United States
           Environmental Protection
           Agency -.. ..-;;' : ••:•:,/^.;
           Profile OfTKl
           Non-Fuel, NofT-Metal
           Mining Industry"
NOTEBOOKS

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                  UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
                                                                         THE ADMINISTRATOR
Message from the Administrator

Over the past 25 years, our nation has made tremendous progress in protecting public health and
our environment while promoting economic prosperity. Businesses as large as iron and steel
plants and businesses as small as the dry cleaner on the corner have worked with EPA to find
ways to operate cleaner, cheaper, and smarter. As a result, we no longer have rivers catching on
fire. Our skies are clearer. American environmental technology and expertise are in demand
throughout the world.

The Clinton Administration recognizes that to continue this progress, we must move beyond the
pollutant-by-pollutant approaches of the past to comprehensive, facility-wide approaches for the
future. Industry by industry and community by community, we must build a new generation of
environmental protection.

Within the past two years, the Environmental Protection Agency undertook its Sector Notebook
Project to compile, for a number of key industries, information about environmental problems and
solutions, case studies and tips about complying with regulations. We called on industry leaders,
state regulators, and EPA staff with many years of experience in these industries and with their
unique environmental issues. Together with notebooks for 17 other industries, the notebook you
hold in your hand is the result.

These notebooks will help business managers to better understand their regulatory requirements,
learn more about how others in their industry have undertaken regulatory compliance and the
innovative methods some have found to prevent pollution in the first instance.  These notebooks
will give useful information to state regulatory agencies moving toward industry-based programs.
Across EPA we will use this manual to better integrate our programs and improve our compliance
assistance efforts.

I encourage you to use this notebook to evaluate and improve the way that together we achieve
our important environmental protection goals. I am confident that these notebooks will help us to
move forward in ensuring that — in industry after industry, community after community ~
environmental protection and economic prosperity go hand in hand.
                                               Carol M. Brownar
          Recycled/Recyclable • Printed with Vegetable Based Inks on Recycled Paper (20% Postconsumer)

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NoTV-I?u.el, Non-Metal Mining
Sector Notebook Project
                                                        EPA/310-R-95-011
EPA Office  of  Compliance  Sector Notebook  Project

      Profile  of  the  Non-Fuel,  Non-Metal Mining
                             Industry
                             September 1995
                           Office of Compliance
               Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
                   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                        401 M St., SW (MC 2221-A)
                          Washington, DC 20460
                         For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office
                  Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
                             ISBN 0-16T048278-X
SIC Code 14
     September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
This report is one in a series of volumes published by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to  provide information of  general  interest  regarding
environmental issues associated with specific industrial sectors.  The documents
were developed under contract by Abt Associates (Cambridge, MA), and Booz-Allen
& Hamilton, Inc.  (McLean, VA).  This publication may be purchased from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S.  Government Printing Office.  A  listing of
available Sector Notebooks and document numbers is included at the end of this
document.
All telephone orders should be directed to:

      Superintendent of Documents
      U.S. Government Printing Office
      Washington, DC 20402
      (202) 512-1800
      FAX (202) 512-2250
      8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., EST, M-F
Using the form provided at the end of this document, all mail orders should be
directed to:                         .     ,           •          -          •

      U.S. Government Printing Office
      P.O. Box 371954
      Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954
Complimentary volumes  are available to certain groups or subscribers, such as
public and academic libraries, Federal, State, local, and foreign governments, and the
media.  For further information, and for answers to questions pertaining to these
documents,  please refer to the contact names and numbers provided within this
volume.
Electronic versions of all Sector Notebooks are available on the EPA Enviro$en$e
Bulletin Board  and  via Internet  on  the  Enviro$ense World  Wide  Web.
Downloading procedures are described in Appendix A of this document.


All photographs  by  Steve Delaney,  EPA   Photographs courtesy of Luck  Stone
Corporation, Leesburg,  Virginia.  Special thanks  to John LeGore.
September 1995 ,
              SIC Code 14

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 Sector Notebook. Project
                                                 Non-Fuel, Non-
                      Contacts for Available Sector Notebooks
 The Sector Notebooks were developed by the EPA Office of Compliance.  Particular
 questions regarding the Sector Notebbok Project in general can be directed to the
 EPA Work Assignment Managers:
       Michael Barrette
       US EPA Office of Compliance
       401 M St., SW (2223-A)
       Washington, DC 20460
       (202) 564-7019
                                   Gregory Waldrip
                                   US EPA Office of Compliance
                                   401 M St., SW (2223-A)
                                   Washington, DC 20460
                                   (202) 564-7024
 Questions and comments regarding the individual documents can be directed to the
 appropriate specialists listed below.
 Document Number
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 •EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
. EPA/310-
 EPA/310-
R-95-001.
R-95-002.
R-95-003.
R-95-004.
R-95-005.
R-95-006.
R-95-007.
R-95-008.
R-95-009.
R-95-010.
R-95-011.
R-95-012.
R-95-013.
R-95-014.
R-95-015.
R-95-016.
•R-95-017.
 EPA/310-R-95-018.
          Industry

Dry Cleaning Industry
Electronics and Computer Industry
Wood Furniture and Fixtures Industry
Inorganic Chemical Industry
Iron and Steel Industry
Lumber and Wood Products Industry
Fabricated Metal Products Industry
Metal Mining Industry
Motor Vehicle Assembly Industry
Nohferrous Metals Industry
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry
Organic Chemical Industry
Petroleum Refirtmg Industry
Printing Industry
Pulp and Paper Industry
Rubber and Plastic Industry
Stone, Clay, Glass and
Concrete Industry
Transportation Equipment
Cleaning Industry
 Contact

Joyce Chandler
Steve Hoover
Bob Marshall
Walter DeRieux
Maria Malave
Seth Heminway
Greg Waldrip
Keith Brown
Suzanne Childress
Jane Engert
Keith Brown
Walter DeRieux
Tom Ripp
Ginger Gotiiffe
Maria Eisemann
Maria Malave
Scott Throwe
Phone (202)

 564-7073
 564-7007
 564-7021
 564-7067
 564-7027
 564-7017
 564-7024
 564-7124
 564-7018
 564-5021
 564-7124
 564-7067
 564-7003
 564-7072
 564-7016
 564-7027
 564-7013
                                             Virginia Lathrop   564-7057 -
   A Federal Facilities Profile is under development and will be completed later in 1995.
   (Contact:  Sarah Walsh, 202-260-6118)
 September 1995
                             111
                                                               SIC Code 14

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Non-Fuel/ Non-Metal Mining
                                                          Sector Notebook Project
                       NON-FUEL, NON-METAL MINING
                                  (SIC 14)
                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                     Page
n.
IV.
V.
LIST OF EXHIBITS ...... . ....................................... .. [[[ vi
LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................... , ....................... . ........ . .................................................. vii
I.     INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT ............................................ 1
      LA.    Summary of the Sector Notebook Project... .......................................... 1
      LB.    Additional Information [[[ 2
      INTRODUCTION TO THE NON-FUEL, NON-METAL MINING INDUSTRY ............ ..4
      H.A.   Introduction, Background and Scope of the Notebook ................... ...4
      H.B.    Characterization of the Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry ..... 5
             II.B.1.    Industry Size and Geographic Distribution ........... . ............ 5
             E.B.2.    Product Characterization ............... . ........... . ........................... 10
             n.B.3.    Economic Trends ........................................ ; ............. .....'. ........ 11
      INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION ..... .... .......... . ............................................ ....... 13
      m.A.   Industrial Processes in the Non-Fuel, Non-Metal
             Mining Industry [[[ 13
      HI.B.   Mining Process Waste Outputs ......... ....... . ........................................ .....20
             m.B.l.    Process-Specific Wastes ...................... . ................................... 20
             m.B.2.    Mineral-Specific Pollutants ................. i .................... . ........... 22
      WASTE RELEASE PROFILE .............................. . .................... . ..................................... 25

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Sector Notebook Project
                                                       Non-Fuel, Nan-Metal Mining
                        NON-FUEL , NON-METAL MINING
                                    (SIC 14)
                          TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D)
                                                                         Page
VI.
      SUMMARY OF FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS	36
   •~  VI.A.   General Description of Major Statutes	.36
      VLB.   Industry Specific Regulations	47
      VI.C.   Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements	55
VII.  COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT PROFILE	58
      VILA.  Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry Compliance History	62
      VII.B.  Comparison of Enforcement Activity Between    .
              Selected Industries.....	64
      VII.C.  Review of Major Legal Actions	69
              VII.C.l.  Review of Major Cases	69
VIII.  COMPLIANCE ACT^YITJEES Ai^jtNiTiATiyES.	70
    •  VIII.A.  Sector-Related Environmental Programs and Activities	70
      VIII.B.  EPA Voluntary Programs............	.........73
      Vin.C.  Trade Association/Industry-Sponsofed Activity.:.,.	75
              VIII.C.l., Environmental Programs...................	.........76
              VHI.C.2.  Summary of Trade Associations..:..	76
IX.   CONTACTS/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS/RESOURCE MATERIALS/
 7    BIBLIOGRAPHY	..;........<	.....83
 September 1995
                                                                     SIC Code 14

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Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
Sector Notebook Project
                        NON-METAL , NON-FUEL MINING
                                    (SIC 14)
                                LIST OF EXHIBITS

                                                                         Page
Exhibit 1    Leading Crushed Stone Producers	6,7
Exhibit 2    Leading Sand and Gravel Producers	8
Exhibit 3    Geographic Distribution of the Industry	....,	..9
Exhibit 4    Flow Diagram for a Typical Sand and Gravel Operation	14
Exhibit 5    Process Waste Materials	<	22
Exhibit 6    Ecosystem Mitigation Measures	.	24
Exhibit 7    P.ollutant Releases (Short Tons/Year)	26
Exhibit 8    AIRS Releases	,.... 27,28,29
Exhibit 9    Waste Minimization Options	33,34
Exhibit 10   Mine Discharges Subject to Permitting	50
Exhibit 11   Five-Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary for the
            Non-Metal, Non-Fuel Mining Industry	63
Exhibit 12   Five-Year Enforcement and  Compliance Summary
            for Selected Industries	65
Exhibit 13   One-Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary
            for Selected Industries	..'	66
Exhibit 14   Five-Year Inspection and Enforcement Statute for
            Selected Industries	....67
Exhibit 15   One-Year Inspection and Enforcement Summary by Statute
            for Selected Industries	'.	.......68
SIC Code 14
                                      VI
     September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
                  Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
                       NON-FUEL,NON-METAL MINING
                                  (SIC 14)
                             LIST OF ACRONYMS
AFS -     ; AIRS Facility Subsystem (CAA database)
AIRS -      Aerometric Information Retrieval System (CAA database)
AMD -      Acid Mine Drainage
ARD -       Acid Rock Drainage                                        ,
BIFs -       Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (RCRA)
BOD -       Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CAA-       Clean Air Act
CAAA -     Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
CERCLA-   Comprehensive. Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability
            Act                                           •
CERCLIS-   CERCLA Information System
CFCs-       Chlorofluorocarbons
CO-        Carbon Monoxide
COD -       Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSI -        Common  Sense Initiative
CWA -      Clean Water Act                                         ..
D&B -       Dun and Bradstreet Marketing Index
ELP-        Environmental Leadership Program
EPA -       United States Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA      Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
FIFRA -     Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
FINDS -     Facility Indexing System
f.o.b.-       Free On Board or Freight On Board
HAPs -      Hazardous Air Pollutants (CAA)
HSDB -      Hazardous Substances Data Bank
IDEA-      Integrated Data for Enforcement Analysis
LDR -       Land Disposal Restrictions (RCRA)
LEPCs-      Local Emergency Planning Committees
MACT -     Maximum Achievable Control Technology (CAA)
MCLGs-    Maximum Contaminant Level Goals
MCLs-.      Maximum Contaminant Levels
MEK -       Methyl Ethyl Ketone
MSDSs -    Material Safety Data Sheets
NAAQS -   National Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAA)
NAFTA -   North American Free Trade Agreement
NCDB -     National Compliance Database (for TSCA, FIFRA, EPCRA)
NCP -       National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
NEIC-      National Enforcement Investigation Center
NESHAP -   National Emission* Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NO2 -       Nitrogen Dioxide  \
NOV -      Notice of Violation\
September 1995
VII
                               SIC Code 14

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Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
Sector Notebook Project
                      NON-FUEL,NON-METAL MINING
                                  (SIC 14)
                         LIST OF ACRONYMS (CONT'D)

NOx -      Nitrogen Oxide
NPDES -   National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (CWA)
NPL -      National Priorities List
NRC -     National Response Center
NSPS -     New Source Performance Standards (CAA)
OAR -     Office of Air and Radiation
OECA -     Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
OPA -      Oil Pollution Act                         ."••'.
OPPTS -    Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances
OSHA -    Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSW-     Office of Solid Waste
OSWER -   Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
OW-       Office of Water      ,
P2-        Pollution Prevention
PCS -       Permit Compliance System (CWA Database)
POTW -    Publicly Owned Treatments Works              .
RCRA -     Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCRIS -    RCRA Information System             .'  •  •   >
SARA -    Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SDWA -    Safe Drinking Water Act
SEPs-      Supplementary Environmental Projects
SERCs -    State Emergency Response Commissions
SIC-       Standard Industrial Classification
SO2-       Sulfur Dioxide
SX/EW -   Solvent Extraction/Electrowinning
TOC -      Total Organic Carbon
TRI -       Toxic Release Inventory
TRIS -     Toxic Release Inventory System
TRIS -     Toxic Chemical Release Inventory System
TSCA -     Toxic Substances Control Act
TSS -       Total Suspended Solids
UIC -       Underground Injection Control (SDWA)
UST -      Underground Storage Tanks (RCRA)
VOCs -     Volatile Organic  Compounds
SIC Code 14
     September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
                                                                Metal Mining
                              METAL MINING
                                  (SIC10)   i
                         LIST OF ACRONYMS (CONT'D)

NOX-       Nitrogen Oxide
NOV -      Notice of Violation
NPDES -    National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (CWA)
NPL-       National Priorities List
NRC -      National Response Center
NSPS -      New Source Performance Standards (CAA)
OAR-      Office of Air and Radiation
OECA -     Office of Enforcement  of Compliance Assurance
OPA-       Oil Pollution Act
OPPTS -     Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances
OSHA -     Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSW -      Office of Solid Waste                     •     •
OSWER -   Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
OW -       Office of Water
P2-        Pollution Prevention
PCS-       Permit Compliance System (CWA Database)
POTW -    Publicly Owned Treatments Works
RCRA-     Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCRIS -     RCRA Information System
SARA -     Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SDWA -    Safe Drinking Water Act
SEPs-      Supplementary Environmental Projects
SERCs -     State Emergency Response Commissions
SIC -       Standard Industrial Classification
SO2-       Sulfur Dioxide
SX/EW -   Solvent Extraction/Electrowinning
TRI -       Toxic Release Inventory
TRIS -      Toxic Release Inventory System
TRIS -      Toxic Chemical Release Inventory System
TSCA -  .  Toxic Substances Control Act
TSS -    -   Total Suspended  Solids
UIC -       Underground Injection Control (SDWA)
UST-      Underground Storage Tanks (RCRA)
VOCs -      Volatile Organic Compounds
 September 1995
                                   IX
                                                                   SIC Code 10

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Sector Notebook Project
                                                      Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
                       NON-FUEL, NON-METAL MINING
                                   (SIC 14)
I.     INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT
LA.   Summary of the Sector Notebook Project
                   .1          '.•''.'
            Environmental policies based upon comprehensive analysis,of air,
            water, and land pollution are an inevitable and logical supplement to
            traditional single-media approaches to  environmental  protection.
            Environmental  regulatory  agencies are  beginning  to  embrace
            comprehensive,  multi-statute  solutions  to facility  permitting,
            enforcement and compliance assurance, education/outreach, research,
            and regulatory development issues.  The central concepts driving the
            new policy direction are that pollutant releases to each environmental
           .medium  (air, water, and  land)  affect each other,  and  'that
            environmental strategies must actively  identify and address these
            inter-relationships by designing policies for the "whole"  facility.  One
            way to  achieve, a'whole facility  focus  is to design environmental
            policies for similar industrial facilities.   By doing so, environmental
            concerns that are  common to the  manufacturing of similar products
            can be addressed in a comprehensive manner.  Recognition of the need
            to develop the industrial  "sector-based" approach within the EPA
            Office of Compliance led to the creation of this document.

            The Sector Notebook Project was initiated by the Office of Compliance
            within the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)
            to provide its staff  and managers with summary information for
            eighteen specific industrial sectors.  As other  EPA offices, States, the
            regulated community, environmental groups,, and the public became
            interested in this project, the scope  of the original project was
            expanded.   The  ability to  design comprehensive, common sense
            environmental protection  measures  for  specific   industries  is
            dependent on knowledge of several inter-related  topics.  For the
            purposes of this project/the key elements chosen for  inclusion are:
            general industry information (economic, and geographic); a description
           , -of industrial  processes;  pollution  outputs; pollution prevention
            opportunities; Federal statutory and regulatory framework; compliance
            history; and  a description of partnerships, that have been formed
            between regulatory agencies,, the regulated community, and the public.

            For any given industry, each, topic listed above could alone be the
             subject  of a lengthy  volume.   However,  in order  to  produce  a
       '      manageable document, this project  focuses on  providing summary


 September 1995               "    ""   1    '                        SIC Code 14

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 Non-Fuel,. Non-Metal Mining
Sector Notebook Project
             information for each topic.  This format provides the reader with a
             synopsis  of  each  issue, and references  where more  in-depth
             information is available.  Text within each profile was researched from
             a variety of sources, and was usually condensed from more detailed
             sources pertaining to specific topics.  This approach allows for a wide
             coverage of activities that can be further  explored based upon the
             citations and references listed at the end of this profile.  As a check on
             the information included, each  notebook went through  an  external
             review process.  The Office of Compliance appreciates the efforts of all
             those that participated in this process and enabled us to develop more
             complete, accurate, and up-to-date summaries ;• Many of those who
             reviewed this notebook are listed as contacts in Section IX and may be
             sources of additional information. The individuals and groups on this
             list do not necessarily concur with all statements within this notebook.
 I.E.   Additional Information

 Providing Comments

             OECA's Office of Compliance plans to periodically review and update
             title notebooks and will make these updates available both in hard copy
             and  electronically.   If you have  any comments on the existing
             notebook, or if you would like to provide additional information,
             please  send a hard copy and computer disk to the EPA Office of
             Compliance,  Sector Notebook Project, 401  M St.,  SW  (2223-A),
             Washington, DC 20460.   Comments can also be uploaded to  the
             Enviro$en$e Bulletin Board or the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web for
             general access to all" users of the  system.   Follow instructions in
             Appendix A for accessing these data systems. Once you have logged in,
             procedures  for  uploading text  are  available from the on-line
             Enviro$en$e Help System.

Adapting Notebooks to Particular Needs

             The  scope of the existing notebooks  reflect an approximation of  the
             relative national  occurrence of facility types that occur within each
             sector.  In many "instances, industries within specific geographic regions
             or States may have unique characteristics that are not fully captured in
             these profiles.  For this reason, the Office  of Compliance encourages
             State and  local  environmental  agencies  and other  groups  .to
            supplement or re-package  the information included, in this notebook to
            include more specific industrial and regulatory information that may
            be available. Additionally, interested States may  want to supplement
            the "Summary of  Applicable Federal Statutes and  Regulations" section
            with State and local requirements.  Compliance or technical assistance

SIC Code 14                             2                          September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
            providers may also want to develop the "Pollution Prevention" section
            in more detail.  Please contact the appropriate specialist listed on the
            opening page of this notebook if your office is interested in assisting us
            in the further development of the  information or policies addressed
            within  this volume.

            If you are  interested in assisting in the development of new notebooks
            for sectors not covered  in the original eighteen, please  contact the
            Office of Compliance at 202-564-2395.
                                      /
            Because this profile was not intended to be a stand-alone document
            concerning the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry, appended is a
            full reference of additional EPA documents and reports on this subject/
            as listed in the March edition of the Federal Register.
 September 1995
                                                                      SIC Code 14

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r
              Non-Fuel/ Non-Metal Mining
Sector Notebook Project
              n.     INTRODUCTION TO THHE NON-FUEL, NON-METAL MINING INDUSTRY

                          This section provides background information on the size, geographic
                          distribution, employment, production, sales,  and economic condition
                          of  the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry.  The type of facilities
                          described within the document are also described in terms of their
                          Standard Industrial Classification  (SIC)  codes.   Additionally,  this
                          section contains a list of the largest companies  in terms of production.


              II.A.   Introduction, Background and Scope of the Notebook

                          This profile provides an overview of SIC code 14,  which includes
                          mining  and quarrying of  nonmetallic minerals, except fuels;  and
                          establishments engaged primarily in mining or quarrying, developing
                          mines, or exploring for non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals.  Also included
                          are certain well and brine operations,  and primary preparation plants
                          engaged in crushing, grinding, and washing.

                          Mining is defined  simply as the taking of minerals from the earth.
                          Minerals can be classified as either fuel minerals or non-fuel minerals.
                          Non-fuel minerals  can be  further divided  into  metallic  and
                          nonmetallic minerals.   This industrial profile is  concerned only with
                          tihe mining  and quarrying of non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals, although
                          many  of the mining activities and processes involved are very similar
                          to those performed in mining metallic minerals.  Quarrying is an
                          open-pit mining process designed specifically for the removal of either,
                          dimension stone or crushed  stone by the cutting and loosening of
                          blocks or blasting.

                          Establishments engaged  primarily  in  crushing, pulverizing, or
                          otherwise  treating non-metal minerals  are classified  as  mining
                          facilities, whether,or  not they operate in conjunction with  mines.
                          However, if the crushing, pulverizing, or other treating activities take
                          place off-site, the establishments are classified  under SIC 3295 and are
                          not addressed by this profile.

                          SIC 14 categorizes the industry according to the types of minerals
                          mined. The following list indicates the three-digit SIC codes used to
                          further distinguish the types of minerals within the industry, and their
                          associated end uses:

                               SIC 141,-    Dimension Stone/End Uses:  Construction
                               SIC 142 -    Crushed and Broken Stone,  Including Riprap/End.
                                           Uses: Construction
             SIC Code 14
      September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
                                                       Noil-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
                  SIC 144-    Sand and Gravel/End Uses: Construction, Lime
                              Manufacturing
                  SIC 145-    Clay, Ceramic, and Refractory Minerals/End Uses:
                              Bricks, Cement and Paper
                  SIC 147 -    Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining/End Uses:
                              Glass, Soaps, and Fertilizer
                  SIC 148 -    Nonmetallic Minerals Services, Except Fuels
                  SIC 149 -    Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Minerals, Except
                              Fuels/End Uses:  Insulation, Textiles,
  .                            and Abrasives.

            Separate profiles have been developed for the metal mining, and stone,
            clay, glass, and concrete products industries.


II.B.  Characterization of the Non-Metal, Non-Fuel Mining Industry

  •          The industry covered in this profile comprises establishments engaged
            in mining or  quarrying, developing mines, or exploring for non-fuel,
            nonmetallic minerals - such as dimension  stone; crushed and broken
            stone; sand and gravel; clay, ceramic, and refractory minerals; chemical
            and fertilizer minerals, and other miscellaneous non-fuel, nonmetallic
            minerals.  Also  included under this SIC code are primary preparation
            plants,  such as  those engaged in crushing, grinding, or washing non-
            fuel,  nonmetallic minerals.   This section of  the  profile provides
            information on industry  size and geographic  distribution, product
            characterization, and economic trends.  The predominant Industries in
            this SIC code are  crushed stone and sand and gravel.  This section of
            the profile concentrates heavily on these two industries.


II.B.1. Industry Size  and Geographic Distribution l
 Crushed Stone Producers    '     ,

             A total freight on board (f.o.b.) of 1.1 billion metric tons of crushed
             stone, valued at $5.9 'billion was reported produced in the United States
             in 1993 by 1,566 companies with  3,213 operations and 3,915 active
             quarries through open-pit mining:  (See Section III.A. for a discussion
             of mining processes.)  Most of the crushed stone produced in 1993 came
             from operations with an annual output greater than 300,000 tons; 1,182
             operations, representing 37 percent  of the total, produced  84 percent of
             the total tonnage.                                   •
 September 1995
                                                                      SIC Code 14

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 Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
Sector Notebook Project
             In 1993 the ten top producing states, in descending order of tonnage
             were Texas, Pennsylvania, Florida, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, Virginia,
             Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, accounting for 51 percent of the
             total domestic output.

             Exhibit 1 lists the ten leading companies that produce crushed stone in
             the  United States.   These ten companies,  with a total of 507 active
             operations and 509 quarries, account for 31 percent of the total output
             of crushed stone in the United States.

                                      Exhibit 1
                        10 Leading Crushed Stone Producers
                      (In terms of total output of crushed stone)
Company
1. Vulcan Materials Company
2. Beazer USA, Inc. /Hanson PLC
3. Martin Marietta Aggregates
4. CSR America, Inc.
Number of
Active
Operations
158
98
130
24
States
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee,
Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin
Alabama, Arizona, California, Georgia,
Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, New Mexico,
New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon,
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington
Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland,
Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio,
South Carolina, Virginia, Wisconsin
Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Ohio, South
Carolina
     Source: Directory of Principal Crushed Stone Producers in the United States in 1993. U.S. Department of the
                                 Interior, Bureau of Mines.
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Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
                                 Exhibit 1 (cont'd)
                        Leading Crushed Stone Producers
                    (In terms of total output of crushed stone)
Company
5 Rogers Group Inc.
6. Lafarge, Corporation
7. Florida Rock Industries, Inc.
8. Tarmac America, Inc.
9. Dravo Corporation
10. Lone Star Industries, Inc. •
Number of
Active
Operations
27
20
18
11
11
12
States
t
Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio,
Tennessee, Virginia
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky,
Michigan, Missouri, New York, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Texas
Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia
Florida, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia
Alabama, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Ohio
California, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri,
New York, Oklahoma, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, Texas
    Source:-. Directory of Principal Crushed Stone Producers m the United States in 1993.  U.b. Department of me
                                Interior, Bureau of Mines

            A total of 93 underground mines produced 65.2 million metric tons of
            crushed stone in 1993, as opposed to 1.1 billion metric tons produced
            from open-pit mining. Underground mines were  located in 20 states.
            The leading states in descending order of tonnage were Kentucky, Iowa,
            Illinois,  Missouri,  Indiana,  Maryland,  and  Tennessee.   Their
            production .represented  76  percent of the total  U.S. crushed stone
            produced from  underground mines.

Sand and Gravel Producers         '              ..

            A total of 919 (834 million short tons) of construction sand  and gravel
            valued at 3.3 billion, f o.b. plant, was reported produced in 1992 by 4,213
            companies  with 5,999 operations.   Some companies produced both
            construction and industrial sand and gravel from the same  operations.
            In 1992, most  of  the sand  and gravel  came  from  operations  that
            produced  more  than 200,000  tons  per year;  1,290 operations,
            representing 22 percent of the total, produced 71 percent of the total
            tonnage.

            Exhibit 2 lists the ten leading companies that produce sand and gravel
            in the United States.                                   .   • ,
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                                         Exhibit 2
         10 Leading Companies in Order of Total Output of Sand and Gravel
Company
1. Calmat Co.
2. Beazer USA, Inc./Hanson PLC
3. CSR America Inc.
4. Ashland Oil, Inc./APAC, Inc.
5. Redland PLC
6. Dravo Corporation
7. Vulcan Materials Co.
8. Lonestar Industries, Inc.
9. Pioneer Concrete of America
10. Lafarge Corp.
Number of
Active
Operations
28
43
39n
41
38
17
22
8
10
19
States
Arizona, California, New Mexico
Arkansas, California, Georgia, Indiana,
Louisiana, Nevada, New York, North
Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania,
Texas, Washington
Arizona, Georgia, Florida, Indiana,
Michigan, Nevada, Ohio, South Carolina,
Washington
Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida,
Georgia, Mississippi, Oklahoma, North
Carolina, South Carolina
Colorado, Kansas, Maryland, New Mexico,
Texas
Alabama, Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
West Virginia
Alabama, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin
California
Pennsylvania, Texas
Louisiana, Missouri, New York, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Texas, Washington,
West Virginia
    Source: Directory of Principal Sand and Gravel Producers in the United States in 1992. U.S. Department of the
                                   Interior, Bureau of Mines.
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Sector TS otebobk Project.
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
                                       Exhibits
                       Geographic Distribution of the Industry
           MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ROCK AND MINERAL
                      PRODUCING AREAS  - Part 1
                                                               •I Chlorite
                                                               O Diatomite
                                                               >_, Fluorspar
                                                               ~* Garnet
             9 Glauconite
             ฎ Gypsum/
                 Anhydrite
             A Helium
             V Iodine
             B Kyanite
             ฎ Magnesium
                 Compounds
             S Mica
             j Olivine
             • Peat
             ฉ Phosphate
             ฉ Potash
             O SalJ-
             Q Sodium Sulfate
                 and Trona
             V Sulfur
                 Pyrophyllite
              H Vermiculite
              01 Wollastonite
              •0 Zeolites
              ^ Zircon and
                < _ ilmenite
     MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ROCK AND  MINERAL PRODUCING
                                  AREAS -Part II
                                                        •\)
           /\ Quartz Crystal
           v   Lascas
           ^ Lithium
           ^ Abrasives (Silica)
           ฎ Bauxite
           (3 Bentonite
           ^ CliyfShale
           B Dimension Stone
           Q Feldspar
           f\ Fire Clay/
           v   Refractory Clay
           O Fuller's Earth
           Q Kaolin
           [J  Pertite
           Q  Pumice/Scoria
           PS  Silica/
               Industrial Sand
 Soon:   Mlntnl ContmaOty Smwmiu 1994.
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II.B.2. Product Characterization
            Crushed stone and sand and gravel are the two main sources of natural
            aggregate.  Both are used in almost all residential, commercial, and
            industrial buildings/and in most public works projects such as roads
            and highways, bridges, railroads,  dams, airports, water  and sewer
            systems, and runnels.  Together, crushed stone and sand  and gravel
            make up approximately half the volume  of mined minerals in  the
            United States.                                              ' •   •

            Crushed stone and sand and gravel are widely used commodities that
            are important elements in many national industries. Sand  and gravel
            (or sand alone) can  be used for industrial purposes such as foundry
            operations,  in glass  manufacturing, as an abrasive, and in filtration
            beds of water-treatment facilities.  Crushed stone is used as  a source of
            calcium for fertilizers, as a metallurgic fluxstone, and as the major
            resource in  the manufacture of cement and  lime.  It is also used in
            water and sewer filtration systems and in the manufacture of glass.

            Crushed stone and  sand  and gravel, however, are most  commonly
            used as aggregate in the  construction industry.  As an example, an
            average 1,500-square-foot home requires approximately 114 tons of
            aggregate.  If you add each home's  proportional share  of new streets,
            schools, churches, municipal projects, and shopping centers, the total
            aggregate use per home increases to  approximately 328 tons (Shumway
            and Silva, 1993).

            Many types of non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals comprise this industry.
            The major SIC groups  of non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals and some of
            the minerals within each group include: dimension stone (mica schist,
            granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate), crushed and broken stone
            (limestone, granite, dolomite, cement rock, sandstone, trap rock), sand
            and gravel (industrial sand, construction sand, gravel, pebble, silica,
            abrasive sand), clay,  ceramic, and refractory minerals (kaolin, ball clay,
            fire clay, china clay, paper clay,  kyanite),  chemical  and fertilizer
            minerals  (potassium  compounds,  boron  compounds,  sodium
            compounds, phosphate rock, sulfur), and  miscellaneous nonmetallic
            minerals (asbestos, diatomite, gypsum, asphalt rock, graphite, precious
            stones).  Some of the  more  commonly mined non-fuel, nonmetallic
            minerals include crushed and broken stone (limestone), sand  and
            gravel (silica sand), and clay (kaolin clay). Non-fuel, nonmetallic
            minerals are also referred to as industrial minerals.
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II.B.3. Economic Trends
            According to a Bureau of Mines Study, the demand for crushed stone
            in 1994 was expected to be about 1.17 billion metric tons (1.29  billion
            short tons), a 5 percent increase compared with that of 1993.  Gradual
            increases  in demand for construction aggregates have occurred after
            1994, based on increased volume of work on the infrastructure  that is
            being financed by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
            of 1991 and is the result of the recovery of the U.S. economy;  The law
            authorized $151 billion to be spent in the next 6 years on transportation
            projects, of which $119.5 billion was allocated for highway work and
            $32.5 billion for mass transit.

            It was  estimated that the demand for crushed stone will reach  1.3
            billion tons in 1995 although the final numbers for 1995 have not been
            released.  The projected increases will be influenced by construction
            activity primarily in the public as well as the private sector.

            Crushed stone f.o.b. prices are not expected to increase significantly,
            even if the  demand for construction  aggregates will rise over the
            forecasts.  However, the delivered prices of crushed stone are expected
            to increase, especially in and near metropolitan areas, mainly because
            more aggregates are transported from distant sources.

            The  demand for construction sand and gravel in 1993 was expected to
            be about 940 million tons, a 2.5 percent increase compared with that of
            1992.  Gradual increases in demand fdr  construction aggregates are
            anticipated after 1993 as well.  The factors that stimulate demand in the
            construction sand and gravel industry are similar to those  that affect
            the crushed stone industry (i.e., the Intermodal Surface Transportation
            Efficiency Act of 1991 and the recovery of the U.S. economy). Similarly,
            construction sand  and  gravel prices  are not expected  to rise
            significantly, except for the delivered prices.  It is estimated that the
            demand for construction sand and gravel will reach 975 million tons in
            1995.   The  projected  increases  will be  influenced by construction
            activity, primarily in the public construction sector..

            Dimension stone production  for 1993 was estimated at 1.17 million
            tons, approximately the same  as in 1992.  The construction industry, a
            major consumer of stone and stone products,  is expected to boost
            demand for stone and  stone  products.  Increases in new residential
            construction should also boost demand for stone and stone products.

            The  domestic construction industry also  provided an  impetus  for
            mineral demand in 1994.  The  construction industry is the largest
            domestic consumer of brick, clay, cement, sand  and gravel,  and stone.
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            Expenditures for road construction and maintenance (which consume
            large quantities of asphalt, cement, crushed stone, and sand and gravel)
            continued at a high level in 1994 and are expected to remain strong in
            1995  due to continued funding for mass transit projects. In addition,
            apartment building construction (a major end-use sector for brick clay,
            cement, sand and gravel, steel, and stone) rose sharply in 1994.
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                 Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
HI.   INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION

            This section describes the major industrial processes within the non-
            fuel,  non-metal  mining industry,  including the  materials  and
            equipment used, and the processes employed. The section is designed
            for, those interested in gaining a general understanding of the industry,
            and  for  those interested in  the  inter-relationship  between the
            industrial process and the topics  described in subsequent sections of
            waste outputs, pollution prevention  opportunities,  and  Federal
            regulations.   This section does not attempt to replicate published
            engineering information that  is available for this industry.  Refer to
            Section IX  for a  list of  reference documents  that are available to
            supplement this document.            ,    .

            This section specifically  contains a description of commonly  used
            production processes, associated  raw  materials, the byproducts
            produced or released, and the materials either recycled or transferred
            off-site.   This  discussion, coupled  with schematic drawings of the
            identified processes, provide a concise description of where wastes may
            be produced in the process. This section also describes the potential fate
            (air, water, land) of these waste products.
III.A. Industrial Processes in the Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry

            Minerals extraction is broadly divided into three basic methods:  open-
            pit or surface, underground,  and solution mining.  The mining
            method used depends on the particular mineral, the nature of the
            deposit, and the location of the deposit.  Each method is discussed
            briefly below.  For this industry, most mining  is open-pit or surface
            mining.
   /                                      ,
            Surface or open-pit mining requires extensive blasting, as well as rock,
            soil, and vegetation removal to reach mineral deposits. Waste rock, or
            overburden,  is piled  away from the mine.  Benches are cut into the
            walls of the  mine to provide access to progressively deeper ore, as
            upper-level ore is depleted.  Ore is removed from the mine and
            transported to processing plants for concentration.
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                                    Exhibit 4
                 Flow Diagram for a Typical Sand and Gravel Operation
             Source
: California EPA and the National Stone Association, Aggregate Plants Compliance
            Assistance Program, September, 1993.
             Underground mining involves extraction from beneath the surface at
             depths as great as 10,000 feet. This requires sinking shafts to reach the
             main body of deposits.  "Drifts," or passages, are then cut from the shaft
             at various depths to access the ore, which is removed to the surface for
             processing. Waste rock may be either returned to the mine  as fill or
             put in a disposal area.

             Fluid or solution mining entails drilling into intact  rock and using
             chemical solutions to dissolve lode deposits. During solution mining,
             the  leaching solution (usually  a  dilute  acid)  penetrates  the  ore,
             dissolving soluble minerals.  This  pregnant leach solution is then
             retrieved for recovery at a solvent extraction/electrowinning plant.

             Historically,  the  primary mining  method has  been  underground
             mining.  However, with the advent in recent decades of large earth
             moving  equipment, less  expensive energy sources, and improved

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                 Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining;
             extraction and beneficiation technologies, surface mining now prevails
             in most industry sectors.  It usually costs less to mine a ton of rock from
             an open-pit mine than from an underground mine. Whether  open-pit
             mining is ultimately less costly than underground mining is closely
             related to other factors such as stripping ratios, physical properties of
             the ore body, rates and productivity.
Minerals  Extraction ,
             The extraction of minerals from the earth often involves the use of
             mechanical means such  as drilling.  Some drill types include  rock,
             diamond, water-jet, and  jet flame.  Rock and diamond drills involve
             the rotation of a pipe or rod tipped with a rolling gear-like bit; water-jet
             drills use a powerful jet of water to blast materials loose; jet flame  drills
             use a high-velocity flame to.create holes in hard rock. Other machines
             unique to  mining  include mechanical miners  and specially adapted
             materials-handling  equipment for  use in underground and surface
             mining. Diesel  engines  are  used for generating small  quantities of
             electric power, in remote areas and for transportation units.

             Blasting is a method of mineral extraction involving the  displacement
             of solid rock through the  use of explosives. Blasting also fragments the
             deposit into sizes that require a minimum of secondary breakage, and
             that can be handled by loading and hauling equipment.  The explosive
             charge (usually a mixture of  ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) used in
             blasting must be strategically placed so as to break the solid material
             efficiently.

             Extraction without the use of mechanical methods is also possible if the
             material surrounding the mine opening is not  adequately supported.
             By removing underlying  support, the rock caves into the opening left
             by the removed supports. If rock needs to be broken down further for
             transportation, secondary breakage may be required.  This involves
             using drop-ball cranes on  the oversized rock to further reduce its size.
Minerals  Transportation
            The excavation and loading of broken rock is normally performed by
            mechanical shovels and front-end loaders.  The broken rock is either
            loaded into a haulage vehicle, such as a truck  or railroad track-type car
            for transport to a processing plant, or directly into a primary crusher.
            At most quarries, large capacity haulage vehicles are used to transport
            broken  rock from the quarry to  the primary  crusher.  Pipelines have
            also been used successfully to transport many different minerals, such
            as limestone, phosphates,  and sand  fills:   the dry material  is  first
            combined  with water  to form a slurry and is then pumped to its
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            destination for dewatering. If sufficient dump room or storage capacity
            exists near the mine, a system of belt conveyors can handle material at
            high rates and relatively low cost, but only if proper feed control of a
            sized material allows a continuous, even flow that matches the system
            design.  Other factors that  determine the practicality and size of a
            conveyor system are the rate at which the material, must be handled,
            the material's density and stickiness, the dusting or degradation on
            transfer, and the need for the system to handle more than  one product.
Minerals Processing
            Processing minerals  after their extraction and .transportation to  the
            processing plant involves the use  of crushers,  grinders, and screens.
            This equipment is used to separate or  scalp larger boulders from  the
            finer rocks that do not need primary  crushing, thus minimizing  the
            load to the primary  crusher.   Following  crushing, a  variety  of
            mechanical concentration  techniques  are used to concentrate  the
            desired minerals. Techniques used for  non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals
            include flotation, heavy  media  separation,  and electromagnetic
            separation.

            Flotation is a method of concentrating targeted minerals which uses
            the physical and chemical properties of  the minerals along with process
            chemicals to  separate desired minerals from remaining  wastes.
            Typically, the mineral is entered into an acidic or basic bath of flotation
            agents. Depending on the type of mineral being concentrated, this bath
            may consist of such chemicals as sulfuric acid, chromium, phenols,
            zinc, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid.  The wastes,
            including the spent process liquids,  are discarded.

            Heavy media separation utilizes mainly organic chemicals to separate
            minerals using the minerals' density differences.  Electromagnetic
            separation uses a magnetic field to remove impurities from the target
            mineral.

            Following are brief descriptions of processes  used in mining major
            non-fuel, nonmetallic  minerals.

Dimension  Stone

            Dimension stone refers to rock that is cut to a certain shape and size. It
            is commonly used as building material in the construction industry.
            Common types of dimension stone are limestone, granite, dolomite,
            sandstone, marble, and slate. Processing the stone begins with sawing
            the excavated rock into slabs using a rotating diamond or circular saw.
            Water is used to cool the saws and to remove particles. After the stone
            has been cut  to the desired  size, it  is finished using natural and

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                 Non-Fuel,. Non-Metal Mining
            synthetic abrasives. Natural abrasives include iron oxide, silica, garnet,
            and diamond dust.  Synthetic abrasives include silicon carbide, boron
            carbide, and fused alumina.

Crushed and Broken Stone, Including Riprap

            Nearly all  principal types  of stone, including  granite,  diabase,
            limestone, sandstone, dolomite, and marble may be used as sources of
            commercial crushed stone.  Stone that breaks  in chunky, cubical
            fragments and is free of surface alteration from weathering is preferred
            for crushed stone.  Such stone should also be free of impurities such as
            opalescent quartz,  which may react with lime in cement and cause
            disintegration of the  concrete in which the stone may be used.  Most
            crushed and broken  stone is mined from open quarries; however, in
            many areas,  factors favoring large-scale production by underground
            mining are becoming more frequent and more prominent.

            Surface mining equipment  varies with the kind of stone mined, the
            production capacity needed, the size and shape of the deposit, estimated
            life of the operation, location of the deposit with respect to urban
            centers, and other important factors.  Ordinarily, drilling is done with
            tricone rotary drills, long-hole percussion drills,  and churn drills.
            Blasting in smaller operations may still be done with dynamite, but in
            most medium-  to large-size operations, Ammonium nitrate fuel oil
            mixtures (AN-FO), which are much lower in cost, are used.

            Other processing activities include conveying, screening, secondary and
            tertiary crushing, and sizing.  Screening is  the single most important
            part of the processing cycle of crushed stone particles. A wide variety of
            screen types exists, and their selection is a function of  the material
            processed as well as the final product required.  Inclined vibratory
            screens are  most commonly used in stationary  installations, while
            horizontal screens  are used extensively  in portable  plants.   For
            screening large sizes of crushed stone, grizzly bars, rod decks, and heavy
       ^    punched steel or plastic plates are used; for smaller sizes, woven wire,"
            welded wire cloth, rubber, or plastic screens  are used. Stone washing is
            something performed, which consists of processing the crushed stone
          •  across sizing screens where it  is  saturated with water, in  order to
            remove unwanted material.

            Underground operations  are becoming more common, especially for
            limestone mining in the central and eastern parts of the United States,
            as the advantages of such  operations are increasingly recognized by the
            producers. By operating  underground, a variety of problems usually
            connected with surface mining such  as environmental impacts and
            community acceptance are significantly reduced.  Underground room-
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            and-pillar mines can be operated on a year-round basis, do not require
            extensive  removal  of overburden, and produce  a minimum  of
            environmental disturbance.

            Of the total crushed stone produced in 1993, about 71 percent was
            limestone and dolomite; 15 percent granite; and eight percent traprock.
            The remaining six consisted of sandstone and quartzite, miscellaneous
            stone, calcareous marl, shell, marble, volcanic cinder and scoria, and
            slate.  Limestone is used in the manufacture of products such as glass,
            paper, paint, sugar, and cement; of the 1.2 billion tons of crushed stone
            produced in 1993, approximately 81  percent was used as construction
            aggregates,  mostly  for  highway and  road  construction  and
            maintenance; 15 percent for chemical and metallurgical uses including
            cement and lime manufacture; three  percent for agricultural purposes;
            and one percent for miscellaneous uses and products.
Sand  and Gravel
            Sand and gravel are the unconsolidated granular materials resulting
            from the natural disintegration of rock or stone.   Sand and gravel
            deposits are commonly found adjacent to or in river courses or in areas
            with glaciated or weathered rock.  Such deposits often contain the fine
            alluvial silt that is the primary source of process and fugitive dust from
            sand and gravel operations.

            There are two main types of sand and gravel.  Construction sand and
            •gravel  are used mainly  in concrete,  road-base, asphaltic concrete
            aggregates, and construction fill. Generally, the physical characteristics
            of construction sand and gravel and their proximity to construction
            sites is  more important than their chemical characteristics.  Industrial
            sand and gravel are used mainly in manufacturing glass, ceramics, and
            chemicals.  The chemical and physical characteristics of industrial sand
            and gravel are very important to their end  uses, and are therefore
            subject  to  stricter chemical and  physical  characterization  than
            construction sand and gravel.

            Loose sand and gravel deposits are usually mined without the necessity
            of drilling and blasting.  On rare occasions, blasting with light charges is
            used to loosen deposits.

            Extraction and mining is done by any number of methods, depending-
            on whether the deposit is above or below the water table.  Where sand
            and gravel are above water, extraction is done by power shovels, drag
            line scrapers, and/or by highly mobile, rubber-tired front-end loaders.
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            When the sand arid gravel deposit is consolidated to the point where
            digging with a front-end loader or power shovel is too difficult, a
            bulldozer equipped with a ripper is used to loosen the material.  A
            ripper consists of a large tooth (or series of teeth) which is attached to
            the  rear of the bulldozer and pulled through  the material  as  the
            bulldozer moves forward. Materials mined below water,  in  rivers,
            estuaries,  lakes, and  oceans must be  removed with  specialized
            equipment. This equipment includes dredges, draglines and floating
            cranes.

Clay, Ceramic, and Refractory Minerals            .

            Common types of clay, ceramic, arid refractory minerals include kaolin,
            ball clay, bentonite; fuller's earth, fire clay, common clay, and shale.
            Processing of minerals in this category usually entails a combination of
            crushing, grinding, screening,  and shredding to reduce particle size.
            For kaolin and ball clay, wet and dry processing methods are used.  The
            wet  process  employs  liquid chemical dispersants  (phosphates,
            phosphoric acid, hydroxides) and  water to remove impurities.  A  clay
            slurry is formed and is made'either acidic or basic using sulfuric acid or
            alum. The slurry is then  chemically leached using a reducing agent
            such as zinc hydrosulfide, ozone, or peroxide to remove unwanted
            iron and titanium  ions.   The  slurry is dried to remove water  and
            unwanted chemical compounds such as phosphates, phosphoric acids,
            silicates, iron, and zinc.  Clay beads are then formed that are pulverized
            and calcined (heat treated).

Chemical and  Fertilizer  Minerals                              .

            These minerals include potash and phosphate rock.  Potash, a  term  that
            describes minerals  containing potassium  compounds,  is  used in
         ,' . fertilizers.  Processing potash involves mixing crushed potash ore with
            a brine which  is saturated with potassium  chloride and sodium
            chloride.  Froth flotation,  crystallization, or heavy media separation
            methods are then used to recover  potassium-bearing compounds from
            the saturated solution.

            Processing phosphate rock usually consists of sizing  and  flotation.
            Crude ore  is pumped and slurried in wells and is transported to a
            washing plant for sizing. Fine  concentrate is sent to flotation, where
            various flotation methods are used  on  the  concentrate.   Typical
            flotation reagents used include  sulfuric acid, which is used in product
            scrubbing,  and soda ash.  Additional flotation reagents include fatty
            acids  and  amines.   Phosphate  rock  is  used  mainly in  fertilizer
            manufacturing.  Phosphate rock  mining involves the movement of
            huge volumes of soil and  other materials in overburden.  Phosphate
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            rock preparation involves beneficiation to remove impurities, drying
            to remove moisture, and grinding to improve reactivity.  Usually,
            direct-fired rotary kilns are used to dry phosphate rock.

Non-fuel,  NonmetalUc   Minerals Services

            This industry code includes facilities which specialize in specific areas
            of mining operations and which perform services  on a contract basis.
            Specialty areas include exploration and mine development.  From a
            process and  chemical use standpoint^ activities in this SIC code are
            similar to other activities conducted in other SIC codes.   During the
            exploration and characterization of a mineral deposit, samples of rock
            must be collected and analyzed.   Drill-based sampling methods are
            routinely used to characterize a  mineral deposit  at different depths.
            These methods  include rotary,  percussion,  auger,  and  diamond
            drilling.  Diamond drilling  will extract a cylindrical core of material,
            while the former three methods will extract fragmented material.  All
            share the objective of collecting ore  material for analysis.

Miscellaneous Non-fuel, NonmetalUc Minerals   - ,

            Minerals included in this  category include lightweight aggregates
            (pumice,  vermiculite), asphaltic minerals  (gilsonite,  wurtzilite),
            natural abrasives (millstone, diatomite), gemstones  (jade, sapphire),
            and other  minerals, such as  asbestos and gypsum. Processing these
            minerals usually involves  crushing,  grinding, screening,  flotation,
            heavy media separation, and drying methods similar to those used for
            other  minerals.   As in  processing  other non-fuel,  nonmetallic
            minerals,  wet  methods are more chemically  intensive than  dry
            methods due to  the use  of various flotation agents to  refine the
            mineral.
III.B. Mining Process Waste Outputs
HLB.l.       Process-Specific Wastes'

Minerals  Extraction
             The extraction of minerals  requires the  removal  and disposal  of
             overburden, a layer of soil, vegetation, and rock.  Waste rock generated
             in both surface and underground operations is removed and usually
             disposed  of in  impoundment areas or is used to backfill mines.
             Wastewater is generated from the use of water to suppress  dust, wash
             away  waste from  the working zone, and cool excavation  machinery
             such as drills.  Dusts are generated from the cutting drilling, sawing,
 SIC Code 14
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 Sector Notebook Project
                 JSfon-Fuel, Nbn-Metal Mining^
             and  blasting required  to remove  the rock. Explosives used in
             excavation contain  mixtures  of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil.
           ,  Hydrocarbons used in machinery as lubricants and fuels can be sources
             of pollution.

Minerals  Processing

             Wastes generated from minerals processing include dusts, solid matter,
             and water effluents.  Crushing  and screening operations performed to
             reduce the size of particles are also sources of dust emissions and solid
             waste.  This waste may contain minerals that react with air and water
             to produce metal ions capable of contaminating water resources such as
             rivers, streams, and groundwater.

             Processes used to remove mineral impurities can be a  major source of
             water contamination.  Flotation, a wet method used to refine certain
             non-fuel^ nonmetallic  minerals  (sand and gravel,  kaolin,  potash,
             phosphate rock) is a potential  source of water pollution  due to the
             chemicals used to separate impurities from  the  mineral.  Flotation
             involves placing minerals in an  acidic or basic bath of chemicals where
             pH modifiers  such as sulfuric acid, ammonia, and hydrofluoric acid are
             used to  control pH  levels  in order to separate impurities from the
             target mineral. Additional materials may be added  to the flotation bath
             to assist in removing impurities, including frothers, conditioning
             agents, sulfonated oils,  and heavy alcohol.
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                                               Sector Notebook Project
            Exhibit 5 summarizes the types of wastes produced at various points in
            the non-fuel, nonmetal mining, industry.
                                   Exhibits
                            Process Waste Materials
Primary

Minerals
Extraction


Minerals
Transportation


Minerals
Processing









Subprocesses

Drilling,
blasting,
secondary
breakage
Loading,
conveying, off-
road haulage,
unloading
Crushing,
grinding,
screening,
washing,
drying,
calcining,
floating




Air
Emissions
Particulates,
exhaust from
machinery

Pafticulates,
exhaust from
vehicles and
machinery
Particulates










Process Waste Water

Surface runoff,
groundwater seepage


Water for transporta-
tion of ore to process
plant

Transport water, ore and
product wash water,
dust suppression water,
classification water,
heavy media separation
Water, flotation water,
solution water, air-
emissions control
equipment water,
equipment, and floor
wash down water
Other Waste
Generated
Overburden (soil,
rock)






Tailings










m.B.2.
Mineral-Specific Pollutants
Sand and Gravel
             Particulate matter is emitted from sand and gravel operations and is
             made up  principally of inert crustal material  (e^g., soil and  rock
             particles).  Dust emissions in the form of fugitive dust  occur during
             removal of overburden and sand and gravel from the deposit;  from
             wind-blown dust from storage piles; from traffic on haul roads;  from
             open conveyors exposed to the wind; during material dumping  from
             trucks, front-end loaders,  and conveyors; from  screening; and  from
             transfer points in conveyor systems.  If wet screening is used to produce
             a washed  gravel product, negligible amounts of dust are produced, but
             effluent water must be clarified by settling  before reuse or discharge.
             The amount of moisture a  deposit contains  affects the amount of dust
             emissions that occur.  If  the deposit is dry and the  material and
             overburden have a high silt content, dust emissions may be significant.
             If the deposit is wet or is removed by dredging, dust emissions tend to
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                 Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
Stone
            be negligible as long as a high moisture content, is maintained in the
            material.

            Methods  of  controlling  dust emissions from sand  and  gravel
            operations include using'water sprays to keep materials and roads wet,
            limiting the drop heights of materials, covering trucks and conveyors,
            using enclosures or hooding material at transfer points and screening
            operations,  and exhausting air from these points to air pollution
            control systems.
            The source of crushed stone is usually a deposit of relatively solid rock
            such as limestone, dolomite, trap rock, granite  or sandstone.  Dust
            emissions  occur  from many operations in  stone quarrying and
            processing. Dust is released when rock and crushed stone products are
            loosened by drilling or blasting them from their deposit beds. Dust is
            also released when the loosened rock  is loaded into trucks by power
            shovels or front-end loaders. Transporting the quarried material to the
            processing plant generates dust from the rock inside the truck and from
            the road.  Sources of dust at the processing plant include the dumping
            of rock  irito primary  crushers;  primary, secondary,  and  tertiary
            crushing; screening; transferring rock  by belt conveyor; loading rock
            onto storage piles from conveyors; and wind blowing dust from storage
            piles and open conveyors.

            Particulate matter produced during stone quarrying and processing is
            usually of relatively large particle size.  The chemical composition of
            the dust tends  to be homogeneous  since its  ancestry  is the rock
            formation from which the rock deposit was taken.

            Air pollution control techniques for stone quarrying and processing
            plants' include wetting  the material and/or surfaces; covering open
            operations to prevent dust entrainment by the wind; reducing the drop
            height of dusty material;  and using hooding,  industrial ventilation
            systems, and dust  collectors  (e.g., baghouses)  on dusty processes
            amenable, to enclosure.   Dust recovered from air pollution control
            systems  is  often a valuable product in road  building and  other
            construction  operations.
Phosphate  Rock
            Although there are no significant emissions from phosphate rock
            beneficiation plants, emissions in the form of fine rock dust may be
            expected from  drying and grinding  operations.   Phosphate rock
            grinders can be a considerable source of particulates. Because  of the
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             extremely fine particle size, baghouse collectors are normally used to
             reduce emissions.  Effluents produced in the mining and beneficiation
             of phosphate rock are contained in the water suspensions leaving the
             washer plant.  These suspensions are the phosphatic clays and sand
             tailings.  The major effluent is that  of the phosphatic  clays  which
             contain a suspension of  clays and very fine solids.  These phosphatic
             clays are impounded in  slime ponds to allow settling and clarification
             to occur.  Clear water is returned  from the ponds to the beneficiation
             plant.  When phosphate rock is calcined, fluoride is  produced.  The
             fluoride produced is scrubbed with water or dilute hydrofluoric acid.

             Because proposed mining  activities may also impact aquatic  sources,
             vegetation  and  wildlife,  EPA  suggests  the following potential
             mitigation measures for use at mine sites:
                                      Exhibits
                           Ecosystem Mitigation Measures
       Employ sediment retention structures to minimize amount of sediment migrating off-site
       Employ spill prevention and control plans to minimize discharge of toxic/hazardous
       materials into water bodies
       Site roads, facilities, and structures to minimize extent of physical disturbance
       Avoid construction or new disturbance during critical life stages
       Minimize use of fences or other such obstacles in big game migration corridors; if fences
       are necessary, use tunnels, gates, or ramps to allow passage of these animals
       Use "raptor proof designs on power poles to prevent electrocution of raptors
       Use buses to transport employees to and from mine from outer parking areas to minimize
       animals killed on mine-related roadways
       Limit impacts from habitat fragmentation, minimize number of access roads, and close
       and restore roads no longer in use
       Prohibit use of firearms on site to minimize poaching.
  Source: US EPA, OSW Technical Document/Background for NEPA Reviewers: Non-Coal Mining Operations,
                                       1994.
SIC Code 14
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                 Nog-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
IV.   WASTE RELEASE PROFILE
            This section provides a general overview of the waste release activities
            and issues common  to the  non-fuel, non-metal mining industry.
            Unlike facilities covered by SIC codes 20 through 39 (manufacturing
            facilities), non-fuel, non-metal mining facilities are not required by the
            Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act to report to
            the Toxic  Release Inventory (TRI).   Because  TRI reporting is not
            required for the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry, other sources of
            waste  release  data have been identified for this profile.  EPA is
            considering expanding  TRI  reporting requirements in  the  future,
            which may affect such previously exempt industries such as non-fuel,
            non-metal mining.
IV.A. Data Sources
AIRS Data
            The Aerornetric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) contains a wide
            range  of information  related to stationary sources of air pollution,
            including the emissions of a number of air pollutants which may be of
            concern within a particular industry.
            The Aerornetric Information Retrieval System  (AIRS)  is  an  air
            pollution data delivery system managed by the Technical Support
            Division in EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, located
            in  Research Triangle  Park, North Carolina. AIRS  is  a national
            repository of data related to air pollution monitoring and control.  It
            contains a wide range of information related to stationary sources of air
            pollution, including the emissions of a number of air pollutants which
            may be of concern within a particular industry. States are the primary
            suppliers of data to AIRS.  Data are used to support monitoring,
           ..planning, tracking, and enforcement related to implementation of the
            Clean Air Act.  AIRS users include State environmental agency staff,
            EPA staff, the scientific community, other countries, and  the  general
            public.                                 '

            Exhibit 7 summarizes AIRS annual releases of carbon monoxide (CO),
            nitrogen dioxide (Nฉ2), particulate matter of 10 microns  or less (PM10),
            total  pairticulates (PT), sulfur  dioxide  (SO2),  and volatile organic
            compounds (VOCs).' This  information is compared across industry
            sectors.                '
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                      Sector Notebook Project
                                     Exhibit?
                       Pollutant Releases (Short Tons/Year)
Industry
U.S. Total
Metal Mining
Nonmetal Mining
Lumber and Wood
Products
Wood Furniture and
Fixtures
Pulp and Paper
Printing
Inorganic Chemicals
Organic Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Misc. Plastic
Products
Stone, Clay, Glass, and
Concrete
Iron and Steel
Nonferrous Metals
Fabricated Metals
Electronics
Motor Vehicles, Bodies,
Parts, and Accessories
Dry Cleaning
CO
97,208,000
5,391
4,525
123,756
2,069
624,291
8,463
166,147
146,947
419,311
2,090
58,043
1,518,642
448,758
3,851
367
35,303
101
NO2
23,402,000
28,583
28,804
42,658
2,981
394,448
4,915
108,575
236,826
380,641
11,914
338,482
138,985
55,658
16,424
1,129
23,725
179
PMio
45,489,000
39,359
59,305
14,135
2,165
35,579
399
4,107
26,493
18,787
2,407
74,623
42,368
20,074
' 1,185
207
2,406
3
PT
7,836,000
140,052
167,948
63,761
3,178
113,571'
1,031
39,082
44,860
36,877
5,355
, 171,853
83,017
22,490
3,136
293
12,853
28
SO2
21,888,000
84,222
24,129
9,149
1,606
341,002 '
1,728
182,189
132,459
648,153
29,364
339,216
238,268
373,007
4,019
453
25,462
152
voc
23,312,000
1,283
1,736
41,423
59,426
96,875
' 101,537
52,091
201,888
309,058
140,741
30,262
82,292
27,375
102,186
4,854
101,275
7,310
                 Source U.S. EPA Office of Air and Radiation, AIRS Database, May 1995.

             Exhibit 8 lists the air emissions of particular chemicals reported for SIC
             14 in the  Air Facility Subsystem (AFS) of AIRS, presented in a "SIC
             Code Profile,  Non-Metal Mining," prepared  by  EPA's  Office of
             Pollution  Prevention and Toxics in April, 1992.  The release data are
             expressed in pounds released per year, per  facility.
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Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
                                      Exhibits
                                   AIRS Releases
Chemical
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Acrolein
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Aniline
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Biphenyl
1,3-Butadiene
Butyl acrylate
sec-Butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl alcohol
Butyraldehyde ,
Cadmium
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine .
Chlorobenzene .
Chloroethane
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chloroprene
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Creosote
Cresol (mixed isomers)
Cumene
Cyclohexane
1 ,2-Dibromoethane
Dibutyl phthalate
1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Dichlorodifluorome-thane
CFC-1
1 2 Dichoroethane
Facilities
19
24
19
12
16
13
49
284
284
59
12
12
16
16
15
12
16
286
15
16
1,036
17
15
16
4
15
300
281
295
12
12
13
51
12
12
16
4
15
15
15
Med. Releases
(Ibs/Year/Facility)
.420
80
385
54
290
95
377
2
3
89
50
2
134
215
170
50
220
2
45
325
1,096
142
145
255
1
170
20
24
16
74
46
46
62
50
6
200
1
360
175
290
Total Releases
(Ibs/Year/Facility)
8,200
16,209
7,789
1,212
4,599
3,278
37,608
56,371
19,960
70,324
1,131
75
45,662
1,865
5,753
, 1,131
, 1,222
22,557
1,522
2,706
2,177,738
19,065
4,853
1,506
. 37
5,753
85,079
80,282
106,526
8,532
1,024
1,024
19,991
. 1,131
124
9,112
37
12,202
6,008
9,590
 September 1995
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                                   Exhibit 8 (cont'd)
                                    AIRS Releases
Chemical
Dichloromethane
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
CFC
Dimethyl phthalate
Epichlorohydrin
2-Ethoxyethanol
Ethyl acrylate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Freon
Glycol Ethers
HCFC-22
Isobutyraldehyde
Lead
Malcic anhydride
Manganese
Mercury
Methanol
2-Methoxyethanol
Methyl acrylate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Methylene bromide
Monochloropenta-
fluoroethane
Naphthalene
n-Butyl alcohol
Nickel
Nitrobenzene
Phenol
Phosphorus (yellow or
white)
Phthalic anhydride
Propionaldehyde
Propylene oxide
Facilities
11
15
,12
12
11
16
34
36
12'
15
48
16
15
16
15
' 12
1,039
15
1,038
41
15
12
12
16
16
16
15
15
24
15
295
12
16
284
15
15
16
Med. Releases
(Ibs/Year/FacilityJ
120
• 5
10
50
58
250
194
401
74
190
126
210
200
220
80
50
126
35
69
23
700
47
46
610
280
230
15
10.
29
345
7
40
220
4
100
50
250
Total Releases
(Ibs/Year/Facility)
2,016
239
353
1,131
968
3,067
11,940
48,592
8,532
1,250
48,119
1,455
1,362
1,339
2,725
1,132
361,044
1,144
' 135,959
5,542
13,074
1,051
1,024
10,214
2,876
10,150
559
282
4,768
5,429
36,560
889
13,750'
68,277
3,443
1,132
1,405
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Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
                                     Exhibit 8 (cont'd)
                                      AIRS Releases
Chemical
Propylene
(Propene)
Selenium
Silver
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluorome-
thane{CFC-ll
1 ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
m-Xylene
o-Xylene
p-Xylene
Xylene (mixed' isomers)
Zinc (fume or dust)
TOTAL
Facilities
38
288
53
17
11
59
11
11
11.
15
16
15
15
15
34
20
18
1,039
1,051
Med. Releases
(Ibs/Year/Facilit^L
53
8
13
240
112
125
69
56
69
305
2
275
210
68
89'
200
112
32
64
Total Releases
(Ibs/Year/Facility)
19,610
31,144
2,330
44,591
1,882
87,231
1,156
941
1,156
5,310
120
9,318
6,254
1,216
12,679
1,335
8,553
191,766
4,099,173
                   Source: U.S. EPA Office of Air ana Radiation, AlKb uatavase, may
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 V.    POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES

             The best way to reduce pollution is to prevent it in the first place.
             Some  companies have creatively implemented pollution prevention
             techniques  that improve efficiency and increase profits while at the
             same time minimizing environmental impacts.  This can be done in
             many ways such as reducing material inputs, re-engineering processes
             to reuse by-products, improving management practices, and employing
             substitution of toxic chemicals.   Some smaller facilities are able to
             actually get below regulatory thresholds just by reducing pollutant
             releases through aggressive pollution prevention policies.

             In order to encourage these  approaches, this section provides both
             general  and  industry-specific  descriptions  of  some pollution
             prevention  advances that  have been  implemented within the non-
             fuel, non-metallic industry.  While the list is not exhaustive, it does
             provide core  information that can be used as the starting point for
             facilities interested in beginning their own pollution prevention
             projects.  When possible, this section provides information from real
             activities that can, or are, being  implemented by this sector.  This
             section  provides summary information from activities that may be, or
             are being implemented by  this sector.   When possible, information is
             provided that gives the context in which the techniques  can be
             effectively used. Please note that the activities described in this section
             do not  necessarily  apply to  all facilities that fall within this sector.
             Facility-specific  conditions  must be  carefully  considered  when
             pollution prevention options are evaluated, and the full impacts of the
             change  must  examine how each option affects, air, land, and water
             pollutant releases.

             The  use  of pollution prevention technologies  and environmental
             controls can reduce substantially"the volume and  concentration of "the
             contaminants  released/discharged into the surrounding environment.
             In some cases,  these pollution prevention approaches may  be
             economically beneficial to mine operators because they may decrease
             title process  chemicals needed,  and therefore the cost of producing a
             given amount of mineral.  The approaches actually used depend on
            many criteria, including the  nature of the  mine  environment, the
            funds available for enforcement and inspection, the availability of new
            technological  solutions, and  the relationships between government
            and mine operators.

            Waste minimization generally encompasses any source reduction or
            recycling that results in either the reduction of total volume or the
            toxicity  of hazardous waste. Source reduction is a reduction of waste
            generation at the source, usually within a process. Source reduction can

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            include process modifications, feedstock  (raw material) substitution,
            housekeeping and management processes, and increases in efficiency
            of machinery and equipment.  Source reduction includes any activity
            that reduces the amount of waste that exits a process.  Recycling refers
            to the use or reuse of a waste as an effective substitute for a commercial
            product or as an ingredient or feedstock in an industrial process.

            Opportunities  for waste  minimization  may  include raw material
            substitutions, though  these  opportunities are somewhat limited for
            mining facilities because of the transportation costs involved in using
            ores or  concentrates  produced in  other  regions  or countries.  In
            elemental phosphorous  production,  raw  materials  substitution
            generally takes the form of improving the separation of value from the
            raw ore  during beneficiation, so that the furnace operations would
            begin with a higher grade of ore concentrate.  Processing a feedstock
            with a higher concentration  of phosphorous results in decreased slag
            generation, although presumably increasing the generation of related
            beneficiation  wastes.   Other source reduction  opportunities may
            involve process modifications to increase efficiency during the furnace
            operation.

        .    Utilization of mineral  processing wastes can be a viable alternative to
            disposal. In 1988, Occidental's Columbia, Tennessee plant reported
            selling all of its slag while three other  facilities sold some  portion of
            their slag for off-site Use (specific data are confidential).  Phosphorous
            slag can be used as  an  aggregate  in asphalt  manufacturing, and
            elemental phosphorous  slag has been used  extensively in highway
            construction for many  years in Idaho, Montana, and Tennessee.

            The list below summarizes some  of  the  environmental  control
            technologies and regulatory approaches that may serve as effective
            pollution prevention techniques for this industry.

 Water Pollution Prevention

             •     Reduce  the amount of contaminated water produced by using
                   diversion systems to  channel  runoff away from exposed mine
                   pits and waste dumps.

             •     Channel contaminated  water  into containment ponds  for
                   treatment or recycling.

             •     Reuse contaminated water in the extraction process  for dust
                   elimination or drilling.

             •     Utilize subsurface drainage systems and barriers to collect or
                   deflect groundwater prior to contact with exposed mine pits.
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 Air Pollution Prevention  and Control
             •     Utilize dust elimination technologies such as wet suppression
                   systems to reduce dust created during excavation and transport.

             •     Use dust suppressant agents such  as magnesium chloride to
                   reduce dust in solid piles and tailings.

 Closure  and Reclamation Approaches

             •     Use plant cover and landscape alteration to reduce erosion, dust,
                   and runoff contamination; reintroduce  native species  to  the
                   former mine site; and allow alternative uses of the land.

 Sample Planning,  Monitoring,  Enforcement, and Compliance Approaches

             •      Use company-managed audits, environmental monitoring, and
                   reporting systems  to  supplement government-run enforcement
                   efforts.                           "          .

             •      Prepare detailed environmental impact statements  that estimate
                   potential environmental impacts, outline  compliance plans, and
                   detail the management of future environmental problems.

             •      Discuss alternative mine design and extraction/beneficiation
                   approaches prior to issuing mine permits, and  explore options
                  for minimizing environmental impacts.

Additional  Pollution  Prevention Activities

            According  to 1992  industry information,  pollution  prevention
            activities unde.r evaluation in  the non-fuel,  rionmetallic  mineral
            mining industry include the physical and chemical  stabilization of
            tailings for backfilling, subaqueous disposal of tailings  for chemical
            stabilization, tailings  beneficiation  to  remove toxic  and  acid
            components and recover valuable  minerals, and procedures for the
            reclamation and final closure of mines.   Each of these methods  is
            discussed briefly below.

            Using  mine wastes as backfill can minimize surface subsidence  by
            filling  in underground voids.  It can  also minimize the impacts of
            surface disposal by reducing the  volume of waste on the surface.  A
            potential problem with this is that the material  used as backfill could
            contaminate water resources by generating acid mine waters.

            A froth flotation process has been  developed by the Bureau of Mines to
            remove heavy-metal-bearing minerals from tailings.   This process
            recovers the mineral components of the tailings while removing

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             acid-forming minerals, rendering  the wastes  less  susceptible  to
             'contaminating  ground  and  surface  waters.   The  Bureau  is  also
             investigating a new device called the air-sparged hydrocyclone, which
             provides  a portable, compact unit to  treat large volumes of  tailings
             on-site without the usual expensive capital requirements.

             Bureau  researchers  are  also  developing  effective methods  for
             reclamation and closure of mining operations. The focus of this work
             is  on controlling  hydrology  at  sites,  decontaminating  wastes when
             necessary, and stabilizing wastes for closure.  For example, the current
             practice for sealing mine shafts and portals is to install  a concrete plug.
             This practice is difficult.and expensive because it requires drilling into
             rock walls to provide support for the plug.  Access to remote shafts and
             portals is  also a problem.  One possible  solution is the  use  of
             low-density foaming plastics and/or cements.  Studies have shown that
             injecting  foaming  materials may cost  half that of concrete plugs.  In
             addition, the expansion characteristic of the foaming materials may
             eliminate the need for drilling into intact rock.  Another advantage of
             using foamed plastic or cement plugs is the provision of a resistant seal
             to acidic mine waters.

             Wastes are also generated from maintenance  activities associated with
             the operation of a mine.  Exhibit 9 presents some of these activities,
             along with the wastes generated by each  activity and some waste
             minimization options.
                                      Exhibit 9
                            Waste Minimization Options
     Activity
Waste Generated
Waste Minimization Options
    Metal Parts,
    Cleaning
Miscellaneous chlorinated
solvents
Switch to semi-aqueous cleaners or water-
based cleaning solutions to reduce or
eliminate solvent emission and liquid waste
generation.   ;
     Flotation
Zinc sulf ate, sodium cyanide
Use flotation process control equipment that
uses sensors, computing elements, and control
units to reduce the amount of flotation
reagents needed and to improve separation
of waste from product.
     Blasting
Ammonium
Maintain storage containers properly.
     Changing
     Lubricating Fluids
Lead, cadmium
Do not mix used oil with solvents or other
materials; segregate and recycle used oil; use
fluid filtration systems to extend fluid life;
segregate and recycle antifreeze; use
washable rags instead of disposable rags.
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                                 Exhibit 9 (cont'd)
                           Waste Minimization Options
(Activity
Mining Vehicle
Battery
Replacement
Waste Generated
Lead, acids
Waste Minimization Options
Recycle used batteries. Trade in old
batteries when buying new batteries.
    source, mining ana uiiarrytn^ or Nonmetaiiic Minerals. u.i>. LPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics.
 V.A.  Innovative Waste Management Practices

 Pipe Recycling/Reuse

             IMC operates phosphate rock mines in West Central Florida and has
             implemented a waste minimization program involving the reuse and
             recycling of steel pipe used to transport slurry, water, tailings, and other
             materials. IMC obtains maximum use from its pipe in several ways:

             •     Pipe used for matrix and clay transport is periodically rotated to
                   ensure that wear is evenly spaced over the full diameter of the
                   Pipe

             •     To the extent possible, pipe no longer suitable for the most
                   demanding use is used in other, less demanding pipelines

             •     Pipe no longer suitable for use in pipelines is either used for
                   other purposes (such as culverts) or is sold for off-site reuse  or
                   scrap.

             IMC has developed a computerized model to  predict how long a
             section of pipe can remain in each position  and when it needs to be
             turned.  When pipe can no longer be used for materials transport, any
             undamaged portions of pipe are removed for onsite reuse as culvert or
             sold to a local scrap dealer as usable pipe. Damaged pipe  is sold to a
             scrap  dealer.  By reusing pipe onsite, IMC estimates that  it saves
             approximately $1.5 million each year. In 1991, $316,000 was received for
             pipe that could be reused offsite, and 4,200 tons of scrap piping was sold
             for an estimated total of $42,000 - $84,000.  IMC's program reduces
             capital expenditures by reducing the amount of new pipe that must be
             purchased, as well as  saving operating costs  by avoiding costly
             shutdowns when pipes fail.

Mine Tire  Recycling

             Two Federal regulations will increasingly effect the  scrap tire industry
             markets.  First, the Clean Air Act Amendments have  redefined tire
             derived  fuel (TDF) as a fuel, no longer considering it a waste  fuel.
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            Increased demand for TDF has already occurred as  a result: in 1990
            about 10 percent of scrap tires were used as ,TDF, while in 1992 27
            percent, or 65 million scrap tires, were used.  Projections  for 1994 were
            that 50 to 55 percent of scrap tires, or 141 million tires,  would be needed
            -to  meet  market  demand.    Second,  the  Intermodal  Surface
            Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) requires that five  percent of all
            Federally-funded road projects use rubber from scrap  tires in 1994; use
            of scrap tires must increase five percent annually until  1997, when it
            tops out at 20 percent.  By 1995,17 million scrap tires will  be required in
            Federal road projects; by 1997 the number will increase to 50 million.

            Mine representatives have estimated the price of one large tire to range
            from $10,000 to $16,000, or over $100,000 to fit one large  piece  of
            equipment.  Several options exist for recycling or reusing whole large
            tires.  One  alternative  is retreading the tires for reuse;  retreading
            reduces the demand for new tires and conserves resources (retreading a
            used tire requires less than 40 percent of the  fossil fuel to make a new
            tire).  The purchase price for retreaded tires is less than for new tires,
            providing an additional savings incentive.  In addition  to retreading,
            whole scrap tires are used in civil engineering applications, including
            construction, erosion control, and agriculture (feeding troughs,  for
            example).                                  .

            'Processing scrap tires involves shearing, cutting and/or shredding tires
            into smaller pieces. The major markets for processed tires are as TDF
            and in civil engineering applications. Scrap  tires are an excellent fuel
            source, generating about 80 percent as  much energy as crude  oil per
            pound.  In recent years, there have been major increases in the use of
            scrap tires as fuel by a number of industries, including  power  plants,
            cement kilns, pulp and paper mills, and tire manufacturing facilities.
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 VI.    SUMMARY OF FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS

             This  section discusses the Federal statutes and regulations that may
             apply to this sector.  The purpose of this section is to highlight, and
             briefly describe the applicable Federal requirements, and to provide
             citations for more detailed information.  The three following sections
             are included.                                        .      '

             •      Section IV.A contains a general overview of major statutes
             •      Section IV.B contains a list of regulations specific to this industry
             •      Section IV.C contains a list of pending and proposed regulations

             The descriptions within Section IV are  intended solely for general
             information. Depending upon the nature  or scope of the activities at a
             particular facility, these summaries may or may not necessarily describe
             all applicable environmental requirements.   Moreover, they do not
             constitute formal interpretations or clarifications of  the statutes  and
             regulations.  For further information, readers should consult the Code
             of Federal Regulations and other state or local regulatory agencies. EPA
             Hotline contacts are also provided for each major statute.
VI.A. General Description of Major Statutes

Resource Conservation And Recovery Act

            The Resource Conservation And Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 which
            amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act, addresses solid (Subtitle D) and
            hazardous (Subtitle C) waste management activities. The Hazardous
            and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984 strengthened RCRA's
            waste management provisions and added Subtitle I, which governs
            underground storage tanks (USTs).

            Regulations promulgated pursuant to Subtitle C of RCRA (40 CFR Parts
            260-299) establish a "cradle-to-grave" system governing hazardous
            waste from the point of generation to disposal.  RCRA hazardous
            wastes include  the  specific  materials listed  in  the  regulations
            (commercial chemical products, designated with the code "P" or "U";
            hazardous wastes from specific industries/sources, designated with the
            code "K"; or hazardous wastes from non-specific  sources, designated
            with the code "F")  or materials which  exhibit a  hazardous waste
            characteristic (ignitibility, corrosivity, reactivity,  or toxicity  and
            designated with the code "D").

            Regulated entities that generate hazardous waste are subject to waste
            accumulation, manifesting, and  recordkeeping standards.   Facilities

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            that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste must obtain a permit,
            either from EPA or from a State agency which EPA has authorized to
            implement the permitting program.  Subtitle C permits contain general
            facility standards such as contingency plans, emergency procedures,
            recordkeeping  and  reporting requirements,  financial assurance
            mechanisms,  and unit-specific standards.   RCRA  also  contains
            provisions (40  CFR Part 264 Subpart S  and ง264.10) for conducting
            corrective actions which  govern the cleanup of releases of hazardous
            waste or constituents from solid waste management units at RCRAr
            regulated facilities.

            Although RCRA is  a Federal statute, many  States implement  the
            RCRA program.  Currently,  EPA has  delegated  its  authority to
            implement various provisions of RCRA to 46 of the 50 States.

            Most RCRA requirements are not industry specific but apply to  any
            company that transports, treats, stores, or disposes of hazardous waste.
            Here are some  important RCRA regulatory requirements:

            •     Identification of Solid and Hazardous Wastes (40 CFR Part 261)
                  lays out the procedure every generator should follow to
                  determine whether the material created is considered a    '   ,  .
                  hazardous waste, solid waste, or is exempted from regulation.

            •     Standards for Generators of Hazardous Waste (40 CFR Part 262)
                  establishes the responsibilities of hazardous waste generators
                  including obtaining an ID .number, preparing a manifest,
                  ensuring proper packaging and labeling, meeting standards for
                  waste accumulation units, and recordkeeping and reporting
                  requirements.  Generators can accumulate hazardous waste for
                  up to 90 days (or 180 days depending on the amount of waste
                  generated) without obtaining a permit.

            •     Land Disposal Restrictions (LDRs) are regulations prohibiting
                  the disposal of hazardous waste on land without prior
                  treatment. Under the LDRs (40 CFR 268), materials must meet
                  land disposal restriction (LDR) treatment standards prior to
                  placement in a RCRA land disposal unit (landfill, land
                  treatment unit, waste pile, or surface impoundment). Wastes
                  subject to the LDRs include solvents, electroplating wastes,
                  heavy metals, and acids.  Generators of waste subject to the LDRs
                  must provide notification of such to the designated TSD facility
                  to ensure proper treatment prior to  disposal.

            •     Used Oil Management Standards (40 CFR Part 279) impose
                  management requirements affecting the storage, transportation,
                  burning, processing, and re-refining of the used oil.  For parties
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                  that merely generate used oil, regulations establish storage
                  standards.  For a party considered a used oil marketer (one who
                  generates and sells off-specification used oil directly to a used oil
                  burner), additional tracking and paperwork requirements must
                  be satisfied.

             •     Tanks and Containers used to store hazardous waste with a high
                  volatile organic concentration must meet emission standards
                  under RCRA. Regulations (40 CFR Part 264-265, Subpart CC)
                  require generators to test the waste to determine the
                  concentration of the waste, to satisfy tank and container
                  emissions standards, and to inspect and monitor regulated units.
                  These regulations apply to all facilities who store such waste,
                  including generators operating under the 90-day accumulation
                  rule.

             •     Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) containing petroleum and
                  hazardous substances are regulated under Subtitle I of RCRA.
                  Subtitle I regulations (40 CFR Part 280) contain tank design and
                  release detection requirements, as well as financial responsibility
                  and corrective action standards for USTs. The UST program also
                  establishes increasingly stringent standards, including upgrade •
                  requirements for existing tanks, that must be met by 1998.

             •     Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (BIFs) that use or burn fuel
                  containing hazardous waste must comply with strict design  and
                  operating standards. BIF regulations (40 CFR Part 266, Subpart
                  H) address  unit design, provide performance standards, require
                  emissions monitoring, and restrict the  type of waste that may be
                  burned.

            EPA's RCRA/Superfund/UST Hotline, at  (800) 424-9346, responds  to
            questions and distributes  guidance regarding  all RCRA regulations.
            The RCRA Hotline operates weekdays from 8:30  a.m. to 7:30 p.m.,  EST,
            excluding Federal holidays.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, And Liability Act

            The  Comprehensive Environmental Response,  Compensation, and
            Liability Act (CERCLA), a 1980 law commonly known  as Superfund,
            authorizes  EPA to  respond to releases, or threatened releases,  of
            hazardous substances that may endanger public health, welfare, or the
            environment. CERCLA also enables EPA to force parties responsible
            for environmental contamination to clean  it up or to  reimburse the
            Superfund  for  response  costs incurred by EPA.   The  Superfund
            Amendments and  Reauthorization Act   (SARA)  of  1986  revised
            various sections of  CERCLA,  extended the taxing  authority for the

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            Superfund, and created a free-standing law, SARA Title III, also known
            as the Emergency  Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
            (EPCRA).       .

            The CERCLA hazardous substance release reporting regulations (40
            CFR Part 302) direct the person in charge  of a facility to report to the
            National Response  Center (NRC) any environmental release  of a
            hazardous substance which exceeds a reportable quantity.  Reportable
            quantities are defined and listed in 40 CFR ง 302.4.  A release report
            may trigger a response by EPA, or by one or more Federal or State
            emergency response authorities.

            EPA implements hazardous  substance responses according  to
            procedures outlined in the' National Oil  and Hazardous Substances
            Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) (40  CFR Part 300).   The NCP
            includes  provisions for  permanent cleanups, known as remedial
            actions/and other cleanups referred to as  "removals." EPA generally
            takes remedial actions only at sites on  the  National  Priorities List
            (NPL), which currently includes approximately 1300 sites.  Both EPA
            and states can act at other sites; however, EPA provides responsible
            parties the opportunity to conduct removal and remedial actions and
            encourages  community  involvement  throughout the  Superfund
            response process.

            EPA's RCRA/Superfund/UST Hotline, at (800)  424-9346, answers
            questions and  references guidance  pertaining  to  the  Superfund
            program.  The CERCLA Hotline operates  weekdays from 8:30 a.m.  to
            7:30 p.m., EST, excluding Federal holidays.

Emergency Planning And Community Right-To-Know Act

          '  The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986
            created the Emergency  Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
            (EPCRA, also known as SARA Title III), a statute designed to improve
            community access to  information about chemical hazards and  to
            facilitate the development of chemical emergency  response plans by
            State and local governments. EPCRA required the establishment of
            State emergency  response  commissions (SERCs), responsible for
            coordinating certain emergency response activities arid for appointing
            local emergency planning committees (LEPCs).

            EPCRA and the EPCRA regulations (40 CFR Parts  350-372) establish
            four types of reporting obligations  for facilities which store or manage
            specified chemicals:
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                  EPCRA ง302 requires facilities to notify the SERC and LEPC of
                  the presence of any "extremely hazardous substance" (the list of
                  such substances is in 40 CFR Part 355, Appendices A and B) if it
                  has such substance in excess of the substance's threshold
                  planning quantity, and directs the  facility to appoint an
                  emergency response coordinator.

                  EPCRA ง304 requires the facility to notify the SERC and the LEPC
                  in the event of a release exceeding the reportable quantity of a
                  CERCLA hazardous substance or an EPCRA extremely
                  hazardous substance.

                  EPCRA งง311 and 312 require a facility at which a hazardous
                  chemical, as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Act,
                  is present in an amount exceeding a specified threshold  to
                  submit to the SERC, LEPC, and local fire department material
                  safety data sheets (MSDSs) or lists  of MSDSs and hazardous
                  chemical inventory forms (also known as Tier I and II forms).
                  This information helps the local government respond in the
                  event of a spill or release of the chemical.

                  EPCRA ง313 requires manufacturing facilities included in  SIC
                  codes 20 through 39, which have ten or more employees, and
                  which manufacture, process, or use specified chemicals  in
                  amounts greater than threshold quantities, to submit an annual
                  toxic chemical release report.  This report, commonly known as
                  the Form R, covers releases and transfers of toxic chemicals to
                  various facilities and environmental media, and allows  EPA to
                  compile the national Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) database.
            All information submitted pursuant to EPCRA regulations is publicly
            accessible, unless protected by a trade secret claim.

            EPA's EPCRA Hotline,  at  (800)  535-0202,  answers  questions and
            distributed   guidance  regarding  the   emergency   planning  and
            community right-to-know  regulations.   The EPCRA  Hotline  operates
            weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m., EST, excluding Federal holidays.

Clean Water Act

            The primary objective of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
            commonly referred to as the Clean Water Act (CWA), is to restore and
            maintain the chemical, physical,  and biological integrity of the nation's
            surface waters. Pollutants regulated under the CWA include "priority"
            pollutants,  including various  toxic  pollutants;   "conventional"
            pollutants, such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended

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            solids  (TSS), fecal coliform, oil and grease, and pH; and "non-
            conventional" pollutants, including, any pollutant  not identified as
            either conventional or priority.                                   .

            'The CWA regulates both direct and indirect discharges. The National
            Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program (CWA ง402)
            controls direct discharges into navigable waters.  Direct discharges or
            "point source" discharges are from sources such as pipes and sewers.
            NPDES permits, issued by either EPA or an authorized State (EPA has
            presently authorized forty States  to administer the NPDES program),
            contain industry-specific, technology-based and/or water quality-based
            limits, and establish pollutant monitoring and reporting requirements.
            A facility that intends to discharge into the nation's waters must obtain
            a  permit prior  to  initiating its discharge.  A permit applicant must
            provide quantitative analytical data identifying the types of pollutants
            present  in the facility's effluent.  The permit will then set forth the
            conditions and effluent limitations under which a  facility  may make a
            discharge.
                          1               •                 f
            A NPDES permit may also include discharge limits based on Federal or
            State water quality criteria or standards, that were designed to  protect
            designated uses of surface waters, such  as supporting aquatic life or
            recreation.  These standards, unlike  the  technological standards,
            generally do not take into account technological  feasibility or costs.
            Water quality criteria and standards vary from State to State, and site to
            site, depending  on  the use classification of the receiving body of water.
            Most States  follow EPA guidelines which  propose  aquatic life and
            human health criteria for many of the 126 priority pollutants.

            Storm Water Discharges

            In 1987 the CWA was amended to require EPA to  establish a program
            to address storm water discharges.  In response, EPA promulgated the
            NPDES  storm water permit application regulations.  Storm water
            discharge associated with industrial activity means the discharge from
            any conveyance which is used  for  collecting and  conveying storm
            water and which is directly related to manufacturing, processing or raw
            materials storage areas at an industrial plant (40  CFR 122.26(b)(14)).
            These regulations require that facilities with the following  storm water
            discharges apply for a NPDES permit:  (1) a discharge associated with
            industrial activity;  (2) a discharge from a large or medium municipal
            storm sewer  system; or (3)  a discharge which EPA or the State
            determines to contribute to a violation of a water quality standard or is
            a significant contributor of pollutants to waters of the United States.
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            Those facilities/activities that are subject to storm water discharge
            permit application requirements are identified below.  To determine
            whether a particular facility falls within one of these categories, the
            regulation should be consulted.

            Category i:  Facilities subject to storm water effluent guidelines, new
            source performance standards, or toxic pollutant effluent standards.

            Category ii:  Facilities classified as SIC 24-lumber and wood products
            (except wood kitchen cabinets); SIC 26-paper and allied products (except
            paperboard  containers  and  products);  SIC 28-chemicals and  allied
            products (except drugs and paints); SIC 29-petroleum refining; and SIC
            311-leather tanning and finishing.

            Category iii:  Facilities classified as SIC 10-metal mining; SIC 12-coal
            mining; SIC  13-oil and gas extraction; and SIC 14-nonmetallic mineral
            mining.

            Category iv:  Hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities.

            Category v:  Landfills,  land application sites, and open dumps that
            receive or have received industrial wastes.

            Category vi: Facilities classified as SIC 5015-used motor vehicle parts;
            and SIC 5093-automotive scrap and waste material recycling facilities.

            Category vii: Steam electric power generating facilities.

            Category viii:  Facilities classified as SIC 40-railroad transportation; SIC
            41-local passenger transportation; SIC  42-trucking and warehousing
            (except public  warehousing and storage); SIC 43-U.S. Postal Service; SIC
            44-water transportation; SIC  45-transportation by air; and SIC. 5171-
            petroleum bulk storage  stations and terminals.

            Category ix:  Sewage treatment works.

            Category x:  Construction activities except operations that result in the
            disturbance of less than  five acres of total land area.

            Category xi: Facilities classified as SIC 20-food and kindred products;
            SIC 21-tobacco'products; SIC 22-textile mill products; SIC 23-apparel
            related products; SIC 2434-wood kitchen cabinets manufacturing; SIC
            25-furniture  and fixtures; SIC 265-paperboard containers and boxes; SIC
            267-converted paper and paperboard products;  SIC 27-printing,
            publishing,  and allied industries; SIC 283-drugs;  SIC 285-paints,
            varnishes, lacquer, enamels,  and allied products; SIC  30-rubber and

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            plastics; SIC 31-leather and leather products (except leather and tanning
            and finishing); SIC 323-glass products; SIC 34-fabricated metal products
            (except fabricated structural metal); SIC 35-industrial and commercial
            machinery and computer equipment; SIC 36-electronic  and other
            electrical  equipment  and  components;  SIC  37-transportation
            equipment (except ship and  boat building and repairing); SIC 38-
            measuring,  analyzing,  and controlling  instruments;  SIC  39-
            miscellaneous  manufacturing industries;  and SIC  4221-4225-public
            warehousing and storage.

            Pretreatment Program

            Another type of discharge that  is regulated by the CWA is one that goes
            to a  publicly-owned  treatment  works (POTWs). The national
            pretreatment program (CWA ง307(b)) controls the indirect discharge of
            pollutants to POTWs by "industrial users." Facilities regulated under
            ง307(b)  must meet certain pretreatment standards.   The goal  of the
            pretreatment program is to protect  municipal wastewater  treatment
            plants from damage that may occur when hazardous, toxic/or other
            wastes are discharged into a sewer system and to protect the quality of
            sludge generated by these plants.  Discharges to a POTW are regulated
            primarily by the POTW itself, rather than the State or EPA.

            EPA has developed technology-based standards for industrial users  of
            POTWs.  Different standards apply to existing and new sources  within
            each category.  "Categorical" pretreatment  standards applicable to an
            industry on a nationwide,basis are developed by EPA.  In addition,
            another kind of pretreatment standard, "local limits,"  are developed by
            the POTW in  order to assist the POTW in achieving the effluent
            limitations in its NPDES permit.

            Regardless of whether a State is authorized  to implement either the
            NPDES or the pretreatment program, if it develops its own program, it
            may enforce requirements more stringent than Federal standards.

            EPA's  Office  of Water,  at (202)  260-5700,  will direct callers with
            questions about the CWA  to  the appropriate  EPA office.   EPA  also
            maintains a  bibliographic  database  of Office  of Water publications
            which can be accessed through the Ground  Water and Drinking Water
            resource center, at (202) 260-7786.
Safe Drinking Water Act
            The  Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) mandates that EPA establish
            regulations to protect human health from contaminants  in drinking
            water.  The law authorizes EPA to  develop national drinking water
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            standards  and  to  create  a joint  Federal-State system to  ensure
            compliance with these  standards.  The SDWA also  directs EPA to
            protect underground sources of drinking water through the control of
            underground injection of liquid wastes.

            EPA has developed primary and secondary drinking water standards
            under its SDWA authority.  EPA and authorized States enforce the
            primary  drinking water standards, which are,  contaminant-specific
            concentration limits that  apply to certain  public drinking  water
            supplies.   Primary drinking water standards  consist of maximum
            contaminant level goals (MCLGs), which are non-enforceable health-
            based goals, and maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), which are
            enforceable limits set as close to MCLGs as possible, considering cost
            and feasibility of attainment.

            The SDWA Underground Injection Control  (UIC)  program .(40 CFR
            Parts 144-148) is a permit program which protects underground sources
            of drinking water by regulating five classes  of injection wells.  UIC
            permits  include design,  operating,  inspection,  and  monitoring
            requirements. Wells used to inject hazardous wastes must also comply
            with RCRA corrective action standards in order to be granted a RCRA
            permit,  and must meet applicable RCRA land  disposal restrictions
            standards.  The UIC permit program is primarily State-enforced, since
            EPA has authorized  all but a few States to administer the program.

            The SDWA also  provides  for a Federally-implemented  Sole Source
            Aquifer program, which prohibits Federal funds from being expended
            on projects that may  contaminate the  sole or principal  source of
            drinking  water for a given area, and for a State-implemented Wellhead
            Protection  program, designed to protect drinking water wells and
            drinking water recharge areas.

            EPA's  Safe Drinking  Water  Hotline,  at  (800) 426-4791,  answers
            questions  and distributes guidance pertaining to^SDWA standards.  The
            Hotline  operates from 9:00 a.m.  through 5:30  p.m.,  EST, excluding
            Federal holidays.                                     •  .
Toxic Substances Control Act
            The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) granted EPA authority to
            create a regulatory framework to collect data on chemicals in order to
            evaluate, assess, mitigate, and control risks which may be posed by
            their manufacture, processing, and use.  TSCA provides a variety of
            control methods to prevent chemicals from posing unreasonable risk.
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            TSCA standards may apply at any point during a chemical's life cycle.
            Under  TSCA  ง5,  EPA has established  an inventory  of chemical
            substances.  If  a chemical is not already on the inventory, and has not
            been excluded by TSCA, a premanufacture notice (PMN) must be
            submitted to EPA prior to manufacture  or  import.  The PMN must
            identify the chemical and provide available information on health and
            environmental  effects.  If available data are  not sufficient to evaluate
            the  chemical's effects,  EPA can  impose restrictions  pending the
            development of information on its health and environmental effects.
            EPA can  also  restrict significant new uses of chemicals based upon
            factors such as  the projected yolume and use of the chemical.

            Under  TSCA ง6, EPA can ban the  manufacture  or distribution in
            commerce, limit the use, require labeling,  or place other restrictions on
            chemicals that pose unreasonable risks.  Among the chemicals EPA
            regulates under ง6 authority are asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
            and  polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

            EPA'.s TSCA Assistance Information Service, at (202)  554-1404, answers
            questions  and  distributes  guidance pertaining  to  Toxic Substances
            Control  Act standards.   The Service  operates from 8:30 a.m. through
            4:30  p.m., EST, excluding Federal holidays.

 Clean Air Act

            The  Clean Air Act (CAA) and its amendments, including the Clean Air
            Act  Amendments  (CAAA)  of 1990, are designed to "protect and
            enhance the nation's air resources so as to promote the public health
            and  welfare and the productive capacity of the population." The CAA
            consists of six sections, known as Titles, which direct EPA to establish
            national standards for ambient air quality and for EPA and the States to
            implement, maintain, and enforce these  standards through a variety of
            mechanisms.  Under the CAAA, many facilities will be required to
            obtain permits  for the first time. State and local governments oversee,
            manage, and enforce many of the requirements  of the CAAA.  CAA
            regulations appear at 40 CFR Parts 50-99.

            Pursuant to  Title I of the CAA, EPA has established national ambient
            air quality standards (NAAQSs) to  limit levels of "criteria pollutants,"
            including  carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter,
            ozone, and sulfur dioxide.  Geographic  areas that meet NAAQSs for a
            given pollutant are classified as attainment  areas; those that do not
            meet NAAQSs  are classified as non-attainment areas.  Under ง110 of
            the CAA, each  State must develop a State Implementation Plan (SIP) to
            identify sources of air pollution and to determine what reductions are
            required to meet Federal air quality standards.

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            Title I also authorizes EPA to establish New Source Performance
            Standards (NSPSs), which are nationally uniform emission standards
            for new  stationary  sources falling within  particular  industrial
            categories.  NSPSs are based on the pollution control  technology
            available to that category of industrial source but allow the affected
            industries the flexibility to devise a cost-effective means of reducing
            emissions.

            Under Title I,  EPA establishes  and  enforces National  Emission
            Standards for Hazardous  Air Pollutants  (NESHAPs),  nationally
            uniform standards oriented towards controlling particular hazardous
            air pollutants  (HAPs).  Title III of the CAAA further directed EPA to
            develop a list of sources that emit any of 189 HAPs, and to develop
            regulations for these categories of sources. To date EPA has listed  174
            categories and developed a schedule for the  establishment of emission
            standards.  The emission standards will be developed for both new and
            existing sources based on "maximum achievable control technology"
            (MACT). The MACT is defined as the control technology achieving the
            maximum  degree  of reduction in the emission of  the  HAPs, taking
            into account cost and other factors.

            Title n of  the CAA pertains to mobile  sources, such as cars, trucks,
            buses, and planes.  Reformulated  gasoline,  automobile  pollution
            control devices, and vapor recovery nozzles on gas pumps are a few of
            the mechanisms EPA uses to;regulate mobile air emission sources.

            Title IV establishes a sulfur dioxide emissions  program designed to
           '* reduce the formation of 4cid rain.  Reduction of sulfur dioxide releases
            will  be obtained by granting to  certain sources limited emissions
            allowances, which, beginning in 1995, will be set below previous levels
            of sulfur dioxide releases.

            Title V of the CAAA of 1990 created a permit program for all "major
            sources"  (and certain other sources) regulated  under the  CAA.  One
            purpose of the operating permit is to include in a single document all
            air emissions  requirements  that apply to a  given facility.  States are
            developing the permit programs in accordance with  guidance and
            regulations from EPA. Once a State program  is  approved by EPA,
            permits will be issued and monitored by that State.

            Title VI is intended to protect stratospheric  ozone, by phasing out the
            manufacture of ozone-depleting chemicals and restrict their use and
            distribution.  Production of Class  I  substances,  including 15 kinds of
            chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), will be phased out entirely by the year
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            2000, while certain hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) will be phased
            out by 2030.

            EPA's Control  Technology  Center, at, (919) 541-0800, provides general
            assistance  and information on  CAA  standards.   The  Stratospheric
            Ozone Information  Hotline,  at  (800)  296-1996,  provides  general
            information  about regulations promulgated under Title VI  of the CAA,.
            and EPA's EPCRA  Hotline, at (800) 535-0202, answers questions about
            accidental  release prevention under CAA  ง112(r).   In  addition, the
            Technology  Transfer Network Bulletin  Board System (modem  access
            (919) 541-5742)) includes recent CAA rules, EPA guidance documents,
            and updates of EPA activities.
VLB. Industry Specific Regulations
            The environmental impacts of the non-fuel, nonmetallic mining
            industry are regulated primarily by two statutes:  the Clean Air Act
            (CAA) and the Clean Water Act (CWA). Other statutes that might be
            applied to the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry are the Resource
            Conservation  and  Recovery  Act  (RCRA),  the  Comprehensive
            Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA),
            the National Environmental Policy Act  (NEPA), the Endangered
            Species Act (ESA), the General Mining Law of 1872, and State statutes.
Clean Air Act (GAA)
            Although nonmetallic mining operations are not specifically regulated
            by the CAA, businesses involved in the processing of the minerals are
            regulated.  40 CFR Part 60 Subpart OOO, Standards of Performance for
            Nonmetallic  Mineral Processing Plants, and 40 CFR Part  60  Subpart
            UUU, Standards of Performance for Calciners  and Dryers in  Mineral
            Industries, require these industries to control or reduce emissions of
            particulate matter and  impose specific monitoring, recordkeeping, and
            reporting requirements.  Under the Clean Air Act, sources are required
            to obtain construction  and operating  permits, not  only for particulate
            emissions but also for NOx, SO2, and CO which are often products of
            combustion from engines for power and also dryers.

            40 CFR Part 60. Subpart OOO applies to facilities that process any of the
            following 18 minerals:   crushed and broken stone,  sand and gravel,
            clay, rock salt, gypsum, sodium compounds, pumice,  gilsonite,  talc and
            pyrophyllite, boron, barite, fluorspar, feldspar, diatomite,  perlite,
            vermiculife, mica, and kyanite.  The  affected facilities are: crushers,
            grinding mills, screening operations, bucket elevators, belt conveyors,
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            bagging operations, storage bins, and enclosed trucks or railcar loading
            stations.

            40 CFR Part 60 Subpart UUU applies  to calciners and dryers used to
            process the following minerals:   aluminum, ball  clay,  bentonite,
            diatomite, feldspar,  fire clay, fuller's earth, gypsum, industrial sand,
            kaolin, lightweight aggregate, magnesium compounds, perlite, roofing
            granules,  talc, titanium dioxide, and vermiculite.
Clean Water Act (CWA)
            Discharges from mine sites  are addressed under two principal
            regulatory programs:  the NPDES permit program (for process water
            and storm water point source discharges) and the Non-point source
            program.
NPDES Point Source Program
            A point source is defined in Section 502(14)  of the  CWA as "any
            discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, included but not limited
            to; any pipe, ditch, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container,
            rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or  vessel or other
            floating craft from which pollutants are or may be discharged."  The
            Water Quality Act amendments of 1987 added discharges from "landfill
            leachate collection systems" to this definition.  All  point source
            discharges to waters of the U.S. must be addressed by NPDES permits.

            Storm water is defined in 40 CFR 122.26(b)(13) as "storm water runoff,
            snow melt runoff, and surface runoff and  drainage."   Storm water
            associated with industrial  activity is  defined in 40 CFR Section
            122.26(b)(14) as the discharge from any conveyance which is used for
            collecting and conveying storm water and which is directly related to
            manufacturing, processing, or  raw materials storage areas  at an
            industrial plant. Section 402(p) of the CWA generally requires EPA to
            issue NPDES permits for point source discharges of storm  water
            associated with industrial activity, including active and inactive mines.
            At mine sites, Section 402(1)(2)   specifically  limits  the  permit
            requirements for storm  water that  has come  into contact with  any
            overburden, raw material, intermediate products, finished products,
            byproducts, or waste products located on the site of the operation.

            EPA is  currently developing a storm water program for those point
            source  discharges  from  active and inactive  mines not  already
            permitted.  Several States are also currently developing general storm
            water permits for mine sites.
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Non-point Source  Program,
            Non-point sources of pollution are addressed under Sections 304(f)(b)
            arid 319 of the CWA of 1972. Non-point source runoff is caused by
            runoff from, diffuse sources, and is generally caused by rainfall or snow
            melt.   Section 304(f)(b)  establishes guidelines for identifying  and
            evaluating the nature and source of non-point sources of pollutants,
            tand processes, procedures, and methods to control pollution resulting
            from  mining  activities,  including runoff and siltation  from new,
            currently operating,  and  abandoned  surface and underground mines.
            Non-point source discharges may be to streams, lakes, rivers, wetlands,
            or to groundwater.   Specific best management  practices (BMPs)
            requirements for non-point source control at mine sites have not been
            promulgated at the national level, nor has any national guidance been
            issued.  However, individual States are currently developing programs
            for storm water management at  mine  sites.   For example,  Idaho
            recently prepared a document that describes  practices to minimize
            non-point source water quality impacts.

            Under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act, States developing plans to
            address problems and solutions to non-point source pollution, are
            eligible for grants that are administered by the Regions.

            In addition  to applicable general. CWA requirements, active mineral
            mining  and processing operations  are subject to the requirements
            contained in 40 CFR 436, EPA Effluent Guidelines and Standards for
            Mineral Mining and Processing.  The regulation establishes effluent
            limitation guidelines  and  pretreatment  standards that limit  the
            discharge of  pollutants into navigable waters, and requires  the
            application  of best practicable control technologies (BPT).  For the
            purposes of these guidelines and  standards of performance,  the
            industry is divided into 38 subcategories consisting of specific mineral
            types or classes of minerals.  Effluent limitations are based on factors
            such as the type of ore, method of transport, type of processing, use of
            wet air  emissions control devices,  type of product, and groundwater
            seepage and runoff into mine'and process wastewater impoundments.

            Mine  dewatering can invoke  environmental regulation under  CWA.
            Dewatering is the removal of water that has infiltrated the  mining  site.
            Wells, pumps, or ditches and  tunnels are typically used to divert the
            water away from  the  site.   Dewatering can  also lead  to  -the
            unintentional creation of wetlands, requiring a permit under the
            CWA."    EPA's  Office   of  Water,   Office   of  Wastewater
            Management/Permits  Division is currently   developing a mining
            strategy for  hard, rock mining which will be completed by the fall of
            1995.                                            "i
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                                     Exhibit 10
                       Mine Discharges Subject to Permitting
  Runoff/drainage discharges subject to 40 CFR Fart
  440 effluent limitation guidelines
   Subject to storm water permitting (not subject to
   40 CFR Part 440)
  Land application area
  Crusher area
  Spent ore piles, surge piles, ore stockpiles, waste
     rock/overburden piles
  Pumped and unpumped drainage and mine water
  from pits/underground mines
  Seeps/French drains
  On-site haul roads, if constructed of waste rock or
     spent ore or if wastewater subject to mine
     drainage limits is used for dust control
  Tailings dams/dikes when constructed of waste
     rock/tailings
  Unreclaimed disturbed areas
   Topsoil piles
   Haul roads not on active mining area
   On-site haul roads not constructed of waste
      rock or spent ore (unless wastewater subject
      to mine drainage limits is used for dust
      control)
   Tailings dams, dikes when not constructed of
      waste rock/tailings
   Concentration/mill building/site (if discharge
      is storm water only, with no contact with
      piles)             ,      .
   Reclaimed areas released from reclamation
      bonds prior to 12/17/90
   Partially,  inadequately reclaimed areas or
      areas not released from reclamation bond
   Most ancillary areas (e.g., chemical and
      explosives storage, power plant,
      equipment/truck maintenance and wash
      areas, etc.)	.	
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

The  Bevill  Amendment

             In 1980, Congress  amended RCRA in the Solid Waste Disposal Act
             Amendments, adopting what has been dubbed the  Bevill Amendment,
             after Representative Tom Bevill  of Alabama.   The  amendment
             temporarily exempted from Subtitle C regulation solid waste from ore
             and  mineral  extraction,  beneficiation,  and  processing.    The
             Amendment directed EPA either to develop Subtitle C regulations for
             the waste or determine that the exemption should continue, and to
             present its findings  in a report to Congress.

             EPA  modified its  hazardous waste regulations to, reflect the Bevill
             exclusion and issued a preliminary, and quite broad,  interpretation of
             the exclusion's scope.  In  particular, it  interpreted the exclusion as
             covering "solid waste from the exploration, mining, milling, smelting
             and refining of ores and minerals."

             In 1985  the U.S.  District Court for the District of  Columbia awarded
             judgment to the Environmental Defense Fund and two public  interest
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            groups that had sued EPA for failing to submit the required report to
            Congress and make  the  regulatory  determination by the statutory,
            deadline.  The  court imposed two  schedules,  one for completing
            studies of extraction and beneficiation wastes and  submitting them in a
            report to Congress, and the second for proposing  reinterpretation of
            mineral-processing  wastes. In so doing, the court effectively split the
            wastes that might be eligible  for exclusion from regulation into two
            groups:  mineral extraction and beneficiation wastes;  and mineral
            processing wastes.

            In December 1985  EPA submitted a report to Congress  on mining
            wastes  (1985 Report  to  Congress:  Wastes from, the  Extraction  and
            Beneficiation  of  Metallic Ores,  Phosphate  Rock,  Asbestos, Overburden
            from Uranium Mining, and Oil  Shale)  in which EPA found that some
            mining  wastes exhibit  hazardous  characteristics,  that  waste
            management practices have caused environmental damage, and that
            the range of risk from mining waste  is broad.  In July 1986 EPA
            published a  regulatory determination, upheld  in subsequent court
            challenges, that RCRA  Subtitle  C regulation of extraction  and
            beneficiation wastes was unwarranted because mining wastes tend to
            be disposed  of  in  arid climates, facilities and wastes are located in
            sparsely populated areas where human contact is minimal, and waste
            volumes are  high.  It also determined that it should develop  a risk-
            based, State-run mining waste program under RCRA Subtitle D.

            In keeping with its epurt-ordered directive to reinterpret the Mining
            Waste exclusion for mineral processing  wastes,  EPA  proposed to
            narrow the scope of the  exclusion for mineral-processing wastes to
            include only  a few  specific waste streams.  Unable to articulate  criteria
            for selecting  these wastes, EPA later .withdrew this proposal and was
           ' subsequently sued by the Environmental Defense  Fund.  The courts
            ruled against EPA, holding that the Agency's interpretation of Bevill
            exclusions was overbroad.  The court ordered EPA to restrict the scope
            of the exclusion as it applied  to mineral-processing wastes to include
            only "large volume, low hazard" wastes.

            Iii a series of rulemaking notices, EPA reinterpreted the exclusion for
            mineral-processing wastes and defined  which mineral-processing
            wastes met the high-volume, low-hazard criteria.  The vast majority of
            mineral-processing wastes did not meet both criteria.  EPA published
            its final regulatory determination in 1991, in compliance with a court-
            ordered  deadline. yThe  final  rule  permanently  retains the Bevill
            exemption for 20 mineral-processing wastes.  EPA determined  that
            regulation under RCRA Subtitle C  was inappropriate for these wastes
            because of the extremely high cost to  industry and  the technical
            infeasibility of managing them under Subtitle C requirements; 18 of the
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             wastes  are subject to  applicable  State requirements,  while  the
             remaining  two (phosphogypsum and phosphoric acid process waste
             water) are currently being evaluated by EPA.
                                  ^       '-.',,     t
             Wastes  from the extraction and beneficiation of ores  and minerals
             remain  exempt  from Subtitle C requirements, irrespective of their
             chemical characteristics; EPA  may,  in the  future,  evaluate  the
             appropriateness  of regulating these wastes under RCRA Subtitle D as
             an industrial waste. Wastes from mineral processing, however, are not
             exempt  from Subtitle C unless they are one of the 20 specific wastes
             identified in EPA's final ruling.

             In addition, only wastes that are uniquely associated with the extraction
             and beneficiation of ores and minerals (or one of the 20 listed mineral
             processing  wastes) are  excluded from  hazardous waste regulation.
             Non-uniquely associated wastes  are typically generated ,as  a result of
             maintaining mining machinery or as a result of other facility activities,
             and continue  to be subject to  Subtitle C regulation.   These non-
             uniquely associated  wastes may  include used oil, polychlorinated
             biphenyls, discarded commercial chemicals, cleaning solvents, filters,
             empty drums, laboratory wastes, and general refuse.

             Determining  how  and  under  what  circumstances the  Bevill
             Amendment exclusions  should be interpreted  in regulating mining
             wastes continues to be a subject of discussion and study, at least in part
             because  many beneficiation terms are  used to  describe activities
             common to a wide range of nonexempt  industries and to describe
             mineral-processing operations that occur at the same location as the
             beneficiation operations.   Beneficiation and  mineral-processing
             operations  are  often closely linked;  in order to  apply Subtitle  C
             regulations  at a mine site, a regulator, often must prove that the waste
             is not a  beneficiation waste.  Because a variety of regulators, at both
             Federal  and State  levels,  are independently interpreting  the Bevill
             rules, the potential for inconsistent interpretations is significant.  Staff
             in EPA's OSW have suggested the following guidelines for  regulators
             and the  regulated community in distinguishing between exempt and
             nonexempt wastes at mines and mineral-processing sites:

             •     Determine  whether the material is considered a solid waste
                  under RCRA.

             •     Determine  whether the facility is using a primary ore or mineral
                  to  produce a final or intermediate product and also whether 50
                  percent of the feedstocks are from secondary sources.
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       ,     •     Establish whether the material and the operation that generates
                  it are uniquely associated with inineral production.

            •     Determine where in the sequence of operations beneficiation
                  ends and mineral processing begins.

            •     If the material is a mineral-processing waste, determine whether
                  it is one of the 20 special wastes from mineral processing.

            This sequence will result in  one of three determinations:  1) the
            material is not a solid waste and therefore not subject to RCRA; 2) the
            material is a solid waste but is exempt from RCRA Subtitle G because of
            the Mining Waste Exclusion; or 3) the material is a solid waste that is
            not exempt from RCRA Subtitle C and is subject to regulation.

Comprehensive Environmental Response^ Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA)  '     .-     •

            Although Bevill  wastes are excluded from regulation under RCRA
            Subtitle C, they can be addressed under CERCLA.  Mining companies
            may be liable under CERCLA for the release or threat of release of
            hazardous substances,  covering releases  to  air,  surface,  water,
      '   .   grduridwater  and  soils.   Many mines, where practices did not
            incorporate the safeguards now required tinder the CWA, allowed
            runoff from mine and tailings sites to flow into  nearby streams and
            lakes.   In general, the CERCLA problems  associated with mining
            operations are much more frequent in metal rather than non-metal
            mining.   Even newer mines,  which  have been  subject to  CWA
            regulations, have been targeted for CERCLA  enforcement.    Mine
            owners may also be liable for damages to natural resources as a result of
            mining activity.
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              National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
                                                        i
                          NEPA requires that all Federal agencies prepare detailed statements
                          assessing the environmental impact of,  and alternatives to, major
                          Federal actions that may "significantly affect" the environment.  An
                          environmental impact statement  (EIS) must provide a fair and full
                          discussion of significant environmental impacts and inform decision-
                          makers and the public of the reasonable alternatives which would
                          avoid or minimize  adverse impacts on the environment; EISs must
                         . explore and evaluate all reasonable alternatives, even if they  are not
                          within the authority of the lead agency.  NEPA authorities are solely
                          procedural;  NEPA  cannot compel  selection of the  environmentally
                          preferred alternative.

                          Federal actions specifically related  to  mining that may require EISs
                          include Federal land management agency (e.g. BLM and Forest Service)
                          approval of plans  of  operations  for  hardrock  mining  on
                          Federally-managed  lands.  All effected media (e.g., air, water, soil,
                          geologic, cultural, economic resources, etc.) must be addressed.  The EIS
                          provides the basis for the permit decision; for example,  an NPDES
                          permit may be issued or denied based on EPA's review of the overall
                          impacts, not just discharge-related impacts, of the proposed project and
                          alternatives.  Issues  may include the potential for acid rock drainage,
                          aquatic and terrestrial habitat value and losses, sediment production,
                          mitigation, and reclamation.

             Endangered Species Act (ESA)

                          The ESA provides a  means to protect threatened or endangered  species
                          and the ecosystems that  support them.  It requires Federal agencies to
                          ensure that  activities undertaken on either Federal or non-Federal
                          property do  not  have adverse impacts on threatened or endangered
                          species or their habitat. In a June 1995 ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court
                          upheld interpretations of the Act that allow agencies to consider impact
                          on  habitat as a potential form of prohibited "harm" to endangered
                          species.  Agencies undertaking a Federal action (such as a BLM  review
                          of proposed  mining operations) must consult with the U.S. Fish and
                          Wildlife Service (USFWS); an EIS must be prepared if "any major part
                          of a new source will have significant  adverse effect on the habitat" of a
                         Federally or State-listed threatened or endangered species.
             State Statutes
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In addition to Federal laws. State and common laws also affect waste
generation from mining activities.  State law generally requires that

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            permits be obtained  prior to commencement of mining activities;
            permits may require  design, performance, closure, and reclamation
            standards, and may impose monitoring requirements. Under common,
            law, a mine owner may be liable for trespassing if wastes migrate into
            and damage another's property, or if the waste impacts the community
            as a whole, a miner may be liable for creating a public nuisance. Over
            the last five years several States have substantially altered their mining.
            regulations to prevent the damage caused by past pining operations.
            Considerable disagreement remains, however, between  mining
            industry groups  and the environmental community  regarding the
            effectiveness  of these State regulations in preventing damage to the
            environment.

            Many Western States  require mining operations to obtain reclamation
            bonds  and mining permits that are designed  to regulate and  monitor
            mining activity. States that require bonding and/or permitting include
            Alaska, Arizona, California,  Idaho,  Nevada, New Mexico,  Oregon,
            Utah, Washington, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming,  and Colorado.
            To regulate mining activity in the State of Colorado, for example, the
            State requires mining operations to obtain: 1) a performance bond, 2) a
            reclamation bond, and 3) a permit.  The performance bond  outlines
            what the mining operation intends to do  on the land, and is simply, a
            promise from the mining operation that it will reclaim the land.  This
            bond  gives Colorado  the authority to  pursue reclamation costs from
            mining operations that fail  to properly reclaim  the land.  The
            reclamation bond, also known as a financial warranty, equals the cost
            the  State would incur if it were to hire  someone to reclaim the site
            should the mining operation  fail  to do  so.  Although performance
            bonds are updated periodically,  the  bonds have not always been
            adequate to cover closure costs.

VI.C. Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA)

            EPCRA Section 313 mandates that owners and operators of  facilities
            that manufacture, process, or otherwise use a listed chemical to report
            to EPA their  annual releases of these chemicals to any environmental
            medium. EPA makes this information available to the public in the
            form  of  the  Toxic  Release Inventory  (TRI).  TRI currently  requires
            reporting from  facilities in SIC  codes  20-39 which  meet  various
            threshold requirements.

            EPCRA Section 313 gives EPA discretionary authority to modify the
            coverage of facilities required to report  to  EPA for inclusion in the TRI.
            EPA is considering expanding the TRI through  the development of
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                      Sector Notebook Project
             reporting  requirements  for  additional facilities. These additional
             facilities include a list of 25 SIC codes that contribute 99 percent of the
             non-manufacturing TRI chemical loadings to the environment.  SIC 14
             is among these 25 SIC codes. EPA anticipates publication of a proposed
             rule in late 1995 or early 1996 requiring additional facilities  to report the
             use, release, and transfer of TRI chemicals.

Clean Air Act (CAA)

Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990

             In 1992, EPA published an initial list of all categories of major and area
             sources of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) listed in Section 112(b)
             of the CAA.  EPA is required to establish dates for the promulgation of
             emission standards for each of the listed categories of HAP  emission
             sources and develop emission standards for  each source of HAPs such
             that the schedule is met. The standards are to be technology-based and
             are to require the maximum degree of emission reduction determined
             to be achievable by the Administrator.  Proposed  standards  for most
             mineral industries  are  due by November 1, 1997.  The  Agency has
             determined that the phosphoric acid manufacturing industry may be
             anticipated to emit several of the 189 HAPs  listed in Section  112(b) of
             the CAAA.  As a consequence, this source category is included on the
             initial list  of HAP-emitting  categories scheduled  for standards
             promulgation.

New Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)

             Another proposed rule under the  CAA concerns the; development of
             maximum  achievable  control technology (MACT)  or generally
             achievable control technology  (GACT) standards for the  asbestos
            processing  source  category  that  is  comprised  of the  milling,
            manufacturing, and fabrication subcategories of the asbestos NESHAP.
            Pollutants to be regulated include asbestos and  other HAPs emitted in
            major amounts by these subcategories. Final action on this proposed
            rule is scheduled for November 1995.

National Ambient Air Quality  Standards (NAAQS) '

            EPA is reviewing and updating the air quality criteria for particulate
            matter to incorporate  new scientific and technical information that has
            become available since the last review.  Based on the revised criteria,
            EPA will determine whether revisions to the  standards are  appropriate.
            This will affect the mining and quarrying of non-fuel,  nonmetallic
            minerals.                                        ,
SIC Code 14
56
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                 Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
Clean Water Act (CWA)
            A  comprehensive bill  was introduced  in Congress  in 1995  to
            reauthorize the Clean Water Act.  The bill may affect EPA's authority
            to require changes in production processes, products, or raw materials
            to control emissions of toxins; may require risk assessments for water
            quality  standards, effluent  limitations  or  other  regulatory
            requirements; and may require social, economic, and environmental
            benefits to be weighed in establishing regulations.  Potentially large
            sectors of the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry could be affected by
            this legislation.
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA^
            Arsenic is One of the non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals covered by SIC
            14.  A proposed rule will set a maximum contaminant level goal
            (MCLG) and revised national primary  drinking water regulation
            (NPDWR)  for arsenic in  drinking water, pursuant to the SDWA
            amendments of 1986.  The SDWA requires EPA to promulgate national
            primary drinking water regulations for 83 specific contaminants  of
            which arsenic is one.  .
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SIC Code 14

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VII.   COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT PROFILE

Background

            To  date,  EPA has focused  much of its attention on  measuring
            compliance with  specific environmental statutes.   This approach
            allows the Agency to track compliance with the Clean Air Act, the
            Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Clean Water Act, and
            other environmental  statutes.  Within the  last several years,  the
            Agency has begun to supplement single-media compliance. indicators
            with facility-specific, multimedia indicators of compliance.  In doing so,
            EPA is in a better position to  track compliance with all statutes at the
            facility level, and within specific industrial sectors.

            A major step in building the capacity to compile multimedia data for
            industrial  sectors  was  the creation of EPA's Integrated  Data for
            Enforcement Analysis (IDEA)  system.  IDEA has the capacity to "read
            into" the Agency's single-media databases, extract  compliance records,
            and match the records to individual facilities. The IDEA system can
            match  Air, Water,  Waste,  Toxics/Pesticides/EPCRA,  TRI, and
            Enforcement Docket records for a  given facility, and generate a list of
            historical permit, inspection, and enforcement activity.  IDEA also has
            the capability to analyze data by geographic area and corporate  holder.
            As  the capacity to  generate multimedia compliance data improves, EPA
            will make  available  more in-depth complian'ce and enforcement
            information.'  Additionally,  sector-specific measures of success for
            compliance assistance efforts are under development.

Compliance and Enforcement Profile Description

            Using inspection,  violation^  and enforcement data from the IDEA
            system, this section provides  information regarding the  historical
            compliance and enforcement activity of this sector. In order to mirror
            the facility universe reported in the Toxic Chemical Profile, the data
            reported within this section  consists of  records only from the  TRI
            reporting  universe.   With this decision,  the  selection criteria are
            consistent across sectors with certain exceptions. For the sectors  that do
            not normally report to the TRI program, data have been provided from
            EPA's Facility Indexing System (FINDS) which tracks facilities in all
            media databases.  Please note, in this section, EPA does not attempt to
            define  the  actual  number of facilities that  fall  within  each  sector.
            Instead, the section portrays the records of a subset of facilities within
            the sector that are well defined within EPA databases.
SIC Code 14
                                       58
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 Sectoi Notebook Project
                                                        Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
           ,  As  a check on the relative size of the full  sector universe, most
             notebooks. contain an'estimated number of facilities within the sector
             according to the Bureau of Census (See Section  II).   With sectors
             dominated  by small businesses, such as metal finishers and printers,
             the  reporting  universe within the EPA databases may be small in
             comparison to Census data.  However, the group selected for inclusion
             in this data analysis section should be consistent with this sector's
             general make-up.

             Following  this  introduction  is  a list defining each  data  column
             presented within this section.   These values represent a retrospective
             summary of inspections and enforcement actions, and  solely reflect
             EPA, State, and local compliance assurance activities that have been
             entered into EPA databases. To identify any changes in trends, the EPA
             ran  two data queries, one for the past five calendar years (August 10,
             1990 to August 9, 1995) and the other for the most recent twelve-month
             period (August 10,1994 to August 9,1995). The five-year analysis gives
             an average level of activity for that period for comparison to the more
             recent activity.                 ~

             Because most inspections focus on single-media  requirements, the data
             queries presented in this section are taken from single media databases.
             These databases do not  provide data on whether inspections  are
             State/local or EPA-led.  However, the table breaking down the universe
             of violations does give the .reader a crude measurement of the EPA's
             and  States'  efforts within each media program. The presented data
             illustrate the  variations  across regions  for certain sectors.  This
             variation may be attributable  to  State/local  data entry variations,
             specific geographic  concentrations, proximity to population centers,
             sensitive  ecosystems, highly toxic chemicals used in production, or
         ,    historical noncompliance.  Hence, the exhibited  data  do  not rank
             regional performance or necessarily reflect which regions  may have the
             most compliance problems.

Compliance and Enforcement Data Definitions

General Definitions

             Facility Indexing System (FINDS) - this system  assigns a common
             facility  number to; EPA  single-media permit records.   The FINDS
             identification number allows EPA to  compile and  review all permit,
             compliance, enforcement, and pollutant release data for any given
             regulated  facility.
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                              SIC Code 14

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            Integrated Data for Enforcement Analysis (IDEA) - is a data integration
            system that can retrieve information from the major EPA program
            office databases. IDEA uses the FINDS identification number to "glue
            together" separate data records from EPA's databases.  This is done to
            create a "master list" of data records for any given facility. Some of the
            data systems accessible through IDEA are: AIRS (Air Facility Indexing
            and Retrieval System,  Office of  Air  and  Radiation), PCS (Permit
            Compliance System, Office of Water), RCRIS (Resource Conservation
            and Recovery Information System, Office of Solid  Waste), NCDB
            (National Compliance Data Base, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and
            Toxic Substances), CERCLIS  (Comprehensive  Environmental  and
            Liability  Information System,  Superfurid),  and  TRIS (Toxic Release
            Inventory System).  IDEA also contains information  from outside
            sources such as Dun and Bradstreet and the Occupational Safety and
            Health Administration (OSHA).   Most data queries  displayed in
            notebook Sections TV and VT1 were conducted using IDEA.

Data Table Column Heading Definitions
                             •ป
            Facilities in Search - are based on the universe of TRI reporters within
            the listed SIC  code range.  For industries not  covered under TRI
            reporting requirements, the  notebook uses the FINDS universe for
            executing data queries.  The SIC code range selected for each search is
            defined by each notebook's selected SIC code coverage described in
            Section n.

            Facilities Inspected — indicates  the level of EPA and State agency
            facility inspections  for the  facilities in this data search.   These values
            show what percentage of the facility universe is inspected in a 12 or 60
            month  period.   This column  does  not count non-inspectional
            compliance  activities such as the review of  facility-reported discharge
            reports.

            Number of Inspections — measures the total number  of inspections
            conducted in this sector. An inspection event is counted each time it is
            entered into a single media database.

            Average Time Between Inspections - provides  an average length of
            time, expressed in months, that a compliance inspection occurs at  a
            facility within the defined universe.

            Facilities with  One or More Enforcement Actions - expresses the
            number of facilities that were party to at least one  enforcement action
            within the defined time period. This category is broken down further
            into Federal and State  actions.  Data are obtained  for administrative,
            civil/judicial,  and criminal  enforcement  actions.  Administrative

 SIC Code 14           "                60~                        September 1995

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 Sector Notebook. Project
                 Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
             actions include Notices of Violation (NOVs).  A facility with multiple
             enforcement actions is only counted once in this column (facility with
             3 enforcement actions counts as 1).  All percentages that appear  are
             referenced to the number of facilities inspected.

             Total  Enforcement  Actions —  describes the  total number  of
             enforcement actions identified for an industrial sector  across  all
             environmental statutes.  A facility with multiple enforcement actions
             is counted multiple times (a facility with 3 enforcement actions counts
             as 3).

             State Lead Actions -- shows what percentage  of the total enforcement
             actions are taken by State  and local environmental agencies.  Varying
             levels of use by States of EPA data systems may limit the volume of
             actions accorded State enforcement activity.  Some States extensively
             report enforcement activities into EPA data systems, while other States
             may use their own data systems.

             Federal Lead Actions — shows what percentage of the total enforcement
             actions are taken by the  U.S. EPA. This value includes referrals from
             State agencies.  Many of these actions result from coordinated or joint
             State/Federal efforts.

             Enforcement to Inspection Rate — expresses how often enforcement
             actions result from inspections.  This value is a ratio of enforcement
             actions to inspections, and  is presented for comparative purposes only.
             This  measure  is a rough indicator of  the relationship  between
             inspections  and  enforcement.   This  measure simply  indicates
             historically  how many  enforcement actions can be attributed  to
             inspection activity.  Related inspections and  enforcement actions under
             the Clean Water Act (PCS), the Clean Air Act (AFS) and the Resource
             Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) are .included  in this ratio.
             Inspections and actions from the TSCA/FIFRA/EPCRA database are
            not factored  into this ratio because most of the actions taken under
             these programs are not the  result of facility inspections. This ratio does
            not  account for enforcement > actions  arising  from  non-inspection
             compliance monitoring activities (e.g., self-reported water discharges)
            that can result in  enforcement action within  the CAA, CWA and
            RCRA.

            Facilities  with One or  More  Violations  Identified  — indicates the
            number and percentage of inspected facilities  having a violation
            identified in one of the following data categories:  In Violation  or
            Significant  Violation  Status  (CAA);  Reportable Noncompliance,
            Current Year Noncompliance, Significant Noncompliance  (CWA);
            Noncompliance and Significant Noncompliance (FIFRA, TSCA, and
September 1995
61
                              SIC Code 14

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Non-FueL Non-Metal Minine
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            EPCRA);  Unresolved  Violation  and  Unresolved  High  Priority
            Violation (RCRA).  The values presented for this column reflect the
            extent of noncompliance within the measured time frame, but do not
            distinguish between the severity .of the noncompliance.  Percentages
            within this  column can exceed  100%  because facilities can be in
            violation status without being inspected.  Violation status  may be a
            precursor to an enforcement action, but does not necessarily indicate
            that an enforcement action will occur.

            Media Breakdown of Enforcement Actions and Inspections — four
            columns identify  the proportion of totaHnspections and enforcement.
            actions  within EPA Air,  Water, Waste," and TSCA/FIFRA/EPCRA
            databases.   Each  column is a  percentage  of  either the "Total
            Inspections," or the "Total Actions" column.

                              '                      s              ,           '
VILA.      Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry Compliance History

            Exhibit  11 presents enforcement and compliance information specific
            to the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry. As indicated in the chart,
            Regions in, IV, V, VIE, and X have been the most active in terms of
            enforcement actions against this sector.
 SIC Code 14
                                      62
        September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
                                                  Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
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                              63
SIC Code 14

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Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
                     Sector Notebook Project
VII.B.       Comparison of Enforcement Activity Between Selected Industries

            Exhibits 12-15 provide enforcement  and compliance information for
            selected industries.  TKe non-fuel, non-metal mineral mining industry
            has the fourth largest number of facilities tracked by EPA across the
            selected industries.  Of the total number of enforcement actions over
            five years, 76  percent are State-lead actions and 24 percent are federal-
            lead actions.  For this industry, Clean Air Act inspections comprise 65
            percent of all  inspections conducted,  and Clean Water Act inspections
            account for 31 percent of all inspections. This inspection pattern seems
            consistent with the general priority of environmental concerns within
            this  sector.   Importantly, the non-fuel,  non-metal  mining sector
            exhibits the lowest number  of enforcement actions in relations to
            inspections that any other industry covered under this project over the
            last five years  (see Exhibit 12).
SIC Code 14
64
September 1995

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Sector "Mofcebooik Project
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                    65
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Non-Pud, Non-Metal Mining
                                         Sector Notebook Project
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                 66
September 1995

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Sector Notebook. Project
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                                       67
                                                              SIC Code 14

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Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
                                                            Sector Notebook Project
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SIC Code 14
                                  68
                         September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
                Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
VII.C.       Review of Major Legal Actions

VII.C.l.     Review of Major Gases

            As indicated in EPA's Enforcement  Accomplishments  Report, FY 1991
            through FY 1993 publications, two significant .enforcement cases were
            resolved between 1991 and 1993 for the mining and quarrying of non-
            fuel/ nonmetallic minerals. The cases were comprised of CERCLA and
          ,  the Marine Protection Research and  Sanctuaries  Act  (MAPRSA)
            violations.   Both cases  were related  to companies  in the sand and
            gravel business.        .

            One of the three eases resulted in  the assessment of a penalty. In U.S.
            v. Petersen Sand & Gravel, Inc. (1993), the defendant failed to furnish
            accurate and complete information relating to its disposal of hazardous
            wastes at  its site.  The defendant mined sand and gravel at the site,
            during which time several hundred  drums of paints, solvents, and
            other industrial wastes were dumped.  The company was required to
            pay  $700,000  and to provide  a full  response  to  EPA's original
            information requests.

            In U.S. v. Custom Sand and Gravel (1993), an administrative order was
            issued under MAPRSA for unauthorized construction of dikes and
            roadways  and for clearing and leveling activities associated with sand
            and  gravel mining  operations that  impacted wooded  swamp.  A
            restoration plan was submitted to restore approximately 65 acres of
            wetland habitat.
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                     Sector Notebook Project
VIII.  COMPLIANCE AcnvrnES AND INITIATIVES

            This section highlights the activities undertaken by this industry sector
            and public agencies to voluntarily improve the sector's environmental
            performance.  These activities include those independently initiated by
            industrial trade associations. In this section, the notebook also contains
            a listing and description of national and regional trade associations.


VIII.A.      Sector-Related Environmental Programs and Activities

            EPA's Office of Solid Waste (OSW) conducts research  into mining
            waste issues,, including engineering studies conducted on innovative
            methods of mining to reduce mine waste.  OSW prepares reports that
            evaluate current mining designs and how these  designs impact the
            environment.  The reports, which are subject to peer review,-cover
            topics such as the design and operation of waste rock piles, subaqueous
            disposal of tailings, and cyanide detoxification.  OSW also provides
            outreach and technical support to other program and Regional offices
            to address mine waste problems  located on Indian reservations. OSW
            is currently involved in providing outreach and technical support to
            approximately six different sites. (Contact: Steve Hoffman, 703-308-
            8413)

LT.S. Bureau of Mines Environmental Research Program

            The  U.S. Bureau of Mines  environmental research  program is
            developing technology to prevent pollution and to maintain a healthy
            work environment.   In the pollution prevention area, the  USBM, in
            conjunction with the Florida phosphate industry and  the Florida
            Institute of Phosphate Research, is researching the environmental
            pollution associated  with  phosphogypsum stacks,  and  the large
            process/cooling water ponds associated wititi them.  The Bureau is also
            evaluating the potential for in-situ mining of  western phosphate ores,
            a technique that would significantly reduce gypsum production in the
            processing of western  phosphate  rock.  (Contact: Frank Lanzetta,
            Research Staff, (202) 501-9272)

            The focus of the environmental health research is the monitoring and
            control of small airborne dusts that can be inhaled deep into the lungs
            and  cause respiratory diseases.  Emphasis is on the monitoring and
            control of coal and rock dusts and emissions from diesel engines.  A
            continuous monitor to evaluate dust conditions during the extraction
            process for mineral ores is being developed to  provide a means  to alert
            workers  to hazardous dust conditions. Dust control techniques are
            directed primarily towards reducing concentrations through  the
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Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
            application of water sprays, more effective use of ventilation air, and
            modification of mining operating parameters. (Contact: Dr. J. Harrison,
            Research Staff (202) 501-9309)

Mine  Safety and Health -Administration (MSHA)  Mines Initiative

            Electrical  transformers  or capacitors containing  polychlorinated
            biphenyls  (PCBs) are often used as power sources  in underground
            mines.  This equipment is regulated by EPA to ensure against
            environmental release of PCBs, chemicals classified as probable human
            carcinogens.  Abandoned mines often  fill with ground water, which
            can cause PCB-containing equipment to  corrode and leak, chemicals
            into the water.                                              ,

            EPA and MSHA launched a joint effort in early 1993 to identify  all
            underground mines using electrical transformers or capacitors that
            contain PCBs. During 1993, MSHA inspectors completed PCB checklists
            that  identified  mines using PCB-  or  other liquid-filled equipment
            underground,  and  whether  there were any violations of EPA
            regulations governing PCB use, marking, storage, or disposal. In total,
            85 underground mines that may use PCB-containing equipment were
            identified.  EPA has used the PCB checklists as part of its enforcement
            efforts.  As a result of these efforts,  four mining companies have been
            cited for  mismanaging  PCBs and  face  Federal penalties of up  to
            $317,575.  EPA has settled one  of these  cases and filed three additional
            complaints.

Miscellaneous Activities

            Members  of several government  agencies have been informally
            meeting over the past five years to share and communicate ideas  on
            mining waste  issues.   Known as the Federal Land  Management
            Agencies, this  group includes EPA> the National Park Service, the
            Department of Agriculture, the Department of the Interior, the Bureau
            of Land Management, and the U.S. Forest Service.  According to Steve
            Hoffman of EPA's Office of Solid Waste, a memo of  understanding is
            currently under development to formalize the group's meetings at the
            senior level.

            EPA has provided a  multi-year grant to the Southwest. Research and
            Information Center  to conduct  research and outreach  activities
            regarding mine waste issues. The Center maintains a clearinghouse of
            technical  studies  conducted on  mine  waste topics.   (Contact:
            Paul Robinson,  505-262-1862)
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                                                                    SIC Code 14

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 Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
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            Over the last few years, EPA has enlisted the advice and assistance of
            the States  in developing a Federally-mandated RCRA mine waste
            program.  In order to facilitate the involvement of the States in this
            effort,  EPA has  provided  funding  to the  Western  Governors'
            Association (WGA), an independent non-partisan organization  of 21
            member governors.  In 1988, WGA formed a Mine Waste Task Force to
            coordinate the views of the member States and to work with EPA, the
            mining industry, the environmental community, and the public in the
            development of a workable mine waste management program.

            Kansas State University's Hazardous  Substance  Research  Center
            (HSRC) is an EPA-funded  center providing research and technology
            transfer services  for  pollution  prevention and other  waste
            management techniques.   HSRC  programs  include outreach for
            industry, assistance to government, videos, radio programs, written
            materials, 'data bases, and workshops  on pollution prevention and
            hazardous  waste remediation.  One pollution prevention focus of
            HSRC is on soils and mining waste.

            Contact:    Dr. Larry  E. Erickson, Director
                        Hazardous Substance Research Center (HSRC)
                        Ward Hall, Room 101
                        Kansas State University
                        Manhattan, Kansas  66506-5102
                        (913)532-6519

            The  Arizona  Department  of Environmental Quality  (ADEQ)
            (602-779-0313) has  established  a  multifaceted  pollution prevention
            program to  encourage generators  of hazardous waste to prepare a
            pollution prevention plan.  ADEQ  encourages  companies to prepare
            pollution prevention plans by reducing environmental permit filing
            fees 50  percent if companies implement a pollution prevention  plan.
            Some mining companies have participated in this program.  In
            addition, a joint partnership between the State and private industry has
            been formed, called the Arizona Pollution Prevention  Partnership.
            The Partnership consists  of 22 of the State's largest hazardous waste
            generators.  These companies, which include some mining companies,
            have spelled out specific hazardous waste reduction plans for a two to
            three year period.

            The Mineral Policy  Center is a non-profit organization that provides
            technical, legal, and political strategy assistance to deal with mineral
            threats to sensitive areas. The main goal of the Center is to promote
            environmentally responsible mining. The organization educates and
            assists  citizens'  groups  and agency  personnel  working  with
            conservation problems related to legislation such as the 1872 Mining
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                                          Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
            Law and  RCRA.  The  Mineral Policy Center provides educational
            materials  such  as. fact sheets,  information packets, videos,  and
            publications that summarize the results of research conducted on the
            environmental impacts of mining. Its publications include 'Burden of
            Guilt, which provides a current  assessment of the abandoned mine
            •problem and a proposal to develop and fund an effective nationwide
            reclamation program.  The Center also conducts roundtable discussions
            with mining companies to discuss environmental issues facing the
            mining industry. (Contact:  Gary Kravis, 202-887-1872)

            In 1990, a funding agreement was entered into between EPA and the
            Interstate Mining Compact Commission (IMCC). (Contact: Greg Conrad
            703-709-8654). IMCC is an association that studies and recommends
            techniques for the protection and  restoration of land, water, and other
            resources  affected by mining.  The purpose of the funding agreement
            between  EPA  and IMCC is to  facilitate  State  involvement in
            developing  and implementing  mine waste regulation.   Fifteen
            member States have participated in this effort thus far.
VIII.B.
EPA Voluntary Programs
Environmental Leadership Program
Project XL
            The Environmental Leadership Program (ELP) is a national initiative
            piloted by EPA and State agencies in which facilities have volunteered
            to demonstrate innovative  approaches to environmental management
            and  compliance.  EPA has  selected 12 pilot projects  at industrial
            facilities  and  Federal installations which  will  demonstrate the
            principles  of  the  ELP  program. '   These  principles include:
            environmental management  systems,  multimedia  compliance
            assurance,  third-party verification of compliance/public measures  of
            accountability, community, involvement, and mentoring programs.  In
            return for  participating, pilot participants receive public recognition
            and  are given a period of time to correct any violations  discovered
            during these experimental projects.  (Contact: Tai-ming Chang, ELP
            Director, 202-564-5081 or Robert Fentress, 202-564-7023)
            Project XL was initiated in March 1995 as a part of President Clinton's
            Reinventing  Environmental Regulation initiative. K The projects  seek
            to.  achieve  cost effective  environmental  benefits  by  allowing
            participants to replace or modify existing regulatory requirements on
            the condition that they produce greater environmental benefits.  EPA
            and program  participants will negotiate and sign a Final Project
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             Agreement, detailing specific objectives that the regulated entity shall
             satisfy. In exchange, EPA will allow the participant a certain degree of
             regulatory flexibility and may seek changes in underlying regulations
             or statutes.  Participants are encouraged  to seek stakeholder support
             from local governments, businesses, and environmental groups.  EPA
             hopes to implement fifty  pilot projects in four categories including
             facilities, sectors, communities, and government agencies regulated by
             EPA. Applications will be  accepted on a rolling basis and projects will
             move to implementation within six months  of their selection.  For
             additional information regarding XL Projects, including  application
             procedures and criteria, see the May 23,1995 Federal Register Notice, or
             contact Jon Kessler at EPA's Office of Policy Analysis (202) 260-4034.
Green Lights Program
            EPA's Green Lights program was initiated in 1991 and has the goal of
            preventing pollution by encouraging U.S.  institutions to use energy-
            efficient lighting technologies. The program has over 1,500 participants
            which  include  major  corporations;  small  and  medium  sized
            businesses; Federal, State and local governments; non-profit groups;
            schools; universities; and health care facilities.  Each participant is
            required to survey their facilities and upgrade lighting wherever it is
            profitable.   EPA provides technical  assistance to the participants
            through a decision support software package, workshops and manuals,
            and a  financing registry.   EPA's Office of Air  and Radiation is
            responsible for operating the Green Lights Program.  (Contact: .Susan
            Bullard at 202-233-9065 or  the Green Light/Energy Star Hotline at
            202-775-6650)
WasteWi$e Program
            The WasteWi$e Program was started in 1994 by EPA's Office of Solid
            Waste and Emergency Response.  The program is aimed at reducing
            municipal solid wastes by promoting waste minimization, recycling
            collection, and the manufacturing and purchase of recycled products.
            As  of 1994, the program had about  300 companies as members,
            including a number of major corporations.  Members agree to identify
            and implement actions to reduce their solid wastes and must provide
            EPA with their waste reduction goals along with yearly progress
            reports.   EPA  in  turn provides technical  assistance  to  member
            companies and allows the use of the WasteWi$e logo for promotional
            purposes.  (Contact: Lynda Wynn, 202-260-0700 or the WasteWi$e
            Hotline at 1-800-372-9473)
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- Non-Fuel,. Nori-Metal Mining
Climate Wise Recognition Program
NICE3
            The Climate Change Action Plan was initiated in response to the U.S.
            commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with
            the Climate Change Convention of the 1990 Earth Summit. As  part of
            the Climate  Change Action  Plan,  the Climate  Wise  Recognition
            Program is a partnership initiative run jointly by  EPA and  the
            Department of Energy. The program is designed to reduce greenhouse
            gas emissions by encouraging reductions across all  sectors  of the
            economy, encouraging participation in  the  full range  of Climate
            Change Action Plan initiatives, and  fostering innovation.  Participants
            in the program  are required to identify and  commit to actions that
            reduce  greenhouse gas emissions. .The program, in turn, gives
            organizations early recognition  for  their reduction  commitments;
            provides technical assistance through consulting services, workshops,
            and  guides;  and  provides   access  to  the   program's  centralized
            information system. At EPA, the program is operated by the Air and
            Energy Policy Division within the Office of (Policy Planning and
            Evaluation. (Contact: Pamela Herman, 202-260-4407)
            The U.S. Department of Energy and EPA's Office of Pollution
            Prevention  are  jointly administering a grant program  called  The
            National Industrial  Competitiveness through  Energy, Environment,
            and Economics (NICE3).  By providing grants of up to 50 percent of the
            total project cost, the program encourages industry to reduce industrial
            waste at its  source and  become more  energy-efficient and  cost-
            competitive through waste minimization efforts.  Grants are used by
            industry to design, test, demonstrate, and assess the feasibility of new
            processes and/or equipment with the potential to reduce pollution and
            increase energy efficiency.  The program is  open to all industries;
            however, priority  is given to proposals from participants  in the pulp
            and paper, chemicals, primary metals, and petroleum and coal products
            sectors. (Contact: DOE's Golden Field Office, 303-275-4729)
 VIII.C.      Trade Association/Industry-Sponsored Activity

             The Missouri  Limestone Producers  Association, along with EPA's
             Region VII developed a voluntary compliance program for Missouri
             rock crushing companies in violation of the Clean Air Act. Affected
             rock crusher facilities in Missouri's pilot program must comply with
             New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) of the Clean Air Act.  The
             EPA regulations, commonly  called Subpart  OOO, are designed  to
             control  air pollution from specific new equipment  at nonmetallic
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             mineral processing plants.  This includes: rock crushing units, screens,
             conveyors, and bins.  Regulations require owners, who have purchased
             new equipment since August 31, 1983, to maintain records, conduct
             performance testing of air emissions, and provide notification to EPA.
             Many Missouri  rock crushers  have failed to provide necessary
             notification  and to conduct  required performance  testing.   These
             failures are violations of Federal regulations and owners are liable for
             penalties under the Clean Air Act. The  maximum penalty can be as
             much  as  $25,000 per day, per  violation.   By participating  in  the
             voluntary  compliance  program, sources are eligible for reduced
             penalties for notification and testing violations.   Forty five companies
             have taken advantage of this voluntary compliance program and have
             achieved significant penalty reductions as  a result of their participation.
VTII.C.l.    Environmental Programs

            The National Stone Association produces a Clean Air Management
            Guide, summarizing provisions of the Clean Air Act, that has been
            praised by the  California Air Resources Board.  Additionally, the
            National  Stone Association, along  with the  Florida  Concrete  &
            Products Association and Aggregate Institute produces a course on the
            Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and Title V Operating Permits for
            the Florida Aggregates Industry.  This course has also been taught in
            other areas of the country i.e. Northern California and Kansas City.
            The National  Stone Association  also  runs  an  environmental
            excellence  program  for  its  members with
            Environmental Eagle Awards.
                     winners receiving
VHI.C.2.     Summary of Trade Associations

            Trade and professional organizations serving the mining industry in
            general are divided along mining processes as well as type of mineral
            mined.
                                                                 V
            In 1990, a funding agreement was entered into between EPA and the
            Interstate Mining Compact Commission (IMCC) (Contact: Greg Conrad
            703-709-8654).  IMCC is an association that studies and1 recommends
            techniques for the protection and restoration of land, water, and other
            resources affected by mining.  The purpose of the funding agreement
            between EPA and IMCC is to facilitate state involvement in developing
            and implementing mine waste  regulation.  Fifteen member states have
            participated in this effort thus far.
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       Non-Fuel, Nbri-Metal Mining
            National Aggregates Association
            900 Spring Street
            Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
            Phone:  (301) 587-1400
            Fax:  (301) 587-9419     	.
Members: 350
Staff: 28
Budget: $1.2 million
Contact: Richard A. Morris
            The National Aggregates Association (NAA) represents producers of
            construction aggregates, which include sand, gravel, and crushed and
            broken stone.  For over 75 years, NAA has provided its members with
            education, training, research, technology, and representation before the
            Congress ,and federal regulatory bodies to increase the growth and
            professionalism of the aggregates industry.  NAA is an international
            trade  association  with  a  membership  of  over  400  companies
            throughout the United States, Canada, and various foreign countries.
             Aggregate Producers Association
             of Northern California
             400 Capitol Mall, Suite 900
             Sacramento, CA 95814-4407
             Phone: (916)449-3926
             Fax: (916) 443-5369
Members:
Staff: 7
Budget: $200,000
Contact: George Cope
             The Aggregate  Producers  Association (APA) is a non-profit trade
             association comprised of rock, sand and gravel producers, ready-made
             concrete companies and asphalt companies in Northern California.
             APA provides its members with a variety of committees that monitor
             legislation, regulations and other industry issues e.g. environment,
             safety,  product  education  and promotion,  and  technical  and
             government affairs. Currently, APA sponsors a Stormwater/NPDES
             Group Compliance Program for 140 plant locations. APA also meetings
             regularly with the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) to
             address and resolve issues of concern.
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             The National Stone Association
             1415 Elliot Place, NW
             Washington, DC 20007
             Phone: (202) 342-1100
             Fax: (202) 342-0702	
           Members: 579
           Staff: 20
           Budget: $3.26 million
           Contact: Bill Ford
             The National Stone Association (NSA) is the national trade association
             representing the many interests and concerns of the crushed stone
             industry  in the  United  States.   NSA,  now celebrating  its  75th
             anniversary, is based  in  Washington, DC.  It provides support to
             member companies, provides technical assistance to universities and
             schools, and  works cooperatively with  other national, state and
             regional groups and associations that help  advance the interests of the
             industry.
             National Mining Association
             1130 17th Street
             Washington, DC 20036
             Phone: (202)861-2800
             Fax: (202)861-7535	
          Contact: Richard L. Lawson
             Founded in 1995 as a result of a merger between the American Mining
             Congress and  the National Coal Association, the National Mining
             Association  represents producers  of domestic  coal,  metals, and
             industrial  and agricultural  minerals; manufacturers of mining and
             mineral  processing   machinery,   equipment,  and  supplies;
             engineering/consulting firms;  and financial institutions that serve the
             mining industry. It also offers  tax, communications, and technical
             workshops.
             Missouri Limestone Producers Association
             P.O. Box 1725
             Jefferson City, Missouri 65102
             Phone: (314)-635-0208
             Fax: (314)-634-8006	
          Members: 66
          Staff: 2
          Budget: $220,000
          Contact: Steve Rudloff
             The Missouri Limestone Producers Association represents the crushed
             stone producers for the state of Missouri.  This association has taken an
             active role in voluntary compliance initiatives with EPA's Region VII
             office.
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       Non-Fuel,. Non-Metal Mining
            American Society for Surface Mining and
            Reclamation (ASSMR)
            21 Grandview Dr.
            Princeton, WV 24740
            Phone:  (304)425-8332
Members: 450
Regional Groups: 2
Contact: William T. Plass
            Founded in 1973, ASSMR members consist of mining companies and
            corporations, representatives  from  Federal  agencies  and  State
            governments, and  individuals  from the academic  community.   It
            encourages efforts to protect and enhance land disturbed by mining.  In
            addition, ASSMR assists in research and demonstrations and fosters
            communication among  research  scientists,  regulatory  agencies,
            landowners, and the surface mining industry.  Its publications include
            the Reclamation Newsletter (quarterly).
             Interstate Mining Compact Commission
             (IMCC)
             459B Carlisle Dr.
             Herndon, VA 22070
             Phone: (703)709-8654
             Fax: (703) 709-8655            '
Members: 17
Staff:  2
Budget: $150,000
Contact Gregory E. Conrad
             Founded in 1971, IMCC consists of States engaged in surface mining.
             Its purposes are to study and recommend techniques for the protection
             and restoration of land, water, and other/resources affected by mining;
             to assist  in reducing,  eliminating,  or counteracting  pollution or
             deterioration of natural resources; to encourage programs of member
             States  that  will  achieve  comparable results in  protecting  and
             improving the usefulness of natural resources; and to maintain an
             efficient and productive mining  industry.   IMCC also  compiles
             industry statistics, disseminates studies  and reports on surface mining
             and legislative developments, and maintains liaison between State and
             Federal  governments.   IMCC  publications  include The  Compact
             (quarterly).                -      •       •
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             Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and
             Exploration, Inc. (SME, Inc.)
             P.O. Box 625005
             Littleton, CO  80162
             Phone: (303)973-9550
             Fax: (303)973-3845	
           Members: 20,000
           Staff: 31
           Budget: $3,700,000
           Contact: Tom Hendricks
             Founded in 1871, SME, Inc. consists of persons engaged in the finding,
             exploitation, treatment, and marketing of all classes of minerals (metal
             ores, industrial minerals, and solid fuels) except petroleum.  SME, Inc.
             promotes the arts and sciences connected with the production of useful
             minerals and metals.  Specialized education  programs are offered, as
             well as  publications such as Minerals  and  Metallurgical Processing
             (quarterly), Mining Engineering (monthly), and handbooks and other
             materials on mining.
             Coalition for Responsible Mining Law
             (CRML)
             c/o Coeur D'Alene Mines Corp.
             P.O. Box 1
             Coeur D'Alene, ID 83816-0316
             Phone: (208)667-3511
             Fax: (208)667-2213	
           Members: 300
           Contact: Justin Rice
             Founded in 1979, CRML consists of mining  company  executives,
             exploration geologists, small miners, and others interested in mining
             laws.  CRML is organized as a means  of focusing  Western mining
             interests behind a proposal to preserve the basic provisions of the
             National Mining Law of 1872.  It seeks to raise the level of awareness
             about the law within the mineral industry, Congress, and  the general
             public through specialized education.  Publications include a periodic
             newsletter.
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                 Non-Fuel, Noti-Metal Mining
            Clay Minerals Society (CMS)
            P.O. Box 12210
            Boulder, CO 80303
            Phone: (303) 444-64€5
         Members: 950
         Contact: JoEberl
            Founded in 1963, CMS consists of professionals concerned with clay
            mineralogy and  technology  in industry, university research, and
            government.  It includes students of mineralogy and other scientific
            disciplines  as "well as representatives of clay mining companies.- CMS
            seeks to stimulate research and disseminate/information relating to all
            aspects of clay science and technology.  It maintains a store of clay
            minerals at the Geology Department of the University of Missouri.
            CMS publications include Clays and Clay Minerals  (bimonthly), and
            Quantitative Mineral Analysis.
             Asbestos Information Association/North
             America (AIA/NA)
             1745 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Ste. 509
             Arlington, VA 22202
             Phone: (703)979-1150
             Fax:' (703) 979-1152       '	
          Members: 45
          Staff:  30
          Budget:  $300,000
          Contact: B.J. Pigg
             Founded in 1970, AIA/NA represents manufacturers, processors, and
             miners/millers of asbestos or products containing asbestos.  Its  main
             purposes are:  to provide industry-wide information on asbestos and
             health and on  industry efforts to eliminate  existing  hazards; to
             cooperate with government agencies in developing and implementing
             industry-wide standards for exposure to asbestos  dust  and for the
             control  of asbestos  dust emissions into air  and water;  to exchange
             information on methods and techniques of asbestos dust control; to
             assist in solving problems arising from  the health effects of asbestos;
             and  to  increase  public  knowledge  of the  unique benefits  and
             importance of asbestos products.  AIA/NA acts as a central information
             center  for  collecting and disseminating  medical  and technical
             information on asbestos-related disease, asbestos dust control, and
             other asbestos-related ecological considerations.  Publications include
             News and Notes (monthly)  and other technical materials.
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             Gypsum Association (GA)
             810 1st St., N.E., No. 510
             Washington, D.C. 20002
             Phone: (202)289-5440
           Members: 17
           Staff: 30
           Budget: $1,000,000
           Contact: Jerry A. Walker
             Founded in 1930, GA represents miners and manufacturers of gypsum
             and gypsum products. It sponsors basic and applied research programs
             at educational institutions and commercial testing laboratories on fire
             resistant assemblies,  structural  assemblies, wallboard  application
             techniques, and new uses for gypsum products.  GA also compiles
             market statistics and publishes technical bulletins and data on gypsum
             products.
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                 Non-Fuel,. JVon-Metal Mining
IX.   CONTACTS/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS/RESOURCE MATERIALS/BIBLIOGRAPHY

General Profile   	^	 	                  •

Annual  Report 1992 - Industrial Sand and Gravel, Wallace P. Bolen, Bureau of
Mines, September 1993.

Annual  Report 1992 - Clays, Robert L. Virta, Bureau of Mines, September 1993.

Annual  Report 1992 - Gypsum, Lawrence L. Davis, Bureau of Mines, September
1993.\

Annual  Report 1992 - Phosphate Rock, David E. Morse, Bureau of Mines, September
1993.

Burden  of Guilt, Mineral Policy 'Center, Washington, D.C., June 1993.

Bureau  of Mines  Research 92 - A Summary  of Significant Results and' Economics  in
Mineral Technology, Bureau of Mines, 1992.  (GPO no. I 28.115:992)

California Environmental  Protection Agency and  the National Stone Association,
Aggregate Plants  Compliance Assistance Program, September 1993.

CRS Issue Brief, The 1872  Mining Law:  Time to Reform?, Marc Humphries,
Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, Congressional Research
Service, Library of Congress, July 7,1994. (Order Code IB89130)
  /                      -                  -
Directory of Principal Crushed  Stone Producers in the United States in 1993,  U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, January
1995.         ;.

Directory of Principal Sand and Gravel Producers in the United States' in 1992, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, November
,1993.              •                                             .
                                                                  >
Encyclopedia of Associations, 27th ed., Deborah M. Burek, ed., Gale Research Inc,
Detroit, Michigan, 1992.

Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1991, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/300-R92-008), April  1992.

Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1992, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/230-R93-001), April  1993.                   -
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Enforcement Accomplishments Report,  FY 1993, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/3QO-R94-003), April 1994.

Internal Document:  TRI Industry Expansion, Description of Industry  Sector
Activities, U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics.

Internal EPA Letter:  Mine Safety and Health Administration Mines Initiative,
Connie Musgrove, Office of Compliance Monitoring, U.S. EPA, June 7, 1994.

Memo:  Lead Inspection Inquiry Regarding Region VIII Mining Initiative, Beth
Greenwaldf U.S. EPA Region VHI, September 21, 1994.

Mineral Commodity  Summaries  1994, Bureau of Mines.

Minerals Yearbook, Metals and Minerals, vol. I, Bureau of Mines, 1992.

1987 Census of Mineral Industries:  Clay, Ceramic, and Refractory Minerals, Bureau
of the Census, April 1989. (MEC87-I-14C(P))

1987 Census  of Mineral  Industries:  Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Minerals (Except
Fuels) and Services, Bureau of the Census, August 1989.  (MIC87-I-14E(P))

1987 Census of Mineral Industries:  Sand and Gravel, Bureau of the Census, August
1989.  (MIC87-I-14B(P))

1987 Census of Mineral Industries:  Stone, Bureau of the Census, August 1989.
(MIC87-I-14A(P))

Standard Industrial Classification Manual, Office  of Management and Budget, 1987.

Sustainable Environmental  Law, Ch. 16, Campbell-Mohn, Environmental  Law
Institute, 1993.

Technical  Support Document, International Training Workshop, Principles  of
Environmental  Enforcement, Office of Enforcement  and Compliance  Assurance,
U.S. EPA, April, 1994.

1992 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) Public Data Release,  U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, April 1994.  (EPA/745-R94-001)

U.S. Industrial  Outlook 1994 - Metals and Industrial Minerals Mining, U.S.
Department of Commerce.

U.S. Industrial Outlook 1994 - Construction Materials, U.S. Department of
Commerce.
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                               Non-puel. Non-Metal Mining;
Process Description
Air .Pollution Engineering  Manual,  3rd ed.,  Air & Waste  Management Association,
International Thomson Publishing, New York, New York,  1992.

Draft SIC Code Profile 14, Mining and  Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals, Office of
Pollution Prevention and  Toxics, U.S. EPA, December 9, 1993.

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science &  Technology,  7th ed., vol. 11, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York^, New York,  1992.

Nonmetallic Mineral Processing Plants  - Background Information  for  Proposed
Standards, Office of Air Quality Planning and  Standards, U.S. EPA,  April 1983.
(EPA-450/3-83-001a)
Regulatory Profile

Mineral Mining and Processing  Point Source Category Rules and Regulations,
Federal Register vol. 40, no. 201, October 16,1975.

Standards of Performance for Nonmetallic Mineral Processing Plants Rules  and
Regulations, Federal Register vol. 50, no, 148, August 1, 1985.
Pollution Prevention	•	-    	__	^

Environmental Fact Sheet, Recycling Municipal Solid Waste:  Facts  and Figures,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, July 1992.
(EPA/530-SW-91-024)                              -
Contacts*
Steve Fruh

Linda Carrico
Paul Novak
Brian Symmes

Greg Conrad
Organization

EPA Office of Air Quality Planning
& Standards
Bureau of Mines
EPA Region V (inspector)
EPA Office of Pollution Prevention
and Toxics
Interstate Mining Commission
                                                              Telephone
919-541-2837
202-501-9651
216-522-7260

202-260-9121
703-709-8654
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                                       Sector Notebook Project
Name

Bruce Humphries
Steve Hoffman
David Morse
Edwin. G. Buckner
Roger Wilmoth
Organization

Colorado Dept. of "Natural Resources
U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste
Bureau of Mines
U.S. EPA Region VII Air Branch
U.S. EPA Region V
Telephone

303-866-3567
703-308-8413
202-501-9402
913-551-7621
513-564-7509
     ^Please Note: Bureau of Mines data for the crushed stone and sand and gravel industries is reported in
     alternate years. This profile presents crushed stone industry data for 1993, and sand and gravel industry data

     Many of'the contacts listed above have provided valuable background information and comments during the
     development of this document. EPA appreciates this support and acknowledges that the individuals listed do
     not necessarily endorse all statements made within this notebook.
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     APPENDIX A - INSTRUCTIONS FOR DOWNLOADING NOTEBOOKS
                  Electronic Access to  the  Sector Notebooks via
                 the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web (E$WWW) and
                 the Enviro$en$e Bulletin Board System (E$BBS)
       The Sector Notebooks are available through two electronic systems, the Enviro$en$e
Bulletin Board System (via modem connection), and the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web (via
Internet). The Enviro$en$e Communications Network is a free, public, interagency-supported
system operated by EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance and the Office of
Research and Development. The Network allows regulators, the regulated community, technical
experts, and the general public to share information regarding:  pollution prevention and innovative
technology; environmental enforcement and compliance assistance; laws, executive orders,
regulations and policies; points of contact for services and equipment; and other related topics. The
Network welcomes receipt of environmental messages, information and data from any public or
private person or organization. This document first provides summary information on E$WWW
access, then provides information on downloading protocols from within the E$BBS.


A.     ACCESS THROUGH ENVIRO$EN$E WORLD WIDE WEB

             To access the Sector Notebooks through the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web, set
       your World Wide Web Browser to the following address:

       WWW/INTERNET ADDRESS:   http://wastenot.inel.gov/envirosense/

       HOTLINE NUMBER FOR E$WWW ONLY:  208-526-6956

       EPA E$WWW MANAGER:   Myles Morse, 202-260-3161

             From the Enviro$en$e home page, click on "Compliance and Enforcement" to
       obtain instructions on how to  access the Sector Notebooks and how to provide comments.
       Names, e-mail addresses, and telephone numbers will also be provided should you require
       assistance. The same documents listed below under the E$BBS instructions are available
       ontheE$WWW.


B.     ACCESS THROUGH THE ENVIRO$EN$E BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM -
       Instructions for Connecting, Registering and  Downloading Notebooks

       E$BBS MODEM CONNECTION NUMBER:    703-908-2092

     ,  HOTLINE FOR E$BBS ONLY: 703-908-2007

       MANAGER:  BBS Platform: Louis Paley, 202-260-4640

             The following instructions are condensed from longer documents that provide
       information on the full features of the Enviro$en$e Bulletin Board. Further documentation
       is available on-line in the files that are listed at the end of this Appendix.
                                        A-l

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STEP 1.    ESTABLISHING MODEM SETTINGS

             Connecting to the ENVIRO$EN$E BBS is done using a modem and
      communications software.  The modem can be either an internal or external model
      connected directly to your computer or part of a modem pool that is accessible through your
      Local Area Network (LAN) system. The communications software (e.g.. CrossTalk,
      ProComm, QModem, Microphone, etc.) is what allows you to access and control your
      modem. Your software needs to be set to the values noted below (many of these settings
      are the standard defaults used):

      •      Telephone number - 703-908-2092 (Tip: Be sure you have entered
             the appropriate  dialing prefix; e.g., 9 for an outside line, 1 for long
             distance...)

      •      Baud rate - up to 14,400 BPS is supported (always select the highest
             speed which YOUR modem will support).

             Terminal Emulation - BBS, ANSI,  VT-100, VT-102 etc. (Tips:
             Do not use TTY. After you log in, if you see screen characters appear on
             the lines where you need to enter information, chances are that you need to
             properly set your terminal emulation. The emulation can normally be reset
             before or during communication with Enviro$en$e).

             Data Bits - 8 (Eight).

      •      Stop Bits - 1 (One).

      *      Parity -  None.

      •      Transfer Protocols -  ZModem, YModem, XModem, HS/Link,
             BiModem, ASCII (text files only).  If your communications' software
             supports ZModem, this will increase upload/download efficiency. You
             must select the same protocol that BOTH your communications software
             and the BBS support so that they can "talk the same language" when
             sending and receiving files.

      •      Error correction/data compression  protocols  - v.32,  v.42, and
             other older, hardware-dependent ones are supported.

             Refer to your communications software manual on how to set and save the
      communication parameters noted above (these will generally be the default).  Also check to
      make sure you know where the communications software will send the files you
      download. Due to document sizes it is best not to download Sector Notebooks to floppy
      disks.
                                        A-2

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STEP 2.    CONNECTING AND  REGISTERING

       •      Connect to E$BBS via a modem, using communications software set to the
             above settings by dialing:

                                  (703)  908-2092

             NOTE: EPA Employees can access E$ directly via LAN from the Agency Lan
             Services Menu or Icon and then follow the instructions below. The end of this
             document lists additional resource^ for accessing E$BBS through the LAN.

             Once you are in the BB S, hit the ENTER/RETURN key twice (2) to accept
             the default values for the screen.                 .      .  '    ,

       •      on successive pages, type your first name and hit
             ENTER/RETURN; type your last name and hit ENTER/RETURN;
             and type your password (if you have NOT registered yet,
             make one up,  and remember it for subsequent logons to
             E$) and hit ENTER/RETURN; and

       •      Register (first time only) and immediately receive access to the BBS
             for 120 minutes per day;     '

                   Type responses to the Registration questions, and hit
                   ENTER/RETURN to begin using ENVIRO$EN$E. (Tip: the last
                   registration question  is Country?	)

                   You may need to hit ENTER/RETURN several times to move past System
                   News and Alert messages.

STEP 3.    DOWNLOADING SECTOR NOTEBOOKS

             The files that appear on the following table can be downloaded from E$. Most files
       cannot be viewed on-screen within the E$BBS.  As indicated on the following table, each
       document appears in several formats - WordPerfect 5,1 (PC), WordPerfect 6.1 (PC),
       Microsoft Word 5. la (Mac) or WordPerfect 2.0 (Mac). Please note that the quality of
       formatting and graphics is highest in the file version in which the notebook was originally
       created. The high quality versions are underlined on the following list of filenames.

       Information on Macintosh/Microsoft Word Files

       Available Macintosh files are not compressed. The files are easily identified by the seventh
       and eighth position in the filename -  which is "MA." The extension They can be directly
       downloaded and read using Microsoft Word 5. la, or within other word processing
       software that supports conversion of Microsoft Word 5. la documents. Conversion to
       other programs may alter formatting and graphics quality.

       Information on PC/WordPerfect Files

       The WordPerfect files are all compressed ("zipped" files ending with the  .ZIP extension)
       files that need to be decompressed ("unzipped") after they are downloaded. The notebooks
       that are available in WP 5.1 and WP 6.0 are zipped together (this is why the filenames on
       the following table are the same). When these files are downloaded and "unzipped," you
       will have a version with the extension ".WP5" and one with ".WP6".
                                        A-3

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                Available Notebooks, Filenames  and File Formats
Profile of the	Industry         PC VIP 5.1

Dry Cleaning'                      DRYCLNSN.ZIP
Electronics  and Computer       '   ELECMPSN.ZIP
Wood Furniture  and Fixtures       WDFURNSN.ZIP
Inorganic Chemical                INRGCHSN.ZIP
Iron and Steel                 '    IRONSTSN.ZIP
Lumber and Wood Products          LMBRWDSN.ZIP
Fabricated Metal Products         FABMETSN.ZIP
Metal Mining                      METMINSN.ZIP
Motor Vehicle Assembly            MOTVEHSN.ZIP
Nonferrous Metals                 NFMETLSN.ZIP
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining        NOMTMISN.ZIP
Organic Chemical                  ORGCHMSN.ZIP
Petroleum Refining                PETREFSN.ZIP
Printing                           PRINTGSN.ZIP
Pulp and Paper                     PULPPASN.ZIP
Rubber and  Plastic                RUBPLASN.ZIP
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete   STCLGLSN.ZIP
Transportation  Equipment Cleaning TRNSEQSN.ZIP
 PC WP 6.1
DRYCLNSN.ZIP
INRGCHSN.ZIP
IRONSTSN.ZIP
   Macintosh
Word 5.1a/WP2.0

  DRYCLNMA.WP2
  ELECMPMA.WD5
  WDFURNMA.WD5 .
  INRGCHMA.WP2
  IRONSTMA.WP2
  LMBRWDMA.WD5
  FABMETMA.WD5
  METMINMA.WD5
  MOTVEHMA.WD5
  NFMETLMA.WD5
  NOMTMIMA.WD5
ORGCHMSN.ZIP
PETREFSN.ZIP
PRINTGSN.ZIP
PULPPASN.ZIP
   ORGCHMMA
   PETREFMA
   PRINTGMA
  i PULPPAMA
   RUBPLAMA
,WP2
.WP2
.WP2
.WP2
.WD5
                STCLGLMA.WD5
TRNSEOSN.ZIP    TRNSEQMA.WP2
Note:  Underlined files contain the highest  quality format/graphics


STEP 3 CONTINUED - PROCEDURES FOR DOWNLOADING

             From the E$ Main Menu, select "D" to Download then hit ENTER/RETURN.

       •      Type in the Sector Notebook filename from above that you would like to select for
             'downloading and hit ENTER/RETURN.

       •      The system will ask you to select a file transfer protocol.  Select the file transfer
             protocol that matches what you have selected within your PC communications
             software (ZModem is recommended) and hit ENTER/RETURN. (Tip: ZModem
             users may also be allowed to enter more than one filename to download more than
             one document at a time. Simply continue to enter a new filename each time a new
             filename prompt appears on the screen. This option is disabled for other users.)

       •      At this point, you may

                   begin downloading by hitting ENTER/RETURN. This should begin the
                   download if you are using the ZModem transfer protocol. If you don't see
                   information on the screen showing the progress of the download, follow the
                   next step.

       •      If the download does not begin after following the last step, you need to tell your
             communications software to start receiving the file. To do this, look for a
             "RECEIVE" icon or command on your communications software menu and activate
             it This tells your software to begin the download.
                                       A-4

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STEP 4
When the download is completed, a message will appear on the screen to confirm
transmission.

The downloaded file will appear in the folder or directory that you defined in your
communications software.

Repeat the above procedure to download other notebooks.                ,

Macintosh users can logoff using the [G]oodbye command from the main menu

THE FOLLOWING STEP  MUST BE TAKEN BY ALL USERS THAT
HAVE DOWNLOADED  ZIPPED  FILES (files with a ".ZIP" filename
extension) FROM.  E$. MACINTOSH USERS CAN SKIP THIS
STEP.

       In  order  to  read the zipped file(s) you have downloaded, you
       must download the decompression software required to
       "unzip" your files.  To download the decompression software, follow
       the same download instructions given above.  Type in the filename
       "PKZ204G.EXE" and hit ENTER/RETURN.  You only need to download
       this file to your hard drive once.

Logoff using the [Gjoodbye command from the main menu.

To end the phone connection, the user should use the "hang up" or "terminate call"
option provided with your communications software.

DECOMPRESSING ".ZIP'D"  DOWNLOADED FILES (PC Only -
Macintosh files  do not need to be decompressed)
            After you have downloaded a compressed (".ZIP") file to your PC, you must
      decompress it to its original format and size by using the "PKUnzip" file which you
      downloaded at the beginning of Step 3. The file which you downloaded;
      "PKZ204G.EXE", contains PKZip.EXE and PKUnzip.EXE files.  PKUNZIP will
      decompress the file, returning it to its original size and format as if it had never been
     . compressed or transmitted over the BBS. To use the PK commands (pkunzip.exe &
      pkzip.exe), you must be at the DOS prompt (third-party software interfaces exist for
      Windows). For details on how to use either command; simply type die command at the
      DOS prompt (without any parameters, i.e., just type "PKUNZIP") and hit
      ENTER/RETURN. Since parameters are required for the PKs to work they will
      automatically go into help mode and give you a brief explanation of how they work. If a
      user needs more direction, there is full documentation included in the PKZ204G EXE in
      the "Hints" file.

      To decompress any file, use PKUNZIP.EXE by taking the following steps:

            Go to the DOS C: prompt and type PKUNZIP.EXE; then,

            Type "PKUNZIP [Filename]" (e.g.. the filename and the path of the
            compressed file you wish to decompress).

            NOTE: after the paired files are unzipped, two files will exist, one with the
            extension ".WP5" and one with the extension ".WP6.
                                       A-5

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C.    COMMENTING OR PROVIDING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE
      SECTOR NOTEBOOKS VIA E$BBS

             Comments on the Sector Notebooks, or supplemental documents of interest can be
      uploaded to the Enviro$en$e BBS. Follow upload instructions that appear on the screen,
      or look at the instructions for compressing and uploading documents. The instructional
      documents are listed below under Section D of this Appendix. All documents that you
      upload will be publicly accessible, and should contain a short abstract (less than 50 words)
      that describes the document. It is recommended that this abstract contain the words "Sector
      Notebook Comments," the title of the Notebook that the comments are directed toward,
      and the words "SIC ซInsert applicable 2-digit SIC codeป".,

             NOTE: To help the system operator know what you' ve uploaded and where it
             should be put within the BBS, it is helpful to send a message to the system
             operator.  Before logging out of E$, you will be given the option to comment to the
             system operator (Sysop). Please indicate what files you have sent, and that the
             comments or supplemental documents should be placed in Directory 51 - "Sector
             Compliance Information and Notebooks." Messages can also be sent to the Sysop
             from the main  menu using the Message option.


D.    ADDITIONAL RESOURCE DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE ON  E$BBS

             The following  files can be viewed from the "Bulletins" section of E$BBS main
      menu. To receive these documents electronically, the files can be downloaded (and
      viewed) from Directory #160 (utilities). If you would like to download these files, follow
      the same procedures that are outlined (Section C). The directions for direct dial modem
      users are different than the directions for EPA LAN users. How you have accessed the '
      E$BBS determines which of the paired files below that you should follow.
       Entered E$
        via Modem

       CONREGWP.TXT


       FINDVIEW.TXT


       CONVCOMP.TXT


       DNLDTXWP.TXT

       DNLDZPWP.TXT


       UPLOADWP.TXT


       SNHOWTO.TXT
Entered E$
  EPA LAN


CNREGLAN.TXT


FNDVWLAN.TXT


CVCMPLAN.TXT


DNLTXLAN.TXT


DNZPLAN.TXT


UPLDLAN.TXT


SNHOWLAN.TXT
Description  of  File

How to Connect and Register  on the E$BBS
via Modem
Finding  and Viewing Files  from E$BBS via
Modem
Converting,  Compressing  &  Uncompressing
Files via Modem
Flagging and Downloading "Uncompressed"
Files from E$BBS
Flagging and Downloading "Compressed"
Files 'from E$BBS
Directions for Uploading Files via Modem
to the E$BBS
Contains this document "Appendix A -
Downloading Instructions"
                                        A-6
                                                  •k U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1995-399-230K

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            To  order other EPA Sector Notebooks
                          use the form below
        United States Government
        INFORMATION
                                Charge your order.
                                       It's easy!
                             yw
Order Processing Code:
*3212
                                  Fax your orders (202) 512-2250
                                Phone your orders (202) 512-1800
Qty.


















Stock Number
055-000-00512-5
055-000-00513-3
055-000-00518-4
055-000-00515-0
055-000-00516-8
. 055-000-00517-6
055-000-00519-2
055-000-00520-6
055-000-00521-4
055-000-00522-2 .
055-000-00523-1
055-000-00524-9
055-000-00525-7
055-000-00526-5
055-000-00527-3
055-000-00528-1
055-000-00529-0
055-000-00514-1
. 'Title
, Dry Cleaning Industry, 1 04 pages
Electronics and Computer Industry, 1 60 pages
Fabricated Metal Products Industry, 1 64 pages
Inorganic Chemical Industry, 1 36 pages
Iron and Steel Industry, 128 pages
Lumber and Wood Products Industry, 1 36 pages
Metal Mining Industry, 148 pages
Motor Vehicle Assembly Industry, 1 56 pages
Nonferrous Metals Industry, 140 pages
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry, 108 pages
Organic Chemical Industry, 152 pages '
Petroleum Refining Industry, 160 pages
Printing Industry, 124 pages
Pulp and Paper Industry, 1 56 pages
Rubber and Plastic Industry, 152 pages
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Industry, 1 24 pages
Transportation Equipment Cleanina Industry. 84 oaaes
Wood Furniture and Fixtures Industry, 132 oaaes
Price
Each
$ 6.50
$11.00
S11.00
* 9.00
s 8.00
* 9.00
* 10.00
*11.00
* 9.00
.* 6.50
S11.00
$11.00
$ 7.50
*11.00
ป11.00
s 7.50
$ 5.50
* 8.00
Total for Publications
Total
Price



















The total cost of my order is
   _. Price includes regular shipping and handling and is subject to change.
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(Please type or print)
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Daytime phone including area code
                                                                                 9/95
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                  Mail to: Superintendent of Documents
                        P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954
      Important:                   completed order form with your remittance.

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