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Contents
SECTION I - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Assessing PWS Compliance With Drinking Water Standards..... 1
Results in Brief 2
Activities Underway to Implement the SDWA Amendments of 1996 4
Promoting Public Information and Involvement 4
Providing Tools to States, Tribes, and Water Systems to Improve Compliance 5
Helping Small Systems Provide Safe Drinking Water 6
Focusing Safely Standards on the Most Serious Health Risks 7
Exercising New Enforcement Authorities and Undertaking Compliance Assistance 7
Improving the Data that Describes America's Drinking Water 9
Recommendations 9
Future Direction 11
SECTION II NATIONAL COMPLIANCE REPORT ____
Parti - Introduction 13
Purpose 13
Statutory Requirements 13
Compliance Report ....13
Stakeholder Involvement 13
Part II - National and State Public Drinking Water Programs 14
EPA Regulations 14
Public Water Systems , 15
Part III - PWS Compliance Data and Analysis 16
Data Analysis 16
Community Water Systems 18
Monitioring and Reporting Violations by System Size 20
Contaminent Level and Treatment Technique Violations by System Size 21
Non-Transient Non-Community Water Systems 22
Transient Non-Community Water Systems 22
Variance and Exemptions 22
Quality of Data : 22
Part IV - Evaluation and Summary of State Reports 23
State Enforcement and Compliance Assistance Programs..... 24
Information on State Reports 24
State by State Summaries 26
Part V - Conclusions and Recommendations 27
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
July 1998
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SECTION 3 - TRIBAL COMPLIANCE REPORT
Parti - Introduction 29
Purpose 29
Workgroup and Stakeholder Process 29
Role of Other Federal Agencies 29
Part n - PWSs on Indian Reservations 29
Part HI - Compliance Data and Analysis 30
Compliance Analysis 31
Enforcement and Compliance Activities 31
Compliance Assistance 32
Infrastructure Needs , 33
Additional Small System Needs 33
Financial Assistance 33
Part IV - Conclusions and Recommendations 34
APPENDICES
Appendix A- Glossary of Terms A-3
Appendix B - Summaries of Annual State Public Water System Reports B-3
TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 1: Public Water System Inventory in Calendar Year 1996 15
Table 2: Summary of Drinking Water Regulations for PWSs 17
Table 3: Summary of Elements Reported by States 25
Table 4: Number of Violations and Numbers of Informal Enforcement Actions 32
Table A-l: Significant Monitoring Violations for Annual State
Public Water System Reports A-5
Figure 1: Size Distribution of PWSs-Number of Systems 17
Figure 2: Size Distribution of PWSs-Population Served 17
Figure 3: Number of Community Water Systems with Monitioring
and Reporting Violations by System Size 20
Figure 4: Population Served by Community Water Systems with
Monitioring and Reporting Violations by System Size 20
Figure 5: Number of Community Water Systems with Maximum
Contaminant Level and Treatment Technique Violations 21
Figure 6: Population Served by Community Water Systems
with Maximum Contaminent Level and Treatment
Technique Violations by System Size 21
Figure 7: Location of American Indian Tribal Lands 30
FigureS: Number of PWSs on Tribal Lands with Violations by Rule 31
Jity 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
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Section I
Section I - Executive Summary
Safe drinking water is a cornerstone of public
health protection. One of the major goals of the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to
ensure that the drinking water of all Americans
is safe. This report describes how well we are
meeting that goal, the steps we need to take to
improve the data that allow us to measure that
goal, and the activities under way that will allow
us to meet the goal more quickly.
The most important news is good. The nation's
drinking water is generally safe. In 1996, the
vast majority of people in the nation received
water from systems that had no reported viola-
tions of maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
and treatment technique requirements or
significant monitoring and reporting require-
ments. Further good news is that, since the
passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Amendments of 1996, EPA and its public and
private partners have worked vigorously to
develop and begin to use many new tools to
enhance the quality of the nation's drinking
water. However, in gathering and analyzing the
data to provide both specific compliance and
general public information, EPA and its partners
have realized that we have questions about the
quality of some of the data contained in our Safe
Drinking Water Information System. Nonethe-
less, when viewed in the aggregate, this data
presents an overall picture of public water
systems (PWSs) compliance on a national basis.
We present here the general findings concerning
the compliance status of PWSs and make rec-
ommendations to improve compliance as well as
to improve the quality of the data.
This report on PWS compliance is mandated by
the 1996 SDWA Amendments and provides
information on the compliance status of PWS,
including PWSs located on Indian reservations,
for calendar year 1996. In 1993, the Administra-
tion proposed sweeping revisions to the SDWA
to supply many of the ingredients that are vital
to providing safe drinking water, but were
lacking in the law at that time. In August 1996,
Congress adopted and President Clinton signed
into law amendments to the SDWA that provide
these new ingredients. Accordingly, this report
also discusses the variety of activities that the
Agency has undertaken in the last two years
since the passage of the 1996 Amendments to
capitalize on the new opportunities and authori-
ties provided by those Amendments including:
promoting public information and involvement;
providing tools to States, Tribes and water
systems to improve compliance; helping small
systems provide safe drinking water; focusing
safety standards on the most serious health
risks; and exercising new enforcement authori-
ties and undertaking compliance assistance
activities.
This national report is an annual requirement
for EPA. Subsequent reports will reflect new
actions that EPA and its partners have taken to
improve compliance and data quality since
1996.
ASSESSING PWS COMPLIANCE WITH
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
The public and water supply managers must
know whether drinking water systems are in
compliance with the drinking water standards
mandated by law. PWSs are responsible for
reporting their monitoring results to the States.
The 1996 SDWA Amendments require that
States prepare annual reports on the compli-
ance of PWSs within their State and make
summaries available to the public, and that EPA
produce an annual national compliance report.
This first report presents compliance informa-
tion for 1996 using State and Tribal data from
EPA's Safe Drinking Water Information System
(SDWIS/FED) and discusses ways to improve
both the data and the overall compliance pic-
ture. SDWIS/FED is an exceptions-based data-
base, meaning that only violations or instances
of non-compliance are recorded. The informa-
tion presented in this report is a summary of
data provided to the Agency through SDWIS/
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
I September 1998
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Section I
FED and includes information on health-based
violations (i.e., MCL, treatment technique) and
significant monitoring and reporting violations.
An MCL is the maximum permissible level of a
contaminant in water which is delivered to any
user of a public water system. The MCL is set as
close to the level where there are no known or
anticipated health effects as is feasible with the
use of the best technology or treatment tech-
niques. EPA sets treatment techniques, instead
of MCLs, where it is infeasible to monitor and
ascertain the level of a particular contaminant.
The required treatment techniques are designed
to prevent known or anticipated health effects.
For this report, a significant monitoring and
reporting violation occurs when a PWS collects
none of the samples or submits none of the
reports required by a particular regulatory
provision, or met the significant noncompliance
definition for the Lead and Copper Rule or the
Surface Water Treatment Rule (see Appendix A).
EPA is concerned with these violations because
without the required monitoring, EPA and
States do not know the quality of the water
being delivered to consumers. Thus, people may
be at risk without knowing it and appropriate
steps to safeguard public health cannot be
taken by the States or EPA or by the consumers
themselves.
In their reports, States also presented EPA with
compliance data for which many used data from
their own information systems. EPA has com-
piled summaries of the State data in Appendix B.
Fifty-one of 56 States, Commonwealths, and
Territories prepared compliance reports. EPA
compiled compliance information for American
Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana
Islands. EPA also prepared reports for States
and Tribes that do not have primary enforce-
ment responsibility for drinking water programs,
including Wyoming, Washington, DC, and water
systems located on Indian reservations.
RESULTS IN BRIEF
In 1996, the vast majority of people in the
nation received water from systems that had no
reported violations of MCL and treatment tech-
nique requirements or significant monitoring
and reporting requirements. The report looks at
the compliance status of all types of public
water systems; however, much of the report
focuses on community water systems because
the majority of the population obtains drinking
water from community water systems. Within
the limitations of data quality, as discussed
below, some of the most notable findings are:
The nation's drinking water is generally safe
86 % of the country's population served
by community water systems drank water
from systems that reported no violations of
any health-based drinking water standards.
94% of all public water systems had no
reported MCL or treatment technique
violations.
91% of community water systems had no
reported MCL or treatment technique
violations. Violations were primarily of the
Total Coliform Rule and Surface Water
Treatment Rule - rules which protect
against microbiological contamination of
drinking water.
94% of non-transient non-community water
systems had no reported MCL or treatment
technique violations. Most of the systems
with a reported violation violated the Total
Coliform Rule.
95% of transient non-community water
systems had no reported MCL or treatment
technique violations. As with non-transient
non-community water systems, most of the
systems violated the Total Coliform Rule.
Nationwide, most violations are of significant
monitoring and reporting requirements.
In 1996, there were 141,617 MCL, treat-
ment technique, and significant monitoring
and reporting violations reported by 47,918
of the 170,942 public water systems in the
nation. 87% were for violations of signifi-
cant monitoring and reporting require-
ments. 13% were for violations of MCL and
treatment technique requirements.
76% of all public water systems had no
reported violations of significant monitoring
and reporting requirements.
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1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
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Section I
72% of community water systems had no
reported violations of significant monitoring
and reporting requirements. The Lead and
Copper Rule and Total Coliform Rule
accounted for most of the systems with
violations.
66% of non-transient non-community water
systems had no reported violation of sig-
nificant monitoring and reporting require-
ments. The Lead and Copper Rule and
Total Coliform Rule accounted for most of
the systems with violations.
80% of transient non-community water
systems had no reported violation of sig-
nificant monitoring and reporting retire-
ments. The Total Coliform Rule and Nitrate
Rule accounted for most of the systems
with violations.
Although the number of large systems with a
reported violation is relatively small, the
population that is served by these systems
can be large.
9% of the 5,151 community water systems
with an MCL or treatment technique viola-
tion were for large systems. These systems
served 30 million people. The Surface
Water Treatment Rule, Total Coliform Rule,
or Lead and Copper Rule are the rules most
frequently violated by large water systems.
2% of the 15,182 community water systems
with a significant monitoring and reporting
violation were large systems. These systems
served 17 million people. The rules pertain-
ing to total coliform, surface water treat-
ment, organic chemicals, and nitrate
accounted for most of these systems with
violations.
Most violations are reported in small water
systems that serve fewer than 3,300 people.
Small systems comprised 96% of the
15,182 community water systems with a
significant monitoring and reporting viola-
tion. These systems served 5.0 million
people.
Small systems comprised 82% of the 5,151
community water systems with an MCL
and treatment technique violation. These
systems served 2.3 million people.
Virtually all of the non-transient and
transient non-community water systems
are small, therefore, most violations for
these system types occurred in small
systems.
Approximately 1O% of public water systems
located on Indian reservations had a reported
violation of an MCL or treatment technique
requirement. Most violations were for signifi-
cant monitoring and reporting violations
which might prevent other MCL and treat-
ment technique violations from being de-
tected.
45% of the 920 public water systems on
Indian reservations reported a violation.
75% of the systems with a violation serve
fewer than 500 people.
The majority of violations (97%) were of
significant monitoring and reporting re-
quirement, primarily for the Total Coliform
Rule and chemical contaminants. The Total
Coliform Rule also accounted for most of
the reported health-based violations.
There were no reported violations of variance
and exemptions in 1996.
Very few of the States issued variances and
exemptions in 1996.
Compliance data in many individual State
databases differs from that reported to the
Federal database.
When viewed in the aggregate, comparison
of national data from SDWIS/FED with
that totaled from all individual State re-
ports showed 19% more violations in State
reports than in SDWIS/FED, most of which
could be accounted for by differences in
violation reporting of significant monitoring
and reporting requirements for chemical
contaminants.
A State-by-State comparison of SDWIS/
FED data with that included in State
compliance reports, most of which were
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998
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Section I
developed using information from a State*s
own data system, revealed differences, with
both over- and under-reporting by States
into SDWIS/FED.
EPA also discovered problems with EPA
Regional reporting of data for PWSs on
Indian reservations into SDWIS/FED.
Although the data show that the nation's drink-
ing water is generally safe, more work needs to
be done to improve compliance in specific areas
and to improve the quality of the data. Recom-
mendations to improve both compliance and
data quality are presented at the end of this
summary.
ACTIVITIES UNDERWAY TO IMPLEMENT
THE SDWA AMENDMENTS OF 1996
The Clinton Administration has always recog-
nized that many tools and resources are essen-
tial to ensure that Americans have drinking
water that meets all health standards. The
SDWA Amendments of 1996 provided many new
authorities to enable EPA to more quickly meet
its goal of safe drinking water. Now, two years
after passage of the 1996 Amendments, EPA has
exercised these authorities and finalized every
product required in the law to date and has
done so with maximum stakeholder involve-
ment. This stakeholder participation included
more than 100 public meetings, public review
and comment of documents, and the help of the
National Drinking Water Advisory Council and
its associated working groups.
PROMOTING PUBLIC INFORMATION AND
INVOLVEMENT
The public has a right to know what is in its
drinking water and to participate in decisions
affecting that drinking water. The 1996 Amend-
ments include a strong and pervasive ethic of
public information and involvement, and in this
second year of implementing the Amendments,
EPA and its partners have produced major tools
and undertaken a variety of activities to ensure
that the public is well informed.
* Consumer Confidence Reports: Consumer
confidence reports are the centerpiece of
the right-to-know provisions in SDWA. In
August 1998, EPA finalized a rule to re-
quire drinking water systems to provide
annual reports to their customers on the
state of their drinking water supply. The
information contained in these reports will
enable Ameri-
cans to make
practical, knowl-
edgeable deci-
sions about
their health and
Consumer Confidence
Reports will provide
Americans with annual
snapshots of their drinking
water supply.
their environ-
ment. The
reports also provide a way for the public to
get more information about other provi-
sions required by the 1996 Amendments
such as assessments of drinking water
source quality.
ป Bach report must provide consumers
with the following fundamental Informa-
tion about their drinking water: The
source of the water; a brief summary of its
susceptibility to contamination (based on
assessments of drinking water source
quality that States will complete over the
next five years); the level (or range of levels)
of any contaminant found in the drinking
water, compared with EPA's health-based
standard; the likely source of that contami-
nant in the local drinking water supply; the
potential health effects of any contaminant
detected in violation of an EPA health
standard; an accounting of any actions a
system takes to restore safe drinking water;
an educational statement for vulnerable
populations, such as children, about
avoiding certain contaminants; educational
information on nitrate, arsenic, or lead in
areas where these contaminants are de-
tected at levels more than 50% above EPA's
standard; and phone numbers for addi-
tional sources of information, including
that of the water system and EPA's Safe
Drinking Water Hotline.
Ensuring Public Access to Additional
Information: EPA is acting to ensure that
new public information tools are made
available to the public. This year, EPA
worked with States on ways to make the
results of their up-coming source water
assessments available to the public, and
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1996 National Annual Public Witer Systems Compliance Report
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Section I
has formed a Public Right-to-Know working
group of the National Drinking Water
Advisory Council to discuss how to make
drinking water information available to the
public, and how to involve them in making
decisions with that information.
Using the Internet to Increase Public
Access: EPA has been working over the
past year to make drinking water informa-
tion available to the public via the Internet
(http://www.epa.gov/safewater). EPA has
created and will expand a geographic
information site where consumers will be
able to get information about their water,
including their local drinking water supply.
This will include information on violations
of drinking water standards, State compli-
ance reports, water system consumer
confidence reports, and State drinking
water information and contacts.
Preparing for Greater Public Involve-
ment: In its effort to develop more effective
and durable policies, EPA has continued to
uphold the law's ethic of public involve-
ment in its decision-making processes by
holding public meetings and providing an
opportunity for public review of draft
documents. By maintaining this high level
of public involvement, resulting in consen-
sus building whenever possible, EPA is
demonstrating on a national level the
benefits of the types of public involvement
that the 1996 SDWA Amendments also
specify extensively for States. While SDWA
provides States with flexibility and sub-
stantial Federal funding to meet the chal-
lenging task of building several important
new programs, it also adds a public partici-
pation framework to enable States to
involve their residents in, and strengthen
the substantive content of, their efforts.
Over the past two years, as EPA has worked
closely with States to provide guidance and
implement programs, we have also worked to
advance statutorily required public involvement
in key areas such as: State decisions on the use
of the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund for
projects and programs; development and imple-
mentation of State source water assessment
programs; the framing of State programs to
strengthen the technical, financial, and mana-
gerial capacity of water systems; and in State
consideration of variance and exemption re-
quests.
PROVIDING TOOLS TO STATES, TRIBES, AND
WATER SYSTEMS TO IMPROVE COMPLIANCE
The 1996 SDWA Amendments gave the nation a
new approach to drinking water protection
which focuses attention on the highest public
health priorities. This includes a holistic ap-
proach to prevention and protection, an empha-
sis on the public's right-to-know, and a series of
building blocks for States and water suppliers
that can help in implementation. Two years
after passage of the Amendments, most of these
building blocks are in place. These activities will
assist EPA and the States as they work to
assure compliance with drinking water stan-
dards.
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund
(DWSRF): The 1996 Amendments created
the DWSRF to enable States to help water
systems finance infrastructure improve-
ments that are needed to solve compliance
and public health problems. States can
also use these funds to help systems
protect their source water and improve
water system management. Congress has
appropriated $2 billion for the DWSRF
through FV98. By the end of FV98, every
State will have a DWSRF program approved
by EPA, and will have received at least its
first commitment of funds ("capitalization
grant").
Capacity Development: Capacity refers to
the technical, financial, and managerial
capability of a water system to plan for,
achieve, and maintain compliance with
drinking water standards. Capacity devel-
opment is a State effort to help drinking
water systems improve their finances,
management, infrastructure, and opera-
tions so they can provide safe drinking
water consistently, reliably, and cost-
effectively. Many small drinking water
systems have difficulty complying with
some of the complex provisions of the
SDWA because their capacity is often
constrained by their limited economies of
scale. The new SDWA has several features
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998
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Section I
with great potential to increase system
capacity, and thereby correct and prevent
noncompliance. In August 1998, EPA
released guidance and information to help
States work together with water systems to
carry out new capacity development provi-
sions from the law, including a requirement
that States have authority to prevent the
formation of new public water systems that
lack the capability to operate and manage a
drinking water system. States must also
implement a strategy to help existing
systems develop the capability to operate
and maintain their system and ensure
long-term compliance.
Water System Operator Certification:
Operator competency is critical to the
protection of public health and mainte-
nance of safe, effective, and reliable water
treatment plants and distribution lines. In
February 1998, EPA released information
for States on recommended operator certifi-
cation requirements, developed through a
partnership with States, water systems,
and the public. By February 1999, EPA will
issue final guidelines for States to use in
making changes to their operation certifica-
tion programs.
Source Water Protection: The first step in
a multiple barrier approach to drinking
water protection is preventing contamina-
tion of drinking water sources. This avoids
the need to pay for costly treatment to
remove contamination after it occurs. In
August 1997, EPA issued a source water
assessment and protection guidance for
States to use to complete source water
assessments for their public water systems.
States, water systems, and the public can
work together using Federal funding to
protect the highest priority sources identi-
fied in the assessments. During this past
year, States have been working diligently to
prepare their assessment programs, which
are due to EPA by February 1999.
Proposed Regulation for Underground
Injection Control Class V Wells: Some
shallow waste disposal wells pose a threat
to underground sources of drinking water.
On July 17, 1998 EPA issued a proposal,
for public comment, in the Federal Register
to regulate specific types of high-risk wells,
such as large cesspools, motor vehicle
wells, and industrial wells, located in
source water protection areas for systems
using groundwater. When finalized in 1999,
this regulation will give States a new tool
for source Water protection efforts.
Support for Indian Tribes: The problems
facing public water systems located on
Indian reservations are significant. Many of
the systems face challenges related to their
small size (75% of systems serve popula-
tions fewer than 500) and limited sources
of revenue. Many of the tools discussed
above include funding and provisions to
address the special problems of these
public water systems. In addition, the 1996
SDWA Amendments provided that 1.5% of
the amount appropriated for the DWSRF
program be made available to water sys-
tems on Tribal lands in the form of grants.
This translated into $30 million for fiscal
years 1997 and 1998.
HELPING SMALL SYSTEMS PROVIDE SAFE
DRINKING WATER
Although they serve a small percentage of the
nation's population, water systems serving fewer
than 10,000 persons constitute the majority of
all community drinking water systems. Small
systems often do not have a full-time operator,
and their limited customer base often makes
compliance with public health standards diffi-
cult due to affordability problems. The 1996
Amendments created several new tools to help
address the special needs of small systems.
List of Small System Compliance Tech-
nologies: In August 1998, EPA published a
list of alternative technologies that small
systems may use to remove or treat regulated
contaminants. These alternative technologies
give small systems more flexibility in choos-
ing the most cost-effective methods to meet
drinking water standards.
Variances and Exemptions: In August
1998, EPA revised its variance and exemp-
tion rule, which provides a framework to
help small systems comply with drinking
water standards. Variances allow a small
system that cannot afford to comply with a
drinking water standard to deviate from the
standard under certain conditions, as long
6 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
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Section I
as the drinking water is still protective of
public health. Exemptions allow a water
system extra time to obtain needed finan-
cial assistance, develop an alternative
source of water, engage in management or
restructuring changes, or make any other
effort needed to bring the system into
compliance.
Technical Assistance: EPA is now sup-
porting a total of eight technology assis-
tance centers, based at universities, to help
small drinking water systems with training,
technical assistance, and technology
demonstrations. With grant support from
EPA, university-based Environmental
Finance Centers are assisting States in
developing and implementing innovative
programs to help small systems build their
capacity. In addition, up to two percent of a
State's DWSRF capitalization grant may be
used to provide technical assistance to
systems serving fewer than 10,000 per-
sons, and the SDWA requires that at least
15% of the DWSRF be made available to
small systems.'
FOCUSING SAFETY STANDARDS ON THE MOST
SERIOUS HEALTH RISKS
Strengthening research to support development
of regulations based on sound science is one of
the most significant provisions in the 1996
Amendments. The first major products of that
scientific focus were produced in 1998. These
products demonstrate the principles of targeting
and focusing research on high risk contami-
nants and expanding public involvement in the
rulemaking process by enhancing public access
to data.
The Contaminant Candidate List: In
February 1998, EPA published its Contami-
nant Candidate List (CCL), which is the
strategic blueprint for future standards
development and public health decisions.
The CCL is a list of currently unregulated
contaminants that are known or antici-
pated to occur in drinking water. The list
will help EPA, States, and water systems
focus their efforts on contaminants that
pose the greatest risks to public health.
Contaminants for priority drinking water
research, occurrence monitoring, and
guidance development, including health
advisories, will be drawn from the CCL.
EPA will also use this list to outline a plan
of action, required by the year 2001, for
making regulatory decisions On developing
standards for five or more contaminants.
Strengthening Research: EPA has ex-
panded its research in occurrence studies,
health effects, analytical methods, and
treatment approaches to support its stan-
dard-setting priorities under the CCL. In
addition, as required by the 1996 Amend-
ments, EPA has developed, and is carrying
out, its long-term research plans for ar-
senic and the microbial and disinfectants/
disinfection byproducts cluster of rules.
Microbial and Disinfectants/Disinfection
Byproducts Rules: Congress arid the
Administration agree that microbial con-
taminants in drinking water, such as
Cryptosporidium, pose the greatest poten-
tial risk to human health. The 1996
Amendments required EPA to issue several
rules to control these contaminants and
the byproducts of chemicals used to control
them. In late 1998, EPA will dramatically
advance public health protection by finaliz-
ing the first set of these rules, the Interim
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
and the Stage I Disinfectants/Disinfection
Byproducts Rule.
EXERCISING NEW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES
AND UNDERTAKING COMPLIANCE ASSISTANCE
The 1996 Amendments strengthened EPA and
State enforcement and penalty authorities. In
recognition of the fact that enforcement is an
effective tool in returning systems to compliance
and ensuring that water, systems which do not
comply do not enjoy a competitive advantage
over others that do, the Amendments stream-
lined the process for issuing Federal administra-
tive orders, raised the amount EPA could collect
in administrative penalties, and required States
as a condition of primacy to have administrative
penalty authority. As with other provisions of
the 1996 Amendments, EPA and the States are
working to implement these provisions and will
provide more detail in future reports.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998
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Section I
EPA's current enforcement priorities focus on
those regulations and contaminants which pose
the greatest risk to public health, i.e., the
microbiological regulations (Total Coliform Rule
and Surface Water Treatment Rule), lead and
copper, and other acute contaminants (e.g.,
nitrate).
In fiscal year 1996, the Agency issued 1,039
notices of violation, 254 final administrative
orders, 40 complaints for penalty, and 9 new
civil referrals. In 1997, EPA issued 266 notices
of violation, 392 Federal administrative orders,
12 complaints for penalty, and 4 new civil
referrals.
To complement its enforcement activities, EPA
also undertakes compliance assistance to
increase understanding of, and compliance with,
drinking water requirements. The Agency con-
ducted more than 3,180 compliance assistance
activities, including on-site visits to public water
systems and development and distribution of
compliance assistance tools. The Agency is also
developing a Compliance Assistance Center, the
Local Government Environmental Assistance
Network (LGEAN), which is designed to help local
government officials stay abreast of the latest
environmental requirements and technologies,
including drinking water issues. LGEAN is
coordinated by a number of partners, such as
drinking water and governmental associations.
The network will help governments disseminate
information on drinking water to help water
facilities treat water more effectively and will
field questions on environmental compliance and
The box below lists EPA's major products in support of SDWA implementation.
iputlUii Httiii i
programs
i!4ii P i mmlum*
Public
Information/
Involvement
Tools for
States and
Water
Systems
Small
System
Needs
Risk-Based
Standards
Setting
1** year (August 1996-97)
Expansion of National
Drinking Water Advisory
Council (NDWAC)
Drinking Water State
Revolving Fund
Guidelines
Source Water Assessment
and Protection Guidance
Drinking Water
Infrastructure Needs
Survey
Alternative Monitoring
Guidance
Treatment technologies
list for Surface Water
Treatment Rule
Research plans for
Microb ial/D isinfection
Byproducts and Arsenic
21"* vsar f Auaust 1 997- ' '
98)
Consumer
Confidence Report
Regulation
Compliance Reports
Information on
Operator Certification
Capacity
Development
Guidance
Environmental
Finance Centers
Proposed Class V
UIC Rule
Compliance
technologies list
Variance and
Exemptions Rule
Technology
Assistance Centers
Contaminant
Candidate List
Future > /
National Contaminant
Occurrence Data Base
Revised public
notification
Right-to-Know NDWAC
Working Group
Operator Certification
Guidelines
Federal support of State
source water
assessment activities
through Clean Water
Action Plan
Final Class V UIC Rule
State ground water
protection reports
Local Governmental
Environmental
Assistance Network
NDWAC Small Systems
Working Group
National Contaminant
Occurrence Data Base
Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring
Rule
8 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section (
assistance information for State and local
officials, inspectors, and regulators.
IMPROVING THE DATA THAT DESCRIBES
AMERICA'S DRINKING WATER
The nation needs reliable data in order to man-
age its drinking water program. It is of great ,
importance to EPA and its partners to improve
quality and accuracy of drinking water. EPA has
collected data from States for approximately 20
years on violations of drinking water standards
and stored them in an EPA data system that
has recently been modernized and renamed the
Safe Drinking Water Information System
(SDWIS/FED). Portions of SDWIS/FED that are
under development will better track compliance
with existing and future regulations, track
drinking water goals developed to meet the
Government Performance and Results Act, and
also make data recovery easier for the public. In
preparing the compliance information described
below, it became clear that some SDWIS/FED
data should be updated or checked for reliability.
To ensure SDWIS/FED data reliability, EPA is
undertaking a series of steps which are outlined
in the recommendations described later in this
report.
In addition to having information about actual
violations of drinking water standards for
treated drinking water, the nation also needs
information on the occurrence of contaminants
in our sources of drinking water. The SDWA
Amendments of 1996 mandated that EPA pre-
pare a National Contaminant Occurrence Data
Base (NCOD) by 1999 that will contain informa-
tion about the pollutants found in sources of
drinking water. NCOD will draw on other data-
bases from both inside EPA and from our part-
ners such as the U.S. Geological Survey, and
will also include information from forthcoming
State and Tribal source water assessments. The
Data Base will give both managers and the
public information on the quality of water which
is subsequently treated to become our drinking
water.
The planned improvements to violations data in
SDWIS/FED as well as the new data available in
1999 through the NCOD will give both the
public and the drinking water community a
better picture of the quality of our drinking
water.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The SDWA Amendments of 1996 require that
the Administrator make "recommendations
concerning the resources needed to improve
compliance" within the national compliance
report. This report makes general recommenda-
tions as to where States and EPA should direct
their efforts, based on existing resource levels
and appropriations, to improve compliance.
States and EPA should work together to address
the most significant findings identified in this
report:
States and EPA should work together to
address violations of significant monitoring
and reporting requirements.
. For large community water systems, ac-
tions should address all rules. Failure by
these systems to monitor can mask public
health problems that affect many people
and, as a result, formal enforcement
should be an integral part of any action
taken.
For small and medium community water
systems, actions should focus primarily on
the Lead and Copper Rule, Total Coliform
Rule, and the Nitrate Rule. This strategy
should include compliance assistance and
enforcement, where appropriate. The
strategy should also focus on the Surface
Water Treatment Rule because violations
indicate an increased risk from microbio-
logical contamination.
States and EPA should work together to
address violations of MCL and treatment
technique requirements.
For large community water systems, ac-
tions should address all rules, with an
emphasis on the Total Coliform Rule,
Surface Water Treatment Rule and the
Lead and Copper Rule. Formal enforcement
is especially appropriate for large water
systems, particularly those failing to install
1996 National Annual Public \\feter Systems Compliance Report
9 September 1998
-------
Section I
or upgrade filtration treatment as required
by the Surface Water Treatment Rule, and
for facilities with continuing or repeated
violations.
For small and medium size community
water systems, actions should focus on the
Total Coliform Rule and Surface Water
Treatment Rule. All available tools should
be considered when responding to viola-
tions, in order to address the particular
capacity development needs of these sys-
tems. Technical assistance should be made
available to ensure that systems can return
to, and remain in, compliance. While
compliance assistance is often adequate to
ensure long-term compliance, when a
system does not respond to assistance,
formal enforcement should be used.
States and EPA should work together to
address violations at non-community water
systems.
States and EPA should identify the reasons
for significant monitoring and reporting
violations at non-community systems and
take appropriate action. In particular,
attention should focus on the Total
Coliform, Lead and Copper, and Nitrate
Rules for non-transient non-community
water system; and Total Coliform and
Nitrate Rules for transient non-community
water systems.
Most non-transient and transient non-
community water systems are small and
face problems that are unique to small
systems. EPA and States should take an
approach that addresses the special needs
of these systems, including compliance
assistance and enforcement, where appro-
priate.
EPA should take action to improve compli-
ance of PWSs on Indian reservations.
EPA should work cooperatively with water
systems on Indian reservations to improve
compliance with monitoring and reporting
requirements, particularly for Total
Coliform Rule and chemical contaminant
requirements. This can be accomplished
through compliance assistance such as
increasing EPA's field presence, conducting
more frequent sanitary surveys and provid-
ing technical assistance, and enforcement,
as appropriate.
EPA should improve its collection and
maintenance of compliance data for PWS
on Indian reservations.
EPA and States should work cooperatively to
improve the quality of compliance data.
Further define the issue: EPA should
work closely with States and utilities to
define the data quality issue in detail. EPA
will hold several stakeholder meetings
across the country, and convene a special
focus group to make recommendations.
This group will work with ongoing groups
and efforts such as the Association of State
Drinking Water Administrators/EPA Data
Management Steering Committee, the
Office of Enforcement and Compliance
Assurance (OECA) enforcement systems
reengineering efforts, and the National
Drinking Water Advisory Council Right-to-
Know workgroup.
Ensure seamless data transfer to the
Federal data system: EPA will increase
efforts to make it easier to use drinking
water information systems, and processes
to transfer data to them electronically. For
the national-level SDWIS/FED, EPA will
simplify both data entry and retrieval, and
public access. For States and Tribes, EPA
will accelerate development of the core
modules of SDWIS/STATE, and increase
electronic data transfer for those States
that will continue to use their own data
systems.
Improve SDWIS data quality: EPA and
States need to work together to improve the
quality of data in SDWIS and in individual
State systems. In this effort, EPA and
States can jointly develop quality manage-
ment plans for SDWIS data. We can also
take steps to improve the quality of data
monitoring and reporting at all levels -
10 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section I
utility, laboratory; State, EPA Regions, and
EPA Headquarters. These steps will include
more frequent verification of data at all
steps of the process, vigorous follow-up of
findings from the verification efforts, and
increased training in and accountability for
system use and data quality activities.
Include compliance data in the effort to
Integrate drinking water information:
EPA is working to provide to managers and
the public a comprehensive picture of
drinking water quality, including both
compliance and source water quality
information. This effort will integrate
drinking water source information from the
developing National Contaminant Occur-
rence Data Base (which will access multiple
data bases of EPA, the U.S. Geological
Survey, and others on ambient water
quality) as well as water quality in public
water systems. As more reliable SDWIS
data is generated in the future, EPA will
incorporate that data into this comprehen-
sive effort to portray drinking water quality.
FUTURE DIRECTION
This report on 1996 data is the first in an
annual series of reports presenting drinking
water compliance data and a national analysis
of compliance, as well as recommendations to
improve PWS compliance. The report shows that
there is a need for improvements in both com-
pliance and reporting of the data describing
compliance. Compliance with drinking water
regulations is one of the primary goals for EPA
under the Government Performance and Results
Act, and EPA has already initiated activities to
address many of the findings and recommenda-
tions in the report. EPA will work with States to
address the recommendations and will use these
reports to establish a baseline against which we
will monitor progress.
In addition, States and EPA need to continue to
aggressively implement the SDWA Amendments
of 1996, including development and implemen-
tation of new regulations, source water protec-
tion activities, capacity development activities,
operator certification, and full implementation of
the State Revolving Fund. These activities will
result in improvements in PWSs and ultimately
in the quality of the drinking water provided to
the public. Also, EPA and the States need to
ensure implementation of and compliance with
the consumer confidence regulations as the
centerpiece of the right-to-know provisions of
the SDWA. It is critical that these rules be
implemented.
Because this first report is based on calendar
year 1996 data, the data did not reflect improve-
ments to the drinking water program that are
being made as a result of the many activities
initiated following enactment of the 1996 SDWA
Amendments. A vital lesson learned during the
12 years following passage of the earlier 1986
SDWA is that safe drinking water must be
achieved by a multi-action approach that in-
cludes: providing for public information and
involvement; providing tools to States, Tribes,
and water systems to_ help them supply safe
water; paying special attention to the needs of
small systems; risk-based decision-making to
provide the best safety standards; and providing
compliance assistance and taking enforcement
actions where violations occur. The new tools
provided by the 1996 Amendments will, in time,
help improve the quality of the public's drinking
water and compliance at PWSs, including PWSs
located on Indian reservations. The many
actions EPA and its partners have undertaken
in the first two years of implementation of the
1996 SDWA Amendments will bear fruit in
providing better information about drinking
water quality and reducing the number of
violations of drinking water standards. Future
reports will track that progress, to the benefit of
all Americans. .
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
11 September 1998
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Section I
Intentionally left blank
12 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public NA&ter Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section 2
Section 2 - National
Compliance Report
PART I - INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
The purpose of the remaining sections of this
report is to provide additional information to the
general public, Federal and State regulators,
and Tribal governments on the compliance
status of public water systems (PWSs), including
those located on Indian reservations and serv-
ing Indian Tribes, for calendar year 1996. This
report summarizes and evaluates the compli-
ance information and makes recommendations
concerning actions that the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and States need to take
to improve compliance at public water systems.
Section 2 of this report addresses national
compliance of PWSs in the U.S. States and
Territories. Section 3 focuses on compliance of
PWSs on Indian reservations.
STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amend-
ments of 1996 (PL 104-182) made fundamental
changes in the nature of the drinking water
program at the Federal, State, Tribal and local
levels. This report has been prepared to meet one
of these new requirements. Specifically, Section
1414(c)(3) of the amendments requires that:
States with primary enforcement responsi-
bility (primacy) prepare and submit to EPA
an annual report on PWS violations. States
were required to submit their first report
by January 1, 1998. These reports must
address violations of national primary
drinking water regulations with respect to
maximum contaminant levels (MCLs),
treatment requirements, significant
monitoring requirements, and variances
and exemptions.
States with primacy publish and distribute
summaries of their reports and indicate
where the full report is available for review.
EPA summarize and evaluate the States'
reports in an annual national report, of
which this is the first. This report must
make recommendations concerning the
resources needed to improve compliance
with the SDWA. The report must also
address PWS compliance on Indian reser-
vations, enforcement activities under-
taken, and financial assistance provided by
EPA to Indian reservations.
In addition to requiring State and national
compliance reports, the amendments include
two other provisions designed to give consum-
ers more information about the quality of their
drinking water. These are:
A requirement that community water
systems issue annual Consumer Confi-
dence Reports that contain information on
the source of the water supply, the levels of
detected contaminants found in drinking
water, information on the health effects of
contaminants found in violation of national
standards, and information on unregulated
contaminants.
A provision that improves the procedures
for how and when public water systems
must notify their customers when drink-
ing water regulations are violated.
STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT
In developing this report, EPA convened several
workgroups and stakeholder groups consisting
of EPA, States, environmental and public health
groups, water system operators, trade associa-
tions, representatives from Indian Tribes,
Tribal professional environmental organiza-
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998
13
-------
Section 2
tions, and Tribal water utility managers and
water operators and coordinated with the Indian
Health Service and Bureau of Indian Affairs.
PART II - NATIONAL AND STATE PUBLIC
DRINKING WATER PROGRAMS
To understand the compliance information
presented in this report, it is helpful to under-
stand the Public Drinking Water Program. In
order for a State, Territory, or Tribe to be given
the primary enforcement responsibility to run a
drinking water program (called primacy), it
must adopt regulations that are at least as
stringent as Federal regulations and demon-
strate capacity to enforce those regulations and
implement other activities to ensure compli-
ance. Of the 56 States and Territories, all but
Wyoming and the District of Columbia have
primacy. EPA Regional Offices administer the
program within these two jurisdictions. EPA also
administers the program on all Tribal lands.
EPA REGULATIONS
The Safe Drinking Water Act requires that the
EPA establish national primary drinking water
regulations. These regulations set national
limits on contaminant levels in drinking water
to ensure that the water is safe for human
consumption. These limits, known as MCLs, set
the maximum permissible level of a contami-
nant in water delivered to a user of a PWS. At
the Federal level, EPA has set drinking water
standards, or MCLs, for more than 80 contami-
nants. An MCL is the maximum permissible
level of a contaminant in water which is deliv-
ered to any user of a public water system. There
are MCLs for both contaminants that cause
acute health effects after a short-term exposure
and contaminants that can cause chronic
health effects after long-term exposure. Addi-
tional information on the health effects of
specific contaminants can be found on the EPA
web site (http://www.epa.gov/safewater).
For some regulations, EPA sets a treatment
technique requirement where it is infeasible to
monitor and ascertain the level of a particular
contaminant. The required treatment tech-
niques are designed to prevent known or antici-
pated health effects. Treatment technique
requirements have been established under both
the Surface Water Treatment Rule and the
Lead and Copper Rule. A violation of a treatment
technique indicates that the system failed to
treat the water as specified to minimize the
presence of potentially harmful contaminants.
EPA also sets monitoring, reporting, and record
keeping requirements that PWSs must follow. A
monitoring or reporting violation can occur
when a PWS either fails to take the required
number of samples or perform a required analy-
sis, or fails to report the results of an analysis
performed in a timely manner or as required by
law. Only significant monitoring and reporting
violations were analyzed in this report, as
required by the 1996 SDWA Amendments. A
significant monitoring and reporting violation
occurs when a PWS collects none of the samples
or submits none of the reports required by a
particular regulatory provision. It can also occur
if a PWS collects less than 90% of the samples
or submits less than 90% of the reports re-
quired by the Surface Water Treatment Rule.
Appendix A contains additional information
about the definition and application of signifi-
cant monitoring and reporting violations.
PWSs are required to report all monitoring
results to their primary enforcement responsi-
bility. States and Territories with primacy
analyze the monitoring results, determine
compliance, and report violations to EPA on a
quarterly basis. EPA maintains these violations
in the national Safe Drinking Water Informa-
tion System (SDWIS/FED). SDWIS/FED is an
exceptions-based database, meaning that only
violations or instances of non-compliance are
recorded.
States that have primacy, or EPA where it
administers the program, may grant a PWS a
variance or exemption from national primary
drinking water standards, provided that the
terms adequately protect public health. As
provided by the SDWA, variances are available
to PWSs that cannot comply with national
primary drinking water regulations (due to
source water quality, or, in the case of small
systems, affordability). Variances generally
allow a PWS to comply with less stringent, but
still protective standards based on a specific
technology available to the system. An exemp-
September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
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Section 2
tion allows a PWS with compelling circum-
stances (including economic considerations) an
extension of time before it must comply with
applicable SDWA requirements. An exemption
is limited to three years, although extensions of
up to six additional years are available to very
small PWS under certain conditions.
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS
Public water systems must meet the require-
ments described above. A PWS is defined as a
system that has at least 15 service connections
or serves an average of at least 25 people for at
least 60 days per year. There are three types of
PWSs:
Community water systems are those that
serve the same people year-round (e.g.,
cities, towns, villages, and mobile home
parks).
Non-transient non-community water
systems are those that serve at least 25 of
the same people for at least six months of
the year (e.g., schools, day care centers).
Transient non-community water systems
are those that serve transient populations
(e.g., rest stops, campgrounds, and parks).
In 1996, there were 170,942 public water
systems (Table 1). The following presents a
breakdown of these systems by type:
Community water systems: 54,728 systems
serving 249 million people.
Non-transient non-community water
systems: 20,061 systems serving 6.1
million people.
Transient non-community water systems:
96,153 systems serving 16.2 million
people.
Each of these three types of systems is regu-
lated differently. Community water systems and
non-transient systems must comply with all
regulations. Transient systems do not have to
comply with the regulations for contaminants
that cause chronic health effects because the
users of transient systems are not exposed to
the contaminants long enough for adverse
Ta ble I: Public Water System Inventory in Calendar Year 1996
Public Water System Inventory Data
Water
Source
Surface
Ground
Total
Percent of
Total PWSs
Community Water
Systems (CWSs)
Number of
Systems
10,500
(19%)
44,219
(81%)
54,728
(100%)
32%
Population
Served
(Millions)
160
(64%)
89
(36%)
249
(100%)
*
Non-transient Non-
community Water
Systems (NTNCWSs)
Number of
Systems
760
(4%)
19,300
(96%)
20,061
(100%)
12%
Population
Served
(Millions)
.8
(13%)
5.3
(87%)
6.1
(100%)
*
Transient Non-
community Water
Systems
(TNCWSs)
Number of
Systems
2,143
(2%)
94,009
(98%)
96,153
(100%)
56%
Population
Served
(Millions)
.9
(6%)
15.3
(94%)
16.2
(100%)
*
*Populations for all three categories are not totaled as some people are served by multiple
categories of water systems.
Source: Safe Drinking Water Information System
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 15
-------
Section 2
health effects to occur. Table 2 provides a
summary of drinking water regulations as they
apply to the three types of PWSs.
PWSs can also be classified according to the
size of the population that is being served. EPA
frequently analyzes compliance trends based on
three PWS size categories:
Small systems: serve 25 to 3,300 persons.
Medium systems: serve 3,301 to 10,000
persons.
Large systems: serve more than 10,000
persons.
The number of systems in each size classifica-
tion in 1996 and the total population that they
serve are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
As these figures show, the number of large
systems is small, but they serve a much greater
population than is served by the smaller systems.
PWSs obtain their water from:
Surface water sources which include
rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
Ground water sources that are supplied from
wells drilled into underground aquifers.
Some PWSs obtain their water from a combina-
tion of the two types of sources or purchase
their water from another PWS. In 1996, surface
water served as the source for approximately
8% of the PWSs serving approximately 60% of
the total population served by PWSs (Table 1).
Ground water served as a source for approxi-
mately 92% of the PWSs, serving approximately
40% of the population served by PWSs.
PART IH - PWS COMPLIANCE DATA AND
ANALYSIS
EPA has compiled and reviewed 1996 violations
data available from the Annual State Public
Water Systems Reports and national PWS data
from EPA's SDWIS/FED database. The national
analysis uses SDWIS/FED data, rather than
data from the State reports, primarily because
EPA conducted analyses at the national level
using information that was not required or
included in the Annual State Public Water
Systems Reports. Summaries of data from State
reports can be found in Appendix B. In develop-
ing this report, EPA and its partners have
realized that we have questions about the
quality of some of the data contained in SDWIS/
FED. Nonetheless, when viewed in the aggre-
gate, this data presents an overall compliance
picture of PWSs nationwide. Later in this report
is a discussion of data quality concerns and
recommendations to address these concerns.
DATA ANALYSIS
In 1996, the vast majority of people in the
nation received water from systems that had no
reported violations of MCL and treatment
technique requirements or significant monitor-
ing and reporting requirements. The report
looks at the compliance status of all types of
public water systems; however, much of the
report focuses on community water systems
because the majority of the population obtains
drinking water from community water systems.
Within the limitations of data quality, as dis-
cussed in this report, some of the most notable
findings are:
The nation's drinking water is generally safe
86 % of the country's population served by
community water systems drank water from
systems that reported no violations of any
health-based drinking water standards.
94% of all public water systems had no
reported MCL or treatment technique
violations.
91 % of community water systems had no
reported MCL or treatment technique
violations. Violations were primarily of the
Total Coliform Rule and Surface Water
Treatment Rule - rules which protect
against microbiological contamination of
drinking water.
94% of non-transient non-community water
systems had no reported MCL or treatment
technique violations. Most of the systems
with a reported violation violated the Total
Coliform Rule.
95% of transient non-community water sys-
tems had no reported MCL or treatment
16 * September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section 2
Table 2: Summary of Drinking Water Regulations for PWSs
Applicability of Current Regulations
Contaminant/Rule
Organic
Contaminants
Total
Trihalomethanes
(TTHM)
Inorganic
Contaminants
Nitrate and Nitrite
Radio nuclides
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water
Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper
Rule
Community Water
Systems
All
Some
(Only systems
serving more than
10,000)
All
All
All
All
Some
(Only PWSs using
surface water or
ground water
sources under the
direct influence of
surface water)
All
Non-transient non-
community water
systems
All
None
Some
(All except arsenic
and fluoride)
All
None
All
Some
(Only PWSs using
surface water or
ground water
sources under the
direct influence of
surface water)
All
Transient non-
community water
systems
Some
(Only epichlorohydrin
and acrylamide)
None
None
All
None
All
Some
(Only PWSs using
surface water or
ground water sources
under the direct
influence of surface
water)
None
Figure I: Size Distribution of PWSs
Number of Systems
Figure 2: Size Distribution of PWSs
Population Served
m 200,000
| 160,000
ซ_ 120,000
* 80,000
2 40,000
162,663
4,592
3,687
Small (0-
3,300)
Medium
(3,301-
10,000)
Large (Over
10,000)
250
203.7
Small (0-3,300) Medium (3,301 - Large (Over
10,000) 10,000)
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998
17
-------
Section 2
technique violations. As with non-transient
non-community water systems, most of the
systems violated the Total Coliform Rule.
Nationwide, most violations are of significant
monitoring and reporting requirements.
In 1996, there were 141,617 MCL, treat-
ment technique, and significant monitoring
and reporting violations reported by 47,918
of the 170,942 public water systems in the
nation. 87% were for violations of signifi-
cant monitoring and reporting require-
ments. 13% were for violations of MCL and
treatment technique requirements.
76% of all public water systems had no
reported violations of significant monitor-
ing and reporting requirements.
72% of community water systems had no
reported violations of significant monitor-
ing and reporting requirements. The Lead
and Copper Rule and Total Coliform Rule
accounted for most of the systems with
violations.
66% of non-transient non-community water
systems had no reported violation of signifi-
cant monitoring and reporting require-
ments. The Lead and Copper Rule and
Total Coliform Rule accounted for most of
the systems with violations.
80% of transient non-community water
systems had no reported violation of signifi-
cant monitoring and reporting require-
ments. The Total Coliform Rule and Ni-
trate Rule accounted for most of the sys-
tems with violations.
Although the number of large systems with a
reported violation is relatively low, the
population that is served by these systems
can be large.
9% of the 5,151 community water systems
with an MCL or treatment technique
violation were for large systems. These
systems served 30 million people. The
Surface Water Treatment Rule, Total
Coliform Rule, and Lead and Copper Rule
are the rules most frequently violated by
large water systems.
2% of the 15,182 community water systems
with a significant monitoring and reporting
violation were large systems. These sys-
tems served 17 million people. The rules
pertaining to total coliform, surface water
treatment, organic chemicals, and nitrate
accounted for most of these systems with
violations.
Most violations are reported in small water
systems that serve fewer than 3.30O people.
Small systems comprised 96% of the
15,182 community water systems with a
significant monitoring and reporting
violation. These systems served 5.0 million
people.
Small systems comprised 82% of the 5,151
community water systems with an MCL
and treatment technique violation. These
systems served 2.3 million people.
Virtually all of the non-transient and
transient non-community water systems
are small, therefore most violations for
these system types occurred in small
systems.
In the remainder of this analysis, compliance
data will be presented by type of water system.
This is being done to prevent double counting of
population when presenting the number of
people served by systems reporting a violation.
For example, it is possible that the same person
could drink water from three different sources
during a day by drinking water from their
residence (served by a community water sys-
tem), their school (served by a non-transient
non-community water system), and at a camp-
ground or highway rest stop (served by a tran-
sient non-community water system). Including
that same person three times in the population
figures would be misleading.
COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS
There are 54,728 community water systems in
the nation which serve a population of approxi-
mately 248 million people. The remaining
population of the country receives residential
water from individual wells or from water
systems that are too small to meet the defini-
18 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section 2
tion of a Federal public water system (i.e. they
serve fewer than 25 people).
Community water systems can be further
categorized as follows:
Small systems: 46,827 systems serving 25
million people.
Medium systems: 4,332 systems serving 25
million people.
Large systems: 3,569 systems serving 198
million people.
Of these 54,728 systems, 91% had no reported
violations of MCL or treatment technique
requirements. Approximately 66% had no
reported violations of MCL and treatment
technique requirements and had no significant
monitoring and reporting violations.
Most of the violations experienced by commu-
nity water systems were for failure to monitor
the drinking water and report the results to the
State. While monitoring and reporting viola-
tions do not necessarily indicate a health risk,
if a system fails to monitor it may not be aware
of the potential health risk posed by a contami-
nant which may be present, but undetected.
While the data show that small systems have
the largest number of MCL violations, a much
larger population is served by large systems with
violations.
Figures 3 through 6 present a breakdown of
MCL, treatment technique, and significant
monitoring and reporting violations by rule. As
shown in Figure 4, the rules with the greatest
number of significant monitoring and reporting
violations are the Lead and Copper, the Total
Coliform, and Nitrate Rules. Most of the sys-
tems with these types of violations are small. A
different picture is presented if population
affected is considered instead of number of
systems.
Figure 4 shows that large systems which violate
significant monitoring and reporting require-
ments serve more people than small and me-
dium systems which violate these require-
ments. The only exception to this is the Lead
and Copper Rule, where both small and large
systems with violations serve approximately the
same population. Figure 4 also shows that a
higher percentage of the population was served
by system s with violations of significant moni-
toring and reporting requirements for total
coliform, lead and copper, and nitrate/nitrite
than for other rules.
Turning to MCL and treatment technique
requirements, Figure 5 shows that community
water systems violate the Total Coliform Rule
and Surface Water Treatment Rule more often
than other rules. Most of the systems in viola-
tion are small.
However, when considering the population
served by systems in violation (Figure 6), a
higher percentage of the population was served
by community water systems with violations of
the Surface Water Treatment Rule, the Total
Coliform Rule, and the Lead and Copper Rule,
respectively. Again, large systems are respon-
sible for the greatest portion of the population
served by systems in violation.
The reason for the systems in violation of the
Surface Water Treatment Rule is that filtration
treatment was required for a number of large
systems. Although the law required this treat-
ment to be in place by 1993, for a variety of
reasons including planning, design and con-
struction of the complex infrastructure needed
to install filtration, this has taken longer than
anticipated.
In 1996, the population served by small and
medium systems in violation of the Total
Coliform Rule MCL was about 3 million people.
A much larger population (approximately 9
million) served by large systems was in viola-
tion of the Total Coliform Rule owing primarily
to violations in 3 major systems serving popula-
tions more than 500,000.
The population served by systems in violation of
treatment technique requirements of the Lead
and Copper Rule were served primarily by large
water systems. This is because all large sys-
tems are required to install corrosion control,
whereas only those small and medium systems
exceeding an action level must install corrosion
control. Additionally, large systems are given
less time to comply with the rule than small
and medium systems.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 19
-------
Section 2
FigureS: Number of Community Water Systems with Monitioring
and Reporting Violations by System Size
10,000
Violation Type
Figure 4: Population Served by Community Water Systems with
Monitioring and Reporting Violations by System Size
20 * September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section 2
Figure 5: Number of Community Water Systems with Maximum
Contaminant Level and Treatment Technique Violations
4,000
3,500
| 3,000
1 2,500
ฃ 2,000
o
S3 1,500
I 1,000
500
0
/
>
Violation "type
Figure 6: Population Served by Community Water Systems with Maximum
Containment Level and Treatment Technique Violations by System Size
I
1
!
21
18
15
Dlarge
medium
Violation l^pe
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 21
-------
Section 2
NON-TRANSIENT NON-COMMUNITY WATER
SYSTEMS
The majority (94%) reported no violations of
health-based standards. Approximately 62% of
non-transient non-community water systems
reported no MCL or treatment technique viola-
tions and no significant monitoring and report-
ing violations in 1996. Most of the violations
were for significant monitoring and reporting.
General findings for non-transient non-commu-
nity are:
Of the MCL and treatment technique
requirements, more systems violated the
Total Coliform Rule than other rules, with
5% of the systems reporting an MCL
violation.
More systems violated the significant
monitoring and reporting requirements of
the Lead and Copper Rule and the Total
Coliform Rule, with 21% and 14% of the
systems reporting violations, respectively.
TRANSIENT NON-COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS
Transient systems are required to comply with
the Total Coliform Rule, nitrate, and the Sur-
face Water Treatment Rules only. However,
because only 2.1% of transient systems use
surface water as a source, most transient
systems are not subject to the Surface Water
Treatment Rule.
Overall 95% of transient systems reported no
violations of MCL or treatment technique
requirements and 77% of the systems reported
no MCL, treatment technique, or significant
monitoring and reporting violations. However,
16% of the systems had significant monitoring
and reporting violations for the Total Coliform
Rule and 8% for the Nitrate Rule. The percent of
systems that violated the MCL for Total Coliform
and nitrate were 4% and 0.3%, respectively.
For both non-transient non-community and
transient non-community water systems, there
was a relatively high proportion of systems
reporting significant monitoring and reporting
requirements of the Total Coliform Rule and a
relatively low proportion of MCL violations of the
rule. It is possible that if the compliance rate
for monitoring and reporting increases, the
compliance rate for the MCL could decrease.
VARIANCE AND EXEMPTIONS
There are very few PWSs currently operating
under a variance or exemption. The SDWIS/
FED database did not show any variance or
exemption violations for 1996.
QUALITY OF DATA
The compliance numbers presented in this
report were taken from the national SDWIS/
FED database. States are required to submit
data to SDWIS/FED quarterly. EPA assesses
progress in the implementation of regulations,
develops its national enforcement and compli-
ance priorities and strategies, and provides
information to the public based, in part, on
analysis of the data in SDWIS/FED.
Most States, on the other hand, develop a data-
base system that tracks more information than
that contained in SDWIS/FED. State data sys-
tems often track monitoring results, compliance
assistance activities, and enforcement actions.
Most States used their own data system in
developing their State compliance reports.
Because the SDWIS/FED database relies on data
provided by the States, one may expect that
these numbers should be comparable to those in
the States' own data systems. Unfortunately,
this is not the case with many States. As with
any large, complex database network, especially
one like SDWIS/FED that is under development,
there are numerous difficulties in uploading
data and correcting identified problems.
Comparison of State and SDWIS/FED data
revealed both over and under-reporting by
States into SDWIS/FED across all rules, with
State data showing 19% more violations than
SDWIS/FED on a national basis. State chemical
MCL and monitoring and reporting violations
were virtually identical to information in
SDWIS/FED. The rule with the greatest discrep-
ancy rate was the Lead and Copper Rule.
SDWIS/FED contained almost three times as
many Lead and Copper monitoring and report-
ing violations as the State reports. Most of this
discrepancy, however, can be attributed to six
22 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section 2
States. SDWIS/FED data for Lead and Copper
treatment technique violations is less than
half of what States reported for these violations.
EPA periodically conducts data verifications
(independent, on-site audits of State records)
of State programs to ensure that the State is
determining compliance in accordance with
Federal regulations and to detect differences
between data in the State database and
SDWIS/FED. Data verifications1 show larger
discrepancies by States in reporting on non-
community water systems than for other
types, particularly in the area of significant
monitoring violations.
There are many reasons for these data
discrepancies, including:
SDWIS/FED is a complex database. Data
entry procedures in SDWIS/FED are
cumbersome and data retrieval is not
user friendly.
States use different data systems and
designs.
Data management and analysis of
SDWIS/FED data is generally a lower
priority for some States and Regional
Offices. This lack of emphasis frequently
leads to insufficient training; poor
coordination among program and data
managers, and situations where the
responsibility for management of data
systems does not lie with the people who
use and need the data.
EPA is working with the States to improve
the reporting system and reduce data dis-
crepancies, to the maximum extent possible.
Some of the activities underway are:
EPA, in cooperation with the States, is
developing a State data system known as
SDWIS/STATE. It is intended to improve
data quality and data transfers between
States and EPA. Nine States and two EPA
regions currently have SDWIS/STATE installed.
EPA is:
- Improving data entry by updating and
streamlining documentation and training
materials.
- Preparing Quality Assurance manuals for
use by States and Regions.
- Investigating mechanisms for making data
retrieval more user friendly. EPA is also
using the database to track progress
toward meeting performance measures
and making SDWIS/FED information
publicly available through the internet
site, Envirofacts. As the database is used
more, and becomes easier to use, States
will have a greater incentive to improve
the quality of data in it.
- Conducting data verifications in many
States each year. One of the components of
these verifications is to identify
discrepancies between the State system
and SDWIS/FED.
PART IV - EVALUATION AND SUMMARY OF
STATE REPORTS
EPA has received 1996 Annual State Public Water
System Reports from 51 primacy States, Common-
wealths, and Territories. As the primary enforce-
ment agency, EPA prepared reports for the District
of Columbia and Wyoming, and provided data on
Indian Tribes, which do not have primary enforce-
ment responsibility for the drinking water program.
The evaluation of these annual reports is orga-
nized into three subsections:
State enforcement and compliance assis-
tance programs.
Information on the State reports.
State-by-State summaries.
'Data verifications were conducted for the following States from 1995 to 1997: Arkansas, Colorado, Con-
necticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
Texas, Vermont, Virgin Islands, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 23
-------
Section 2
STATE ENFORCEMENT AND COMPLIANCE
ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
States engage in a variety of activities, includ-
ing formal enforcement actions, informal
actions, and compliance and technical assis-
tance to help PWSs remain in, and return to,
compliance. Additionally, all States have opera-
tor certification programs that require many
PWS operators to be licensed by the appropriate
authorities. State efforts may include:
Conducting on-site visits and sanitary
surveys at PWSs (i.e., an on-site review of
the water sources, facilities, equipment,
operations, and maintenance of a PWS to
evaluate the adequacy of these elements
for producing and distributing safe drink-
ing water).
Helping systems invest in preventive
measures.
Providing financial assistance for system
improvements through the Drinking Water
State Revolving Fund.
Reviewing water system plans and specifi-
cations.
Conducting training sessions.
Holding public information meetings.
Loaning specialized monitoring equipment.
Publishing informational bulletins and
newsletters on training events, etc.
Unless there is an immediate health risk,
formal enforcement actions may be initiated
several months after the violation is detected
and reported. The reason for this delay is that,
when appropriate, States commonly undertake
a variety of informal actions and compliance
assistance measures to try to get PWSs back
into compliance as quickly as possible. Informal
actions may include the following activities:
Compliance reminder letters or notices of
violations.
Field visits.
Telephone calls.
Formal enforcement actions may include the
following activities:
Bilateral compliance agreements.
Citations.
Administrative orders.
Criminal complaints with penalties.
Civil referrals to State Attorneys General
or to the Department of Justice.
Emergency orders.
Criminal cases.
Fines or administrative penalties.
Other sanctions such as denying permis-
sion for system expansion.
Information on State enforcement activities for
Fiscal Year (FY) 1996 can be found in EPA's FY
1996 State by State Enforcement Data Summaries
(August 1997) available on the internet (http://
es.epa.gov/index.html).
In conclusion, States undertake a variety of
formal and informal activities to return violating
systems to compliance and to ensure that the
public has safe drinking water. While EPA did not
analyze compliance assistance and enforcement
data in this report, it may do so in future reports.
EPA encourages States to include this informa-
tion in future reports to provide a more complete
picture of PWS compliance.
INFORMATION ON STATE REPORTS
EPA reviewed each State report to determine
whether it met the requirements of the 1996
Amendments to the SDWA. The contents of the
State reports are summarized in Table 3. The
table indicates whether a report was submitted
to EPA, whether all required elements of the
report were included, and whether the State
included a list of PWSs with MCL violations or
treatment technique violations. The chart also
includes a column indicating if information was
provided on the public availability and distribu-
tion of State reports. Publication and distribu-
tion of summaries of the report and indication
of where the full report is available for public
review is a statutory requirement of the 1996
SDWA Amendments. This summary chart also
indicates whether any additional information
was included in the report that would be of
interest to the public.
24 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section 2
Table 3: Summary of Elements Reported by States
State
Submitted
Report
MCL
Reported On
Violations
Categories
M/R
XT
Reported
on
V/E*
Report Identified
Each System with
MCL and TT
Violations
Provided
Information
to Public on
Availability
Report
Provided
Additional
Information
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
'onnecticut
DC
Delaware
^orida
Georgia
(Juam
rlawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 25
-------
Section 2
Table 3 (Continued): Summary of Elements Reported by States
State
Submitted
Report
Reported On
Violations
Categories
MCL
M/R
XT
Reported
on
V/E*
Report Identified
Each System with
MCL/TT
Violations
Provided
Information
to Public on
Availability
Report
Provided
Additional
Information
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
MCL - Maximum Contaminant Level, M/R - Significant Monitoring and Reporting, TT - Treatment Technique, V/E
- Variance and Exemption.
*This designation indicates that the State addressed the use of variances and exemptions in the State Report. It does
not indicate that any violations were necessarily reported or that variances or exemptions were issued.
STATE BY STATE SUMMARIES was used that includes an overall summary of
the violations data specified in Section 1414 of
EPA has developed a State-by-State summary of the 1996 SDWA Amendments (i.e., violations
information reported in each State report which with respect to MCLs, treatment technique
is located in Appendix B. A standardized format violations, significant monitoring and reporting
26 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section 2
violations, and variances and exemptions).
Information on how and where to obtain a copy
of each State report has been included on the
respective summary chart.
EPA has not interpreted the data in Appendix B
and does not pass judgement on whether the
States have fully reported all violations. Readers
should interpret the violation data provided in
the State summaries in the context of each
specific State and its individual drinking water
program. Although PWSs are required to report
all violations to the State, States vary in the
areas emphasized by their program. Thus, a
large number of violations under a certain rule
(e.g., the Lead and Copper Rule), may only
indicate that a State devoted more attention
and resources to that rule than other rules and,
as such, the data reported are more complete.
A list of all PWSs having either MCL or treat-
ment technique violations in 1996 has also
been developed for many States and provided by
States to EPA. Copies of these lists will be
available from EPA's Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at (800) 426-4791.
PART V - CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
The nation's drinking water is generally safe.
In 1996, the vast majority of people in the
nation received water from systems that had no
reported violations of MCL and treatment
technique requirements or significant monitor-
ing and reporting requirements. Significant
challenges, however, remain to improve compli-
ance with the SDWA Amendments of 1996.
Compliance data in many individual State
databases differs from that reported to the
Federal database. Still, when viewed in the
aggregate, the data presents an overall national
compliance picture of PWSs.
States and EPA should work together to address
the most significant findings identified in this
report:
States and EPA should work together to
address violations of significant monitoring
and reporting requirements.
For large community water systems,
actions should address all rules. Failure by
these systems to monitor can mask public
health problems that affect many people
and, as a result, formal enforcement should
be an integral part of any action taken.
For small and medium community water
systems, actions should focus primarily on
the Lead and Copper Rule, Total Coliform
Rule and the Nitrate Rule. This strategy
should include compliance assistance and
enforcement, where appropriate. The
strategy should also focus on the Surface
Water Treatment Rule because violations
indicate an increased risk from microbio-
logical contamination.
States and EPA should work together to
address violations of MCL and treatment
technique requirements.
For large community water systems,
actions should address all rules, with an
emphasis on the Total Coliform Rule,
Surface Water Treatment Rule and the
Lead and Copper Rule. F/ormal enforcement
is especially appropriate for large water
systems, particularly those failing to
install or upgrade filtration treatment as
required by the Surface Water Treatment
Rule, and for facilities with continuing or
repeated violations.
For small and medium size community
water systems, actions should focus on the
Total Coliform Rule and Surface Water
Treatment Rule. All available tools should
be considered when responding to viola-
tions, in order to address the particular
capacity development needs of these
systems. Technical assistance should be
made available to ensure that systems can
return to, and remain in, compliance.
While compliance assistance is often
adequate to ensure long-term compliance,
when a system does not respond to assis-
tance, formal enforcement should be used.
States and EPA should work together to
address violations at non-community water
systems.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 27
-------
Section 2
States and EPA should identify the reasons
for significant monitoring and reporting
violations at non-community systems and
take appropriate action. In particular,
attention should focus on the Total
Coliform, Lead and Copper, and Nitrate
Rules for non-transient non-community
water systems; and Total Coliform and
Nitrate Rules for transient non-community
water systems.
Most non-transient and transient non-
community water systems are small and
face problems that are unique to small
systems. EPA and States should take an
approach that addresses the special needs of
these systems, including compliance assis-
tance and enforcement, where appropriate.
EPA and States should work cooperatively to
improve the quality of compliance data.
Further define the issue: EPA should work
closely with States and utilities to define
the data quality issue in detail. EPA will
hold several stakeholder meetings across
the country, and convene a special focus
group to make recommendations. This
group will work with ongoing groups and
efforts such as the Association of State
Drinking Water Administrators/EPA Data
Management Steering Committee, the
Office of Enforcement and Compliance
Assurance (OECA) enforcement systems
reengineering efforts, and the National
Drinking Water Advisory Council Right-to-
Know workgroup.
* Ensure seamless data transfer to the
Federal data system: EPA will increase
efforts to make it easier to use drinking
water information systems, and processes
to transfer data to them electronically. For
the national-level SDWIS/FED, EPA will
simplify both data entry and retrieval, and
public access. For States and Tribes, EPA
will accelerate development of the core
modules of SDWIS/STATE, and increase
electronic data transfer for those States
that will continue to use their own data
systems.
Improve SDWIS data quality: EPA and
States need to work together to improve
the quality of data in SDWIS and in indi-
vidual State systems. In this effort, EPA
and States can jointly develop quality
management plans for SDWIS data. We can
also take steps to improve the quality of
data monitoring and reporting at all levels
- utility, laboratory, State, EPA Regions,
and EPA Headquarters. These steps will
include more frequent verification of data
at all steps of the process, vigorous follow-
up of findings from the verification efforts,
and increased training in and accountability
for system use and data quality activities.
Include compliance data in the effort to
integrate drinking water information:
EPA is working to provide to managers and
the public a comprehensive picture of
drinking water quality, including both
compliance and source water quality
information. This effort will integrate
drinking water source information from
the developing National Contaminant
Occurrence Data Base (which will access
multiple data bases of EPA, the U.S.
Geological Survey, and others on ambient
water quality) as well as water quality in
public water systems. As more reliable
SDWIS data is generated in the future,
EPA will incorporate that data into this
comprehensive effort to portray drinking
water quality.
28 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public \Afoter Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section 3
Section 3 - Tribal Compliance Report
PART I - INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
The purpose of this section of the 1996 National
Annual Public Water Systems Compliance
Report1 is to provide information on the compli-
ance status of public water systems (PWSs) on
Indian reservations.
WORKGROUP AND STAKEHOLDER PROCESS
In order to develop this section of the report, the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
established a workgroup consisting primarily of
EPA Regional Office staff who work most directly
with PWSs on Indian reservations and shared
the report with Tribal representatives and water
system operators. EPA also contacted the Indian
Health Service and Bureau of Indian Affairs.
EPA held a series of teleconference calls with
stakeholders and one face-to-face meeting to
collect comments from stakeholders. Stakehold-
ers included representatives of Indian Tribes,
professional environmental organizations, and
members of the Native American Water Asso-
ciation. Tribal water systems operators, as well
as officials of Tribal governments, were repre-
sented. EPA solicited comments on drafts of this
section of the report from approximately 400
Tribal representatives that included Tribal
Leaders, Tribal Environmental Officers, and
Tribal water utility managers and operators.
ROLE OF OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES
EPA works with other Federal agencies in
helping implement the drinking water program
at PWSs on Tribal lands. The mission of the
Indian Health Service is to provide a compre-
hensive health services delivery system for
American Indians and Alaska Natives along
with the opportunity for maximum Tribal in-
volvement in developing and managing pro-
grams to meet health needs. The Indian Health
Service maintains a sanitation facilities
construction program and has implemented
Sanitation Deficiency System procedures to
identify, and report annually to Congress, the
sanitation deficiencies of all American Indian
and Alaska Native Homes and communities.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs is the primary
Federal agency fulfilling the United States' trust
responsibilities to Tribes and Native Villages.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs works with Tribal
managers in protecting and managing trust
resources. As the Bureau of Indian Affairs
expands its expertise in environmental man-
agement, it will work with Tribes, Native
Villages, and other Federal agencies, such as
EPA and the Indian Health Service, to ensure
that PWSs in Indian country are in compliance.
PART II - PWSS ON INDIAN
RESERVATIONS
Tribes are eligible to receive primary enforce-
ment responsibility (primacy) to administer
their drinking water program. However, be-
cause no Tribe has received primacy to date,
EPA implements the drinking water program on
all Indian lands (Figure 7).
During calendar year 1996, there were 732
community water systems, 75 non-transient
non-community water systems, and 113 tran-
'Under Section 1414(c)(3)(B) of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), as amended in 1996, EPA is required to
prepare an annual report which analyzes PWS violations, enforcement activities, and financial assistance to
PWSs located on Indian reservations. The report must also summarize notices submitted by PWSs serving
Indian Tribes pursuant to subparagraph (C) or (D) of paragraph (2) and make recommendations concerning
resources needed to improve compliance. However, because regulations implementing the public notice
provisions of subparagraph (C) or (D) of paragraph (2) were not yet effective during calendar year 1996, they are
not included in this report.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
July 1998 29
-------
Section 3
Figure 7. Location of American Indian Tribal Lands
is-\J_JL
sient non-community water systems located on
Indian lands. These 920 PWSs served a popula-
tion of approximately 500,000. Most of these
systems are small and serve fewer than 500
people. According to EPA's data, there were no
PWSs on Indian lands in 1996 that served more
than 100,000 people, and only two served popu-
lations of more than 10,000.
PART HI - COMPLIANCE DATA AND
ANALYSIS
EPA used a variety of approaches to assess
compliance of PWSs located on Indian reserva-
tions. The national drinking water database,
the Safe Drinking Water Information System
(SDWIS/FED), was the primary source of infor-
mation for this report. The EPA Regional Offices
are responsible for keeping information in
SDWIS/FED current.
In developing this report, EPA found that inven-
tory and violations data for 1996 were not fully
reported in SDWIS/FED. The quality and
amount of these data vary from Regional Office
to Regional Office within EPA. Traditionally data
quality has been a priority secondary to program
implementation for many Regions. Due to
competing resources, personnel concentrate on
correcting sanitary deficiencies rather than
collecting data and arranging for data to be
reported on a long-term basis. EPA Headquarters
is working to improve its Tribal compliance data,
for example, by offering SDWIS/FED training to
Regional program office personnel on a more
frequent basis, by developing a Quality Assur-
ance manual to help ensure better data entry,
and by promoting streamlined documentation.
This section on Tribal compliance does not
include compliance figures for Alaska Native
Villages because the State of Alaska included
them within the State report. EPA likewise
included them within Section 2 of this report.
However, the discussion on financial assis-
tance and conclusions and recommendations
within this section are applicable to Alaska
Native water systems.
30 July 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section 3
Figure 8. Number of PWSs on Tribal Lands with Violations by Rule.
0)
fc
J3
3
COMPLIANCE ANALYSIS
For 1996, 410 of the 920 PWSs on Indian reser-
vations recorded violations. More than 97%
percent of these violations were significant
monitoring and reporting violations. Monitoring
requirements for the Total Coliform, chemical
monitoring, and the Lead and Copper Rules
were most frequently violated (Figure 8). There
were few violations of the maximum contaminant
level (MCL) and treatment technique require-
ments, with roughly 90% of all systems reporting
no violations. It is important to note, however,
that the high number of monitoring and reporting
violations could mean other MCL and treatment
technique violations were undetected.
ENFORCEMENT AND COMPLIANCE ACTIVITIES
EPA can take formal and informal enforcement
actions against PWSs. There are several types
of formal enforcement actions which can be
taken against PWSs, including: administrative
and emergency orders, bilateral compliance
agreements, civil referrals to the Department of
Justice and criminal cases. In 1996, there were
no formal enforcement actions taken against
PWSs on Indian reservations. EPA does not
generally pursue formal enforcement actions
against PWSs on Indian reservations which
have not performed all their required monitor-
ing and reporting. This is consistent with the
National EPA Indian Policy which stresses
working cooperatively with Tribes. Although
there may be situations where formal enforce-
ment is appropriate (e.g., against non-Tribally
owned PWSs), in most cases, compliance assis-
tance is generally used, rather than formal
enforcement.
Informal enforcement or compliance assistance
includes:
Making telephone calls to discuss potential
or actual violations.
Sending compliance reminder letters or
pre-warning violation letters.
Meetings with Tribal Leaders, utility
managers, or PWS operators.
Conducting on-site visits.
Issuing notices of violation (while this
action is normally a formal enforcement
action, EPA has created a subset of notices
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
July 1998 31
-------
Section 3
Table 4. Number of Violations and Numbers of Informal Enforcement Actions
Total Number of PWSs
olations
Number
920
Total Number of Violations Issued
8,677
Total Number of PWSs with Violations
410
II III n I, I 11 ik mmif MfMtffiHMn;
,ons In Response to
"-"' * - '-
Federal Notice of Violation issued by EPA Regional Offices.
This is usually a formal action, however, some Regions use
it as an informal action with Tribes.
Federal Violation or Reminder Notice issued by the
EPA Regional Offices.
1,558
Federal Public Notification requested by EPA Regional Offices
to be sent to consumers of a PWS regarding violations and health risk.
209
Federal public notification to consumers of a PWS regarding
violations and health risk issued by EPA Regional Offices.
67
Source: Safe Drinking Water Information System
of violation that function as informal
enforcement responses for Indian Tribes).
Table 4 depicts the numbers of informal en-
forcement actions in relation to the total num-
ber of PWSs on Indian reservations. The largest
numbers of informal enforcement actions are
Federal Violation or Reminder Notices. For
calendar year 1996, EPA issued 1,558 Federal
Violation or Reminder Notices.
COMPLIANCE ASSISTANCE
EPA has developed a number of approaches for
working toward assuring compliance of PWSs on
Indian reservations. This subsection discusses
compliance assistance using examples since
compliance assistance actions are not gener-
ally represented in the SDWIS/FED database.
Technical assistance is an important part of
compliance assistance. Technical assistance
can include circuit rider programs that make
expert operators available to several water
systems and provide information through site
visits, mailings and hotlines.
Region 5, for example, oversees Federally
recognized Tribes in Michigan, Minnesota, and
Wisconsin, and provides technical assistance to
Indian Tribes through a circuit rider program.
Recently, the Region has conducted six work-
shops and created four newsletters specific to
Tribal interests. Region 5 staff also issued
notices of non-compliance (similar to a notice of
violation) and provided telephone follow-up.
Region 8 implements the program on Indian
reservations in six states: Utah, Colorado,
Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, and South
Dakota. Various methods of technical and
compliance assistance are offered to Tribes,
including circuit riders, and training arranged
through EPA, the Indian Health Service, the
Bureau of Reclamation, the Rural Water Asso-
ciation, and the Rural Community Assistance
Program. In addition, Region 8 staff routinely
provide Tribal PWS operators with information
on updated monitoring and reporting require-
ments, such as a yearly monitoring require-
ment letter customized for PWSs located within
each reservation in the Region. Technical
assistance is an integral part of the enforce-
ment/compliance assistance process, which
follows the Regional and National Indian Policy.
32 July 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Section 3
Region 9's program works toward compliance
with drinking water regulations through its
field presence, technical assistance to Tribes,
and cooperative working relationships within
EPA, and with other agencies such as the
Indian Health Service. The Region, which has
the national lead for the program on all Navajo
lands, made about 100 on-site inspections of
facilities during 1996.
INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
The EPA Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs
Survey, First Report to Congress (published in
January 1997), addresses the needs for capital
improvements of PWSs in the nation and for
Indian Tribes. The Needs Survey discusses the
needs associated with treatment, transmission,
distribution, storage, and compliance with the
SDWA, and the needs of small PWSs.
The EPA Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs
Survey reports the following for Tribal needs:
$560 million is needed for infrastructure
improvements at water systems on Indian
reservations.
Average 20-year need on a per-household
basis for water systems on Indian reserva-
tions is much greater than that for non-
Tribal households served by small systems.
The estimated 20-year per household
need, in 1995 dollars, is $6,200, which
compares with $3,300 per household for
other small systems around the country.
EPA determined that these needs are
higher for a number of reasons:
- Since they -are often remote,
improvements at systems on Indian
reservations can be expensive.
- Systems on Indian reservations are
often located in arid regions, making
water sources hard to find. Where
sources do exist, they are often of poor
quality and are expensive to treat.
- As with all small communities,
American Indian communities lack
economies of scale.
This high cost of infrastructure is a heavy
burden because many American Indian
people live through traditional subsistence
farming, hunting, and fishing and do not
generate significant cash income.
ADDITIONAL SMALL SYSTEM NEEDS
Many small PWSs need to enhance their tech-
nical, financial, and managerial capabilities in
order to ensure consistent compliance with
SDWA requirements. Often, noncompliance can
be traced back to weaknesses in one or more of
these three elements of capacity. Capacity
development is especially important and prob-
lematic for PWSs on Indian reservations.
Protection of public health and compliance with
drinking water requirements is also directly
related to operation and maintenance. PWSs on
Indian reservations, like many small PWSs,
face the challenge of addressing the consider-
able costs associated with properly operating
and maintaining a PWS. Many PWSs on Indian
reservations lack a viable utility organization
which can accurately project and establish an
appropriate rate structure to cover operation
and maintenance costs. Once these costs are
translated into user fees, the PWS must face
the task of billing and collecting fees from
customers which is a challenge when the cost
per household may be beyond the means of
some households being served. Additionally, the
costs of compliance monitoring are not always
factored into the operating budget. Failure to set
aside adequate funds for performing the re-
quired contaminant monitoring is likely to
result in monitoring violations.
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
EPA provides financial assistance to PWSs on
Indian reservations in several ways. One
approach is to build Tribal capacity. Capacity
building entails providing Tribes with grants,
training, and program technical assistance as
they develop their own environmental pro-
grams. A significant source for building capabil-
ity is through grants provided under the Gen-
eral Assistance Program. Under a second
approach, EPA's Office of Ground Water and
Drinking Water provides funding for specific
program priorities. Historically, 3% of the
appropriation for State implementation of the
Public Water System Supervision program is
used for implementation of the program on
Tribal Lands. The funds are used by EPA to
operate its Tribal Public Water System Supervi-
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
July 1998 33
-------
Section 3
sion program. About $2.3 million was used for
implementing the Public Water System Super-
vision program on Tribal lands in Fiscal Year
1996. Additionally, a number of grants have
been awarded to Indian Tribes and Tribal
Organizations to address various aspects of the
drinking water program.
In Fiscal Year 1998, EPA received $3.8 million,
in addition to the 3% set-aside, to be used for
activities such as:
Public Water System Supervision Program
Primacy Workshops - EPA is planning to
provide general outreach material to all
Tribes eligible to pursue primary enforce-
ment responsibility.
Capacity Development - EPA is providing
funds for Tribal capacity development
projects.
Source Water Protection - EPA is providing
funds for Tribal source water protection
projects.
Operator Certification - EPA is developing a
voluntary Operator Certification Program
for Tribes and will use funds to provide
operator training and certification to Tribal
operators.
Examples of additional support provided by
Regional Offices include circuit rider programs
to help Tribes develop self-supportive PWSs on
Indian reservations, conducting laboratory
analyses of samples required for monitoring,
and awarding grants to address operator train-
ing and wellhead protection.
In the 1996 Amendments to the SDWA, an
infrastructure funding program was established
to improve water supplies. Each year, 1.5
percent of the year's appropriation for the
national Drinking Water State Revolving Fund
program will be set aside as grants to improve
infrastructure for water systems on Indian
reservations and in Alaska Native Villages. The
initial set-aside from the 1997 appropriation
amounted to $19.25 million, and an additional
$10.87 million was set-aside from the 1998
appropriation. The Amendments also authorized
grants to the State of Alaska for the benefit of
rural and Native villages. Although the autho-
rized $15 million annual grant, for fiscal years
1997 through 2000, targets construction needs,
a portion of the funds can be used to support
technical assistance.
Additional technical assistance for small PWSs
is also provided under Section 1442(e) of the
SDWA, which states that a portion of the fund-
ing appropriated under the section shall be used
to provide technical assistance to small PWSs
owned or operated by Indian Tribes. For ex-
ample, EPA currently has two cooperative
agreements funded under Section 1442(e) of the
SDWA with the National Rural Water Associa-
tion and the Rural Community Assistance
Program to provide support to PWSs.
PART IV - CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Approximately 90% of the PWSs located on
Indian lands reported no violations of MCL and
treatment technique requirements. More than
97% of the violations reported by systems on
Indian lands were for failure to meet monitor-
ing and reporting requirements. It is important
to note that while MCL and other treatment
technique violations were low, the high number
of monitoring and reporting violations could
indicate that MCL and treatment technique
violations are not being detected. In developing
this report, EPA found that 1996 violations data
for PWSs on Indian reservations were not fully
reported by the Regions to SDWIS/FED.
EPA should take action to improve
compliance of PWSs on Indian reserva-
tions.
- EPA should work cooperatively with
water systems on Indian reservations to
improve compliance with monitoring and
reporting requirements, particularly for
Total Coliform Rule and chemical
contaminant requirements. This can be
accomplished through compliance
assistance such as increasing EPA's
field presence, conducting more
frequent sanitary surveys, and providing
technical assistance and enforcement,
as appropriate.
- EPA should improve its collection and
maintenance of compliance data for
PWSs on Indian reservations.
34 July 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix A
Glossary of Terms
-------
Appendix A
Intentionally left blank
A-2 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix A
Acute Contaminants
Short-term exposure to acute contaminants,
such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and nitrate,
may result in immediate illness and, in some
cases, death.
Administrative Order
Administrative orders are written documents,
considered to be formal enforcement actions,
which are issued by EPA or the States to ad-
dress the noncompliance of a public water
system, usually by means of a schedule with
enforceable milestone dates.
Bilateral Compliance Agreements
Bilateral compliance agreements are written
documents, considered to be formal enforcement
actions signed by the water system and EPA or
the State. They contain a compliance schedule
with enforceable milestone dates.
Chronic Contaminants
Exposure to chronic contaminants, such as
organic chemicals (volatile and synthetic),
inorganic chemicals (e.g., metals, lead and
copper) and radionuclides, may result in severe
health effects that can recur frequently or
develop slowly as a result of long-term exposure.
Coliform Bacteria
Microorganisms found in nature, in any decay-
ing substance and also in the intestinal tract of
humans and animals. Their presence in water
can indicate a lapse in treatment and potential
contamination by pathogens.
Community Water System
A community water system (CWS) is a public
water system that serves at least 15 service
connections used by year-round residents or
regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents
(e.g., homes, apartments and condominiums
that are occupied year-round as primary resi-
dences).
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium is a protozoa that causes the
gastrointestinal disease cryptosporidiosis. The
most serious, and sometimes deadly, conse-
quences of cryptosporidiosis tend to be focused
among members of the population with compro-
mised immune systems.
Disinfection
Disinfection is a type of drinking water treat-
ment, where microbiological contamination is
inactivated by using chlorine, chloramines, and
chlorine dioxide or ozone.
Inorganic Chemicals
These are non-carbon based, mostly naturally-
occurring compounds, such as metals, nitrates,
and asbestos. EPA has established MCLs for 15
inorganic contaminants.
Lead and Copper Rule
Compliance with the Lead and Copper Rule
indicates that a public water system has taken
steps to minimize the risk of exposure to lead
and copper from drinking water by monitoring
for these contaminants and installing corrosion
control where required.
Maximum Contaminant Level
A maximum contaminant level (MCL) is the
maximum permissible level of a contaminant in
water delivered to any user of a public water
system.
Monitoring and Reporting
EPA established monitoring and reporting
schedules, or contaminant-specific minimum
testing schedules and operational reporting
requirements, for public water systems.
Nitrate and Nitrite
Nitrate and nitrite are inorganic compounds
that can enter water supplies from fertilizer
runoff and sanitary wastewater discharges.
Nitrates in drinking water are associated with
methemoglobinemia, or blue baby syndrome,
where nitrate reduces the blood's ability to carry
oxygen.
Non-transient Non-community Water 'system
A non-transient non-community water system
(NTNCWS) is a public water system that serves
at least 25 of the same persons for over six
months per year. A typical example of a non-
transient non-community water system is a
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 A-3
-------
Appendix A
school or an office building that has its own
water source, such as a drinking water well.
Notice of Violation
A notice of violation (NOV) is a written docu-
ment, usually considered to be a formal enforce-
ment action, issued by EPA or the States re-
garding a public water system's violations of
applicable drinking water standards or schedule
requirements. The notice of violation specifically
describes the violations and seeks a return to
compliance.
Pathogens
These are microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, vi-
ruses, or parasites) that can cause disease in
humans and animals.
Public Water System
A public water system (PWS) is a system that
provides piped water for human consumption
and serves at least 25 persons or has at least 15
service connections. A public water system can
be either a community water system, a non-
transient non-community water system, or a
transient non-community water system.
Radionuclides
Radioactive particles, such as radium-226,
radium-228, gross alpha, and beta particle/
photon radioactivity, can occur naturally in
water or may result from human activity. EPA
has established MCLs for beta/photon emitters,
alpha emitters, and combined radium 226/228.
Regional Offices
Regional Offices are responsible for Environ-
mental Protection Agency Regional programs
within their respective jurisdictions. Regional
Offices cooperate with Federal, State, interstate,
and local agencies, as well as with industry,
academic institutions, and other private groups
to ensure that Regional needs are addressed
and that Federal environmental laws are up-
held.
Significant Monitoring Violations
Section 1414 of the 1996 SDWA Amendments
requires States and EPA to report on "signifi-
cant" monitoring and reporting violations, as
determined by the Administrator. For purposes
of this report, "significant" monitoring violations
are classes of monitoring violations reported to
the Safe Drinking Water Information System
(SDWIS) that can be segregated from other
monitoring violations reported to SDWIS and
must be listed in a State's annual report. These
violations occur when, during a relevant compli-
ance period, a public water system collbcts none
of the samples or submits none of the reports
required by a particular regulatory provision.
Significant Monitoring Violations vary with
different contaminant rules (e.g., Total Coliform
Rule, Surface Water Treatment Rule, Lead and
Copper Rule, Total Trihalomethanes, and Radio-
nuclides).
Table A-l provides definitions of significant
monitoring violations States must report for
each primary standard currently in effect, along
with the associated SDWIS violation and con-
taminant codes.
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Compliance with the Surface Water Treatment
Rule (SWTR) indicates that a public water
system has taken steps to reduce exposure to
microbiological contamination through filtration
and disinfection or disinfection and watershed
control.
Total Coliform Rule
The Total Coliform Rule establishes limits on
coliform bacteria in water distribution systems.
Although coliform bacteria usually are not
pathogenic, they may indicate the presence of
pathogens.
Transient Non-Community Water System
A transient non-community water system
means a non-community water system that does
not regularly serve at least 25 of the same
persons over six months per year.
Treatment Technique
These are treatment methods required by EPA to
minimize the level of a contaminant in drinking
water. In cases where EPA has determined it is
not technically or economically feasible to
establish an MCL, EPA can instead specify a
treatment technique.
A-4 * September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix A
Table A-1: Significant Monitoring Violations for Annual State Public Water System Reports
Rule
Total
Coliform Rule
Surface
Water
Treatment
Rule
Lead and
Copper Rule
Phase I, II,
HE, and V
Rules
Total Trihalo-
methanes
Radionuclides
Violation
Type
Major
Routine
Major Repeat
Major
(filtered)
Major
(unfiltered)
Initial Lead
and Copper
Tap
Follow-up or
Routine Lead
and Copper
Tap
Regular
Monitoring
Regular
Monitoring
Regular
Monitoring
Description
No samples collected during a
compliance period
No follow-up samples collected
after a positive total coliform
sample or no speciation
Collected less than 90% of
samples required during a
compliance period
Collected less than 90% of
samples required during a
compliance period
Failure to collect the initial tap
samples followed by a failure
to correct that omission within
three months for large systems,
6 months for medium systems,
and 12 months for small
systems, or the failure to
submit the associated report.
Failure to collect 1 or more
required samples.
Failed to collect any required
samples2
Failed to collect any required
samples
Failed to collect any required
samples
SDWIS
Violation
Code1
23
25
31
36
51
52
By
contaminant
03
03
SDWH3
Contaminant
Code
3100
3100
none
none
2950
4000,4101,
4010
1The Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS) makes no distinction between the sampling violations and the reporting vioteions associat id with a
sample collection requirement Both violations are reported under the same SDWIS violation code.
2As described in the consolidated summary, failure to collect 'any samples' means none of the required samples were collected.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 A-5
-------
Appendix A
Intentionally left blank
A-6 September 1998 1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
Summaries of State Annual
Compliance Reports
-------
Appendix B
Intentionally left blank
B-2 September 1998 1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
CONTENTS
Alabama B-5
Alaska B-6
American Samoa B-7
Arizona..,..* B-8
Arkansas B-9
California B-10
Colorado B-ll
Connecticut B-12
Delaware B-13
District of Columbia B-14
Florida ...., ...B-15
Georgia * B-16
Guam B-17
Hawaii , , B-18
Idaho B-19
lUinois B-20
Indiana , B-21
Iowa B-22
Kansas B-23
Kentucky , B-24
Louisiana B-^25
Maine..; B-26
Maryland....,., "... B-27
Massachusetts B-28
Michigan B-29
Minnesota , B-30
Mississippi B-31
Missouri B-32
Montana B-33
Nebraska B-34
Nevada B-35
New Hampshire B-36
New Jersey B-37
New Mexico B-38
New York B-39
North Carolina B-40
North Dakota , B-41
Nprthern Mariana Islands B-42
Ohio..!..... B-43
Oklahoma B-44
Oregon B-45
Pennsylvania B-46
Puerto Rico.. - B-47
Rhode Island B-48
South Carolina . B-49
South Dakota ...B-50
Tennessee ... - B-51
Texas - ,...B-52
Utah ........B-53
Vermont ...B-54
Virgin Islands '. B-55
Virginia B-56
Washington B-57
West Virginia B-58
Wisconsin B-59
Wyoming B-60
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-3
-------
Appendix B
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
developed a summary of information for each
State report. For example, see the summary for
the Alabama report on page B-5. A standard-
ized format was used that includes an overall
summary of the violations data specified in
Section 1414 of the 1996 Safe Drinking Water
Act (SDWA) Amendments (i.e., violations with
respect to maximum contaminant levels (MCLs),
treatment technique violations, significant
monitoring and reporting requirements*, and
variance and exemptions).
The purpose of the State summaries is simply to
summarize the data provided in the State
reports. EPA has not interpreted the data in
this section and does not pass judgement on
whether the States have fully reported all viola-
tions. EPA's evaluation of the State reports and
compliance and data issues is discussed as part
of the findings and recommendations in
Section 2.
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
MCL, treatment technique, and significant
monitoring violations data were summarized
into four categories:
ป Violations of specific contaminant require-
ments."
* Violations for the Total Colifonn Rule.
Violations of the Surface Water Treatment
Rule.
Violations for the Lead and Copper Rule.
Where data for violations or systems in violation
totals are not available from the State reports,
data from the Federal version of the Safe Drink-
ing Water Information System (SDWIS/FED)
have been included.
The numbers of violations and the numbers of
individual PWSs in violation for the State were
summarized for these four categories for MCL,
treatment technique, and significant monitoring
requirements violations.
1996 TOTALS
The total number of systems, the total number
of violations reported, and the total number of
PWSs in violation in 1996 are also given.
VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
Data on variance and exemption violations were
generally not reported as very few of the States
had variances or exemptions in force in 1996.
Information on variance and exemption viola-
tions is summarized separately.
DISCUSSION
Any additional information that is provided in
the State report is summarized.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Available information is provided on obtaining a
copy of the State or Territorial report.
*For this report, "significant" monitoring and reporting violations occur when a public water system (PWS)
collects none of the samples or submits none of the reports required by a particular regulatory provision or
collects less than 10% of the samples or submits less than 10% of the reports required by the Surface Water
Treatment Rule. A comprehensive definition of significant monitoring and reporting violations, including
exceptions to the definition for the Total Coliform Rule and Lead and Copper Rule is included in the report
glossary m Appendix A.
**MCL and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and
nitrite, and radionuclide contaminantr.
B-4 * September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Alabama 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
10
384
64*
Total Coliform Rule
37
35
70
Surface Water Treatment Rule
14
Lead and Copper Rule
20
20
'"The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, to :al
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Sum of organics (22), inorganics (37), and radionuclides (5) subtotals.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
762
175*
535
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
Alabama does not grant variances or exemptions
to PWSs.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided
in Alabama's report. Alabama's Water Supply
Branch conducts annual inspections of all PWSs
in the State. Water supply, storage, and distri-
bution deficiencies or inadequacies are identi-
fied and discussed. During the 1996 calendar
year, Alabama reported that 79% of its PWSs
were in compliance with drinking water regula-
tions.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Alabama. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Ala bama
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Alabama's State Report, including information
about Alabama Public Water System Violations,
is available by accessing the State's Web site at
http://www.adem.state.al.us/viorep96.htmlor
contacting the State at Water Supply Blanch -
ADEM, P.O. Box 301463, Montgomery, AL
36130, phone (334) 271-7791.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 998 B-5
-------
Appendix B
State of Alaska 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
4
45
4
Systems in
Violation
2
42
Treatment Technique
Violations
ฅ
ป
321
0
Systems in
Violation
<* *^ ' -
* ,- *
90
0
Significant Monitoring
Violations
2,730
1,611
800
362
Systems in
Violation
330
732
163
136
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1,635
1,495
5,873
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information was provided on variances or
exemptions for Alaska PWSs. SDWIS/FED did
not report any variance or exemption violations.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided
in Alaska's report. Alaska's 1996 Annual State
Public Water Systems Report has been included
as part of the 1997 State of Alaska Environment
Report. This report summarizes the quality of
Alaska's drinking water as well as the signifi-
cant public health protection and enforcement
actions completed by the State from 1993-1997.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Alaska. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Alaska has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Alaska's State Report is available by accessing
the State's Web site at http://www.state.ak.us/
dec/deh/drwater/dwvio96.htm or by contacting
James Weise, Drinking Water/Waste Water
Program Manager, Department of Environmen-
tal Conservation, 555 Cordova Street, Anchor-
age, AK 99501, phone (907) 269-7647.
B-6 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
American Samoa 1996 Annual Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monito: ing
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Li
Surface Water Treatment Rule
14
0
Lead and Copper Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic,
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where data from American Samoa were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
total
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
21
19
140
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
SDWIS/FED did not report any variance or
exemption Violations.
DISCUSSION
The American Samoa Report was not received,
therefore SDWIS/FED data were used.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this
report has not been provided. General informa-
tion on its availability may be obtained from:
American Samoa Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of the Governor, Pago Pago, AS
96799S phone (684) 633-2304.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 998 B-7
-------
Appendix B
State of Arizona 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Significant Monitoring
Chemical Contaminant Group
Surface Water Treatment Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
* "Not Available" isgfven in the State report summary table.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1.688
1,612*
18,182
Sum of Sate systems In violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDW1S/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information was provided on variances or
exemptions for Arizona PWSs. SDWIS/FED did
not report any variance or exemption violations.
DISCUSSION
A summary table of State data for drinking
water violations during 1996 was provided and
is summarized above. The Total Coliform Rule
MCL systems subtotal is greater than the num-
bers listed for each type of violation under the
Total Coliform Rule.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Arizona. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Arizona
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this
report has not been provided. General informa-
tion on its availability may be obtained from:
Drinking Water Section, Arizona Department of
Environmental Quality, 3033 N. Central, Room
200, Phoenix, AZ 85012-2809, phone (602) 270-
4644.
B-8 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Ap >endix B
State of Arkansas 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monito -ing
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
13
6*
Total Coliform Rule
81
70
439
2ฃ5
Surface Water Treatment Rule
70
21
60
Lead and Copper Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, to :al
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
"Sum of organics (2), inorganics (2), and radionuclides (2) subtotals.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
I.ISI
423*
665
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances or exemptions were issued to any
PWSs in Arkansas during the calendar year
1996.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided
in Arkansas' report. Microbiological MCL viola-
tions were mostly among small community and
non-community water systems. The systems
having these violations served only 1.78% of the
total population served by PWSs in Arkansas;
99.75% of the PWSs did not have an organic
MCL violation; 99.92% of the PWSs did not have
a nitrate MCL violation; and 99.75% of the
PWSs did not exceed the radium-226/228 MCL.
There were no monitoring violations for chemi-
cals covered under Phases I, II, IIB, and V since
the Arkansas Department of Health performs
monitoring of these chemicals on behalf of the
PWSs.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Arkansas. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Arkansas
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Arkansas' State Report is available by accessing
the State's Web site at http://
www.health.state.ar.us/eng/doe.htm or by
contacting Usman Patel at Arkansas Depart-
ment of Health, Division of Engineering, 4815
West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205-2 032,
phone (501) 661-2623, fax (501) 661-2032, or
upatel@mail.doh.state.ar.us (electronic ;
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-9
-------
Appendix B
State of California 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
25
340
Viff^'Jlltr.
i i lซ'ii wi(i Vii
***i Ill Kit if'f'tr
1* lirt'lf'N*'
Systems in
Violation
17*
288
WtWjBff''
m4 i ***<*%
JiiliSUtoJ.iiJul'&JiiiWuii: n
WWlwWilW? ;
Treatment Technique
Violations
t4sSJ|j* &ป{jป|is*{
JsM^il*^**/!!; *
Tlfe '$.
78
0
Systems in
Violation
V
i ,ปป,'-
? *
*! P* ซ 4/*ซt
ป v{ ?% * |*ซ.
74
0
Significant Monitoring
Violations
0
470
0
0
Systems in
Violation
0
327
0
0
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trlhalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Data from the list of PWSs with violations.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
8,595
706*
913
*Sum of State Systems in violation potentially contains
double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
The California Department of Health Services
did not report the issuance of any variances or
exemptions into the SDWIS/FED database for
calendar year 1996. However, it is the intent of
the California Department of Health Services to
incorporate information regarding variances and
exemptions into subsequent annual reports.
DISCUSSION
A discussion of the significance of identified
violations was presented for the California
population; 99.9% received drinking water that
satisfied all of the primary drinking water
standards for organic contaminants; approxi-
mately 99.7% received drinking water that
satisfied all of the primary drinking water
standards for inorganic contaminants; and
approximately 97% of California's population
received drinking water that satisfied the pri-
mary drinking water standards for bacteriologi-
cal quality continuously throughout the year.
Only 1.5% of the State population was served by
PWSs that reported treatment technique viola-
tions of the Surface Water Treatment Rule. In
response to the identified violations of the Safe
Drinking Water Act during 1996, the Depart-
ment issued 1,331 enforcement letters, 424
citations, and 41 compliance orders to the
affected PWSs.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of California. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of California
has fully reported all violations
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
California's State Report is available by access-
ing the State's Web site at http://
www.dhs.ca.gov/org/ps/ddwem/
ddwemindex.htm or by contacting the State at
California Department of Health Services,
Division of Drinking Water and Environmental
Management, phone (916) 323-6111.
B-IO September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Colorado 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
26
22
91
79
Total Coliform Rule
85
51
470
336
Surface Water Treatment Rule
65
35
42
Lead and Copper Rule
35
'The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, to;al
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
2,182
575*
820
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances were granted to Colorado PWSs
during the 1996 calendar year. In Colorado
there are presently two exemptions for nitrate.
Both systems are on orders to provide public
notice.and bottled water to the affected popula-
tion. One of the systems is in the process of
installing the necessary treatment, and the
other is evaluating the treatment options. There
were no variance or exemption violations re-
ported.
DISCUSSION
All failure to monitor violations for chemical
contaminants have been corrected, except for
two which are in the Administrative Order phase
of enforcement. Total Coliform Rule violations
resulted in system notification, increased moni-
toring, and enforcement action so that samples
were submitted to verify that the water contin-
ues to be safe. Surface Water Treatment Rule
monitoring violations are followed up with
enforcement actions on a routine basis. All but
three of the 29 PWSs with Lead and Copper
monitoring violations have come into compli-
ance with monitoring requirements. Tw 3 of
these are in the process of monitoring, and the
other is under enforcement action.
This page provides a summary of the da :a
reported by the State of Colorado. EPA lias not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Colorado
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE! PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Colorado's State Report is available by accessing
the State's Web site at http://www.state.co.us
or by contacting the State at Compliance Moni-
toring-Data Management, WQCO-CMDM-B2,
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, CO
80246-1530.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September Mi 98 B-l I
-------
Appendix B
State of Connecticut 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Significant Monitoring
Chemical Contaminant Group
Surface Vwiter Treatment Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
4,460
290
687
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
Connecticut did not grant any variances or
exemptions to PWSs during 1996.
DISCUSSION
Through technical assistance and enforcement
actions, the Connecticut Water Supplies Section
has been able to significantly reduce the num-
ber of community water systems having moni-
toring and reporting violations in recent years.
The Connecticut Water Supplies Section is in
the process of implementing a strategic plan
that includes formalization of a technical assis-
tance program to promote compliance.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Connecticut. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided and is
not commenting on whether the State of Con-
necticut has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Connecticut's State Report is available by
contacting the State at Department of Public
Health, Water Supplies Section, 450 Capitol
Avenue, MS#51WAT, P.O. Box 340308, Hartford,
CT 06134-0308.
B-I2 * September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Delaware Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monito ing
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
35
16*
N/A
N/A
Total Coliform Rule
63
54**
N/A
N/A
Surface Water Treatment Rule
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A**
Lead and Copper Rule
N/A
N/A
84
84**
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, to :al
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
* Data from the list of PWSs with violations.
Systems in violation for all data categories from the "Compliance Highlights" table are inconsistent with the Summary chart: Total
Coliforom Rule 53, Surface Water Treatment Rule 0, and Lead and Copper Rule 28.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
564
97*
182
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information was provided on variances or
exemptions granted to Delaware PWSs. SDWIS/
FED did not report any variance or exemption
violations.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is included in
Delaware's report. This report also presented data
on the compliance actions taken by the State of
Delaware in 1996, which included 95 notices of
violation, 95 public notices, 3 administrative
orders, and 6 boil water orders. Information on
the population served by systems in compliance is
also given in Delaware's report. Delaware's public
drinking water program conducted 142 inspec-
tions, reviewed 190 plans and specifications,
provided operator training to 25 people, and
provided lead and copper training to 10 people.
The Delaware Office of Drinking Water conducts
all the monitoring for 98% of the PWSs (10 isystems
conduct their own monitoring).
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Delaware. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Delaware
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Delaware's State Report is available by access-
ing the State's Web site at http: / /
www. state.de.us/ govern/ agencies/ dhss/ inn/
dhss.htm or by contacting Ed Hallock or Chad
Hall at the Division of Public Health, P.O. Box
639, Dover, DE 19903.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1198 B-13
-------
Appendix B
District of Columbia 1996 Annual Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
0
3
7: >" - '
Systems in
Violation
0
1
i ' \
Treatment Technique
Violations
t ,,
1( ป"
1 >
0
0
Systems in
Violation
< :^fl '
< >\ V ^
,-*
0
0
Significant Monitoring
Violations
0
0
0
0
Systems in
Violation
0
0
0
0
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1
1
3
Data from SDW1S/FED have been included and underlined where District data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
EPA has never issued any variances or exemp-
tions to the PWSs in the District of Columbia.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided
in the District of Columbia's report. Information
was provided from EPA Regional Office since the
District of Columbia does not have primary
enforcement authority.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
The District of Columbia Report is available by
contacting George Rizzo, EPA, Region III,
phone (215) 814-5781.
B-14 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Florida 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations'
Systens in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
8*
220
220*
Total Coliform Rule
240
223
1,184
8ฃ8
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
I
I
52
5:2
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Sum of organics (I), inorganics (4), and radionuclides (3) subtotals.
**Sum of organics (0), inorganics (220), and radionuclides (0) subtotals.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
6,958
1,392*
1,705
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances or exemptions were granted to any
Florida PWSs for the 1996 calendar year.
DISCUSSION
Many of the violations occurred because sys-
tems failed to sample on time. The low number
of Surface Water Treatment Rule violations is
due to the fact that Florida State law required
filtration before Federal law and Florida only
has 19 surface water systems.
This page provides a summary of the da :a
reported by the State of Florida. EPA he.s not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Florida has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Florida's State Report Summary, State rales,
forms, and drinking water inventory are avail-
able by accessing the State's Web site (http://
www.dep.state.fl.us/water/Wf/dw/dw.r.tm).
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-15
-------
Appendix B
State of Georgia 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Significant Monitoring
Chemical Contaminant Group
Surface Water Treatment Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihatomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Sum of organtcs (I), total trihalomethanes (0), inorganics (284), and radionuclides subtotals (0).
**Sum Includes 132 systems with significant noncompliance determination dates due in 1996.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
2.5/4
1,148*
1,289
Sum of State systems In violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDW1S/FED have been Included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
The State of Georgia does not currently grant
any variances or exemptions to any PWSs.
DISCUSSION
The majority of all Georgia PWS violations (84%)
involved failure to submit a sample, or failure to
report test results. There were total coliform
violations in 149 community water systems
serving a. total of 518,623 persons, and 12 fecal
coliform violations for PWSs serving a total of
2,819 people.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Georgia. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Georgia
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Georgia's State Report is available by accessing
the State's Web site at http://
www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ/ or by con-
tacting Betty Butler at Georgia Environmental
Protection Division, Suite 1362, East Floyd
Tower, Atlanta, GA 30334.
B-16 * September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
Guam 1996 Annual Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitc ring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
0
Surface Water Treatment Rule
0
Lead and Copper Rule
fl
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where data from Guam were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1SL
o
o
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
SDWIS/FED did not report any variance or
exemption violations.
DISCUSSION
The Guam report was not received, therefore
SDWIS/FED data were used.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this
report has not been provided. General informa-
tion on its availability may be obtained from:
Guam Environmental Protection Agency, Gov-
ernment of Guam, P.O. Box 22439 GMF,
Barrigada, GU 96921, phone (671) 472-3863.
1996 National Annual Public Vteter Systems Compliance Report
September IS 98 B-17
-------
Appendix B
State of Hawaii 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
TbtaJ Coliform Rule
10
Surface Water Treatment Rule
128
12
Lead and Copper Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group Includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalorrvethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
144
20
143
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
There were no variances or exemptions granted
for any of the State of Hawaii's PWSs for the
calendar year 1996.
DISCUSSION
The vast majority of violations in Hawaii were
treatment technique violations for the Surface
Water Treatment Rule. By January 1998, of the
12 systems receiving 128 treatment technique
violations, 7 remain in noncompliance. One of
the 7 has installed a microfiltration facility, and
5 are under enforcement actions to upgrade
their water treatment plants. One system uses
a "groundwater under the direct influence of
surface water" source which will be replaced by
a well. The number of Total Coliform Rule
violations has dropped from 25 in 1995 to 5 in
1997.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Hawaii. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Hawaii has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Hawaii's State Report is available by contacting
William Wong at the Safe Drinking Water
Branch, Department of Health, 919 Ala Moana
Blvd., Room 300, Honolulu, HI 96814-4920,
phone (808) 586-4258, fax (808) 586-4370,
email (waterbill@aol.com).
B-18 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Idaho 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
I
I
784
615*
Total Coliform Rule
421
332
1,372
773
Surface Water Treatment Rule
336
42
Lead and Copper Rule
N/A**
N/A
**
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
*Sum of organics (17), inorganics (608), and radionuclides (0) subtotals.
**The lead and copper data are not included at this time due to need for a computer update. 1996 lead and copper dati; will be
provided with the 1997 Idaho Violations Report.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
2,018
1,294
2,914
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information is provided on variances or
exemptions granted to Idaho PWSs during the
1996 calendar year. SDWIS/FED did not report
any variance or exemption violations.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided
in Idaho's report. Idaho Division of Environ-
mental Quality, in cooperation with the State's
seven district health departments, provides a
variety of services including working with PWSs
to ensure compliance with minimum Federal
requirements, conducting sampling surveys and
on-site visits to prevent public health problems,
reviewing PWS plans and specifications, con-
ducting training sessions, holding public infor-
metion meetings, loaning specialized monitoring
equipment, publishing informational bulletins
and a quarterly drinking water newsletter,
providing a coordinated training calendar,
distributing a technical assistance notebook to
all PWSs, and issuing monitoring waivers.
Bacteriological contamination is more frequent
than chemical contamination in Idaho.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Idaho. EPA has, not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of IdElio has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATI PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Idaho's State Report is available by acce ssing
the State's Web site (http://
www.magiclink.com/web/tmdl), and by contact-
ing the Idaho Division of Environmental
Quality's six Regional Offices or the State's
seven district health departments.
1996 National Annual Public v\feter Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-19
-------
Appendix B
State of Illinois 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Treatment Technique
Significant Monitoring
Violations Category
Systems in
Violation
Violations Systems in
Violation
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Conform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
*30 of these violations are exceedances of a more stringent Illinois Health Standard, not a Federal violation.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
6,051
480
5,138
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
There are no PWSs in Illinois that have received
variances or exemptions during the 1996 calen-
dar year.
DISCUSSION
Over 89% of the population was served by
Illinois community water systems that were
compliant with all health standards (maximum
contaminant levels, treatment techniques, or
health advisories) during the calendar year of
1996. Over 96% of the population received
drinking water free from the potential of acute
(short-term) adverse health effects, and over
92% of the population received drinking water
free from the potential of chronic (long-term)
health effects.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Illinois. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Illinois has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
The Illinois State Report is available by contact-
ing Roger Selburg, Division Manager, at the
Division of Public Water Supplies, Illinois EPA,
1021 N. Grand Avenue - East, P.O. Box 19726,
Springfield, IL 62794-9276, phone (217) 785-
8653.
B-20 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Indiana 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitcring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
42
25
2,123
714
Total Coliform Rule
282
260
2,419
1,178
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
I
I
78
65
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, tc tal
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
4.505
1,879
4,959
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
Indiana did not issue any variances or exemp-
tions during 1996 calendar year.
DISCUSSION
In 1996, the Indiana Drinking Water Branch
staff conducted 308 sanitary surveys, 62 vulner-
ability assessments, 59 well site surveys, 252
technical assistance visits, and 130 MCL follow-
up visits. Other compliance assistance activi-
ties consist.of courtesy reminder letters, moni-
toring waivers, and outreach. Indiana's report
provides analysis of information by type of PWS.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Indiana. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Indiana
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Indiana's State Report is available by accessing
the State's Web site at http://www.ai.org/idem/
owm or by contacting the State at Indiana
Department of Environmental Management,
Drinking Water Branch, P.O. Box 7148, India-
napolis, IN 46207-7148.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-21
-------
Appendix B
State of Iowa 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
68
151
Systems in
Violation
13
126
Treatment Technique
Violations
4 S
2
j
o*
45
Systems in
Violation
'
-------
Ap oendix B
State of Kansas 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systens in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
100
49
Total Coliform Rule
86
58
121
5)
Surface Water Treatment Rule
27
10
Lead and Copper Rule
17
17
'The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
I.09S
181
355
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information was provided on variances or
exemptions during the 1996 calendar year for
Kansas PWSs. SDWIS/FED did not report any
variance or exemption violations.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory data, such as source of
water, is provided in Kansas' report, as well as
populations affected. 99.7% of the PWSs were
in compliance with the ethyl dibrorriide MCL.
A total of 150 persons were affected by ethyl
dibromide MCL violations. 97% of the PWSs
were in compliance with the selenium MCL. A
total of 1,150 persons were affected by sele-
nium MCL violations. Seven PWSs were in
violation of the radium MCL and one PWS
failed to monitor. The population affected by
radium MCL violations was 6,265 and the
population affected by the PWSs that failed to
sample was 32. 3.2% of the population served
by all PWSs, or 74,205 people, were affected by
bacteriological MCL violations. The population
affected by bacteriological monitoring viola-
tions was 19,453 or 0.8% of the population
served by all PWSs.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Kansas. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting ori whether the State of Kansas
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE:
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
The Kansas State Report is available by access-
ing the State's Web site at http://
www.state.ks.us/public/kdhe/bow.html or by
contacting the State at Public Water Supply
Section, Kansas Department of Health e.nd
Environment, Bldg. 283, Forbes Field, Topeka,
KS 66620, Attn: Peter Armesto, phone (785)
296-6297.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 11)98 B-23
-------
Appendix B
State of Kentucky 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Significant Monitoring
Chemical Contaminant Group
Surface Water Treatment Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trfhalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
NRซซ not reported
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems In Violation
Total Number of Violations
718
139
395
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
Kentucky has not granted any variances or
exemptions to any PWSs.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information and a
compliance summary are provided in Kentucky's
report. There were 509 PWSs with no viola-
tions. There were 53 MCL violations. 34 PWSs
had MCL violations. There were 286 significant
monitoring and reporting violations. 144 PWSs
had significant monitoring and reporting viola-
tions. There were 50 treatment technique
violations. 21 PWSs had treatment technique
violations.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Kentucky. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Kentucky
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Kentucky's State Report is available by access-
ing the State's Web site at http://
water.nr.state.ky.us/dow/compsum.htm or by
contacting Vicki Ray, Drinking Water Branch,
Division of Water, 14 Reilly Road, Frankfort, KY
40601.
B-24 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Louisiana 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Conform Rule
348
262
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
54
54
7
'The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
f.965
328*
415
Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information was provided on variances or
exemptions granted to any Louisiana PWSs
during the 1996 calendar year. SDWIS/FED did
not report any variance or exemption violations.
DISCUSSION
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Louisiana. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Louisiana
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this
report has not been provided. General informa-
tion on its availability may be obtained from:
Division of Environmental and Health Services,
Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals,
Office of Public Health, P.O. Box 60630, New
Orleans, LA 70160, phone (504) 568-5100.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September I?98 B-25
-------
Appendix B
State of Maine 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
2Z1
267*
620
601**
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
NRO3)
NR (13)
NR^OJ.
77*
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trfhatomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Sum of acute (30) and non-acute (237) MCL.
**Sum of routine (589) and major repeat (12) monitoring.
***Sum of initial lead and copper tap monitoring/reporting (19) and follow-up or routine lead and copper tap monitoring and
reporting (58).
NR - The subtotal was not reported, as it was not available from the State data system for calender year 1996.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems In Violation
Total Number of Violations
1,898
1,227*
1,259
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information on variances or exemptions
during the 1996 calendar year for Maine PWSs
was available in the State data system. SDWIS/
FED did not report any variance or exemption
violations.
DISCUSSION
Maine's report provides data on systems with
violations, but not the number of violations.
General PWS inventory data is provided in
Maine's report.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Maine. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Maine has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Maine's State Report is available by accessing
the State's Web site at http://www.state.me.us/
dhs/eng/water/water.htm or by contacting the
State at Drinking Water Program, 10 State
House Station, Augusta, ME 04333, phone (207)
287-2070.
B-26 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Maryland 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
19
12
50
Total Coliform Rule
371
346
127
82
Surface Water Treatment Rule
96
16
Lead and Copper Rule
22
I
70
293*
'The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, to;al
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
*lncludes 223 systems with significant noncompliance determination dates due in 1996.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
3.123
795*
755
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances or exemptions were granted to any
PWSs in Maryland during the calendar year
1996.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory data and violation
resolution data are provided in Maryland's
report. All of the 51 bacteriological health level
violations occurring in 1996 were reconciled by
the end of 1996. 3 out of the 16 Surface Water
Treatment Rule health level violations occurring
in 1996 were reconciled by the end of 1996.
81,150 people benefitted from this. 3 of the 14
nitrate health level violations were reconciled by
the end of 1996. 3 of the 4 volatile organic
chemical health level violations were reconciled
by the end of 1996 and 98 of the 270 lead and
copper violations were reconciled.
This page provides a summary of the daba
reported by the State of Maryland. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Ms, ryland
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATL PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Maryland's State Report is available by contact-
ing Nancy Reilman at Maryland Department of
the Environment, Public Drinking Water Pro-
gram, 2500 Broening Highway, Baltimore, MD
21224, phone (410) 631-3729.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1098 B-27
-------
Appendix B
State of Massachusetts 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Significant Monitoring
Chemical Contaminant Group
Surface Water Treatment Rule
The ChemJca! Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trfhalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1,629
622
3,347
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
There were no variances or exemptions granted
to any Massachusetts PWSs during the 1996
calendar year.
DISCUSSION
A summary table of State data for drinking
water violations during 1996 was provided and
is summarized above.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Massachusetts. EPA
has not interpreted the information provided
and is not commenting on whether the State of
Massachusetts has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this
report has not been provided. Additional infor-
mation about the Massachusetts Drinking
Water Program is available by accessing the
State's Web site (http://
www.magnet.state.ma.us/dep/brp/).
B-28 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Michigan 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Significant Monitoring
Chemical Contaminant Group
Surface Water Treatment Rule
'"The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, tctal
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
11,536
6,413*
8,769
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
Michigan had no PWSs under a variance or
exemption during the 1996 calendar year.
DISCUSSION
Violations data are presented in three separate
tables: community, non-community, and a
combined community non-community table.
General PWS inventory information is provided.
Approximately 95% of the total violations re-
corded in Michigan in 1996 are from non-
community water systems.
This page provides a summary of the de.ta
reported by the State of Michigan. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Michigan
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE: PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Michigan's State Report is available by access-
ing the State's Web site at http://
www.deq.state.mi.us/dwr or by contacting the
State at Michigan Department of Environmental
Quality, Drinking Water & Radiological Protec-
tion Division, Lansing, MI 48909-8130.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-29
-------
Appendix B
State of Minnesota 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group'
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
26
217
Systems in
Violation
26
217
1 '.',' ,' .'.i. ' < , .',''';
Treatment Technique
Violations
<,* ji* j
Si ^f f -f !
'
137
0
Systems in
Violation
.f
*)**** <*
^ s
., ~. * J
28
0
Significant Monitoring
Violations
8
74
0
9
Systems in
Violation
7
64
0
64
Tha Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trlhalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
8.222
406
471
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
There were no variances or exemptions granted
to any Minnesota PWSs during the 1996 calen-
dar year.
DISCUSSION
A summary table of State data for drinking
water violations during 1996 was provided and
is summarized above.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Minnesota. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided and is
not commenting on whether the State of Minne-
sota has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Minnesota's State Report is available by contact-
ing the State at Minnesota Department of
Health, P.O. Box 64975, St. Paul, MN 55164-
0975, Attention: Dennis E. Maki, phone (617)
215-0756 or by contacting Dennis E. Maki via
electronic mail (dennis.maki@health.state.
mn.us).
B-30 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Ap jendiK B
State of Mississippi 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coiiform Rule
66
63
89
Surface Water Treatment Rule
ฃ.
Lead and Copper Rule
'The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1.550
147*
156
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
The Mississippi Division of Water Supply has
never granted a variance or exemption to any
PWS.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory data is provided in
Mississippi's report.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Mississippi. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided and is
not commenting on whether the State of Missis-
sippi has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Mississippi's State Report is available by access-
ing the State's Web site at http://
www.msdh.state.ms.us/OHR/watersup/
wshome.htm or by contacting the Mississsippi
State Department of Health, Water Supply
Division, P.O. Box 1700, Jackson, MS 39215-
1700.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-31
-------
Appendix B
State of Missouri 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
II
363
Total Coliform Rule
424
311
1,372
ZfiZ
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
18
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Data from SDW1S/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
2,667
1,207*
2,189
Sum of systems with monitoring (924) and MCL/TT (283) violations potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
Exemptions from the atrazine MCL, originally
granted for 10 PWSs in 1995 continue to be in
effect for nine of those PWSs in 1996. No
variances were granted for any Missouri PWSs
during the 1996 calendar year. There were no
variance or exemption violations in 1996.
DISCUSSION
No data on numbers of Systems in were pro-
vided; however the report contains a list of
PWSs with violations. General PWS inventory
data are provided in Missouri's report.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Missouri. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Missouri
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
To obtain a copy of Missouri's State Report or
additional information regarding Missouri's
PWSs contact the Missouri Department of
Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water
Program, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO
65102, phone (573) 751-5331.
B-32 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Montana 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitc ring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
34
19
682
566*
Total Coliform Rule
51
51
2,096
709
Surface Water Treatment Rule
127
32
214
22
Lead and Copper Rule
114
114
260
238
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
*Sum of the Phase 2 and Phase 5 Rules (251) total and the radionuclides (315) subtotal.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1.882
1,751*
3,578
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No violations of variances or exemptions were
recorded for Montana PWSs during the 1996
calendar year. ,
DISCUSSION
Enforcement data and a Discussion of water
sources, regulations and enforcement, and
general PWS inventory data are provided in
Montana's report. The State PWS Section has
worked with the State Department of Environ-
mental Quality Enforcement Division when
necessary to address more difficult compliance
problems through formal enforcement actions.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Montana. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Montana
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Montana's State Report is available on the
Montana Department of Environmental
Quality's Web site at http://www.deq.rr. t.gov or
by contacting the State at Montana Department
of Environmental Quality, Box 200901, Helena,
MT 59620-0901.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September I "98 B-33
-------
Appendix B
State of Nebraska 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
32
178
* Ki'illjiiliilllk
t ;%
0
0
Significant Monitoring
Violations
0
140
0
1
Systems in
Violation
0
105
0
1
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
/.403
259
350
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information was provided on variances or
exemptions granted to any Nebraska PWSs
during the 1996 calendar year. SDWIS/FED did
not report any variance or exemption violations.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided
in Nebraska's report. In 1996, the Nebraska
Public Water Supply Program issued 21 admin-
istrative orders to PWSs in Nebraska. A descrip-
tion of additional compliance assistance activi-
ties of the Nebraska Public Water Supply Pro-
gram is provided. A listing of formal enforce-
ment actions is also included.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Nebraska. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Nebraska
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Nebraska's State Report is available by access-
ing the State's Web site (http://
www.hhs.state.ne.us).
B-34 * September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Nevada 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitc ring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
10
10
45
45
Total Coliform Rule
22
21
99
87
Surface Water Treatment Rule
19
19
Lead and Copper Rule
346
173
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations arid significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
675
355*
541
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances or exemptions were granted or in
effect for any Nevada PWSs during calendar year
1996.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided.
Analysis of violations data is provided by type of
violation.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Nevada. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Nevada has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Nevada's State Report is available through Larry
Rountree at the Nevada State Health Division
Office, 1179 Fairview Drive, Carson City, NV
89710. It is also available at county libraries
throughout the State.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-35
-------
Appendix B
State of New Hampshire 1996 Annual Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
23
19
1,898
148
Total Collform Rule
256
206
223
157
Surface Water Treatment Rule
,. I!"1!!'1'! I!,1"
JiiinUI ISII'I,*,!1, ,1",;,'Jin,!, I.1,!;
13
10
126
26
Lead and Copper Rule
p ,('
13
13
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trlhatomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems In Violation
Total Number of Violations
2.071
398
2,552
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information was provided on variances or
exemptions granted to any New Hampshire
PWSs during the 1996 calendar year. SDWIS/
FED did not report any variance or exemption
violations.
DISCUSSION
Analysis of violations data is provided by PWS
type in New Hampshire's State report. The
report was based on data from the New Hamp-
shire WSEB Database.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of New Hampshire. EPA
has not interpreted the information provided
and is not commenting on whether the State of
New Hampshire has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
New Hampshire's State Report is available by
accessing the State's Web site at http://
www.state.nh.us/ or by contacting Laurie K.
Cullerot at Department of Environmental Ser-
vices, Water Supply Engineering Bureau, 6
Hazen Drive , P.O. Box 95, Concord, NH 03302-
0095.
B-36 * September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of New Jersey 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation*
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
48
13,974
LASS
Total Coliform Rule
172
115
2,805
1,284
Surface Water Treatment Rule
15
Lead and Copper Rule
80
23
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, tc tal
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
4,740
3,026*
17,099
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
The New Jersey Bureau of Safe Drinking Water
did not issue any variances or exemptions to
any PWS during the 1996 calendar year.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided
in New Jersey's report. New Jersey regulates
five volatile organic compounds in addition to
those covered by Federal regulations. New
Jersey also set standards (MCLs) that are more
stringent than the Federal standards on 12 of
the Federally regulated volatile organic com-
pounds. Both the additional regulated contami-
nants and the more stringent MCLs are listed
on page 21 of the 1996 New Jersey report.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of New Jersey. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided and is
not commenting on whether the State o". New
Jersey has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Copies of the complete New Jersey Drinlcing
Water Standards chart, and/or a copy cf the
1996 New Jersey State Report is availatle by
contacting the State at New Jersey Department
of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe
Drinking Water, P.O. Box 426, Trenton, NJ
08625-0426. The report is also available at all
county libraries, college and local libraries, and
in the April 1998 issue of Pipeline, a quarterly
publication of the NJ AWWA.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-37
-------
Appendix B
State of New Mexico 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
1
77
Systems in
Violation
1
68
Treatment Technique
Violations
, > , ..
"
13
0
Systems in
Violation
! ; ?
(
7
0
Significant Monitoring
Violations
0
146
2
3
Systems in
Violation
0
105
2
3
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1.266
186*
242
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDW1S/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances or exemptions were issued by New
Mexico to any PWSs during the 1996 calendar
year.
DISCUSSION
Analysis of violations data is provided by PWS
type, PWS size, and population served in New
Mexico's State Report. Sources of inaccuracy in
the data are also discussed. Possible sources of
data inaccuracy are: failure of New Mexico
Environmental Department staff to accurately
record violations, especially in the chemical
rules; lack of standardized methods for the
exchanging of data between labs, field offices,
water systems, and the central office; lack of
electronic transfer methods to EPA for chemical
data.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of New Mexico. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided and is
not commenting on whether the State of New
Mexico has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this
report has not been provided. General informa-
tion on its availability may be obtained from:
Drinking Water Bureau, New Mexico Environ-
ment Department, 525 Camino De Los Marquez,
Suite 4, Santa Fe, NM 87501, phone (505) 827-
7536.
B-38 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of New York 1996 Annual Public Water System Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Syste ns in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
31
II
357
3J3
Total Coliform Rule
160
137*
1,312
Surface Water Treatment Rule
125
94
Lead and Copper Rule
9**
44
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
*Sum of acute (52) and non-acute (85) MCL.
**Sum of treatment installation (5) and public education (4).
***Sum of initial lead and copper tap monitoring/reporting (3) and follow-up or routine lead and copper tap monitoring aid
reporting (40).
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
9.129
1,449*
2,021
Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
Exemptions have been issued to New York PWSs
under the Surface Water Treatment Rule. A list
of these systems is provided in New York's State
Report. There were no variances granted to any
New York PWSs during the 1996 calendar year.
There is no record of variance or exemption
violations in 1996.
DISCUSSION
A summary table of State data for drinking
water violations during 1996 was provided and
is summarized above.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of New York. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of New York
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
New York's State Report is available by access-
ing the State's Web site at http://
www.health.state.ny.us or by contacting the
State at BPWSP - NYSDOH, 1215 Western Ave.,
Albany, NY 12203.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-39
-------
Appendix B
State of North Carolina 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
17
201
:j "
Systems in
Violation
16
184
Treatment Technique
Violations
-**ซ,i&j4f. ป<$$(ฃซ
. . ป f 4'tf
^ifMv&'si
f H,t ^ ***
8
1
Systems in
Violation
& ฃ&^ ,$"*? ฃ | x
?* "s*^ -*-*<.
ij^v^?ifi,
ฐ , Jt ,<
8
1
Significant Monitoring
Violations
20,690
776
0
60
Systems in
Violation
484
463
0
60
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
8,244
1,216*
21,753
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information was provided on variances or
exemptions granted to any North Carolina PWSs
during the 1996 calendar year. SDWIS/FED did
not report any variance or exemption violations.
DISCUSSION
State data was reported in addition to SDWIS/
FED data in North Carolina's State report.
General PWS inventory information is also
provided.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of North Carolina. EPA
has not interpreted the information provided
and is not commenting on whether the State of
North Carolina has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this
report has not been provided. General informa-
tion on its availability may be obtained from:
Public Water Supply Section, Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, P.O. Box
29536, Raleigh, NC 27626-0536, phone (919)
733-2321.
B-40 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of North Dakota 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Viola Jon
Chemical Contaminant Group
10
10
I
Total Coliform Rule
60
47
138
102
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
'The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
604
171*
223
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains
double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
North Dakota had no PWSs operating under a vari-
ance or exemption during the 1996 calendar year.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided in
North Dakota's report. Data on the percentage of
systems with no violations by PWS type is also
provided. 97% of the community water systems
and 100% of non-transient non-community water
systems had no organic MCL violations. 100% of
the community water systems and non-transient
non-community water systems had no organic,
inorganic, or radionuclide monitoring violations
and no radionuclide MCL violations. 99.6% of
transient non-community water systems had no
inorganic monitoring violations and 98.8% had no
inorganic MCL violations. 98.1% of the commu-
nity water systems had no inorganic MCL viola-
tions. 92.1% of the community water systems,
94.1% of the non-transient non-community water
systems, and 95.2% of the transient non-commu-
nity water systems had no MCL violations of the
Total Coliform Rule. 82.1% of community water
systems, 88.2% of non-transient non-community
water systems, and 84.1% of transient non-
community water systems had no monitoring
violations for the Total Coliform Rule. 95% of the
community water systems and 80% or the non-
transient non-community water systems had no
treatment technique violations for the Surface
Water Treatment Rule. 95% community water
systems and 90% non-transient non-community
water systems had no Surface Water Trealanent
Rule monitoring violations. 98.7% of the commu-
nity water systems had no monitoring violations
for the Lead and Copper Rule. Annually, approxi-
mately 400 of the 604 total PWSs are issued
Certificates of Compliance for maintaining full
compliance.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of North Dakota. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided, and is
not commenting on whether the State of North
Dakota has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
North Dakota's State Report is available by con-
tacting the State at North Dakota Department of
Health, Division of Municipal Facilities, P.O. Box
5520, 1200 Missouri Avenue, Bismark, NO 58506-
5520, Attention: Jeni Walsh or Attention: Larry
Thelen, phone (701) 328-5231 and phone (701)
328-5211, fax (701) 328-5200.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-41
-------
Appendix B
Northern Mariana Islands 1996 Annual Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
2
Q.
il 'i
i MI 1' i i
,1 I 4 I 1 I,
1
Systems in
Violation
fi
fi
ซ( (> fpi* tVtJ iff"
II i 1 mtuU'
HP *ปซ ".ซjt
,ป! . tj -||
f
Treatment Technique
Violations
rfWtllte *ซ,ปปป,ซ
H| ^ fHl
"i f* *t f \ \
f *ซH l*|l|ปI
-------
Ap jendixB
State of Ohio 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monito 'ing
Violation:;
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
14
8
11,314
1,8 S3
Total Coliform Rule
1,758
868
3,277
2,013
Surface Water Treatment Rule
280
49
26
Lead and Copper Rule
I
I
224
224
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
6,193
3,084
16,894
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
There were no variances or exemptions granted
to any Ohio PWSs during the 1996 calendar
year.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information and compli-
ance assistance information is provided in
Ohio's report. Ohio's Compliance Assistance
includes: providing a sampling and monitoring
schedule for each PWS; offering technical assis-
tance during facility inspections (sanitary
surveys) and all office hours; distributing a
divisional newsletter to all PWSs; providing
operator and laboratory personnel training
sessions; distributing reminder postcards and/
or contacting the PWSs towards the end of the
monitoring periods to ensure collection of the
required samples; and providing notice cf viola-
tion letters for failure to meet the requirements
of any of the specific regulations.
This page provides a summary of the dat a
reported by the State of Ohio. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Ohio has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Ohio's State Report is available by accessing the
State's Web site at http://www.epa.state.oh.us/
ddagw/annualreports.html or contacting, the
State at PWS Annual Compliance Report, Ohio
EPA - DDAGW, P.O. Box 1049, Columbus, OH
43216-0149.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 191)8 B-43
-------
Appendix B
State of Oklahoma 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
MCL
Violations Category
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
58*
Total Coliform Rule
316
191
Surface Water Treatment Rule
153
52
Lead and Copper Rule
NR
760**
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Sum of the organtcs (7), inorganics (51), and radionuclides (0) subtotals.
There were 760 systems with significant noncompliance determinations due in 1996.
NR = not reported
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1.672
1,191*
784
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
The Oklahoma Department of Environmental
Quality does not have any PWSs which have
been granted variances or exemptions.
DISCUSSION
Information on water sources is provided in the
State report.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Oklahoma. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Oklahoma
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Oklahoma's State Report is available by access-
ing the State's Web site at http://
www.deq.state.ok.us or by contacting the State
at Oklahoma Department of Environmental
Quality office at 1000 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma
City, OK.
B-44 * September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
AipendixB
rl
State of Oregon 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
1,008
l,)06
Total Coliform Rule
247
195
2,352
1,176
Surface Water Treatment Rule
291
106
453
101
Lead and Copper Rule
NR
151
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, t >tal
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
NR = not reported
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
2.630
2,741*
4,357
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
Oregon issued no variances or exemptions
during 1996, electing instead to pursue correc-
tive actions through enforcement actions.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided
in Oregon's report. During 1996, Oregon issued
65 Administrative Orders and 15 Notices of
Violation for high priority violations of stan-
dards, primarily for coliform and nitrate MCL
violations, surface water treatment violations,
and repeated failures to sample and report
results. The Oregon Health Division received
evidence of 365 notifications to water users from
water suppliers.
This page provides a summary of the de.ta
reported by the State of Oregon. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Oregon has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE: PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Oregon's State Report is available by accessing
the State's Web site at http://
www.ohd.hr.state.or.us/cehs/dwp or by con-
tacting Diane Weis at the Oregon Health Divi-
sion, 800 NE Oregon Street, Portland, OR
97232.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1)98 B-45
-------
Appendix B
State of Pennsylvania 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
125
312
ii '
Systems in
Violation
102
225
* 4 f"
i "' \
\ ' '
Treatment Technique
Violations
"It'll!' f,1i,'
' M^,*
- '* ; ', *' >ซ?
117
5
Systems in
Violation
tj t s l>v*
#*&&, v '
^ ^ '^"fi-^ ^"v^/ J ' l
, *,ฅ*"<',;. '
28
5
Significant Monitoring
Violations
7,527
1,800
264
249
Systems in
Violation
1,099
1,270
54
216
The Chemical Contaminant Group Includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
10.249
2,639
9,841
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances or exemptions were in effect for
any of the Pennsylvania PWSs during the 1996
report period.
DISCUSSION
This report also presented data on the compli-
ance actions taken by the State of Pennsylvania
in 1996, which included 6,081 compliance
letters, 43 consent and administrative orders,
and 251 water advisories. Violation data and
system compliance rates are also analyzed by
PWS size and type. For the community water
systems 77.4% of small systems, 84.9% of
medium systems, and 90% of large systems
were in compliance for monitoring and report-
ing. 97% of small community water systems,
97.5% of medium community water systems,
and 100% of large community water systems
were in compliance for MCLs. Also for commu-
nity water systems, 99.5% of small systems,
97.2% of medium systems, and 90% of large
systems were in compliance with treatment
techniques.
Pennsylvania uses an intricate computerized
violation determination procedure which identi-
fies potential violations for investigation and
verification. This process assists Pennsylvania
in the measurement of drinking water compli-
ance, and is reflected in part by the number of
violations and amount of compliance activity
data being reported.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Pennsylvania. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided and is
not commenting on whether the State of Penn-
sylvania has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Pennsylvania's State Report is available by
accessing the State's Web site at http://
www.dep.state.pa.us or by contacting the State
at (717) 772-4018.
B-46 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
Puerto Rico 1996 Annual Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
12
7*
171
14 >
Total Coliform Rule
1,079
390***
1,657
248
Surface Water Treatment Rule
1,096
135
Lead and Copper Rule
56
47*
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, to:al
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Sum of inorganic (0), nitrate (2), VOC (3), TTHM (2), and SOC (0) subtotals.
**Sum of inorganic (0), nitrate (8), VOC (3), TTHM (0), and SOC (3) subtotals.
***Sum of acute (208) and Non-acute (182) MCL.
****Sum of initial lead and copper tap monitoring and reporting (I) and follow-up or routine lead and copper tap monitoring and
reporting (46).
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
489
1,041*
4,422
* Sum of systems in violation contains double counting.
1996 Variances and Exemptions
No variances or exemptions were granted to any
PWSs in Puerto Rico during the 1996 calendar
year.
DISCUSSION
A summary table of Commonwealth data for
drinking water violations during 1996 was
provided and is summarized above. During the
1996 calendar year, there were no significant
violations for inorganic contaminants, except for
nitrates. For the systems in noncompliance
with the MCL for nitrate a Notice of Violation
and Administrative Order was issued. Closure
Orders were issued to two systems with viola-
tions of the MCLs for tetrachloroethane and
trichloroethane. In all systems that presented
violations for the group of contaminants regu-
lated in drinking water, a Boil Water Order,
Violation Notification and/or State and Federal
Administrative Orders have been issued. In
response to these actions, systems have been
taken out of operation, systems have been
replaced, or have been placed under corrective
action plans to reach compliance.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by Puerto Rico. EPA has not inter-
preted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether Puerto Rico haซ fully
reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Puerto Rico's Report is available by contacting
Mrs. Olga I. Rivera, Puerto Rico Department of
Health, Water Supply Supervision Program, P.O.
Box 70184, San Juan, PR 00936.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September l'j'98 B-47
-------
Appendix B
State of Rhode Island 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
Lead and Copper Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trthalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems In Violation
Total Number of Violations
4ฃI
46
57
Data from SDW1S/FED have been Included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
There were no variances or exemptions granted
to any Rhode Island PWSs during the 1996
calendar year.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided
in Rhode Island's report. A trend analysis is
illustrated in Rhode Island's State report based
on its drinking water performance indicator.
The performance indicator is the sum of popula-
tion served and days in compliance with MCLs
and treatment technique divided by the sum of
population served and the total days in opera-
tion. The indicator values were given from 1991
to 1996, with 1996 being the largest value of
0.993.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Rhode Island. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided and is
not commenting on whether the State of Rhode
Island has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Additional information about Rhode Island's
drinking water program is available on the
State's Web site at http://
www.health.state.ri.us or by contacting the
Rhode Island Department of Health, Office of
Drinking Water Quality, 3 Capitol Hill, Room
209, Providence, RI 02908, phone (401) 222-
6867.
B-4B September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Apf endix B
State of South Carolina 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
II
Total Coliform Rule
52
44
247
130
Surface Water Treatment Rule
13
12
Lead and Copper Rule
23
23
42
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1.526
230
388
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
South Carolina did not grant any variances or
exemptions to any PWSs during the 1996 calen-
dar year.
DISCUSSION
South Carolina's State Report included general
PWS inventory information. The report also
included information on how and why the report
was created, general inventory information on
PWSs in South Carolina, information on the
compliance and enforcement process, and
statistics and conclusions drawn from the data
in the report. During the calendar year 1996,
230 Federally-defined PWSs, or approximately
7% of the total number of systems, had at least
one violation. This means that approximately
93% of South Carolina's EWSs were in compli-
ance with all drinking water regulations.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of South Carolina. EPA
has not interpreted the information provided
and is not commenting on whether the State of
South Carolina has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
South Carolina's State Report is available by
accessing the State's Web site at http://
www.state.sc.us/dhec/eqchome.htm or http://
www.state.sc.us/dhec/bowl996.exe, by con-
tacting the State at SCDHEC - Bureau of Water,
2600 Bull Street, Columbia, SC 29201, Atten-
tion: Angela G. Mettlen, or by contacting Angela
G. Mettlen at (803) 734-5326 or mettleagฎ
columb32.dhec.state.sc.us (electronic mjiil).
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-49
-------
Appendix B
State of South Dakota 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
53
135
iin'i 'i i MCI
i" lit <"" II *
M '"
.11,111 HI' i -iiifl'i
Systems in
Violation
15
95*
11 h" 'lit',"!1 ' .
(fitf JiuJ'^i uv;
r i i mi | 'i fhปi<* t
,[(', f>t'< ',ซ ซ
Treatment Technique
Violations
(, > ฃ j|t \ , ttf
*a^&mf*JH
fป "'Miff^
19
0
Systems in
Violation
<* * ฐ ปซ<
rHrt % ,",
'i ^ ,<_; ป ;
ซ A *?g^s
tf ""ป J i> ซ /
5
0
Significant Monitoring
Violations
891
392
0
66
Systems in
Violation
ฃ1
188
0
160**
"The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Sum of acute (I I) and non-acute (84) MCL.
"Sum of initial lead and copper tap monitoring and reporting (94) and follow-up or routine lead and copper tap monitoring and
reporting (66). The significant noncompliance determinations were due for 94 systems in 1996.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
ZiL
549*
1,556
Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances or exemptions have been issued to
any PWSs in South Dakota.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of South Dakota. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided and is
not commenting on whether the State of South
Dakota has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
South Dakota's State Report is available by
accessing the State's Web site at http: / /
www.state.sd.us/state/executive/denr/des/
drinking/dwprg.htm or by contacting the State
at DENR, Drinking Water Program, 523 E.
Capitol St., Pierre, SD 57501-3181.
B-50 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Ap Jendix B
State of Tennessee 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
I
248
Total Coliform Rule
43
38
163
18
Surface Water Treatment Rule
261
30
Lead and Copper Rule
8
'The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
/.059
262
731
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
Tennessee does not grant variances or exemp-
tions to PWSs.
DISCUSSION
Tables showing PWSs with violations along with
the dates the violation occurred and the county
where the PWS is located are provided in the
Tennessee State Report.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Tennessee. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided and is
not commenting on whether the State of Ten-
nessee has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Tennessee's State Report is available by contact-
ing the Division Water Supply Central Office at:
Division of Water Supply - Central Office, 401
Church Street, 6th Floor, L&C Tower, Nashville,
TN 37423-1549, phone (615) 532-0152; or any
of the six field offices: Division of Water Supply,
Suite 550-State Office Building, 540 McCallie
Avenue, Chattanooga, TN 37402-2013, phone
(423) 634-5745; Division of Water Suppy, 1221
South Willow, Cookeville, TN 38502, phone (931)
432-4015; Division of Water Supply, 362 Car-
riage House Drive, Jackson, TN 38305-2222,
phone (901) 661-6200; Division of Water Supply
2305 Silverdale Road, Johnson City, TN 37601-
2162, phone (423) 854-5400; Division of Water
Supply, Suite 220-State Plaza, 2700
Middlebrook Pike, Knoxville, TN 37219, phone
(423) 594-6035; Division of Water Supply, 537
Brick Church Park Drive, Nashville, TN 37243-
1550, phone (615) 226-6918. Copies of
Tennessee's State Report are also located in
each county health department and in most
public libraries in Tennessee.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-51
-------
Appendix B
State of Texas 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Significant Monitoring
Chemical Contaminant Group
Surface Water Treatment Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
N/A- Not applicable, since in Texas, most of the chemical monitoring is conducted by the State.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
6,658
896*
1,355
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances or exemptions have been granted
to any Texas PWSs.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information and general
compliance information is provided in Texas'
report. In Texas, most of the chemical monitor-
ing is conducted by the State. In 1996, 94.2%
of all Texas PWSs were in compliance with the
Federal and State laws governing drinking water
quality.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Texas. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Texas has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this
report has not been provided. General informa-
tion on its availability may be obtained from:
Water Utilities Division, Texas Natural Resource
Conservation Commission, P.O. Box 13087,
Austin, TX 78711-3087, phone (512) 239-6020.
B-52 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Utah 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitc ring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
1.206
111
Total Coliform Rule
SI
285.
213.
Surface Water Treatment Rule
fl
Lead and Copper Rule
0
0
'"The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
963
138
1.588
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information was provided on variances or
exemptions during the 1996 calendar year for
Utah PWSs. SDWIS/FED did not report any
variance or exemption violations.
DISCUSSION
The data table provided did not provide viola-
tions or system data; therefore, SDWIS/FED
data were used.
This page provides a summary of the ds.ta
reported by the State of Utah. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Utah has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATIil PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Utah's State Report is available by contacting
the State at Utah Division of Drinking Water,
P.O. Box 144830, Salt Lake City, UT 84114-
4830, Attention: Ken Bousfield, phone (801)
536-4207.
1996 National Annual Public VVkter Systems Compliance Report
September 1798 B-53
-------
Appendix B
State of Vermont 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
6
133
Systems in
Violation
6
88
Treatment Technique
Violations
*-
20
3
Systems in
Violation
- '
20
3
Significant Monitoring
Violations
126
237
0
109
Systems in
Violation
1.17
145
0
109
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1,270
488
634
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances or exemptions have been granted
to any Vermont PWSs.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided
in Vermont's report.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Vermont. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Vermont
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Vermont's State Report is available by contact-
ing the State at Water Supply Division, 103 S.
Main St, Waterbury, VT 05671-0403, phone
(802) 241-3400.
B-54 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
Virgin Islands 1996 Annual Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MGL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
110
54*
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
0
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
There were 12 PWSs which had both MCL violations and monitoring violations in 1996.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
305
130*
216
*Sum of State systems in violation potentially contains double counting.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where data from the Virgin Islands were not available:
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances or exemptions have been granted
to any PWSs in the Virgin Islands.
DISCUSSION
A table of data for drinking water violations
during 1996 was provided and is summarized
above. Approximately 8.75% of PWSs in viola-
tion were for not monitoring for biological
contaminants (total coliform) or for failing to
properly report their monitoring data. Approxi-
mately 14% of the PWSs in the Virgin Islands
had at least one month during 1996 in which
they had at least two water samples test positive
for total coliform.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the Virgin Islands. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the Virgin Islands has
fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
The Virgin Islands Report can be obtained by
contacting Austin Moorehead, Director, Division
of Environmental Protection, Virgin Islands
Department of Planning and Natural Resources,
Building 111, Apartment 114, Watergut Homes,
Christiansted, St. Croix, USVI, 00820, phone
(340) 775-0565.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-55
-------
Appendix B
State of Virginia 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Significant Monitonng
Chemical Contaminant Group
Surface Water Treatment Rule
'"The Chemical Contaminant Group Includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trfhalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been Included and underlined where the State data were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
Includes 161 systems with significant noncompliance determinations due in 1996.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
4.241
733*
820
Sum of State systems In violation potentially contains
double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information was provided on any variances
or exemptions granted to any Virginia PWSs
during the 1996 calendar year. SDWIS/FED did
not report any variance or exemption violations.
DISCUSSION
Basic information on Virginia PWSs is provided
in the State report. A summary of compliance
assistance activity is also provided. There were
8,018 technical assistance contacts made
during the 1996 calendar year.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Virginia. EPA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Virginia
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Virginia's State Report is available by accessing
the State's Web site at http://
www.vdh.state.va.us or by contacting any of the
State's following six field offices: Office of Water
Programs, Abingdon Field Office - Field 1, 454
East Main Street, Abingdon, VA 24210, phone
(540) 676-5650 and fax (540) 676-5659; Office of
Water Programs, Lexington Field Office - Field
2, 131 Walker Street, Lexington, VA 24450,
phone (540) 463-7136 and fax (540) 463-3892;
Office of Water Programs, Southeast Virginia
Field Office - Field 3, 5700 Thurston Avenue -
Suite 203, Virginia Beach, VA 23455, phone
(757) 363-3876 and fax (757) 363-3955; Office
of Water Programs, East Central Field Office -
Field 4, 300 Turner Road, Richmond, VA 23225,
phone 1(804) 674-2880 and fax (804) 674-2815;
Office of Water Programs, Danville Field Office -
Field 5, 1347 Piney Forest Road, Danville, VA
24540, phone (804) 836-8416 and fax (804) 836-
8424; Office of Water Programs, Culpeper Field
Office - Field 6, 400 South Main Street - 2nd
Floor, Culpeper, VA 22701-3318, phone (540)
829-7340 and fax (540) 829-7337.
B-56 September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
_
-------
A'ipendvxB
State of Washington 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATDONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
745
501
1,281
1,281
Surface Water Treatment Rule
232
62
13
Lead and Copper Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
4,184
1,254
2,322
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No variances or exemptions have been issued to
any PWSs in Washington.
DISCUSSION
A table of State data for drinking water viola-
tions was provided and is summarized above.
The report referenced a 1996 study of the State
information management system which found.it
to be inadequate to respond to the requirements
of the 1996 Amendments. Only 50% of
Washington's program information management
needs were being supported by data systems. A
multi year program was initiated in 1997 to
redesign the entire data structure.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of Washington. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided and is
not commenting on whether the State of Wash-
ington has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Washington's State Report is available by ac-
cessing the State's Web site at http://
www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/dw/ or by contacting the
State at Division of Drinking Water, P.O. Box
47822, Olympia, WA 98504-7822.
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 1998 B-57
-------
Appendix B
State of West Virginia 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Conform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Violations
0
121
H|BB||B
; ซf>V'"!W;\
ti;"'1! iwjSI'ii'ij/t;''."^"
Systems in
Violation
0
no*
MKfc
P |I "W f^Wm1 ซ*. '
''rtiift'w ? .-
wf if|i?;'iftir-;e'ซ
Treatment Technique
Violations
tSf^f^lW
Vi|l)'jl | t "<
38
0
Systems in
Violation
"fUjW^j-MhU'
Im&t^* 5*r
*>* S 5ป . ^ f ป f-
Jซ, * ,A '
19
0
Significant Monitoring
Violations
1,969
646
0
3
Systems in
Violation
398
452
0
288**
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Sum of acute (76) and non-acute (34) MCL.
**Sum of initial lead and copper tap monitoring and reporting (285) and follow-up or routine lead and copper tap monitoring and
reporting (3).
Data from SDWIS/FED have been included and underlined where the State data were not available.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
1.374
1,267*
2,777
Sum of State systems In violation potentially contains double counting.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
No information was provided on variances or
exemptions granted to any West Virginia PWSs
during the 1996 calendar year. SDWIS/FED did
not report any variance or exemption violations.
DISCUSSION
A summary table of State data for drinking
water violations during 1996 was provided and
is summarized above.
This page provides a summary of the data
reported by the State of West Virginia. EPA has
not interpreted the information provided and is
not commenting on whether the State of West
Virginia has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORTS
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this
report has not been provided. General informa-
tion may be obtained from: Environmental
Engineering Division, Office of Environmental
Health Services, Bureau of Public Health, 815
Quarrier Street, Suite 401, Charleston, WV
25301, phone (304) 558-2981.
B-58 * September 1998
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
-------
Appendix B
State of Wisconsin 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Violations Category
MCL
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Treatment Technique
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Significant Monitoring
Violations
Systems in
Violation
Chemical Contaminant Group
27
27
4,352
1,014
Total Coliform Rule
720
610
1,005
S39
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
169
168
'"The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable.
1996 TOTALS
Total Number of Regulated Systems
Total Number of Systems in Violation
Total Number of Violations
11,895*
2,762
6,277
*I998 data, no historical data was available.
1996 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
Wisconsin did not grant variances or exemp-
tions in 1996.
DISCUSSION
General PWS inventory information is provided
in Wisconsin's report. Approximately 95% of the
PWSs in Wisconsin were in compliance with
monitoring requirements. The three main
reasons for systems' noncompliance were lack of
training or understanding the SDWA require-
ments, operator turnover, and cost of monitor-
ing. Wisconsin's Department of Natural Re-
sources is addressing these issues through
development of operator certification and capac-
ity programs. Over 96% of the people served by
PWSs in Wisconsin received drinking water
within the SDWA limits. Most MCL violations
were associated with potential bacterial con-
tamination which are short-term in na'rure and
resolved quickly.
This page provides a summary of the d ata
reported by the State of Wisconsin. EFA has not
interpreted the information provided and is not
commenting on whether the State of Wisconsin
has fully reported all violations.
WHERE TO OBTAIN 1996 ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC
WATER SYSTEMS REPORT
Wisconsin's State Report is available by contact-
ing the State at Wisconsin Department of Natu-
ral Resources, P.O. Box 7921, Madison, WI
53707, Attention: Jim Zellmer - DG/2, phone
(608) 267-7581, zellmj@dnr.state.wi.us (elec-
tronic mail).
1996 National Annual Public Water Systems Compliance Report
September 998 B-59
-------
Appendix B
State of Wyoming 1996 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
VIOLATIONS FOR 1996
Significant Monitoring
Chemical Contaminant Group
Surface Water Treatment Rule
The Chemical Contaminant Group includes MCL violations and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total
trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants.
Shaded areas of this chart are not applicable. _._ _ ____ .
-------
-------
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8
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