United States
Environmental Protection
Agency -.. ..-;;' : ::,/^.;
Profile OfTKl
Non-Fuel, NofT-Metal
Mining Industry"
NOTEBOOKS
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
THE ADMINISTRATOR
Message from the Administrator
Over the past 25 years, our nation has made tremendous progress in protecting public health and
our environment while promoting economic prosperity. Businesses as large as iron and steel
plants and businesses as small as the dry cleaner on the corner have worked with EPA to find
ways to operate cleaner, cheaper, and smarter. As a result, we no longer have rivers catching on
fire. Our skies are clearer. American environmental technology and expertise are in demand
throughout the world.
The Clinton Administration recognizes that to continue this progress, we must move beyond the
pollutant-by-pollutant approaches of the past to comprehensive, facility-wide approaches for the
future. Industry by industry and community by community, we must build a new generation of
environmental protection.
Within the past two years, the Environmental Protection Agency undertook its Sector Notebook
Project to compile, for a number of key industries, information about environmental problems and
solutions, case studies and tips about complying with regulations. We called on industry leaders,
state regulators, and EPA staff with many years of experience in these industries and with their
unique environmental issues. Together with notebooks for 17 other industries, the notebook you
hold in your hand is the result.
These notebooks will help business managers to better understand their regulatory requirements,
learn more about how others in their industry have undertaken regulatory compliance and the
innovative methods some have found to prevent pollution in the first instance. These notebooks
will give useful information to state regulatory agencies moving toward industry-based programs.
Across EPA we will use this manual to better integrate our programs and improve our compliance
assistance efforts.
I encourage you to use this notebook to evaluate and improve the way that together we achieve
our important environmental protection goals. I am confident that these notebooks will help us to
move forward in ensuring that in industry after industry, community after community ~
environmental protection and economic prosperity go hand in hand.
Carol M. Brownar
Recycled/Recyclable Printed with Vegetable Based Inks on Recycled Paper (20% Postconsumer)
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NoTV-I?u.el, Non-Metal Mining
Sector Notebook Project
EPA/310-R-95-011
EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project
Profile of the Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
Industry
September 1995
Office of Compliance
Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M St., SW (MC 2221-A)
Washington, DC 20460
For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office
Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
ISBN 0-16T048278-X
SIC Code 14
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
This report is one in a series of volumes published by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to provide information of general interest regarding
environmental issues associated with specific industrial sectors. The documents
were developed under contract by Abt Associates (Cambridge, MA), and Booz-Allen
& Hamilton, Inc. (McLean, VA). This publication may be purchased from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. A listing of
available Sector Notebooks and document numbers is included at the end of this
document.
All telephone orders should be directed to:
Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, DC 20402
(202) 512-1800
FAX (202) 512-2250
8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., EST, M-F
Using the form provided at the end of this document, all mail orders should be
directed to: . , -
U.S. Government Printing Office
P.O. Box 371954
Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954
Complimentary volumes are available to certain groups or subscribers, such as
public and academic libraries, Federal, State, local, and foreign governments, and the
media. For further information, and for answers to questions pertaining to these
documents, please refer to the contact names and numbers provided within this
volume.
Electronic versions of all Sector Notebooks are available on the EPA Enviro$en$e
Bulletin Board and via Internet on the Enviro$ense World Wide Web.
Downloading procedures are described in Appendix A of this document.
All photographs by Steve Delaney, EPA Photographs courtesy of Luck Stone
Corporation, Leesburg, Virginia. Special thanks to John LeGore.
September 1995 ,
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Sector Notebook. Project
Non-Fuel, Non-
Contacts for Available Sector Notebooks
The Sector Notebooks were developed by the EPA Office of Compliance. Particular
questions regarding the Sector Notebbok Project in general can be directed to the
EPA Work Assignment Managers:
Michael Barrette
US EPA Office of Compliance
401 M St., SW (2223-A)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 564-7019
Gregory Waldrip
US EPA Office of Compliance
401 M St., SW (2223-A)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 564-7024
Questions and comments regarding the individual documents can be directed to the
appropriate specialists listed below.
Document Number
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
EPA/310-
. EPA/310-
EPA/310-
R-95-001.
R-95-002.
R-95-003.
R-95-004.
R-95-005.
R-95-006.
R-95-007.
R-95-008.
R-95-009.
R-95-010.
R-95-011.
R-95-012.
R-95-013.
R-95-014.
R-95-015.
R-95-016.
R-95-017.
EPA/310-R-95-018.
Industry
Dry Cleaning Industry
Electronics and Computer Industry
Wood Furniture and Fixtures Industry
Inorganic Chemical Industry
Iron and Steel Industry
Lumber and Wood Products Industry
Fabricated Metal Products Industry
Metal Mining Industry
Motor Vehicle Assembly Industry
Nohferrous Metals Industry
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry
Organic Chemical Industry
Petroleum Refirtmg Industry
Printing Industry
Pulp and Paper Industry
Rubber and Plastic Industry
Stone, Clay, Glass and
Concrete Industry
Transportation Equipment
Cleaning Industry
Contact
Joyce Chandler
Steve Hoover
Bob Marshall
Walter DeRieux
Maria Malave
Seth Heminway
Greg Waldrip
Keith Brown
Suzanne Childress
Jane Engert
Keith Brown
Walter DeRieux
Tom Ripp
Ginger Gotiiffe
Maria Eisemann
Maria Malave
Scott Throwe
Phone (202)
564-7073
564-7007
564-7021
564-7067
564-7027
564-7017
564-7024
564-7124
564-7018
564-5021
564-7124
564-7067
564-7003
564-7072
564-7016
564-7027
564-7013
Virginia Lathrop 564-7057 -
A Federal Facilities Profile is under development and will be completed later in 1995.
(Contact: Sarah Walsh, 202-260-6118)
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
NON-FUEL, NON-METAL MINING
(SIC 14)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
n.
IV.
V.
LIST OF EXHIBITS ...... . ....................................... .. [[[ vi
LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................... , ....................... . ........ . .................................................. vii
I. INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT ............................................ 1
LA. Summary of the Sector Notebook Project... .......................................... 1
LB. Additional Information [[[ 2
INTRODUCTION TO THE NON-FUEL, NON-METAL MINING INDUSTRY ............ ..4
H.A. Introduction, Background and Scope of the Notebook ................... ...4
H.B. Characterization of the Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry ..... 5
II.B.1. Industry Size and Geographic Distribution ........... . ............ 5
E.B.2. Product Characterization ............... . ........... . ........................... 10
n.B.3. Economic Trends ........................................ ; ............. .....'. ........ 11
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION ..... .... .......... . ............................................ ....... 13
m.A. Industrial Processes in the Non-Fuel, Non-Metal
Mining Industry [[[ 13
HI.B. Mining Process Waste Outputs ......... ....... . ........................................ .....20
m.B.l. Process-Specific Wastes ...................... . ................................... 20
m.B.2. Mineral-Specific Pollutants ................. i .................... . ........... 22
WASTE RELEASE PROFILE .............................. . .................... . ..................................... 25
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Sector Notebook Project
Non-Fuel, Nan-Metal Mining
NON-FUEL , NON-METAL MINING
(SIC 14)
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D)
Page
VI.
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS 36
~ VI.A. General Description of Major Statutes .36
VLB. Industry Specific Regulations 47
VI.C. Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements 55
VII. COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT PROFILE 58
VILA. Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry Compliance History 62
VII.B. Comparison of Enforcement Activity Between .
Selected Industries..... 64
VII.C. Review of Major Legal Actions 69
VII.C.l. Review of Major Cases 69
VIII. COMPLIANCE ACT^YITJEES Ai^jtNiTiATiyES. 70
VIII.A. Sector-Related Environmental Programs and Activities 70
VIII.B. EPA Voluntary Programs............ .........73
Vin.C. Trade Association/Industry-Sponsofed Activity.:.,. 75
VIII.C.l., Environmental Programs................... .........76
VHI.C.2. Summary of Trade Associations..:.. 76
IX. CONTACTS/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS/RESOURCE MATERIALS/
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..;........< .....83
September 1995
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NON-METAL , NON-FUEL MINING
(SIC 14)
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Page
Exhibit 1 Leading Crushed Stone Producers 6,7
Exhibit 2 Leading Sand and Gravel Producers 8
Exhibit 3 Geographic Distribution of the Industry ...., ..9
Exhibit 4 Flow Diagram for a Typical Sand and Gravel Operation 14
Exhibit 5 Process Waste Materials < 22
Exhibit 6 Ecosystem Mitigation Measures . 24
Exhibit 7 P.ollutant Releases (Short Tons/Year) 26
Exhibit 8 AIRS Releases ,.... 27,28,29
Exhibit 9 Waste Minimization Options 33,34
Exhibit 10 Mine Discharges Subject to Permitting 50
Exhibit 11 Five-Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary for the
Non-Metal, Non-Fuel Mining Industry 63
Exhibit 12 Five-Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary
for Selected Industries 65
Exhibit 13 One-Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary
for Selected Industries ..' 66
Exhibit 14 Five-Year Inspection and Enforcement Statute for
Selected Industries ....67
Exhibit 15 One-Year Inspection and Enforcement Summary by Statute
for Selected Industries '. .......68
SIC Code 14
VI
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
NON-FUEL,NON-METAL MINING
(SIC 14)
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AFS - ; AIRS Facility Subsystem (CAA database)
AIRS - Aerometric Information Retrieval System (CAA database)
AMD - Acid Mine Drainage
ARD - Acid Rock Drainage ,
BIFs - Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (RCRA)
BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CAA- Clean Air Act
CAAA - Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
CERCLA- Comprehensive. Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability
Act
CERCLIS- CERCLA Information System
CFCs- Chlorofluorocarbons
CO- Carbon Monoxide
COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSI - Common Sense Initiative
CWA - Clean Water Act ..
D&B - Dun and Bradstreet Marketing Index
ELP- Environmental Leadership Program
EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
FINDS - Facility Indexing System
f.o.b.- Free On Board or Freight On Board
HAPs - Hazardous Air Pollutants (CAA)
HSDB - Hazardous Substances Data Bank
IDEA- Integrated Data for Enforcement Analysis
LDR - Land Disposal Restrictions (RCRA)
LEPCs- Local Emergency Planning Committees
MACT - Maximum Achievable Control Technology (CAA)
MCLGs- Maximum Contaminant Level Goals
MCLs-. Maximum Contaminant Levels
MEK - Methyl Ethyl Ketone
MSDSs - Material Safety Data Sheets
NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAA)
NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement
NCDB - National Compliance Database (for TSCA, FIFRA, EPCRA)
NCP - National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
NEIC- National Enforcement Investigation Center
NESHAP - National Emission* Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide \
NOV - Notice of Violation\
September 1995
VII
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Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
Sector Notebook Project
NON-FUEL,NON-METAL MINING
(SIC 14)
LIST OF ACRONYMS (CONT'D)
NOx - Nitrogen Oxide
NPDES - National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (CWA)
NPL - National Priorities List
NRC - National Response Center
NSPS - New Source Performance Standards (CAA)
OAR - Office of Air and Radiation
OECA - Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
OPA - Oil Pollution Act ."'.
OPPTS - Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSW- Office of Solid Waste
OSWER - Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
OW- Office of Water ,
P2- Pollution Prevention
PCS - Permit Compliance System (CWA Database)
POTW - Publicly Owned Treatments Works .
RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCRIS - RCRA Information System .' >
SARA - Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SDWA - Safe Drinking Water Act
SEPs- Supplementary Environmental Projects
SERCs - State Emergency Response Commissions
SIC- Standard Industrial Classification
SO2- Sulfur Dioxide
SX/EW - Solvent Extraction/Electrowinning
TOC - Total Organic Carbon
TRI - Toxic Release Inventory
TRIS - Toxic Release Inventory System
TRIS - Toxic Chemical Release Inventory System
TSCA - Toxic Substances Control Act
TSS - Total Suspended Solids
UIC - Underground Injection Control (SDWA)
UST - Underground Storage Tanks (RCRA)
VOCs - Volatile Organic Compounds
SIC Code 14
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Metal Mining
METAL MINING
(SIC10) i
LIST OF ACRONYMS (CONT'D)
NOX- Nitrogen Oxide
NOV - Notice of Violation
NPDES - National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (CWA)
NPL- National Priorities List
NRC - National Response Center
NSPS - New Source Performance Standards (CAA)
OAR- Office of Air and Radiation
OECA - Office of Enforcement of Compliance Assurance
OPA- Oil Pollution Act
OPPTS - Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSW - Office of Solid Waste
OSWER - Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
OW - Office of Water
P2- Pollution Prevention
PCS- Permit Compliance System (CWA Database)
POTW - Publicly Owned Treatments Works
RCRA- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCRIS - RCRA Information System
SARA - Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SDWA - Safe Drinking Water Act
SEPs- Supplementary Environmental Projects
SERCs - State Emergency Response Commissions
SIC - Standard Industrial Classification
SO2- Sulfur Dioxide
SX/EW - Solvent Extraction/Electrowinning
TRI - Toxic Release Inventory
TRIS - Toxic Release Inventory System
TRIS - Toxic Chemical Release Inventory System
TSCA - . Toxic Substances Control Act
TSS - - Total Suspended Solids
UIC - Underground Injection Control (SDWA)
UST- Underground Storage Tanks (RCRA)
VOCs - Volatile Organic Compounds
September 1995
IX
SIC Code 10
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Sector Notebook Project
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
NON-FUEL, NON-METAL MINING
(SIC 14)
I. INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT
LA. Summary of the Sector Notebook Project
.1 '.''.'
Environmental policies based upon comprehensive analysis,of air,
water, and land pollution are an inevitable and logical supplement to
traditional single-media approaches to environmental protection.
Environmental regulatory agencies are beginning to embrace
comprehensive, multi-statute solutions to facility permitting,
enforcement and compliance assurance, education/outreach, research,
and regulatory development issues. The central concepts driving the
new policy direction are that pollutant releases to each environmental
.medium (air, water, and land) affect each other, and 'that
environmental strategies must actively identify and address these
inter-relationships by designing policies for the "whole" facility. One
way to achieve, a'whole facility focus is to design environmental
policies for similar industrial facilities. By doing so, environmental
concerns that are common to the manufacturing of similar products
can be addressed in a comprehensive manner. Recognition of the need
to develop the industrial "sector-based" approach within the EPA
Office of Compliance led to the creation of this document.
The Sector Notebook Project was initiated by the Office of Compliance
within the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)
to provide its staff and managers with summary information for
eighteen specific industrial sectors. As other EPA offices, States, the
regulated community, environmental groups,, and the public became
interested in this project, the scope of the original project was
expanded. The ability to design comprehensive, common sense
environmental protection measures for specific industries is
dependent on knowledge of several inter-related topics. For the
purposes of this project/the key elements chosen for inclusion are:
general industry information (economic, and geographic); a description
, -of industrial processes; pollution outputs; pollution prevention
opportunities; Federal statutory and regulatory framework; compliance
history; and a description of partnerships, that have been formed
between regulatory agencies,, the regulated community, and the public.
For any given industry, each, topic listed above could alone be the
subject of a lengthy volume. However, in order to produce a
' manageable document, this project focuses on providing summary
September 1995 " "" 1 ' SIC Code 14
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Non-Fuel,. Non-Metal Mining
Sector Notebook Project
information for each topic. This format provides the reader with a
synopsis of each issue, and references where more in-depth
information is available. Text within each profile was researched from
a variety of sources, and was usually condensed from more detailed
sources pertaining to specific topics. This approach allows for a wide
coverage of activities that can be further explored based upon the
citations and references listed at the end of this profile. As a check on
the information included, each notebook went through an external
review process. The Office of Compliance appreciates the efforts of all
those that participated in this process and enabled us to develop more
complete, accurate, and up-to-date summaries ; Many of those who
reviewed this notebook are listed as contacts in Section IX and may be
sources of additional information. The individuals and groups on this
list do not necessarily concur with all statements within this notebook.
I.E. Additional Information
Providing Comments
OECA's Office of Compliance plans to periodically review and update
title notebooks and will make these updates available both in hard copy
and electronically. If you have any comments on the existing
notebook, or if you would like to provide additional information,
please send a hard copy and computer disk to the EPA Office of
Compliance, Sector Notebook Project, 401 M St., SW (2223-A),
Washington, DC 20460. Comments can also be uploaded to the
Enviro$en$e Bulletin Board or the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web for
general access to all" users of the system. Follow instructions in
Appendix A for accessing these data systems. Once you have logged in,
procedures for uploading text are available from the on-line
Enviro$en$e Help System.
Adapting Notebooks to Particular Needs
The scope of the existing notebooks reflect an approximation of the
relative national occurrence of facility types that occur within each
sector. In many "instances, industries within specific geographic regions
or States may have unique characteristics that are not fully captured in
these profiles. For this reason, the Office of Compliance encourages
State and local environmental agencies and other groups .to
supplement or re-package the information included, in this notebook to
include more specific industrial and regulatory information that may
be available. Additionally, interested States may want to supplement
the "Summary of Applicable Federal Statutes and Regulations" section
with State and local requirements. Compliance or technical assistance
SIC Code 14 2 September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
providers may also want to develop the "Pollution Prevention" section
in more detail. Please contact the appropriate specialist listed on the
opening page of this notebook if your office is interested in assisting us
in the further development of the information or policies addressed
within this volume.
If you are interested in assisting in the development of new notebooks
for sectors not covered in the original eighteen, please contact the
Office of Compliance at 202-564-2395.
/
Because this profile was not intended to be a stand-alone document
concerning the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry, appended is a
full reference of additional EPA documents and reports on this subject/
as listed in the March edition of the Federal Register.
September 1995
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r
Non-Fuel/ Non-Metal Mining
Sector Notebook Project
n. INTRODUCTION TO THHE NON-FUEL, NON-METAL MINING INDUSTRY
This section provides background information on the size, geographic
distribution, employment, production, sales, and economic condition
of the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry. The type of facilities
described within the document are also described in terms of their
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes. Additionally, this
section contains a list of the largest companies in terms of production.
II.A. Introduction, Background and Scope of the Notebook
This profile provides an overview of SIC code 14, which includes
mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels; and
establishments engaged primarily in mining or quarrying, developing
mines, or exploring for non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals. Also included
are certain well and brine operations, and primary preparation plants
engaged in crushing, grinding, and washing.
Mining is defined simply as the taking of minerals from the earth.
Minerals can be classified as either fuel minerals or non-fuel minerals.
Non-fuel minerals can be further divided into metallic and
nonmetallic minerals. This industrial profile is concerned only with
tihe mining and quarrying of non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals, although
many of the mining activities and processes involved are very similar
to those performed in mining metallic minerals. Quarrying is an
open-pit mining process designed specifically for the removal of either,
dimension stone or crushed stone by the cutting and loosening of
blocks or blasting.
Establishments engaged primarily in crushing, pulverizing, or
otherwise treating non-metal minerals are classified as mining
facilities, whether,or not they operate in conjunction with mines.
However, if the crushing, pulverizing, or other treating activities take
place off-site, the establishments are classified under SIC 3295 and are
not addressed by this profile.
SIC 14 categorizes the industry according to the types of minerals
mined. The following list indicates the three-digit SIC codes used to
further distinguish the types of minerals within the industry, and their
associated end uses:
SIC 141,- Dimension Stone/End Uses: Construction
SIC 142 - Crushed and Broken Stone, Including Riprap/End.
Uses: Construction
SIC Code 14
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Noil-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
SIC 144- Sand and Gravel/End Uses: Construction, Lime
Manufacturing
SIC 145- Clay, Ceramic, and Refractory Minerals/End Uses:
Bricks, Cement and Paper
SIC 147 - Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining/End Uses:
Glass, Soaps, and Fertilizer
SIC 148 - Nonmetallic Minerals Services, Except Fuels
SIC 149 - Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Minerals, Except
Fuels/End Uses: Insulation, Textiles,
. and Abrasives.
Separate profiles have been developed for the metal mining, and stone,
clay, glass, and concrete products industries.
II.B. Characterization of the Non-Metal, Non-Fuel Mining Industry
The industry covered in this profile comprises establishments engaged
in mining or quarrying, developing mines, or exploring for non-fuel,
nonmetallic minerals - such as dimension stone; crushed and broken
stone; sand and gravel; clay, ceramic, and refractory minerals; chemical
and fertilizer minerals, and other miscellaneous non-fuel, nonmetallic
minerals. Also included under this SIC code are primary preparation
plants, such as those engaged in crushing, grinding, or washing non-
fuel, nonmetallic minerals. This section of the profile provides
information on industry size and geographic distribution, product
characterization, and economic trends. The predominant Industries in
this SIC code are crushed stone and sand and gravel. This section of
the profile concentrates heavily on these two industries.
II.B.1. Industry Size and Geographic Distribution l
Crushed Stone Producers ' ,
A total freight on board (f.o.b.) of 1.1 billion metric tons of crushed
stone, valued at $5.9 'billion was reported produced in the United States
in 1993 by 1,566 companies with 3,213 operations and 3,915 active
quarries through open-pit mining: (See Section III.A. for a discussion
of mining processes.) Most of the crushed stone produced in 1993 came
from operations with an annual output greater than 300,000 tons; 1,182
operations, representing 37 percent of the total, produced 84 percent of
the total tonnage.
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In 1993 the ten top producing states, in descending order of tonnage
were Texas, Pennsylvania, Florida, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, Virginia,
Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, accounting for 51 percent of the
total domestic output.
Exhibit 1 lists the ten leading companies that produce crushed stone in
the United States. These ten companies, with a total of 507 active
operations and 509 quarries, account for 31 percent of the total output
of crushed stone in the United States.
Exhibit 1
10 Leading Crushed Stone Producers
(In terms of total output of crushed stone)
Company
1. Vulcan Materials Company
2. Beazer USA, Inc. /Hanson PLC
3. Martin Marietta Aggregates
4. CSR America, Inc.
Number of
Active
Operations
158
98
130
24
States
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee,
Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin
Alabama, Arizona, California, Georgia,
Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, New Mexico,
New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon,
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington
Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland,
Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio,
South Carolina, Virginia, Wisconsin
Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Ohio, South
Carolina
Source: Directory of Principal Crushed Stone Producers in the United States in 1993. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Mines.
SIC Code 14
September 1995
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Sector Notebook. Project
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
Exhibit 1 (cont'd)
Leading Crushed Stone Producers
(In terms of total output of crushed stone)
Company
5 Rogers Group Inc.
6. Lafarge, Corporation
7. Florida Rock Industries, Inc.
8. Tarmac America, Inc.
9. Dravo Corporation
10. Lone Star Industries, Inc.
Number of
Active
Operations
27
20
18
11
11
12
States
t
Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio,
Tennessee, Virginia
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky,
Michigan, Missouri, New York, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Texas
Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia
Florida, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia
Alabama, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Ohio
California, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri,
New York, Oklahoma, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, Texas
Source:-. Directory of Principal Crushed Stone Producers m the United States in 1993. U.b. Department of me
Interior, Bureau of Mines
A total of 93 underground mines produced 65.2 million metric tons of
crushed stone in 1993, as opposed to 1.1 billion metric tons produced
from open-pit mining. Underground mines were located in 20 states.
The leading states in descending order of tonnage were Kentucky, Iowa,
Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, Maryland, and Tennessee. Their
production .represented 76 percent of the total U.S. crushed stone
produced from underground mines.
Sand and Gravel Producers ' ..
A total of 919 (834 million short tons) of construction sand and gravel
valued at 3.3 billion, f o.b. plant, was reported produced in 1992 by 4,213
companies with 5,999 operations. Some companies produced both
construction and industrial sand and gravel from the same operations.
In 1992, most of the sand and gravel came from operations that
produced more than 200,000 tons per year; 1,290 operations,
representing 22 percent of the total, produced 71 percent of the total
tonnage.
Exhibit 2 lists the ten leading companies that produce sand and gravel
in the United States. . ,
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Exhibit 2
10 Leading Companies in Order of Total Output of Sand and Gravel
Company
1. Calmat Co.
2. Beazer USA, Inc./Hanson PLC
3. CSR America Inc.
4. Ashland Oil, Inc./APAC, Inc.
5. Redland PLC
6. Dravo Corporation
7. Vulcan Materials Co.
8. Lonestar Industries, Inc.
9. Pioneer Concrete of America
10. Lafarge Corp.
Number of
Active
Operations
28
43
39n
41
38
17
22
8
10
19
States
Arizona, California, New Mexico
Arkansas, California, Georgia, Indiana,
Louisiana, Nevada, New York, North
Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania,
Texas, Washington
Arizona, Georgia, Florida, Indiana,
Michigan, Nevada, Ohio, South Carolina,
Washington
Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida,
Georgia, Mississippi, Oklahoma, North
Carolina, South Carolina
Colorado, Kansas, Maryland, New Mexico,
Texas
Alabama, Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
West Virginia
Alabama, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin
California
Pennsylvania, Texas
Louisiana, Missouri, New York, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Texas, Washington,
West Virginia
Source: Directory of Principal Sand and Gravel Producers in the United States in 1992. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Mines.
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Exhibits
Geographic Distribution of the Industry
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ROCK AND MINERAL
PRODUCING AREAS - Part 1
I Chlorite
O Diatomite
>_, Fluorspar
~* Garnet
9 Glauconite
ฎ Gypsum/
Anhydrite
A Helium
V Iodine
B Kyanite
ฎ Magnesium
Compounds
S Mica
j Olivine
Peat
ฉ Phosphate
ฉ Potash
O SalJ-
Q Sodium Sulfate
and Trona
V Sulfur
Pyrophyllite
H Vermiculite
01 Wollastonite
0 Zeolites
^ Zircon and
< _ ilmenite
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ROCK AND MINERAL PRODUCING
AREAS -Part II
\)
/\ Quartz Crystal
v Lascas
^ Lithium
^ Abrasives (Silica)
ฎ Bauxite
(3 Bentonite
^ CliyfShale
B Dimension Stone
Q Feldspar
f\ Fire Clay/
v Refractory Clay
O Fuller's Earth
Q Kaolin
[J Pertite
Q Pumice/Scoria
PS Silica/
Industrial Sand
Soon: Mlntnl ContmaOty Smwmiu 1994.
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II.B.2. Product Characterization
Crushed stone and sand and gravel are the two main sources of natural
aggregate. Both are used in almost all residential, commercial, and
industrial buildings/and in most public works projects such as roads
and highways, bridges, railroads, dams, airports, water and sewer
systems, and runnels. Together, crushed stone and sand and gravel
make up approximately half the volume of mined minerals in the
United States. '
Crushed stone and sand and gravel are widely used commodities that
are important elements in many national industries. Sand and gravel
(or sand alone) can be used for industrial purposes such as foundry
operations, in glass manufacturing, as an abrasive, and in filtration
beds of water-treatment facilities. Crushed stone is used as a source of
calcium for fertilizers, as a metallurgic fluxstone, and as the major
resource in the manufacture of cement and lime. It is also used in
water and sewer filtration systems and in the manufacture of glass.
Crushed stone and sand and gravel, however, are most commonly
used as aggregate in the construction industry. As an example, an
average 1,500-square-foot home requires approximately 114 tons of
aggregate. If you add each home's proportional share of new streets,
schools, churches, municipal projects, and shopping centers, the total
aggregate use per home increases to approximately 328 tons (Shumway
and Silva, 1993).
Many types of non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals comprise this industry.
The major SIC groups of non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals and some of
the minerals within each group include: dimension stone (mica schist,
granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate), crushed and broken stone
(limestone, granite, dolomite, cement rock, sandstone, trap rock), sand
and gravel (industrial sand, construction sand, gravel, pebble, silica,
abrasive sand), clay, ceramic, and refractory minerals (kaolin, ball clay,
fire clay, china clay, paper clay, kyanite), chemical and fertilizer
minerals (potassium compounds, boron compounds, sodium
compounds, phosphate rock, sulfur), and miscellaneous nonmetallic
minerals (asbestos, diatomite, gypsum, asphalt rock, graphite, precious
stones). Some of the more commonly mined non-fuel, nonmetallic
minerals include crushed and broken stone (limestone), sand and
gravel (silica sand), and clay (kaolin clay). Non-fuel, nonmetallic
minerals are also referred to as industrial minerals.
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II.B.3. Economic Trends
According to a Bureau of Mines Study, the demand for crushed stone
in 1994 was expected to be about 1.17 billion metric tons (1.29 billion
short tons), a 5 percent increase compared with that of 1993. Gradual
increases in demand for construction aggregates have occurred after
1994, based on increased volume of work on the infrastructure that is
being financed by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
of 1991 and is the result of the recovery of the U.S. economy; The law
authorized $151 billion to be spent in the next 6 years on transportation
projects, of which $119.5 billion was allocated for highway work and
$32.5 billion for mass transit.
It was estimated that the demand for crushed stone will reach 1.3
billion tons in 1995 although the final numbers for 1995 have not been
released. The projected increases will be influenced by construction
activity primarily in the public as well as the private sector.
Crushed stone f.o.b. prices are not expected to increase significantly,
even if the demand for construction aggregates will rise over the
forecasts. However, the delivered prices of crushed stone are expected
to increase, especially in and near metropolitan areas, mainly because
more aggregates are transported from distant sources.
The demand for construction sand and gravel in 1993 was expected to
be about 940 million tons, a 2.5 percent increase compared with that of
1992. Gradual increases in demand fdr construction aggregates are
anticipated after 1993 as well. The factors that stimulate demand in the
construction sand and gravel industry are similar to those that affect
the crushed stone industry (i.e., the Intermodal Surface Transportation
Efficiency Act of 1991 and the recovery of the U.S. economy). Similarly,
construction sand and gravel prices are not expected to rise
significantly, except for the delivered prices. It is estimated that the
demand for construction sand and gravel will reach 975 million tons in
1995. The projected increases will be influenced by construction
activity, primarily in the public construction sector..
Dimension stone production for 1993 was estimated at 1.17 million
tons, approximately the same as in 1992. The construction industry, a
major consumer of stone and stone products, is expected to boost
demand for stone and stone products. Increases in new residential
construction should also boost demand for stone and stone products.
The domestic construction industry also provided an impetus for
mineral demand in 1994. The construction industry is the largest
domestic consumer of brick, clay, cement, sand and gravel, and stone.
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Expenditures for road construction and maintenance (which consume
large quantities of asphalt, cement, crushed stone, and sand and gravel)
continued at a high level in 1994 and are expected to remain strong in
1995 due to continued funding for mass transit projects. In addition,
apartment building construction (a major end-use sector for brick clay,
cement, sand and gravel, steel, and stone) rose sharply in 1994.
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HI. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION
This section describes the major industrial processes within the non-
fuel, non-metal mining industry, including the materials and
equipment used, and the processes employed. The section is designed
for, those interested in gaining a general understanding of the industry,
and for those interested in the inter-relationship between the
industrial process and the topics described in subsequent sections of
waste outputs, pollution prevention opportunities, and Federal
regulations. This section does not attempt to replicate published
engineering information that is available for this industry. Refer to
Section IX for a list of reference documents that are available to
supplement this document. , .
This section specifically contains a description of commonly used
production processes, associated raw materials, the byproducts
produced or released, and the materials either recycled or transferred
off-site. This discussion, coupled with schematic drawings of the
identified processes, provide a concise description of where wastes may
be produced in the process. This section also describes the potential fate
(air, water, land) of these waste products.
III.A. Industrial Processes in the Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry
Minerals extraction is broadly divided into three basic methods: open-
pit or surface, underground, and solution mining. The mining
method used depends on the particular mineral, the nature of the
deposit, and the location of the deposit. Each method is discussed
briefly below. For this industry, most mining is open-pit or surface
mining.
/ ,
Surface or open-pit mining requires extensive blasting, as well as rock,
soil, and vegetation removal to reach mineral deposits. Waste rock, or
overburden, is piled away from the mine. Benches are cut into the
walls of the mine to provide access to progressively deeper ore, as
upper-level ore is depleted. Ore is removed from the mine and
transported to processing plants for concentration.
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Exhibit 4
Flow Diagram for a Typical Sand and Gravel Operation
Source
: California EPA and the National Stone Association, Aggregate Plants Compliance
Assistance Program, September, 1993.
Underground mining involves extraction from beneath the surface at
depths as great as 10,000 feet. This requires sinking shafts to reach the
main body of deposits. "Drifts," or passages, are then cut from the shaft
at various depths to access the ore, which is removed to the surface for
processing. Waste rock may be either returned to the mine as fill or
put in a disposal area.
Fluid or solution mining entails drilling into intact rock and using
chemical solutions to dissolve lode deposits. During solution mining,
the leaching solution (usually a dilute acid) penetrates the ore,
dissolving soluble minerals. This pregnant leach solution is then
retrieved for recovery at a solvent extraction/electrowinning plant.
Historically, the primary mining method has been underground
mining. However, with the advent in recent decades of large earth
moving equipment, less expensive energy sources, and improved
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extraction and beneficiation technologies, surface mining now prevails
in most industry sectors. It usually costs less to mine a ton of rock from
an open-pit mine than from an underground mine. Whether open-pit
mining is ultimately less costly than underground mining is closely
related to other factors such as stripping ratios, physical properties of
the ore body, rates and productivity.
Minerals Extraction ,
The extraction of minerals from the earth often involves the use of
mechanical means such as drilling. Some drill types include rock,
diamond, water-jet, and jet flame. Rock and diamond drills involve
the rotation of a pipe or rod tipped with a rolling gear-like bit; water-jet
drills use a powerful jet of water to blast materials loose; jet flame drills
use a high-velocity flame to.create holes in hard rock. Other machines
unique to mining include mechanical miners and specially adapted
materials-handling equipment for use in underground and surface
mining. Diesel engines are used for generating small quantities of
electric power, in remote areas and for transportation units.
Blasting is a method of mineral extraction involving the displacement
of solid rock through the use of explosives. Blasting also fragments the
deposit into sizes that require a minimum of secondary breakage, and
that can be handled by loading and hauling equipment. The explosive
charge (usually a mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) used in
blasting must be strategically placed so as to break the solid material
efficiently.
Extraction without the use of mechanical methods is also possible if the
material surrounding the mine opening is not adequately supported.
By removing underlying support, the rock caves into the opening left
by the removed supports. If rock needs to be broken down further for
transportation, secondary breakage may be required. This involves
using drop-ball cranes on the oversized rock to further reduce its size.
Minerals Transportation
The excavation and loading of broken rock is normally performed by
mechanical shovels and front-end loaders. The broken rock is either
loaded into a haulage vehicle, such as a truck or railroad track-type car
for transport to a processing plant, or directly into a primary crusher.
At most quarries, large capacity haulage vehicles are used to transport
broken rock from the quarry to the primary crusher. Pipelines have
also been used successfully to transport many different minerals, such
as limestone, phosphates, and sand fills: the dry material is first
combined with water to form a slurry and is then pumped to its
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destination for dewatering. If sufficient dump room or storage capacity
exists near the mine, a system of belt conveyors can handle material at
high rates and relatively low cost, but only if proper feed control of a
sized material allows a continuous, even flow that matches the system
design. Other factors that determine the practicality and size of a
conveyor system are the rate at which the material, must be handled,
the material's density and stickiness, the dusting or degradation on
transfer, and the need for the system to handle more than one product.
Minerals Processing
Processing minerals after their extraction and .transportation to the
processing plant involves the use of crushers, grinders, and screens.
This equipment is used to separate or scalp larger boulders from the
finer rocks that do not need primary crushing, thus minimizing the
load to the primary crusher. Following crushing, a variety of
mechanical concentration techniques are used to concentrate the
desired minerals. Techniques used for non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals
include flotation, heavy media separation, and electromagnetic
separation.
Flotation is a method of concentrating targeted minerals which uses
the physical and chemical properties of the minerals along with process
chemicals to separate desired minerals from remaining wastes.
Typically, the mineral is entered into an acidic or basic bath of flotation
agents. Depending on the type of mineral being concentrated, this bath
may consist of such chemicals as sulfuric acid, chromium, phenols,
zinc, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid. The wastes,
including the spent process liquids, are discarded.
Heavy media separation utilizes mainly organic chemicals to separate
minerals using the minerals' density differences. Electromagnetic
separation uses a magnetic field to remove impurities from the target
mineral.
Following are brief descriptions of processes used in mining major
non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals.
Dimension Stone
Dimension stone refers to rock that is cut to a certain shape and size. It
is commonly used as building material in the construction industry.
Common types of dimension stone are limestone, granite, dolomite,
sandstone, marble, and slate. Processing the stone begins with sawing
the excavated rock into slabs using a rotating diamond or circular saw.
Water is used to cool the saws and to remove particles. After the stone
has been cut to the desired size, it is finished using natural and
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synthetic abrasives. Natural abrasives include iron oxide, silica, garnet,
and diamond dust. Synthetic abrasives include silicon carbide, boron
carbide, and fused alumina.
Crushed and Broken Stone, Including Riprap
Nearly all principal types of stone, including granite, diabase,
limestone, sandstone, dolomite, and marble may be used as sources of
commercial crushed stone. Stone that breaks in chunky, cubical
fragments and is free of surface alteration from weathering is preferred
for crushed stone. Such stone should also be free of impurities such as
opalescent quartz, which may react with lime in cement and cause
disintegration of the concrete in which the stone may be used. Most
crushed and broken stone is mined from open quarries; however, in
many areas, factors favoring large-scale production by underground
mining are becoming more frequent and more prominent.
Surface mining equipment varies with the kind of stone mined, the
production capacity needed, the size and shape of the deposit, estimated
life of the operation, location of the deposit with respect to urban
centers, and other important factors. Ordinarily, drilling is done with
tricone rotary drills, long-hole percussion drills, and churn drills.
Blasting in smaller operations may still be done with dynamite, but in
most medium- to large-size operations, Ammonium nitrate fuel oil
mixtures (AN-FO), which are much lower in cost, are used.
Other processing activities include conveying, screening, secondary and
tertiary crushing, and sizing. Screening is the single most important
part of the processing cycle of crushed stone particles. A wide variety of
screen types exists, and their selection is a function of the material
processed as well as the final product required. Inclined vibratory
screens are most commonly used in stationary installations, while
horizontal screens are used extensively in portable plants. For
screening large sizes of crushed stone, grizzly bars, rod decks, and heavy
^ punched steel or plastic plates are used; for smaller sizes, woven wire,"
welded wire cloth, rubber, or plastic screens are used. Stone washing is
something performed, which consists of processing the crushed stone
across sizing screens where it is saturated with water, in order to
remove unwanted material.
Underground operations are becoming more common, especially for
limestone mining in the central and eastern parts of the United States,
as the advantages of such operations are increasingly recognized by the
producers. By operating underground, a variety of problems usually
connected with surface mining such as environmental impacts and
community acceptance are significantly reduced. Underground room-
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and-pillar mines can be operated on a year-round basis, do not require
extensive removal of overburden, and produce a minimum of
environmental disturbance.
Of the total crushed stone produced in 1993, about 71 percent was
limestone and dolomite; 15 percent granite; and eight percent traprock.
The remaining six consisted of sandstone and quartzite, miscellaneous
stone, calcareous marl, shell, marble, volcanic cinder and scoria, and
slate. Limestone is used in the manufacture of products such as glass,
paper, paint, sugar, and cement; of the 1.2 billion tons of crushed stone
produced in 1993, approximately 81 percent was used as construction
aggregates, mostly for highway and road construction and
maintenance; 15 percent for chemical and metallurgical uses including
cement and lime manufacture; three percent for agricultural purposes;
and one percent for miscellaneous uses and products.
Sand and Gravel
Sand and gravel are the unconsolidated granular materials resulting
from the natural disintegration of rock or stone. Sand and gravel
deposits are commonly found adjacent to or in river courses or in areas
with glaciated or weathered rock. Such deposits often contain the fine
alluvial silt that is the primary source of process and fugitive dust from
sand and gravel operations.
There are two main types of sand and gravel. Construction sand and
gravel are used mainly in concrete, road-base, asphaltic concrete
aggregates, and construction fill. Generally, the physical characteristics
of construction sand and gravel and their proximity to construction
sites is more important than their chemical characteristics. Industrial
sand and gravel are used mainly in manufacturing glass, ceramics, and
chemicals. The chemical and physical characteristics of industrial sand
and gravel are very important to their end uses, and are therefore
subject to stricter chemical and physical characterization than
construction sand and gravel.
Loose sand and gravel deposits are usually mined without the necessity
of drilling and blasting. On rare occasions, blasting with light charges is
used to loosen deposits.
Extraction and mining is done by any number of methods, depending-
on whether the deposit is above or below the water table. Where sand
and gravel are above water, extraction is done by power shovels, drag
line scrapers, and/or by highly mobile, rubber-tired front-end loaders.
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When the sand arid gravel deposit is consolidated to the point where
digging with a front-end loader or power shovel is too difficult, a
bulldozer equipped with a ripper is used to loosen the material. A
ripper consists of a large tooth (or series of teeth) which is attached to
the rear of the bulldozer and pulled through the material as the
bulldozer moves forward. Materials mined below water, in rivers,
estuaries, lakes, and oceans must be removed with specialized
equipment. This equipment includes dredges, draglines and floating
cranes.
Clay, Ceramic, and Refractory Minerals .
Common types of clay, ceramic, arid refractory minerals include kaolin,
ball clay, bentonite; fuller's earth, fire clay, common clay, and shale.
Processing of minerals in this category usually entails a combination of
crushing, grinding, screening, and shredding to reduce particle size.
For kaolin and ball clay, wet and dry processing methods are used. The
wet process employs liquid chemical dispersants (phosphates,
phosphoric acid, hydroxides) and water to remove impurities. A clay
slurry is formed and is made'either acidic or basic using sulfuric acid or
alum. The slurry is then chemically leached using a reducing agent
such as zinc hydrosulfide, ozone, or peroxide to remove unwanted
iron and titanium ions. The slurry is dried to remove water and
unwanted chemical compounds such as phosphates, phosphoric acids,
silicates, iron, and zinc. Clay beads are then formed that are pulverized
and calcined (heat treated).
Chemical and Fertilizer Minerals .
These minerals include potash and phosphate rock. Potash, a term that
describes minerals containing potassium compounds, is used in
,' . fertilizers. Processing potash involves mixing crushed potash ore with
a brine which is saturated with potassium chloride and sodium
chloride. Froth flotation, crystallization, or heavy media separation
methods are then used to recover potassium-bearing compounds from
the saturated solution.
Processing phosphate rock usually consists of sizing and flotation.
Crude ore is pumped and slurried in wells and is transported to a
washing plant for sizing. Fine concentrate is sent to flotation, where
various flotation methods are used on the concentrate. Typical
flotation reagents used include sulfuric acid, which is used in product
scrubbing, and soda ash. Additional flotation reagents include fatty
acids and amines. Phosphate rock is used mainly in fertilizer
manufacturing. Phosphate rock mining involves the movement of
huge volumes of soil and other materials in overburden. Phosphate
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rock preparation involves beneficiation to remove impurities, drying
to remove moisture, and grinding to improve reactivity. Usually,
direct-fired rotary kilns are used to dry phosphate rock.
Non-fuel, NonmetalUc Minerals Services
This industry code includes facilities which specialize in specific areas
of mining operations and which perform services on a contract basis.
Specialty areas include exploration and mine development. From a
process and chemical use standpoint^ activities in this SIC code are
similar to other activities conducted in other SIC codes. During the
exploration and characterization of a mineral deposit, samples of rock
must be collected and analyzed. Drill-based sampling methods are
routinely used to characterize a mineral deposit at different depths.
These methods include rotary, percussion, auger, and diamond
drilling. Diamond drilling will extract a cylindrical core of material,
while the former three methods will extract fragmented material. All
share the objective of collecting ore material for analysis.
Miscellaneous Non-fuel, NonmetalUc Minerals - ,
Minerals included in this category include lightweight aggregates
(pumice, vermiculite), asphaltic minerals (gilsonite, wurtzilite),
natural abrasives (millstone, diatomite), gemstones (jade, sapphire),
and other minerals, such as asbestos and gypsum. Processing these
minerals usually involves crushing, grinding, screening, flotation,
heavy media separation, and drying methods similar to those used for
other minerals. As in processing other non-fuel, nonmetallic
minerals, wet methods are more chemically intensive than dry
methods due to the use of various flotation agents to refine the
mineral.
III.B. Mining Process Waste Outputs
HLB.l. Process-Specific Wastes'
Minerals Extraction
The extraction of minerals requires the removal and disposal of
overburden, a layer of soil, vegetation, and rock. Waste rock generated
in both surface and underground operations is removed and usually
disposed of in impoundment areas or is used to backfill mines.
Wastewater is generated from the use of water to suppress dust, wash
away waste from the working zone, and cool excavation machinery
such as drills. Dusts are generated from the cutting drilling, sawing,
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JSfon-Fuel, Nbn-Metal Mining^
and blasting required to remove the rock. Explosives used in
excavation contain mixtures of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil.
, Hydrocarbons used in machinery as lubricants and fuels can be sources
of pollution.
Minerals Processing
Wastes generated from minerals processing include dusts, solid matter,
and water effluents. Crushing and screening operations performed to
reduce the size of particles are also sources of dust emissions and solid
waste. This waste may contain minerals that react with air and water
to produce metal ions capable of contaminating water resources such as
rivers, streams, and groundwater.
Processes used to remove mineral impurities can be a major source of
water contamination. Flotation, a wet method used to refine certain
non-fuel^ nonmetallic minerals (sand and gravel, kaolin, potash,
phosphate rock) is a potential source of water pollution due to the
chemicals used to separate impurities from the mineral. Flotation
involves placing minerals in an acidic or basic bath of chemicals where
pH modifiers such as sulfuric acid, ammonia, and hydrofluoric acid are
used to control pH levels in order to separate impurities from the
target mineral. Additional materials may be added to the flotation bath
to assist in removing impurities, including frothers, conditioning
agents, sulfonated oils, and heavy alcohol.
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Exhibit 5 summarizes the types of wastes produced at various points in
the non-fuel, nonmetal mining, industry.
Exhibits
Process Waste Materials
Primary
Minerals
Extraction
Minerals
Transportation
Minerals
Processing
Subprocesses
Drilling,
blasting,
secondary
breakage
Loading,
conveying, off-
road haulage,
unloading
Crushing,
grinding,
screening,
washing,
drying,
calcining,
floating
Air
Emissions
Particulates,
exhaust from
machinery
Pafticulates,
exhaust from
vehicles and
machinery
Particulates
Process Waste Water
Surface runoff,
groundwater seepage
Water for transporta-
tion of ore to process
plant
Transport water, ore and
product wash water,
dust suppression water,
classification water,
heavy media separation
Water, flotation water,
solution water, air-
emissions control
equipment water,
equipment, and floor
wash down water
Other Waste
Generated
Overburden (soil,
rock)
Tailings
m.B.2.
Mineral-Specific Pollutants
Sand and Gravel
Particulate matter is emitted from sand and gravel operations and is
made up principally of inert crustal material (e^g., soil and rock
particles). Dust emissions in the form of fugitive dust occur during
removal of overburden and sand and gravel from the deposit; from
wind-blown dust from storage piles; from traffic on haul roads; from
open conveyors exposed to the wind; during material dumping from
trucks, front-end loaders, and conveyors; from screening; and from
transfer points in conveyor systems. If wet screening is used to produce
a washed gravel product, negligible amounts of dust are produced, but
effluent water must be clarified by settling before reuse or discharge.
The amount of moisture a deposit contains affects the amount of dust
emissions that occur. If the deposit is dry and the material and
overburden have a high silt content, dust emissions may be significant.
If the deposit is wet or is removed by dredging, dust emissions tend to
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Stone
be negligible as long as a high moisture content, is maintained in the
material.
Methods of controlling dust emissions from sand and gravel
operations include using'water sprays to keep materials and roads wet,
limiting the drop heights of materials, covering trucks and conveyors,
using enclosures or hooding material at transfer points and screening
operations, and exhausting air from these points to air pollution
control systems.
The source of crushed stone is usually a deposit of relatively solid rock
such as limestone, dolomite, trap rock, granite or sandstone. Dust
emissions occur from many operations in stone quarrying and
processing. Dust is released when rock and crushed stone products are
loosened by drilling or blasting them from their deposit beds. Dust is
also released when the loosened rock is loaded into trucks by power
shovels or front-end loaders. Transporting the quarried material to the
processing plant generates dust from the rock inside the truck and from
the road. Sources of dust at the processing plant include the dumping
of rock irito primary crushers; primary, secondary, and tertiary
crushing; screening; transferring rock by belt conveyor; loading rock
onto storage piles from conveyors; and wind blowing dust from storage
piles and open conveyors.
Particulate matter produced during stone quarrying and processing is
usually of relatively large particle size. The chemical composition of
the dust tends to be homogeneous since its ancestry is the rock
formation from which the rock deposit was taken.
Air pollution control techniques for stone quarrying and processing
plants' include wetting the material and/or surfaces; covering open
operations to prevent dust entrainment by the wind; reducing the drop
height of dusty material; and using hooding, industrial ventilation
systems, and dust collectors (e.g., baghouses) on dusty processes
amenable, to enclosure. Dust recovered from air pollution control
systems is often a valuable product in road building and other
construction operations.
Phosphate Rock
Although there are no significant emissions from phosphate rock
beneficiation plants, emissions in the form of fine rock dust may be
expected from drying and grinding operations. Phosphate rock
grinders can be a considerable source of particulates. Because of the
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extremely fine particle size, baghouse collectors are normally used to
reduce emissions. Effluents produced in the mining and beneficiation
of phosphate rock are contained in the water suspensions leaving the
washer plant. These suspensions are the phosphatic clays and sand
tailings. The major effluent is that of the phosphatic clays which
contain a suspension of clays and very fine solids. These phosphatic
clays are impounded in slime ponds to allow settling and clarification
to occur. Clear water is returned from the ponds to the beneficiation
plant. When phosphate rock is calcined, fluoride is produced. The
fluoride produced is scrubbed with water or dilute hydrofluoric acid.
Because proposed mining activities may also impact aquatic sources,
vegetation and wildlife, EPA suggests the following potential
mitigation measures for use at mine sites:
Exhibits
Ecosystem Mitigation Measures
Employ sediment retention structures to minimize amount of sediment migrating off-site
Employ spill prevention and control plans to minimize discharge of toxic/hazardous
materials into water bodies
Site roads, facilities, and structures to minimize extent of physical disturbance
Avoid construction or new disturbance during critical life stages
Minimize use of fences or other such obstacles in big game migration corridors; if fences
are necessary, use tunnels, gates, or ramps to allow passage of these animals
Use "raptor proof designs on power poles to prevent electrocution of raptors
Use buses to transport employees to and from mine from outer parking areas to minimize
animals killed on mine-related roadways
Limit impacts from habitat fragmentation, minimize number of access roads, and close
and restore roads no longer in use
Prohibit use of firearms on site to minimize poaching.
Source: US EPA, OSW Technical Document/Background for NEPA Reviewers: Non-Coal Mining Operations,
1994.
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IV. WASTE RELEASE PROFILE
This section provides a general overview of the waste release activities
and issues common to the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry.
Unlike facilities covered by SIC codes 20 through 39 (manufacturing
facilities), non-fuel, non-metal mining facilities are not required by the
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act to report to
the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). Because TRI reporting is not
required for the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry, other sources of
waste release data have been identified for this profile. EPA is
considering expanding TRI reporting requirements in the future,
which may affect such previously exempt industries such as non-fuel,
non-metal mining.
IV.A. Data Sources
AIRS Data
The Aerornetric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) contains a wide
range of information related to stationary sources of air pollution,
including the emissions of a number of air pollutants which may be of
concern within a particular industry.
The Aerornetric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) is an air
pollution data delivery system managed by the Technical Support
Division in EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, located
in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. AIRS is a national
repository of data related to air pollution monitoring and control. It
contains a wide range of information related to stationary sources of air
pollution, including the emissions of a number of air pollutants which
may be of concern within a particular industry. States are the primary
suppliers of data to AIRS. Data are used to support monitoring,
..planning, tracking, and enforcement related to implementation of the
Clean Air Act. AIRS users include State environmental agency staff,
EPA staff, the scientific community, other countries, and the general
public. '
Exhibit 7 summarizes AIRS annual releases of carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen dioxide (Nฉ2), particulate matter of 10 microns or less (PM10),
total pairticulates (PT), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).' This information is compared across industry
sectors. '
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Exhibit?
Pollutant Releases (Short Tons/Year)
Industry
U.S. Total
Metal Mining
Nonmetal Mining
Lumber and Wood
Products
Wood Furniture and
Fixtures
Pulp and Paper
Printing
Inorganic Chemicals
Organic Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Misc. Plastic
Products
Stone, Clay, Glass, and
Concrete
Iron and Steel
Nonferrous Metals
Fabricated Metals
Electronics
Motor Vehicles, Bodies,
Parts, and Accessories
Dry Cleaning
CO
97,208,000
5,391
4,525
123,756
2,069
624,291
8,463
166,147
146,947
419,311
2,090
58,043
1,518,642
448,758
3,851
367
35,303
101
NO2
23,402,000
28,583
28,804
42,658
2,981
394,448
4,915
108,575
236,826
380,641
11,914
338,482
138,985
55,658
16,424
1,129
23,725
179
PMio
45,489,000
39,359
59,305
14,135
2,165
35,579
399
4,107
26,493
18,787
2,407
74,623
42,368
20,074
' 1,185
207
2,406
3
PT
7,836,000
140,052
167,948
63,761
3,178
113,571'
1,031
39,082
44,860
36,877
5,355
, 171,853
83,017
22,490
3,136
293
12,853
28
SO2
21,888,000
84,222
24,129
9,149
1,606
341,002 '
1,728
182,189
132,459
648,153
29,364
339,216
238,268
373,007
4,019
453
25,462
152
voc
23,312,000
1,283
1,736
41,423
59,426
96,875
' 101,537
52,091
201,888
309,058
140,741
30,262
82,292
27,375
102,186
4,854
101,275
7,310
Source U.S. EPA Office of Air and Radiation, AIRS Database, May 1995.
Exhibit 8 lists the air emissions of particular chemicals reported for SIC
14 in the Air Facility Subsystem (AFS) of AIRS, presented in a "SIC
Code Profile, Non-Metal Mining," prepared by EPA's Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics in April, 1992. The release data are
expressed in pounds released per year, per facility.
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Exhibits
AIRS Releases
Chemical
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Acrolein
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Aniline
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Biphenyl
1,3-Butadiene
Butyl acrylate
sec-Butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl alcohol
Butyraldehyde ,
Cadmium
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine .
Chlorobenzene .
Chloroethane
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chloroprene
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Creosote
Cresol (mixed isomers)
Cumene
Cyclohexane
1 ,2-Dibromoethane
Dibutyl phthalate
1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Dichlorodifluorome-thane
CFC-1
1 2 Dichoroethane
Facilities
19
24
19
12
16
13
49
284
284
59
12
12
16
16
15
12
16
286
15
16
1,036
17
15
16
4
15
300
281
295
12
12
13
51
12
12
16
4
15
15
15
Med. Releases
(Ibs/Year/Facility)
.420
80
385
54
290
95
377
2
3
89
50
2
134
215
170
50
220
2
45
325
1,096
142
145
255
1
170
20
24
16
74
46
46
62
50
6
200
1
360
175
290
Total Releases
(Ibs/Year/Facility)
8,200
16,209
7,789
1,212
4,599
3,278
37,608
56,371
19,960
70,324
1,131
75
45,662
1,865
5,753
, 1,131
, 1,222
22,557
1,522
2,706
2,177,738
19,065
4,853
1,506
. 37
5,753
85,079
80,282
106,526
8,532
1,024
1,024
19,991
. 1,131
124
9,112
37
12,202
6,008
9,590
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Exhibit 8 (cont'd)
AIRS Releases
Chemical
Dichloromethane
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
CFC
Dimethyl phthalate
Epichlorohydrin
2-Ethoxyethanol
Ethyl acrylate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Freon
Glycol Ethers
HCFC-22
Isobutyraldehyde
Lead
Malcic anhydride
Manganese
Mercury
Methanol
2-Methoxyethanol
Methyl acrylate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Methylene bromide
Monochloropenta-
fluoroethane
Naphthalene
n-Butyl alcohol
Nickel
Nitrobenzene
Phenol
Phosphorus (yellow or
white)
Phthalic anhydride
Propionaldehyde
Propylene oxide
Facilities
11
15
,12
12
11
16
34
36
12'
15
48
16
15
16
15
' 12
1,039
15
1,038
41
15
12
12
16
16
16
15
15
24
15
295
12
16
284
15
15
16
Med. Releases
(Ibs/Year/FacilityJ
120
5
10
50
58
250
194
401
74
190
126
210
200
220
80
50
126
35
69
23
700
47
46
610
280
230
15
10.
29
345
7
40
220
4
100
50
250
Total Releases
(Ibs/Year/Facility)
2,016
239
353
1,131
968
3,067
11,940
48,592
8,532
1,250
48,119
1,455
1,362
1,339
2,725
1,132
361,044
1,144
' 135,959
5,542
13,074
1,051
1,024
10,214
2,876
10,150
559
282
4,768
5,429
36,560
889
13,750'
68,277
3,443
1,132
1,405
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Exhibit 8 (cont'd)
AIRS Releases
Chemical
Propylene
(Propene)
Selenium
Silver
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluorome-
thane{CFC-ll
1 ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
m-Xylene
o-Xylene
p-Xylene
Xylene (mixed' isomers)
Zinc (fume or dust)
TOTAL
Facilities
38
288
53
17
11
59
11
11
11.
15
16
15
15
15
34
20
18
1,039
1,051
Med. Releases
(Ibs/Year/Facilit^L
53
8
13
240
112
125
69
56
69
305
2
275
210
68
89'
200
112
32
64
Total Releases
(Ibs/Year/Facility)
19,610
31,144
2,330
44,591
1,882
87,231
1,156
941
1,156
5,310
120
9,318
6,254
1,216
12,679
1,335
8,553
191,766
4,099,173
Source: U.S. EPA Office of Air ana Radiation, AlKb uatavase, may
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V. POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES
The best way to reduce pollution is to prevent it in the first place.
Some companies have creatively implemented pollution prevention
techniques that improve efficiency and increase profits while at the
same time minimizing environmental impacts. This can be done in
many ways such as reducing material inputs, re-engineering processes
to reuse by-products, improving management practices, and employing
substitution of toxic chemicals. Some smaller facilities are able to
actually get below regulatory thresholds just by reducing pollutant
releases through aggressive pollution prevention policies.
In order to encourage these approaches, this section provides both
general and industry-specific descriptions of some pollution
prevention advances that have been implemented within the non-
fuel, non-metallic industry. While the list is not exhaustive, it does
provide core information that can be used as the starting point for
facilities interested in beginning their own pollution prevention
projects. When possible, this section provides information from real
activities that can, or are, being implemented by this sector. This
section provides summary information from activities that may be, or
are being implemented by this sector. When possible, information is
provided that gives the context in which the techniques can be
effectively used. Please note that the activities described in this section
do not necessarily apply to all facilities that fall within this sector.
Facility-specific conditions must be carefully considered when
pollution prevention options are evaluated, and the full impacts of the
change must examine how each option affects, air, land, and water
pollutant releases.
The use of pollution prevention technologies and environmental
controls can reduce substantially"the volume and concentration of "the
contaminants released/discharged into the surrounding environment.
In some cases, these pollution prevention approaches may be
economically beneficial to mine operators because they may decrease
title process chemicals needed, and therefore the cost of producing a
given amount of mineral. The approaches actually used depend on
many criteria, including the nature of the mine environment, the
funds available for enforcement and inspection, the availability of new
technological solutions, and the relationships between government
and mine operators.
Waste minimization generally encompasses any source reduction or
recycling that results in either the reduction of total volume or the
toxicity of hazardous waste. Source reduction is a reduction of waste
generation at the source, usually within a process. Source reduction can
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include process modifications, feedstock (raw material) substitution,
housekeeping and management processes, and increases in efficiency
of machinery and equipment. Source reduction includes any activity
that reduces the amount of waste that exits a process. Recycling refers
to the use or reuse of a waste as an effective substitute for a commercial
product or as an ingredient or feedstock in an industrial process.
Opportunities for waste minimization may include raw material
substitutions, though these opportunities are somewhat limited for
mining facilities because of the transportation costs involved in using
ores or concentrates produced in other regions or countries. In
elemental phosphorous production, raw materials substitution
generally takes the form of improving the separation of value from the
raw ore during beneficiation, so that the furnace operations would
begin with a higher grade of ore concentrate. Processing a feedstock
with a higher concentration of phosphorous results in decreased slag
generation, although presumably increasing the generation of related
beneficiation wastes. Other source reduction opportunities may
involve process modifications to increase efficiency during the furnace
operation.
. Utilization of mineral processing wastes can be a viable alternative to
disposal. In 1988, Occidental's Columbia, Tennessee plant reported
selling all of its slag while three other facilities sold some portion of
their slag for off-site Use (specific data are confidential). Phosphorous
slag can be used as an aggregate in asphalt manufacturing, and
elemental phosphorous slag has been used extensively in highway
construction for many years in Idaho, Montana, and Tennessee.
The list below summarizes some of the environmental control
technologies and regulatory approaches that may serve as effective
pollution prevention techniques for this industry.
Water Pollution Prevention
Reduce the amount of contaminated water produced by using
diversion systems to channel runoff away from exposed mine
pits and waste dumps.
Channel contaminated water into containment ponds for
treatment or recycling.
Reuse contaminated water in the extraction process for dust
elimination or drilling.
Utilize subsurface drainage systems and barriers to collect or
deflect groundwater prior to contact with exposed mine pits.
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Air Pollution Prevention and Control
Utilize dust elimination technologies such as wet suppression
systems to reduce dust created during excavation and transport.
Use dust suppressant agents such as magnesium chloride to
reduce dust in solid piles and tailings.
Closure and Reclamation Approaches
Use plant cover and landscape alteration to reduce erosion, dust,
and runoff contamination; reintroduce native species to the
former mine site; and allow alternative uses of the land.
Sample Planning, Monitoring, Enforcement, and Compliance Approaches
Use company-managed audits, environmental monitoring, and
reporting systems to supplement government-run enforcement
efforts. " .
Prepare detailed environmental impact statements that estimate
potential environmental impacts, outline compliance plans, and
detail the management of future environmental problems.
Discuss alternative mine design and extraction/beneficiation
approaches prior to issuing mine permits, and explore options
for minimizing environmental impacts.
Additional Pollution Prevention Activities
According to 1992 industry information, pollution prevention
activities unde.r evaluation in the non-fuel, rionmetallic mineral
mining industry include the physical and chemical stabilization of
tailings for backfilling, subaqueous disposal of tailings for chemical
stabilization, tailings beneficiation to remove toxic and acid
components and recover valuable minerals, and procedures for the
reclamation and final closure of mines. Each of these methods is
discussed briefly below.
Using mine wastes as backfill can minimize surface subsidence by
filling in underground voids. It can also minimize the impacts of
surface disposal by reducing the volume of waste on the surface. A
potential problem with this is that the material used as backfill could
contaminate water resources by generating acid mine waters.
A froth flotation process has been developed by the Bureau of Mines to
remove heavy-metal-bearing minerals from tailings. This process
recovers the mineral components of the tailings while removing
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acid-forming minerals, rendering the wastes less susceptible to
'contaminating ground and surface waters. The Bureau is also
investigating a new device called the air-sparged hydrocyclone, which
provides a portable, compact unit to treat large volumes of tailings
on-site without the usual expensive capital requirements.
Bureau researchers are also developing effective methods for
reclamation and closure of mining operations. The focus of this work
is on controlling hydrology at sites, decontaminating wastes when
necessary, and stabilizing wastes for closure. For example, the current
practice for sealing mine shafts and portals is to install a concrete plug.
This practice is difficult.and expensive because it requires drilling into
rock walls to provide support for the plug. Access to remote shafts and
portals is also a problem. One possible solution is the use of
low-density foaming plastics and/or cements. Studies have shown that
injecting foaming materials may cost half that of concrete plugs. In
addition, the expansion characteristic of the foaming materials may
eliminate the need for drilling into intact rock. Another advantage of
using foamed plastic or cement plugs is the provision of a resistant seal
to acidic mine waters.
Wastes are also generated from maintenance activities associated with
the operation of a mine. Exhibit 9 presents some of these activities,
along with the wastes generated by each activity and some waste
minimization options.
Exhibit 9
Waste Minimization Options
Activity
Waste Generated
Waste Minimization Options
Metal Parts,
Cleaning
Miscellaneous chlorinated
solvents
Switch to semi-aqueous cleaners or water-
based cleaning solutions to reduce or
eliminate solvent emission and liquid waste
generation. ;
Flotation
Zinc sulf ate, sodium cyanide
Use flotation process control equipment that
uses sensors, computing elements, and control
units to reduce the amount of flotation
reagents needed and to improve separation
of waste from product.
Blasting
Ammonium
Maintain storage containers properly.
Changing
Lubricating Fluids
Lead, cadmium
Do not mix used oil with solvents or other
materials; segregate and recycle used oil; use
fluid filtration systems to extend fluid life;
segregate and recycle antifreeze; use
washable rags instead of disposable rags.
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Exhibit 9 (cont'd)
Waste Minimization Options
(Activity
Mining Vehicle
Battery
Replacement
Waste Generated
Lead, acids
Waste Minimization Options
Recycle used batteries. Trade in old
batteries when buying new batteries.
source, mining ana uiiarrytn^ or Nonmetaiiic Minerals. u.i>. LPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics.
V.A. Innovative Waste Management Practices
Pipe Recycling/Reuse
IMC operates phosphate rock mines in West Central Florida and has
implemented a waste minimization program involving the reuse and
recycling of steel pipe used to transport slurry, water, tailings, and other
materials. IMC obtains maximum use from its pipe in several ways:
Pipe used for matrix and clay transport is periodically rotated to
ensure that wear is evenly spaced over the full diameter of the
Pipe
To the extent possible, pipe no longer suitable for the most
demanding use is used in other, less demanding pipelines
Pipe no longer suitable for use in pipelines is either used for
other purposes (such as culverts) or is sold for off-site reuse or
scrap.
IMC has developed a computerized model to predict how long a
section of pipe can remain in each position and when it needs to be
turned. When pipe can no longer be used for materials transport, any
undamaged portions of pipe are removed for onsite reuse as culvert or
sold to a local scrap dealer as usable pipe. Damaged pipe is sold to a
scrap dealer. By reusing pipe onsite, IMC estimates that it saves
approximately $1.5 million each year. In 1991, $316,000 was received for
pipe that could be reused offsite, and 4,200 tons of scrap piping was sold
for an estimated total of $42,000 - $84,000. IMC's program reduces
capital expenditures by reducing the amount of new pipe that must be
purchased, as well as saving operating costs by avoiding costly
shutdowns when pipes fail.
Mine Tire Recycling
Two Federal regulations will increasingly effect the scrap tire industry
markets. First, the Clean Air Act Amendments have redefined tire
derived fuel (TDF) as a fuel, no longer considering it a waste fuel.
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Increased demand for TDF has already occurred as a result: in 1990
about 10 percent of scrap tires were used as ,TDF, while in 1992 27
percent, or 65 million scrap tires, were used. Projections for 1994 were
that 50 to 55 percent of scrap tires, or 141 million tires, would be needed
-to meet market demand. Second, the Intermodal Surface
Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) requires that five percent of all
Federally-funded road projects use rubber from scrap tires in 1994; use
of scrap tires must increase five percent annually until 1997, when it
tops out at 20 percent. By 1995,17 million scrap tires will be required in
Federal road projects; by 1997 the number will increase to 50 million.
Mine representatives have estimated the price of one large tire to range
from $10,000 to $16,000, or over $100,000 to fit one large piece of
equipment. Several options exist for recycling or reusing whole large
tires. One alternative is retreading the tires for reuse; retreading
reduces the demand for new tires and conserves resources (retreading a
used tire requires less than 40 percent of the fossil fuel to make a new
tire). The purchase price for retreaded tires is less than for new tires,
providing an additional savings incentive. In addition to retreading,
whole scrap tires are used in civil engineering applications, including
construction, erosion control, and agriculture (feeding troughs, for
example). .
'Processing scrap tires involves shearing, cutting and/or shredding tires
into smaller pieces. The major markets for processed tires are as TDF
and in civil engineering applications. Scrap tires are an excellent fuel
source, generating about 80 percent as much energy as crude oil per
pound. In recent years, there have been major increases in the use of
scrap tires as fuel by a number of industries, including power plants,
cement kilns, pulp and paper mills, and tire manufacturing facilities.
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VI. SUMMARY OF FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS
This section discusses the Federal statutes and regulations that may
apply to this sector. The purpose of this section is to highlight, and
briefly describe the applicable Federal requirements, and to provide
citations for more detailed information. The three following sections
are included. . '
Section IV.A contains a general overview of major statutes
Section IV.B contains a list of regulations specific to this industry
Section IV.C contains a list of pending and proposed regulations
The descriptions within Section IV are intended solely for general
information. Depending upon the nature or scope of the activities at a
particular facility, these summaries may or may not necessarily describe
all applicable environmental requirements. Moreover, they do not
constitute formal interpretations or clarifications of the statutes and
regulations. For further information, readers should consult the Code
of Federal Regulations and other state or local regulatory agencies. EPA
Hotline contacts are also provided for each major statute.
VI.A. General Description of Major Statutes
Resource Conservation And Recovery Act
The Resource Conservation And Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 which
amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act, addresses solid (Subtitle D) and
hazardous (Subtitle C) waste management activities. The Hazardous
and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984 strengthened RCRA's
waste management provisions and added Subtitle I, which governs
underground storage tanks (USTs).
Regulations promulgated pursuant to Subtitle C of RCRA (40 CFR Parts
260-299) establish a "cradle-to-grave" system governing hazardous
waste from the point of generation to disposal. RCRA hazardous
wastes include the specific materials listed in the regulations
(commercial chemical products, designated with the code "P" or "U";
hazardous wastes from specific industries/sources, designated with the
code "K"; or hazardous wastes from non-specific sources, designated
with the code "F") or materials which exhibit a hazardous waste
characteristic (ignitibility, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity and
designated with the code "D").
Regulated entities that generate hazardous waste are subject to waste
accumulation, manifesting, and recordkeeping standards. Facilities
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that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste must obtain a permit,
either from EPA or from a State agency which EPA has authorized to
implement the permitting program. Subtitle C permits contain general
facility standards such as contingency plans, emergency procedures,
recordkeeping and reporting requirements, financial assurance
mechanisms, and unit-specific standards. RCRA also contains
provisions (40 CFR Part 264 Subpart S and ง264.10) for conducting
corrective actions which govern the cleanup of releases of hazardous
waste or constituents from solid waste management units at RCRAr
regulated facilities.
Although RCRA is a Federal statute, many States implement the
RCRA program. Currently, EPA has delegated its authority to
implement various provisions of RCRA to 46 of the 50 States.
Most RCRA requirements are not industry specific but apply to any
company that transports, treats, stores, or disposes of hazardous waste.
Here are some important RCRA regulatory requirements:
Identification of Solid and Hazardous Wastes (40 CFR Part 261)
lays out the procedure every generator should follow to
determine whether the material created is considered a ' , .
hazardous waste, solid waste, or is exempted from regulation.
Standards for Generators of Hazardous Waste (40 CFR Part 262)
establishes the responsibilities of hazardous waste generators
including obtaining an ID .number, preparing a manifest,
ensuring proper packaging and labeling, meeting standards for
waste accumulation units, and recordkeeping and reporting
requirements. Generators can accumulate hazardous waste for
up to 90 days (or 180 days depending on the amount of waste
generated) without obtaining a permit.
Land Disposal Restrictions (LDRs) are regulations prohibiting
the disposal of hazardous waste on land without prior
treatment. Under the LDRs (40 CFR 268), materials must meet
land disposal restriction (LDR) treatment standards prior to
placement in a RCRA land disposal unit (landfill, land
treatment unit, waste pile, or surface impoundment). Wastes
subject to the LDRs include solvents, electroplating wastes,
heavy metals, and acids. Generators of waste subject to the LDRs
must provide notification of such to the designated TSD facility
to ensure proper treatment prior to disposal.
Used Oil Management Standards (40 CFR Part 279) impose
management requirements affecting the storage, transportation,
burning, processing, and re-refining of the used oil. For parties
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that merely generate used oil, regulations establish storage
standards. For a party considered a used oil marketer (one who
generates and sells off-specification used oil directly to a used oil
burner), additional tracking and paperwork requirements must
be satisfied.
Tanks and Containers used to store hazardous waste with a high
volatile organic concentration must meet emission standards
under RCRA. Regulations (40 CFR Part 264-265, Subpart CC)
require generators to test the waste to determine the
concentration of the waste, to satisfy tank and container
emissions standards, and to inspect and monitor regulated units.
These regulations apply to all facilities who store such waste,
including generators operating under the 90-day accumulation
rule.
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) containing petroleum and
hazardous substances are regulated under Subtitle I of RCRA.
Subtitle I regulations (40 CFR Part 280) contain tank design and
release detection requirements, as well as financial responsibility
and corrective action standards for USTs. The UST program also
establishes increasingly stringent standards, including upgrade
requirements for existing tanks, that must be met by 1998.
Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (BIFs) that use or burn fuel
containing hazardous waste must comply with strict design and
operating standards. BIF regulations (40 CFR Part 266, Subpart
H) address unit design, provide performance standards, require
emissions monitoring, and restrict the type of waste that may be
burned.
EPA's RCRA/Superfund/UST Hotline, at (800) 424-9346, responds to
questions and distributes guidance regarding all RCRA regulations.
The RCRA Hotline operates weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m., EST,
excluding Federal holidays.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, And Liability Act
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA), a 1980 law commonly known as Superfund,
authorizes EPA to respond to releases, or threatened releases, of
hazardous substances that may endanger public health, welfare, or the
environment. CERCLA also enables EPA to force parties responsible
for environmental contamination to clean it up or to reimburse the
Superfund for response costs incurred by EPA. The Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 revised
various sections of CERCLA, extended the taxing authority for the
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Superfund, and created a free-standing law, SARA Title III, also known
as the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA). .
The CERCLA hazardous substance release reporting regulations (40
CFR Part 302) direct the person in charge of a facility to report to the
National Response Center (NRC) any environmental release of a
hazardous substance which exceeds a reportable quantity. Reportable
quantities are defined and listed in 40 CFR ง 302.4. A release report
may trigger a response by EPA, or by one or more Federal or State
emergency response authorities.
EPA implements hazardous substance responses according to
procedures outlined in the' National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) (40 CFR Part 300). The NCP
includes provisions for permanent cleanups, known as remedial
actions/and other cleanups referred to as "removals." EPA generally
takes remedial actions only at sites on the National Priorities List
(NPL), which currently includes approximately 1300 sites. Both EPA
and states can act at other sites; however, EPA provides responsible
parties the opportunity to conduct removal and remedial actions and
encourages community involvement throughout the Superfund
response process.
EPA's RCRA/Superfund/UST Hotline, at (800) 424-9346, answers
questions and references guidance pertaining to the Superfund
program. The CERCLA Hotline operates weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to
7:30 p.m., EST, excluding Federal holidays.
Emergency Planning And Community Right-To-Know Act
' The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986
created the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA, also known as SARA Title III), a statute designed to improve
community access to information about chemical hazards and to
facilitate the development of chemical emergency response plans by
State and local governments. EPCRA required the establishment of
State emergency response commissions (SERCs), responsible for
coordinating certain emergency response activities arid for appointing
local emergency planning committees (LEPCs).
EPCRA and the EPCRA regulations (40 CFR Parts 350-372) establish
four types of reporting obligations for facilities which store or manage
specified chemicals:
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EPCRA ง302 requires facilities to notify the SERC and LEPC of
the presence of any "extremely hazardous substance" (the list of
such substances is in 40 CFR Part 355, Appendices A and B) if it
has such substance in excess of the substance's threshold
planning quantity, and directs the facility to appoint an
emergency response coordinator.
EPCRA ง304 requires the facility to notify the SERC and the LEPC
in the event of a release exceeding the reportable quantity of a
CERCLA hazardous substance or an EPCRA extremely
hazardous substance.
EPCRA งง311 and 312 require a facility at which a hazardous
chemical, as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Act,
is present in an amount exceeding a specified threshold to
submit to the SERC, LEPC, and local fire department material
safety data sheets (MSDSs) or lists of MSDSs and hazardous
chemical inventory forms (also known as Tier I and II forms).
This information helps the local government respond in the
event of a spill or release of the chemical.
EPCRA ง313 requires manufacturing facilities included in SIC
codes 20 through 39, which have ten or more employees, and
which manufacture, process, or use specified chemicals in
amounts greater than threshold quantities, to submit an annual
toxic chemical release report. This report, commonly known as
the Form R, covers releases and transfers of toxic chemicals to
various facilities and environmental media, and allows EPA to
compile the national Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) database.
All information submitted pursuant to EPCRA regulations is publicly
accessible, unless protected by a trade secret claim.
EPA's EPCRA Hotline, at (800) 535-0202, answers questions and
distributed guidance regarding the emergency planning and
community right-to-know regulations. The EPCRA Hotline operates
weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m., EST, excluding Federal holidays.
Clean Water Act
The primary objective of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
commonly referred to as the Clean Water Act (CWA), is to restore and
maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's
surface waters. Pollutants regulated under the CWA include "priority"
pollutants, including various toxic pollutants; "conventional"
pollutants, such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended
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solids (TSS), fecal coliform, oil and grease, and pH; and "non-
conventional" pollutants, including, any pollutant not identified as
either conventional or priority. .
'The CWA regulates both direct and indirect discharges. The National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program (CWA ง402)
controls direct discharges into navigable waters. Direct discharges or
"point source" discharges are from sources such as pipes and sewers.
NPDES permits, issued by either EPA or an authorized State (EPA has
presently authorized forty States to administer the NPDES program),
contain industry-specific, technology-based and/or water quality-based
limits, and establish pollutant monitoring and reporting requirements.
A facility that intends to discharge into the nation's waters must obtain
a permit prior to initiating its discharge. A permit applicant must
provide quantitative analytical data identifying the types of pollutants
present in the facility's effluent. The permit will then set forth the
conditions and effluent limitations under which a facility may make a
discharge.
1 f
A NPDES permit may also include discharge limits based on Federal or
State water quality criteria or standards, that were designed to protect
designated uses of surface waters, such as supporting aquatic life or
recreation. These standards, unlike the technological standards,
generally do not take into account technological feasibility or costs.
Water quality criteria and standards vary from State to State, and site to
site, depending on the use classification of the receiving body of water.
Most States follow EPA guidelines which propose aquatic life and
human health criteria for many of the 126 priority pollutants.
Storm Water Discharges
In 1987 the CWA was amended to require EPA to establish a program
to address storm water discharges. In response, EPA promulgated the
NPDES storm water permit application regulations. Storm water
discharge associated with industrial activity means the discharge from
any conveyance which is used for collecting and conveying storm
water and which is directly related to manufacturing, processing or raw
materials storage areas at an industrial plant (40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)).
These regulations require that facilities with the following storm water
discharges apply for a NPDES permit: (1) a discharge associated with
industrial activity; (2) a discharge from a large or medium municipal
storm sewer system; or (3) a discharge which EPA or the State
determines to contribute to a violation of a water quality standard or is
a significant contributor of pollutants to waters of the United States.
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Those facilities/activities that are subject to storm water discharge
permit application requirements are identified below. To determine
whether a particular facility falls within one of these categories, the
regulation should be consulted.
Category i: Facilities subject to storm water effluent guidelines, new
source performance standards, or toxic pollutant effluent standards.
Category ii: Facilities classified as SIC 24-lumber and wood products
(except wood kitchen cabinets); SIC 26-paper and allied products (except
paperboard containers and products); SIC 28-chemicals and allied
products (except drugs and paints); SIC 29-petroleum refining; and SIC
311-leather tanning and finishing.
Category iii: Facilities classified as SIC 10-metal mining; SIC 12-coal
mining; SIC 13-oil and gas extraction; and SIC 14-nonmetallic mineral
mining.
Category iv: Hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities.
Category v: Landfills, land application sites, and open dumps that
receive or have received industrial wastes.
Category vi: Facilities classified as SIC 5015-used motor vehicle parts;
and SIC 5093-automotive scrap and waste material recycling facilities.
Category vii: Steam electric power generating facilities.
Category viii: Facilities classified as SIC 40-railroad transportation; SIC
41-local passenger transportation; SIC 42-trucking and warehousing
(except public warehousing and storage); SIC 43-U.S. Postal Service; SIC
44-water transportation; SIC 45-transportation by air; and SIC. 5171-
petroleum bulk storage stations and terminals.
Category ix: Sewage treatment works.
Category x: Construction activities except operations that result in the
disturbance of less than five acres of total land area.
Category xi: Facilities classified as SIC 20-food and kindred products;
SIC 21-tobacco'products; SIC 22-textile mill products; SIC 23-apparel
related products; SIC 2434-wood kitchen cabinets manufacturing; SIC
25-furniture and fixtures; SIC 265-paperboard containers and boxes; SIC
267-converted paper and paperboard products; SIC 27-printing,
publishing, and allied industries; SIC 283-drugs; SIC 285-paints,
varnishes, lacquer, enamels, and allied products; SIC 30-rubber and
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plastics; SIC 31-leather and leather products (except leather and tanning
and finishing); SIC 323-glass products; SIC 34-fabricated metal products
(except fabricated structural metal); SIC 35-industrial and commercial
machinery and computer equipment; SIC 36-electronic and other
electrical equipment and components; SIC 37-transportation
equipment (except ship and boat building and repairing); SIC 38-
measuring, analyzing, and controlling instruments; SIC 39-
miscellaneous manufacturing industries; and SIC 4221-4225-public
warehousing and storage.
Pretreatment Program
Another type of discharge that is regulated by the CWA is one that goes
to a publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs). The national
pretreatment program (CWA ง307(b)) controls the indirect discharge of
pollutants to POTWs by "industrial users." Facilities regulated under
ง307(b) must meet certain pretreatment standards. The goal of the
pretreatment program is to protect municipal wastewater treatment
plants from damage that may occur when hazardous, toxic/or other
wastes are discharged into a sewer system and to protect the quality of
sludge generated by these plants. Discharges to a POTW are regulated
primarily by the POTW itself, rather than the State or EPA.
EPA has developed technology-based standards for industrial users of
POTWs. Different standards apply to existing and new sources within
each category. "Categorical" pretreatment standards applicable to an
industry on a nationwide,basis are developed by EPA. In addition,
another kind of pretreatment standard, "local limits," are developed by
the POTW in order to assist the POTW in achieving the effluent
limitations in its NPDES permit.
Regardless of whether a State is authorized to implement either the
NPDES or the pretreatment program, if it develops its own program, it
may enforce requirements more stringent than Federal standards.
EPA's Office of Water, at (202) 260-5700, will direct callers with
questions about the CWA to the appropriate EPA office. EPA also
maintains a bibliographic database of Office of Water publications
which can be accessed through the Ground Water and Drinking Water
resource center, at (202) 260-7786.
Safe Drinking Water Act
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) mandates that EPA establish
regulations to protect human health from contaminants in drinking
water. The law authorizes EPA to develop national drinking water
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standards and to create a joint Federal-State system to ensure
compliance with these standards. The SDWA also directs EPA to
protect underground sources of drinking water through the control of
underground injection of liquid wastes.
EPA has developed primary and secondary drinking water standards
under its SDWA authority. EPA and authorized States enforce the
primary drinking water standards, which are, contaminant-specific
concentration limits that apply to certain public drinking water
supplies. Primary drinking water standards consist of maximum
contaminant level goals (MCLGs), which are non-enforceable health-
based goals, and maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), which are
enforceable limits set as close to MCLGs as possible, considering cost
and feasibility of attainment.
The SDWA Underground Injection Control (UIC) program .(40 CFR
Parts 144-148) is a permit program which protects underground sources
of drinking water by regulating five classes of injection wells. UIC
permits include design, operating, inspection, and monitoring
requirements. Wells used to inject hazardous wastes must also comply
with RCRA corrective action standards in order to be granted a RCRA
permit, and must meet applicable RCRA land disposal restrictions
standards. The UIC permit program is primarily State-enforced, since
EPA has authorized all but a few States to administer the program.
The SDWA also provides for a Federally-implemented Sole Source
Aquifer program, which prohibits Federal funds from being expended
on projects that may contaminate the sole or principal source of
drinking water for a given area, and for a State-implemented Wellhead
Protection program, designed to protect drinking water wells and
drinking water recharge areas.
EPA's Safe Drinking Water Hotline, at (800) 426-4791, answers
questions and distributes guidance pertaining to^SDWA standards. The
Hotline operates from 9:00 a.m. through 5:30 p.m., EST, excluding
Federal holidays. .
Toxic Substances Control Act
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) granted EPA authority to
create a regulatory framework to collect data on chemicals in order to
evaluate, assess, mitigate, and control risks which may be posed by
their manufacture, processing, and use. TSCA provides a variety of
control methods to prevent chemicals from posing unreasonable risk.
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TSCA standards may apply at any point during a chemical's life cycle.
Under TSCA ง5, EPA has established an inventory of chemical
substances. If a chemical is not already on the inventory, and has not
been excluded by TSCA, a premanufacture notice (PMN) must be
submitted to EPA prior to manufacture or import. The PMN must
identify the chemical and provide available information on health and
environmental effects. If available data are not sufficient to evaluate
the chemical's effects, EPA can impose restrictions pending the
development of information on its health and environmental effects.
EPA can also restrict significant new uses of chemicals based upon
factors such as the projected yolume and use of the chemical.
Under TSCA ง6, EPA can ban the manufacture or distribution in
commerce, limit the use, require labeling, or place other restrictions on
chemicals that pose unreasonable risks. Among the chemicals EPA
regulates under ง6 authority are asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
EPA'.s TSCA Assistance Information Service, at (202) 554-1404, answers
questions and distributes guidance pertaining to Toxic Substances
Control Act standards. The Service operates from 8:30 a.m. through
4:30 p.m., EST, excluding Federal holidays.
Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act (CAA) and its amendments, including the Clean Air
Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, are designed to "protect and
enhance the nation's air resources so as to promote the public health
and welfare and the productive capacity of the population." The CAA
consists of six sections, known as Titles, which direct EPA to establish
national standards for ambient air quality and for EPA and the States to
implement, maintain, and enforce these standards through a variety of
mechanisms. Under the CAAA, many facilities will be required to
obtain permits for the first time. State and local governments oversee,
manage, and enforce many of the requirements of the CAAA. CAA
regulations appear at 40 CFR Parts 50-99.
Pursuant to Title I of the CAA, EPA has established national ambient
air quality standards (NAAQSs) to limit levels of "criteria pollutants,"
including carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter,
ozone, and sulfur dioxide. Geographic areas that meet NAAQSs for a
given pollutant are classified as attainment areas; those that do not
meet NAAQSs are classified as non-attainment areas. Under ง110 of
the CAA, each State must develop a State Implementation Plan (SIP) to
identify sources of air pollution and to determine what reductions are
required to meet Federal air quality standards.
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Title I also authorizes EPA to establish New Source Performance
Standards (NSPSs), which are nationally uniform emission standards
for new stationary sources falling within particular industrial
categories. NSPSs are based on the pollution control technology
available to that category of industrial source but allow the affected
industries the flexibility to devise a cost-effective means of reducing
emissions.
Under Title I, EPA establishes and enforces National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs), nationally
uniform standards oriented towards controlling particular hazardous
air pollutants (HAPs). Title III of the CAAA further directed EPA to
develop a list of sources that emit any of 189 HAPs, and to develop
regulations for these categories of sources. To date EPA has listed 174
categories and developed a schedule for the establishment of emission
standards. The emission standards will be developed for both new and
existing sources based on "maximum achievable control technology"
(MACT). The MACT is defined as the control technology achieving the
maximum degree of reduction in the emission of the HAPs, taking
into account cost and other factors.
Title n of the CAA pertains to mobile sources, such as cars, trucks,
buses, and planes. Reformulated gasoline, automobile pollution
control devices, and vapor recovery nozzles on gas pumps are a few of
the mechanisms EPA uses to;regulate mobile air emission sources.
Title IV establishes a sulfur dioxide emissions program designed to
'* reduce the formation of 4cid rain. Reduction of sulfur dioxide releases
will be obtained by granting to certain sources limited emissions
allowances, which, beginning in 1995, will be set below previous levels
of sulfur dioxide releases.
Title V of the CAAA of 1990 created a permit program for all "major
sources" (and certain other sources) regulated under the CAA. One
purpose of the operating permit is to include in a single document all
air emissions requirements that apply to a given facility. States are
developing the permit programs in accordance with guidance and
regulations from EPA. Once a State program is approved by EPA,
permits will be issued and monitored by that State.
Title VI is intended to protect stratospheric ozone, by phasing out the
manufacture of ozone-depleting chemicals and restrict their use and
distribution. Production of Class I substances, including 15 kinds of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), will be phased out entirely by the year
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2000, while certain hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) will be phased
out by 2030.
EPA's Control Technology Center, at, (919) 541-0800, provides general
assistance and information on CAA standards. The Stratospheric
Ozone Information Hotline, at (800) 296-1996, provides general
information about regulations promulgated under Title VI of the CAA,.
and EPA's EPCRA Hotline, at (800) 535-0202, answers questions about
accidental release prevention under CAA ง112(r). In addition, the
Technology Transfer Network Bulletin Board System (modem access
(919) 541-5742)) includes recent CAA rules, EPA guidance documents,
and updates of EPA activities.
VLB. Industry Specific Regulations
The environmental impacts of the non-fuel, nonmetallic mining
industry are regulated primarily by two statutes: the Clean Air Act
(CAA) and the Clean Water Act (CWA). Other statutes that might be
applied to the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry are the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA),
the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Endangered
Species Act (ESA), the General Mining Law of 1872, and State statutes.
Clean Air Act (GAA)
Although nonmetallic mining operations are not specifically regulated
by the CAA, businesses involved in the processing of the minerals are
regulated. 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart OOO, Standards of Performance for
Nonmetallic Mineral Processing Plants, and 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart
UUU, Standards of Performance for Calciners and Dryers in Mineral
Industries, require these industries to control or reduce emissions of
particulate matter and impose specific monitoring, recordkeeping, and
reporting requirements. Under the Clean Air Act, sources are required
to obtain construction and operating permits, not only for particulate
emissions but also for NOx, SO2, and CO which are often products of
combustion from engines for power and also dryers.
40 CFR Part 60. Subpart OOO applies to facilities that process any of the
following 18 minerals: crushed and broken stone, sand and gravel,
clay, rock salt, gypsum, sodium compounds, pumice, gilsonite, talc and
pyrophyllite, boron, barite, fluorspar, feldspar, diatomite, perlite,
vermiculife, mica, and kyanite. The affected facilities are: crushers,
grinding mills, screening operations, bucket elevators, belt conveyors,
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bagging operations, storage bins, and enclosed trucks or railcar loading
stations.
40 CFR Part 60 Subpart UUU applies to calciners and dryers used to
process the following minerals: aluminum, ball clay, bentonite,
diatomite, feldspar, fire clay, fuller's earth, gypsum, industrial sand,
kaolin, lightweight aggregate, magnesium compounds, perlite, roofing
granules, talc, titanium dioxide, and vermiculite.
Clean Water Act (CWA)
Discharges from mine sites are addressed under two principal
regulatory programs: the NPDES permit program (for process water
and storm water point source discharges) and the Non-point source
program.
NPDES Point Source Program
A point source is defined in Section 502(14) of the CWA as "any
discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, included but not limited
to; any pipe, ditch, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container,
rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other
floating craft from which pollutants are or may be discharged." The
Water Quality Act amendments of 1987 added discharges from "landfill
leachate collection systems" to this definition. All point source
discharges to waters of the U.S. must be addressed by NPDES permits.
Storm water is defined in 40 CFR 122.26(b)(13) as "storm water runoff,
snow melt runoff, and surface runoff and drainage." Storm water
associated with industrial activity is defined in 40 CFR Section
122.26(b)(14) as the discharge from any conveyance which is used for
collecting and conveying storm water and which is directly related to
manufacturing, processing, or raw materials storage areas at an
industrial plant. Section 402(p) of the CWA generally requires EPA to
issue NPDES permits for point source discharges of storm water
associated with industrial activity, including active and inactive mines.
At mine sites, Section 402(1)(2) specifically limits the permit
requirements for storm water that has come into contact with any
overburden, raw material, intermediate products, finished products,
byproducts, or waste products located on the site of the operation.
EPA is currently developing a storm water program for those point
source discharges from active and inactive mines not already
permitted. Several States are also currently developing general storm
water permits for mine sites.
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Non-point Source Program,
Non-point sources of pollution are addressed under Sections 304(f)(b)
arid 319 of the CWA of 1972. Non-point source runoff is caused by
runoff from, diffuse sources, and is generally caused by rainfall or snow
melt. Section 304(f)(b) establishes guidelines for identifying and
evaluating the nature and source of non-point sources of pollutants,
tand processes, procedures, and methods to control pollution resulting
from mining activities, including runoff and siltation from new,
currently operating, and abandoned surface and underground mines.
Non-point source discharges may be to streams, lakes, rivers, wetlands,
or to groundwater. Specific best management practices (BMPs)
requirements for non-point source control at mine sites have not been
promulgated at the national level, nor has any national guidance been
issued. However, individual States are currently developing programs
for storm water management at mine sites. For example, Idaho
recently prepared a document that describes practices to minimize
non-point source water quality impacts.
Under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act, States developing plans to
address problems and solutions to non-point source pollution, are
eligible for grants that are administered by the Regions.
In addition to applicable general. CWA requirements, active mineral
mining and processing operations are subject to the requirements
contained in 40 CFR 436, EPA Effluent Guidelines and Standards for
Mineral Mining and Processing. The regulation establishes effluent
limitation guidelines and pretreatment standards that limit the
discharge of pollutants into navigable waters, and requires the
application of best practicable control technologies (BPT). For the
purposes of these guidelines and standards of performance, the
industry is divided into 38 subcategories consisting of specific mineral
types or classes of minerals. Effluent limitations are based on factors
such as the type of ore, method of transport, type of processing, use of
wet air emissions control devices, type of product, and groundwater
seepage and runoff into mine'and process wastewater impoundments.
Mine dewatering can invoke environmental regulation under CWA.
Dewatering is the removal of water that has infiltrated the mining site.
Wells, pumps, or ditches and tunnels are typically used to divert the
water away from the site. Dewatering can also lead to -the
unintentional creation of wetlands, requiring a permit under the
CWA." EPA's Office of Water, Office of Wastewater
Management/Permits Division is currently developing a mining
strategy for hard, rock mining which will be completed by the fall of
1995. "i
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Exhibit 10
Mine Discharges Subject to Permitting
Runoff/drainage discharges subject to 40 CFR Fart
440 effluent limitation guidelines
Subject to storm water permitting (not subject to
40 CFR Part 440)
Land application area
Crusher area
Spent ore piles, surge piles, ore stockpiles, waste
rock/overburden piles
Pumped and unpumped drainage and mine water
from pits/underground mines
Seeps/French drains
On-site haul roads, if constructed of waste rock or
spent ore or if wastewater subject to mine
drainage limits is used for dust control
Tailings dams/dikes when constructed of waste
rock/tailings
Unreclaimed disturbed areas
Topsoil piles
Haul roads not on active mining area
On-site haul roads not constructed of waste
rock or spent ore (unless wastewater subject
to mine drainage limits is used for dust
control)
Tailings dams, dikes when not constructed of
waste rock/tailings
Concentration/mill building/site (if discharge
is storm water only, with no contact with
piles) , .
Reclaimed areas released from reclamation
bonds prior to 12/17/90
Partially, inadequately reclaimed areas or
areas not released from reclamation bond
Most ancillary areas (e.g., chemical and
explosives storage, power plant,
equipment/truck maintenance and wash
areas, etc.) .
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
The Bevill Amendment
In 1980, Congress amended RCRA in the Solid Waste Disposal Act
Amendments, adopting what has been dubbed the Bevill Amendment,
after Representative Tom Bevill of Alabama. The amendment
temporarily exempted from Subtitle C regulation solid waste from ore
and mineral extraction, beneficiation, and processing. The
Amendment directed EPA either to develop Subtitle C regulations for
the waste or determine that the exemption should continue, and to
present its findings in a report to Congress.
EPA modified its hazardous waste regulations to, reflect the Bevill
exclusion and issued a preliminary, and quite broad, interpretation of
the exclusion's scope. In particular, it interpreted the exclusion as
covering "solid waste from the exploration, mining, milling, smelting
and refining of ores and minerals."
In 1985 the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia awarded
judgment to the Environmental Defense Fund and two public interest
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groups that had sued EPA for failing to submit the required report to
Congress and make the regulatory determination by the statutory,
deadline. The court imposed two schedules, one for completing
studies of extraction and beneficiation wastes and submitting them in a
report to Congress, and the second for proposing reinterpretation of
mineral-processing wastes. In so doing, the court effectively split the
wastes that might be eligible for exclusion from regulation into two
groups: mineral extraction and beneficiation wastes; and mineral
processing wastes.
In December 1985 EPA submitted a report to Congress on mining
wastes (1985 Report to Congress: Wastes from, the Extraction and
Beneficiation of Metallic Ores, Phosphate Rock, Asbestos, Overburden
from Uranium Mining, and Oil Shale) in which EPA found that some
mining wastes exhibit hazardous characteristics, that waste
management practices have caused environmental damage, and that
the range of risk from mining waste is broad. In July 1986 EPA
published a regulatory determination, upheld in subsequent court
challenges, that RCRA Subtitle C regulation of extraction and
beneficiation wastes was unwarranted because mining wastes tend to
be disposed of in arid climates, facilities and wastes are located in
sparsely populated areas where human contact is minimal, and waste
volumes are high. It also determined that it should develop a risk-
based, State-run mining waste program under RCRA Subtitle D.
In keeping with its epurt-ordered directive to reinterpret the Mining
Waste exclusion for mineral processing wastes, EPA proposed to
narrow the scope of the exclusion for mineral-processing wastes to
include only a few specific waste streams. Unable to articulate criteria
for selecting these wastes, EPA later .withdrew this proposal and was
' subsequently sued by the Environmental Defense Fund. The courts
ruled against EPA, holding that the Agency's interpretation of Bevill
exclusions was overbroad. The court ordered EPA to restrict the scope
of the exclusion as it applied to mineral-processing wastes to include
only "large volume, low hazard" wastes.
Iii a series of rulemaking notices, EPA reinterpreted the exclusion for
mineral-processing wastes and defined which mineral-processing
wastes met the high-volume, low-hazard criteria. The vast majority of
mineral-processing wastes did not meet both criteria. EPA published
its final regulatory determination in 1991, in compliance with a court-
ordered deadline. yThe final rule permanently retains the Bevill
exemption for 20 mineral-processing wastes. EPA determined that
regulation under RCRA Subtitle C was inappropriate for these wastes
because of the extremely high cost to industry and the technical
infeasibility of managing them under Subtitle C requirements; 18 of the
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wastes are subject to applicable State requirements, while the
remaining two (phosphogypsum and phosphoric acid process waste
water) are currently being evaluated by EPA.
^ '-.',, t
Wastes from the extraction and beneficiation of ores and minerals
remain exempt from Subtitle C requirements, irrespective of their
chemical characteristics; EPA may, in the future, evaluate the
appropriateness of regulating these wastes under RCRA Subtitle D as
an industrial waste. Wastes from mineral processing, however, are not
exempt from Subtitle C unless they are one of the 20 specific wastes
identified in EPA's final ruling.
In addition, only wastes that are uniquely associated with the extraction
and beneficiation of ores and minerals (or one of the 20 listed mineral
processing wastes) are excluded from hazardous waste regulation.
Non-uniquely associated wastes are typically generated ,as a result of
maintaining mining machinery or as a result of other facility activities,
and continue to be subject to Subtitle C regulation. These non-
uniquely associated wastes may include used oil, polychlorinated
biphenyls, discarded commercial chemicals, cleaning solvents, filters,
empty drums, laboratory wastes, and general refuse.
Determining how and under what circumstances the Bevill
Amendment exclusions should be interpreted in regulating mining
wastes continues to be a subject of discussion and study, at least in part
because many beneficiation terms are used to describe activities
common to a wide range of nonexempt industries and to describe
mineral-processing operations that occur at the same location as the
beneficiation operations. Beneficiation and mineral-processing
operations are often closely linked; in order to apply Subtitle C
regulations at a mine site, a regulator, often must prove that the waste
is not a beneficiation waste. Because a variety of regulators, at both
Federal and State levels, are independently interpreting the Bevill
rules, the potential for inconsistent interpretations is significant. Staff
in EPA's OSW have suggested the following guidelines for regulators
and the regulated community in distinguishing between exempt and
nonexempt wastes at mines and mineral-processing sites:
Determine whether the material is considered a solid waste
under RCRA.
Determine whether the facility is using a primary ore or mineral
to produce a final or intermediate product and also whether 50
percent of the feedstocks are from secondary sources.
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, Establish whether the material and the operation that generates
it are uniquely associated with inineral production.
Determine where in the sequence of operations beneficiation
ends and mineral processing begins.
If the material is a mineral-processing waste, determine whether
it is one of the 20 special wastes from mineral processing.
This sequence will result in one of three determinations: 1) the
material is not a solid waste and therefore not subject to RCRA; 2) the
material is a solid waste but is exempt from RCRA Subtitle G because of
the Mining Waste Exclusion; or 3) the material is a solid waste that is
not exempt from RCRA Subtitle C and is subject to regulation.
Comprehensive Environmental Response^ Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) ' .-
Although Bevill wastes are excluded from regulation under RCRA
Subtitle C, they can be addressed under CERCLA. Mining companies
may be liable under CERCLA for the release or threat of release of
hazardous substances, covering releases to air, surface, water,
' . grduridwater and soils. Many mines, where practices did not
incorporate the safeguards now required tinder the CWA, allowed
runoff from mine and tailings sites to flow into nearby streams and
lakes. In general, the CERCLA problems associated with mining
operations are much more frequent in metal rather than non-metal
mining. Even newer mines, which have been subject to CWA
regulations, have been targeted for CERCLA enforcement. Mine
owners may also be liable for damages to natural resources as a result of
mining activity.
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National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
i
NEPA requires that all Federal agencies prepare detailed statements
assessing the environmental impact of, and alternatives to, major
Federal actions that may "significantly affect" the environment. An
environmental impact statement (EIS) must provide a fair and full
discussion of significant environmental impacts and inform decision-
makers and the public of the reasonable alternatives which would
avoid or minimize adverse impacts on the environment; EISs must
. explore and evaluate all reasonable alternatives, even if they are not
within the authority of the lead agency. NEPA authorities are solely
procedural; NEPA cannot compel selection of the environmentally
preferred alternative.
Federal actions specifically related to mining that may require EISs
include Federal land management agency (e.g. BLM and Forest Service)
approval of plans of operations for hardrock mining on
Federally-managed lands. All effected media (e.g., air, water, soil,
geologic, cultural, economic resources, etc.) must be addressed. The EIS
provides the basis for the permit decision; for example, an NPDES
permit may be issued or denied based on EPA's review of the overall
impacts, not just discharge-related impacts, of the proposed project and
alternatives. Issues may include the potential for acid rock drainage,
aquatic and terrestrial habitat value and losses, sediment production,
mitigation, and reclamation.
Endangered Species Act (ESA)
The ESA provides a means to protect threatened or endangered species
and the ecosystems that support them. It requires Federal agencies to
ensure that activities undertaken on either Federal or non-Federal
property do not have adverse impacts on threatened or endangered
species or their habitat. In a June 1995 ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court
upheld interpretations of the Act that allow agencies to consider impact
on habitat as a potential form of prohibited "harm" to endangered
species. Agencies undertaking a Federal action (such as a BLM review
of proposed mining operations) must consult with the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (USFWS); an EIS must be prepared if "any major part
of a new source will have significant adverse effect on the habitat" of a
Federally or State-listed threatened or endangered species.
State Statutes
SIC Code 14
In addition to Federal laws. State and common laws also affect waste
generation from mining activities. State law generally requires that
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permits be obtained prior to commencement of mining activities;
permits may require design, performance, closure, and reclamation
standards, and may impose monitoring requirements. Under common,
law, a mine owner may be liable for trespassing if wastes migrate into
and damage another's property, or if the waste impacts the community
as a whole, a miner may be liable for creating a public nuisance. Over
the last five years several States have substantially altered their mining.
regulations to prevent the damage caused by past pining operations.
Considerable disagreement remains, however, between mining
industry groups and the environmental community regarding the
effectiveness of these State regulations in preventing damage to the
environment.
Many Western States require mining operations to obtain reclamation
bonds and mining permits that are designed to regulate and monitor
mining activity. States that require bonding and/or permitting include
Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Utah, Washington, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado.
To regulate mining activity in the State of Colorado, for example, the
State requires mining operations to obtain: 1) a performance bond, 2) a
reclamation bond, and 3) a permit. The performance bond outlines
what the mining operation intends to do on the land, and is simply, a
promise from the mining operation that it will reclaim the land. This
bond gives Colorado the authority to pursue reclamation costs from
mining operations that fail to properly reclaim the land. The
reclamation bond, also known as a financial warranty, equals the cost
the State would incur if it were to hire someone to reclaim the site
should the mining operation fail to do so. Although performance
bonds are updated periodically, the bonds have not always been
adequate to cover closure costs.
VI.C. Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA)
EPCRA Section 313 mandates that owners and operators of facilities
that manufacture, process, or otherwise use a listed chemical to report
to EPA their annual releases of these chemicals to any environmental
medium. EPA makes this information available to the public in the
form of the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). TRI currently requires
reporting from facilities in SIC codes 20-39 which meet various
threshold requirements.
EPCRA Section 313 gives EPA discretionary authority to modify the
coverage of facilities required to report to EPA for inclusion in the TRI.
EPA is considering expanding the TRI through the development of
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reporting requirements for additional facilities. These additional
facilities include a list of 25 SIC codes that contribute 99 percent of the
non-manufacturing TRI chemical loadings to the environment. SIC 14
is among these 25 SIC codes. EPA anticipates publication of a proposed
rule in late 1995 or early 1996 requiring additional facilities to report the
use, release, and transfer of TRI chemicals.
Clean Air Act (CAA)
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990
In 1992, EPA published an initial list of all categories of major and area
sources of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) listed in Section 112(b)
of the CAA. EPA is required to establish dates for the promulgation of
emission standards for each of the listed categories of HAP emission
sources and develop emission standards for each source of HAPs such
that the schedule is met. The standards are to be technology-based and
are to require the maximum degree of emission reduction determined
to be achievable by the Administrator. Proposed standards for most
mineral industries are due by November 1, 1997. The Agency has
determined that the phosphoric acid manufacturing industry may be
anticipated to emit several of the 189 HAPs listed in Section 112(b) of
the CAAA. As a consequence, this source category is included on the
initial list of HAP-emitting categories scheduled for standards
promulgation.
New Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)
Another proposed rule under the CAA concerns the; development of
maximum achievable control technology (MACT) or generally
achievable control technology (GACT) standards for the asbestos
processing source category that is comprised of the milling,
manufacturing, and fabrication subcategories of the asbestos NESHAP.
Pollutants to be regulated include asbestos and other HAPs emitted in
major amounts by these subcategories. Final action on this proposed
rule is scheduled for November 1995.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) '
EPA is reviewing and updating the air quality criteria for particulate
matter to incorporate new scientific and technical information that has
become available since the last review. Based on the revised criteria,
EPA will determine whether revisions to the standards are appropriate.
This will affect the mining and quarrying of non-fuel, nonmetallic
minerals. ,
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Clean Water Act (CWA)
A comprehensive bill was introduced in Congress in 1995 to
reauthorize the Clean Water Act. The bill may affect EPA's authority
to require changes in production processes, products, or raw materials
to control emissions of toxins; may require risk assessments for water
quality standards, effluent limitations or other regulatory
requirements; and may require social, economic, and environmental
benefits to be weighed in establishing regulations. Potentially large
sectors of the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry could be affected by
this legislation.
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA^
Arsenic is One of the non-fuel, nonmetallic minerals covered by SIC
14. A proposed rule will set a maximum contaminant level goal
(MCLG) and revised national primary drinking water regulation
(NPDWR) for arsenic in drinking water, pursuant to the SDWA
amendments of 1986. The SDWA requires EPA to promulgate national
primary drinking water regulations for 83 specific contaminants of
which arsenic is one. .
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VII. COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT PROFILE
Background
To date, EPA has focused much of its attention on measuring
compliance with specific environmental statutes. This approach
allows the Agency to track compliance with the Clean Air Act, the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Clean Water Act, and
other environmental statutes. Within the last several years, the
Agency has begun to supplement single-media compliance. indicators
with facility-specific, multimedia indicators of compliance. In doing so,
EPA is in a better position to track compliance with all statutes at the
facility level, and within specific industrial sectors.
A major step in building the capacity to compile multimedia data for
industrial sectors was the creation of EPA's Integrated Data for
Enforcement Analysis (IDEA) system. IDEA has the capacity to "read
into" the Agency's single-media databases, extract compliance records,
and match the records to individual facilities. The IDEA system can
match Air, Water, Waste, Toxics/Pesticides/EPCRA, TRI, and
Enforcement Docket records for a given facility, and generate a list of
historical permit, inspection, and enforcement activity. IDEA also has
the capability to analyze data by geographic area and corporate holder.
As the capacity to generate multimedia compliance data improves, EPA
will make available more in-depth complian'ce and enforcement
information.' Additionally, sector-specific measures of success for
compliance assistance efforts are under development.
Compliance and Enforcement Profile Description
Using inspection, violation^ and enforcement data from the IDEA
system, this section provides information regarding the historical
compliance and enforcement activity of this sector. In order to mirror
the facility universe reported in the Toxic Chemical Profile, the data
reported within this section consists of records only from the TRI
reporting universe. With this decision, the selection criteria are
consistent across sectors with certain exceptions. For the sectors that do
not normally report to the TRI program, data have been provided from
EPA's Facility Indexing System (FINDS) which tracks facilities in all
media databases. Please note, in this section, EPA does not attempt to
define the actual number of facilities that fall within each sector.
Instead, the section portrays the records of a subset of facilities within
the sector that are well defined within EPA databases.
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, As a check on the relative size of the full sector universe, most
notebooks. contain an'estimated number of facilities within the sector
according to the Bureau of Census (See Section II). With sectors
dominated by small businesses, such as metal finishers and printers,
the reporting universe within the EPA databases may be small in
comparison to Census data. However, the group selected for inclusion
in this data analysis section should be consistent with this sector's
general make-up.
Following this introduction is a list defining each data column
presented within this section. These values represent a retrospective
summary of inspections and enforcement actions, and solely reflect
EPA, State, and local compliance assurance activities that have been
entered into EPA databases. To identify any changes in trends, the EPA
ran two data queries, one for the past five calendar years (August 10,
1990 to August 9, 1995) and the other for the most recent twelve-month
period (August 10,1994 to August 9,1995). The five-year analysis gives
an average level of activity for that period for comparison to the more
recent activity. ~
Because most inspections focus on single-media requirements, the data
queries presented in this section are taken from single media databases.
These databases do not provide data on whether inspections are
State/local or EPA-led. However, the table breaking down the universe
of violations does give the .reader a crude measurement of the EPA's
and States' efforts within each media program. The presented data
illustrate the variations across regions for certain sectors. This
variation may be attributable to State/local data entry variations,
specific geographic concentrations, proximity to population centers,
sensitive ecosystems, highly toxic chemicals used in production, or
, historical noncompliance. Hence, the exhibited data do not rank
regional performance or necessarily reflect which regions may have the
most compliance problems.
Compliance and Enforcement Data Definitions
General Definitions
Facility Indexing System (FINDS) - this system assigns a common
facility number to; EPA single-media permit records. The FINDS
identification number allows EPA to compile and review all permit,
compliance, enforcement, and pollutant release data for any given
regulated facility.
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Integrated Data for Enforcement Analysis (IDEA) - is a data integration
system that can retrieve information from the major EPA program
office databases. IDEA uses the FINDS identification number to "glue
together" separate data records from EPA's databases. This is done to
create a "master list" of data records for any given facility. Some of the
data systems accessible through IDEA are: AIRS (Air Facility Indexing
and Retrieval System, Office of Air and Radiation), PCS (Permit
Compliance System, Office of Water), RCRIS (Resource Conservation
and Recovery Information System, Office of Solid Waste), NCDB
(National Compliance Data Base, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and
Toxic Substances), CERCLIS (Comprehensive Environmental and
Liability Information System, Superfurid), and TRIS (Toxic Release
Inventory System). IDEA also contains information from outside
sources such as Dun and Bradstreet and the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA). Most data queries displayed in
notebook Sections TV and VT1 were conducted using IDEA.
Data Table Column Heading Definitions
ป
Facilities in Search - are based on the universe of TRI reporters within
the listed SIC code range. For industries not covered under TRI
reporting requirements, the notebook uses the FINDS universe for
executing data queries. The SIC code range selected for each search is
defined by each notebook's selected SIC code coverage described in
Section n.
Facilities Inspected indicates the level of EPA and State agency
facility inspections for the facilities in this data search. These values
show what percentage of the facility universe is inspected in a 12 or 60
month period. This column does not count non-inspectional
compliance activities such as the review of facility-reported discharge
reports.
Number of Inspections measures the total number of inspections
conducted in this sector. An inspection event is counted each time it is
entered into a single media database.
Average Time Between Inspections - provides an average length of
time, expressed in months, that a compliance inspection occurs at a
facility within the defined universe.
Facilities with One or More Enforcement Actions - expresses the
number of facilities that were party to at least one enforcement action
within the defined time period. This category is broken down further
into Federal and State actions. Data are obtained for administrative,
civil/judicial, and criminal enforcement actions. Administrative
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actions include Notices of Violation (NOVs). A facility with multiple
enforcement actions is only counted once in this column (facility with
3 enforcement actions counts as 1). All percentages that appear are
referenced to the number of facilities inspected.
Total Enforcement Actions describes the total number of
enforcement actions identified for an industrial sector across all
environmental statutes. A facility with multiple enforcement actions
is counted multiple times (a facility with 3 enforcement actions counts
as 3).
State Lead Actions -- shows what percentage of the total enforcement
actions are taken by State and local environmental agencies. Varying
levels of use by States of EPA data systems may limit the volume of
actions accorded State enforcement activity. Some States extensively
report enforcement activities into EPA data systems, while other States
may use their own data systems.
Federal Lead Actions shows what percentage of the total enforcement
actions are taken by the U.S. EPA. This value includes referrals from
State agencies. Many of these actions result from coordinated or joint
State/Federal efforts.
Enforcement to Inspection Rate expresses how often enforcement
actions result from inspections. This value is a ratio of enforcement
actions to inspections, and is presented for comparative purposes only.
This measure is a rough indicator of the relationship between
inspections and enforcement. This measure simply indicates
historically how many enforcement actions can be attributed to
inspection activity. Related inspections and enforcement actions under
the Clean Water Act (PCS), the Clean Air Act (AFS) and the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) are .included in this ratio.
Inspections and actions from the TSCA/FIFRA/EPCRA database are
not factored into this ratio because most of the actions taken under
these programs are not the result of facility inspections. This ratio does
not account for enforcement > actions arising from non-inspection
compliance monitoring activities (e.g., self-reported water discharges)
that can result in enforcement action within the CAA, CWA and
RCRA.
Facilities with One or More Violations Identified indicates the
number and percentage of inspected facilities having a violation
identified in one of the following data categories: In Violation or
Significant Violation Status (CAA); Reportable Noncompliance,
Current Year Noncompliance, Significant Noncompliance (CWA);
Noncompliance and Significant Noncompliance (FIFRA, TSCA, and
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EPCRA); Unresolved Violation and Unresolved High Priority
Violation (RCRA). The values presented for this column reflect the
extent of noncompliance within the measured time frame, but do not
distinguish between the severity .of the noncompliance. Percentages
within this column can exceed 100% because facilities can be in
violation status without being inspected. Violation status may be a
precursor to an enforcement action, but does not necessarily indicate
that an enforcement action will occur.
Media Breakdown of Enforcement Actions and Inspections four
columns identify the proportion of totaHnspections and enforcement.
actions within EPA Air, Water, Waste," and TSCA/FIFRA/EPCRA
databases. Each column is a percentage of either the "Total
Inspections," or the "Total Actions" column.
' s , '
VILA. Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry Compliance History
Exhibit 11 presents enforcement and compliance information specific
to the non-fuel, non-metal mining industry. As indicated in the chart,
Regions in, IV, V, VIE, and X have been the most active in terms of
enforcement actions against this sector.
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VII.B. Comparison of Enforcement Activity Between Selected Industries
Exhibits 12-15 provide enforcement and compliance information for
selected industries. TKe non-fuel, non-metal mineral mining industry
has the fourth largest number of facilities tracked by EPA across the
selected industries. Of the total number of enforcement actions over
five years, 76 percent are State-lead actions and 24 percent are federal-
lead actions. For this industry, Clean Air Act inspections comprise 65
percent of all inspections conducted, and Clean Water Act inspections
account for 31 percent of all inspections. This inspection pattern seems
consistent with the general priority of environmental concerns within
this sector. Importantly, the non-fuel, non-metal mining sector
exhibits the lowest number of enforcement actions in relations to
inspections that any other industry covered under this project over the
last five years (see Exhibit 12).
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VII.C. Review of Major Legal Actions
VII.C.l. Review of Major Gases
As indicated in EPA's Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1991
through FY 1993 publications, two significant .enforcement cases were
resolved between 1991 and 1993 for the mining and quarrying of non-
fuel/ nonmetallic minerals. The cases were comprised of CERCLA and
, the Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act (MAPRSA)
violations. Both cases were related to companies in the sand and
gravel business. .
One of the three eases resulted in the assessment of a penalty. In U.S.
v. Petersen Sand & Gravel, Inc. (1993), the defendant failed to furnish
accurate and complete information relating to its disposal of hazardous
wastes at its site. The defendant mined sand and gravel at the site,
during which time several hundred drums of paints, solvents, and
other industrial wastes were dumped. The company was required to
pay $700,000 and to provide a full response to EPA's original
information requests.
In U.S. v. Custom Sand and Gravel (1993), an administrative order was
issued under MAPRSA for unauthorized construction of dikes and
roadways and for clearing and leveling activities associated with sand
and gravel mining operations that impacted wooded swamp. A
restoration plan was submitted to restore approximately 65 acres of
wetland habitat.
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VIII. COMPLIANCE AcnvrnES AND INITIATIVES
This section highlights the activities undertaken by this industry sector
and public agencies to voluntarily improve the sector's environmental
performance. These activities include those independently initiated by
industrial trade associations. In this section, the notebook also contains
a listing and description of national and regional trade associations.
VIII.A. Sector-Related Environmental Programs and Activities
EPA's Office of Solid Waste (OSW) conducts research into mining
waste issues,, including engineering studies conducted on innovative
methods of mining to reduce mine waste. OSW prepares reports that
evaluate current mining designs and how these designs impact the
environment. The reports, which are subject to peer review,-cover
topics such as the design and operation of waste rock piles, subaqueous
disposal of tailings, and cyanide detoxification. OSW also provides
outreach and technical support to other program and Regional offices
to address mine waste problems located on Indian reservations. OSW
is currently involved in providing outreach and technical support to
approximately six different sites. (Contact: Steve Hoffman, 703-308-
8413)
LT.S. Bureau of Mines Environmental Research Program
The U.S. Bureau of Mines environmental research program is
developing technology to prevent pollution and to maintain a healthy
work environment. In the pollution prevention area, the USBM, in
conjunction with the Florida phosphate industry and the Florida
Institute of Phosphate Research, is researching the environmental
pollution associated with phosphogypsum stacks, and the large
process/cooling water ponds associated wititi them. The Bureau is also
evaluating the potential for in-situ mining of western phosphate ores,
a technique that would significantly reduce gypsum production in the
processing of western phosphate rock. (Contact: Frank Lanzetta,
Research Staff, (202) 501-9272)
The focus of the environmental health research is the monitoring and
control of small airborne dusts that can be inhaled deep into the lungs
and cause respiratory diseases. Emphasis is on the monitoring and
control of coal and rock dusts and emissions from diesel engines. A
continuous monitor to evaluate dust conditions during the extraction
process for mineral ores is being developed to provide a means to alert
workers to hazardous dust conditions. Dust control techniques are
directed primarily towards reducing concentrations through the
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application of water sprays, more effective use of ventilation air, and
modification of mining operating parameters. (Contact: Dr. J. Harrison,
Research Staff (202) 501-9309)
Mine Safety and Health -Administration (MSHA) Mines Initiative
Electrical transformers or capacitors containing polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) are often used as power sources in underground
mines. This equipment is regulated by EPA to ensure against
environmental release of PCBs, chemicals classified as probable human
carcinogens. Abandoned mines often fill with ground water, which
can cause PCB-containing equipment to corrode and leak, chemicals
into the water. ,
EPA and MSHA launched a joint effort in early 1993 to identify all
underground mines using electrical transformers or capacitors that
contain PCBs. During 1993, MSHA inspectors completed PCB checklists
that identified mines using PCB- or other liquid-filled equipment
underground, and whether there were any violations of EPA
regulations governing PCB use, marking, storage, or disposal. In total,
85 underground mines that may use PCB-containing equipment were
identified. EPA has used the PCB checklists as part of its enforcement
efforts. As a result of these efforts, four mining companies have been
cited for mismanaging PCBs and face Federal penalties of up to
$317,575. EPA has settled one of these cases and filed three additional
complaints.
Miscellaneous Activities
Members of several government agencies have been informally
meeting over the past five years to share and communicate ideas on
mining waste issues. Known as the Federal Land Management
Agencies, this group includes EPA> the National Park Service, the
Department of Agriculture, the Department of the Interior, the Bureau
of Land Management, and the U.S. Forest Service. According to Steve
Hoffman of EPA's Office of Solid Waste, a memo of understanding is
currently under development to formalize the group's meetings at the
senior level.
EPA has provided a multi-year grant to the Southwest. Research and
Information Center to conduct research and outreach activities
regarding mine waste issues. The Center maintains a clearinghouse of
technical studies conducted on mine waste topics. (Contact:
Paul Robinson, 505-262-1862)
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Over the last few years, EPA has enlisted the advice and assistance of
the States in developing a Federally-mandated RCRA mine waste
program. In order to facilitate the involvement of the States in this
effort, EPA has provided funding to the Western Governors'
Association (WGA), an independent non-partisan organization of 21
member governors. In 1988, WGA formed a Mine Waste Task Force to
coordinate the views of the member States and to work with EPA, the
mining industry, the environmental community, and the public in the
development of a workable mine waste management program.
Kansas State University's Hazardous Substance Research Center
(HSRC) is an EPA-funded center providing research and technology
transfer services for pollution prevention and other waste
management techniques. HSRC programs include outreach for
industry, assistance to government, videos, radio programs, written
materials, 'data bases, and workshops on pollution prevention and
hazardous waste remediation. One pollution prevention focus of
HSRC is on soils and mining waste.
Contact: Dr. Larry E. Erickson, Director
Hazardous Substance Research Center (HSRC)
Ward Hall, Room 101
Kansas State University
Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5102
(913)532-6519
The Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ)
(602-779-0313) has established a multifaceted pollution prevention
program to encourage generators of hazardous waste to prepare a
pollution prevention plan. ADEQ encourages companies to prepare
pollution prevention plans by reducing environmental permit filing
fees 50 percent if companies implement a pollution prevention plan.
Some mining companies have participated in this program. In
addition, a joint partnership between the State and private industry has
been formed, called the Arizona Pollution Prevention Partnership.
The Partnership consists of 22 of the State's largest hazardous waste
generators. These companies, which include some mining companies,
have spelled out specific hazardous waste reduction plans for a two to
three year period.
The Mineral Policy Center is a non-profit organization that provides
technical, legal, and political strategy assistance to deal with mineral
threats to sensitive areas. The main goal of the Center is to promote
environmentally responsible mining. The organization educates and
assists citizens' groups and agency personnel working with
conservation problems related to legislation such as the 1872 Mining
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Law and RCRA. The Mineral Policy Center provides educational
materials such as. fact sheets, information packets, videos, and
publications that summarize the results of research conducted on the
environmental impacts of mining. Its publications include 'Burden of
Guilt, which provides a current assessment of the abandoned mine
problem and a proposal to develop and fund an effective nationwide
reclamation program. The Center also conducts roundtable discussions
with mining companies to discuss environmental issues facing the
mining industry. (Contact: Gary Kravis, 202-887-1872)
In 1990, a funding agreement was entered into between EPA and the
Interstate Mining Compact Commission (IMCC). (Contact: Greg Conrad
703-709-8654). IMCC is an association that studies and recommends
techniques for the protection and restoration of land, water, and other
resources affected by mining. The purpose of the funding agreement
between EPA and IMCC is to facilitate State involvement in
developing and implementing mine waste regulation. Fifteen
member States have participated in this effort thus far.
VIII.B.
EPA Voluntary Programs
Environmental Leadership Program
Project XL
The Environmental Leadership Program (ELP) is a national initiative
piloted by EPA and State agencies in which facilities have volunteered
to demonstrate innovative approaches to environmental management
and compliance. EPA has selected 12 pilot projects at industrial
facilities and Federal installations which will demonstrate the
principles of the ELP program. ' These principles include:
environmental management systems, multimedia compliance
assurance, third-party verification of compliance/public measures of
accountability, community, involvement, and mentoring programs. In
return for participating, pilot participants receive public recognition
and are given a period of time to correct any violations discovered
during these experimental projects. (Contact: Tai-ming Chang, ELP
Director, 202-564-5081 or Robert Fentress, 202-564-7023)
Project XL was initiated in March 1995 as a part of President Clinton's
Reinventing Environmental Regulation initiative. K The projects seek
to. achieve cost effective environmental benefits by allowing
participants to replace or modify existing regulatory requirements on
the condition that they produce greater environmental benefits. EPA
and program participants will negotiate and sign a Final Project
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Agreement, detailing specific objectives that the regulated entity shall
satisfy. In exchange, EPA will allow the participant a certain degree of
regulatory flexibility and may seek changes in underlying regulations
or statutes. Participants are encouraged to seek stakeholder support
from local governments, businesses, and environmental groups. EPA
hopes to implement fifty pilot projects in four categories including
facilities, sectors, communities, and government agencies regulated by
EPA. Applications will be accepted on a rolling basis and projects will
move to implementation within six months of their selection. For
additional information regarding XL Projects, including application
procedures and criteria, see the May 23,1995 Federal Register Notice, or
contact Jon Kessler at EPA's Office of Policy Analysis (202) 260-4034.
Green Lights Program
EPA's Green Lights program was initiated in 1991 and has the goal of
preventing pollution by encouraging U.S. institutions to use energy-
efficient lighting technologies. The program has over 1,500 participants
which include major corporations; small and medium sized
businesses; Federal, State and local governments; non-profit groups;
schools; universities; and health care facilities. Each participant is
required to survey their facilities and upgrade lighting wherever it is
profitable. EPA provides technical assistance to the participants
through a decision support software package, workshops and manuals,
and a financing registry. EPA's Office of Air and Radiation is
responsible for operating the Green Lights Program. (Contact: .Susan
Bullard at 202-233-9065 or the Green Light/Energy Star Hotline at
202-775-6650)
WasteWi$e Program
The WasteWi$e Program was started in 1994 by EPA's Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response. The program is aimed at reducing
municipal solid wastes by promoting waste minimization, recycling
collection, and the manufacturing and purchase of recycled products.
As of 1994, the program had about 300 companies as members,
including a number of major corporations. Members agree to identify
and implement actions to reduce their solid wastes and must provide
EPA with their waste reduction goals along with yearly progress
reports. EPA in turn provides technical assistance to member
companies and allows the use of the WasteWi$e logo for promotional
purposes. (Contact: Lynda Wynn, 202-260-0700 or the WasteWi$e
Hotline at 1-800-372-9473)
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Climate Wise Recognition Program
NICE3
The Climate Change Action Plan was initiated in response to the U.S.
commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with
the Climate Change Convention of the 1990 Earth Summit. As part of
the Climate Change Action Plan, the Climate Wise Recognition
Program is a partnership initiative run jointly by EPA and the
Department of Energy. The program is designed to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions by encouraging reductions across all sectors of the
economy, encouraging participation in the full range of Climate
Change Action Plan initiatives, and fostering innovation. Participants
in the program are required to identify and commit to actions that
reduce greenhouse gas emissions. .The program, in turn, gives
organizations early recognition for their reduction commitments;
provides technical assistance through consulting services, workshops,
and guides; and provides access to the program's centralized
information system. At EPA, the program is operated by the Air and
Energy Policy Division within the Office of (Policy Planning and
Evaluation. (Contact: Pamela Herman, 202-260-4407)
The U.S. Department of Energy and EPA's Office of Pollution
Prevention are jointly administering a grant program called The
National Industrial Competitiveness through Energy, Environment,
and Economics (NICE3). By providing grants of up to 50 percent of the
total project cost, the program encourages industry to reduce industrial
waste at its source and become more energy-efficient and cost-
competitive through waste minimization efforts. Grants are used by
industry to design, test, demonstrate, and assess the feasibility of new
processes and/or equipment with the potential to reduce pollution and
increase energy efficiency. The program is open to all industries;
however, priority is given to proposals from participants in the pulp
and paper, chemicals, primary metals, and petroleum and coal products
sectors. (Contact: DOE's Golden Field Office, 303-275-4729)
VIII.C. Trade Association/Industry-Sponsored Activity
The Missouri Limestone Producers Association, along with EPA's
Region VII developed a voluntary compliance program for Missouri
rock crushing companies in violation of the Clean Air Act. Affected
rock crusher facilities in Missouri's pilot program must comply with
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) of the Clean Air Act. The
EPA regulations, commonly called Subpart OOO, are designed to
control air pollution from specific new equipment at nonmetallic
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mineral processing plants. This includes: rock crushing units, screens,
conveyors, and bins. Regulations require owners, who have purchased
new equipment since August 31, 1983, to maintain records, conduct
performance testing of air emissions, and provide notification to EPA.
Many Missouri rock crushers have failed to provide necessary
notification and to conduct required performance testing. These
failures are violations of Federal regulations and owners are liable for
penalties under the Clean Air Act. The maximum penalty can be as
much as $25,000 per day, per violation. By participating in the
voluntary compliance program, sources are eligible for reduced
penalties for notification and testing violations. Forty five companies
have taken advantage of this voluntary compliance program and have
achieved significant penalty reductions as a result of their participation.
VTII.C.l. Environmental Programs
The National Stone Association produces a Clean Air Management
Guide, summarizing provisions of the Clean Air Act, that has been
praised by the California Air Resources Board. Additionally, the
National Stone Association, along with the Florida Concrete &
Products Association and Aggregate Institute produces a course on the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and Title V Operating Permits for
the Florida Aggregates Industry. This course has also been taught in
other areas of the country i.e. Northern California and Kansas City.
The National Stone Association also runs an environmental
excellence program for its members with
Environmental Eagle Awards.
winners receiving
VHI.C.2. Summary of Trade Associations
Trade and professional organizations serving the mining industry in
general are divided along mining processes as well as type of mineral
mined.
V
In 1990, a funding agreement was entered into between EPA and the
Interstate Mining Compact Commission (IMCC) (Contact: Greg Conrad
703-709-8654). IMCC is an association that studies and1 recommends
techniques for the protection and restoration of land, water, and other
resources affected by mining. The purpose of the funding agreement
between EPA and IMCC is to facilitate state involvement in developing
and implementing mine waste regulation. Fifteen member states have
participated in this effort thus far.
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National Aggregates Association
900 Spring Street
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
Phone: (301) 587-1400
Fax: (301) 587-9419 .
Members: 350
Staff: 28
Budget: $1.2 million
Contact: Richard A. Morris
The National Aggregates Association (NAA) represents producers of
construction aggregates, which include sand, gravel, and crushed and
broken stone. For over 75 years, NAA has provided its members with
education, training, research, technology, and representation before the
Congress ,and federal regulatory bodies to increase the growth and
professionalism of the aggregates industry. NAA is an international
trade association with a membership of over 400 companies
throughout the United States, Canada, and various foreign countries.
Aggregate Producers Association
of Northern California
400 Capitol Mall, Suite 900
Sacramento, CA 95814-4407
Phone: (916)449-3926
Fax: (916) 443-5369
Members:
Staff: 7
Budget: $200,000
Contact: George Cope
The Aggregate Producers Association (APA) is a non-profit trade
association comprised of rock, sand and gravel producers, ready-made
concrete companies and asphalt companies in Northern California.
APA provides its members with a variety of committees that monitor
legislation, regulations and other industry issues e.g. environment,
safety, product education and promotion, and technical and
government affairs. Currently, APA sponsors a Stormwater/NPDES
Group Compliance Program for 140 plant locations. APA also meetings
regularly with the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) to
address and resolve issues of concern.
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The National Stone Association
1415 Elliot Place, NW
Washington, DC 20007
Phone: (202) 342-1100
Fax: (202) 342-0702
Members: 579
Staff: 20
Budget: $3.26 million
Contact: Bill Ford
The National Stone Association (NSA) is the national trade association
representing the many interests and concerns of the crushed stone
industry in the United States. NSA, now celebrating its 75th
anniversary, is based in Washington, DC. It provides support to
member companies, provides technical assistance to universities and
schools, and works cooperatively with other national, state and
regional groups and associations that help advance the interests of the
industry.
National Mining Association
1130 17th Street
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202)861-2800
Fax: (202)861-7535
Contact: Richard L. Lawson
Founded in 1995 as a result of a merger between the American Mining
Congress and the National Coal Association, the National Mining
Association represents producers of domestic coal, metals, and
industrial and agricultural minerals; manufacturers of mining and
mineral processing machinery, equipment, and supplies;
engineering/consulting firms; and financial institutions that serve the
mining industry. It also offers tax, communications, and technical
workshops.
Missouri Limestone Producers Association
P.O. Box 1725
Jefferson City, Missouri 65102
Phone: (314)-635-0208
Fax: (314)-634-8006
Members: 66
Staff: 2
Budget: $220,000
Contact: Steve Rudloff
The Missouri Limestone Producers Association represents the crushed
stone producers for the state of Missouri. This association has taken an
active role in voluntary compliance initiatives with EPA's Region VII
office.
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American Society for Surface Mining and
Reclamation (ASSMR)
21 Grandview Dr.
Princeton, WV 24740
Phone: (304)425-8332
Members: 450
Regional Groups: 2
Contact: William T. Plass
Founded in 1973, ASSMR members consist of mining companies and
corporations, representatives from Federal agencies and State
governments, and individuals from the academic community. It
encourages efforts to protect and enhance land disturbed by mining. In
addition, ASSMR assists in research and demonstrations and fosters
communication among research scientists, regulatory agencies,
landowners, and the surface mining industry. Its publications include
the Reclamation Newsletter (quarterly).
Interstate Mining Compact Commission
(IMCC)
459B Carlisle Dr.
Herndon, VA 22070
Phone: (703)709-8654
Fax: (703) 709-8655 '
Members: 17
Staff: 2
Budget: $150,000
Contact Gregory E. Conrad
Founded in 1971, IMCC consists of States engaged in surface mining.
Its purposes are to study and recommend techniques for the protection
and restoration of land, water, and other/resources affected by mining;
to assist in reducing, eliminating, or counteracting pollution or
deterioration of natural resources; to encourage programs of member
States that will achieve comparable results in protecting and
improving the usefulness of natural resources; and to maintain an
efficient and productive mining industry. IMCC also compiles
industry statistics, disseminates studies and reports on surface mining
and legislative developments, and maintains liaison between State and
Federal governments. IMCC publications include The Compact
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Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and
Exploration, Inc. (SME, Inc.)
P.O. Box 625005
Littleton, CO 80162
Phone: (303)973-9550
Fax: (303)973-3845
Members: 20,000
Staff: 31
Budget: $3,700,000
Contact: Tom Hendricks
Founded in 1871, SME, Inc. consists of persons engaged in the finding,
exploitation, treatment, and marketing of all classes of minerals (metal
ores, industrial minerals, and solid fuels) except petroleum. SME, Inc.
promotes the arts and sciences connected with the production of useful
minerals and metals. Specialized education programs are offered, as
well as publications such as Minerals and Metallurgical Processing
(quarterly), Mining Engineering (monthly), and handbooks and other
materials on mining.
Coalition for Responsible Mining Law
(CRML)
c/o Coeur D'Alene Mines Corp.
P.O. Box 1
Coeur D'Alene, ID 83816-0316
Phone: (208)667-3511
Fax: (208)667-2213
Members: 300
Contact: Justin Rice
Founded in 1979, CRML consists of mining company executives,
exploration geologists, small miners, and others interested in mining
laws. CRML is organized as a means of focusing Western mining
interests behind a proposal to preserve the basic provisions of the
National Mining Law of 1872. It seeks to raise the level of awareness
about the law within the mineral industry, Congress, and the general
public through specialized education. Publications include a periodic
newsletter.
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Clay Minerals Society (CMS)
P.O. Box 12210
Boulder, CO 80303
Phone: (303) 444-645
Members: 950
Contact: JoEberl
Founded in 1963, CMS consists of professionals concerned with clay
mineralogy and technology in industry, university research, and
government. It includes students of mineralogy and other scientific
disciplines as "well as representatives of clay mining companies.- CMS
seeks to stimulate research and disseminate/information relating to all
aspects of clay science and technology. It maintains a store of clay
minerals at the Geology Department of the University of Missouri.
CMS publications include Clays and Clay Minerals (bimonthly), and
Quantitative Mineral Analysis.
Asbestos Information Association/North
America (AIA/NA)
1745 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Ste. 509
Arlington, VA 22202
Phone: (703)979-1150
Fax:' (703) 979-1152 '
Members: 45
Staff: 30
Budget: $300,000
Contact: B.J. Pigg
Founded in 1970, AIA/NA represents manufacturers, processors, and
miners/millers of asbestos or products containing asbestos. Its main
purposes are: to provide industry-wide information on asbestos and
health and on industry efforts to eliminate existing hazards; to
cooperate with government agencies in developing and implementing
industry-wide standards for exposure to asbestos dust and for the
control of asbestos dust emissions into air and water; to exchange
information on methods and techniques of asbestos dust control; to
assist in solving problems arising from the health effects of asbestos;
and to increase public knowledge of the unique benefits and
importance of asbestos products. AIA/NA acts as a central information
center for collecting and disseminating medical and technical
information on asbestos-related disease, asbestos dust control, and
other asbestos-related ecological considerations. Publications include
News and Notes (monthly) and other technical materials.
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Gypsum Association (GA)
810 1st St., N.E., No. 510
Washington, D.C. 20002
Phone: (202)289-5440
Members: 17
Staff: 30
Budget: $1,000,000
Contact: Jerry A. Walker
Founded in 1930, GA represents miners and manufacturers of gypsum
and gypsum products. It sponsors basic and applied research programs
at educational institutions and commercial testing laboratories on fire
resistant assemblies, structural assemblies, wallboard application
techniques, and new uses for gypsum products. GA also compiles
market statistics and publishes technical bulletins and data on gypsum
products.
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IX. CONTACTS/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS/RESOURCE MATERIALS/BIBLIOGRAPHY
General Profile ^
Annual Report 1992 - Industrial Sand and Gravel, Wallace P. Bolen, Bureau of
Mines, September 1993.
Annual Report 1992 - Clays, Robert L. Virta, Bureau of Mines, September 1993.
Annual Report 1992 - Gypsum, Lawrence L. Davis, Bureau of Mines, September
1993.\
Annual Report 1992 - Phosphate Rock, David E. Morse, Bureau of Mines, September
1993.
Burden of Guilt, Mineral Policy 'Center, Washington, D.C., June 1993.
Bureau of Mines Research 92 - A Summary of Significant Results and' Economics in
Mineral Technology, Bureau of Mines, 1992. (GPO no. I 28.115:992)
California Environmental Protection Agency and the National Stone Association,
Aggregate Plants Compliance Assistance Program, September 1993.
CRS Issue Brief, The 1872 Mining Law: Time to Reform?, Marc Humphries,
Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, Congressional Research
Service, Library of Congress, July 7,1994. (Order Code IB89130)
/ - -
Directory of Principal Crushed Stone Producers in the United States in 1993, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, January
1995. ;.
Directory of Principal Sand and Gravel Producers in the United States' in 1992, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, November
,1993. .
>
Encyclopedia of Associations, 27th ed., Deborah M. Burek, ed., Gale Research Inc,
Detroit, Michigan, 1992.
Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1991, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/300-R92-008), April 1992.
Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1992, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/230-R93-001), April 1993. -
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Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1993, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/3QO-R94-003), April 1994.
Internal Document: TRI Industry Expansion, Description of Industry Sector
Activities, U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics.
Internal EPA Letter: Mine Safety and Health Administration Mines Initiative,
Connie Musgrove, Office of Compliance Monitoring, U.S. EPA, June 7, 1994.
Memo: Lead Inspection Inquiry Regarding Region VIII Mining Initiative, Beth
Greenwaldf U.S. EPA Region VHI, September 21, 1994.
Mineral Commodity Summaries 1994, Bureau of Mines.
Minerals Yearbook, Metals and Minerals, vol. I, Bureau of Mines, 1992.
1987 Census of Mineral Industries: Clay, Ceramic, and Refractory Minerals, Bureau
of the Census, April 1989. (MEC87-I-14C(P))
1987 Census of Mineral Industries: Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Minerals (Except
Fuels) and Services, Bureau of the Census, August 1989. (MIC87-I-14E(P))
1987 Census of Mineral Industries: Sand and Gravel, Bureau of the Census, August
1989. (MIC87-I-14B(P))
1987 Census of Mineral Industries: Stone, Bureau of the Census, August 1989.
(MIC87-I-14A(P))
Standard Industrial Classification Manual, Office of Management and Budget, 1987.
Sustainable Environmental Law, Ch. 16, Campbell-Mohn, Environmental Law
Institute, 1993.
Technical Support Document, International Training Workshop, Principles of
Environmental Enforcement, Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance,
U.S. EPA, April, 1994.
1992 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) Public Data Release, U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, April 1994. (EPA/745-R94-001)
U.S. Industrial Outlook 1994 - Metals and Industrial Minerals Mining, U.S.
Department of Commerce.
U.S. Industrial Outlook 1994 - Construction Materials, U.S. Department of
Commerce.
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Non-puel. Non-Metal Mining;
Process Description
Air .Pollution Engineering Manual, 3rd ed., Air & Waste Management Association,
International Thomson Publishing, New York, New York, 1992.
Draft SIC Code Profile 14, Mining and Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals, Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. EPA, December 9, 1993.
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 7th ed., vol. 11, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York^, New York, 1992.
Nonmetallic Mineral Processing Plants - Background Information for Proposed
Standards, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, April 1983.
(EPA-450/3-83-001a)
Regulatory Profile
Mineral Mining and Processing Point Source Category Rules and Regulations,
Federal Register vol. 40, no. 201, October 16,1975.
Standards of Performance for Nonmetallic Mineral Processing Plants Rules and
Regulations, Federal Register vol. 50, no, 148, August 1, 1985.
Pollution Prevention - __ ^
Environmental Fact Sheet, Recycling Municipal Solid Waste: Facts and Figures,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, July 1992.
(EPA/530-SW-91-024) -
Contacts*
Steve Fruh
Linda Carrico
Paul Novak
Brian Symmes
Greg Conrad
Organization
EPA Office of Air Quality Planning
& Standards
Bureau of Mines
EPA Region V (inspector)
EPA Office of Pollution Prevention
and Toxics
Interstate Mining Commission
Telephone
919-541-2837
202-501-9651
216-522-7260
202-260-9121
703-709-8654
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Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
Sector Notebook Project
Name
Bruce Humphries
Steve Hoffman
David Morse
Edwin. G. Buckner
Roger Wilmoth
Organization
Colorado Dept. of "Natural Resources
U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste
Bureau of Mines
U.S. EPA Region VII Air Branch
U.S. EPA Region V
Telephone
303-866-3567
703-308-8413
202-501-9402
913-551-7621
513-564-7509
^Please Note: Bureau of Mines data for the crushed stone and sand and gravel industries is reported in
alternate years. This profile presents crushed stone industry data for 1993, and sand and gravel industry data
Many of'the contacts listed above have provided valuable background information and comments during the
development of this document. EPA appreciates this support and acknowledges that the individuals listed do
not necessarily endorse all statements made within this notebook.
SIC Code 14
86
September 1995
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APPENDIX A - INSTRUCTIONS FOR DOWNLOADING NOTEBOOKS
Electronic Access to the Sector Notebooks via
the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web (E$WWW) and
the Enviro$en$e Bulletin Board System (E$BBS)
The Sector Notebooks are available through two electronic systems, the Enviro$en$e
Bulletin Board System (via modem connection), and the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web (via
Internet). The Enviro$en$e Communications Network is a free, public, interagency-supported
system operated by EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance and the Office of
Research and Development. The Network allows regulators, the regulated community, technical
experts, and the general public to share information regarding: pollution prevention and innovative
technology; environmental enforcement and compliance assistance; laws, executive orders,
regulations and policies; points of contact for services and equipment; and other related topics. The
Network welcomes receipt of environmental messages, information and data from any public or
private person or organization. This document first provides summary information on E$WWW
access, then provides information on downloading protocols from within the E$BBS.
A. ACCESS THROUGH ENVIRO$EN$E WORLD WIDE WEB
To access the Sector Notebooks through the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web, set
your World Wide Web Browser to the following address:
WWW/INTERNET ADDRESS: http://wastenot.inel.gov/envirosense/
HOTLINE NUMBER FOR E$WWW ONLY: 208-526-6956
EPA E$WWW MANAGER: Myles Morse, 202-260-3161
From the Enviro$en$e home page, click on "Compliance and Enforcement" to
obtain instructions on how to access the Sector Notebooks and how to provide comments.
Names, e-mail addresses, and telephone numbers will also be provided should you require
assistance. The same documents listed below under the E$BBS instructions are available
ontheE$WWW.
B. ACCESS THROUGH THE ENVIRO$EN$E BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM -
Instructions for Connecting, Registering and Downloading Notebooks
E$BBS MODEM CONNECTION NUMBER: 703-908-2092
, HOTLINE FOR E$BBS ONLY: 703-908-2007
MANAGER: BBS Platform: Louis Paley, 202-260-4640
The following instructions are condensed from longer documents that provide
information on the full features of the Enviro$en$e Bulletin Board. Further documentation
is available on-line in the files that are listed at the end of this Appendix.
A-l
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STEP 1. ESTABLISHING MODEM SETTINGS
Connecting to the ENVIRO$EN$E BBS is done using a modem and
communications software. The modem can be either an internal or external model
connected directly to your computer or part of a modem pool that is accessible through your
Local Area Network (LAN) system. The communications software (e.g.. CrossTalk,
ProComm, QModem, Microphone, etc.) is what allows you to access and control your
modem. Your software needs to be set to the values noted below (many of these settings
are the standard defaults used):
Telephone number - 703-908-2092 (Tip: Be sure you have entered
the appropriate dialing prefix; e.g., 9 for an outside line, 1 for long
distance...)
Baud rate - up to 14,400 BPS is supported (always select the highest
speed which YOUR modem will support).
Terminal Emulation - BBS, ANSI, VT-100, VT-102 etc. (Tips:
Do not use TTY. After you log in, if you see screen characters appear on
the lines where you need to enter information, chances are that you need to
properly set your terminal emulation. The emulation can normally be reset
before or during communication with Enviro$en$e).
Data Bits - 8 (Eight).
Stop Bits - 1 (One).
* Parity - None.
Transfer Protocols - ZModem, YModem, XModem, HS/Link,
BiModem, ASCII (text files only). If your communications' software
supports ZModem, this will increase upload/download efficiency. You
must select the same protocol that BOTH your communications software
and the BBS support so that they can "talk the same language" when
sending and receiving files.
Error correction/data compression protocols - v.32, v.42, and
other older, hardware-dependent ones are supported.
Refer to your communications software manual on how to set and save the
communication parameters noted above (these will generally be the default). Also check to
make sure you know where the communications software will send the files you
download. Due to document sizes it is best not to download Sector Notebooks to floppy
disks.
A-2
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STEP 2. CONNECTING AND REGISTERING
Connect to E$BBS via a modem, using communications software set to the
above settings by dialing:
(703) 908-2092
NOTE: EPA Employees can access E$ directly via LAN from the Agency Lan
Services Menu or Icon and then follow the instructions below. The end of this
document lists additional resource^ for accessing E$BBS through the LAN.
Once you are in the BB S, hit the ENTER/RETURN key twice (2) to accept
the default values for the screen. . . ' ,
on successive pages, type your first name and hit
ENTER/RETURN; type your last name and hit ENTER/RETURN;
and type your password (if you have NOT registered yet,
make one up, and remember it for subsequent logons to
E$) and hit ENTER/RETURN; and
Register (first time only) and immediately receive access to the BBS
for 120 minutes per day; '
Type responses to the Registration questions, and hit
ENTER/RETURN to begin using ENVIRO$EN$E. (Tip: the last
registration question is Country? )
You may need to hit ENTER/RETURN several times to move past System
News and Alert messages.
STEP 3. DOWNLOADING SECTOR NOTEBOOKS
The files that appear on the following table can be downloaded from E$. Most files
cannot be viewed on-screen within the E$BBS. As indicated on the following table, each
document appears in several formats - WordPerfect 5,1 (PC), WordPerfect 6.1 (PC),
Microsoft Word 5. la (Mac) or WordPerfect 2.0 (Mac). Please note that the quality of
formatting and graphics is highest in the file version in which the notebook was originally
created. The high quality versions are underlined on the following list of filenames.
Information on Macintosh/Microsoft Word Files
Available Macintosh files are not compressed. The files are easily identified by the seventh
and eighth position in the filename - which is "MA." The extension They can be directly
downloaded and read using Microsoft Word 5. la, or within other word processing
software that supports conversion of Microsoft Word 5. la documents. Conversion to
other programs may alter formatting and graphics quality.
Information on PC/WordPerfect Files
The WordPerfect files are all compressed ("zipped" files ending with the .ZIP extension)
files that need to be decompressed ("unzipped") after they are downloaded. The notebooks
that are available in WP 5.1 and WP 6.0 are zipped together (this is why the filenames on
the following table are the same). When these files are downloaded and "unzipped," you
will have a version with the extension ".WP5" and one with ".WP6".
A-3
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Available Notebooks, Filenames and File Formats
Profile of the Industry PC VIP 5.1
Dry Cleaning' DRYCLNSN.ZIP
Electronics and Computer ' ELECMPSN.ZIP
Wood Furniture and Fixtures WDFURNSN.ZIP
Inorganic Chemical INRGCHSN.ZIP
Iron and Steel ' IRONSTSN.ZIP
Lumber and Wood Products LMBRWDSN.ZIP
Fabricated Metal Products FABMETSN.ZIP
Metal Mining METMINSN.ZIP
Motor Vehicle Assembly MOTVEHSN.ZIP
Nonferrous Metals NFMETLSN.ZIP
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining NOMTMISN.ZIP
Organic Chemical ORGCHMSN.ZIP
Petroleum Refining PETREFSN.ZIP
Printing PRINTGSN.ZIP
Pulp and Paper PULPPASN.ZIP
Rubber and Plastic RUBPLASN.ZIP
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete STCLGLSN.ZIP
Transportation Equipment Cleaning TRNSEQSN.ZIP
PC WP 6.1
DRYCLNSN.ZIP
INRGCHSN.ZIP
IRONSTSN.ZIP
Macintosh
Word 5.1a/WP2.0
DRYCLNMA.WP2
ELECMPMA.WD5
WDFURNMA.WD5 .
INRGCHMA.WP2
IRONSTMA.WP2
LMBRWDMA.WD5
FABMETMA.WD5
METMINMA.WD5
MOTVEHMA.WD5
NFMETLMA.WD5
NOMTMIMA.WD5
ORGCHMSN.ZIP
PETREFSN.ZIP
PRINTGSN.ZIP
PULPPASN.ZIP
ORGCHMMA
PETREFMA
PRINTGMA
i PULPPAMA
RUBPLAMA
,WP2
.WP2
.WP2
.WP2
.WD5
STCLGLMA.WD5
TRNSEOSN.ZIP TRNSEQMA.WP2
Note: Underlined files contain the highest quality format/graphics
STEP 3 CONTINUED - PROCEDURES FOR DOWNLOADING
From the E$ Main Menu, select "D" to Download then hit ENTER/RETURN.
Type in the Sector Notebook filename from above that you would like to select for
'downloading and hit ENTER/RETURN.
The system will ask you to select a file transfer protocol. Select the file transfer
protocol that matches what you have selected within your PC communications
software (ZModem is recommended) and hit ENTER/RETURN. (Tip: ZModem
users may also be allowed to enter more than one filename to download more than
one document at a time. Simply continue to enter a new filename each time a new
filename prompt appears on the screen. This option is disabled for other users.)
At this point, you may
begin downloading by hitting ENTER/RETURN. This should begin the
download if you are using the ZModem transfer protocol. If you don't see
information on the screen showing the progress of the download, follow the
next step.
If the download does not begin after following the last step, you need to tell your
communications software to start receiving the file. To do this, look for a
"RECEIVE" icon or command on your communications software menu and activate
it This tells your software to begin the download.
A-4
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STEP 4
When the download is completed, a message will appear on the screen to confirm
transmission.
The downloaded file will appear in the folder or directory that you defined in your
communications software.
Repeat the above procedure to download other notebooks. ,
Macintosh users can logoff using the [G]oodbye command from the main menu
THE FOLLOWING STEP MUST BE TAKEN BY ALL USERS THAT
HAVE DOWNLOADED ZIPPED FILES (files with a ".ZIP" filename
extension) FROM. E$. MACINTOSH USERS CAN SKIP THIS
STEP.
In order to read the zipped file(s) you have downloaded, you
must download the decompression software required to
"unzip" your files. To download the decompression software, follow
the same download instructions given above. Type in the filename
"PKZ204G.EXE" and hit ENTER/RETURN. You only need to download
this file to your hard drive once.
Logoff using the [Gjoodbye command from the main menu.
To end the phone connection, the user should use the "hang up" or "terminate call"
option provided with your communications software.
DECOMPRESSING ".ZIP'D" DOWNLOADED FILES (PC Only -
Macintosh files do not need to be decompressed)
After you have downloaded a compressed (".ZIP") file to your PC, you must
decompress it to its original format and size by using the "PKUnzip" file which you
downloaded at the beginning of Step 3. The file which you downloaded;
"PKZ204G.EXE", contains PKZip.EXE and PKUnzip.EXE files. PKUNZIP will
decompress the file, returning it to its original size and format as if it had never been
. compressed or transmitted over the BBS. To use the PK commands (pkunzip.exe &
pkzip.exe), you must be at the DOS prompt (third-party software interfaces exist for
Windows). For details on how to use either command; simply type die command at the
DOS prompt (without any parameters, i.e., just type "PKUNZIP") and hit
ENTER/RETURN. Since parameters are required for the PKs to work they will
automatically go into help mode and give you a brief explanation of how they work. If a
user needs more direction, there is full documentation included in the PKZ204G EXE in
the "Hints" file.
To decompress any file, use PKUNZIP.EXE by taking the following steps:
Go to the DOS C: prompt and type PKUNZIP.EXE; then,
Type "PKUNZIP [Filename]" (e.g.. the filename and the path of the
compressed file you wish to decompress).
NOTE: after the paired files are unzipped, two files will exist, one with the
extension ".WP5" and one with the extension ".WP6.
A-5
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C. COMMENTING OR PROVIDING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE
SECTOR NOTEBOOKS VIA E$BBS
Comments on the Sector Notebooks, or supplemental documents of interest can be
uploaded to the Enviro$en$e BBS. Follow upload instructions that appear on the screen,
or look at the instructions for compressing and uploading documents. The instructional
documents are listed below under Section D of this Appendix. All documents that you
upload will be publicly accessible, and should contain a short abstract (less than 50 words)
that describes the document. It is recommended that this abstract contain the words "Sector
Notebook Comments," the title of the Notebook that the comments are directed toward,
and the words "SIC ซInsert applicable 2-digit SIC codeป".,
NOTE: To help the system operator know what you' ve uploaded and where it
should be put within the BBS, it is helpful to send a message to the system
operator. Before logging out of E$, you will be given the option to comment to the
system operator (Sysop). Please indicate what files you have sent, and that the
comments or supplemental documents should be placed in Directory 51 - "Sector
Compliance Information and Notebooks." Messages can also be sent to the Sysop
from the main menu using the Message option.
D. ADDITIONAL RESOURCE DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE ON E$BBS
The following files can be viewed from the "Bulletins" section of E$BBS main
menu. To receive these documents electronically, the files can be downloaded (and
viewed) from Directory #160 (utilities). If you would like to download these files, follow
the same procedures that are outlined (Section C). The directions for direct dial modem
users are different than the directions for EPA LAN users. How you have accessed the '
E$BBS determines which of the paired files below that you should follow.
Entered E$
via Modem
CONREGWP.TXT
FINDVIEW.TXT
CONVCOMP.TXT
DNLDTXWP.TXT
DNLDZPWP.TXT
UPLOADWP.TXT
SNHOWTO.TXT
Entered E$
EPA LAN
CNREGLAN.TXT
FNDVWLAN.TXT
CVCMPLAN.TXT
DNLTXLAN.TXT
DNZPLAN.TXT
UPLDLAN.TXT
SNHOWLAN.TXT
Description of File
How to Connect and Register on the E$BBS
via Modem
Finding and Viewing Files from E$BBS via
Modem
Converting, Compressing & Uncompressing
Files via Modem
Flagging and Downloading "Uncompressed"
Files from E$BBS
Flagging and Downloading "Compressed"
Files 'from E$BBS
Directions for Uploading Files via Modem
to the E$BBS
Contains this document "Appendix A -
Downloading Instructions"
A-6
k U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1995-399-230K
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To order other EPA Sector Notebooks
use the form below
United States Government
INFORMATION
Charge your order.
It's easy!
yw
Order Processing Code:
*3212
Fax your orders (202) 512-2250
Phone your orders (202) 512-1800
Qty.
Stock Number
055-000-00512-5
055-000-00513-3
055-000-00518-4
055-000-00515-0
055-000-00516-8
. 055-000-00517-6
055-000-00519-2
055-000-00520-6
055-000-00521-4
055-000-00522-2 .
055-000-00523-1
055-000-00524-9
055-000-00525-7
055-000-00526-5
055-000-00527-3
055-000-00528-1
055-000-00529-0
055-000-00514-1
. 'Title
, Dry Cleaning Industry, 1 04 pages
Electronics and Computer Industry, 1 60 pages
Fabricated Metal Products Industry, 1 64 pages
Inorganic Chemical Industry, 1 36 pages
Iron and Steel Industry, 128 pages
Lumber and Wood Products Industry, 1 36 pages
Metal Mining Industry, 148 pages
Motor Vehicle Assembly Industry, 1 56 pages
Nonferrous Metals Industry, 140 pages
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry, 108 pages
Organic Chemical Industry, 152 pages '
Petroleum Refining Industry, 160 pages
Printing Industry, 124 pages
Pulp and Paper Industry, 1 56 pages
Rubber and Plastic Industry, 152 pages
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Industry, 1 24 pages
Transportation Equipment Cleanina Industry. 84 oaaes
Wood Furniture and Fixtures Industry, 132 oaaes
Price
Each
$ 6.50
$11.00
S11.00
* 9.00
s 8.00
* 9.00
* 10.00
*11.00
* 9.00
.* 6.50
S11.00
$11.00
$ 7.50
*11.00
ป11.00
s 7.50
$ 5.50
* 8.00
Total for Publications
Total
Price
The total cost of my order is
_. Price includes regular shipping and handling and is subject to change.
Company or personal name
(Please type or print)
Additional address/attention line
Street address
Check method of payment:
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Q GPO Deposit Account '
a VISA a MasterCard
City, State, Zip code
(expiration date) Thank you for your order!
Daytime phone including area code
9/95
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Authorizing signature.
Mail to: Superintendent of Documents
P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954
Important: completed order form with your remittance.
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