (a)   Anchlallne ponds can be divided Into two ecotypes --open and closed (Maclolek
 and Brock, 1974). The open ponds have occasional or restricted surface connections to the
 ocean, while the closed ponds lack a surface connection.  Both contain unique assemblages
 of aquatic organisms.- The open ponds contain marine species, not normally found In estua-
 rine settings, that have adapted to the large amounts of fresh water In these open ponds.
 Closed ponds contain some unique and rare organisms that are found only in anchiallne pond
   nvironments. .&?•'• ^•.-•-   '<• <    •  •-.- -^:^--:'••';..        '"
  .X;,:: |b);- The closed pond system Is considered the "representative" anchlaline pond habi-
  tat.  Organism diversity is more limited and distinctive In the closed ponds than in the open
  ponds. This reflects the fact that the organism range and distribution are restricted to the
  closed ponds. Maciolek and Brock (1974) listed 55 species and species groups of closed-pond
  animals; 27 species or species groups were considered "common" because they occurred in 10
  or more ponds. Snails and shrimps were the most obvious and abundant animals they found.
  Nine of the species ore considered representative of West Hawai'i anchialine ponds.  These
  Included four shrimp, three mollusk, and two fish  species.  Two of the shrimp species, the
 •'opae 'ula (Halocaridina rubra  — a very small red atyld shrimp) and a  small red alpheid
  shrimp (Metabetaeus loheno), ore found only in  anchialine ponds.  The  other two shrimp
  species found  in the anchialine ponds -- 'opae huna  (glass  shrimp) and 'opae  'oeha'a (a
  palaemonid shrimp) — are also common to estuaries and streams.  The snails are typically
  found on damp beaches, In lowland areas, and in tidal pools along the coasts of the Hawaiian
  Islands. 'Opu'u 'akupa and aholehole are the two "representative" fish species; the former is
  common to Hawaiian streams  and estuaries, but on the West Hawai'i coast occurs only  in
 ' anchialine ponds. ••'.'   '  ',           '••; ;; •'•.'.":".'   . •;i-'^-'^.--Ka"'    '-'

 '. -  "•   (c)   Except for  the two species above, fish are not a common element  of  closed
  anchialine pond environments.  Generally, if fish are present, shrimp are not present  or are
  present in  reduced numbers, presumably as a result of predation by the fish.  It is hypothe-
  sized 'that  fish may  enter the ponds as post-larval forms; and as they mature they become
  trapped in  the ponds. Also, man has introduced exotic fish, such cs top minnows and ttlapia,
  into several of the West Hawai'i ponds, and this has resulted in the destruction of the  anchi-
  aline communities.  In addition to the species mentioned above, other fish species that may
  be present in some ponds include the maninl, mullet, and puhi (eel). Brock & Maciolek also
  found that exotic fish were not compatible with native fish, and  that exotic fish were less
 • compatible with |opae 'ula than were native fish.  They felt that exotic fish breed  in the
               '.'£• '•- ' ,-"i.v '•>.•-••»'•".•-••• ••!.••••.••/=
-m\
                                            1 -19

-------

                                                                    ColdJ(bstrom6uvTqhorlQ and a '
                                  '•Kj'-~ •^w^v:«®^^«i^j-«»5^»*^«»J^j^cniaiineiponas«jT-. uurina  tn*»ii-


                                                                  idlne ponaV§M^;;':

   SWSXSC
   A3:i?;J-t..
    "'..^ii^.^01
    $£$3
    *'• fX^-'J

    M$i
    •^jT'fe'xr
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   'i*^-l
   !««!*?

                               .       ,          ,^                    S

I   ?••    euryhdLm^ineorglnS^s  MadolT0'"  diversity  I$  hI9her,  due to  the presence of
   '*•'''"   most of th/*<** ^__^^          .    ,   -..         * w*i% v* ^/^/ lOUfiQ oO SDGC16S in ^n€ ODfirt r^onH^i*

,   ?    lists the species obse^Td^n 00^S HThQi'1 neor5hore."?arine environment.  Table III-3
lp:Haworh
             '
             ••

             - oss due to nafurol oging or other natural cciies
             -                                   -      :
                      	-— -— a'^'j **• */•«re* IIU4W

          - oss due to increased rates of aging,•*
                                                                           of .onchlaline ponds in
                                                                          ;

-------
         List of Aquatic Species Found In Open Ponds on the West HawaPi Coast
PHYLUM FJRIFERA

     Two unidentified sponges

PHYLUM COELENTERATA (ANEMONES, ETC.)

     Anthozoa: Aiotosio sp.

PHYLUM ANKEUDA WORMS)

     Polychoeto-Errantia
         Eurythoe complonoto
         Nomolycastis sp.

     Polychoeto-Sedentaria
         Jonuo knightjonesi
         Jonuo nipponico
         Leodoro kniqh t jones!
         Mercierello enigmotq

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

     Gastropoda (snails, nudibranchs)
         Dolobrifero olivacea
         -lipponix so.
         -ittormo pintado (pipipi akolea)
         Mitro ounculpides
         Morulo~gronuloto7pupu makaawa)

      Pelecypoda (clams, oysters, etc-)
         Hormomyo crebristriatus
         Isocnomon costellotum (popouo)
         Isoqnomon sp.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

      Crustocea-Cirripedia (barnacles)
         Chtnomalus sp. (pioe)

      Crustccea-Decapoda (shrimps, crabs)
         Colcinus loevi menus
         Carpi luTmoculotus
         Clibonorius zebra
         Epixonthus sp.
         Gropsus ^[Fopsus (ama)

PHYLUM ECMNODERMATA

      Opiuroidea (brittle stars)
         Ophiocorno erinaceos
         unidentified species

      Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
         unidentified species

PHYLUM CHORDATA

      Osteichthys (bony fishes)
         Aconthurus niqrofuscus
         Adioryx locteoquttatus (aloihi)
         Asterropteryx semipunctotus
         Awoous stomineus (oopo kowo)
         Choetodon lunulo (kikokopu)
         Diodon hyslru (oopu  kowa)
         Flommeo sommorc
         Gomphosus vorios (okiloio)
         Gymriothorax hilonis  (puhi)
         Istiblennius^p.
         Microconthus striqotus
         Mulloidichthys somoensis (weke)
Protulo otypho
Spiophones bpmbyx
Pileolaria militaris
Pileolorio pseudomilitoris
Solmocino dysten
Nctico morochiensis
TjTerito piceo (pipipi)
Teredo porksi
unidentified nudibranch
unidentified vermetid
Ostreo sandvicensis (olepe)
Spondylus zonolis
Tellino rugoso
Leptodius sonquineus
Poloemonello burns!
Portunus pubescens
Thqlomitq crenato
unidentified Xanthidae
 Oxyurichthys lonchotus (oopu kouleloa)
 Parupeneus multifosc^otus (moono)
 Pqrupeneus pocphyreys (kumu)
 Polydactylus sexf ilis (moi)
 Pomacentrus Jenkins!
 Scorus dubius
 Scorus perspicillotus (uhu)
 Stethojulius oxilloris (omaka)
 StolephoruT purpureus (nehu)
 Thqlossomq duperryi (hinqleo louwili)
 unidentified Gobiidae
 Note: Includes open ponds at the Waikoloo Beach Resort.
 Source:  Maciolek and Brock (1?74).
                                            111-21

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 Of course there i is very little that can be done about losses due to natural causes, and
 natural aging allows ponds to exist over their natural life.  The other three trends
 cause a more rapid loss of ponds and their unique assemblage of organisms.

      (b)   Some anchialine ponds were modified by  the ancient Hawaiians to serve as
 fishponds, including  those at Lahuipua'a, 'Anaeho'omalu, 'Aimakapa, 'Opae'ula,  and
 Kaloko.   The influence of the Hawaiian culture on the anchialine pond  -esource is
 a lonn t^JT^ 1'° * - altei;atlons and loss threatened by proposed  land aevelopment
 along the West  Hawai'i coast.  Some ponds located in urban- and resort-zoned lands at
 Puako^the Waikoloa Beach Resort,  and other private  landholdings along  the West
 Hawai'i coastline have been already filled or altered.  Other  developers and private
 landowners have expressed a desire to fill ponds in conjunction  with their development
 Hn±;.;.l   imP!emented' theJ!e Plar™ would result in a large decline in the number of
 lio«  V?      "e P°nds\Even lf P°nds a^ not filled, nearby intensive land uses  and
 increased human presence have degraded ponds (e.g., those near Kailua-Kona).

      (c)   Development is not  the only factor that  can lead to anchialine pond loss or
 altera.ion.  Less  permanent  human uses of the shoreline have also degraded water
                ,     ^  ecos>'stems-  Hik^s, fishermen,  and other  shoreline users
          new plants and  organisms  into the  ponds, use the ponds for bathing or as
 /An?! iS™  ISP°Se    tr   !,n °nd ar°Und the P0nds* Accordmg to Maciolek and Brock
 (April 1974),  green  sea turtles, tilapia,  guppies,  and  topminnows have been seen in
 some  ponds,  and  were  probably introduced  by  man.    As   noted in the  previous

 snafl f sDeTiUeX°WnMSP^'eS USUG"y deStr°y the n°tive  oraanis™> such as shrimp  and
 morLXrST" f^  !S  M? may n°W °CCUr °n ° relat?ve'y  sma"  scale, the potential for
 more serious effects  will rise as continued development exposes the ponds to a greater
 fSh^n   -Pe°' ^  V  +  QClUaI -nUm,ber °f P°ndS dearaded ^ the introduction  of9exot?c
 rish is noi M--,vjwn, but may be significant.

      (d)   Anchialine ponds located on conservation- or open space-zoned lands  are
 °     the rtefed  ^ dfVe'°Pment' ^  changes to iSnd use zoning can occur
                                 USe SyStemS'  Conservati°n °nd open space zoning do
                                 .act!vltles-   Som« homeowners and developers have
 cso           .      ^°? dSi ret°"??n9 them for ^sthetic  reasons. However, Vhey have
 also  ,n some  places, introduced fish into the  ponds, resulting  in a loss of anchialine
 pond orgamsms  An Anchialine Pond Natural Area Reserve has been established by he
 State of Hawa,', at  Cape Klna'u on Maui.  There  is no  Natural Area Reserve  for
 anchialine ponds on the island of Hawai'i.                               Deserve  ror

8-3.2   Waikoloa Anchialine Ponds

      (a)    The  Waikoloa  Beach  Resort  (WBR)  property  encompasses the larqest
                                " ^"™°"'  Figure 1.1-6 shows the ponds wi?hfn
                           u  ***" fllled  in the pr°cess  of constructing the existing
fom  Moo              , but approximately 215 of them remain.   Using  the date
is  St^ Si           °* (l9y4)/nne f°tal number of anchialine ponds in West Hawai'i
is i  estimated  as approximately  600; thus,  the WBR ponds  may represent  about  33
percent of  the island's total. About 200 anchialine ponds in the WBR hove been studied

                                     111-22

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-------
   of                           e
   calculated using water surface a/ed
   September I984a&b)j  it  does not
   around the 'Anaeho'omalu Bay
   during high tide and using 3°mpegeo
   have  overestimated pone I surface are^
   surface area of a,, other anchialine^ds
                                                       ,   .acres'   Thi*  estimate was
                                                       ln+sutltute?* studies  (August 1984;
                                                     V*the 6XlstIng Preserv°tion area
                                                  Ins,tlfyte* measurements were made
                                                  Calculatlons-  The calculations may
                                                          concentration of anchlal.ne
      , and salinity.  It contains examples of both S<£? ch°racteristics> such as age,
  tide several of the ponds at the head of WakZ R     and /Pen ponds.  During high
  POO.  During low  tide,  the  P^M&MA^Z^^™ °ne 'arge  tidal
  tidal flat.  The total surfacVarea of the tMn      P°f's and the surrounding lava a
  approximately 3.5 acres.                   'da! P°°ls at hi9h tide  was estimated  at
spec.es of terrestrial plants were  found  around
Plant was  blue-green algae which  forms
                                                 tcnosewd  t
                                                   *     *
                                                              at
                                                                  C°°Si'   Seventeen
                                                                Predominant  «,uatic
                                                  ^
                       Bay (which  ncudes  both         ^ Compares the ponds near
 remainder of the ponds they surveyed in the VWR ^K" ^ C'°Sed Ponds)  with  the
 Figure  M-6 for  the  definition ofthe ponds ^near te h "H aJ' ,SIOSed P°nds)'   See
 cornpanson shows that the ponds near the head of Wai n\   n   ^ Wa'U'Ua Bay"-   The
    limited range and
                     cno          0th  shhrlmp were          n   e
     WBR, but this  was in the area aroCrTd  the  Sh   iTP u"60''88 ('Opa'e '°eha'a) at
Oceamr Institute. The three specie ? of snails cons der^rf"? M Qt- T°S nOt  surveXea b/
to be representative of anchialine ponds in Wes? Hnw  -  X Maci°!ek and Brock (1974)
ponds.   The most conspicuous of  these thr^f   M   '  Were als° found in th^ WBR
Insftute (September I984a) also  found  a fourth  snn I ^^  *  ^^^    Oceani>
ha,, which fs restricfed fo ^ od        t'C      re.ated  f 0 the
     open ponds by Mociolek  and Brock (1974)   Th
Oceanic Institute (September I 984a) spec Fes list  b^t  th
tentat.vely identified as a more common  spec Fes  Th
spec.es requires examination of the ^atteTr f of t   th
feas.ble  in the 1984 eel sighting (ZiLann  March Tf I
dirt  road that lies between the shore!™ and t£ n  ?'
tions at high tide between the ocean  and o^nds 4a
allowed mar.ne species to trave, farther inTand Cn I
                                                       Pond,  inc.ude more marine
                                                           y  Ge'' Was identified in
                                                           u°S °Ot induded in »he
                                                          .observe °ne eel  that was
                                                     def'"ltive Identification of eel
                                                           m°Uth' "hich  was not
                                                               f° fhe 9radin9 of °
                                                                 '        C°nnec-
                                     111-24

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                                      Table 111-4



             Cornparijon of Pond Biota Survey* for the Wallcoloa Beoch Resort
                                                                Oceanic Institute
Species
ALGAL CRUSTS:
Schizelhrlx/Microcoleus algal mat
(Cronge-rust/white crust)
Sehizothrix/Rhizoeolonium algal mot
(Dark-green, non-mineralized mat)
Choetopfioro SPP.
Idreeo finger-like tufts)
Clodophoro/Enteromorpho algal mat
(Green, velvet spheres)
Synctonema coactile
(Dark encrusting algae)
VASCULAR PLANTS:
Ruppia maritime
(Widgeon grass)
CRUSTACEANS:
Halocoridina rubra
Copoe 'ula, red otyid shrimp)
Metabetoeus lohena
(red alpheid shrimp)
Polaemon debilis
I'opoe huna)
Mocrobrochiym qrondimonus
Copae 'oehrfa)
Mocrobrochium la-
(Tohition prawn)
Amphipod spp.
Crabs
Cropsus gropsus
Metopoarospsus so.
Unidentified crab molts
Unidentified burrowing shrimp
MOLLUSCS:
Assiminea sp.
(herbivorous snail)
Me Ionia sp.
(herbivorous snail)
Jjveodoxus sp.
(hopowai, black neritid snail)
Neri to sp.
Isoanomon colifornicum
imussef)
Unidentified mussel
FISH;5
Muoil cephalus
(mullet)
Kuhlia sandvicensis
Caholehole)
Bathyqobius fuscus
(goby)
Acanthurus triostequs sandvicensis
(monini)
Arothon hispidus
(balloon fish]
Echnido nebulosa
(puhi kapa)
Cymnothorox eurostus
(puhi)
Cvmnothorax hilonis
(rare eel)
Aconthurus niqrofuscus
S tenooobius genivi t talus
Co'opu Icooi'o)
Kelloaqello oliqolepis
Maciolek1
& Brock

cc
cc
n.o.
n.o.
r;.o.


cc


cc

cc

cc

cc
cc

cc

n.o.
cc
n.o.
n.o.

cc

cc
cc

n.o.
Ice
_,

cc

cc

Ice

n.o.

n.o.

n.o.

n.o.
oo

oo
Icc
Icc
Head of3
Woiuluo Boy

X
X
x
n.o.
x


X


X

n.o.

x

n.o.

n.o.
n.o.

X
x
X
X

x

x
x

X
n.o.
X

y

y

X

x

x

x

x

•
x
n.o.
n.o.
Remainder
of WBR

x
X
x
x
x


x



'
x

y

n.o.

n. o.
X

x

n.o.
n.o.

x

X

'
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.


X

^

' "



n.o.

n.o.


n.o.

n.o.

-- Footnotes on following page
                                                111-25

-------
                                   Footnotes Insert
    along the West Hawai'i coast  TT^L'  £efl.ned as located ln more than 10 ponds
    data, of  the lesslcommo  faun ^ Was* HawaS ^T^i? I'.8'' W'^ d'^>™
    D of their report lists onchiaMnJ nonH       /    °^d anchlallne P°nds.  Appendix
    along the We?  Hawai'i coast  but Ho- ma+crZ™C Institute'  Th^  may  be due
   'Anaeho'omalu  Bay,  which ^contains  ^0^0^ $1°™ ]rr}m^ely adjacent  to
   number of closed  anchialine ponds  Because of d^^^  'Shp°ndS °S  We" QS Q
   reporting format,  and perhaps also error,    M  differences in survey purposes and
   .he                                        '
   See Figure IM-6 for the ponds included in this category.

  cGs is listed in-AF?endix D end
  csSumed Mocioie, ond Broc,


Source:  As noted above.
                                     111-26

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       (g)_   The water  temperatures in the  anchialine ponds at the WBR do not differ
 substantially from  those measured in  other  West Hawai'i  ponds.   Dissolved  oxygen
 measurements ranged  from 5.6 mg/1 (milligrams per liter) to 14.3 mg/l, with almost all
 of the WBR ponds exhibiting supersaturated  conditions.   All  the Waikoloa anchialine
 ponds have clear waters. In some ponds near the head of Waiulua Bay a layer of fine
 green silt covered the bottom, probably the result of hs-h phytoptankton activity and
 poor tidal exchange.  Recorded nutrient concentrations in the  anchialine ponds are
 high relative to similar groundwater concentrations.  A comparison (Oceanic Institute,
      and August l_984) of pre- and post-development nutrient levels in  certain ponds
 suggest that  fertilization of the  nearby Waikoloa Beach  Resort golf course may have
       ®  levels.of n.trates (98%  increase),  phosphates (55% increase), and ammonium
       m£5eas.e) ov«r their Pre-development state (Oceanic Institute,  1977  and  August
        ^ Despite  the elevated nutrient concentrations,  there has  been  no apparent
 change in phytoplankton  activity  and/or water turbidity.  For various reasons, a direct
 comparison of the  biota data in the  pre-  and post-development studies by Oceanic
 IQPA!   'S,n
-------
  n
                                                         th°, the orchaeo.ogico! sites
 being constructed of bouWers or ront  '  • °  W  ^ C°U'd be °f modern construction,

 the head of .AnaehSo      Bay an IK^S PoTJ™ ^^ J^^ °rea betwee"


                           ^
                                                                      ° -


 remains  were  considered  of limted s"qnlfFca; Ft      % °tHer archaeolo9i-1
 interpretive, or cultural values   A  nronrnm  5 ? *   •   m$  °f P°tential  research,
                                n

County of Hawai'i, and is divided  into

North  and South Kona,
 I0-    SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS




 1 0. 1    EXISTING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY .. HA WAIM ISLAND AND SOUTH KOHALA






                                          ^                   °f  " — "  comprises

                                           J    ? ^'      Snt're is'and comPrises the


                                             *£^*J^^








ture and toJr^^e^hTna ^            ^ SOUth K°ha'a nistrict are ^^ul-

the  up.and  areas  -ounV^


owned ranches in the world,  is headauartJnSln w     '   ?L    ^ 'argest  Privately


also the most  productive  on the island wfth       ^ea'  Ihe Qrea ar°und Waimea  ^

crops.                          6 'Sland Wlth resPect t° ^e production of  vegetable
                                      111-28

-------
                                                            0   468
                                                            r—<	
                                                            •lies
                                                                      North
PROPOSED
HYATT REGENCY
•WIKOLOA HOTEL
     Ktllui-Koni
                                                          Core Study Area


                                                          Secondary Study Area
                               South Point
            Figure 111-7.  Districts  of Hawai'i Island

                                     111-29

-------
                                         n                '' > WestHawoi'i hove tradi-
   Kohala's white sand beaches, dry anS sunny cllm'n?    T  ^^  H°Wever' So-th
   exceptionally  attractive, and  It has  lona hi.    ' ™d. majestic mountains make it
   private-sector plans for  its  potentiaTas a^mafor  Jr^'^ "• 5^G' Cwn^'  and
   resort development, which began w° h the onininn  f L  M' nat'°n area'  The Pace of
   the Mauna Kea Resort in 1965, h^s ^ accJler^TJJ9,     * !*awa Kea Beach Hotel <"
   opening of the first hotels in the Mauna Inn 1 « ,  w^H   n PQSt few *ears with the
   development  of extensive ZlMlr^lkSi?^™*010? ^ ReS°rtS'  Continued
   resorts.                       °r raci"T'es is underway m  these  three South Kohala

   1 0.2    COUNTY LAND USE PLANS AND CONTROLS

   1 0.2. 1    Overview
      opportunity for, and desirabi ItJ of =re ort d^CT' The General P'°n recognizes
  District  that proceeds  in an orderly fashion   de^e °P^ent within the South Kohala
  goals of the County's citizens.      y       ' consistent w^h  the physical and sociai
  .eve,jabnd  "^^                                   document  of a multi_
  •stand's needs and  proceeds in on orderly 9faShion  ln?urfe. th°* development  meets the
  areas  m South Kohala have been desianated  n K     K   general ,P|an- major resort
  Resort area), Puako-Honoka'ope  Bat^Sa Lnn^S  °^HapUr\a 'Ma""a  Kea Beach
  (Wa.koloa Beach Resort).  In addition to ?tT?onH         *   ^^ °nd 'Anaeho'omalu
  addresses the County's  goals,  polices  and i?±   H ^   u"S> the  General Plon also
  control and drainage, historic s!t«  h   •   Standards  m tn« following areas:  '"flood
  shoreline, pub.ic facilities" puS^Lt Hi Ss^VeTre'T'  ^J'  ^^ -sources and
  spec.f.c objectives  concerning developmer."  in South K^h ?     tra?sPortati°n.  Often,
  Plan  such  as providing for employee ^housina n^H   H da  ,are. slated in the General
  suppl.es, developing  parks and  ensurina  nublir   ,h '  ^Ve!oPlng basal  groundw^te?
  h.ghway, port and airport  facilities   Some ol ? hese    '^   ^^  ™d  devel°Ping
  the waer system developed by Boise Cascade forth af,tl°rslhave been implemented;
 by theLalamilo  water system developed bvfhe ?tn he ^aikolo° P^ject was followed
 Kea  Resorts.  The  water  systems ok^ tL        ' Coun^ M°^na Lani and Mauna
 H.ghway, Kawaihae Harbor, one TKeShole lirooTh rUCt'°n -^ the °Ueen  ^-'ohumanu
 support resort development in Sooth Kohala.           PrOV'ded ma]°r inf ^^ructure to
f°
        deve.opment and to

                    Generai
 the  needs
 requires that resort  developeTs
 housing shortages.  The General PlMdsoa™                            oaod
 supply systems prior  ProjicT^pTo?al   Resor  d- f deVel°Pment of adequate water
 publ.c access to beach areas  Throunh  In 5     developments  are  required to provide
 densities  are regu.ated  so that "ht  capacitieTT a"OCatiT' Busing/resort unit
 exceeded.  The implementation of  these  stralni    S*UPP°rt  facilities wi"  not be
 through lts Planning Department, Department  o PuU   ^ ^ C°Unty  of  Hawai'!
and Community  Development.   rmDlemenTnt^            °rks' and Office  of Housing
use controls, including  Zoning,  pTanneT Un        000"' ^^ thrOUgh Various
ment Area permits, and shoreline setback
                                      1-30

-------
 10.2.2    The Woikoloc Project
      (a)   The Waikoloa project is a planned community encompassing 3 1,000 acres of
 land (see  Figure 111-8).  Extending 12 miles between Mamaiahoa Highway and  the
 shoreline,  it is composed  of  two  main  parts.   The  uppermost  lies  above  Queen
 Ka'ahumanu Highway and  is by  far the largest;  it includes zoning for  large-  and
 medium-size agricultural lots, as well as low- and medium-density residential land  and
 commercial areas within Waikoloa Village.  The 1,360 acres below Queen Ka'ahumanu
 Highway comprise the Waikoloa Beach Resort (WBR).

      (b)   The WBR is  designated as a "major resort" on the Hawai'i County General
 Plan,  init.a! zoning for the area of  the WBR makai (seaward) of  the King's Trail was
 granted in 1971. Adjustments in zoning lot boundaries needed to accommodate revised
 KI   oTc .r took place in mid- 1 984, and initial occupancy is
 f ™n  ^?-  °r ',985'  This leaV6S about 2'450 additional hotel rooms and approximately
 J,JUU additional resort multi-family units still to be constructed.

      (c)    The  existing zoning district  boundaries within the  Waikoloa  Beach Resort
 are shown  in Figure 111-9.   With  one exception,  the project, area is zoned for  hotel
 and/or multi-family resort  residential development.  The exception is parcel 15. which
 was zoned "Open" m 1977  in order  to accommodate a planned marina.  The  marina
 concept has been abandoned because the applicant  found it to be uneconomical, and
 parcel  15  is now located within the area proposed  for the  Hyatt Regency Waikoloa
 Motel.  A  request for the zoning changes shown in Figure 111-9 has been submitted to
 the County.

 10.3   COMMUNITY PROFILE

    , Descriptions of the major communities in North and South Kohala, North  Kona
 ana Mamakua Districts are provided in Tables 111-5 and 111-6.

 1 0.3. 1    Population
K  *      .qn        ™0f  the S°Uth  K°hala ^nct remained nearly constant
between I960  and 1970, but rose by  2,297  (an  increase  of  99 percent) during the
following decade , (see Table 111-7).  During this same period, the Mauna Kea Resor? was
the only South  Kohala resort  to  experience significant growth, suggesting that the
increase in the population of the  South Kohala District was probably driven by other
factors, such as growth m Waimea and  the resort  development that occurred in North
IV7?"fl •  ,?Dmpar'-°n' the N°oth K°na  District Population rose from 4,832  in 1970 to
IJ,/48 m 1980, an increase of 8,646, or  185 percent.


      S«   TfhC*hU*Sc Army CuorPs°f Engineers (November 1984) has estimated that the
       h   *°h      Soum Kohala District  will reach approximately  7,000 by  1990 and
         t     /ear 2040.  Population projections contained in environmental  impact
s    ntt  HPrtKPTl   maJ°r reS°rt Pr°JeCtS in the r69ion are substantially higher. It
is  expected  that the  major  cause of  this  population  growth  will be  
-------
                     IWAIKOLOA  BEACH  RESORT>
                        ~      '   "~         ^  Valulua
                                  HYATT REGENCY
                                  WAIKOLOA HOTEL
                                   (1,260 rooms)
                                                  Sheraton Royal

                                                  Waikoloa Hotel
Pu'ukohola Hetau

National Historic Site
                                                   (543 rooms)
     Figure  IH-8.  Waikoloa  Lands and  the  South Kohala  Region

                                         111-32

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 migrants have generally higher educat °    eorth Kona Dlstricts than in




             *                    irdsthem- the number of
      has increased much faster than the number of households.
  1 0.3.2 Labor Force and Employment
             , as well as County-wide totals, are shown m Table 111-8.
  high as men's.

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                                              111-38

                                            iyfi*« -« " j  *>-,;

-------
(c)
                                                                         Q
                                                                         a
                                                                    TU  u. ,  f
          In 1980, unemployment' In oil districts was MS^*«|"^& 23 Lrcen"
              rate within the study area was recorded in North Kohola U.ZJ P«f ccn"»
             £to^$SoyS^ (see Table lll-8£ Unemployment tended to be
slightly lower in urban places (see Table IU-9) than , eUewhere. y , •  -..
  **                            .        .-.-'• 'rji«iiC:5*'- "•*""* is''- *?i;iTrf-'<'v3*-j '••¥••• ;   ' '? - , ' •
     (d)   North Kohola and North Kona residents lend; To be employed In the service
sector especially in businesses serving  the visitor industry.  The ncreasing dominance
SfStSISSo? employment is most pronounced In North Kohala, where the number
of £ v ce sector employees Increased  by 28 percent dur ng^the ^^J^'M
the same time, total employment declined by 7 percent. ? These changes loc
maiorTransitiln in North Kohala from a dependence on wgargrovj ring and processmg
to hotels and other personal, entertainment, and recreational Industries.

      (e)   South Kohala, though closer to the tourism center In North Kona, was less




 rnent, and  in  1980  still showed greater employment in sk.iled occupat.ons  and  m
 agriculture-related industries.

       (f)   Commuting statistics confirm the importance to North Kohala . [«"«"*' Jf
 visitor-related  employment  in North Kona,  w th almost  one-quarter  (22 pe  cent)
 wending more than 45 minutes to reach their place of employment.  In contrast, less
 than 5 percent of North Kona workers  spent as much time commuting.

   :    (g)   The 1 980 Census data presented above is the most recent data available for
 most demographic parameters. Unemployment, which  is a key factor in judging  the
 effect of the proposed  project, tends to fluctuate  somewhat more than other  factors.
 •The State Department  of Labor and Industrial Relations  estimates  that B.g  Island
 unemployment has  increased from about six percent in 1980  to nine percent  m 1983.
 D^lct^d unemployment data are not available for 1983,  but  the Department has
 prepared  estimates based on relationships observed in 1980.  These are presented m
 Table HI- 10.

  1 0.3.3   Housing

       (a)   Table III- 1 1 presents  selected data on  the housing stock of the  study area
  for the years 1970 and  1980.  As  with population,  housing  stock increased most
  dramatically in the North Kona and South Kohala districts.  North Konds housing stock
  grew by 247 percent over the course  of the decade, three times the county-wide rate.
  ?n contrast, the number of  housing units in North Kohala and in Honoka'a-Kuku.haele
  grew only modestly during the 1970s.

       (b)   The proportion of homes  occupied by owners rather than renters increased
  in all regions, but the greatest rise was in North Kona and  South Kohala.  However,
  home  ownership is still  greatest in  North Kohala and Honoka'a-Kuku.haele, the  two
  regions that have been least affected by in-migration.        ,                 ,

        (c)   The incidence and share  of homes lacking some or all plumbing is down in
   all regions from the 1970 lev*!, reflecting the higher building standards that now exist
   and a  gradual replacement of old and dilapidated homes by new units.  All areas show
   comparable or lesser percentages of "crowded"  conditions (de-fined as more than 1.5
   persons  per room in a unit).  However, in absolute  terms  the  number of "crowded1
                               •Sv.-.<&;5-.^ i*. 111-39  '•&Jt>i£&%L

-------
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                              • •••      *     "
                                              .
                Percent Unemployment In.Urban Areas 1980
                             "  *  . •'•••;.;'•. •:.'•.—».*:.-.••_ • .. • ;• .-•

Total
Male
Female
Haw!
9.12
9.68
8.44
Waimea
5.55
7.45
1.79
"^Honoka'a "
2.48
3.84
2.27
. ' Kailua-Kona
3.02
3.15
2.84
     Source:  1980 U.S. Census.
                                                                                 *
                                Table HI-10
                     Estimates of Unemployed Since 1980
       Area
    1980
1981
1982
                                                                     1983
Hawai'i  County
  North Kohala
  South Kohala
  Honoka'^/Kukuihaele
  North Kona*
  Kailua-Kona
2650 (6.3%)  3400   (7.6%) 4450   (9.8%)  425C   (9.1%)
 100 (8o4%)    150  (10.1%)  200  (12.8%)   200  (12.0%)
 100 (5.7%)    ISO   (6.9%)  200   (8.8%)   200   (8.2%)
  50 (4.9%)    100   (5.9%)   100   (7.5%)   100   (7.1%)
 350 (4.7%)    450   (5.7%)   600   (7.5%)   550   (6.9%)
 150 (4.9%)    200   (5.9)    200   (8.8%)   250  (7.1%)
 * Census Tracts 215 and 216 combined.
 Source:  Unpublished State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations data.

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homes increased  in South Kohala, North Kona, and Honoka'a-Kukuihaele.  In North
Kona, at least, this is probably related to an increase in the number of single  persons
sharing housing.   However, the high average number of persons  per  room in South
Kohala and Honoka'a-Kukuihaele may  indicate that some "doubling-up" has occurred
among families as well.

      (d)   As would be expected, 1980 property values and rental rates were highest
in North Kona and South Kohala, but the 1970 figures indicate that these two areas
have  historically been expensive ones. Changes in property values and median rents
during the 1970s were greatest in the northern areas where housing stock grew slowly.
Rents and property values in North Kohala, for instance, tripled over the decade.

      (e)   Within districts, census data shows 1980 property values were higher within
the towns of Waimea and Hawi  than in their surrounding areas.  On the other hand,
Kailua-Kona,  which has a substantial  number of  multi-family units, showed  a lower
median property value than did the North Kona district as a whole.

10.3.4   Public Services and Facilities

      As  previously  described, substantial investments have  been  made  in the public
infrastructure needed to stimulate and support resort development  in the South Kohala
District.   Construction projects  include the  Queen  Ka'ahumanu Highway,  Keahole
Airport, the Lalamilo  water system, and Kawaihae Harbor.  Public investment in the
infrastructure is over $40 million,  in conjunction with these  government-sponsored
efforts,  private landowners are developing several major resort  projects  along the
South Kohala  coast.  Aggregate private expenditures for the resorts exceeds  $100
million.  The joint State, County, and  private funding of the Lalamilo water system is
an exemplary cooperative effort to solve water supply problems in the region.

10.3.4.1    Schools and Libraries

      (a)   Public schools serving the  South Kohala District include Waimea Elemen-
tary and Intermediate School (kindergarten through grade 9) and Honoka'a High School
(grades  10 through  12) situated in the Hamakua District.  South Kohala district high
school students are bussed to  Honoka'a High School.  Two  private schools are located
in Waimea:  Parker School (grades  7  through  12), and Hawai'i  Preparatory Academy
(grades  I through 12). The Thelma Parker Memorial Library  in  Waimea serves the
South Kohala area.

      (b)   Other schools and  libraries situated outside the District, but in the general
area,  include  Kohala High and Elementary (kindergarten through grade 12) in Honoma-
ka'u  (near Hawi), the Kohala  Mission  School  (grades  I  through 8)  in  Hawi,  Bond
Memorial Library in Kapa'au, and the Honoka'a Library.

 10.3.4.2   Health Care Facilities

       (a)  Four medical  facilities  are available to  residents and visitors  in  West
Hawai'i:  Lucy Henriques Medical Center in Waimea, Honoka'a Hospital  in Honoka'a,
 Kohala Hospital near Hawi, and  the Kona Hospital in Kealakekua, Kona.

       (b)  The facility nearest to  the WBR is the  privately owned Lucy Henriques
 Medical Center; this is a modern facility staffed by six physicians and three dentists
 (two^ full-time and one part-time).  While it is  the most modern of the four,  it is not
 certified to  operate as a hospital.  Emergency treatment is available at the Center,
 and patients may be treated and held for up to 24 hours.
                                   ;:, 111-42 ,;;>• •- .

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     (c)  The three hospitals are State operated. The number of full-time equivalent
practicing physicians is 8.7 in Kohala, 5 in Honoka'a, ond 35.1 in Kona.

     (d)  Kohala Hospital is a 26-bed facility (10 acute care, and 16 long-term core),
which offers 24-hour emergency as well as a range of other medical services including
surgery.  Honoka'a Hospital  has 35 beds (27 acute care, and 8 long-term care), and
offers  a range of medical services including surgery, child delivery, laboratory, and
emergency room.  The largest of the four hospitals is the Kona Hospital which serves
West Hawai'i, with 53 acute care and 22 long-term care  beds.  All three hospitals have
been operatina well below their capacity, and  there are currently no plans to expand
facilities (Park; October 4, 1984).

10.3.4.3  Recreational Facilities

     (a)   Kohala and North Kona recreational  facilities include golf courses, tennis
courts, beaches, riding stables, historic sites, small boat harbors, and other facilities.
These  are located on Figure 111-10.  The County's Samuel Spencer Beach Park and the
Hapuna Beach State Recreation Area are the  principal developed recreational facili-
ties in  the immediate vicinity of the WBR.  They offer  white sand beaches, picnicking,
camping, and restroom and parking facilities. Other County beach parks are located in
the Kailua area and at Mahukona, Kapa'a, and  Keokea.  A large State Historic Park is
being developed at Lapakahi in North Kohala.  At Honokohau and Kawaihae there are
small boat harbors and ramps, and just south of Hapuna  Beach is the Puako Boat Ramp.
A number of additional  recreational facilities are proposed for Kehala and North Kona
in the Hawai'i County Recreation Plan (Hawai'i, County of, Department  of Parks and
Recreation  and Planning Department; 1973).

      (b)   The Waikoloa Beach Resort currently has an  18-hole championship golf
course and clubhouse, and at the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel there are tennis and
swimming  facilities available  to guests.   The 'Anaeho'omalu  Bay  shoreline  area
includes a white sand beach and two fishponds.  This area has been extensively cleaned
and rehabilitated;  the two fishponds have been restored; and restrooms,  showers, and
parking for the  public have been  provided,  making  the  area  a popular beach for
residents as well as resort guests.

      (c)   Waiulua Bay and the nearshore waters area  fronting the Hyatt site are used
 for fishing,  diving, surfing,  and hiking.  Use  of these waters  for  fishing and  diving
seems  to have  increased  in  popularity since  the  opening of  the  Sheraton  Royal
Waikoloa, probably because  of  improved access.  Both pole and throw net fishing are
practiced in  the area; some of  the more popular fish caught there  are mullet, wowo,
uhu, and 'oama.   According  to  Duncan (September 26, I 984), as  many as one to two
dozen people may use Waiulua Bay for some form of recreation during the course of a
 sunny weekend day.  The diving that occurs is often by boat, and is done at night as
 well as in the day. Surfing is done in the waters just south of Waiulua Bay, where wave
 conditions are very favorable.

      (d)   In addition to the ocean-related activities, hiking also occurs on portions of
 old Hawaiian trails that are  in the area. Waiulua Bay includes one segment of the Ala
 Kahakai, a  foot  trail  that  hugs the  shoreline  from Pu'ukohola  to just south  of  the
 Keahole Airport. This segment is one of those hiked by such groups as the Kona Hikinc
 Club  and Na Ala Hele,  as  well as by informal groups.  The anchialine ponds in  the
 shoreline area of the WBR, including the southern portion of the Hyatt site, are visited
 by many of  the  hikers and by others interested in their beauty or unique  biological
 features.
                                       111-43  . ;.

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                           Kapa'a Beach


                         Mahuk'ona Beach
                      Mahukona Boat Ramp'
             Lapakahi State Historic Park
                  Kawalhae Boat Harbor/Launching Ramp
                                                                                   Kohala High/£}em.
                                                                                   School Playground
                                                                                   Kamehameha Park
                    &
            Mormon Gym
                                                                                   Keokea Beach

                                                                                   Camp Koapaka
                       Kamehameha
                       Statue
                         Hala'ula
                         School
                         Pol ol u-
                           alley Reserve$£
                                               Ironwood
                                              Outfitters
                                               Stables
                                   Ranch
                              Pavilion
                                                                                 "KaMlu Hal
                             Mauna Kea Beac
                             Riding .Stabl
                                 almea Playground
                                  Samuel Spencer Beach V
     Walmea-Youth Center

Walmea Rodeo\
Arena and Track
                       Mauna Kea Beach Hotel Golf Course
                                         Hapuni Beach

                                   Puako Boat Ramp

                                       P*uo« Bay .
                                           Thelma
                          Pu'ukohola Heiau  Parker
                          National  Park
                                                   Walmea Elem./Intermediate
                                                   Playground      I
                 Francis IM Brovm Golf
          IHYATT REGENCY
                        An»eho'
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10.3.4.4   Protective Services

     (a)   The Hawai'i County Police Department currently maintains two  police
stations in the South and North Kohala region. The larger facility is at Waimea and
consists of  a  modern  station and jail structure  which serves'as  headquarters for a
20-person full-time staff. The Kapa'au Police Station in North Kohala is housed in a
building that  adjoins  the-court building and is staffed by approximately 13 persons.
Both police stations were constructed relatively recently, and there is room within the
buildings for additional staff.

      (b)   Existing  fire protection  facilities  in the South  Kohala district consist
primarily of a County-operated fire station in Waimea, about 20 miles from the WBR.
This station has 24-hour staffing with a six-person crew and is equipped with pumper,
water tanker, and rescue van. To supplement the Waimea station, the County has a
single fire truck, one-person facility in Kawaihae which is staffed  only between 8 a.m.
and 4 p.m.   There are also two County  fire trucks, one  at Puako and another  at
Waikoloa Village,  manned  solely by volunteers (Yoshizumi; November 9,   1984).
Additional fire protection capacity is provided by a privately owned fire truck at the
Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, manned by volunteers.

 10.3.4.5   Transportation Facilities

      (a)    Highways; Major roadways in  the West Hawai'i resort  region are shown on
Figure 11-1. Access to the Waikoloa Beach Resort (WBR), as well as to the other major
 resort projects  within  the  Kohala  Coast  Resort Region,  is  provided  by  Queen
 Ka'ahumanu Highway. Completed in  1975, this 33-mile long, two-lane, controlled-
 access State highway, with  a capacity of  2,000 vehicles per hour, links the major
 resort development along the coast with Keahole Airport and Kailua-Kona to the  south
 and Kawaihae Harbor and the Waimea-Kawaihae Road to the north.  The Hawai'i Belt
 Road (Mamaiahoa Highway) serves the upland areas of North Kona and  South Kohala.
 Connections  between Queen  Ka'ahumanu Highway  and the  Hawai'i Belt Road are
 provided by the Waimea-Kawaihae Road (located about eight miles north of the WBR),
 Waikoloa Road (located just north of the WBR entrance road), Ka'imi Nani Street, also
 known as the Kona Palisade Subdivision Road (located a short distance south of the
 Keahole Airport), and Palani Road at Kailua-Kona.

       (b)   Airports;  Three  airports  serve the Kohala coast resort  region.  Two,
 Keahole  and  Kamuela, are operated  by the State Department of  Transportation. The
 third, the recently opened Waikoloa Airstrip, is  operated by Princeville Airways. The
 Kamuela and Waikoloa facilities are used primarily  by commuter airlines and private
 aircraft, although daily jet service  is still  available between Kamuela and Honolulu.
 Keahole Airport is located approximately 20 miles south of the WBR.  It is served by
 all three of  the major interisland air carriers, as well as by several commuter airlines
 and  air  cargo  companies.   In  1982,  Keahole  Airport  handled  over  I.I  million
 passengers, and the number has increased substantially since then. I ts^6,000-foot long
 runway is  adequate for the  largest interisland  aircraft, and  wide-bodied jet  aircraft
 now fly directly to the  airport from the West Coast.  However, the runway is too short
 to permit these aircraft to take off with a full load of fuel; therefore, return flights fo
 the mainland must proceed via General Lyman Field in Hilo, where the aircraft top off
 their fuel tanks.

       (c)   Harbors;  In  1959 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed Kawaihae
 Harbor, which is  used  primarily for  ir.ter-island barge service.  Building materials,
  consumer  goods,  and equipment,  as well  as the provisions and supplies needed to
                                       111-45

-------
operate the  hotels in South  Kohala and Kona, pass through the harbor.  Harbor
capacity is considered ample to accommodate the expected long-term  growth of West
Hawai'i's tourist industry.

10.3.4.6   Solid Waste Disposal                       j

     The  Kailua  landfill is  located near Kailua-Kona and will serve  the North Kona
and South Kohala coastal area until a planned new  landfill site becomes operational.
The  County Sewers  and Sanitation Bureau  is  considering a new landfill site which
would be  located about 10 miles east of the Kona Village Resort, in the vicinity of
Pu'uanahulu.  The new site is  expected to be operational  in about three or four years,
and would accommodate solid waste generated by planned resort development in South
Kohala  (Sugiyama; September 20,  1984).  Refuse  generated  by  the  Sheraton Royal
Waikoioa  Hotel,  the  golf  course clubhouse, and  other  existing WBR  facilities  is
currently  being collected by a privately contracted firm which trucks the waste to the
County-operated Kailua-Kona  landfill.

10.3.4.7    Water Supply

     (a)   A preliminary analysis of municipal water supply problems  and needs in the
South Kohala District was completed by  the Corps  of Engineers in 1984.  Within the
South Kohala District water  demand could increase from 2.5 million gallons a  day
(mgd) to 20 mgd by the year 2010. The principal cause for increased demand is resort
development  along the coast.  The present supply of 4.5 mgd would be increased to 17
mgd by private development  of  groundwater.   The development of  groundwater  is
regulated  by  the State of Hawai'i, Department  of Land and  Natural Resources,
Division of Water and Land Development.  Approval from the State Department of
Health must also be obtained.                        '•

     (b)   The principal sources of water in the coastal  region of the South Kohala
District are -the Lalamilo water system operated by the County  of Hawai'i, and  the
private  Waikoioa water system.                      '

     (c)   The Waikoioa Water Co. owns  the wells, reservoirs, and primary  transmis-
sion  mains that supply potable water to both the Waikoioa Village and Beach Resort.
Waikoioa Resort Utilities owns the water distribution and sewer lines and the sewage
treatment plant (STP) that serve the Beach Resort.  Brackish water wells and effluent
from the STP provide the irrigation water for the Waikoioa Beach Resort golf course.

     (d)   The Waikoioa potable water wells serve the WBR as well as the Waikoioa
Village  area,  drawing from  the Waikoioa  aquifer,  discovered  in  1969.  Parker wells
No. 4 and No. 5,  located at the 1,200-foot level nearly five miles inland from PuakS
Bay, tap high-quality water /25 ppm chloride content versus chloride levels well above
200 ppm for most wells in the  region (Boise Cascade Home and Land Corp.; 1976:17917.
The_storage capacity of the Waikoioa aquifer is estimated to be in excess of 100,0150
million  gallons, with  an estimated flow  through the aquifer in  the  vicinity of  the
existing wells on the order of 3.0 to 5.0 mgd (Bowles, Ms.).

     (e)   The Parker wells  Nos. 4 and  5  were tested in 1972   to determine their
pumping capacity, and were found to have a  combined capacity of just under 2 0 mgd
(Boise Cascade Home and Land Corp.;  1976:238). The pump in well No. 5 is currently
operating  below capacity, but  will be replaced; with a new pump,  capacity of the  two
wells should be very close to 2.0 mgd.
                                     111-46

-------
     (f)    In  addition to the  two potable water wells, the existing water  system
includes a  one-million-gallon (mg) capacity reservoir near the weJls, a  transmission
main connecting to a second reservoir of  I.O-mg capacity located about a mile inland
of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway.  The lower reservoir Is connected to the WBR by a
transmission main which enters the resort complex at the Intersection of the WBR
entrance road and the highway.  Inside the resort the main runs within the road right-
of-way, terminating where  the pavement now ends a few hundred feet  south  of the
proposed Hyatt site.

     (g)   The average annual potable water sales by Waikoloa Water Company over
the last  four  years amounted to 0.66  mgd.  About half of this was used within the
Waikoloa Beach Resort, while the remainder was consumed by residential  and commer-
cial users in the Waikoloa Village area. This is well within the I.O-mgd capacity of the
source (two I.O-mgd  capacity wells, with one held on standby).  Water sales and hotel
occupancy data indicate that average water use by the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel
is approximately 400  gallons per day per occupied unit.

      (h)    The two existing 18-hole golf  courses (one in the village area  and the other
in the WBR) are  irrigated primarily with brackish water from Waikoloa  wells (two at
lower  elevations  supplying the WBR course, and  one at  the  800-foot elevation
supplying the Village course).  Water  from these wells is not of potable quality dhe
chloride content  exceeds  250 mg/l), but is satisfactory for golf course irrigation.
Treated effluent  is mixed with the brackish water, and provides part of the golf course
irrigation  water  requirements of approximately 0.5 mgd.  Two holding  ponds  for the
effluent/brackish water mix, with capacities of about 2.0 and 4.0 million gallons, are
located within the resort golf course.

 10.3.4.8    Wastewater Treatment and Disposal System

      Waikoloa Resort Utilities provides  for the collection, treatment, and disposal of
Waikoloa Beach Resort wastewater. The utility's treatment plqnt is located 1,000 feet
south  of the  WBR entrance road intersection on the inland side of Queen Ka'ahumanu
Highway.   It meets  State  Department  of Health standards for  private  wastewafer
 treatment  facilities  providing a secondary level of treatment. The primary units of
 the plant  consist of  an aerated lagoon,  a clarifier,  and a contact tank,  the State
 Department of Health  has  approved the use of effluent for irrigation of the WBR golf
 course.  The  treated effluent flows by gravity to the golf course holding ponds, where
 it is mixed with  brackish water. The  existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has
 an average flow capacity of 0.570 mgd.  In 1983 actual  flow ranged between 0.080 and
 0.150 mgd.  The WWTP was designed so  that it could be expanded to an average flow
 capacity of 2.330 mgd.  Existing sewage pump station (SPS) peak capacity  is 1,600
 gallons per minute  (gpm),  and the system was designed  for  a  planned  capacity of
 2,400 gpm.

 10.3.4.9    Electrical Power

      Electrical  power for  Hawai'i Island is mainly from oil-fired  turbines and diesels,
 but bagasse-fired boilers at  the island's  sugar companies currently provide about  19
 percent of  the   Island's total generating capacity of  125,500  KW.   The  WBR  is
 estimated to currently use  about one percent of this capacity.  Electrical power to the
 WBR  is supplied by the Hawai'i  Electric Light Company  (HELCO)  through  a 69-KV
 transmission line connected to the Waikoloa substation.  This is located on the inland
 side of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway along Waikoloa's southe. : boundary.  The resort
 distribution system is through underground conduits, and these extend to the end of  the
                                       111-47

-------
   paved section of the WBR entrance road (Ala Mhi). a feyv hundred feet south of  the
   Hyatt site. Current electrical power consumption at the WBR is estimated to be about
   nine MWH/year.                       ;
ij
   10.3.4.10   Telecommunications                      !j

        Telephone service to the WBR is provided by the Hawaiian Telephone Company.
   A  telephone  substation is located on the south side! of  the resort's wastewater
   treatment plant, and a recently constructed Hawaiian Teteohone radio station near the
   Sheraton provides telephone service to the resort via microwave.  Telephone lines are
   located  underground in conduits similar to those used for electrical power distribution
   lines. An empty conduit for cable television lines is also located within the road right-
   of-way.  These also currently  terminate at the end of the paved section of Ala Mhi.
                                        111-48

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                                  CHAPTER IV

                      ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
I.    INTRODUCTION                                      :

     This chapter discusses the environmental effects of the alternatives described in
Chapter II. It is divided into an introduction and ten other sections, each dealing with
an area of significant environmental concern:
 Section
 Number

   2.
   3.
   4.
   5.
   6.
   7.
   Z.
   9.
   10.
               Section Title
Topographic and Oceanographic Alterations
Anchialine Ponds
Coastal Water Quality and Marine Resources
Historical and Cultural Properties
Vegetation, Birds, and Terrestrial Wildlife
Socio-Economic Resources
Recreational Resources and Activities
Public Services and Facilities
Air Quality
Noise
2.   TOPOGRAPHIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC ALTERATIONS

2,1   THE LAGOON

      (a)   The proposed lagoon does not modify the middle or outer zones of Waiulua
Bay.  All work is confined to the inner zone of the bay in the intertidal basalt flat.
The lagoon would  deepen the area, creating a  gradual  sloping basalt bottom  as
depicted in Figure 11-6. Its rock sides would be constructed to maintain aesthetics and
to  increase wave attenuation to insure  safe  water conditions  in the  lagoon.  The
connection between the inner and middle zones of Waiulua Bay would be  deepened
slightly over a broad area rather than channelized.

      (b)   The water depth in  the middle and outer portions of Waiulua Bay ranges
from 2  to 12 feet.   This, as well as the shape of the bottom outside the bay, causes
large storm waves to break well offshore.  The relatively shallow water depth  in the
outer and middle zones of the bay, the basalt benches which are present, and the right-
angle bend into the inner bay all contribute to wave attenuation characteristics in the
bay.  No modifications to the middle or outer zones of Waiulua  Ray are proposed  by
the applicants. Thus, the physical shape and bathymetry of the bay would continue to
act as a natural barrier against storm waves.  The addition of the shoreline revetment
and the shallow entrance to the lagoon would provide further protection against storm
waves.

      (c)   The shoreline revetment would be designed to withstand  the storm  waves
which periodically strike the area.  A natural rock appearance  would  be maintained
along the shoreline of most  of the lagoon.  Neither the changes to  the  inner zone of
the bay nor the shoreline berm would increase the susceptibility  of shoreline areas to
inundation by tsunami (Sea Engineering, Inc., 1985).
                                      IV-1

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  -.--••


     (d)   Alternatives I and 2 would require,redesigning the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa
Hotel  resort complex to  fit.the  land'cqnstrplnts1::Imposed by  the two  different
anchialine  pond preservation areas. .However^lxtth; these alternatives would  still
accommodate a lagoon of much the same «ize.: and shape as has been proposed. Some
of the recreational diversity desired by  ,.
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the foregoing, it is estimated that approval of * thie^applicont^request would result in a
69  percent  reduction In the number^ of: ponds:;withir»ithe|WBR/and a 72 percent
reduction in pond aquatic habitat^ If the anchialmefpoh'ds present within the existing
pond preservation area near 'Anaeho'omalu Bay'were included, ;the percentage of ponds
lost (in terms of both number and surface area) would be slightly lower.

     (c)  The 12-acre pond preservation orea Included Ini Alternative I would save 55
ponds having a surface area of approximately 3.8 acres.-'Alternative 2 would save 122
ponds, making it the best of the alternatives In this respect.  Alternative 3 Is the same
as the applicants' proposal, except  that  the  lagoon would be jellminated.  This would
save 17 ponds, Increasing the number of  ponds preserved within the project area to 79
when included with the 12-acre preservation area proposed by the applicant. Denial of
the permit would preserve all of the anchialine ponds on the WBR.  A comparison of
the number of ponds lost and saved for each alternative Is provided In Table II-1.

     (d)   According to Maciolek and Brock (1974), the area occupied by the Waikoloa
Beach Resort  contains the greatest number,  density, and diversity of anchialine ponds
in the state.  If the proposed action or Alternatives I  or 3 were Implemented, the
number of ponds remaining in the pond  preservation areas would be  roughly equal to
the number Maciolek and Brock reported  as being present in  several of  the region's
other pond complexes. The pond preservation areas that  would be established as  part
of  any  of  these  alternatives would contain  a  diversity of   young and old  closed
anchialine ponds. They would also be the only officially designated areas on the West
Hawai'I  coast within which  the  preservation  of ponds  is  assured and  the  only
concentration of ponds having a management plan providing for systematic pond study,
surveillance,  and  public access  and education.  Alternative  2 would result  in the
preservation of  122 ponds, thereby insuring that the WBR  continues  to  contain the
largest  concentration of  anchialine ponds in the region.

      (e)   Denial  of the permit would maintain the WBR as the area having the
greatest number, concentration, and diversity of anchialine ponds in Hawai'i.

      (f)   Under the proposed action and Alternatives I, 2, and 3, it is likely that all
organisms living in the filled ponds would be killed. There is a possibility that a few
motile  organisms might  successfully migrate underground to ponds within the preser-
vation area. However, the number of individuals likely to accomplish this feat would
be small, and the loss in the number of individual organisms is  expected to be substan-
tially greater than the number that might survive by  migrating.  While issuance  of  a
fj ii T"i^*r*m 7^ ff\^ti"««"fc*»*»«i+-*»""»Ji'"A*»«^— •••—••'-£  t_ — JJL—	_i....*.*__*._ it      i    f    i    i
pond habitat in
with the existence                          	  	 	  		
Kina'u,  Maui, would  allow the continued existence of anchialine pond organisms and
habitat.

      (g)  ^ Denial of the permit would preserve all the ponds within the WBR, and no
reduction in the number  of anchialine pond organisms would occur.

      (h)   The  proposed fill  is expected  to affect only those ponds into which  it is
discharged directly.  The basalt lava that would be used for this  purpose is not contam-
inated,  and it is not,  therefore, expected to release pollutants into the ponds remaining
within the pond preservation areas.  The groundwater in the project area is too saline
to be used as a source of potable drinking water, and it would not be contaminated by
the fill.^ Based on observations in the anchialine ponds next to the roads and other fill
areas within the WBR, and on commitments the applicants have made with respect to
                                       IV-3

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                       odjacentKt
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                                           _    pcpurse.^ig?Lv(pdditIon,?vthe report
 hypothesized\that ^the additlonj
, groundwater 5 flux  through; r
 sampling,  Oceanic Inii'tute 	......__,_  _^._.._ 	
 ponds'  natural,  predevelopment'' conditionlarefhot rlimiting.^ Rather,  the report
 concluded  that  the:level of  biologiesactivltyl(photosynthesis)Us constrained by
 something else.-Oceanic Institute believes that.the high flushing rate characteristic of
 the ponds' waters (as a  result of tidal exchange) reduces;the tendency of higher
 nutrient levels to increase the standing stock of phytoplanktorvf This probably explains
 the absence of algal blooms In the pond?, but also suggests that maintenance  of a
 healthy pond environment, within the pond preservation areas: Is feasible as long as
 flushing rates remain high.''  •*?;^'.'-'j-$&i ••.\---': •.•'r-^''-.''-:. '""':;":'/- •[ •

 4.   WATER QUALITY AND MARINE RESOURCES

 4.1   EFFECTS ON COASTAL WATER QUALITY

      (a)   None of the alternatives Involve work In marine v/aters or in the middle or
 outer zones of Waiulua Bay. The anchialine pond  fill is confined to inland areas above
 the  mean high  water  level.   The lagoon construction would also be  confined to
 intertidal basalt flat areas of  Waiulua  Bay and  to anchiallnCi ponds and surrounding
 lowland areas.  A temporary rock berm would be  placed  between the inner and middle
 zones  of  the  bay to prevent  turbid water from the construction area from  being
 carried out into Waiulua Bay.  This  berm would be removed once  construction is
 completed.                                               ;

       (b)   Under some  circumstances,  development  on the ponds or nearby inland
 areas  could influence the quality  of groundwater discharging naturally  Into coastal
 waters.   Estimates  of increased nutrient  discharges  into neqrshore waters resulting
 from operation of the Waikoloa Beach Resort were  discussed In  the environmental
 impact statement prepared for the resort and submitted to the County of Hawai'i in
  1976 by the Boise Cascade Home and Land Corp.  Leaking sewer lines and excess
 landscape fertilization were identified as potential nutrient sources, and the extent to
 which these would increase nutrient concentrations in coastcl waters was estimated.
 The report concluded that:


       The extent of dilution  (by  ocean water)  will  eliminate any significant
       effect of all  these constituents  with the  possible exception of nitrogen.
       The background level of  nitrogen in  coastal waters is  not well established
       --  it may be anywhere  from 0.02  to 0.16  mg/l and quite  likely is not
       constant.  The addition of nitrogen from  the project through  the basal  lens
       may increase the average coastal water concentration by as much  as 0.03
       mg/l in the  nearshore surface waters.  In localized  areas  of significant
       basal water discharge into calm waters, the nitrogen level will be increased
       by more than this (Boise Cascade Home and Land Corporation, 1976:285).

       (c)    The concentration  of nutrients in anchialine pond water tested by Oceanic
  Institute possibly reflects the  artificial fertilization of  the  resort's golf  course.  The
  proposed  resort development  is another  potential source of nutrients, but Oceanic
  Institute's scientists felt that wave action  and currents would result in rapid mixing as
  soon as  the groundwater enters the ocean so  that  coastal  water quality would be
  maintained.
                                        SV-5

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-'  ;   *~
         ""•"^S ^pm ••""." •'  * "'•  -"^i "•' •""»"* •"'•'*7ir'V^'i'^3BI~«'t""rltSfcC:*T^*;;1:^i"**w*?^>v^^V^tp™*i'^-"*'^'^I'"fra'?~^WSt^-~"-""~» ?lT"i ''.*•'••.   ^    »     - _.
F_,    . j*iThe Jogoon included In.0he|appUccints5;prppJ5saIo^d Alternatives I  and 2
<. would Intercept groundwater..whicH pr^ently^djscha>gej5"along the shoreline or into the
•open anchiallne ponds at thjp^adJjpfsWqiOlua"Bqy^A'certqin'degree of stratification
..would occur within .the water];ri'the" Iggow^^h^oplslic^ts^Gre concerned that water
 quality within the lagoon-be sultab^                            thus, they do not
 want the lagoon water to, stagnate lorjdevelopfalgonjlojjms.^'Towards this end, they
 want  to insure short.water residence|tirne.%T.heIr'present design Involves pumping
 groundwater into the  lagoon from a new, shallow well that .would be drilled nearby.  An
 estimated 3,200 gallons  per minute, or^.6 million'gal 16ns per day would be added to
 the lagoon .through  several discharge-pointstqlong;Its:bottom.  The well  water
 discharge would break down'the stratification^rnlx the1 two layers within the lagoon
 and result in  a net .outflow from the  lagoon. ^Without the  proposed supplemental
 groundwater pumping Into the  lagoon, It Is possible thai a layer of denser (because of
 Its higher salinity) ocean water could be trapped beneath the outflowing surface layer
 of fresher groundwater and stagnate. As a result of the supplemental pumping, it is
 expected that water quality within the lagoon will be similar to that now found in the
 open ponds, although some increase in nutrient levels may  be  experienced as a result
 of fertilization around the  lagoon and In other upland areas.

      (e)   Following  lagoon  construction,  naturally; flowing  groundwater  would
 discharge into the proposed lagoon rather than at the existing  shoreline.  The edge of
 the basal  lens (which is  already quite brackish in this area) would move inland to  the
 mauka side of the lagoon.  The well supplying  the lagoon would draw from a zone
 beneath the lens  so that the cone of drawdown around it would not produce significant
 further intrusion of saltwater. The existing wells nearjest  the lagoon supply brackish
 water  to  the  Waikoloa Beach  Resort golf course.  They are  approximately one mile
 Inland from the proposed lagoon and well. No measurable increase in the saltiness of
 this well  water  is expected as  a result of  the operation of  the well supplying  the
 lagoon. The nearest  potable water wells are located approximately seven miles away
 near Waikoloa Village at an elevation of 1,200 feet. These potable water wells would
 not be affected by the slight change in the boundary of t^e basal lens at the shoreline.

       (f)   The use of natural  rock for shoreline revetments and  natural sand for  the
 proposed beach would not  release contaminants into the lagoon or coastal waters.  As
 the number of people using the shoreline and lagoon increases, there is a potential  for
 increased bacterial levels and trash. The quality of the lagoon  water will be monitored
 regularly,  and groundwater pumping rates adjusted so that safe swimming conditions
 are maintained.  Resort  employees would remove accumulated  trash on a daily or more
 frequent basis.

       (g)  ^Stormwater  runoff to the ocean — even during the region's most intense
 storms — is essentially  nil at  present because the rainwater can  percolate  downward
 through the extremely  permeable 'a'a and pahoehoe  lava  more rapidly  than it falls.
 Any development on the ponds or inland would requires the importation of soils  for
 landscaping, and the addition of impervious surfaces; such as  roads,  buildings,  and
 parking areas has the potential to decrease permeability.

       (h)   The permeability of the topsoil likely to be used in  landscaping the resort is
 at least 2 inches per hour.  Even  if it is compacted by heavy  foot traffic across lawn
 areas, the permeability  would  remain 0.5 inch per hour: or greater.  Measurable runoff
 from paved areas does not usually occur unless rainfall exceeds O.I  inch per day.  Mean
 annual rainfall at the WBR is  only about 10 inches per year.  Extrapolating  from data
 collected at Gauge 95.1  in Puako, it  is estimated that, on the average, 24-hour rainfall
 exceeds O.I inch per day  only 13 times per year; it exceeds  0.5  inch per day only 3


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                                               'VX'
 '^^''^^'^^^^^^^^^i^^^s^^m^m^ms^^^^ ••
 suggests|lhatj;stprmmmoff.£chonge$tresutng from resort
td he limited'^!^S!!j^*S£^®e*a5^*®iaE*S(tlK*it^~-—--	•  •

'(&: -V •' "•"' -•t-"-,*..?,'"*'': -,' •;•. V; • :.'.v. •• •;-••»•;
*y: times ; per| year;
/development are
•i.S;':- 
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«,A.W.>-*.!•«"..
 * ,  . *
 :?^%?!>
encouraged to"depart the areiai byIpw^^ Int^MltyJexpjosIo^defonatecJ Immediately prior
to the main charge. .^ lmporiahtlbeVithi<£^                             oysters and
clams have been,found to be"resistantctoi^pck!froh|^u^ierwater explosions.  Young
(February'1973), for exampIe^TeportedithiatMobsters^showed no signs of Injury when
exposed.to 20-pound chargesi;at,d;^distance>bfConIy^50 feet: In open  water.   The
anchialine pond preservation;area, located aboutH,400|,feet  away from the closest
edge of the lagoon, should notJ>e affected by grpynd shock waves.
       5.   HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PROPERTIES -&£& !•
             (a)   Pond  filling and lagoon excavation "associated with the known applicants'
       proposal and Alternatives I, 2, or 3 would have no direct Impact on archaeological
       resources.  Scientific data  present on archaeological jisltes at the Hyatt Regency
       Waikoloa Hotel  site  were  recovered  to the  satisfaction  of  the  State Historic
       Preservation Officer.  In addition, the applicants have agreed with the State Historic
       Preservation Officer to preserve sites within the Waiulua Bay, Kaniku, and Nawahine
       Settlement complexes.  The  applicants have further agreed to provide interpretive
       displays and walkways around the Waiulua Bay Settlement.  All  other  archaeological
       sites on the Hyatt site would be destroyed.

             (b)   The State Historic Preservation Officer and the applicants are still discuss-
       ing  the results of archaeological  reconnaissance work .-that was undertaken  on the
       remainder of the coastal properties with  anchialine ponds and are exploring ways to
       best protect and  manage the archaeological remains situated there. Based on the best
       available  information, these sites do  not  appear to [be eligible  for the National
       Register of Historic Places.  However, in  regard to jthis area the State Historic
       Preservation Officer is continuing to explore with the applicants the need and desire
        to:                                                  ,

             o Salvage and preserve important archaeological remains;
             o Relocate and reconstruct some archaeological features;
             o Provide for archaeological surveillance and monitoring of earthmoving and
                    excavation work by a qualified archaeologist;
             o Assure  adequate monitoring of the applicants' activities and the work of the
                    surveillance archaeologist; and
             o Develop and  implement educational programs, including the provision  of
                    displays and walkways.

        6.   IMPACTS ON VEGETATION, BIRDS,  AND WILDLIFE

        6.1    VEGETATION

             With the  exception of no  action/permit  denial, iall of the alternatives  under
        consideration  would  result in substantial  changes in   the  vegetative communities
        present on the  project site.   The construction of the  proposed hotel  and  resort
        residential units would  involve clearance of the existing vegetation,  except  for the
        Marsh and Coastal Strand communities present within the anchialine pond preservation
        areas. Other alternatives involve greater or lesser pond preservation areas and, hence,
        preservation of  differing amounts of marsh and coastal strand vegetation as shown in
        Table  II-1. Landscaping of the development sites would involve numerous exotic,
        indigenous, and  endemic plant species, as wellas  a significant increase in the total
        amount of plant material present and species abundance on the property.

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6.2   BIRDS AND WILDLIFE
                             ^^, ..A.-,. -.-,•••.. '-^^s^^fmm^^^-:: -
                            .-•••-. :, .     .••.;;;;<>,•?••?-.•?'•?' •\^VSSMreS!-.-><-i;--« .-,'. ,.•
                         •  '^iZ^-: ••^^&jj&^^^i
  s    (a)   All  of the alternatives exceptf-no^acfionTpermit  denial would result in
considerable changes in the avion community^ The loss of anchialine ponds and kiawe
thickets, as well as the increased human presence, would discourage use of the area by
the family of Black-Crowned Night Herons observed In trees around the ponds near the
head  of Waiulua Bay.  They would probably be displaced to other pond areas on the
West  Hawai'I coast.                                       I
                                                         f
      (b)   The change In vegetation and environment would lead to a gradual increase
in the number of exotic and introduced birds,  and to an increase in pets such as cats
and dogs. The Common Mynah would probably Increase in number, as would the House
Sparrow and the Nutmeg Mannikin. The open grassy lawns and remaining anchialine
ponds and unchanged shoreline  would probably continue to1 attract some migratory
waterbirds.  The number of migratory waterbirds  now visiting the site Is already low,
and the  populations are likely to decline further in the  future as a result  of the
proposed development.  No major  change In the feral animal population is expected.
The increased human presence, particularly the food handling areas, may lead to some
increase in the number of mice, rats, and mongooses.

63    THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

      No species listed on the Federal list of  threatened and endangered  species are
affected by the proposed project.  Consultation with the U.S.[Fish and Wildlife Service
and the National Marine Fisheries Service  (NMFS) (see Appendix C) indicates that
neither  the proposed  action  nor  the alternatives  would jeopardize the continued
existence of the endangered Hawaiian stilt,  humpback whale, or Hawaiian hoary 'bat.
Similarly, It would not adversely affect the threatened green sea turtle.  Consultation
witrMhe NMFS concerning the effects of blasting on the Whales and sea turtles is
continuing.                                              i

7.   SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT

7.1    INTRODUCTION

      (a)   An assessment of future socio-economic response to any proposed project
is necessarily speculative.  In the current instance, the degree of uncertainty is
particu arly great because detailed plans for development within the project area are
available only for the Hyatt site, because the  shape of off-site secondary growth has
not been  fully established by State and County governments, and because there is
uncertainty regarding the applicants'  ability  to  implement alternative development
schemes.  Finally, it must be noted that the applicants are currently awaiting County
and State decisions on many of the on-site development  permits needed to implement
their  plans, and additional approvals of an employee housing program, water system
expansion, and other infrastructure will also be n-cessary.  Requirements imposed as
part of any of these permit processes could lead ;w adjustments in their plans.

      (b)   Social impacts are largely a function of the overall magnitude of the devel-
opment ^that is undertaken  rather than the specific- site layout.   Hence, were the
alternatives to the applicants' proposal to be implemented, they would have essentially
the same  effects as the proposed  action. If  the project were to be abandoned, the
pace  of economic development  in West Hawai'i  would  be  greatly slowed or stopped
altogether.  Population would be lower, as would  personal income and other relevant
economic oarameters.
                                     IV-9

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• *    • •  * ..••>••. £•.•*£!- •'? .« ••*•*•
                                                         f&f.'S'gf.
                                                    S?Si^it:>''?•''"'"•'''.'" '•'
                                      	-..p^^^^^^vl-'7' -'
     (c)   The overall social impacf|^^fhe|y^^;was|discussed  extensively in an
environmental Impact  statement..submitt6d]|o\theIC6ynJy*;bf Hawai'i  in  1976  fBoise
Cascade Home and Land Corp.). -Theypfbject-speclfic^ffects of the proposed Hyatt
Regency Waikoloa Hotel, one of; the'irnpst^mportdnt^jplements of the  resort, are
addressed  in  some  detail  In a\ recent:>:spc!o^economid''.assessment by  Community
Resources, Inc. (September1984). .;^:^.^|?-'1^a^^;^''l'r;''':

     (d)   As noted elsewhere  In this report^fhe^,Waikoi6a Beach Resort is one of
three major resort developments now underway along the South Kohala coastline. All
three,  together with other resort growth in the North Kona District, are identified as
major  resort destination areas In the Land Use portion of the Hawai'i County General
Plan and on the General Plan's  Land Use Pattern Allocation Maps. The  three major
South  Kohala  resorts,  together  with the Keauhou Resorjt in North  Kona, are largely
self-contained with respect to their own water,  power, and other utility  lines.
However, the  off-site secondary growth which they will induce is expected to increase
the demand on non-resort  utility systems and public services as  well.  The  Corps'
assessment indicates that the  necessary Infrastructure: is now available-or can be
expanded to meet these future demands.

      (e)   Community Resources' analysis of the  effects of  the  proposed  Hyatt
Regency Waikoloa Hotel project concluded that the existing West Hawai'i labor force
on the Island  of Hawai'i is insufficient to meet all the labor force needs of the pro-
posed  Hyatt Regency Waikoloa  Hotel, especially considering the near-term expansion
plans of neighboring resorts.  Depending upon the rate at which the remainder of the
project  area  is developed,  the  demand for workers generated by this  development
could  also stimulate in-migration.  Newly  arrived workers would increase the demand
for housing and heighten the need for public services and infrastructure in support
housing areas.  The ratio  of Caucasians to other ethnjc groups in the  region-could
increase as individuals and families in-migrate from off-Island and out-of-state to take
advantage of  the  resort employment  and other visitor-related business opportunities.
The region's old plantation lifestyle and cultural attributes would change in response to
rapid  and  sizeable economic  and demographic growth.   Cultural  conflicts could
increase, as could the  incidence of crimes against tourists.

7.2    EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION IMPACTS    \

7.2.1    Construction Period

       (a)   Estimates  prepared  by the applicant for the Hyatt project indicate  that its
construction would involve over 1,600 person-years.  (A "person-year" is defined as one
 person working full  time for  a period of one year.) • Averaged  over the  28-month
 construction  period that  is expected for the Hyatt,  this amounts  to  roughly 700
additional construction jobs. Employment levels would, of course, fluctuate  signifi-
 cantly over time, so  that  relatively  few  workers might be on-site during  the  early
 months of the project when the site is being prepared,  and as many as 1,200 to 1,500
 might be  present at one  time for  short periods  during the intense  activity that
 accompanies  final fitting-out of the hotel.             •

       (b)   Construction employment on the  three other sites within the project area
 would be substantially less than for the Hyatt. Because [these sites are expected to be
 developed sequentially, average construction employment gensrated by their develop-
 ment would be less than would be experienced during  the years  the Hyatt is  being
 built.   The average during these later  years  is expected to be approximately 240
 construction  jobs, but annual averages might vary from as few as 170 to as many as
 370 construction jobs.

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  m-' •'     -  •:>,
    ; (c).  Generally, the construction '.labor; forcei-requirements are expected to be
met by employing local workers and by bringing In additional .workers for short periods
of tinned Hence, the effect of this construction employment'ori!the resident population
would be minimal  except that  It could allow Individuals .already in the construction
labor force to remain in the region.:          ^  " *f* -  ••'„-   «~ 1

7.23,    Operational Period                            r'  "'*'

     (a)  Resort  development as proposed would lead to  a permanent Increase in the
number of jobs, residents, and visitors In the region.  Comjnunlty Resources,  Inc.
(September  1984;  March 1985) estimated that the  Hyatt Rpgency Waikoloa Hotel
would generate nearly.1,900 direct visitor industry jobs supporting an additional 4,000
persons in West Hawai'I.  These jobs would be both  In the hotel  Itself and In direct
visitor industry businesses which are supported by the expenditures of the hotels and
hotel guests.  Development on the other three sites covered by the DA permit applica-
tion was forecast to add another 1,600 direct visitor industry jobs and 3,400 residents.
Over the long term, then, the proposed  action is expected  to result in the formation of
approximately 2,900 direct visitor industry jobs; these jobs would, in turn, support  a
resident population of about 6,900 people.

      (b)   The Hyatt  is expected to have an average visitor census of about  1,900
persons, while the  average number of visitors and residents in the two additional resort
hotels and single condominium project  planned for the other jsites within the project
area is forecast at almost 1,400 persons. During peak periods, i'the visitor census could
be as much as 20-percent higher than the annual average.      I

7.3   HOUSING IMPACTS                                  :
                                                           i
7.3.1   Construction Period                                j

      (a)   Community Resources, Inc. (September  1984) estimated that  about  300
 workers might enter the housing market in search of  long-term leases while the Hyatt
 iSjbeing constructed.  If these workers  are accommodated in single-family homes, the
 number of units needed to house them would  be  less than  100.  If they are housed
 instead in small  apartments, the number of units required would be proportionately
 greater.  Assuming a  typical distribution between single-  and multi-family units, the
 additional housing demand during construction of  the Hyatt is unlikely to exceed 150-
 200 units, and it could well be substantially lower.

      (b)   An additional  300  off-island  workers may enter the  short-term rental
 housing market for a period of a few months at a time during the construction of the
 Hyatt. Depending upon the choices they make between single- and multi-family units,
 the total could range  from as little as  120 to as high as 250 units.  Peak construction
 employment  would be reached when off-island workers with  special skills not readily
 available on  the island arrive for periods ranging from a few days to  a few weeks.
 These  workers would  almost  certainly stay in  hotels or condominiums now in the
 vacation rental market; their use by  construction workers would have little effect on
 resident housing.

      (c)   The other  sites within the  project area are substantially smaller  than the
 Hyatt site, and development on them  would have proportionately lower construction
 worker housing requirements.  Construction of  the hotel planned  for Site 12 would
 begin just after the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel is completed.  Because of its size,
 this hotel would have  the most significant construction work force requirements of all
                                      IV-11

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 the post-Hyatt projects.  Community Resources^ Inc?(March 1985) forecasts that the
 average construction  worker housing neediresu|ting frbrn this hotel would  be well
•'under 100units.        :''^:%:':H'^^^^^^^^^^|ft^f^|,v>r: ' •  •

      (d)   If they were Implemented, Alternatives I ancj 3 would generate about the
 same need for  construction worker  housing as the applicants' proposal.  If  it were
 financially viable, Alternative 2, which allocates 39 acres of the resort's shoreline land
 to preservation, would generate approximately one-half to two-thirds the construction
 worker housing requirement as the applicants' proposal.);  If the permit is denied, no
 additional housing would be needed.for construction workers.
 7.3.2    Operational Period                            i

       (a)   Slightly over 300 workers could move  to Kohala as a result of the Hyatt
 project if the applicants' proposal is implemented.  Of these, roughly two-thirds would
 be service workers with relatively limited incomes.  Development planned subsequent
 to the Hyatt would support an additional 200 to 220 in-migrant workers.  Converting
 these figures to households suggests that direct visitor industry employment generated
 by the Hyatt might generate a demand for about 200 additional Kohala area homes.
 The remaining  planned hotel  and condominium  projects would increase this by an
 additional 140 units.  Hence, total employee housing demand associated with  planned
 development within the project area is forecast at  about ;350 units.

       (b)   Securing affordable housing is likely to be  a serious concern for  the newly
 formed and in-migrating households from which the direct visitor industry work force
 required  to support the applicants' proposal would be drawn.  These households total
 between  125 and  185  for the Hyatt, and from 80 to  130 for the subsequent  planned
 projects.  If historical  trends continue, many of these households may require housing
 assistance or be forced to live in sub-standard conditions,

       (c)   If they could be implemented, Alternatives)I and 3 would generate about
  the same employee housing demand  as  would the  applicants'  proposal.   If  it were
  financially viable, Alternative 2, which allocates 39 acres of the resort's shoreline land
  to preservation, would generate a need for approximately  one-half to two-thirds the
  amount of employee housing as the  applicants' proposal.   If the permit is  denied, no
  additional employee housing would be needed.

  7.4   OTHER ECONOMIC IMPACTS

        (a)   Over  its  28-month construction  period,  the  Hyatt development  would
  generate about $85 million dollars  in  personal  income.   Nearly  $46 million would
  accrue to residents of the Big Island,  mostly  (80 percent) to those living in West
  Hawai'i.  Construction expenditures for the three  remaining  planned  projects are
  forecast to generate  nearly $70 million in personal income statewide, about half of it
  on the Big Island. Available data suggests that tax collections from personal income
  average about  17 percent, or $6-milIion per year during  construction of  the Hyatt.
  Average annual tax income during development of the remaining three sites within the
  permit area is  forecast to be about $2-million.

        (b)  Long-term  operational   employment  generated directly  by  the  Hyatt
  Regency Waikoloa Hotel would produce an estimated $50-million dollars per year in
  personal  income  statewide, and  the increase on the Big  Island would approach  $30-
  million.  Development of the three remaining sites would increase personal income in
  the State and County by $33-million and $l9-million, respectively.
                                        1V-I2

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     / \   n  *     .      - . \/v'^^/'^^^.:r:::v-v-^^jaiHw^.^a^-*.i!?s«^'rar?>s <~'i.v
-------
 '• •                     '•  • ' •-' •• "7*^ES^f^?5»i?^*^^>I^^ii^^r«/-?'v;;: ••••-    ,  ..  ... _.
crime data nationwide (Pizam;  1982), In"comparable7areas such as Florida (McPheters
& Stronge;  1974), and In Hawai'i (Fujii,;.Mak^&>Nishimu'ra} 1978 and Chesney-Lind &
Lindj 1984) lead to contradictory conclusibhsi|There was some consistency in finding a
relationship between tourism and robberies^and^n.Hawal'I, rape as well), but the data
are not clear cut.           • •...'.'•   :' •-.'•''';:--^S^fpll^^l/.;, •-,
      (b)   Community Resources, I nc.'s analysis of overall crime rate data for rural
resort areas suggests there may be a temporary spurt in reported crime (particularly
thefts) following openings of major new resort projects, but long-term trends in Kohala
and Kona  do not suggest continued growth: In crime^ rates In  direct proportion to
continued resort development or population growth rates.  That is, the per-unit impact
of the Hyatt Regency on local crime rates is expected lo be less than the impact of
previous hotel openings, and the impact of the subsequent projects less still.
                                                     !
      (c)   Additional perspectives gained through interviews with Kona and Kohala
police captains include these points:                   i

      o  On-site crime at existing West Hawai'i luxury hotels is minimal and usually
         involves theft from rooms or cars by hotel workers.

      o  Off-site, visitors are most frequently victimized by thefts from parked cars
         or of valuables left on the beach.
                                                     i
      o  Police  do  not feel  there are substantial "spill-over"  effects  on residents.
         That is, residents are not more likely to be crime  victims because they live
         near resorts,  nor are many  adult  residents tempted to commit crimes if they
         are not already inclined toward criminality.   [

      o  The major "spill-over" effect  of concern to police is  the increase  in crime
         opportunities at  parks and  beaches, where thefts are most  frequently com-
         mitted by juveniles.  However, the impacts of the various proposed Waikoloa
         projects are likely to be dampened by (!) the tendency of guests to drive all
         around the island, not just to  nearby areas, and (2) the absence in Kohala of a
         "street scene" such as contributes to delinquency in Kailua-Kona or Lahaina.

       o  An indirect effect of tourism on crime is through conflicts between longtime
         residents and newcomers who may be employed in resorts. Physical confron-
         tations lead  to  assault  charges  against either party, but often it  is the
          transient newcomer  who commits the crime of theft  against the  longtime
          local resident.

       o  On the other hand, police  believe Mainland-raised people are more  likely to
          report crime, and local  people are also more likely  to file reports as the
          population grows and becomes more filled with;strangers. Thus, there may be
          an increase "on paper" of crime in Kohala as economic development leads to
          more  in-migration and population growth.     '

 7.5.3   Effects on Social Structure                   ,
         —____—_—____—*.^—i^_                   i

       Impacts of resort development on local residents' values,  lifestyles, and "quality
 of life" are indirect and  difficult  to measure.  Nevertheless, effects will be  felt over
 the  long term, changing along with  other societal trends and circumstances.  To some
 extent, it is more possible to identify aspects of social structure which can be  affected
 by increased resort development.
                                       IV-14

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o  Ethnic Relation onaVC^                              move ,nfo the

               win be somejncreoses^Jri^existinglproblerns of  intercultural
               ^51 experience suggests'Jongtirne">residents tend to "act out"
             >, while many newcomersjar^rnore^likely: to feel socially isolated
                   ealtn assistance.S.:lf;rnn«:+•'iinno^ rri^,^«««~,__»	ti?	__.
         and seek mental, health assistance
         structure. And
         Waikiki work .,
         tural dimension
                                                                           are
                                           sjri Asian immigrants among the
                                           iV*u-.- at'- t-i	i  _     .  . "  .
                                                          a new mtercul-
           t  f             i	•-•»•«•»• >w» ^»«iv«W 41 • f~%tf*UI | tl4|l|||Vj
           k force begin to be>eplicated on:ihtf Big Island,
           iion will emerged '• -'. .•'^^v^t^S^S^if.-:?, •
                • ' • v/>^.-s ..".    ' v^^r^;?^!^^^?®^;-'^1-;-'1

         .  Organizations.;^ North  Kohaitfs plantation legacy and cultural
         equahty have historically  discouraged longtime residents from
         •biic^pos.t.ons of leadership (Chang,- 1977, 1979).  As a result, man^
        TK-^l   j    community organizations are filled by  relative new-

g««J^tMxr^Ti^l5SSW2^ •""«•of ~-
              orcr                     °f the vlsit°r Industry in South Kohala is
              accompan.ed  by  the reemergence of labor  unions as  important socio-

                     1            ° Sinle  Uni0        C°ntro1 both  of fhe
           nn        ,        *
         frceTn^n! n rv0""1 °I ^ ^ K°ha'a h°tdS' lf WOUld b*C°™
         force in local politics and within the evr-vday lives of many residents.
                 n,   !rharacter' The ->-'«»t sharp distinctions between the
                 and social  characters of the major area population centers

                                         QffeCted»  °nd PerhQPs reinforce'd, byth;

                                        ' , H°WSYer'  the H^att Qnd subsequent
                        ^ u         stimulate  m^e  rapid  growth  at  Waikoloa
               , wh.ch could become the community of top and middle management

7.5.4    Mitigation Measures









7.5.4.1   Housing









                         ^^

  obs.
                                         W°Uld be Willln9 *> commute to Kohala
                                   IV-15

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                   •  • -  :~3'K * ':•
     o  Improved dissemination of Information io employees regarding housing assist-
        ance programs for which, ttey^rtwy^floal ifyj^^^j;;^^-.'.^'.::'.

     o  Government  fmUItaflm^pf1i^hg:'d^lopm'e|if In areas "within reasonable
        commuting distance to the growth centers of North Kona and South  Kohala
        but where land costs are lower" (Hawai'i, State of, Department of Planning
        and Economic Development, ^awai'I Inter-Divisijon Committee, I ?84:22).

7.5.4.2   Maximizing Employment Benefits for Longtime Residents

     (a)   As discussed in  Section 6.3.5.3, there Is sbme community  concern that
younger and/or native Hawaiian residents are growing t|O feel  alienated from tourism
jobs. Steps that could be taken to avoid this include the following:

     o  A determination  should  be made of  the  extent to which disaffection  is
        actually present and its causes.

     o  Many of the region's  youth come from rural areas where the emphasis has
        been on agriculture and the values attached  to an agricultural existence.  The
        agricultural  sector of the  economy  has become stagnant  in  recent years.
        Increasing efforts  to educate  high school  students and others  entering the
        work force  to the demands of the urban, service-type jobs which are most
         likely to be available could be beneficial.     <
                                                    i.
      o Hotel managers, many of whom come from out of state, should be educated
         regarding cultural  factors in Hawai'i. This  would  make them better prepared
         to deal with local  residents as employees and enhance the job satisfaction of
         their employees.

      (b)   The  beneficial consequences of maximizing employment opportunities for
 current residents are not, however, ultimately restricted  to any particular ethnic or
 age groups.  There may even be  need for active efforts to retrain East Hawai'i sugar
 workers for West Hawai'i resort employment should the plantations suddenly falter due
 to national economic or political conditions.  From the resort  operators' perspective, a
 work force consisting of longtime residents is less likely to feature constant turnover
 and subsequent  high retraining costs.

      (c)   Given such considerations,  resort  developers and/or hotel operators could
 work in partnership with public agencies and community  groups to develop  resident-
 oriented job training programs, including components such as on-site job counseling/
 referral programs and extensive community awareness efforts. The Kuilima Resort on
 O'ahu  is  currently  attempting  to  develop  such a  program (Kuilima  Development
 Company, 1984).  Success  in such efforts would also mitigate housing needs, to the
 extent that employment is maximized among  alreadyrhoused residents  living within
 reasonable commuting distance.                        :

 7.5.4.3    Other Steps

      (a)   implementation of the State's long-standing plan to develop Kiholo south of
 WBR as a State Park could provide residents both  with a new beach facility that is
 separate  from visitor development and with the  reassurance that  the  Kohala/Kona
 coastline  has not been abandoned to outsiders. This  would complement the very signif-
 icant steps that have been taken to provide good shoreline access within the  Waikoloa
 Beach Resort.                                       i
                                       IV-16

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     (b)   Given the large number of units"tp^^^wej>ope'dJa)frthe'Kxatt site and at
the other nearby affected sites, and given...the!!c^mce^f;lnealrby°communities which
could be used for this purpose, It might b^apprbprlafei.to"provide on-site child care
facilities  at the  WBR.   Alternatively, if It  better;Tmet the ijieeds  of  workers,  such
facilities  could be supported In communities such '"cis"Hcwl^cjirWaimea.  This would
make it more feasible  for  parents  with young  children r'tofwork  and reduce  the
pressures on families Induced by shift work.      ;,: ;   s&;-^  .|:/
   ;    '     :¥:'  •'•••'   •        •• .•     '       .•''-./'•:'f^!&&&-l^i'  '
     (c)   Finally, a standing communication mechanism5 bejtween  resort managers
and the leaders of nearby communities and community organizations should be devel-
oped. It could help prevent conflicts and resolve those that do occur. It could also be
of aid in designing the housing and/or employment mitigations previously discussed.

8,   IMPACTS ON RECREATIONAL RESOURCES AND ACTIVITY

8.1   WITHIN THE WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT

     (a)   The applicants' proposed action would increase theinumber and diversity of
recreational  facilities in the region and on the island.  This!would  be accomplished
through  the addition of  tennis courts, a bowling  alley, a half-acre freshwater swim-
ming pool and 5-acre swimming lagoon, and  a health spa/sports complex proposed as
part of the  Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel and  by otherf  (as yet  undetermined)
recreational  facilities that would be constructed on  the other jthree development sites
within the permit area.  It would also result in the construction of improved rights-of-
way between the resort entrance road and the shoreline as well  as public parking areas
for the  cars  of  shoreline users.  These would complement the shoreline access and
public beach  facilities already constructed by Transcontinental Development Co. «il
'Anaeho'omalu Bay.

  •;'   (b)   Hotel  guests would be the primary  users  of the hotel  amenities, but
residents and day visitors could also  use the restaurants, fowling alley,  and other
facilities.  Various community organizations are also expected to utilize  the  new
dining and banquet facilities that  would be constructed if development proceeds as
proposed.

      (c)   In accordance with conditions established by the County of Hawai'i, public
 rights-of-way would be maintained between the resort entrance road and  the shoreline
 along  the sides of each of the sites developed in the project area.  Establishment of
 these  beach  rights-of-way would increase the accessibility: of the shoreline of the
 WBR,   Continued public access along  the shoreline would be assured. The provision of
 public parking areas near the heads of these rights-of-way would insure that the paths
 are usable by the general public.  The elimination of anchialine ponds and construction
 of buildings on parcels fronting the trail would significantly alter the character of the
 shoreline setting, a change which some users would probablyjfind undesirable. At the
 same time, the creation of pond preservation areas and the development of  interpre-
 tive displays for  them could enhance public awareness  and  understanding  of  these
 coastal ecosystems.                                       "

      (d)  Fishing and diving from boats offshore of the project area probably would
 not be adversely affected, and might well increase.  However,,  the pole and net fishing
 which now occur along  the shoreline  might decline  if local fishermen feel intimidated
 by the presence  of the proposed resort facilities and substantial numbers of visitors.
                                                       I
IV-17

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:;.',*',"
      (e)   In-water construction proposed:by^ne|opplicantsis limited to excavation
 of the.lagoon, slight  deepening;of.^fhe^jnnerrm)st|2on4:of the bay, two pedestrian
 bridges, a beach, and other resort/sfructures|associated with the Hyatt project (see
 Figure 11-5). These changes would not adversely|affeet the surfing area just south of
 Waiulua Bay, but usage of this surf ing spot might. Increase as a result of the improved
 shoreline access and increased regional  population.which  implementation  of  the
 proposal would bring about,,               ,    -  ^   !•
                                              """-   I
      (f)   If development alternatives I or 3 were pursued, they would have essential-
 ly the same  impacts as would the applicants' proposal because they involve essentially
 the same number of units and the same land crea. Because of the 39-acre preservation
 area which it involves, Alternative 2 would result In substantially less  development
 than the other alternatives (except for permit denial). The result would  ba fewer on-
 site recreational amenities, as well as a reduction In the expected  usage of off-site
 public and private recreational facilities.

 8.2   OUTSIDE THE WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT

      (a)  By increasing "the  resident and visitor  population  of  the region,  the
 proposed action would inevitably increase the demand on existing public parks,  recrea-
 tional areas, and historic sites.  Some of  this would result from the increased visitor
 population  that  it  would  produce,  but  the most  significant cause  would  be  the
 increased resident population directly and indirectly supported by the jobs that would
 be generated.                                        i

      (b)  Based on  information obtained  from South Kphala hotels, car rental  person-
 nel,  and other community obse-vers, the primary reasons for the off-site trips are
 sight-seeing, shopping, and occasional evening dining (Community Resources, Septem-
 ber 1984).   In view of the  extensive range of recreational  activities that  would be
 available within  the WBR, the number of daily off-site recreational trips generated by
 development within the project area is expected to be relatively low, probably on the
 order of 500 per day.

      (c)  The  projected 7,400-person increase in the resident population of  West
 Hawai'i, wKich would be  supported by  project-related direct visitor industry employ-
 ment,  represents a large gain over the existing level.  However, existing State and
 County parks and other recreational resources should still be sufficient to meel the
 region's recreational needs if planned recreational facility improvements identified in
 the County's Recreation  Plan (Hawai'i, County of, Department of Parks and Recrea-
 tion and Planning Department, 1973) are completed.

 9.   IMPACTS ON PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES

 9.1   THE PROPOSED ACTION
                                                     i

 9.1.1    Transportation

       (a)   Peak traffic  on  the  Waikoloa Beach Resort  entrance  road near Queen
 Ka'ahumanu Highway  following construction of the Hyatt  Regency Waikoloa Hotel
 would exceed 1,000 vehicles per hour. The level of service for through  traffic on the
 highway would remain at "A", as  would the level  of service for vehicles turning into
 the resort and vehicles exiting the resort to the south.  (Service level "A" is  the best
 possible on a scale of A through E; at this service'level there is little of  no restriction
 on speed or maneuverability.) however, because of conflicts with through traffic and
 northbound  vehicles turning into the resort, the number of  vehicles desiring to turn
 left out of  the  resort onto Queen Ka'ahumanu  Highway would exceed the capacity of
                  ,'Aiis-SS'iv. ••'''••-ff:-':$?:?.^£M$&.

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the intersection. Reducing the speed limit on the^highwayt In the vicinity of the Inter-
section would increase the capacity of the left; turn .movement; to the point where the
expected volume could be                                      '
   i  (b)   Continuing development of the sites within the prbjfect area would increase
traffic  volumes beyond  the capacity 'of the" intersection.^ |To avoid the resulting
congestion, signalization and/or physical Improvements to the intersection would be
required.  The applicants have indicated that they have plans;. jFor such improvements,
including  the eventual construction -of  a second entrance road to the resort opposite
the! existing road to Waikoloa Village, and would Implement them as necessary.
      (c)   Visitors moving to and from the resort facilities proposed for the permit
area would probably increase passenger traffic through Keahole Airport by at least 50
percent over its 1983 level.  Development of other resort facilities In the region Is
expected  to proceed as well, so that the volume of passenger traffic handled by the
airport is  projected to at  least double by  the  early  1990s.
capable of accommodating this  higher  volume  of  passenger
noticeable Increase In congestion.
Existing  facilities are
traffic, albeit  with  a
      (d)   United Airlines has already  initiated  direct  flights  from California to
Keahole, bypassing Honolulu and the inter-island air carriers, but the 6,000-foot length
of the existing runway at Keahole is too short to permit these long-range aircraft to
take off fully loaded. As a result,  departing flights leave w!ihjori!>" a partial fuel  load,
stopping at either Hilo or Kahului  for refueling. The State Department of Transporta-
tion 's preparing to update the master plan for Keahole Airpor^t, and facility improve-
ments .needed to accommodate direct flights to and from the mainland could be opera-
tional within about five years if studies show that they are justified.

      (e)   The  State Department of  Transportation  has  indicated that  facilities at
Kawaihae Harbor are adequate to accommodate the expected long-term water trans-
portation needs of West Hawai'i.                             :

9.1.2   Potable Water

      (a)   Total potable water use by the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel  is forecast
to be between 0.5 and 0.75 million gallons per day (MGD).  The capacity of the  wells
supplying the existing water  system (exclusive of required backup) is approximately 1.0
MGD, and the existing water use in the system is approximately 0.66  MGD.  Cumula-
tive water demand following construction of the Hyatt would he between 1.16 and 1.42
MGD.  The need for additional source capacity would be further accentuated by devel-
opment of the two additional hotels and condominium project planned for the project
 area.  Waikoloa Resort Utilities (September 28, 1984)  has committed itself to provide
 the necessary service.                                      ,
   .                                               •  '       \
      (b)    Since the capacity of  the existing wells would be exceeded, a new potable
 water well (or wells) would need to be drilled. During the 1970s (Bowles, Ms.) studies
 were conducted of the aquifer which  the Waikoloa wells tap  and indicate that its
 capacity, in the vicinity of the existing well field, Is on the order of 3.0 to 5.0  MGD.
 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers places the capacity of  the aquifer in the 3.0  to 6.0
 MGD  range.   This  is  more  than adequate to  accommodate all  of  the   resort
 development proposed by the applicants.  The additional development of groundwater
 resources that  would be needed to accommodate the proposed  uses  would require  a
 permit from the State of Hawai'i, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division
 of Land and Water Development.   The State Department of Health must also approve

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                                                                .

   sources developed to serve potable water^ Expansion?of] the water system would also
   have to conform to a policy of the County o|.Hawai'i Department of Public Works that
   requires that the availability of adequafelwdter  supplies be demonstrated prior  to
t   issuance of a building permit.          *'<.-^''~  ,,~      -|
J          <  .  I •£•,,,      _," •--.'-•'        -,-U.~-~            I
I   9,1.3   Wastewater Treatment and Disposal            I
r          ————————«»«»i«——*.—»-^—~t-—            f

        Wastewater treatment and disposal services for the Waikoloa Beach Resort are
   provided by  Waikoloa Resort Utilities.  The proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel
   would generate approximately 0.4 MGD of wastewater.j, When combined with waste-
   water generated by existing development at the WBR, this would cause the 0.57 MGD
,   capacity of  the existing wastewater treatment facility to be reached or exceeded.
   Subsequent development of the other WBR sites in the project area would definitely
   require expansion of the treatment facility. The existing  wastewater treatment plant
   was designed so that it could be expanded Incrementally up to a final design capacity
   of over 2.3 MGD, and this is more than enough to  accommodate all  of the wastewater
   that would be  generated  by  the proposed development.   Waikoloa Resort Utilities
   (September 28, 1984) has formally indicated its intention to provide service. The State
   of Hawai'i, Department of Health, and the County of Hawai'i, Department of Public
   Works regulate the construction and operation of wastewater treatment facilities, and
   the needed facilities would conform to their standards.   ;

   9.1.4   Solid Waste Disposal

        The proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel would generate an estimated 7,500
   pounds per day of solid waste, and the hotel and condominium development planned for
   the other sites  within the project area would add another 6,000 pounds per day to this.
   This waste,  which would total about  2,500 tons  per year, would be collected  by a
   commercial  refuse service paid for by the hotels and condominium association and
   trucked either  to the  existing  County landfill site near>KaiIua or to the planned new
   landfill near Pu'uanahulu.  The new landfill is expectedcto be operational within three
   to four years and to have sufficient capacity to accommodate the solid waste genera-
   ted by currently planned resort development in South Kohala (Su:;iyama, 20 September
   1984).

   9.1.5   Electrical Power and Telecommunications  Facilities

        (a)   Based on a 2.5-KV peak demand per hotel  room and  an estimated  17,000
   kilowatt hours (KWH)  per year per hotel room,  the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel
   would increase peak demand by  3,150 KV and average annual usage by  21.4-million
   KWH per year.  An overall  commitment to service the Waikoloa  Beach Resort, was
   made by HELCO  in the mid-1970s when the master plan for the project was developed,
   and the Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) has confirmed that it will be able  to
   service  the Hyatt project (Yamasaki, 20 September  1984).  The  exis  ,ig electrical
   substation  adjacent  to Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway   will  need to  be upgraded  to
   accommodate the higher loads, and  requirements established by the County of Hawai'i
   may lead to the undergrounding of the power  distribution  lines between the substation
   and the resort.

        (b)   The Hawaiian Telephone Company has stated that it foresees no difficulty
   serving the proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa  Hotel (Hamlin, 1 October 1984).

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9.1.6    Public Services
                  .   ,                 -••,.'•«?*!.•'.*. > /.^v.^?^y?W^*#5>;£i«T'-'-'.i' ..*•••• .'•"t;:. .
     In addition to the Improvements describedtabove^increased demands resulting
from population growth and the presence of a larger, number ofrvisitors would generate
a need for expanded public services such as police and fire protection, schools, and
health  services.  The  specific nature  of  the  required  Improvements cannot  be
determined  until  additional information is  available regarding the location of the
secondary growth that  would  be supported by resort development within the project
area.                :                             •.••;•.-  -  •{•

9.2   ALTERNATIVES                             '         f
  .     -         "                                 '   .   .   \'
     If development alternatives I or 3 were pursued, they would have essentially the
same impacts as would the applicants' proposal because they involve essentially the
same number of units and  the same land area.  Because of  the 39-acre preservation
area which  it involves, Alternative 2 would result In substantially less development
than the other alternatives (except for permit denial). Hence, the demand on utilities
and public services would be correspondingly less. Denial of the permit would  leave
the demand unchanged*

10.   AIR QUALITY IMPACTS                              '
  •'                                                         \
     (a)   Construction activity would lead to increased  automotive pollutant emis-
sions on Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, resort  access roads, and the coastal sites of the
WBR.^  However,  the effect would  be minor compared with lithe  level of automotive
emissions expected once the resort  facilities are operational; and  the increase would
not result in a violation of State or Federal air quality standards.
  t4                                                        :
     (b) ^ Site preparation and  earth  moving would create particulate  emissions, as
wjll  brilding and on-site road construction.  There is little o'r no soil on most of the
affected area, a factor that will help limit construction dust.; However, the soils most
likely  to  be used in the top layer  of fill  and  for landscaping are likely  to  have
relatively low cohesion and to be susceptible to wind erosion^ Hence, proper vigilance
and  proper  erosion control techniques will need  to be be used in the  placement of
topsoil on the development sites.

     (c)   The most significant source of air pollutants is expected to be the vehicles
that would move to and from the project area once the proposed resort facilities are in
operation.  The impact of the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel on 1- and  8-hour carbon
monoxide concentrations were calculated. Air pollutant dispersion modeling indicated
that during "worst-case" atmospheric and traffic conditions 'which occur very infre-
quently), both State arid Federal  1-hour CO standards would be met, but that the level
might  slightly exceed the State  8-hour standard immediately;adjacent to the intersec-
tion of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway  and the WBR  entrance road. As noted elsewhere,
the^ additional traffic  generated by development on the remaining sites within the
project area would result  in total traffic  volumes exceeding  the capacity of the
intersection; the resulting  congestion would  lead to markedly higher pollutant levels in
the vicinity, and  a  deterioration in air quality is to be expected.  This is  of  little
consequence at present because the land surrounding the intersection is now vacant,
and motorists in waiting vehicles would be subject to only short-term exposure.

 i     ^   Air Pollutant emissions from helicopter traffic  into and out of the  proposed
helipad would have  no  significant effect on  air quality due to the low volume that is
expected.  The propane-powered motors that would be used in  the boat fleet at the

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      •^P-^l"=~;r?1^.^'T?^'*~''TS-i:^'^^^;>v:i-*
      Hyatt: projectfare Inherently
      • '• i -;V- . ••*••«•?«§ .A '~ &l*$<^
-------
 U.S? ARMY CORPS OF
  .                                     .
; John Emmersb^ • ProjecTmcnager.
                                                                  In civil engineer-
 Michael T. Lee
                        Provided environmental  analysis one
                                          •" •'   -'••-.'•.• .."••;«;;*--...•:..
                        ments. Biologist specializing in environmental
                        sis;  13  years  experience in this  with
                        , biology.                          '
 Ruby Mizue
                    —  Provided environmental  review.  Biologist
                        analysis; 14 years experience in this
                        , biology.
 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE  (Cooperating Agency)
  defined EIS  require-
         Impact analy-
    USACOE.   B.A.  in
     specializing in EIS
with USACOE. B.A.  in
 John 1. Ford
 Andy Yuen
                         Provided input and  analysis for  anchialine ponds  section.
                         Biologist with M.S. in biology.
                                                            1
                         Provided input and  analysis for  anchialine ponds  section.
                         Biologist with B.S. in biology.
 BELT, COLLINS & ASSOCIATES
 Perry J. White
                     —  As EIS manager, contributed to organization and content of
                         all sections.   Senior environmental  planner with  masters
                         degree in regional planning.
 Ann K. Yoklavich    -
                     -  Contributed to writing and/or editing of all sections. Plinner
                         with Bachelor of Arts degree.        !
 Kenneth 0. Nagai   ~   Contributed to water resources  and public utilities sections.
 - -••:• '''•••;.  :'^f.vv   .... -  : Civil engineer with B.S. in civil engineering.

sifeyiEBSfeiyf*®^

-------
                                                              ig>£0<$-" v
                                                                ®£r
                                                                llrxf:;. •'
                                                                and  anchi aline ponds.
                           	._.._._._._.,.___       .-.----„„	..--              statement.
    "•  ;5iF'vT   ':';??'.'    '"• ' S^?!j?9|*T'P?^?!!^^ $;dernbgraphy, and'employment and
                           socialImpacts of^d(^!op^ent;|Ph'P» ^sociology.

;    Phillip L. Bruner    --  Provided Input for terrestrtai wildlife sections. Environmen-
                           tal consultant and ornithologist. Masters degree in zoology.
    Ronald A. Darby
    Karen Fassler
                   —  Provided analyses of noise Impacts.  Consulting acoustical
                       engineer. Masters degree in engineering acoustics.
                                                    !
                   —  Prepared graphics for  the statement.  Graphic artist  with
                       Bachelor of Fine Arts degree.
    Erin M. Hall
    John M. Knox
    Robert L. Lucas
                       Provided input for terrestrial I flora sections. Environmental
                       consultant with an M.A. degree In biogeography.

                       Contributed   to  socio-economic  sections  of  statement.
                       Consultant specializing in survey research and social  impact
                       analyses. Ph.D. in psychology.

                       Contributed  to  sections  on public  services  and utilities,
                       recreation, and energy.   Planning  and economics  consultant
                       with M.A. in economics.
James W. Morrow  —
                            Provided  analyses of  air  quality  impacts.    Air  quality
                            consultant with M.S. in environmental health.
    Paul H. Rosendahl   —  Principal investigator for archaeological surveys.  Consulting
                            archaeologist with Ph.D. in anthropology.

-------
/8!%&&2i>mf.'-  ••-"•••••:

>rjs;f. Consulting orchaeol-
SStesS&fei- -;.. ..'   •*

iTeeSIchter
  g^i^vr"'
                         JQ  ••"*    ""LI '-'"'*&'f ~^-^S^c^^tff^^^fy^^vi^^iffysyfy!?Ks^--:'/^7!- "^v^su"'-:".-?", "••"
                    —  Responsible;;jOT^cojTimymt^                data  gathering

                         field work ^for"socjo|eco^^                        Land use

                 :'...'  planner ?pe<$aHzj^^


                         management.';Masteri^g'ree In urban planning.




David A. Zieman    —  Provided analyses of aqiiatte resources  and anchlaline ponds.

                         Biological oceanographer with Ph.D. In oceanography.
                                                                                                 m
                                                                                                 1

-------

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                            PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
                     ,         •;-:--^i.^
•'••''•••I  -. '  ;.    ''.•'    "  •.  '•   •  ••:.:-' •^t&$$j$
I.;,; PUBLIC NOTICES AND THE SCOPINGPROCESSI
                                                               Pf—-
                                                               '$••
Wi*-*?:.'.-' .-J:.&£• ''•" '
s?ri«^-,>'«• ••••
^p*?-e>:,
 ;*t£fr;- "•'
  • - (a)  The initial  Notice of "intent/^00*.tf^prepiare^^n "Environmental Impact
Statement was published In the Federal Register" on September 20,  1984 (49 FR 184,
36901).  A  separate Public Notice  and News Release Informing the public  of  the
proposed action and Intent to prepare on EIS was circulated on October 19, 1984. The
NOI, .the Public Notice, and the News Release were based on the applicants' original
proposal requesting permission to excavate or  fill oil of the ponds on the  Hyatt
Regency Waikoloa Hotel site.  This application did not cover the onchiallne ponds on
the rest of the Waikoloa Beach Resort (WBR) or discuss the possible creation of a pond
preservation area.
     (b)   As a result of concerns expressed for the anchialine ponds, the applicants
revised their permit application to include all the anchiaiine ponds within the WBR,
except  those  within  the existing preservation area adjacent to 'Anaeho'omalu Bay
(which contains Ki/uali'I and Kahapapa fishponds), and those within a proposed pond
preservation area. A revised Notice of Intent was published in the Federal Register on
January 31, 1985 (50  FR 21, 4569).  A  revised Public Notice (January 29, 1585)  and
News Release (February 5,  1985) were reissued to the public, both to those who  had
received the original notice  and to those persons, organizations and agencies who  had
commented on the  original  Notice of Intent  and Public Notice.  A list of those who
received the Public Notices, as well as copies  of the Notices of Intent  and Public
Notices, are contained in Appendix A.

     (c)   A total of three public interest groups, three individuals and five govern-
ment agencies responded to  the Public Notices. A list of the correspondence relating
to the  Public  Notices  and  copies  of  these letters are contained  in Appendix B;
Expressed concerns were used to scope the Draft Environmental Impact Statement  and
to revise  the applicants' initial permit application.  A Corps representative also met
informally with representatives of the  Hawai'i Island Chapter of the Sierra Club  and
Na Ala Hele to discuss their concerns for anchialine ponds preservation, public access
and use of the coastal trail system, as well as their knowledge of the area's resources.
Separate scoping meetings  were held  with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National
Marine Fisheries Service and the State Department of Land and Natural Resources.

2.   COORDINATION WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

2.1   ENDANGERED SPECIES                            !

     Coordination with the U.S. Fish  and Wildlife Service,and the  National  Marine
Fisheries Service concerning the  probable effects of the proposed action on endan-
gered or threatened species was completed in accordance with Section 7, Endangered
Species Act, as amended (see Appendix  C).   On December  18,  1984 the National
Marine  Fisheries Service (NMFS) indicated that neither  the proposed action nor  the
alternatives would affect the threatened green sea turtle  or the endangered humpback
wtiale.  The NMFS is devaluating this  earlier determination;based on  the possible use
of explosives in lagoon excavation.  On February 22, 1985 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service indicated that the proposed action was not likely to; jeopardize the continued
existence of the endangered  Hawaiian stilt or  the Hawaiian Hoary bat.

-------
•£££;-*&.
wA
       2.2   HISTORIC PRESERVAT ON

     ...;- V- Initial coordination with'the Stafe^jstorlCP/eseryation Officer concerning the
       Hyatt Regency, Waikoloa Hotel led to;thex6hclusion,tha^, none of the remains present
       on that site are eligible forjnclusiohron^te Natipnal Regtster;pf Historic Places (see
     ,  Appendix D).^ Subsequently^theiproject?:wea ;wa^exRanded l,to Include all  of  the
     ,'•'• undeveloped properties withinitHeiV^Bpontainlhganchlallne ponds, and the applicants
     „•» commissioned a re-survey of; the;newly: Included|oreaQ|aI'comprehensive survey  had
       been completed Jn  1970 by;archaeol6glstslwbrklng^for:|the BJ3. Bishop Museum --
       Barrera,  1971).  The report .(Rosendahl/January!ll985),^was forwarded  to the State
       Historic Preservation' Officer^ f or 'review end opinJo0fconcerning the area's eligibility
       for the National Register of Historic Places.*Advlce'concerning management of other
       aspects of the permit area's cultural resources was .also solicited.
       3.   DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT RECIPIENTS
                                                .. • .:•       , t
            A list of persons, organizations, and agencies receiving a copy of the Draft
       Environmental Impact Statement is provided in Appendix E of this document.


-------
                                                                       -..

                                                         ilKiSfc'V •   '•
                                                         &!#»"'
                                                         &«K^V  ..
                                                         »-:;•'• .•
                                                          i^"'-^"^ • •

 :-'- Acoustical Society of America (igSO^A^rsiaW^fio^^Level Descriptors for
•:•:•;•••*"•?:'   Determination of Compatible Land Uses. .American National Standard.  Author;
•   .-.H'"-  Washington, D.C., 5 pp.   •  ••  *.-•:  ' '^Jlprl	"""" "
              •._•'•     .          "     ' „ J,;-i£U&£ '^-r
             " •           .            "  ' •'.-'•"  ',"».'V ;••; -"t;^.?*-'^!^^'.?^^^^^-^1"..'-'. • •
   Alan M. Voorhees & Associates (1979). A Traffic Impact Study for the Olohana/Mauna
        j-oa Lands Development.   Prepared  for Belt,  Collins  & Associates.   Author:
        Honolulu.     .;                       '   ;  ;; .  ^i--^-

   A,llen,  G.R.  (1972).   "Ethology  of  the  Hawaiian Stilt  (Himantopus  himantopus
    ;:    knudseni)". Unpublished manuscript.                 .                      —

   Anderson, R. et. 0^.1(1974).  Kauoi  Socioeeonomic Profile. University of  Hawai'i,
        Center for Nonrrietropolitan Planning  and Development:  Honolulu, 156 pp.

   Andrews, S. (1981).  VBlack-crowned Night  Heron Predation on Black-necked  Stiit".
        >Elepaio41(9);86;

   Apple, Russell  A. (1965).   Hawaiian Archaeology.  Trails:-\  From Steppinqstones to
    :    Kerbstones. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 53.  Bishop Museum  Press:
        Honolulu.       ;

   Apple, Russell  A.,  and Gordon  A. MacDonald (1966).   "The  Rise  of  Sea Level in
        Contemporary Times at Honaunau, Kona, Hawaii".  Pacific Science. 20(0:125-
    ;    136.                                              •

 •  Armstrong, R.W. (1973). Atlas of Hawaii.  The University Press of Hawai'i: Honolulu,
        222 pp.         :

   Bachman, Ron (November  1984).  Personal communication from Hilo office,  State of
        Hawai'i, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and
        Wildlife to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

   Barrera, William,  Jr. (1971).  Anaehoornalu;  A Hawaiian Oasis.  Pacific Anthropologi-
        cal Records No.  15.   Dept. of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum:  Honolulu,
   Belt, Collins &  Associates  (1979).   Traffic Counts Collected for the period  from
        12:01 a.m., January 4,  1979 through 12:01  a.m., January 5,  1979,  on the Mauna
        Kea Beach Hotel Entrance Road.

    •         (June 1979).   Proposed  Expansion of  the  Kuilima Resort  Community
        Environmental Impact  Statement.  Prepared for Prudential Insurance rnmpnny
        for submission to  the City and  County of Honolulu, Department  of  Land
        Utilization. Author: Honolulu, var. pag.

            . (1980).  Mauno Loni Resort Employee Housing Study.  Prepared for Mauna
                                                ~~   '
        ,    .
        Lam Resort, Inc.  Author:  Honolulu.
                                               
-------
        _  (September 1981)«JJPRevised'Environmenta!"Impact  Statement for the
     Proposed Mohukono Resort^ Author; ^Honolulu, vor« pog. .
     ••••M^MMWHB^^^^^B^H^^^BVWMNMHMMMM*. 'ft"-:-'!*&.#fii^^ jidK363&*»«t&?irtat£^'^1£^«Si^*^:,£.; . .. _"'V"
      '—' '(May 1983). _Re'v!sea<^^"E^Tf^fnentanm^acrStaternent  for the Proposed
. ^bj...; Princeville Phase Two pevelopment.^Prepored * tor Princeville Development
': -?Xc Corporation, for submission to the Kaua'I County Planning Department.  Author:
 "• v HonoIuIui'vaV. pag^^i^^^                           '

          (\ 984).  Environmental ^ssesslmffi                 Hapuna Beach Resort
     -- South  Kohala. Hawaii, •* Prepared for^MounoJ
-------
          (12 Morcii
.FerallMammal Survey of Waikoloa
'*- »*': -^-v, ^"^~i • .. "Sv^fc ' "• '  .   - -    •       .
     Beach Resort Property,^Coastql^AreaiBet^e^South^roperty Boundary  and
     Proposed Hyatt Site,'Ho^aIiwi|ifMqnuscr!pt^e'^3^riepved for Belt| Collins &
     Associates. Author: Ltfie, Hawai'i, 13

          (12 March I985b). ^rief\Repbrt^f'Av1fa1jnardhd.^eral.Marnrnal Survey of
     Property Located Between Portions of Existing GplflCpurse at Waikoloa Beach
     Resort, Hawaii".   Manuscript; report prepared ffor^Beli.r.Collins & Associates.
     Author: Ltfie,Hawai'i, 1 p.  ••^•"^.^^'^g&^^aaaa^iie&S^^
Chace, Fenner A., Jr. and Raymond B.' Manning (1972)^"f wo New Caridean Shrimps,
     One Representing a  New Family, from TMarine^pqls; on Ascension  Island
     (Crustacea:   Decapoda:   Natantia)",   Smithsonian  Contribution to Zoology,
     NO. 13. ;  . •  •;  ,       ..   ,,           ..,,,,,:,, ¥;^; .  . .	*	

Chang, D. (1977).  Some Variables Affecting Leadership'and Community Involvement
     Among Kohala Residents. Unpublished Master's Thesis, available at University
     of Hawai'i, Hamilton Library, Hawaiian Collection.    ;:-
                    1                                '  \ i.
          (1979). "Power, Politics, and Powerlessness:   Kohala People and Their
     Future."  Social  Process in Hawaii (a journal published  by the University of
     Hawai'i Sociology Department), Vol. 27, pp. 116-128.    i

Chesney-Lind, M., and  I.Y. Lind (1984).  Visitors as Victims; i Crimes Against Tourists
     in Two Hawaii  Counties.  University of Hawai'i, School of Social Work, Youth
     Development & Research Center (Report No. 293): Honolulu.
                                                       ii
Ching, Francis K.W. (1971). "The Archaeology of South Kohala and North Kona, From
     the Ahupua'a of  Lalamilc to  the  Ahupua'a of Hamanamana:  Surface Survey
     Kailua-Kawaihae  Road Corridor (Section 111)."   Hawaii  State Archaeological
     Journal 71-1. Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, Div. of State Parks, State
     of Hawai'i:  Honolulu.                              I
                    ,                                   ;;
Community  Resources  (1980).  Potential  Social Impacts and Social Management Issues
  i   Arising from Development of  a Proposed Resort Complex at Mahukona, North
     Kohala, Island of Hawaii.  Author; Waimanalo. Hawai'i. 235 pp.

Cottington,  F. (1969).;  Socio-Psychiatric Effects of Luxury Hotel Growth and Develop-
     ment on a Rural  Population!  Unpublished  photocopied manuscript  available at
     University of Hawai'i, Hamilton Library, Hawaiian Collection.

Couret, Carl L., Jr. and Diana C.L. Wona (1978). "Larval Development of Halocaridina
     rubra Hoi thuis (Decapoda, Atyidae)". Crustaceang 34(3).

Cox, Doak C. and John F. Mink (1963). "The Tsunami of 23 /\Aay 1960 in the Hawaiian
     Islands".  Bulletin of the  Seismoloqical Society of America. Vol. 53. No. 6:  1191-
      1209.    	1	—*	—

Cummings,  William C. (Fall 1981).  "Measurements of Man-Made Underwater Noise
     Off North  Slope, Alaska".    Journal  of  the Acoustical  Society of America,
     Supplement I, V0I. 7,  p. 582.                        :

Dames and Moore (December 1969).  Geological Site Studies; Resort Recreation Area,
  ;   South  Kohala District, Kohalo, Hawai'i,  Manuscript report prepared for Boise
     Cascade Properties, Inc.               !..  ... -     ,   !  ,

-------

       .-..•_..   .  .   • v-";~--:^-.-:¥^>"i-r!^"™^^^^
       Dorby-Ebisu & Associates, Inc. (October3Cif 1984).^jAssessment of Acoustic Impacts -
            Proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel Project EJSV Prepared for Belt, Collins
        •    & Associates.; AyttorrJKqilya^H^                    and figures.

                 (December 6,M984)wfPersmai'.cbnirnuhIcqtiion from Ronald Darby to Anne
       ;     Mopes of Belt, Collins & Associai^s.sif^^^^^|l\,

       Duncan, Marc (September 26,\19&S* Lefferlrepoft!fojerry White of Belt, Collins &
            Associates regarding recreational use^ oOhe HyattjlRegency Waikoloa Hotel site,


       Earthwatch (September 1984). "Vegetation Survey' forj[the Proposed Waikoloa Hyatt
            Project, Island of Hawaii".  Manuscript  report submitted  to  Belt, Collins  &
            Associates, 9 pp.      ..         .'/,;: • ..'••''•'^4^--^-

       Eaton, J.P., D.H. Richter, and W.U. Auit (1961). "The Tsunami of 23  May I960 on the
            Island of Hawaii".  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Vol.  51,
            No. 2:  135-157.	i!	~	

       Edmondson, C.H. (1929).  "Hawaiian Atyidae".  Bulletin !bf the Bishop Museum. Vol.  66:
             i-36, text figs. 1-4, pi. I.                      ;]

       Elliott, M.E. and  E.M. Hail (1977).   Wetlands and Wetland Vegetation  of Hawaii.
            U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division: Honolulu, 344 pp.

       Environmental Communications, inc. (December 1976).:  Kohala Community Develop-
            ment Plan. Prepared for the County of Hawai'i. Author: Honolulu, var. pag.

       Federal Emergency Management Agency (May  3, 1982).  Flood Insurance Rate Map,
            Hawaii County, Hawaii.   Community Panel Number  155166  0267B.  Author:
            Washington, D.C.

       Federal Interagency Committee  on Urban Noise (June  1980). Guidelines for Consider-
            ing Noise in Land Use Planning and Control. Author:  Washington, D.C., 5 I pp.

       Fosberg, F.R. and D. Herbst  (1975).   "Rare and Endangered  Species of Hawaiian
            Vascular Plants". Allertonia. Vol. I, No. I.

       Fraker, Mark A. (Fall 1981). "Responses of Blowhead Whales (Balanea  Mysticetus) to
            Activities  Related  to Offshore Oil  and Gas  Exploration."   Journal of  the
            Acoustical Society of America. Supplement I, Vol. 7, p. 583.
                                                          i-
       Friedl, William A. (Fall 1981).  "Whale Observations and Acoustic Noise Measurements
            Around Kaho'olawe Island, Hawai'i".   Journal  of the Acoustical  Society  of
            America, Supplement I, Vol. 7, p. 584.           :

       Fujii, E.T., J. Mak, and E. Nishimura (1978).  Tourism and Crime. Tourism Research
            Project, Occasional Paper No. 2.  University of Hawai'i, Social Science Research
            Institute and the School of  Travel Industry Management: Honolulu.

       Fukunaga,  L. (1975).  "A  New Sun in North  Kohala."  In B.R. Finney and K.A. Watson
            (Eds.), A  New  Kind of Sugar;  Tourism in the Pacific, pp. 199-227.  East-West
            Center (Technology and Development Institute and Culture Learning Institute):
            Honolulu.                   . J.;.^vi'^:     ,-.;•- :;.
^•'"•cE'wBSSs-''11\^;-' !K':"'-"^^''' '""'•>•'•" •-• "^'i.' -i'-'s'."-

-------
Gaymon, W. and Greenbaurn
     graphic Characteristics  of the Kohola Coast»M-Ai&pli6d^Qceonogrophy Popart
.   ..,  ment, Dillingham Corp.:  La                                          '
Hanlin,  Bob. (October? !,M984).-^ Persond|.;commuhicatii
                                                	 .  _ rfHdworian Telephone
             • • |X ••'   \ 4     ff*   -  ^"> • "•'"-*''• '' '' ' .'WtWi' r*f -lit**,., V~03ftwfcHl.il' ..«.»i '--I*' >•-;«•  .     •   *
     personnel in Kauya-Kona office
  '^^•^•••.-^f^it-^:  •.-=.-/•  ^v:;-f%||t
Hording Ldwson lAssociates  (Novemberl?20i1Q984)^F6ulnddf(onV|nvestiq^     Hyatt
  "••'..•' Regency Wgikoloa, South Kohaia,'HowaH^Draft preliminary report prepared for
     Hemmeter Development Compc^yj^AuthorilHonolvi^'P• PP»"P!U* figures.

          (December !0«  1984). Foundation'Investiaotion^nvatt Regency Woikoloo,
     Waipoloo.  Hawaii.  Report prepared for Hemmeter/ Development  Company.
     Author: Honolulu, 25 pp. plus illustrations and appendices.;;;

Hawaii Audubon Society (1984).  Hawaii's Birds;  Third Edition.  Author:  Honolulu,
     96 pp.         ,                                    T~

hawai'i, County of (January  1971).   The General Plan, County of Hawaii. Author:
     Hilo, 102pp.                                    .    ,

Hawai'i, County  of, Chief of Police (1981). Annual Report 1980-81.  Hilo,
                                                        r
Hawai'i, County of, Department of Parks and Recreation arid Planning Department
     (1973).  County of Hawaii; Recreation Plan. Author:  Hflo, 230 pp.

Hawai'i, County of, Department of Planning (1977). Employee Housing Requirements.
     Author: Hilo.                              	^t	
                    I                                    ;.

	(1982).  Kona Regional Plon (Draft). Author: Hilo,1193 pp.
Hawaii Opinion, Inc. (J983). Survey of Big Island Residents on Planning and Housing
      Concerns.  Prepared  for County  of Hawaii, Office of Housing and Community
      Development. Author: Honolulu,  100 pp, + Appendix.   •

Hdwai'i, State of, Department of Agriculture (1982). State Agriculture Plan. Author:
      Honolulu, 31 pp. •

Hdwai'i, State of, Department  of Education (1982).  State Education Plan. Author:
      Honolulu, 25 pp.

Hawai'i, State of, Department of Health (1982). State Health Plan. Author: Honolulu,
      38 pp.                                             :

            "Chapter;59 — Ambient Air Quality StandardyVTitlG II, Administrative
      Rules. Author: Honolulu, 4 pp.

	•  "Chapter  60  —  Air Pollution  Control", Title H, Administrative Rules.
      Author:  Honolulu, 29 pp.

Hawai'i, State of, Department of Labor and Industrial Relations (1981).  1980 Employ-
      ment and Payrolls In Hawaii.  Author:  Honolulu. ,    .  ;          "

	(1982).  1981 Employment and Payrolls in Hawaii.'  Author;  Honolulu.

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          (1983). 1982 Employment and Poiyirolis lifHawaitff Author:. .Honolulu.

          (1984). 1983 EmptbyrnenV arid Payrollsitrii Hawaiir~Author: Honolulu.
          .--.:.     '••'  -y'''*^^^^-^-^Sff^^^S?^^^^Kf^?^SS!^^^^- -- ...   • .  ,__-.  _
Hawai'i, State of, Department of Land and Natural Resources (March 1980). Revised
 ...   Environmental Impact Statement for the Lolam!lo:.WQter System, South Kohala;
     Hawaii. _ Author:  Honolulu, yar. jxig.

       __ 0982a). State Conservation Lands Piah^uthbr: Honolulu, 20 pp.
                                                      '
                     .       .  .
          (1 982b).  State Historic Preservation Plan. AOthor: Honolulu, 28 pp.
            V .      .    ......   ...^^.;^sx»;>;;r^$5«:?Sfl!fj|i-.;:-«;-:... .  .
          (1982c).  State Recreation Plan.  Author: Honolulu, 19pp.
                              ~^"~^~~"~.., • .' .;  ". ' «f-j.V^p.i-s-':.
                                  • • '•     . •'"     •  .. .'..... '''T .
           (1982d).  State Woter Resources  Development Plan.  Author:  Honolulu,
      27pp.                         ,        ;:;-:^:'; •

________^__ (October 17, 1984).  Letter from Ralston H. Nagata, Acting State Parks
      Administrator to Perry White of Belt, Collins & Associates.
                                        .  ._     ,     i. -.
Hawai'i, State of, Department of Planning and Economic Development (1972).  Tourism
      in Hawaii;  Hawaii Tourism  Impact Plan, Volume It   Statewide.   Author:
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	(1973). Community Profiles in Hawaii  1970. Author: Honolulu.

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 HoUhu,,, L.B  (,573).                                                    Pools ot

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      Tflt*      v
      Transportation to Ann Yoklaylch of Belt, Collins & Associates.
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-------
    V'-«!
              1Krv"^s£y.-Asaifi
      ^i^W^^^f«
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                                      m
   _^
     Characteristics of the Anchialine  Ponds on the a!Hyatt:: Development  Site at
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Phillips, Brandt,  Reddick and Associates (Hawai'i), Inc. (1984).j!  North Kohala Commu-
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       -.A  '- •^-•.;." • uS^^^^g^^^^Sg^^^^^^gHs^^*--;.;...
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                                                                                            •r

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W.^Pet:«ona1^commonicatI6n. from HawaiM County
   *   T     *--   -^gojijnj& Associates.
-,,.,  ,-.-„-     .  .    ..                 .  ....
'f   '  ^>-ikFirepepgrtrnent captaintqAnn
         "'••'" '. '• H?***' *r & '&%%''• ''?: ,ffi y." J-^^rv^sSag^^^^.^'— * •'^s^^'f^^'-^^^^^^K^'^'^F^i'^i' "'•'•' • " -".'••""• . i   »•  •       .1
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             Service to Michael T. Lee, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
        Ziemann,  David A.  (March  14,  1985).   Letter7to  Perry White  of Belt,  Collins  &
             Associates from David A. Ziemann, Ph.D. of 01  Consultants, Inc.
                                                         • •*", •• „".• ' '•]
        Zoller, W.H. et al. (December  1983).  "Iridium Enrichment in Airborne Particles from
             Kilauea"YoIcano: January 1983". Science, 222;1118.
                                           .'.' :':, '.-''."',' v't'/rv't1:;  £i '*•'. ••"'- ' • • .,;
                                                                      Ss^^»i5iJ^5Jif.5-/

-------
          •^^^^^^-^^^sS^^t^CHAFIEayill,
           '•i-'-Uv/''" ('-.•"''   "   '  -.-.  .-
Alternative,
Alternative,
Alternatives
Alternative,
Alternatives
Alternatives
Air Quality, Existing
Air Quality, Impacts on
Alternative-1, -Description
Alternative 2, Description
Alternative 3, Description
Alternative, Applicants' Proposal
             Deny Permit
             Environmentally Prefered
             Issue DA Permit for Modified Action
             Issue DA Permit for Proposed Action
             Within the Jurisdiction of the DA
	 to be Considered             •
Alternatives w/in Capability of Applicants But
  Outside the Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers
Alternatives, Beyond Capability of the Applicants
  But Within the Jurisdiction of the COE
Alternat- res, Development Sites Outside WBR
Alternatives, Other Coastal Sites at WBR
'Anaeho'omalu Bay
Anchialine  Pond Preserve, Management of
            Ponds, Description of
                  Effect of Alternatives on
                  Hydrology
                  Organisms
                  Waikoloa Beach Resort
                   General
                   Waiulua Bay, Description of
Anchialine
Anchialine
Anchialine
Anchialine
Anchialine
Aquatic
Aqua.tic
   Ponds,
   Ponds,
   Ponds,
   Ponds,
Resources,
Resources,
Birds
Birds
      and Wildlife, Effects on
Climate
Coastal Features
Communities, Profile of Existing
Coordination with Government Agencies
Coordination, Endangered Species
Coordination, Historic Preservation
Currents

Drainage, Existing

Earthquakes
Economic Activity, Existing
Economic Viability of Alternatives
Electrical Power System, Effect on
           Power, Existing
           and;Labor Force, Existing
           and Labor Force, Projected
            Benefits for longtime Residents
            Percent Unemployed
              Consequences
              Setting
Electrical
Employment
Employment
Employment L
Employment,
Environmental
Environmental
Fill, Anchialine Ponds
Fill, Discharge of
III-9
IV-21
11-13
11-15
11-15
II-5
11-20
11-22
11-13
II-5
II-5
II-l
11-22

11-22

11-2!
11-20
111-17, 111-22
II-7
111-17
IV-2
III-17
111-19
111-22
111-15
111-15  .

III-ll
IV-8  '

III-5
III-3
111-31
VI-1
VI-2, III-l, IV-9
VI-2, Appendix D
III-4

III-3

III-3
111-28
11-15
IV-20
111-47
111-37
IV-10
IV-16
111-37
IV-1
II-l

11-12
IV-2
                                    XI1J-I

-------
                                                  ggg,.."-.,::-"
Fill JgReduction;,
Flobdin^^Coaatal-.BitfbtJBazfl^pLrie^
_. _ >  _ _  ~,«3-	 "••*.*. •. —.   »  •*'«: 9+^	s ^ _ _
 Health Care  Facilities,  Existing
- Historic. Sites, Coordination;^,  •.•y-',--^f^fr3se^r^~
 Historic Sites, Description  of PreservationiPlan
' Historic and Archaeological; Sites,; Effects'on
. Historic and Archaeological  Sites,  Existing'^
t History of DA Permit  Application^  ^S^^r^r
 Housing  Impacts,  Construction Period   .  rv:
 Housing  Impacts,  Mitigation  of
 Housing  Impacts,  Operational Period
 Housing, Existing Stock of

 Kaniku Lava Flow
 Keauhou Resort

  Lagoon Water' Circulation
  Lagoon,  Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel
  L;and Use,  Existing
  Land Use,  Hawai'i County Zoning
  Land Use,  Hawai'i County General Plan
  Letters Received

  Mammals
  Marine Biota, Effects  of Noise on
  N'auna Kea Resort
  Mauna Lani  Resort

  Noise, Effects on

  Oceanographic Characteristics

  Permit Denial
  Permit Requirements, County
  Permit Requirements, State
  Personal  Income,  Project  Related

  Pond  Preservation Area, Alternative 1
  Pond  Preservation Area, Alternative 2
  Pond  Preservati-on Area, Alternative 3
  Pond  Preservation Area, Applicants* Proposal

 - Population, Effect on
  Population, Existing and  Trends
  P.reparers,  List  of
  Project Location
  Property  Tax Revenues, Project-Related
  Proposed  Action
  Protective  Services                }/Y>^
  Public  Access                      /X; oi-^-^X- .'
   I

IW- '^  ''';^%^^^^;^:^-1^^^^^^^^3
                                                      III-l

                                                      111-42
                                                      11-13,  Appendix  D
                                                      11-13
                                                      IV-8
                                                      111-27
                                                      II-5
                                                      IV-11
                                                      IV-15
                                                      IV-12
                                                      111-39

                                                      III-l
                                                      11-21

                                                      11-7
                                                      II-7,   IV-1
                                                      II-l
                                                      111-30
                                                      111-30
                                                      Appendix B

                                                      111-15
                                                      IV-7
                                                      11-22
                                                      11-22

                                                      IV-21

                                                      III-4

                                                      11-20
                                                      11-13
                                                      11-13
                                                      IV-12

                                                       11-13
                                                       11-15
                                                       11-15
                                                       II-7

                                                       IV-10
                                                       111-31
                                                       V-l
                                                       III-l
                                                       IV-13
                                                       II-5
                                                       111-45
                                                       11-13

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 Pub I i cL Invo 1 vement
I'Public^Services'^Effect  on
 Purpose,; and  Need
 Rainfall V'\ V-V?1§?V: :P;: -   ' ''? ^1?
|Recipients of DEIS, List  of^^fe^lP
j. Recipients of Public--Notices3^$^p'V:
jRecreaiional Facilities,  Existing^lp
!Recreational Resources,  Impacts  On"':;:-K.
tReferences •' :-.-? ••-^'•••;-;   •-    •••  '• . ," ' ;"-
pRegional Background',

fSaiid B'each, Proposed
I Schools and Libraries,  Existing
I Scoping            !
^Siting Inland
I Social Effects,  Crime
^Social Effects,  Family  Structure
I Social Effects,  Social  Structure
I Socio-Economic  Characteristics
I Socio-Economic  Inpacts
|Soils ±
iSolid Waste, Generation and disposal
                                                          -42,  IV-21
                                                      'i TTT-.Q
                                                      ;; 1 1 1-3
                                                          2, Appendix E
                                                       Appendix A
  Telecommunications Facilities, Existing
  Temperature       ;
  Threatened and Endangered
 - Tides ] -        •    ;
 ,Topogr|aphic Alterations
  Topogrjaphic Features
 .Transportation Facilities,
  Transportation Facilities,
 •Transortation Facilities,
                            Species
                             Effects on
                             Existing Airports
                             Existing Harbors
^Transportation Facilities, Existing Highways

^Vegetation, "Barren Lava" Cover Type
HVegetation, Coastal Strand
§":Vegetation, Effects on
^Vegetation, Existing
ft Vegetation, Kiawe Woodland
^.Vegetation, Marsh
jpVegetation, Pond  :
g;" Visual Elements   <
^Volcanic Hazards

| Waikoloa Project, Scope and History
fiWaiulua Bay, Description
^ Waiulua Bay, Zones in
4 Wastewater Treatment & Disposal, Effect on
f  Wastewater Treatment and Disposal, Existing
| Water, Quality, Anchialine Ponds   .       ..:,..
fe.Water 'Quality, Coastal   •   .   ;.->,.- ^;"      -v^^-vi;;.:,, .
I^Water Quality, Effect of Lagoon^Construction  on^
g;Water iQuality, Within Proposed Lagoon
"' sWater ;:Supply, Effects on
iilV-17
  vn-i
  n-i

  II-7
  111-42
  VI-1
  11-20
  IV-13
  IV-13
  IV-14
  111-28
  IV-9; IV-13
  III-3
  IV-20

  111-48
  I II— 9
  III-ll, 111-15
  III-4
  IV-1
  III-l
  IV-18
  111-45
  111-45
  111-45

  III-ll
  III-ll
  IV-8
  111-10
  III-2
  III-ll
  III-ll
  III-l
  III-3

  II-l,  111-31
  111-15
  111-15
  IV-20
  111-47
  111-18
  111-15, IV-5
  IV-5
         iv-i

-------
                   ~;VO5S«iS
wSvM^sSisJiMea|<^u^^
'Waves ;? S tora^iii^^^D^I

>,«
tf.
"~.   111-46
Sfct. .IU-5
^ 1114
^   III-2,  IV-9
    III-5
                                                                                i
                                                                                i


-------
S3»V-i«...'v:"-:~ ••"..'• "vv-  '.;-7C-s--'---v- .-,•,-•-•'" :,••>•"'.••-.<.'iy-•;-•;•  '• / •
KIT" "••'^"^JT '-1:1|^." ^":"
                                       Appendix A
                           List of Pgblic Nof'ce Recipients and
                      Copies of Notices of Intent and Public Notices
                                                                                                f

-------

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                                                                    C NOTICES
UST OF PUBLIC NOTICE REOPIENTS
 MEMBERS
 Pf? |fif^^«§f^i«|S|.- •^.•^~™h.-~«WS^
   Kl Representative Dqnle* KfAkoka"
   Hf Representative Cecimeflej. •"*""
    *§ Senator Daniel K. Inouye^^
 Bs^Jl-Senator Spark M.'Matsurwgd^E^-sv^^v^i^^s
 P?^^a^s^%§|^^teu -5- - •• - *:.;.s &3^%$tfgm®8t§$
 FEDERAL AGENCJESrl:>'  ''''^!^^Xl^&^
 •  - :r: Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic/Topograpny Center
 : -  :-; Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service -^
„•••  -";• Department of Commerce, National Ocean Survey "^''}^\
 :;   ;v Department of Housing and Urban Development, Hawai'I X
^ / - Department of the Interior '•'•&:*-;.* .••-*-•, :• '••-• -;--r -:^...,::- ••.::•-...'-
--•-•• '•: :;y:•••••'-- Denver Service Center".-"--':''"' • '?'-'-^-:-:- •' :'-.-?-v' •:  ,"^^
    .j^|'; — Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu ;        ; c>
<"•:;•• .vl^-'vi^ — National Park Service   -  , -.- • ^   •:• •'••'•.•-..^-'  i:-'-?>vv
'':.:..  ^:jt  :H   v>^:^ri Interagency Archaeological Services Division
:/,:\,.r!V;t;;~   >*;'.. Pacific Area Off ice ,'.,:.  •', A^^i^jf? •?•;:. •-. .
• v  r- Weslern Regional Office, Division of Environmental Quality
?£r•'.;.':£$&•&• — U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division
£5 .f 5 Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard,  Hawaii, Marine Safety Office
:«:>:'$? Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX
/   'r- Federal Aviation Administration, Hawai'I
-';"    Federal Emergency Management Agency              :
'•••  -•. National Marine Fisheries Service
           — Southwest Region
           — Western  Pacific Program Office
      U.S. Air Force, Hickam Air Force Base
;-.-    '.U.S. Navy-Xi-   i                       .
"::.   .;..;   — Commander, Naval Base, Pearl Harbor
 .    ;>h    — Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Marianas
^   ;! i  4  — Commander, Pacific Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command
"•     7',^  "" Pacific Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Water Quality Lab
;  .: U.S. Postal Service                        .-.:-:..,-
 •  .:-,v:---:-  — Ewa Beach Post Off ice            .v":'^:'T"':
V .; ;,=;•• '••'.— Hilo Main Post Office        •..•••  -..--••''-•:;•'..
- sS^v";  *• Postmaster, Kahului  •'•'     ' :-/r y&'g;;/: ;:*--.\
iS'f^!'?^/  '—..Hdilua-Koha Post Office     v;:'1-".'. '•"^^-Cr:--"-. •

' STATE AGENCIES^B I

.  .;,;: Department of Health, Environmental Health Division
  ..-'' Department of Land and Natural Resources 5 v jcv-'f•••'•-• ,';
    • — Land Management Division    •-•-.v-.•'&•':'• •• '"ii--^  .
    !       — Parks Division  >     ."  *.-•'' ''."•• :  r  "
,  .:.     .  — State Historic Preservation Officer    ••-••  r:.-

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                                                                               Office
       -^^^i^^^^' •   -
       &ftcm^Irciu«er^^
•.#>?.
        bXWfc'W* ••••*»••• ^*» - -^ •»•»•—-,-— ^     _ ...— ,^-j^p,.  .,-.-  ,-_. , ,-. gM^.y. ,-p,,,  ,   _ _
        Deportment of Oceanography -?^fpe;^;u.. ;^y?iSr ••' :•
        Environmental Center.*&?£'. ^- - - •• •- * r    >
        Hawai'i Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit
        Sea Grant, Advisory Service

   HAWAI'I COUNTY AGENCIES

        Department of Public Works
        Mayor, County of Hawai'i
        Planning Department

  :  OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

         Government of American Samoa
             — Department of Marine Resources
             — Department of Parks and Recreation
             — Director of Port Administration
         Government of Guam
             — Bureau of Planning
             — Territorial Planning Commission
         Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Office of Planning and Statistics

    OTHER LEGISLATORS

         Senator Alberto J.C. Lamorena 111, 17th Guam Legislature
         Senator Thomas V.C. Tanaka, 17th Guam Legislature
         Representative Charles Toguchi, Hawai'i Legislature

    PUBLIC INTEREST GROUPS

         Bishop Museum
         Conservation Council for Hawai'i
         Environmental Defense Fund
         Greenpeace Hawai'i
         Hawai'i Audubon Society
         Hawai'i Public Health Association
          Hawai'i's Thousand Friends
          Historic Hawai'i Foundation            •   r  .
          Kona Conservation Group. .             •  ,
          Legal Aid Society of Hawai'i           i     C;
          Life of the Land                           :
          One-Thousand Friends of Kauai
          Outdoor Circle
          Sierra Club _.:. •  vt"/••" ^-i-*  '-^M
         '  - •***- '.v"^"*'rv*i*»^-* **'-*'  ' "   ' "•" : "' •'V''£*'i1™;"*yvw£ V  '••-ia-.'i?'-^."
           -.•>.. :.. v-V ' •• , * --...•--. . --•'.':.-< ^ •>^,<^-^^^.^vXi&-Vr:«-'-T
       .   ---t
••:-   ' .•-

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BUSINESSES
     A.C. Hoyle Company
     American Divers,:
     American Marine & Machinery Company^
     Amfrc ^ype^^f^^m^m^m
     Amortec, IrxSf
     Belt, Collins ~
     Builders Concrete,
     Chevron Shipping Cc^npahyJ
     Coast Marine
     Coastal Marine,
     Davies Hamakua Sugar'
     Dilllngham Tug & Barge Corporation':
     Fred L. Waldron, Ltd.. ;t;"»
     Golden Gate Dock Company >^;r::;:«
     Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company
     Great Lakes Environmental Marine, Ltd.
     Hawaiian Cruises, Ltd. %:; %  ;o : -^i
     Hawaiian Dredging; & Construction Company, Ltd.
     .'. Hawaiian Independent Refinery, Inc.
     1 Hawaiian Trust Company^
      Hawaiian Tuna Packers --v
      Hawaiiana Investment Company, Inc.
     ;• Healy Tibbitts Construction Company
      Lee Cook-Associates ;
      Leigh Flexible Structure, Inc.
      Marinas International
      Marine Design International,  Inc.
      Matson Navigation Company
      Morrison-Knudsen Company
      Pacific Basin Environmental  Consultants
      Pacific Diving Industries
      R.M. Towill Corporation
      Rotocast, Plastic Products of Texas, Inc.
      SETS, Inc.
      Shell Oil Co.     '•
      Star-Kist Samoa, Inc.
      Techstaff, Inc.
      Texota,Inc.     ;
      Tideland Signal Corporation
      Transcontinental Development Co.
      Tuna Boat Owners; Co-op, Inc.
      Union Oil Company of California
      UOP, Johnson Division,  Surface Water Department
      Walter Lum Associates
      Waterfront Marinas, Ltd.
      Western Pacific Dredging Company
      Woodward-Envicon, Inc.
                                         .;.'.-• ;'•;•;-.; i/'^sftii^'^-'-;  .....

                                         ^•S^gSlg^tt ''jljgii£%£i&s£

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   OHEROF^GANIZATIONS
        Bernlce^BIshop Estate
               lil
        Engineering News Recbr.
       jHawaiian Sugar.Planters^AJKocIationl


       j National. Association of ^ Dredging Contractors;
        Ms. Debbie Abreu
        Mr. Arthur Aklnaka
        Mr. Donald S. Bowman 111
        Mr. Ed Crook
        Mr. Rick Gaffney
        Ms. Dorothy Hirowatarl
        Mr. Walter Kahiwa
        Mr. Pete L'Orange
       . Mrs. Donna Man
        Mr. Mike Miura
        Mr. R.D. Plunkett
        Mr. Edward PskowskI
        Mr. Bill Reich
        Mr. Jerry Rothstein
        Mr. James Schlais
      '  Mr. Yukio Shiigl
        Mr. Conrad T. Shiroma

    ADDED AFTER 19 OCTOBER 1984

        Mr. Ron Bachmar
        Mr. J. Sanchez
        Sierra Club, Hawai'i Island
        Dr. Richard Titgen
        Mr. John Michael White
        Mr. Richard Worshauer
""•^v


.'?.';.
   ' '„ '.<,'-.••%• •'*?'• •'•-'»• •:'.!.fT ?iiA--.'K

•J<

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KUt C«wHt< fra. M,I 1. Mewt, ,f
       MfMI (t>77) ;tM CMqutlt (1M4 Ilk)
                   w wK<»itr*llt4
TIDAL  PONDS LOCATION MAP
                  i

^   AaafcUlU* (Tltfil) ?•*<«
                                                              Apprixlmttc Le««ll»*
                                                              •I Propo»««
                                                              Pr**«r«ttl*a Art*
                                                                                          EXCAVATION OF SWIMMING LAGOON "
                                                                                          AND FILLING OF TIDAL  PONDS AT
                                                                                          VAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT, HAWAII
                                                                                          JAN 1985
                                                                                                          Sheet 4  of

-------

-------
              Appendix B
Correspondence Related to Public Notices

-------

-------

 i'-^isrr^r •1^v*r- •-"'• ••'*«^'**S«?--..i.v^5l*??iir2;«ifc-rii>^.:;-'lAt?i£:.-s.^3'i.'j^vT*
                                                   PATE OF LETTER
                                                   ~ • • '..«;i s. -i   .       —••
    ^n^nntentalPro*ec*lon Agency £ ;./g^^ i .
    ional Pw;''^- -^". •;:--v.;^:;iii.;
rsSf- .'••.••»»...•>•:•';.•..
fcv ••."£& *?••:-
«;. .:—.MVI.~- ;



I .•'"'.       National
                                                   6 November 1 984
                                                               1984
                        '- -. •--v.;..

                     ^                             15 November 1 984
 State of Hawaii, Department of Health

 University of Hawaii, Environmental Center


 Public Interest Groups

 NaAIaHele \


 Response from Corps to Na Ala Hele

 Sierra Club, Hpwaii Chapter

 Hawaii's Thousand Friends


 Individuals

 Donna Mah to Mr. Flanders, COE
 Donna Mah to COE re. pond surveys
 Stanley Arakaki, COE to Donna Mah
 Donna Mah to COE re. Public Notice
 COE request that BCA answer Donna Mah
 BCA to  Donna Mah
 Donna Mah to BCA
 BCA to  Donna Mah

 Wade Shaffer !                        :

John Michael White             ;.      '
                                                   5 December 1984
                                              '.     8 November 1984
                                           and    18 December 1984

                                                     4 January 1985

                                                  15 November 1984

                                                  25 February 1984
                                                 25 September 1984
                                                   8 November 1984
                                                 26 November 1984
                                                   3 November 1984
                                                   8 November 1984
                                                 30 November 1984
                                                    21 January 1985
                                                     20 March 1985-

                                                  21 February 1985

                                                 13 November 1984


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