United States
            Environmental Protection
            Agency
Enforcement An'd "
Compliance Assurance
   "
            Profile Of The
            Concrete Industrf
September 1995


NOTTEBCXJKS

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                  UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
                                                                          THE ADMINISTRATOR
 Message from the Administrator

 Over the past 25 years, our nation has made tremendous progress in protecting public health and
 our environment while promoting economic prosperity. Businesses as large as iron and steel
 plants and businesses as small as the dry cleaner on the corner have worked with EPA to find
 ways to operate cleaner, cheaper, and smarter.  As a result, we no longer have rivers catching on
 fire. Our skies are clearer.  American environmental technology and expertise are in demand
 throughout the world.

 The Clinton Administration recognizes that to continue this progress, we must move beyond the
 pollutant-by-pollutant approaches of the past to comprehensive, facility-wide approaches for the
 future. Industry by industry and community by community, we must build a new generation of
 environmental protection.

 Within the past two years, the Environmental Protection Agency undertook its Sector Notebook
 Project to compile, for a number of key industries, information about environmental problems and
 solutions, case studies and tips about complying with regulations. We called on industry leaders,
 state regulators, and EPA staff with many years of experience in these industries and with their'
 unique environmental issues.  Together with notebooks for 17 other industries, the notebook you
 hold in your hand is the result.

 These notebooks will help business managers to better understand their regulatory requirements,
 learn more about how others in their industry have undertaken regulatory compliance and the
 innovative methods some have found to prevent pollution in the first instance.  These notebooks
 will give useful information to state regulatory agencies moving toward industry-based programs.
Across EPA we will use this manual to better integrate our programs and improve our compliance
 assistance efforts.

I encourage you to use this notebook to evaluate and improve the way that together we achieve
our important environmental protection goals. I am confident that these notebooks will help us to
move forward in ensuring that ~ in industry after industry, community after community ~
environmental protection and economic prosperity go hand in hand.
                                              Carol M. Browm
          Recycled/Recyclable • Printed with Vegetable Based Inks on Recycled Paper (20% Postconsumer)

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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
                                                        EPA/310-R-95-017
EPA Office  of  Compliance  Sector Notebook  Project

    Profile  of  the Stone, Clay, Glass, and  Concrete
                       Products  Industry
                             September 1995
                           Office of Compliance
               Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
                   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                        401 M St., SW (MC 2221-A)
                          Washington, DC 20460
                         For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office
                  Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
                             ISBN 0-16-048284-4
SIC Code 32
      September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
This report is one in a  series of volumes published by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)  to  provide information of  general  interest  regarding
environmental issues associated with specific industrial sectors.  The documents
were developed under contract by Abt Associates (Cambridge, MA), and Booz-Allen
& Hamilton, Inc.  (McLean, VA).  This publication may be purchased from the
Superintendent  of Documents, U.S.  Government Printing Office.  A  listing of
available Sector  Notebooks and document numbers is included at the end of this
document.
All telephone orders should be directed to:

      Superintendent of Documents
      U.S. Government Printing Office
      Washington, DC 20402
      (202) 512-1800
      FAX (202) 512-2250
      8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., EST, M-F
Using the form provided at the end of this document, all mail orders should be
directed to:                                  --

      U.S. Government Printing Office
      P.O. Box 371954
      Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954
Complimentary volumes  are available to certain groups or subscribers, such as
public and academic libraries, Federal, State, local, and foreign governments, and the
media.  For further information, and for answers to questions pertaining to these
documents,  please refer to the contact names and numbers provided within this
volume.
Electronic versions of all Sector Notebooks are available on the EPA Enviro$en$e
Bulletin Board  and  via  Internet  on the  Enviro$en$e World  Wide  Web.
Downloading procedures are described in Appendix A of this document.
Cover photograph by Steve Delaney,  EPA.
September 1995
                            SIC Code 32

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Sector Notebook Project
                                 Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                      Contacts for Available Sector Notebooks
The Sector Notebooks were developed by the EPA Office of Compliance.  Particular
questions regarding the Sector Notebook Project in general can be directed to the
EPA Work Assignment Managers:
      Michael Barrette
      US EPA Office of Compliance
      401 M St., SW (2223-A)
      Washington, DC  20460
      (202) 564-7019
                                    Gregory Waldrip
                                    US EPA Office of Compliance
                                    401 M St., SW (2223-A)
                                    Washington, DC 20460
                                    (202) 564-7024
Questions and comments regarding the individual documents can be directed to the
appropriate specialists listed below.
Document Number
                     Industry
                                    Contact
                Phone (202)
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
-R-95-001.
-R-95-002.
-R-95-003.
-R-95-004.
-R-95-005.
-R-95-006.
-R-95-007.
-R-95-008.
-R-95-009.
-R-95-010.
-R-95-011.
-R-95-012.
-R-95-013.
-R-95-014.
-R-95-015.
-R-95-016.
-R-95-017.
EPA/310-R-95-018.
Dry Cleaning Industry
Electronics and Computer Industry
Wood Furniture and Fixtures Industry
Inorganic Chemical Industry
Iron and Steel Industry
Lumber and Wood Products Industry
Fabricated Metal Products Industry
Metal Mining Industry
Motor Vehicle Assembly Industry
Nonferrous Metals Industry
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry
Organic Chemical Industry
Petroleum Refining Industry
Printing Industry
Pulp and Paper Industry
Rubber and Plastic Industry
Stone, Clay, Glass, and
Concrete Industry
Transportation Equipment
Cleaning Industry
Joyce Chandler
Steve Hoover
Bob Marshall
Walter DeRieux
Maria Malave
Seth Heminway
Greg Waldrip
Keith Brown
Suzanne Childress
Jane Engert
Keith Brown
Walter DeRieux
Tom Ripp
Ginger Gotliffe
Maria Eisemann
Maria Malave
Scott Throwe
564-7073
564-7007
564-7021
564-7067
564-7027
564-7017
564-7024
564-7124
564-7018
564-5021
564-7124
564-7067
564-7003
564-7072
564-7016
564-7027
564-7013
                                             Virginia Lathrop   564-7057
   A Federal Facilities Profile is under development and will be completed later in 1995
   (Contact:  Sarah Walsh, 202-260-6118)
September 1995
                              111
                                                               SIC Code 32

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 Stone,, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                    Sector Notebook Project
                 STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
                                   (SIC 32)
                             TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                   Page
I.    INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT	1
     . LA.     Summary of the Sector Notebook Project..*...,	1
      I.B.     Additional Information	2
n.    INTRODUCTION TO THE STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
      INDUSTRY	.	4
      U..A.    Introduction, Background, and Scope of the Notebook	4
      n.B.     Characterization of the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
              Products Industry	5
              n.B.l.    Industry Size and Geographic Distribution	5
              H.B.2.    Product Characterization	8
              H.B.3.    Economic Trends	.	12
IE.   INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION	15
      in.A.    Industrial Processes in the Stone, Clay, Glass, and
              Concrete Products Industry	15
      HUB.    Raw Material Inputs and Pollution Outputs	23
      IH..C    Management of Chemicals in Wastestream	30
IV.   CHEMICAL RELEASE AND TRANSFER PROFILE	32
      IV.A.   EPA Toxic Release Inventory for the Stone, Clay, Glass,
              and Concrete Products Sector	35
      IV.B.    Summary of Selected Chemicals Released	43
      IV.C.    Other Data Sources	49
      IV.D.    Comparison of Toxic Release Inventory Between
              Selected Industries	51
V.    POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES	54
SIC Code 32
iv
September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                 STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
                                  (SIC 32)
                         TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D)
                                                                  Page
      V.A.   Glass	55
      V.B.   Concrete	'.	56
      V.C.   Cement	57
      V.D.   Structural Clay Products	..59
      V.E.   Pottery Products	59
VI.   SUMMARY OF FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS	60
      VI.A.  General Description of Major Statutes	60
      VLB.  Industry-Specific Regulations	72
      VI.C.  Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements	74
VII.  COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT PROFILE	75
      VILA. Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
             Compliance History	79
      VII.B. Comparison of  Enforcement Activity Between Selected
             Industries	79
      VILC. Review of Major Legal Actions	85
             VII.C.l  Review of Major Cases	85
             VII.C.2.  Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs)	86
VIII.  COMPLIANCE ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES	88
      VIII.A. Sector-Related Environmental Programs  and Activities	88
                                                                /
      VIII.B. EPA Voluntary Programs	89
      VIII.C. Trade Association/Industry-Sponsored Activity	93
             VULC.l. Environmental  Programs	94
             VTII.C.2. Summary of Trade Associations	.....94
IX.   CONTACTS/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS/RESOURCE MATERIALS/
      BIBLIOGRAPHY	98
 September 1995
                                                                  SIC Code 32

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 Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Pro.ducts Industry
SectorNotebook Project
                  STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
                                     (SIC 32)
                                 EXHIBIT INDEX

                                                                           Page
Exhibit 1    Facility Size Distribution of Industry	5,6
Exhibit 2    Geographic Distribution of Stone, Clay, Glass, and
             Concrete Products Industry..	7
Exhibit 3    Basic Flow Diagram of Clay Manufacturing Process...	16
Exhibit 4    Typical Glass Manufacturing Process	20
Exhibit 5    Basic Cement Production Process	22
Exhibit 6    Particulate Emissions from Clay Manufacturing	24
Exhibit 7    Process Material Input/Pollutant Output...	29
Exhibit 8    Source Reduction and Recycling Activities for SIC 32	31
Exhibit 9    Top 10 TRI Releasing Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
             Facilities (SIC 32)	36
Exhibit 10    Top 10 TRI Releasing Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
             Products Facilities	36
Exhibit 11    TRI Reporting Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
             Products Facilities (SIC 32) by State	37
Exhibit 12    Releases for Stone, Clay, Glass,  and Concrete Products
             Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by Number of Facilities
             (Releases Reported in Pounds/Year)	38,39,40
Exhibit 13    Transfers for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
             Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by Number of Facilities
             (Transfers  Reported in Pounds/Year)	40,41,42
Exhibit 14    Pollutant Releases (Short  Tons/Year)	50
Exhibit 15    Summary of 1993 TRI Data: Releases and Transfers by Industry	52
Exhibit 16    Toxic Release Inventory Data for Selected Industries	53
Exhibit 17    Five Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary
             for the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry	80
Exhibit 18    Five Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary for Selected
             Industries	81
Exhibit 19    One Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary for Selected
             Industries	,	82
Exhibit 20    Five Year Inspection and Enforcement Summary by
             Statute for  Selected Industries....	83
SIC Code 32
                                       VI
      September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
  Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                 STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
                                    (SIC 32)
                            EXHIBIT INDEX (CONT'D)

                                                                       Page
Exhibit 21   One Year Inspection and Enforcement Summary by
            Statute for Selected Industries	:84
Exhibit 22   Supplemental Environmental Projects Stone, Glass,
            and Cement Products (SIC 32)	87
Exhibit 23   Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities Participating in the
            33/50 Program	90,91
 September 1995
VII
                                                                     SIC Code 32

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 Stone, Clay/ Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
                 STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
                                  (SIC 32)
                             LIST OF ACRONYMS

AFS -       AIRS Facility Subsystem (CAA database)
AIRS -      Aerometric Information Retrieval System (CAA database)
BIFs -       Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (RCRA)
BOD -       Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CAA -      Clean Air Act
CAAA -     Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
CERCLA-   Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
            Liability Act
CERCLIS -   CERCLA Information System
CFCs -      Chlorofluorocarbons
CO-        Carbon Monoxide
COD       Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSI-       Common Sense Initiative
CWA -      Clean Water Act
D&B -       Dun and Bradstreet Marketing Index
ELP-       Environmental Leadership  Program
EPA -       United States Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA     Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
FIFRA -     Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
FINDS -     Facility Indexing System
HAPs -      Hazardous Air Pollutants (CAA)
HSDB -     Hazardous Substances Data Bank
IDEA -      Integrated Data for Enforcement Analysis
LDR-       Land Disposal Restrictions (RCRA)
LEPCs-     Local Emergency Planning Committees
MACT -     Maximum Achievable Control Technology (CAA)
MCLGs-    Maximum Contaminant Level Goals
MCLs-      Maximum Contaminant Levels
MEK -       Methyl Ethyl Ketone
MSDSs -     Material Safety Data Sheets
NAAQS -    National Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAA)
NAFTA -    North American Free Trade Agreement
NCDB -     National Compliance Database (for-TSCA, FIFRA, EPCRA)
NCP -       National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
NEIC -      National Enforcement Investigation Center
NESHAP -   National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NO£~       Nitrogen Dioxide
NOV -      Notice of Violation
NOx -       Nitrogen Oxide
NPDES -     National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (CWA)
SIC Code 32
                                   Vlll
      September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                 STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
                                  (SIC 32)
                         LIST OF ACRONYMS (CONT'D)

NPL -       National Priorities List
NRC -      National Response Center
NSPS -      New Source Performance Standards (CAA)
OAR -      Office of Air and Radiation
OECA -     Office of Enforcement  and Compliance Assurance
OPA -      Oil Pollution Act
OPPTS -     Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances
OSHA -     Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSW -      Office of Solid Waste
OSWER -   Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
OW -       Office of Water
P2-        Pollution Prevention
PCS -       Permit Compliance System (CWA Database)
POTW -     Publicly Owned Treatments Works
RCRA -     Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCRIS -     RCRA Information System
SARA -     Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SDWA -    Safe Drinking Water Act
SEPs-      Supplementary Environmental Projects
SERCs -     State Emergency Response Commissions
SIC -       Standard Industrial Classification
SOz-       Sulfur Dioxide
TOC -      Total Organic Carbon
TRI -       Toxic Release Inventory
TRIS -      Toxic Release Inventory System
TCRIS -     Toxic Chemical Release Inventory System
TSCA -     Toxic Substances Control Act
TSS -      Total Suspended Solids
UIC -      Underground Injection Control (SDWA)
UST -      Underground Storage Tanks (RCRA)
VOCs -      Volatile Organic Compounds
 September 1995
                                     IX
                                                                   SIC Code 32

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Sector Notebook Project
                                Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
I.

LA.
      STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
                            (SIC 32)

INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT

Summary of the Sector Notebook Project
            Environmental  policies  based upon comprehensive  analysis of air,
            water, and land pollution are an inevitable and logical supplement to
            traditional single-media approaches to environmental protection.
            Environmental  regulatory agencies  are beginning  to  embrace
            comprehensive,  multi-statute  solutions  to  facility permitting,
            enforcement and compliance assurance, education/outreach, research,
            and regulatory  development issues. The central concepts driving the
            new policy direction are that pollutant releases to each environmental
            medium  (air,  water,  and  land)  affect  each  other,  and that
            environmental  strategies must actively identify  and address these
            inter-relationships by designing policies  for the "whole" facility. One
            way to achieve a whole  facility focus is  to  design environmental
            policies for  similar industrial facilities.  By doing so, environmental
            concerns that are common to the manufacturing of similar products
            can be addressed in a comprehensive manner.  Recognition of the need
            to develop  the industrial  "sector-based"  approach within the EPA
            Office of Compliance led to the creation of this document.

            The Sector Notebook Project was initiated by the Office of Compliance
            within the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)
            to provide  its staff and  managers with summary  information  for
            eighteen specific industrial sectors. As  other EPA offices, States,  the
            regulated community, environmental groups, and the public became
            interested in this  project, the scope  of  the  original project  was
            expanded.   The ability to design comprehensive, common sense
            environmental protection  measures  for  specific  industries  is
            dependent  on knowledge of several inter-related topics.  For  the
            purposes of this project, the key  elements chosen for inclusion are:
            general industry information (economic and geographic); a description
            of  industrial  processes;  pollution outputs; pollution prevention
            opportunities; Federal statutory and regulatory framework; compliance
            history; and a description of partnerships that have been formed
            between regulatory agencies, the regulated community, and the public.

             For any given industry, each topic listed above could alone be the
             subject  of  a lengthy volume.  However, in order  to produce  a
             manageable document, this project focuses on providing summary
             information for each topic.  This  format provides the reader with a

 September 1995      "                 1                               SIC Code 32

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 Stone/ day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry-
Sector Notebook Project
             synopsis  of  each  issue,  and  references  where  more  in-depth
             information is available.  Text within each profile was researched from
             a variety of sources, and was usually condensed from more detailed
             sources pertaining to specific topics.  This approach allows for a wide
             coverage of activities  that can be further explored based  upon the
             citations and references listed at the end of this profile. As a check on
             the information included, each  notebook went through  an external
             review process.  The Office of Compliance appreciates the efforts of all
             those that participated  in this process and enabled us to develop more
             complete, accurate, and up-to-date summaries.  Many of those who
             reviewed this notebook are listed as contacts in Section IX  and may be
             sources of additional information. The individuals and groups on this
             list do not necessarily concur with all statements within this notebook.
 I.B.   Additional Information

 Providing Comments

             OECA's Office of Compliance plans to periodically review and update
             the notebooks and will make these updates available both in hard copy
             and  electronically.  If you have  any comments on the existing
             notebook, or if you would like to provide  additional information,
             please  send a hard copy and computer disk to the EPA Office of
             Compliance,  Sector Notebook  Project, 401  M St.,  SW  (2223-A),
             Washington, DC 20460.   Comments can also be uploaded to  the
             Enviro$ense Bulletin Board or the Enviro$ense World Wide Web for
             general access to  all users of the  system.   Follow instructions in
             Appendix A for accessing these data systems. Once you have logged in,
             procedures  for  uploading text are  available from the  on-line
             Enviro$ense Help System.

Adapting Notebooks to Particular Needs

             The  scope of the existing notebooks  reflect an approximation of  the
             relative national  occurrence of facility types  that occur within each
             sector.  In many instances, industries within specific geographic regions
             or States may have  unique characteristics that are not fully captured in
             these profiles.  For this reason, the Office  of Compliance encourages
             State and  local  environmental 'agencies  and other  groups   to
             supplement or re-package the information included in this notebook to
             include more specific industrial and regulatory information that may
            be available. Additionally, interested States may  want to supplement
            the "Summary of  Applicable Federal Statutes and  Regulations" section
            with State and local requirements. Compliance or technical assistance

SIC Code 32                          2                             September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
            providers may also want to develop the "Pollution Prevention" section
            in more detail.  Please contact the appropriate specialist listed on the
            opening page of this notebook if your office is interested in assisting us
            in the further development of the information or  policies addressed
            within this volume.

            If you are interested in assisting in the development of new notebooks
            for sectors not  covered in the original eighteen,  please contact the
            Office of Compliance at 202-564-2395.
 September 1995
                                                                        SIC Code 32

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 Stone, day. Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
 n.    INTRODUCTION TO THE STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
       INDUSTRY

             This section provides background information on the size, geographic
             distribution, employment, production, sales, and economic condition
             of the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products industry.  The type of
             facilities described within the document are also described in terms of
             their Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes.

 ILA.  Introduction, Background, and Scope of the Notebook

             This profile pertains to the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
             Industry as classified within Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
             code 32.  The Bureau of Census delineates the industrial groups within
             SIC code 32 as follows:

                   SIC 321   -   Flat Glass
                   SIC 322   -   Glass and Glassware, Pressed or Blown
                   SIC 323   -   Glass Products, made of Purchased Glass
                   SIC 324   -   Cement, Hydraulic
                   SIC 325   -   Structural Clay Products
                   SIC 326   -   Pottery and Related Products
                   SIC 327   -   Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products
                   SIC 328   -   Cut Stone and Stone Products
                   SIC 329   -   Abrasive, Asbestos, and Miscellaneous Nonmetallic
                               Mineral Products.

             The intent of this profile is to provide an overview of the Stone, Clay,
             Glass, and Concrete Products  Industry, providing data on  its size and
             distribution and highlighting production  processes and associated
             pollution outputs, and to  address environmental  compliance  and
             enforcement issues associated  with the industry.  The profile does not
             provide a rigorous analysis of each industrial group within SIC code 32.
             Greater  emphasis is placed on the stone,  clay, glass, and concrete
             industries due to their size and environmental  impacts. This profile
             does not address  mining of the raw materials used to manufacture
             stone, clay,  glass, and concrete products.  Refer  to the separate Sector
             Notebook  entitled  Profile  of  the Non-Fuel, Non-Metal  Mining
             Industry for additional information on mineral extraction.
SIC Code 32
                                                                 September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
II.B.  Characterization of the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
            Industry

            The firms within SIC code 32 are quite diverse in terms of geographic
            distribution, facility size, and the types  of  products manufactured.
            Firms within the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry are
            dispersed across the United States.  All rely on mined materials (such
            as  stone, clay,  and sand)  for production inputs, but the means of
            production and the types of products produced vary substantially, from
            glass candlesticks to marble monuments.  The general characteristics of
            the industry are illustrated by the following four subsections.

II.B.1. Industry Size and Geographic Distribution

            Variation in facility counts occur across data sources due to many
            factors,  including reporting and  definitional differences.   This
            document does not attempt to reconcile these differences, but rather
            reports the data as they are maintained by each source.
Industry Size
             The Stone, Clay, Glass,  and Concrete Products Industry consists of
             approximately 16,000 establishments and employs  nearly 470,000
             people.  It ranks 16th among the major industrial groups (SIC codes 20-
             39) in terms of total number of employees and  8th in terms of total
             number of establishments.

             Exhibit 1 illustrates the facility  size distribution for the industry based
             on the latest complete U.S. Census Bureau data (1992).

                                    Exhibit 1
                       Facility Size Distribution of Industry
Industry
Flat Glass
Glass and Glassware,
Pressed or Blown
Products of Purchased
Glass
Cement, Hydraulic
Structural Clay
Products
Pottery and Related
Products
SIC
Code
321
322
323
324
325
326
Total Employees
11,900
66,200
,55,500
17,000
31,100
35,900
Total Number of
Facilities

543
1,558
237
587
1,084
Employees per
Facility

122
36
72
53
33
 September 1995
                                                                      SIC Code 32

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 Stone,. Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
                                 Exhibit 1 (contd)
                       Facility Size Distribution of Industry
Industry
Concrete, Gypsum,
and Plaster Products
Cut Stone and Stone
Products
Miscellaneous
Nonmetallic Mineral
Products
Totals
Code
327
328
329
32
Total Employees
174,200
12,000
65,900
469,900
Total Number of
Facilities
9,653
917
1,662
16,285
Employees per
Facility
18
13
40
29

             Cut Stone and Stone Products: The Bureau of Census reports 12,000
             employees in the Cut Stone and Stone Products Industry in 1992, down
             one percent from  12,500 in 1987.  According to the U.S. Bureau of
             Mines, the Dimension Stone industry employed 14,000 people in 1993,
             including  10,900 engaged in finishing operations, which fall within the
             Cut Stone  and Stone Products industry.

             Structural Clay Products:  Employment in the Structural Clay Products
             sector fell 10 percent between 1987 and 1992, from 34,100 to 31,100.  The
             greatest decreases  occurred within the Brick and Structural Clay Tile
             and the Structural Clay Products subgroups, where employment fell 14
             percent and 19 percent, respectively (Bureau of Census).

             Glass: In the U.S., the glass container industry consists of 70 facilities
             and more  than 30,000 employees.  According to the Glass  Packaging
             Institute, the industry  is experiencing  downsizing.  The industry
             produces 41 billion glass containers in the U.S. annually; 64 percent are
             clear, 23 percent are amber, and 13 percent are green (Glass Packaging
             Institute, 1995).  According to Dr. Blake of the Glass Technical Institute,
             container glass holds the largest market in the glass industry. The  U.S.
             Flat Glass  industry is one of the world's four largest producers  of flat
             glass, along with France, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The U.S. Flat
             Glass  Industry consisted of an estimated 1,100 companies, 1,300
             establishments, and 56,000  employees in 1993, according to the  U.S.
             International Trade Commission. An estimated 35 percent of flat glass
             industry shipments are from firms that produce  flat glass by melting
             raw materials (primary producers).  The remaining 65 percent of
             shipments  are from firms that produce flat glass from purchased glass
             (secondary producers) (1993).

             Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products:  The Concrete, Gypsum,  and
            Plaster Products Industry employed 174,200  people  in 1992, down 14
            percent from 203,000 in 1987.
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            Cement:  Based on 1992  industry data, the Cement Industry was
            composed of 237  establishments,  including 120 cement-producing
            plants (Cement. 1992).  Multiplant operations were being run by 18
            companies.  Total employment in the cement  industry was  17,000,
            down from 19,100 in 1992 (Bureau of Census).
Geographic Distribution
            According to U.S. Census data for 1987, the Stone, Clay, Glass,  and
            Concrete Products industry is  widely  dispersed, with every State
            reporting the existence of an industry establishment.  The five largest
            States in terms of number  of establishments  are California (1,651),
            Texas (1,160), Florida (908), Ohio (889), and Pennsylvania (852).

            Exhibit 2 illustrates the number of industry establishments per State as
            recorded by the U.S. Census for 1987.

                                    Exhibit 2
    Geographic Distribution of Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
               Source: Compiled from official 1987 statistics of the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
              Cut Stone and Stone Products:  The U.S. Bureau of Mines reports that
              in 1993, dimension stone was produced by 162 companies in 35 States,
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             including Puerto  Rico.   Leading States in terms  of  tonnage were
             Georgia, Indiana, and Massachusetts, together accounting for 39 percent
             of the U.S. total. States with the largest number of employees in the
             Dimension Stone Industry were Georgia  with 2,100, Vermont with.
             1,700, Minnesota with 1,250, North Carolina with 850, Texas with 700,
             and Indiana with 650.

             Structural Clay  Products: Establishments engaged in the manufacture
             of structural clay products are widely dispersed, however, a few States
             account for the majority of the industry's employment.  Leading States
             include California, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas.

             Glass:  Glass container manufacturing facilities are located in 27 States
             in the  U.S.,  including California,  Illinois, Pennsylvania, and New
             Jersey (Glass  Packaging Institute, 1995).  Production facilities for flat
             glass exist throughout the U.S. to minimize the shipping costs of raw
             materials and finished products.  California, Michigan, North Carolina,
             Ohio, and Pennsylvania are the major production areas of flat glass.
             The primary-producer industry (glass products  from manufactured
             glass) is  relatively concentrated,  with  13 of  84 establishments
             accounting for 76 percent of U.S. shipments.  The secondary-producer
             industry (glass products from purchased glass) is less concentrated, with
             17 of 1,429 establishments accounting for 28 percent of U.S. shipments
             (U.S. International Trade Commission, 1993).

             Concrete:  Concrete production is relatively concentrated within the
             United  States. In  1993, 49 percent of domestic concrete production
             came from the following six States in descending order:   California,
             Texas, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Missouri, and Alabama (U.S. Bureau of
             Mines).

             Cement: The cement industry consists of 49 companies which operate
             cement-producing plants in 38 States and Puerto Rico. States that rank
             among the top cement producers are California, Texas, Pennsylvania,
             Michigan, Missouri, and Alabama (U.S. Bureau of Mines).
H.B.2. Product Characterization
SIC Code 32
The Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry generates a
broad array of products, primarily through physical modification of
mined materials.  The industry includes establishments engaged in the
manufacturing of flat glass and other glass products, cement, structural
clay products, pottery, concrete and gypsum products, cut  stone,
abrasive and asbestos products, and other products.  The following is an
overview of the characteristics  of stone,  clay, glass, and concrete
products.

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            The term stone is applied to rock that is cut, shaped, broken, crushed,
            or otherwise physically modified for commercial use.  Establishments
            covered under SIC code 328 (Cut Stone and Stone Products) are those
            engaged primarily in cutting, shaping, and finishing stone for building
            and other  miscellaneous uses.   The cutting  of stones at the  quarry
            (when not associated with further physical modifications) is classified
            as mining, and is not covered within SIC code  32 or this profile.

            The primary type of stone covered within SIC code  32 is dimension
            stone. Dimension stone refers to blocks of rock that are cut and milled
            to specified sizes, shapes, and surface finishes.  Only a small fraction of
            rock  occurrences have the qualities demanded for dimension stone.
            The  stone  must be obtainable in  large, sound blocks, free from
            blemishes, and generally must have  a uniform texture.  The principle
            types of dimension  stone  used in construction are  granite, marble,
            limestone, slate, and  sandstone.  Flagging is a type of dimension stone
            used for stepping stones, walkways, and terraces. Soapstone is used for
            acid  proof laboratory  equipment,  aquariums, and chemical  tank
            linings.  Slate differs  from other dimension stone because it can be split
            into thin sheets of any thickness. Slate is used in roofing, blackboards,
            and  floor  tile.   Of the  total dimension stone produced in 1993, 49
            percent was granite,  29  percent was  limestone,  11  percent was
            sandstone, three percent was slate, three percent was  marble, and five
            percent was  other.  In 1993,  dimension  stone was used in ashlar
            (dressed stone for facing a wall of rubble or brick), 17 percent; curbing,
            15 percent; rough blocks for monuments, 13 percent;  rough blocks for
            building and construction, 12 percent; dressed monumental stone, 12
            percent; and other uses, 31 percent  (U.S. Bureau of Mines).
             Clay consists of the finest-grain particles in a sediment, soil, or rock,
             and  a  rock or a deposit containing a large component of clay-size
             material. Clay can be composed of any inorganic materials, such as clay
             minerals, allophane, quartz, feldspar, zeolites, and iron hydroxides,
             that  possess a sufficiently fine  grain size.  Along with organic matter,
             water, and air, clays are one  of  the  four main components  of soil.
             Physical properties of clay include plasticity when wet, the ability to
             form colloidal suspensions when dispersed in water, and the tendency
             to clump together (flocculate) and settle out in saline water.

             Establishments that fall within the Structural Clay Products Industry
             (SIC code 325) are primarily engaged in using different types of clay and
             other additives to manufacture brick and structural clay tile,  ceramic

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             wall and floor tile, clay firebrick and other heat-resisting products, and
             clay sewer pipe.  The mining of clay used to make structural clay
             products is not included within SIC code 32.

             The U.S. Bureau of Mines categorizes clay into six groups:  ball clay;
             beritonite; common clay and shale; fire clay; fuller's earth; and kaolin.
             Ball clay is a plastic, white-firing clay that has a high degree of strength
             as well as plasticity.  Principal ball clay markets in 1992 were  pottery,
             floor and wall tile, and sanitary ware. Bentonite  is a clay composed
             mainly of smectite minerals.  The three major uses of bentonite in 1992
             were drilling mud, foundry sand, and iron ore pelletizing.  Common
             clay and shale  contain mixtures  of differing  proportions of  clay,
             including illite,  chlorite,  kaolinite,  and  montmorillonite, plus other
             nonclay materials.  The largest user of these clays is the structural clay
             products industry, which manufactures brick, drain tile, sewer pipe,
             conduit tile, glazed tiley and terra cotta.  Fire clays  can withstand very
             high temperatures and consist mainly of kaolinite.   These clays are
             used in commercial refractory products  such as firebrick and block.
             Fuller's earth, either  the attapulgite-type or montmorillonite-type, is
             used in pet waste absorbents, oil and grease absorbents, and pesticide
             carriers.  Kaolin has many industrial applications because it has good
             covering or hiding power when  used  as  a pigment, is soft and
             nonabrasive, has low  conductivity of heat and  electricity,  and is
             inexpensive.   Major  domestic uses for  kaolin  in 1992 were paper
             coating, paper filling, fiberglass, paint,  rubber, brick, and portland
             cement.
             Glass is defined as a material made by cooling certain molten materials
             so  that they do not crystallize but remain in an uncrystallized state,
             their viscosity increasing to such high values that, for all practical
             purposes, they are solid. Materials having this ability to cool without
             crystallizing are relatively rare, silica being the most common example.

             The glass industry covered under SIC code 32 consists of a wide variety
             of manufacturing establishments, including firms engaged in primary
             glass manufacturing and others which create  products from purchased
             glass.   Container glass,  flat glass, and fiberglass manufacturers are
             among the most economically  significant firms in the primary glass
             industry.

             The glass container industry produces three major products:  food, beer,
             and beverage containers.  Other markets for glass containers include:
             liquor; wine;  medicine  and health; toiletries and cosmetics;  and.
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 Concrete
            chemical, household, and industrial products  (U.S. Department of
            Commerce, May 1995).

            The flat  glass industry  (SIC code 321) produces four main products:
            tempered glass, laminated glass, glass mirrors, and insulating units.
            Tempered  glass is  a type of  safety glass  typically produced  by the
            thermal  process, in which heating and  subsequent rapid  cooling
            produce  surface and interior stresses in the glass that make it stronger
            than ordinary glass. Laminated glass consists of two or more layers of
            glass separated by, and bonded to, thin sheets of plastic that prevent the
            glass  from shattering when broken.  The  automobile  industry is the
            largest market for  laminated glass.  Glass mirrors are  produced by
            cleaning the  glass  and coating it on one side with  an adhesive,
            reflective, and binding  compound.  Insulating units consist of two or
            more parallel separated  panes of glass joined at the edges by metal seals
            or by fusing the edges, with the space  between the  panes either
            evacuated  or  filled with dry air  or another gas. Insulating units are
            used  to  reduce surface condensation, to reduce sound  transmission,
            and for thermal insulation.

            The fiberglass industry (SIC code 3296) produces two main products:
            textile fiberglass (electrical glass), and insulation  fiberglass.   Textile
            fiberglass is used in the production of fireproof cloth, and insulation
            fiberglass is used in thermal and acoustical  insulation.  SIC code 32 also
            covers  glass  and  glassware establishments which  produce bowls,
            goblets,  lenses, jars, tableware, and other products which are pressed,
            blown, or  shaped from glass produced in the same establishment (SIC
            code 322).  Facilities which manufacture products made of purchased
            glass, such as furniture, mirrors, windows, table tops, and laboratory
            glassware, fall under SIC code 323.
             The  term concrete refers to a product formed from two principle
             components:  aggregate and paste.  Aggregate, which can be either
             natural or man made, consists  of various  grades of sand, gravel,
             crushed stone, or slag.  The paste is composed of cement, water, and
             sometimes entrained air.  The cement paste makes up approximately
             25 to 40  percent  by volume of concrete.  Some concrete mixtures
             include hydrochloric acid,  acetone, styrene,  glycol ethers,  or butyl
             benzyl phtalate  as  additives.    Manufacturers utilize different
             combinations  of pastes and aggregates to produce grades of concrete
             which vary in terms of cost, strength, durability, and rigidity.  The
             successful use of concrete in structures has come  about from the
             addition of steel reinforcements. Reinforced concrete is now one of the
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Cement
             most common materials from which structures (such as buildings and
             bridges) are built.

             The many types of products fashioned from concrete  include brick,
             architectural  blocks,  chimneys,  columns,   paving  materials,
             foundations, curbing, and storage tanks.  Firms within SIC code 327
             both produce ready-mixed concrete, which is unhardened  concrete
             material, and fashion a multitude of concrete products, such as those
             listed above.

             One subcategory of the concrete, gypsum, and plaster products industry
             is lime manufacturing.  Lime is the product of high temperature
             calcination of limestone. Major uses of lime are metallurgical (steel,
             copper,  gold, aluminum,  and  silver),  environmental (flute  gas
             desulfurization,  water softening  and pH  control, sewage-sludge
             stabilization,  hazardous waste treatment, and acid neutralization), and
             construction (soil stabilization, asphalt additive, and masonry lime).
            Cement is a powder produced from a variety of materials, including
            alumina, silica, limestone, clay, and iron oxides.  It is used as a binding
            agent, most often as a component of mortar or concrete.

            Manufacturers within SIC code 324 produce several types of cement.
            Among the most common types are portland cement, white cement,
            and masonry cement.  Approximately 97 percent of the cement used in
            the manufacture  of  concrete  is portland  cement, which consists
            primarily of  a kiln-fired, fused powder, known as clinker,  that is
            ground and combined with small amounts of gypsum  or a  similar
            material. Portland cement is produced in five grades designed  to lend
            certain properties to the concrete. White cement, which is made from
            iron-free materials of exceptional purity, usually limestone, china clay
            or kaolin, and silica, is primarily used  to manufacture decorative
            concrete. Masonry cement, produced by adding limestone to portland
            cement, is a  hydraulic  cement used  as  a component of mortar for
            masonry construction.

H.B.3. Economic Trends

            This  section highlights economic trends in the Stone, Clay, Glass, and
            Concrete Products Industry based on  a comparison of  1992 and 1987
            Bureau  of Census data (unless otherwise noted).  The  term  "value
            added" as used  in  the  following  descriptions is  a  measure  of
            manufacturing activity derived by subtracting total variable costs (such
            as cost of raw materials, supplies, fuel, etc.) from the total value of

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            shipments for a given industrial sector. Value added is considered to
            be  the best value  measure  available  for  comparing the  relative
            economic  importance  of  manufacturing  across  industries  and
            geographic areas.

            Cut Stone and Stone Products: The value added by cut stone and stone
            products manufacturers increased by 33 percent between 1987 and 1992,
            from $450 million to $600 million.  In addition, total wages and total
            value of shipments increased, by approximately 17 and  16  percent,
            respectively.

            Since 1980, a movement back to the use of stone in buildings has
            occurred because of the rising  energy costs associated  with stone
            substitutes, such as concrete, glass, brick, stainless steel, aluminum, and
            plastics. Consumption of dimension stone increased slightly  between
            1992 and 1993 to 1.24 million tons, valued at $217 million.  Over the
            same period, the  average price  for dimension  stone decreased  from
            $182 to $176 per ton (U.S. Bureau  of Mines).

            Glay and Structural Clay Products:  The value of shipments  from the
            Structural  Clay Products Industry climbed moderately from 1987 to
            1992, from  $2.81  to  $2.86 billion, while  the value   added  by
            manufacturers held at $740 million.

            Glass:  According to  the  1993  Industrial Outlook, glass container
            manufacturing is a five billion dollar  industry.

            The  total value of shipments  from the Flat Glass Industry fell over 38
            percent between 1987  and 1992, while the value added by flat glass
            manufacturers declined by over 22  percent.  Employment and total
            wages also declined significantly  over this period.

             Prices of flat glass and  flat glass products fell each year from 1988 until
             1992. However, the decline was only one percent from 1991 to 1992,
             compared with two to six percent in previous years.  During the first
             part of 1993, prices rose two percent compared with 1992. It is expected
             that prices will remain constant,  with minor downward adjustments as
             manufacturers engage  in price competition to increase gross  sales and
             retain market share.

             The high transportation costs associated with glass products mitigate
             against extensive trade. U.S.  companies are able to expand into foreign
             markets by  acquiring or establishing foreign plants,  thus  reducing
             transportation costs (U.S. International Trade Commission).
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            Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products:  Value added by concrete,
            gypsum, and plaster products manufacturers fell over seven percent
            from 1987 to 1992, from close to $11.8 billion to just under $11 billion.
            The value of shipments, number of employees, and total wages also
            sagged during this five-year period.

            Cement:  Between 1987 and 1992, the value added by the Hydraulic
            Cement Industry fell close to eight percent while .total wages held
            steady, according to Bureau of Census data. According to the U.S.
            Department of Interior Bureau of Mines Industry Surveys, U.S. cement
            shipments in 1993 totaled about 86.4 million short tons, up from about
            82.7 million short tons in 1992.  Cement consumption in  1994 was
            expected to increase approximately ten percent to roughly 94 million
            short tons, largely because of increased highway and other public works
            construction.
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HI.   INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION

            This section describes the major industrial processes within the Stone,
            Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry, including the materials
            and equipment used and the processes  employed.  The section is
            designed for those interested in gaining a general understanding of the
            industry, and for those interested in the inter-relationship between the
            industrial process and  the topics described in subsequent sections of
            this profile - pollutant outputs, pollution prevention opportunities,
            and Federal regulations.  This  section does not attempt to replicate
            published engineering  information that is available for this industry.
            Refer to Section IX for a list of reference documents that are available.

            This section specifically contains a description of commonly used
            production processes, associated raw materials, the byproducts
            produced or released, and the materials either recycled or transferred
            off-site.  This discussion, coupled with  schematic drawings of the
            identified processes, provide a concise description of where wastes may
            be produced in the process. This section also describes the potential fate
            (air, water, land) of these waste products.


 III.A.  Industrial Processes in the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry

            The processes used to  create stone, clay, glass, and concrete products
            primarily involve physical conversion of earthen materials by sorting,
            mixing, grinding, heating,  and cooling.  This section provides an
             overview  of commonly-employed  processes within  the industry,
            broken down by product categories (stone, clay, glass, and concrete)
             rather than by specific industries within SIC code 32.  The mining of
             the raw materials, while integrally related to the manufacture of stone,
             clay, glass, and concrete products, is outside the scope of this profile and
             is not addressed in the following discussion.
             The manufacture of stone products involves cutting and finishing
             granite, limestone, marble, slate,  sandstone, and other materials
             obtained from the quarry.  Dimension stone is prepared for its various
             uses  in mills equipped with  saws, polishing machines, and other
             equipment similar to that found in metal and woodworking shops.
             Stone-sawing equipment includes large circular saws three meters or
             more  in diameter,  some with diamond inserts  and  others  with
             abrasives; diamond circular saws of smaller size,  and reciprocating
             diamond-bladed  or loose-abrasive gang  saws.    Various types of
             diamond and  other equipment are used  for smoothing, polishing,
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             edging, and decorating the  finished stone products (U.S. Bureau of
             Mines).
             The manufacture of clay products involves the conditioning of basic
             clay ores by  a series of processes.   These include  separation  and
             concentration of clay minerals by screening,  floating,  wet and  dry
             grinding, and blending of desired ore varieties; followed by forming;
             cutting or shaping; drying or curing; and firing of the final product.  In
             general,  processing clay does not alter its chemical or mineralogical
             characteristics. Exhibit 3 illustrates the fundamental stages of the clay
             manufacturing process.

                                    Exhibits
             Basic Flow Diagram of Clay Manufacturing Process
                                 FORMING
                                   AND
                                 CUTTING
                                                              STORAGE
                                                                 AND
                                                              SHIPPING
            Clay manufacturers use different techniques to produce clay products,
            such as brick, other  structural clay products, pottery products, and
            ceramic tiles.  Bricks  and related clay products, such as building tiles,
            paving brick, and  chimney blocks, are produced  from a clay/water
            mixture. The three principle processes for manufacturing brick are the
            stiff mud, soft mud, and dry press methods. In the stiff mud process,
            water is added to give the clay plasticity, and the bricks are formed by
            forcing the clay through a wire die.  All structural tile and most types of
            brick are formed by the stiff mud process. The soft mud process utilizes
            clay with a high moisture content. The clay is mixed with water and
            the bricks are then formed in molds.  In the dry press process, clay is
            mixed with a small amount of water and  formed in steel molds by
            applying pressure of 500 to 1500 pounds per square inch (AP-42.1986).
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            The dominant process in manufacturing structural clay products is
            extrusion.  The three stages of extrusion are pugging, tearing, and
            extrusion. The dry material is fed into a trough, sprayed with water,
            and cut and kneaded (pugged) by rotating knives into a homogeneous
            mixture.  The resulting plastic mass is forced into a de-airing chamber
            where a vacuum is maintained.  Following de-airing, the material is
            forced through a die having the appropriate cross  section (extrusion)
            and cut into  correct lengths.  The structural clay  products are then
            thermally treated in a tunnel kiln and cooled with fans.

            Pottery products, such as stoneware, earthenware, and garden pottery,
            are made of crude clay. To manufacture pottery products, soft plastic
            forming is used to process plastic clays with 20-30  percent water and
            certain  additives,  which  may  include  barium   compounds and
            aluminum oxide.  Jiggering is a soft plastic process  used to form ware
            with symmetrical circular  cross  sections.  The raw  materials are
            prepared by blunging and filter pressing. They are mixed in a blunger,
            which is a vertical cylindrical tank with horizontal blades or paddles
            attached to a  vertical shaft. The homogeneous mixture, called a slip, is
            then filter pressed to remove excess water prior to soft plastic forming.
            The slip  is  then de-aired, forced through a die with the desired cross
            section, and cut into slugs.  The slug is placed in a mold of either the
            inside  or outside  of  the ware and pressed  onto  the  mold.  High-
            pressure air is used to separate the ware from the mold.  The product is
            then thermally treated using a tunnel kiln, and slowly cooled with
            fans.          •

            Ceramic  tile manufacturing involves the conditioning of two  basic raw
            materials:  kaolinite and montmorillonite.  These clays are refined by
            separation and bleaching, and are then blended,  formed,  and kiln-
             dried.
             Nearly all glass produced commercially is one of five basic types:  soda-
             lime, lead, fused silica, borosilicate, and  96 percent silica.  Silica forms
             the basis of most commercially important glasses. Silica by itself makes
             a good glass, but its high melting point (3133°F or 1723°C) and its high
             viscosity in the liquid state make it difficult to melt and work.  Soda is
             therefore added to silica, in such forms as sodium carbonate or nitrate,
             to  lower  its melting  temperature  to a  more convenient  level.
             Unfortunately, the resulting glass has no chemical durability and is
             soluble even in water. Lime is added to increase glass durability, thus
             yielding the basic soda-lime-silica  glass composition used for most
             common glass articles.
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             Production of glass involves five main procedures:  mixing, melting,
             forming, annealing, and finishing. These procedures generally apply to
             all types of commercial glass formation.  The two principle kinds of
             mixing are wet mixing and batch agglomeration.  Glass with a large
             silicon dioxide content is wet mixed in a pan-type mixer, which is first
             dry-blended and then wet-blended by adding small amounts of water.
             Glasses with high lead oxide are mixed by batch agglomeration,
             whereby batch particles are coated with each other using the smearing
             action of a  Muller-type mixer.   The mixed  batch is delivered to a
             melting unit through  a feeder. Wet mixing and batch agglomeration
             are attractive mixing methods because they prevent dusting, control air
             pollution, ensure homogeneity,  and increase  melting efficiency and
             glass quality.

             The type of melting unit employed depends on the quantity and quality
             of glass to be processed. For small production and special glass, melting
             is performed in pot furnaces or crucibles containing up to two tons of
             glass. In large factories, a dozen or  so pot furnaces may be heated by
             one central  furnace.   Larger batches are melted in  large  covered
             furnaces or tanks to which heat is supplied by a flame. For high quality
             glass, small continuous melting tanks are used to process low volumes
             of material.  Large quantities of high quality glass are  melted in
             continuous regenerative furnaces that recover waste heat from burned
             gases. Flat glass furnaces provide a larger amount of quality glass and
             are  longer  than furnaces  used by glass  container manufacturers.
             Although glass  tanks  are fired by gas or oil,  auxiliary heating with
             electricity is common in the United States.  After the glass has melted,
             the molten glass is taken from the tanks to the forming operation.

             Forming is different for each type of glass product.  Container glass
             products such as glass  bottles and jars are sometimes mouth blown, but
             are typically formed with automatic machines.  In automatic processes,
             a stream of glass is cut  by shears into individual gobs, which are fed to a
             blank mold.  The gob is then formed into a rough blank, or parison, by
             either a plunger or compressed air; at this stage the bottle opening is
             shaped.  The blank mold opens and  is then transferred to the final or
             blow mold, where it  is blown into shape  using  an air compressor.
             Pressing is used to form flat items such as lenses and plates by pressing
             the glass between a plunger  and a  mold.  Drawing and casting are
             forming  processes which involve  pouring molten glass  into a mold.
             The  molds for the glass containers resemble the containers (Glass
             Packaging Institute, 1995).

             Once formed, all glass articles need  to be slowly cooled or annealed,
            usually in a long oven called a lehr. The purpose of annealing is to
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            reduce the internal stresses which can crack the glass during cooling.
            Internal stresses are  created because of  temperature  variations
            throughout the piece;  different parts of the glass become rigid at
            different times.

            The two types  of finishing processes  are  mechanical and chemical.
            Mechanical processes include cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing.
            Chemical treatments are used to alter the strength, appearance, and
            durability of the product.  Acid-polishing is performed with a mixture
            of hydrofluoric  and sulfuric acids to alter the strength or durability of
            the glass.  Chemically strengthened glass is formed by immersing the
            product into a potassium nitrate  bath.   The larger potassium ion
            replaces the  sodium ion which produces a surface compression layer.
            Chemical strengthening is an  expensive process which is  most often
            used in the production of large screen television faceplates. Frosting
            and etching are performed with dilute hydrofluoric acid. Commercial
            glass contains oxides, such as  aluminum and magnesium oxides, and
            other ingredients to help in oxidizing, finishing, or decolorizing.  For
            example, Pyrex  glass contains boron oxide which allows it to withstand
            rapid temperature  changes, optical glass  contains lead oxide which
            gives it a high index of  refraction, and stained  glass is colored by adding
            metallic oxides  to the molten glass. Once finished, the glass products
            are cleaned using several agents, including aqueous solvents (chromic
            and sulfuric acid mixtures, detergent solutions), organic solvents (used
            alone or  mixed with commercial cleansers), and hydrocarbon or
            halocarbon solvents (removal of nonpolar organic compounds).
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  Stone, day. Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                                    Sector Notebook Project
                                   Exhibit 4
             Typical Glass Manufacturing Process
        MIXED RAW
         MATERIAL
             V
        FINISHING
         MELTING
         FURNACE
                           FINISHING
  GLASS
FORMING
ANNEALING
INSPECTION
    AND
  TESTING
                                GULLET
                               CRUSHING
                         PACKING
                     STORAGE
                        OR
                     SHIPPING
                                 Source: AP-42, 1986.

             Flat glass is typically made by the float process.  The raw materials used
             in this process include silica sand, soda ash, limestone, dolomite, cullet
             (scrap glass), and small amounts of other materials. These materials
             are proportioned to meet certain physical characteristics, mixed, and fed
             into the melting tank, where temperatures of about 1,600°C reduce the
             material to glass. Coloring agents may be added at this time to produce
             differing  degrees of translucence.  The molten glass is then fed  as a
             continuous ribbon from the furnace into a bath of molten tin where it
             floats (glass is lighter than tin) and is fire polished.  The ribbon of glass
             leaves the float bath and enters the annealing lehr where it is gradually
             cooled to prevent flaw-causing stresses.  The glass is then cut.  At this
             point, the glass may be packaged and sent to a customer, immediately
             subjected to further  processing, or sent to storage for inventory or
             future processing.  Additional processing often involves coating glass
             with thin layers of metal or chemical compounds that absorb infrared
             light or improve the reflecting qualities of the glass.

             Glass fiber manufacturing involves the  high-temperature  conversion
             of raw materials into  a homogeneous melt, followed by  the fabrication
             of this melt into glass fibers.  The two basic types of glass fiber products,
             textile  and wool,  are  created by similar  processes.   Glass fiber
            production can be separated into three phases: raw materials handling,
            glass melting and refining, and glass fiber forming and finishing.  The
            primary component of glass fiber is sand, but it also includes varying
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Sector Notebook Protect
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
            quantities of feldspar, sodium sulfate, boric acid, and other materials.
            These materials are conveyed to and from storage piles by belts, screws,
            and bucket elevators.  In the glass melting furnace, the raw materials
            are heated and transformed through a series of chemical reactions into
            molten glass. Glass fibers are made from the molten glass by one of
            two methods.  In  the  rotary  spin process, which dominates  the
            fiberglass  industry,  centrifugal force causes molten glass to flow
            through small holes  in the wall of a rapidly rotating cylinder to create
            fibers  that are broken  into pieces by an  air stream.  The flame
            attenuation process utilizes gravity to force molten glass through small
            orifices to create threads  which are attenuated, or stretched to the point
            of breaking by hot air and/or flame. After the glass fibers are created (by
            either  process), they are sprayed with a chemical  resin to hold them
            together, collected on a conveyor belt in the form of a mat, cured, and
            packaged (AP-42,1986).
Concrete and  Cement
            Concrete is formed by mixing hydraulic cement, water, and aggregate
            materials (sand, gravel, or crushed stone).  At concrete batching plants,
            the  cement is elevated to  storage silos  pneumatically or by  bucket
            elevator. The sand and coarse aggregate are transferred to elevated bins
            by front-end  loader, crane, conveyor belt, or bucket elevator.  From
            these elevated bins, the cement and aggregate are fed by gravity or
            screw conveyor to weigh hoppers which combine the proper amounts
            of each material. Concrete batching plants then store, convey, measure,
            and discharge the ready-mixed concrete into trucks for transport to a
            job site (AP-42,1986).

            The  distribution of the  aggregate particle  sizes and the relative
            proportion of cement, aggregate,  and water determine the workability
            and durability of concrete.  The most important variables affecting the
            strength of concrete at a given age are the water/cement ratio and the
            degree of compaction.

            Hydraulic  cement,  one of the principle components of concrete,  is
             generally made from aluminum  and silica as found in clay or shale
             and from  a calcareous material such as limestone or chalk.  To make
             hydraulic  cement, the raw materials are ground, mixed, heated, and
             fused in a rotary kirn, cooled, and finally reduced to a fine powder.
             Exhibit 5 illustrates the typical cement production process.
 September 1995
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 Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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                                    Exhibits
                         Basic Cement Production Process
              RAW,
           MATERIALS
GRINDING
   MILL
MIXER
             Burning Zone
             (Clinker Zone)
                            Source: Report to Congres^mTCementKiln Dust. 1993.   """"~""""""

            Cement is manufactured in five kiln types:  wet process, dry process,
            preheater, precaleiner,  and semidry process kilns.  The same raw
            materials are used in wet and dry process kilns, however, the moisture
            content and processing techniques differ, as do the kiln designs.  Wet
            process kilns  must be longer in order to dry the  wet mix, or slurry,
            which is fed into the kiln.  Dry process kilns produce high temperature
            exit gases which can be use to generate electrical power.  Preheater,
            precaleiner, and semidry process  kilns are  less common devices, and
            differ from wet and dry process kilns in terms of kiln length, process
            inputs, operating  temperature,  fuel efficiency,  and other factors.
            Processes that take place within each type of kiln  include drying and
            preheating, which includes evaporation of free water and dehydration
            of clay minerals; calcining, which is the process of decomposing carbon
            compounds; and burning, which fuses the calcined materials.

            The fused cement nodule formed within a  cement kiln is known as
            clinker.   The most  common  method  of  cooling  the clinker  is a
            traveling grate which is  cooled by the ambient air.  The cooled clinker
            is transferred to  storage or mixed with four to six percent gypsum.  This
            gypsum/clinker mixture is then ground to produce a homogeneous
            cement powder  which is typically sent to a bulk storage  area and then
            shipped by truck or rail.
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             Most of the hydraulic cement produced in the U.S. is portland cement
             a crystalline compound formed primarily of metallic oxides  such as
             calcium carbonate and  aluminum, iron, and silicon oxides. Portland
             cement is produced in an inclined rotary kiln. The mix enters  the kiln
             at the elevated end, opposite  from the burner.  Materials  are moved
             slowly and continuously to the lower end  as they are heated, and
             different  chemical reactions  occur  as  the temperature increases
             Portland  cement is then  produced  by  grinding the clinker with
             approximately five percent gypsum to a fine powder. At this stage
             various additives may  be  introduced to produce specialty portland
             cements, such as masonry cement.


 HI.B.  Raw Material Inputs and Pollution Outputs

             Although the stone, clay, glass, and concrete products industry
             produces  a  wide array of products,  the  pollution outputs  for this
             industry are generally limited to particulate emissions, certain solid
             wastes associated with raw material handling and plant maintenance,
             and wastewater  resulting from the mixing, melting, and  refining of
             raw materials, and the finishing of the final product. Processes in this
             industry often entail the heating and mixing of materials in  a kiln and
             the use of water  as a cooling agent or as an ingredient in making the
             final product. The fuel used  to operate a kiln is itself  a source of
             pollution.  The following subsections  describe the  types of pollution
             outputs generated in manufacturing of products made of stone, clay,
             glass, and concrete (See Exhibit 7). .
            The manufacture of cut stone and stone products generates fugitive
            dusts, wastewater, and plant maintenance waste.  To create products
            made of stone, the shape of the stone must be altered through cutting,
            shaping, and finishing, which can release fugitive dust.  For a giveri
            type of stone, the chemical composition of the dust generated tends to
            be rather homogeneous, since its ancestry is the rock formation from
            which the  stone was  taken.  Process wastewater is also generated
            through its use as cooling water during the cutting process.  Plant
            maintenance  wastes  include  waste  oil  from  stone  processing
            equipment.

Clay

            The wastes generated from manufacturing structural clay products
            result  mainly from  handling raw materials, particulate emissions,
            plant maintenance, and pollution control equipment. Raw materials

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            become wastes  when  they are  spilled, off-spec,  or out  of date.
            Significant processing  losses occur  with kaolin and fuller's earth.
            About  40  percent of the kaolin and 30 percent of the fuller's earth
            delivered to the processing plants is  discarded.  Waste material from
            processing consists mostly of off-grade clays and small  quantities of
            feldspar, iron-bearing minerals, mica, and  quartz.

            Various phases  of the  clay production process generate  particulate
            emissions.  The main source of dust is  the materials handling process,
            which  includes pulverizing, screening, and  storing the raw material.
            Exhibit 6  illustrates  the phases of the clay manufacturing process,
            during which major particulate emissions occur.

                                     Exhibit 6
                  Particulate Emissions from Clay Manufacturing
                        (P) indicates a major source of particulate emissions.
                                       Source: AP-42. 1986.

              Pollution control  wastes  from the  clay  industry  include  dust
              accumulated in baghouses and the solid  residues from wet scrubbers
              used to  treat nitrogen oxide  emissions.  Plant maintenance waste
              consists primarily of waste oil, which is generated from many types of
              mechanical  equipment.

              Wastes generated during the manufacturing of pottery products comes
              mainly from the use of paints, glazes, and finishes.  These materials
              may be  solvent- or water-based, with varying heavy  metal content.
              Where solvent-based finishes are used, solvents are used to clean the
              paint line and application equipment.   The sludge  waste generated
              from this cleaning is typically managed off-site by a solvent recycler or
              is recovered for fuel blending. When water-based finishes are used, the
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             paint line and equipment are cleaned with water.  Depending on the
             location  of the plant  and content  of this  waste, the wastewater
             discharge may be subject to regulation due to the presence of heavy
             metals. In addition, the sludge accumulated prior to discharge may be
             a hazardous waste due to heavy metal content (sludges generated in
             the pottery industry commonly contain traces of glaze which may
             contain lead, mercury, and boron).

             Certain pottery manufacturers also generate dry powder waste  from
             pollution control equipment.  The sludge generated from equipment
             washing  is commonly from glaze lines, glaze mills, glaze  tanks and
             containers, and wet filters. About 10 percent  (by weight) of the glaze
             used ends up in sludges.  It is estimated that for each square meter of
             tile surfaced glazed, 100 grams of glaze waste is  generated.

             Manufacturers of clay products often  use  sintering to  drive off
             entrained volatile matter from the clay.  Because it is desirable for the
             clay  to contain  a sufficient amount of  volatile matter so that the
             resultant  aggregate will not be too heavy, it is sometimes necessary to
             mix the clay with finely pulverized coke prior to sintering.  The
             addition of pulverized  coke presents an emissions problem because
             sintering  coke-impregnated clay produces more particulate  emissions
             than the sintering of natural clay.
            Waste generated in the glass industry can be categorized into three
            groups:  1) materials handling waste, 2) pollution control equipment
            waste, and 3) plant maintenance waste.  Materials  handling waste
            includes the waste generated during the receiving and transfer of raw
            materials at  the  facility for storage or processing, including raw
            materials that are rendered unusable when spilled during receiving or
            transfer.

            Emissions control equipment at glass manufacturing plants generates
            waste residues from the pollutants produced and captured during the
            melting, forming, and  finishing  steps of the manufacturing process.
            The melting of raw materials to  produce glass  creates air emissions
            consisting of particulates, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides generated
            from the combustion of fuel and the evaporation or dissociation of raw
            materials.   Emissions  are also  generated during  the forming and
            finishing of glass products as a  result  of thermal  decomposition of
            lubricants.

            Glass plants may also remove pollutants through the use of aqueous
            media, filters, and precipitators.  A quench reactor, which reacts sulfur
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            dioxide from furnace emissions with water and sodium carbonate, is
            an example of an aqueous emission control device.  When the water
            evaporates upon contact with flue gases, a solid residue results.  The
            residue may contain selenium, chromium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, and
            sodium sulfate.  Arsenic, which is used in glass manufacturing for glass
            decolorizing, and stannic acid, a lubricant used to coat glass bottles to
            prevent breakage and which produces  hydrochloric acid when it
            thermally decomposes, are usually removed by reaction with aqueous
            media, or physically captured by  filters or precipitators.  Glass
            manufacturers  may use  baghouse filters to capture particulate
            emissions. Baghouse dust residue can often be recycled back into the
            manufacturing process.  To control nitrogen oxide emissions, a method
            called selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) has been used.  SNCR
            reduces flue gas nitrogen oxide through a reaction with ammonia in a
            temperature range of 1700-1900°R  The ammonia may be supplied as
            anhydrous  ammonia, aqueous ammonia,  or urea.  At  temperatures
            above 1900°F, the oxidation of ammonia and nitrogen oxide increases
            and SNCR may actually increase  levels of nitrogen oxide.    At
            temperatures below 1700°F, nitrogen oxide reduction  falls off and
            ammonia breakthrough increases, leading to the potential for a visible
            ammonium-chloride plume.

            Glass plant maintenance wastes include waste oil and solvents
            generated in the forming process,  furnace slag, and refractory wastes.
            During the forming process, oil is used in the forming machines and
            often contaminates the water that keeps the machines cool.  TCA (1,1,1-
            trichloroethane) may also be used  during the forming process to
            remove a thin layer of graphite coating that is applied to the glass
            forms or  molds. When the coating is too thick or lumpy, the mold is
            sprayed with TCA, which readily dissolves and removes the graphite
            coating and evaporates.  Furnace slag consists of chunks  of unused
            molten glass  which collect in the incinerator portion of the furnace.
            The composition of the slag is primarily magnesium oxide and sodium
            sulfate. Another type of plant maintenance waste is water-based glue,
            which is applied with a gun to glass packaging boxes.  The water used to
            clean tihe glue guns is typically discharged to the plant's sewer system.
            Glue that has solidified in its  container  typically goes to a municipal
            landfill.

            Fiberglass  manufacturers also produce  materials handling waste,
            pollution control waste, and plant maintenance waste.  As in other
            glass manufacturing, the major air emission problem associated with
            fiberglass production is related to  the melting and refining furnace
            operation.  The emissions from this operation include fine particulates,
            including calcium carbonate,  sodium fluoride, sodium fluorosilicate,
            silica, calcium fluoride, aluminum silicate, sodium sulfate, and boron
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
 Concrete
             oxides.  Gases emitted include fluorides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides,
             boric acid, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

             Much of the glass in the waste stream is not generated during the
             manufacturing process, but results from disposal of used glass products.
             Approximately 13.2 million tons of glass waste are generated annually.
             Food and beverage containers make up over 90 percent of this amount;
             the  remaining 10 percent  comes from products like cookware and
             glassware, home furnishings, and plate glass.  Glass constitutes 6.7
             percent of the municipal solid waste stream.
            Concrete batching generates particulate emissions, paint wastes, and
            plant  maintenance  wastes.   Particulate emissions  which occur in
            concrete batching consist primarily of cement dust, but some sand and
            gravel dust emissions also occur. Dust emissions most often occur
            during the unloading and conveying of concrete and aggregates at
            manufacturing plants and  during the loading of dry-batched concrete
            mix.  Another source of particulate emissions is the traffic of heavy
            equipment over unpaved or dusty surfaces in and around the plant.
            Particulate control techniques include the enclosure of dumping and
            loading  areas and of conveyors and elevators,  the use of filters on.
            storage bin vents, and the use of water sprays to prevent  dust  from
            occurring.

            Manufacturers who  apply finishes  to concrete products generate
            various paint wastes.  When solvent-based paints are used, the spray
            guns and application equipment must be cleaned  with solvent,
            producing spent solvent waste.  The  type of coating system  used
            determines the type of solvent used. For example, if the coating system
            uses TCA, TCA  must also be used to clean the equipment.  When
            water-based coatings are used, wastewater  from equipment cleaning
            will be generated. Other wastes  generated by concrete  plants include
            equipment and repair wastes,  including waste oil  generated from
            vehicle maintenance operations.

            The production of lime results in several  types of pollutants.   Air
            emissions  associated with lime manufacturing include particulate
            matter from crushing, screening, and calcining of the limestone and
            combustion  products from the kilns.   Nitrogen  oxides, carbon
            monoxide, and sulfur dioxide are all produced in lime kilns.  Methods
            of emission control include wet scrubbers (particle control using liquid
            such as  water), baghouses (particle  control using filtration fabric),
            cyclones  (particles forced into a cyclone-shaped vortex), and electrostatic
            precipitators (particle control using electrical forces).

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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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Cement

            Pollution outputs from cement manufacturing plants include process
            waste, primarily cement kiln  dust; air emissions; wastewater; plant
            maintenance waste, such as waste oil from equipment lubrication; and
            research and laboratory waste.  Cement kiln dust is the largest waste
            stream from cement plants.  It is commonly collected in baghouses
            installed in the grinders and is disposed of as non-hazardous waste. To
            provide  a factual basis  for  determining the appropriate  future
            regulatory status of  cement kiln dust, EPA has conducted extensive
            research  into the  characteristics  of  cement kilns  and presented its
            findings in a 1993 Report to Congress on Cement Kiln Dust.  EPA
            determined that the major constituents  of  cement  kiln dust  are
            alumina, silica, metallic oxides, and clay  (the primary constituents of
            cement itself).  Cement kiln dust may also contain trace amounts of
            organic chemicals, such as dioxins and furans; heavy metals, such as
            cadmium, lead, and selenium; and certain radionuclides.

            Cement plants also  generate particulate and  gaseous  air emissions.!
            Sources of particulate emissions include raw material storage, grinding
            and blending, clinker production, finish grinding, and packaging. The
            largest emission source within cement plants is the  kiln operation,
            which includes the feed system, the fuel firing system, and the clinker
            cooling and hauling system. The kiln generates nitrogen oxides, sulfur
            oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons as part  of  the normal
            combustion of  fuel used to supply heat for cement kilns  and drying
            operations. Cement kilns also emit particulate matter, trace  metals,
            and certain organic compounds (AP-42,1991).

            The cement manufacturing process also generates wastewater from the
            cooling of process equipment and from  the recovery  of cement kiln
            dust  through wet scrubbing of kiln stack  emissions.   The pollutants
            contained  in  raw  wastewater  are  principally  dissolved  solids
            (potassium and sodium hydroxide, chlorides, and sulfates), suspended
            solids (calcium carbonate), and waste heat.  The  main control  and
            treatment methods  for  wastewater  involve  recycling and reusing
            wastewater. The  devices employed include cooling towers or ponds,
            settling ponds, containment ponds, and clarifiers.   Cooling towers or
            ponds are used to reduce the temperature of water used in cooling
            process   equipment.   Settling ponds  are  used to  reduce  the
            concentration of suspended solids.  Containment ponds  are used to
            dispose of waste kiln dust.  Clarifiers are used to separate solids.

            Plant maintenance waste at cement plants comes from machinery used
            in production  of  the clinker  and finishing and grinding operations.

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             This machinery generates a variety of waste oils and other lubrication
             waste.  Certain cement manufacturers have in-house laboratories to
             conduct product testing and research, which may produce solid and/or
             hazardous wastes.

                                     Exhibit?
                     Process Material Input/Pollutant Output

Concrete Product
Manufacturing
Cement
Manufacturing
Glass Product
Manufacturing
Clay Product
Manufacturing
Stone Product
Manufacturing
sources. L.ompuea j
Material Input
Cement, sand,
gravel, limestone,
aggregate
material
Lime, silica sand,
alumina, iron,
gypsum, by-
products (fly ash,
metal smelting
slags, mill scale)
Silica sand, soda
ash, limestone,
cullet, oxides
Kaolinite clay,
montmorillonite
clay, glazes
containing heavy
metals
Dimension stone
Air Emissions
Cement dust; sand
and gravel dust,
constituents from
burning of fuel
Cement kiln dust,
constituents from
burning of fuel,
particulate
matter, sulfur
dioxide, trace
metals, organic
compounds
Particulates,
fluorides, fugitive
dust, sulfur
dioxide
Particulates,
fluorides, acid
gases
Particulate
emissions
Process Wastes
Total dissolved
solids (potassium
and sodium
hydroxide), total
suspended solids
(calcium
carbonate), pH,
waste heat
Total dissolved
solids (potassium
and sodium
hydroxide), total
suspended solids
(calcium
carbonate), pH,
waste heat
Total dissolved
solids, total
suspended solids,
pH, heavy metals
Total dissolved
solids, total
suspended solids,
pH
Wastewater
containing dust
Other Waste
Equipment and
repair waste,
paint wastes
Cement kiln dust,
waste oil,
laboratory wastes,
waste oil
Materials
handling waste,
furnace slag, waste
oil
Materials
handling waste,
fired and unfired
scrap, waste oil,
paint wastes
Waste rock, waste
oil
rom Environmental Sources and Emissions Handbook. Air Pollution Engineering Manual, and
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology-
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Sector Notebook Project;
ffl.C  Management of Chemicals in Wastestream

            The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (EPA) requires facilities to report
            information about  the management of TRI chemicals in waste and
            efforts made to eliminate or reduce those quantities. These data have
            been  collected annually in Section 8 of  the TRI reporting Form R
            beginning with the 1991  reporting year.  The data summarized below
            cover the  years  1992-1995 and  is  meant to  provide a  basic
            understanding of the quantities of waste handled by the industry, the
            methods typically used to manage this waste, and recent trends in these
            methods. TRI waste management data can be used to assess trends in
            source reduction within individual industries and facilities,  and for
            specific TRI chemicals.  This information could then be used as a tool
            in identifying opportunities for  pollution prevention compliance
            assistance activities.

            While the quantities reported  for 1992  and  1993 are estimates of
            quantities already managed, the quantities reported for 1994 and 1995
            are projections only.  The EPA requires these projections to encourage
            facilities to  consider future waste generation and source reduction of
            those quantities as well  as movement up the waste management
            hierarchy.   Future-year estimates are not commitments that facilities
            reporting under TRI are required to meet.

            Exhibit 8 shows that the stone, clay, and  concrete products industry
            managed about 1.18 billion pounds of production-related waste (total
            quantity of TRI chemicals in  the waste  from  routine  production
            operations)  in  1993 (column B).   Column C .reveals  that of  this
            production-related waste, 2.3%  was  either transferred off-site or
            released to  the environment.  Column C is calculated by dividing the
            total  TRI transfers and releases by the total quantity of production-
            related waste.  In other words, about 96% of the industry's TRI wastes
            were managed on-site through recycling, energy recovery, or treatment
            as shown in columns D, E and F, respectively. The majority of waste
            that is released or transferred off-site can be divided into portions that
            are recycled off-site, recovered for energy off-site, or treated off-site as
            shown in columns  G, H, and I, respectively. The remaining portion of
            the production-related wastes  (2.2%), shown in column J, is  either
            released to the environment through  direct discharges to air, land,
            water, and underground injection, or it is disposed off-site.
                                                      j
            From the yearly data presented below it is apparent that the portion of
            TRI wastes reported as  recycled on-site has remained fairly constant
            and the portions treated or managed through energy recovery on-site
            have generally decreased between 1992 and 1995 (projected).
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                                       Exhibits
                  Source Reduction and Recycling Activity for SIC 32
A
Year
1992
1993
1994
1995
B
Production
Related
Waste
Volume
(106lbs.)»
1,259
1,186
1,212
1,449
C
% Reported as
Released
and
Transferred
3.6%
2.3%
	
—
D
E | F
On-Site
%
Recycled
7.52%
8.59%
8.55%
7.38%
% Energy
Recovery
73.83%
67.14%
68.40%
73.23%
% Treated
15.65%
20.76%
20.37%
17.16%
G
H
I
Off-Site
%
Recycled
0.21%
0.26%
0.19%
0.15%
% Energy
Recovery
0.33%
0.52%
0.16%
0.24%
%
Treated
0.34%
0.50%
0.23%
0.13%
J
Remaining
Releases
and
Disposal
2.21%
2.23%
2.10%
1.72%
September 1995
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                       Sector Notebook Project
IV.   CHEMICAL RELEASE AND TRANSFER PROFILE

            This section is designed to provide background information on the
            pollutant releases that are reported by this industry.  The best source of
            comparative pollutant release  information is the  Toxic  Release
            Inventory System  (TRI).  Pursuant  to the Emergency Planning and
            Community Right-to-Know Act, TRI  includes  self-reported facility
            release and transfer data for over 600 toxic chemicals.  Facilities within
            SIC Codes 20-39 (manufacturing industries)  that have more than 10
            employees, and that are above weight-based  reporting thresholds are
            required to report TRI on-site releases and off-site transfers.   The
            information presented within the sector notebooks is derived from the
            most recently available (1993) TRI reporting year (which then included
            316 chemicals), and focuses primarily on the  on-site releases reported
            by each sector.  Because TRI requires consistent reporting regardless of
            sector, it is an excellent tool for drawing comparisons across industries.

            Although this sector notebook does not present historical information
            regarding TRI chemical releases over time, please note that in general,
            toxic chemical releases have been declining.  In  fact, according to the
            1993 Toxic Release Inventory Data Book, reported releases dropped by
            42.7%  between 1988  and  1993.  Although on-site releases  have
            decreased, the  total amount of reported toxic waste has not  declined
            because the amount of toxic  chemicals  transferred  off-site has
            increased.  Transfers have increased from 3.7 billion pounds in 1991 to
            4.7 billion pounds in 1993.  Better management practices have led to
            increases  in off-site transfers of toxic  chemicals for recycling.  More
            detailed information  can be  obtained from  EPA's  annual Toxics
            Release Inventory Public  Data Release book (which  is  available
            through the EPCRA Hotline at 1-800-535-0202), or directly from the
            Toxic Release Inventory System database (for user support call 202-260-
            1531).

            Wherever possible, the sector notebooks present  TRI  data as the
            primary indicator  of chemical release within  each industrial category.
            TRI  data provide the type,  amount, and media receptor of each
            chemical  released or transferred.  When other sources of pollutant
            release  data have been obtained, these data have been included to
            augment the TRI information.

TRI Data Limitations

            The reader should keep in mind the  following limitations regarding
            TRI data. Within some sectors, the majority of facilities are not subject
            to TRI reporting because  they are not considered manufacturing
            industries, or because they are below TRI  reporting  thresholds.
 SIC Code 32
32
September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
             Examples are the mining, dry cleaning, printing, and  transportation
             equipment cleaning sectors.  For these sectors, release information
             from other sources has been  included.

             The reader should  also be  aware that  TRI "pounds released" data
             presented within the notebooks is not equivalent to a  "risk" ranking
             for each industry.  Weighting each pound of release equally does not
             factor in the relative toxicity of each chemical that is released. The
             Agency is in the  process  of  developing  an approach  to  assign
             toxicological weightings to  each chemical released so  that one  can
             differentiate between pollutants with significant differences in toxicity.
             As a  preliminary  indicator  of the environmental impact  of  the
             industry's most  commonly  released chemicals, the notebook  briefly
             summarizes the toxicological properties of the top  five  chemicals (by
             weight) reported by each industry.

Definitions Associated With Section IV Data Tables

General Definitions

             SIC Code — the  Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)  is a statistical
             classification standard used for all establishment-based Federal
             economic  statistics.   The SIC codes  facilitate  comparisons between
             facility and industry data.

             TRI Facilities —  are manufacturing facilities that have 10 or more full-
             time  employees and are above  established  chemical throughput
             thresholds.  Manufacturing facilities  are  defined  as facilities  in
             Standard Industrial Classification primary codes 20-39.  Facilities must
             submit estimates for all chemicals that are on the EPA's defined list
             and are above throughput thresholds.

Data Table Column Heading Definitions

             The following  definitions  are based  upon  standard definitions
             developed by EPA's Toxic Release Inventory Program.  The categories
            below represent  the possible pollutant destinations   that can be
             reported.
            RELEASES — are an on-site  discharge  of a  toxic chemical  to the
            environment.  This includes emissions to the air, discharges to  bodies
            of water, releases at the facility to land, as well as contained disposal
            into underground injection wells.
September 1995
33
SIC Code 32

-------
Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                       Sector Notebook Project
            Releases to Air (Point and Fugitive Air Emissions) — Include all air
            emissions  from industry activity.  Point emissions occur through
            confined air streams as found in  stacks, ducts, or  pipes.  Fugitive
            emissions include losses from equipment leaks, or evaporative losses
            from impoundments, spills,  or leaks.

            Releases to Water (Surface Water Discharges) - encompass any releases
            going directly to streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, or other bodies of water.
            Any estimates for stormwater runoff and non-point losses must also be
            included.

            Releases to Land — includes disposal of waste to on-site landfills, waste
            that is land treated or incorporated into soil, surface impoundments,
            spills,  leaks, or waste piles.  These activities must occur within the
            facility's boundaries for inclusion in this category.

            Underground  Injection — is a contained release of a fluid into a
            subsurface well for the purpose of waste disposal.

            TRANSFERS ~ is a transfer of toxic chemicals in wastes to a facility that
            is geographically or physically separate from the facility reporting
            under TRL  The quantities reported represent a movement of the
            chemical away from the reporting facility. Except for off-site transfers
            for disposal, these quantities do not necessarily represent entry of the
            chemical into the environment.

            Transfers  to POTWs — are wastewaters transferred through pipes or
            sewers to a publicly owned treatments works (POTW).  Treatment and
            chemical removal depend  on  the  chemical's nature  and treatment
            methods used.  Chemicals not treated or destroyed by the POTW are
            generally released to surface waters or landfilled within the sludge.

            Transfers  to  Recycling  —  are  sent  off-site for  the  purposes of
            regenerating or  recovering  still  valuable materials.  Once  these
            chemicals  have been recycled, they may be returned to the originating
            facility or sold commercially.

            Transfers to Energy Recovery — are  wastes combusted off-site in
            industrial furnaces for energy recovery. Treatment of a chemical by
            incineration is not considered to be energy recovery.

            Transfers to  Treatment — are wastes moved off-site for either
            neutralization,  incineration,  biological destruction,  or physical
            separation. In some cases, the chemicals  are not destroyed but prepared
            for further waste management.
 SIC Code 32
34
September 1995

-------
 Sector Notebook Project
     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
             Transfers to Disposal - are wastes taken to another facility for disposal
             generally as a release to land or as an injection underground.


 IV.A. EPA Toxic Release Inventory for the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
             Products Sector

             Facilities within SIC 32 reported releases of over 100 toxic chemicals in
             1993, including solvents,  acids, heavy metals, and other compounds.
             The concrete and cement  industries  reported high volumes of solvent
             releases.   Trichloroethylene  and  1,1,1,-trichloroethane  together
             accounted for more than a third of total releases from the concrete
             industry.  The flat glass  industry reported a relatively low level of
             releases, with sulfuric acid accounting for more than two-thirds of the
             industry  total.   Releases  from the fiberglass  industry included
             significant amounts of acids, heavy metals, and solvents.


             The TRI database'contains  a detailed compilation of self-reported,
             facility-specific chemical releases.  The top reporting facilities for this
             sector are listed below.  Facilities that have reported only the SIC codes
             covered under this  notebook appear in Exhibit 9.  Exhibit 10 contains
             additional facilities that have reported the SIC code covered within this
             report,  and one or more SIC codes that are not within the scope of this
             notebook.   Therefore,  Exhibit 10  includes facilities  that  conduct
             multiple operations — some that are under the scope of this notebook,
             and some  that are not.  Currently, the facility-level data  do not allow
             pollutant releases to be broken apart by industrial process.  Exhibit 11
             presents TRI reporting data for 1993  for SIC 32 by state.  Exhibit 12-13
             present SIC 32 TRI releases and transfers for 1993.
September 1995
35
SIC Code 32

-------
Stone, Clav, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                                                              Sector Notebook Project
                                         Exhibit 9
       Top 10 TRI Releasing Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Facilities (SIC 32)
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total TRI
Releases in
Pounds
6,528,036
1,336,954
1,309,956
1,244,025
760,050
659,598
641,598
556,811
497,630
426,470
Facility Name
Engelhard Corp.
Corning Inc., Canton Plant
Owens-Corning
Knauf Fiber Glass
Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp.
Dana Corp., Victor Products Div.
Schuller Intl. Inc., Plant 08
Lockheed Aeronautical Sys. Co.
Owens-Corning Fiberglass
Schuller Intl. Inc.
City
Jackson
Canton
Newark
Shelbyville
Kansas City
Robinson
Defiance
Marietta
Amarillo
Winder
State
MS
NY
OH
IN
KS
IL
OH
GA
TX
GA
                        Source: US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory uataoase,
Top
                                        Exhibit 10
            10 TRI Releasing Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Products Facilities
SIC Codes
3321,3274
3295
3295, 3274,
3559
3714,3231
3861, 3291,
2672
3229
3296
3296
3296
3293
Total TRI
Releases in
Pounds
10,618,719
6,528,036
2,135,035
1,727,400
1,389,650
1,336,954
1,309,956
1,244,025
760,050
659,598
Facility Name
Inland Steel Co.
Engelhard Corp.
Marine Shale Processors Inc.
Harman Automotive Inc.
3M Medical Imaging Sys.
Corning Inc. Canton Plant
Owens-Corning
Knauf Fiber Glass
Owens-Corning Fiberglass
Corp. KC
Dana Corp. Victor Products
Div.
City
East Chicago
Jackson
Amelia
Bolivar
White City
Canton
Newark
Shelbyville
Kansas City
Robinson
State
IN
MS
LA
TN
OR
NY
OH
IN
KS
IL
                        Source:  Lib tFA, 1 oxics Release inventory uataoase,
Note: Being included on this list does not mean that the release is associated with non-compliance
      with environmental laws.
 SIC Code 32
                                   36
September 1995

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Rector Notebook Project
      Stone, Pay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                                        Exhibit 11
                TRI Reporting Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
                                Facilities (SIC 32) by State
State
AL
AR
AZ
CA
CO
CT
FL
GA
IA
ID
IL
IN
KS
KY
LA
MA
MD
ME
MI
MN
MO
MS
NC
Number of
Facilities
18
14
4
45
13
4
9
20
7
1
24
25
12
17 .
6
4
5
2
28
8
16
10
27
State
ND
NE
NH
NJ
NY
OH
OK
OR
PA
PR
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VA
VT
WA
WI
WV
WY

Number of
Facilities
1
3
2
16
32
69
12
3
52
2
1
12
2
18
40
5
15
2
10
7
10
1

                       Source:  US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Database, 1993.
September 1995
37
SIC Code 32

-------
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                           Sector Notebook Project
                                       Exhibit 12
  Releases for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
              Number of Facilities (Releases Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Chromium Compounds
Barium Compounds
Manganese Compounds
SulfuricAcid
Ammonia
Zinc Compounds
Lead Compounds
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric Acid
Phenol
Chromium
Phosphoric Acid
Styrcne
Acetone
Dichloromcthane
Xylene (Mixed Isomers)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Toluene
Manganese
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Mcthanol
Hydrogen Fluoride
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Ethylbcnzene
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Lead
Antimony Compounds
Ammonium Sulfate
(Solution)
Barium
Aluminum (Fume Or
Dust)
Nickel Compounds
Chlorine
Mcthylenebis
(Phenylisocyanate)

Nickel
Nitric Acid
1,2,4-
Trimethylbenzene
Benzene
Copper Compounds
N-Butyl Alcohol
Trichloroethylene
ft/Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
107
96
91
63
61
56
51
49
48
43
41
41
41
39
38
38
37
37
32
30
30
27
25
23
21
19
19
18
16
15
14
11
11
10
9
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
Fugitive
Air
15815
14492
9382
1969
346223
6620
5245
198841
17520
27935
1352
1351
423151
204221
157173
253985
76042
196552
5013
1015
4626
262825
3780
2677
3779
31699
73917
1382
1491
106
250
500
790
1850
1
44744
532
27760
7330
369
5033
19036
6431
Point Air
14747
167275
2846
369701
5155539
19231
69270
2426028
2049039
912472
3005
3620
63833
130784
179356
224303
151035
816648
4406
41851
106982
481616
504539
55029
6844
65310
310431
8627
4684
66781
14110
761
1623
40990
0
16562
860
20615
13187
195
1007
17700
396368
Water
Discharges
2734
1733
765
0
102816
39019
1895
4774
207
10760
5
1160
0
0
0
250
0
0
250
0
0
0
113
0
0
5
0
41
702
0
260
0
297
21004
0
5
0
250
0
0
279
0
0
Under-
ground
Injection
0
0
0
6521124
0
0
0
0
45000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Land
Disposal
89301
45198
254194
130000
71150
186150
233617
111488
64860
14112
47397
29838
81000
0
0
0
0
0
272018
31915
8858
23000
20
0
0
0
0
20901
0
9555
5
750
82636
0
1390
2411
8053
0
0
0
2821
0
0
Total
Releases
122597
228698
267187
7022794
5675728
251020
310027
2741131
2176626
965279
51759
35969
567984
335005
336529
478538
227077
1013200
281687
74781
120466
767441
508452
57706
10623
97014
384348
30951
6877
76442
14625
2011
85346
63844
1391
63722
9445
48625
20517
564
9140
36736
402799
Average
Releases
per Facility
1146
2382
2936
111473
93045
4483
6079
55941
45346
22448
1262
877
13853
8590
8856
12593
6137
27384
8803
2493
4016
28424
20338
2509
506
5106
20229
1720
430
5096
1045
183
7759
6384
155
7965
1181
6078
2565
81
1306
5248
57543
                      Source:  US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Database, 1993.
SIC Code 32
38
September 1995

-------
Sector Notebook Project
     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                                  Exhibit 12 (cont'd)
  Releases for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
              Number of Facilities (Releases Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Aluminum Oxide
(Fibrous Form)
Arsenic Compounds
Diethanolamine
Ammonium Nitrate
(Solution)
Cadmium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
O-Xylene
Chloroform
Cobalt
Copper
Di(2-Ethylhexyl)
Phthalate
Methyl Methacrylate
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Asbestos (Friable)
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
Creosote
Naphthalene
Sec-Butyl Alcohol
Zinc (Fume Or Dust)
2-Ethoxyethanol
Antimony
Biphenyl
Chlorobenzene
Cumene
Cyclohexane
Decabromodiphenyl
Oxide
Freon 113
Isopropyl Alcohol
(Manufacturing
M-Xylene
Propylene
Titanium Tetrachloride
1,2-Butylene Oxide
1 ,4-Dioxane
2-Methoxyethanol
Acetonitrile
Aliphatic Alcohol
Allyl Alcohol
Aniline
Anthracene
Butyl Acrylate
Butyraldehyde
Cresol (Mixed Isomers)
Cyanide Compounds
ft/Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fugitive
Air
590
360
1250
121126
13
5
2915
264
27
252
0
654
850
265
250
5
3650
4371
0
1205
5
50
11
33
250
5
30642
933
4005
5
23
565
250
5
1500
0
5
0
5
0
0
113
5
Pout Air
500
10969
47375
5
13
1832
3315
73
0
512
275
70
81590
938
1750
.240
70625
468
255
55805
5
1
115
32
255
5
0
673
750
5
0
100
254
230
260
320
5
0
0
250
0
108
0
Water
Discharges
250
422
0
0
93
0
0
0
0
254
0
0
0
250
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
45
0
260
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Under-
ground
Injection
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Land
Disposal
250
5
12039
0
0
0
0
0
0
306
0
0
0
67367
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
250
0
0
0
0
Total
Releases
1590
11756
60664
121131
119
1837
6230
337
27
1324
275
724
82440
68820
2000
245
74275
4839
255
57010
16
51
126
65
505
' 55
30642
S
4755
10
23
665
504
235
1760
320
10
0
255
250
0
221
5
Average
Releases
per Facility
265
1959
10111
24226
24
367
1246
84
7
331
69
181
20610
22940
667
82
24758
1613
85
19003
8
26
63
33
253
28
15321
2
2378
5
12
333
252
118
1760
320
10
0
255
250
0
221
5
                     Source: US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Database, 1993.
September 1995
39
SIC Code 32

-------
Stone, day/ Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                          Sector Notebook Project
                                  Exhibit 12 (cont'd)
  Releases for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
              Number of Facilities (Releases Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Diaminotoluene (Mixed
Isomers)
Dibutyl Phthalate
Dichlorobenzene
(Mixed Isomers)
Diethyl Phthalate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethylene Oxide
Fluometuron
Isobutyraldehyde
M-Cresol
Methyl Acrylate
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Nitrobenzene
P-Xylene
Polychlorinated
Biphcnyls
Pyridine
Selenium
Selenium Compounds
Tcrt-Butyl Alcohol
Toluenediisocyanate
(Mixed Isomers)
Trichlorofluoromethane
Vinyl Acetate
Totals
ft/Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
•1
1
1
1
1
1
1






1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
634
Fugitive
Air
4
0
6
0
180
5
5
5
5
0
0
5
6
3400
0,
1
0
0
250
3
4439
5
2,649,586
Point Air
4
0
106
1
1
5
0
5
5
1
0
5
100
920
0
1
0
32149
5
2
0
5
15,253,103
Water
Discharges
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
190904
Under-
ground
Injection
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6,566,124
Land
Disposal
0
750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1903,605
Total
Releases
8
750
112
1
181
10
5
10
10
1
0
10
106
4320
0
2
0
32149
255
5
4439
10
26,561,456
Average
Releases
per Facility
8
750
112
1
181
10
5
10
10
1
0
10
106
4320
0
2
0
32149
255

4439
10
41,895
                      Source: US EPA, Toxics Release inventory DataBase,
                                      Exhibit 13
 Transfers for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
              Number of Facilities (Transfers Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Chromium
Compounds
Barium Compounds
Manganese
Compounds 	
SulfuricAcid
Ammonia
Zinc Compounds
Lead Compounds
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric Acid
Phenol
Chromium
Phosphoric Acid
# Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
1612846
1568224
64675
77905
239910
1202327
3584112
137551
201595
86292
2443465
60849
POTW
Disharges
2082
11856
11458
17791
207712
5543
2818
72215
64335
11194
0
9718
Disposal
692929
1495116
51111
.
30481
879399
2455421
39068
f
43648
1907814
51131
Recycling
883908
52133
204


149844
965797

.

519021

Treatment
33927
9119
1902
60114
1715
167291
137787
20348
137260
19619
16630

Energy
Recovery

.


2

22289
5920
.
11831

•
lotal
Transfers
107
96
91
63
61
56
51
49
48
43
41
41
Average
Transfers
per
Facility
15073
16336
711
1237
3933
21470
70277
2807
4200
2007
59597
1484
                      Source:  US EPA, Toxics Release inventory uataoase, J.yys.
SIC Code 32
40
September 1995

-------
Sector Notebook Project
     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                                  Exhibit 13 (cont'd)
 Transfers for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
              Number of Facilities (Transfers Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Styrene
Acetone
Dichloromethane
Xylene (Mixed
Isomers)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Toluene
Manganese
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Methanol
Hydrogen Fluoride
Methyl Isobutyl
Ketone
Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane ,
Lead
Antimony Compounds
Ammonium Sulfate
(Solution)
Barium
Aluminum (Fume Or
Dust)
Nickel Compounds
Chlorine
Methy lenebi s(Pheny li
socyanate)

Nickel
Nitric Acid
1,2,4-
Trimethylbenzene
Benzene
Copper Compounds
N-Butyl Alcohol
Trichloroethylene
Aluminum Oxide
(Fibrous Form)
Arsenic Compounds
Diethanolamine
Ammonium Nitrate
(Solution)
Cadmium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
O-Xylene
Chloroform
Cobalt
Copper
# Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
41
39
38
38
37
37
32
30
30
27
25
23
21
19
19
18
16
15
14
11
11
10
9
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
POTW
Disharges
12000
0
0
3700
0
0
250
33693
1020
3318
183906
0
0
0
0
32
2334
3428
1790
0
500
0
0
5
0
325
0
0
250
3400
0
500
105
0
0
0
48
0
0
0
0
Disposal
7203
-250
250
131
46250
6
276723
10283
1290
600
30




26079
192940
14631
61352
196
5633

21300

6500
9000

0
5098
11
19550
105477
89444
2460

51555
1287

0
30
1280
Recycling
5100
2575
54918
38896
7626
61276
3157
5027

24
.
20
58

80082
81063
1655
•
14255

10277
2733
2301

24000


2863
19500

25771

47056
t

0
16992
.
.
37651
287828
Treatment
14725
154131
9640
185661
166934
343010
87940
8426
12806
1 14027
182858
27409
4545
29111
29302
7579
360
•
220
250

2455
692
372486

738130
1531
250
2300
5142
7000

16


414
4357
46
10000
12700
5
Energy
Recovery
8965
487072
42517
1592754
828414
1856567
t
11191
40530
145100

267053
332311
33800
42931
212






6217



4880
25453
f
3188
18492


1333



54974
9500


Total
Transfers
47993
644028
107325
1821142
1049224
2263683
368070
68620
55646
263069
366794
294482
336914
62911
152315
114965
197289
18059
77617
451
16410
5188
30510
372491
30500
747455
6411
28566
27148
11741
70813
105977
136621
3793
0
51969
22684
55020
19500
50381
289113
Average
Transfers
per Facility
1171
16514
2824
47925
28357
61181
11502
2287
1855
9743
14672
12804
16044
3311
8017
6387
12331
1204
5544
41
1492
519
3390
46561
3813
93432
801
4081
3878
1677
10116
17663
22770
632
0
10394
4537
11004
4875
12595
72278
                      Source:  US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Database, 1993.
September 1995
41
SIC Code 32

-------
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                           Sector Notebook Project
                                  Exhibit 13 (cont'd)
 Transfers for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
              Number of Facilities (Transfers Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Di(2-Ethylhexyl)
Phthalate
Methyl Methacrylate
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Asbestos (Friable)
Butyl Benzyl
Phthalate
Creosote
Naphthalene
Sec-Butyl Alcohol
Zinc (Fume Or Dust)
2-Ethoxyethanol
Antimony
Biphenyl
Chlorobenzene
Cumcne
Cyclohcxane
Decabromodiphenyl
Oxide
Freon 113
Isopropyl Alcohol
(Manufacturing
M-Xylene
Propylene
Titanium Tetrachloride
1,2-Butylene Oxide
1 ,4-Dioxane
2-Mcthoxyethanol
Acctoni trite
Aliphatic Alcohol
AHyl Alcohol
Aniline
Anthracene
Butyl Acrylate
Butyraldehyde
Cresol (Mixed
Isomcrs)
Cyanide Compounds
Totals
# Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2






1
1
1
634
POTW
Disharges
1060
0
0
7
2116
0
0
0
250
630
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
671,389
Disposal
7270
t

45000
64688
5450
.
.
13273
t
f

.
.

0
r



.
.
.
.
.
,

.
f


•
r
8,738,638
Recycling




9258




.
750
.
.
.
.

.


.
.
.






.
.


.
12,152,257
Treatment
3000



1000
750

1200
.
14560
.
.
12000

%
1068
.
5740
44


6

285




.


•

. 3,181,823
Energy
Recovery
-
.
'.




.

33300
.
.
13400
.
.


3868
48415
.
.
.
.
940
.
.
.





.
5,953,419
Total
Transfers
11330
0
0
45007
77062
6200
0
1200
13523
48490
750
0
25400
0
0
1068
0
9608
48459
0
0
6
0
1225
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21,961,967
Average
Transfers
per
Facility
2833
0
0
15002
25687
2067
0
400
4508
16163
375
0
12700
0
0
534
0
4804
24230
0
0
3
0
613
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,500
                       Source: US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Database,
SIC Code 32
42
September 1995

-------
Sectoi Notebook Project
     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
IV.B.  Summary of Selected Chemicals Released
             The following  is a  synopsis  of current scientific toxicity and fate
             information for the top chemicals (by weight) that facilities within this
             sector self-reported as released to the environment based upon 1993
             TRI data. Because this section is based upon self-reported release data,
             it does not attempt to provide information on management practices
             employed by  the sector to reduce the  release of these chemicals.
             Information regarding pollutant release reductions  over time may be
             available from  EPA's TRI and  33/50 programs, or directly from the
             industrial trade  associations  that are listed in Section IX  of this
             document.  Since these  descriptions are cursory,  please consult the
             sources referenced below for a more detailed description of both the
             chemicals described in this section, and the  chemicals that  appear on
             the full list of TRI chemicals appearing in Section IV.A.

             The brief descriptions provided below were taken from the 1993 Toxics
             Release Inventory Public Data  Release (EPA,  1994),  the Hazardous
             Substances Data  Bank (HSDB), and the Integrated Risk Information
             System (IRIS), both accessed via TOXNET1.  The information contained
             below is based  upon exposure assumptions that have been conducted
             using standard  scientific  procedures. The effects listed below must be
             taken  in context  of these  exposure  assumptions that are more fully
             explained within the full chemical profiles in HSDB.
1 TOXNET is a computer system run by the National Library of Medicine that includes a number of
toxicological databases managed by EPA, National Cancer Institute, and the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. For more information on TOXNET, contact the TOXNET help line at
1-800-231-3766. Databases included in TOXNET are: CCRIS (Chemical Carcinogenesis Research
Information System), DART (Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Database), DBIR (Directory of
Biotechnology Information Resources), EMICBACK (Environmental Mutagen Information Center
Backfile), GENE-TOX (Genetic Toxicology), HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank), IRIS
(Integrated Risk Information System), RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances), and
TRI (Toxic Chemical Release Inventory). HSDB contains chemical-specific information on
manufacturing and use, chemical and physical properties, safety and handling, toxicity and biomedical
effects, pharmacology, environmental fate and exposure potential, exposure standards and regulations,
monitoring and analysis methods, and additional references.
September 1995
43
SIC Code 32

-------
Stone, Clay/ Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
Ammonia
            The top ten chemicals released by the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
            Products Industry in 1993 were:

            Ammonia
            Formaldehyde
            Hydrochloric acid
            Hydrogen fluoride
            Methanol
            Phenol
            Styrene
            Sulfuric acid
            Toluene
            Xylene (mixed isomers)

            Summaries of some of the health and environmental impacts of
            several of these chemicals follows:
            Toxicity.  Anhydrous ammonia is irritating to the skin, eyes, nose,
            throat, and upper respiratory system.

            Ecologically, ammonia is a source of nitrogen (an essential element for
            aquatic plant growth), and may therefore; contribute to eutrophication
            of standing or slow-moving surface water, particularly in nitrogen-
            limited waters such as the  Chesapeake Bay. In addition, aqueous
            ammonia is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms.

            Carcinogenicity. There  is currently no evidence to suggest that this
            chemical is carcinogenic.

            Environmental Fate.  Ammonia combines with  sulfate ions in the
            atmosphere and is washed out by rainfall, resulting in rapid return of
            ammonia to the soil and  surface waters.

            Ammonia  is  a central  compound in the environmental cycling of
            nitrogen.  Ammonia in lakes, rivers, and streams is converted to
            nitrate.

            Physical Properties. Ammonia is a corrosive and severely irritating gas
            with a pungent odor.
 SIC Code 32
                                    44
       September 1995

-------
Sector Notebook Project
    Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Formaldehyde
            Toxicity.  Ingestion of formaldehyde leads to damage to the mucous
            membranes  of mouth, throat,  and  intestinal  tract; severe pain,
            vomiting,  and diarrhea result.  Inhalation of low concentrations can
            lead to irritation of the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract. Inhalation of
            high concentrations of formaldehyde causes severe damage to the
            respiratory system and to the heart, and may even lead to death. Other
            symptoms from exposure to  formaldehyde include:  headache,
            weakness, rapid heartbeat, symptoms of shock, gastroenteritis, central
            nervous system depression, vertigo, stupor, reduced body temperature,
            and coma. Repeated contact with skin promotes allergic reactions,
            dermatitis, irritation, and hardening.  Contact with eyes causes injuries
            ranging  from minor, transient injury to  permanent  blindness,
            depending on the concentration of the formaldehyde solution.  In
            addition,  menstrual disorders and  secondary sterility have  been
            reported in women exposed to formaldehyde.

            Carcinogenicity.  Formaldehyde is a probable human carcinogen via
            both inhalation  and  oral exposure, based  on limited evidence in
            humans and sufficient evidence in animals.

            Environmental   Fate.   Most  formaldehyde is  released  to  the
            environment as a gas, and is rapidly broken down by sunlight and
            reactions with atmospheric ions.  Its initial oxidation product, formic
            acid, is a component of  acid  rain.  The  rest of  the  atmospheric
            formaldehyde is  removed via dry deposition, rain or dissolution into
            surface waters. Biodegradation of formaldehyde in water takes place in
            a few days.  Volatilization of formaldehyde dissolved in water is low.
            Bioaccumulation of formaldehyde does not occur.

            When  released  onto  the  soil,  aqueous  solutions  containing
            formaldehyde  will leach through the soil.  While  formaldehyde is
            biodegradable under both aerobic and  anaerobic conditions, its fate in.
            soil and groundwater is unknown.

            Although  formaldehyde is found in remote areas, it is probably not
            transported there, but rather is likely a result of the local generation of
            formaldehyde  front  longer-lived  precursors  which  have been
            transported there.
September 1995
45
SIC Code 32

-------
Stone/ Clay, Glass/ and Concrete Products Industry
                        Sector Notebook Project
Hydrochloric Acid
            Toxicity. Hydrochloric acid is primarily a concern in its aerosol form.
            Acid  aerosols have been implicated in causing and exacerbating a
            variety of  respiratory ailments.  Dermal exposure and ingestion of
            highly concentrated hydrochloric acid can result in corrosivity.

            Ecologically, accidental releases of solution forms of hydrochloric acid
            may adversely affect aquatic life by including a transient lowering of
            the pH (i.e., increasing the acidity) of surface waters.

            Carcinogenicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that this
            chemical is carcinogenic.

            Environmental Fate. Releases of hydrochloric acid to surface waters
            and soils will be neutralized to an extent due to the buffering capacities
            of both systems.  The extent of these  reactions will depend on the
            characteristics of the specific environment.

            Physical  Properties. Concentrated  hydrochloric acid is  highly
            corrosive.
Methanol
            Toxicity.  Methanol is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
            and the respiratory tract, and is toxic to humans in moderate to high
            doses.  In the body, methanol is converted into formaldehyde and
            formic acid. Methanol is excreted as formic acid.  Observed toxic effects
            at high dose levels generally include central nervous system damage
            and blindness.  Long-term exposure to high levels of methanol via
            inhalation cause liver and blood damage in animals.

            Ecologically, methanol is expected to have low toxicity to aquatic
            organisms.   Concentrations lethal  to  half the organisms of a test
            population  are  expected to exceed 1 mg methanol per liter water.
            Methanol is not likely to persist in water or to bioaccumulate in aquatic
            organisms.

            Carcinogenicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that this
            chemical is carcinogenic.

            Environmental Fate.  Liquid methanol is likely to evaporate when left
            exposed.   Methanol  reacts  in  air to produce  formaldehyde which
            contributes to the formation of air pollutants. In the atmosphere it can
            react  with other atmospheric  chemicals or be  washed out by  rain.
SIC Code 32
46
September 1995

-------
Sector Notebook Project
     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
            Methanol is readily degraded by microorganisms in soils and surface
            waters.
            Physical Properties. Methanol is highly flammable.
Sulfuric Acid
Toluene
            Toxicity.  Concentrated sulfuric acid is corrosive.  In its aerosol form,
            sulfuric acid has been implicated in causing and exacerbating a variety
            of respiratory ailments.

            Ecologically, accidental releases of solution forms of sulfuric acid may
            adversely affect aquatic life by inducing a transient lowering of the pH
            (i.e., increasing the acidity) of surface waters.  In addition, sulfuric acid
            in its aerosol form is also a component of  acid rain.   Acid rain can
            cause serious damage to crops and forests.

            Carcinogenicity.  There  is currently no evidence to suggest that this
            chemical is carcinogenic.

            Environmental  Fate.  Releases of sulfuric acid to surface waters and
            soils will be neutralized to an extent due to the buffering capacities of
            both  systems.  The extent of these reactions  will depend on  the
            characteristics of the specific environment.

            In the atmosphere,  aerosol forms of sulfuric acid  contribute to acid
            rain.  These aerosol  forms can travel large distances from the point of
            release before the acid is deposited on land and surface waters in the
            form of rain.
            Toxicity. Inhalation or ingestion of toluene  can cause headaches,
            confusion, weakness, and memory loss.  Toluene may also affect the
            way the kidneys and liver function.

            Reactions  of toluene (see environmental  fate) in the atmosphere
            contribute to the formation of ozone in the lower atmosphere.  Ozone
            can  affect the respiratory system, especially in sensitive individuals
            such as asthma or allergy sufferers.

            Some studies have  shown that unborn animals were harmed when
            high levels of toluene were inhaled by their mothers, although the
            same effects were not seen when the mothers were fed large quantities
            of toluene.  Note that these results may reflect similar difficulties in
            humans.
September 1995
47
SIC Code 32

-------
Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                        Sector Notebook Project
            Carcinogenicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that this
            chemical is carcinogenic.

            Environmental Fate. The majority of releases of toluene to land and
            water will  evaporate.    Toluene may also  be  degraded  by
            microorganisms.   Once volatized,  toluene in the lower atmosphere
            will react with other atmospheric  components contributing  to  the
            formation of ground-level ozone and other air pollutants.

            Physical Properties. Toluene is a volatile organic chemical.
Xvlene (Mixed Isomers)
            Toxicity. Xylenes are rapidly absorbed into the body after inhalation,
            ingestion, or skin contact.  Short-term exposure of humans  to high
            levels of xylenes can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat,
            difficulty in breathing, impaired lung function, impaired memory, and
            possible changes in the liver and kidneys.  Both short- and long-term
            exposure to high concentrations can cause effects such as headaches,
            dizziness, confusion, and lack of muscle coordination.  Reactions of
            xylenes (see environmental fate) in the atmosphere contribute to the
            formation of ozone  in the lower atmosphere.  Ozone can affect the
            respiratory system, especially  in sensitive individuals such as asthma
            or allergy sufferers.

            Carcinogenicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that this
            chemical is carcinogenic.

            Environmental Fate. The majority of releases to land and water will
            quickly evaporate, although some degradation.by microorganisms will
            occur.

            Xylenes are  moderately  mobile  in  soils  and may   leach  into
            groundwater, where they may persist for several years.

            Xylenes are volatile organic chemicals.  As such,  xylenes in the lower
            atmosphere  will  react  with  other  atmospheric  components,
            contributing to the  formation of ground-level ozone and other air
            pollutants.
SIC Code 32
48
September 1995

-------
Sector Notebook Project
     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
IV.C.  Other Data Sources
             The Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) contains a wide
             range of information related to stationary  sources of air pollution,
             including the emissions of a number of air pollutants which may be of
             concern within a particular industry.  With the exception of volatile
             organic compounds  (VOCs),  there  is  little overlap  with  the TRI
             chemicals  reported above.   Exhibit 14 summarizes annual releases of
             carbon monoxide  (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter of 10
             microns or less (PM10), total particulates (FT), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and
             volatile organic compounds  (VOCs).
September 1995
49
SIC Code 32

-------
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
                                        Exhibit 14
                         Pollutant Releases (Short Tons/Year)
Industry
U.S. Total
Metal Mining
Nonmetal Mining
Lumber and Wood
Products
Wood Furniture and
Fixtures
Pulp and Paper
Printing
Inorganic Chemicals
Organic Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Misc. Plastic
Products
Stone, Clay, Glass,
and Concrete
Iron and Steel
Nonferrous Metals
Fabricated Metals
Electronics
Motor Vehicles, Bodies,
Parts, and Accessories
Dry Cleaning
CO
97,208,000
5,391
4,525
123,756
2,069
624,291
8,463
166,147
146,947
419,311
2,090
58,043
1,518,642
448,758
3,851
367
35,303
101
N02
23,402,000
28,583
28,804
42,658
2,981
394,448
4,915
108,575
236,826
380,641
11,914
338,482
138,985
55,658
16,424
1,129
23,725
179
PMio
45,489,000
39,359
59,305
14,135
2,165
35,579
399
4,107
26,493
18,787
2,407
74,623
42,368
20,074
1,185
207
2,406
3
PT
7,836,000
140,052
167,948
63,761
3,178
113,571
1,031
39,082
44,860
36,877
5,355
171,853
83,017
22,490
3,136
293
12,853
28
S02
21,888,000
84,222
24,129
9,149
1,606
341,002
1,728
182,189
132,459
648,153
29,364
339,216
238,268
373,007
4,019
453
25,462
152
voc
23,312,000
1,283
1,736
41,423
59,426
96,875
101,537
52,091
201,888
309,058
140,741
30,262
82,292
27,375
102,186
4,854
101,275
7,310
                   Source U.S. EPA Office of Air and Radiation, Airs Database, May
 SIC Code 32
                                         50
        September 1995

-------
 Sector Notebook Project
      Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
 IV.D. Comparison of Toxic Release Inventory Between Selected Industries

             The following information is presented as a comparison of pollutant
             release and transfer data across industrial categories.  It is provided to
             give a general sense as to the relative scale of releases and transfers
             within each sector profiled under this project.  Please note that the
             following table does not contain releases and  transfers for industrial
             categories that are not included in this project, and thus cannofbe used
             to draw conclusions  regarding the total release and transfer amounts
             that are reported to  TRI.  Similar information  is available  within the
             annual TRI Public Data Release book.

             Exhibit 15 is a graphical representation of a summary of the 1993 TRI
             data for the Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Products industry and the
             other sectors profiled  in separate notebooks. The bar graph presents the
             total TRI releases and total transfers on the left axis and the triangle
             points show the average releases  per facility on the right axis. Industry
             sectors are presented in  the order of increasing  total TRI releases.  The
             graph is based on the data shown in Exhibit 16 and is meant to facilitate
             comparisons between the relative  amounts of releases, transfers, and
             releases per facility both within and between these sectors.  The reader
             should note, however, that differences in the proportion of facilities
             captured by TRI exist between industry sectors.  This can be  a factor of
             poor SIC matching and  relative differences in the number of facilities
             reporting to TRI from the various sectors.  In the case of Stone, Clay,
             Glass and Concrete Products industry, the 1993 TRI data presented here
             covers  634 facilities. These facilities listed SIC 32 Stone, Clay, Glass and
             Concrete Products industry as a primary SIC code.
September 1995
51
                                                                     SIC Code 32

-------
Stone. Clay, Glass,-and Concrete Products Industry
                                           Sector Notebook Project
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                                          52
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Stone, Gay, Glass/ and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
V.    POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES

            The best way to reduce pollution is to prevent it in the first place.
            Some companies have  creatively implemented pollution prevention
            techniques that improve efficiency and increase profits while at the
            same time minimizing  environmental impacts.  This can be done in
            many ways such as reducing material inputs, re-engineering processes
            to reuse by-products, improving management practices, and employing
            substitution of toxic chemicals.  Some smaller facilities are able to
            actually  get below regulatory thresholds just by reducing pollutant
            releases through aggressive pollution prevention policies.

            In order to encourage these approaches, this section provides general
            descriptions of some pollution prevention advances  that have  been
            implemented  within the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
            industry.   While the  list is not exhaustive, it does provide  core
            information that can  be  used as  the  starting  point for  facilities
            interested  in beginning their own pollution prevention  projects.
            When possible, this section provides information from real  activities
            that can,  or  are being implemented by  this  sector ~  including a
            discussion of associated costs, time frames, and expected rates of return.
            This section provides summary information from activities that may
            be,  or are being implemented  by  this  sector.   When  possible,
            information is provided that gives the context in which the techniques
            can be effectively used. Please note  that the activities described in this
            section do not necessarily apply to all facilities that fall within this
            sector. Facility-specific conditions must be carefully considered when
            pollution prevention options are evaluated, and the full impacts of the
            change must  examine  how each option affects, air, land, and water
            pollutant releases.

            Pollution prevention techniques available to this  industry  can be
            classified into the following categories: 1) source reduction, 2) recycling
            and reuse, and 3) improved operating practices.

            The first  pollution prevention technique, source reduction, includes
             chemical substitution and process modification options that can reduce
             or eliminate  the  use  of hazardous substances and the  resulting
             generation of hazardous waste and other  environmental releases.
             Source  reduction  also includes  technological improvements and
             process modifications  to reduce or eliminate waste generation.  The
             second pollution prevention technique, recycling and reuse, returns a
             waste to the  manufacturing process .as a raw material.  The  third
             technique, improved operating processes, relies on  changes made to
             the way products are manufactured in order to reduce waste.  The
             following are pollution prevention techniques for this industry.

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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
 V.A.  Glass
 Recycling and Reuse
             In the glass manufacturing industry, one opportunity for pollution
             prevention is increasing the use of waste glass, or cullet, as a feedstock.
             The  primary  environmental  benefit of increasing cullet  use is the
             reduction of the amount of cullet requiring disposal.  Currently, about
             67 percent of all cullet is landfilled or stockpiled.  Glass manufacturers
             typically use 30 percent cullet along with  raw materials to make new
             glass. Increasing the use of cullet reduces energy consumption, since it
             requires  less energy to melt cullet than to melt other raw materials.
             One  problem  with using cullet is that the composition of the cullet
             may vary widely from the virgin batch,  leading to product quality
             problems.  Waste glass which is not reused on site can be used in the
             production of road materials (known as glasphalt).

             Refractory scrap from glass  facilities  can also be recycled.  Spent
             refractory brick can be used  as a feedstock  by brick manufacturers
             without affecting the  quality of the final product.  Since refractory
             bricks only have to be replaced approximately every ten years, recycling
             of this  materials  is  a  relatively  minor pollution  prevention
             opportunity.
             Glass container recycling has been increasing, from over 20 percent in
             1988 to 37 percent in 1994. This recycling rate reflects the percentage of
             container actually recycled by manufacturers, not just the percentage
             collected.  Recycled container glass is used in the production of new
             bottles and jars as well as in secondary markets such as fiberglass and
             glasphalt (Glass Packaging Institute, May 1995).

Improved Operating  Practices

             A major quantity of hazardous waste generated from glass making is
             generated  in the receiving and delivery areas. Improvements such as
           \  clean-up and maintenance in receiving areas can minimize this waste.
             Keeping the receiving areas  clean would allow material spills to be
             collected and added  to the raw materials.  Also, by paving receiving
             areas, collection and  clean-up becomes much  more efficient and
             effective and allows spilled material to be identified and separated for
             recycling back into the process.

             Air  pollution  control technologies  used  in  the  glass industry
             commonly  transfer contaminants from  one media (air)  to  another
             (water or hazardous waste).  Process improvements can help reduce
             total waste generation and improve manufacturing efficiency.  One

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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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            available process  improvement is-called "Rapid Melting Systems,"
            which involves preheating the batch prior to melting.  This practice
            reduces process time, energy consumption, and air emissions.  The
            substitution of oxygen  for combustion  air  is another  process
            improvement which  can reduce nitrogen oxide  and  particulate
            emissions.  The drawbacks of using pure oxygen rather than air are its
            high cost and localized hot spots during combustion.

V.B.  Concrete

Source  Reduction

            Source reduction in the concrete industry can be  achieved through raw
            material  substitution.    For example,  many  concrete  product
            manufacturers have moved from  volatile organic compound (VOC)-
            mold release agents to trichloroethane (TCA)-based agents due to air
            quality restrictions on VOC material.  However, TCA has been added to
            the list of ozone depleting substances and will be phased out by 2002.
            Concrete product  manufacturers that use TCA  as a mold release are
            working with mold release manufacturers to  develop alternatives,
            such as water-based mold-releases.

 Improved Operating Practices

            Alternative cement finishing processes, including the use of water-
            based and powder coatings, can  reduce the amount of paint-related
            wastes generated  by manufacturers  of cement products.  Water-based
            coatings can be applied by conventional spray, airless, or air assisted
            airless guns.  Since water has a higher density  than organic solvents,
             overspray is reduced and transfer efficiency is  improved.   Powder
             coatings, made by mixing resins with a hardener, pigments, and other
             additives, are 100 percent solids  that are applied to parts of. various
             shapes, sizes, and materials of construction. Transfer efficiencies in
             powder coating application are  high, and no solvents are used in
             manufacturing or applying the coatings. Paint that does not adhere to
             the  workpiece is collected  and reused.   Consequently, there are
             virtually no emissions and  very little waste  from powder coating
             systems.  Powder coating systems require new  application equipment,
             which can be a major capital cost for some companies.
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 Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
 V.C.  Cement
             Cement kiln dust is  the  largest waste stream  produced  by cement
             manufacturers.  The following discussion therefore focuses primarily
             on pollution prevention opportunities in the cement industry as they
             relate  to  cement kiln dust.   Pollution  prevention  opportunities
             discussed below reflect EPA's findings in the 1993 Report to Congress
             on Cement Kiln Dust.
 Source Reduction
             One  approach to pollution prevention in  the cement industry is to
             minimize the production of cement kiln dust. There are three primary
             means to decrease the amount of dust generated by a kiln.  Dust can be
             minimized by  reducing gas  turbulence in the kiln and avoiding
             excessive flow velocities.  The use of chains near the cool end of the
             kiln can also minimize dust by trapping the  dust before it is released in
             the kiln exhaust. Most kilns are already equipped with such cool-end
             chain sections.  The use of fuels with a low  ash content, such as liquid
             hazardous wastes, can also reduce the amount of cement kiln dust
             generated.

Recycling and Reuse

             Cement  kiln dust generated from the baghouse dust collectors can be
             reused both on-site and  off-site. Direct return of dust to the kiln is a
             common recycling practice.  The dust may be returned to the hot end,
             to the middle of the  kiln,  or to the feed material. However, cement
             kiln dust can only be reused if contaminant concentrations fall within
             specified limits, because clinker quality can be affected by the presence
             of certain constituents.  Alkali metals, such as lithium, sodium,  and
             potassium, are of primary concern.  The raw materials used to produce
             clinker  and the kiln  fuel influence the chemical composition of the
             dust generated, and thus may affect recycling rates.

             Cement kiln  dust that contains alkalis or possesses other undesirable
             characteristics may be treated  so that it  can be  returned  to the kiln
             system. Treatment techniques include pelletizing, leaching with water
             or a  potassium chloride  solution  to remove  alkali salts,  alkali
            volatilization,   recovery  scrubbing  (also  known  as  flue  gas
            desulfurization), and fluid bed dust recovery.

            In addition to  reintroduction  to the kiln,  cement kiln dust can be
            reused beneficially in a variety of ways. Cement kiln dust has been sold
            by some  plants for sewage sludge solidification. It has also been reused

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            as an adsorbent for desulfurization, particularly in the cement plant's
            air pollution control equipment;  as a neutralization agent for acidic
            materials;  as a soil stabilizer;  and  as an  ingredient  in various
            agricultural and construction products.  Material accumulated from
            desulfurization  can be ground and  reused as an  additive  and/or
            retarding additive to the clinker to make cement.

            Wastes generated from other industries can be recycled at cement kilns
            as fuels and raw material substitutes.  The recycling of wastes in cement
            kilns as fuel offers a cost-effective, safe, and  environmentally sound
            method of resource recovery for  some hazardous and non-hazardous
            waste materials.  Currently used hazardous  wastes are waste oils and
            spent organic solvents, sludges, and solids from the paint and coatings,
            auto and  truck  assembly,  and  petroleum industries.   Some non-
            hazardous wastes, including foundry sand and contaminated soils,
            have high concentrations of  the conventional components of  cement,
            such as silicon, aluminum, and iron.  These wastes, therefore, can be
            used in place of the conventional  raw materials.

 Improved Operating Practices

            Cement manufacturers  who have laboratories in-house to conduct
            product testing and research often generate hazardous wastes as a result
            of laboratory testing and research.  Approximately  40 percent of the
            hazardous wastes generated in a lab are due to  unused and  off-spec
            reagent chemicals.   Traditionally, reagents are purchased in large
            quantities, but laboratory technicians prefer to use fresh reagents for
            experiments, and  therefore  tend not to use reagents in previously
            opened containers.  This leads to large quantities of unused reagents.
            Implementing a purchasing  and inventory  control, surplus chemicals
            exchange, and experiment modification system at laboratories would
            reduce the amount of unused reagents that need to be disposed of as
            wastes.  Purchasing only the required amounts or smaller container
             sizes of reagents will also reduce reagent waste and disposal costs.

             Gaseous emissions from cement  manufacturing plants  are mainly
             nitrogen  oxides  and sulfur dioxide.  Process  controls, including
             balancing the alkali content in raw  materials and fuels, increasing
             oxygen partial  pressure, Increasing dust load, and reducing kiln
             volume load, can reduce sulfur emissions in the  process.   Process
             controls to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions include avoiding excessive
             sintering temperatures and  staged combustion in the calciner.  Other
             measures may reduce  emissions, including the use of ammonia  to
             control nitrogen oxide emissions.
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     Stone, Qay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
V.D.  Structural Clay Products

Recycling and Reuse
            Reuse of wastes generated by air pollution control equipment is one
            pollution prevention opportunity available to facilities which produce
            structural clay products.  Clay product manufacturers commonly use
            wet scrubbing to treat particulate emissions.  The waste generated by
            wet scrubbers can often be returned to the production process as a raw
            material substitute to replace clay or other alkaline additives.
Improved  Operating Practices
            Waste generated during raw materials receiving can be eliminated by
            modifying the equipment and operating practices.  For example, paved
            receiving areas prevent spilled raw materials from contaminating soil,
            allowing spilled materials to be recaptured for use.
V.E.  Pottery Products

Source  Reduction
            Product substitution is one means of reducing paint waste generated by
            plants engaged in finishing of pottery products.  Water-based finishes,
            including paints and enamels, can be substituted for solvent-based
            finishes, reducing the amount of volatile emissions  from finishing
            processes.   The use of water-based finishes may, however, result in
            hazardous waste generation and waste water discharges.
Recycling and Reuse
            Pottery manufacturers can recycle wastes recovered from pollution
            control devices.  The dry powder waste recovered from air pollution
            control  equipment is virtually  identical in  composition to  the
            tile/ceramic product  itself, and therefore may be  recycled as raw
            materials into the body preparation process.  The overspray  dust
            gathered in dust collectors  can also be recovered.  Enamel overspray
            from finishing operations  can also be reused if not contaminated.
            Enamel overspray is often washed  down and collected in settling pits,
            where it can be reclaimed and re-introduced as a raw material.
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
VI.   SUMMARY OF FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS

            This section discusses the Federal statutes and regulations that may
            apply to this sector.  The purpose of this  section is to highlight, and
            briefly describe the applicable Federal requirements, and to provide
            citations for more detailed information.  The three following sections
            are included.

            •     Section IV.A contains a general overview of major statutes

            •     Section IV.B contains a list of regulations specific to this industry

            •     Section IV.C contains a list of pending and proposed regulations


            The descriptions within  Section IV  are intended  solely for general
            information.  Depending upon the nature or scope of the activities at a
            particular facility, these summaries may or may not necessarily describe
            all applicable environmental requirements.   Moreover, they  do not
            constitute  formal  interpretations or clarifications of the statutes and
            regulations.  For further information, readers should consult the Code
            of Federal Regulations and other state or local regulatory agencies. EPA
            Hotline contacts are also provided for each major statute.


 VI.A. General Description of Major Statutes

 Resource Conservation And Recovery Act

            The Resource Conservation And Recovery Act  (RCRA) of 1976 which
            amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act, addresses solid (Subtitle D) and
            hazardous (Subtitle C) waste management activities.  The Hazardous
            and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984 strengthened, RCRA's
            waste management provisions and added Subtitle I, which governs
            underground storage tanks (USTs).

            Regulations promulgated pursuant to Subtitle C  of RCRA (40 CFR Parts
            260-299) establish a  "cradle-to-grave" system  governing hazardous
            waste from the point of generation to  disposal.   RCRA hazardous
             wastes  include  the specific materials  listed in the  regulations
             (commercial chemical products,  designated with the code "P" or "U";
             hazardous wastes from specific industries/sources,  designated with the
             code "K"; or hazardous wastes from non-specific  sources, designated
             with the  code "F") or materials which  exhibit  a hazardous waste
             characteristic  (ignitibility, corrosivity,   reactivity, or  toxicity and
             designated with the code "D").
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            Regulated entities that generate hazardous waste are subject to waste
            accumulation, manifesting, and, recordkeeping  standards.  Facilities
            that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste must obtain a permit,
            either from EPA or from a State agency which EPA has authorized to
            implement the permitting program.  Subtitle C permits contain general
            facility  standards  such  as  contingency plans, emergency procedures,
            recordkeeping and  reporting requirements,  financial  assurance
            mechanisms,  and unit-specific standards.   RCRA  also contains
            provisions (40 CFR Part 264 Subpart S and §264.10) for conducting
            corrective actions  which govern the cleanup of releases of hazardous
            waste or  constituents from solid waste management units at RCRA-
            regulated facilities.

            Although RCRA  is a Federal statute, many States  implement the
            RCRA program.    Currently,  EPA  has delegated its authority to
            implement various provisions of RCRA to 46 of the 50 States.

            Most RCRA requirements are not industry  specific but apply to any
            company that transports, treats, stores, or disposes of hazardous waste.
            Here are some important RCRA regulatory requirements:

            •     Identification of Solid and Hazardous Wastes (40 CFR Part 261)
                  lays out the procedure every generator  should  follow to
                  determine   whether the material  created  is  considered  a
                  hazardous waste, solid waste, or is exempted from regulation.

            •     Standards for Generators of Hazardous Waste (40 CFR Part 262)
                  establishes  the  responsibilities of hazardous waste generators
                  including obtaining an ID  number, preparing  a manifest,
                  ensuring proper packaging and labeling, meeting standards for
                  waste accumulation units, and recordkeeping and reporting
                  requirements.  Generators can accumulate hazardous waste for
                  up to 90 days (or 180 days depending on  the amount of waste
                  generated) without obtaining a permit.

            •     Land Disposal  Restrictions (LDRs) are regulations prohibiting
                  the disposal of  hazardous  waste   on  land  without prior
                  treatment. Under the LDRs (40 CFR 268), materials must meet
                  land disposal restriction  (LDR) treatment standards prior to
                  placement  in  a  RCRA  land  disposal  unit  (landfill,  land
                  treatment unit,  waste pile, or surface impoundment).  Wastes
                  subject to the LDRs include solvents, electroplating wastes,
                  heavy metals, and acids.  Generators of waste subject to the LDRs
                  must provide notification of such to the designated TSD  facility
                  to ensure proper treatment prior to disposal.
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Stone, day, Glass/ and Concrete Products Industry
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            •     Used Oil Management Standards (40 CFR Part 279) impose
                  management requirements affecting the storage, transportation,
                  burning, processing, and re-refining of the used oil.  For parties
                  that merely generate used oil, regulations  establish storage
                  standards. For a party considered a used oil marketer (one who
                  generates and sells off-specification used oil directly to a used oil
                  burner), additional tracking and paperwork requirements must
                  be satisfied.
                                                               *
            •     Tanks and Containers used to store hazardous waste with a high
                  volatile organic concentration  must meet  emission standards
                  under RCRA.  Regulations (40  CFR Part 264-265, Subpart CC)
                  require  generators  to test  the  waste  to determine  the
                  concentration of the waste,  to satisfy tank and container
                  emissions standards, and to inspect and monitor regulated units.
                  These regulations apply to all  facilities who store such waste,
                  including generators operating  under the 90-day accumulation
                  rule.

            •     Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) containing petroleum and
                  hazardous substance  are regulated under  Subtitle  I of RCRA.
                  Subtitle I regulations (40 CFR Part 280) contain tank design and
                  release detection requirements, as well as financial responsibility
                  and corrective action standards for USTs.  The UST program also
                  establishes increasingly stringent standards, including upgrade
                  requirements for existing tanks, that must be met by 1998.

            •     Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (BIFs) that use or burn fuel
                  containing hazardous  waste must comply with strict design and
                  operating standards.  BIF regulations (40 CFR Part 266, Subpart
                  H) address unit design, provide performance standards, require
                  emissions monitoring, and restrict the type of waste  that may be
                  burned.

            EPA's RCRA/Superfund/UST  Hotline, at (800) 424-9346,  responds to
            questions and  distributes guidance regarding all RCRA  regulations.
            The RCRA  Hotline operates weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m., EST,
            excluding Federal  holidays.                           '

 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,  And Liability Act

             The  Comprehensive Environmental  Response,  Compensation, and
             Liability Act (CERCLA), a 1980 law commonly known as Superfund,
             authorizes EPA to respond  to  releases,  or threatened  releases, of
             hazardous substances that may endanger public health, welfare, or the
             environment.  CERCLA also enables  EPA to force  parties responsible
             for environmental contamination to  clean it up  or to  reimburse the

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Sector Notebook Project
     Stone, Gay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
            Superfund for response costs  incurred  by EPA.  The Superfund
            Amendments  and  Reauthorization Act  (SARA) of 1986  revised
            various sections of CERCLA, extended the taxing authority for the
            Superfund, and created a free-standing law, SARA Title IE, also known
            as the  Emergency Planning and Community  Right-to-Know Act
            (EPCRA).

            The CERCLA hazardous substance release reporting regulations (40
            CFR Part 302)  direct the person in charge of a facility to report to the
            National Response Center (NRC) any environmental release  of a
            hazardous substance which exceeds a reportable quantity.  Reportable
            quantities  are defined and listed in 40 CFR § 302.4.  A release report
            may trigger a  response by EPA, or by one or more Federal or State
            emergency response authorities.

            EPA implements  hazardous  substance responses according to
            procedures outlined in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances
            Pollution  Contingency Plan (NCP) (40  CFR Part 300).  The NCP
            includes provisions  for permanent  cleanups, known as remedial
            actions, and other cleanups referred to as  "removals." EPA generally
            takes remedial actions only at sites  on  the  National  Priorities List
            (NPL),  which currently includes approximately 1300  sites. Both  EPA
            and states can act at other sites; however, EPA provides responsible
            parties  the opportunity to conduct removal and remedial actions and
            encourages  community  involvement throughout  the Superfund
            response process.

            EPA's  RCRA/Superfund/UST Hotline, at  (800)  424-9346,  answers
            questions  and  references  guidance  pertaining  to  the  Superfund
            program.   The  CERCLA Hotline operates  weekdays from 8:30  a.m. to
            7:30 p.m.,  EST, excluding Federal holidays.

Emergency Planning And Community Right-To-Know Act

            The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization  Act (SARA)  of 1986
            created the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
            (EPCRA, also known as SARA Title HI), a statute designed to improve
            community access to information about chemical  hazards  and to
            facilitate the development of chemical emergency response plans by
            State and  local governments.  EPCRA required the establishment of
            State emergency  response commissions (SERCs),  responsible for
            coordinating certain emergency response activities and for appointing
            local emergency planning committees (LEPCs).
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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            EPCRA and the EPCRA regulations (40 CFR Parts 350-372) establish
            four types of reporting obligations for facilities which store or manage
            specified chemicals:

            •     EPCRA §302 requires facilities to notify the SERC and LEPC of
                  the presence of any "extremely hazardous substance" (the list of
                  such substances is in 40 CFR Part 355, Appendices A and B) if it
                  has such substance in excess  of  the substance's  threshold
                  planning  quantity,  and directs the  facility to  appoint  an
                  emergency response coordinator.

            •     EPCRA §304 requires the facility to notify the SERC and the LEPC
                  in the event of a release exceeding the reportable quantity of a
                  CERCLA hazardous  substance  or   an EPCRA extremely
                  hazardous substance.

            •     EPCRA §§311 and 312 require a facility  at which  a hazardous
                  chemical, as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Act,
                  is present in an amount exceeding  a specified threshold to
                  submit to the SERC, LEPC,  and  local fire department material
                  safety data  sheets (MSDSs)  or lists of MSDSs and hazardous
                  chemical inventory forms (also known as Tier I and II forms).
                  This information helps the  local government respond in the
                  event of a spill or release of the chemical.

            •     EPCRA §313 requires manufacturing  facilities included in SIC
                  codes 20 through 39, which have ten or more employees, and
                  which manufacture,  process, or  use specified chemicals in
                  amounts greater than threshold quantities, to submit an annual
                  toxic chemical release report. This report, commonly known as
                  the Form R, covers releases  and transfers of toxic  chemicals to
                  various facilities and environmental media, and allows EPA to
                  compile the national Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) database.


            All information submitted pursuant to EPCRA  regulations  is publicly
            accessible, unless protected by a trade secret claim.

            EPA's  EPCRA  Hotline, at  (800) 535-0202, answers questions  and
            distributes   guidance  regarding  the  emergency   planning   and
            community  right-to-know  regulations.    The   EPCRA Hotline operates
            weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to  7:30 p.m., EST, excluding Federal holidays.

 Clean Water Act

            The primary  objective of  the Federal Water Pollution  Control  Act,
            commonly referred to as the Clean Water Act (CWA), is to restore and

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            maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's
            surface waters.  Pollutants regulated under the CWA include "priority"
            pollutants,  including  various  toxic  pollutants;  "conventional"
            pollutants, such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended
            solids  (TSS), fecal coliform, oil and  grease,  and pH; and  "non-
            conventional" pollutants, including any  pollutant  not identified as
            either conventional or priority.

            The CWA regulates both direct and indirect discharges. The National
            Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program (CWA §402)
            controls direct discharges into navigable waters.  Direct discharges or
            "point source" discharges are from sources such as pipes and sewers.
            NPDES permits, issued by either EPA or an authorized State (EPA has
            presently authorized forty States  to administer the NPDES  program),
            contain industry-specific, technology-based and/or water quality-based
            limits, and establish pollutant monitoring  and reporting requirements.
            A facility that intends to discharge into the nation's waters must obtain
            a  permit prior to initiating its discharge. A permit applicant must
            provide quantitative analytical data identifying the types of  pollutants
            present  in the facility's  effluent.  The  permit will then set  forth the
            conditions and effluent limitations under which a facility  may make a
            discharge.

            A NPDES permit may also include discharge limits based on Federal or
            State water quality criteria or standards, that were designed to protect
            designated uses of surface waters, such as supporting aquatic life or
            recreation.   These  standards,  unlike the technological standards,
            generally do not  take into account technological  feasibility or  costs.
            Water quality criteria and standards vary from State to State, and site to
            site, depending on the use classification of the receiving body of water.
            Most States  follow EPA guidelines which propose  aquatic life and
            human health criteria for many of the 126 priority pollutants.

            Storm Water Discharges

            In 1987 the CWA was amended to require EPA to establish a program
            to address storm water discharges.  In response, EPA promulgated the
            NPDES  storm water  permit application  regulations.  Storm water
            discharge associated with industrial activity means the discharge from
            any conveyance  which  is used  for collecting and  conveying storm
            water and which is directly related to manufacturing, processing or raw
            materials storage  areas at an industrial plant (40  CFR 122.26(b)(14)).
            These regulations require that facilities with the following  storm water
            discharges apply for a NPDES permit:  (1) a discharge associated with
            industrial activity; (2) a  discharge from a  large or medium municipal
            storm sewer  system; or (3) a discharge which EPA or  the  State

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            determines to contribute to a violation of a water quality standard or is
            a significant contributor of pollutants to waters of the United States.

            The term  "storm water discharge associated with industrial activity"
            means a storm water discharge from one of 11 categories of industrial
            activity defined at 40 CFR 122.26. Six of the categories are defined by
            SIC codes while the other  five  are identified through narrative
            descriptions of the regulated industrial activity. If the primary SIC code
            of the facility is one of those identified in the regulations, the facility is
            subject to the storm water permit application requirements.  If any
            activity at a facility is covered by one of the five narrative categories,
            storm water discharges from those areas where the activities occur  are
            subject to storm water discharge permit application requirements.

            Those facilities/activities that are subject to storm  water discharge
            permit application requirements are identified below.  To determine
            whether a particular facility falls within one of these categories,  the
            regulation should be consulted.

             Category  i:  Facilities subject to storm water effluent guidelines, new
             source performance standards, or toxic pollutant effluent standards.

             Category ii:  Facilities classified as SIC 24-lumber and wood products
             (except wood kitchen cabinets); SIC 26-paper and allied products (except
             paperboard  containers  and products);  SIC 28-chemicals and allied
             products (except drugs and paints); SIC 29-petroleum refining; and  SIC
             311-leather tanning and  finishing.

             Category iii: Facilities  classified as SIC 10-metal mining; SIC 12-coal
             mining; SIC 13-oil and gas extraction; and SIC 14-nonmetallic mineral
             mining.

             Category iv: Hazardous  waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities.

             Category v:  Landfills,  land  application sites, and open dumps  that
             receive or have received industrial wastes.

             Category vi:  Facilities classified as SIC 5015-used motor vehicle parts;
             and SIC 5093-automotive scrap and waste material recycling facilities.

              Category vii: Steam electric power generating facilities.

              Category viii: Facilities  classified as SIC 40-railroad transportation; SIC
              41-local passenger  transportation;  SIC 42-trucking  and warehousing
              (except public warehousing and storage); SIC 43-U.S. Postal Service; SIC
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            44-water transportation; SIC 45-transportation by air; and SIC 5171-
            petroleum bulk storage stations and terminals.

            Category ix: Sewage treatment works.

            Category x:  Construction activities except operations that result in the
            disturbance of less than five acres of total land area.

            Category xi:  Facilities classified as SIC 20-food and kindred products;
            SIC 21-tobacco products; SIC  22-textile mill products; SIC 23-apparel
            related products; SIC 2434-wood kitchen cabinets manufacturing; SIC
            25-furniture and fixtures; SIC 265-paperboard containers and boxes; SIC
            267-converted paper  and  paperboard products;  SIC 27-printing,
            publishing, and allied  industries;  SIC 283-drugs;  SIC  285-paints,
            varnishes, lacquer,  enamels, and allied products; SIC 30-rubber and
            plastics; SIC 31-leather and leather products (except leather and tanning
            and finishing); SIC 323-glass products; SIC 34-fabricated metal products
            (except fabricated structural metal); SIC 35-industrial and commercial
            machinery and computer equipment; SIC  36-electronic  and other
            electrical  equipment   and  components;  SIC 37-transportation
            equipment (except  ship and  boat building  and repairing);  SIC 38-
            measuring,  analyzing,  and controlling  instruments; SIC  39-
            miscellaneous manufacturing industries;  and SIC  4221-4225-public
            warehousing and storage.

            Pretreatment Program

            Another type of discharge that is regulated by the CWA is one that goes
            to a  publicly-owned  treatment  works (POTWs). The  national
            pretreatment program (CWA §307(b)) controls the indirect discharge of
            pollutants to  POTWs by "industrial users." Facilities regulated under
            §307(b) must meet  certain pretreatment standards.   The goal of the
            pretreatment program is to protect  municipal wastewater treatment
            plants from damage that may occur when hazardous, toxic, or other
            wastes are discharged into a sewer system and to  protect the quality of
            sludge generated by these plants.  Discharges to a POTW are regulated
            primarily by the POTW itself, rather than the State or EPA.

            EPA has developed technology-based standards for industrial  users of
            POTWs.  Different standards apply to existing and new sources within
            each category.  "Categorical" pretreatment  standards applicable to an
            industry on a nationwide basis are developed by EPA.  In addition,
            another kind  of pretreatment standard, "local limits,"  are developed by
            the POTW in order to  assist the  POTW in achieving the  effluent
            limitations in its NPDES permit.
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            Regardless of whether a State is authorized to implement either the
            NPDES or the pretreatment program, if it develops its own program, it
            may enforce requirements more stringent than Federal standards.

            EPA's  Office of  Water,  at  (202)  260-5700,  will direct  callers  with
            questions about the CWA  to the appropriate EPA  office.  EPA  also
            maintains a  bibliographic  database  of  Office of Water  publications
            ivhich can be accessed through the  Ground Water and  Drinking Water
            resource center, at  (202) 260-7786.

Safe Drinking Water Act

            The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) mandates that EPA establish
            regulations to protect human health from contaminants in drinking
            water. The law  authorizes EPA to  develop  national drinking water
            standards  and to create  a joint Federal-State system  to  ensure
            compliance with these  standards.   The SDWA also  directs EPA  to
            protect underground sources of drinking water through the control of
            underground injection of liquid wastes.

            EPA has developed primary and secondary drinking water standards
            under its SDWA authority.  EPA and authorized  States enforce the
            primary  drinking water standards, which are, contaminant-specific
            concentration limits  that  apply  to certain public drinking water
            supplies.  Primary drinking water standards consist of maximum
            contaminant level goals (MCLGs), which are non-enforceable health-
            based goals, and maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), which are
            enforceable limits set as close to MCLGs as possible, considering cost
            and feasibility of  attainment.

            The SDWA Underground  Injection Control (UIC) program (40 CFR
            Parts 144-148) is a permit program which protects underground sources
            of  drinking water by regulating five classes of injection wells.  UIC
            permits  include design,  operating,  inspection, and  monitoring
            requirements. Wells used to inject hazardous wastes must also comply
            with RCRA corrective action standards in order to be granted a RCRA
            permit,  and must meet applicable  RCRA land disposal  restrictions
            standards.  The UIC permit program is primarily State-enforced, since
            EPA has authorized all but a few States to administer the program.

            The SDWA  also  provides  for a Federally-implemented Sole Source
            Aquifer  program, which prohibits Federal funds from being expended
            on projects  that may  contaminate the sole or principal source of
            drinking water for a given area, and for a State-implemented Wellhead
            Protection program, designed to protect drinking water wells and
            drinking water recharge areas.

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            EPA's Safe  Drinking  Water Hotline, at  (800)  426-4791,  answers
            questions and distributes guidance pertaining to  SDWA standards.   The
            Hotline operates from 9:00 a.m. through  5:30  p.m.,  EST, excluding
            Federal holidays.
Toxic Substances Control Act
            The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) granted EPA authority to
            create a regulatory framework to collect data on chemicals in order to
            evaluate, assess, mitigate, and control risks which may be posed by
            their manufacture, processing, and use.  TSCA provides  a variety of
            control methods to prevent chemicals from posing unreasonable risk.

            TSCA standards may apply at any point during a chemical's life cycle.
            Under TSCA §5, EPA  has established  an  inventory of chemical
            substances.  If a chemical is not  already on the inventory, and has not
            been excluded by TSCA, a  premanufacture  notice  (PMN) must be
            submitted to EPA prior to manufacture or import.  The PMN must
            identify the chemical and provide available information on health  and
            environmental effects.  If available data are not sufficient to evaluate
            the chemical's effects,  EPA can  impose restrictions pending  the
            development of information on its health and environmental  effects.
            EPA can also restrict significant new uses of chemicals based upon
            factors such as the projected volume and use of the chemical.

            Under TSCA §6,  EPA  can ban the  manufacture or distribution in
            commerce, limit the use, require labeling, or place other restrictions on
            chemicals that pose unreasonable risks.  Among the chemicals EPA
            regulates under §6 authority are asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
            and poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

            EPA's TSCA Assistance  Information Service, at (202) 554-1404, answers
            questions  and  distributes  guidance  pertaining to Toxic  Substances
            Control Act  standards.   The Service  operates  from 8:30 a.m.  through
            4:30 p.m., EST, excluding Federal holidays.

 Clean Air Act

            The Clean Air Act (CAA) and its amendments, including the Clean Air
            Act  Amendments (CAAA)  of  1990, are  designed  to "protect  and
            enhance the nation's air resources so as to prombte the public health
            and welfare and the productive capacity of the population." The CAA
            consists of six sections, known as Titles, which direct EPA to establish
            national standards for ambient air quality and for EPA and the States to
            implement, maintain, and enforce these standards through a variety of

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            mechanisms.'  Under the CAAA, many facilities will be required to
            obtain permits for the first time. State and local governments oversee,
            manage, and enforce many of the requirements of the CAAA.  CAA
            regulations appear at 40 CFR Parts 50-99.

            Pursuant to Title I of the CAA, EPA has established national ambient
            air quality standards (NAAQSs) to limit levels of "criteria pollutants,"
            including carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter,
            ozone, and sulfur dioxide. Geographic areas that meet NAAQSs for a
            given pollutant are  classified as attainment areas; those that do not
            meet NAAQSs are classified as non-attainment areas.   Under §110 of
            the CAA, each State must develop a State Implementation Plan (SIP) to
            identify sources of air pollution and to determine what reductions are
            required to meet Federal air quality standards.

            Title I  also authorizes EPA to establish New Source Performance
            Standards (NSPSs), which are nationally uniform emission standards
            for  new stationary sources falling  within particular  industrial
            categories.  NSPSs  are  based on  the pollution  control technology
            available to that category of industrial source but allow the affected
            industries the flexibility to devise a cost-effective means of reducing
            emissions.

            Under  Title I, EPA  establishes and enforces  National  Emission
            Standards for  Hazardous  Air  Pollutants (NESHAPs),  nationally
            uniform standards oriented towards controlling particular  hazardous
            air pollutants  (HAPs). Title III of the CAAA further directed EPA to
            develop a list of sources that emit any of 189 HAPs,  and to develop
            regulations for these categories of sources.  To date EPA has listed 174
            categories and  developed a schedule for the establishment of emission
            standards. The emission standards will be developed for both new and
            existing sources based on "maximum achievable  control technology"
            (MACT). The MACT-is defined as the control technology achieving the
            maximum -degree of reduction  in the  emission of the HAPs, taking
            into  account cost and other factors.

            Title II of the  CAA pertains to mobile sources, such as cars, trucks,
            buses,  and planes.   Reformulated  gasoline, automobile  pollution
            control devices, and vapor recovery nozzles on gas pumps are a few of
            the mechanisms EPA uses to regulate mobile air emission sources.

            Title IV establishes  a sulfur  dioxide emissions program designed to
            reduce the formation of acid rain.  Reduction of sulfur dioxide releases
            will be  obtained by granting to certain sources limited emissions
            allowances, which, beginning in 1995, will be set below previous levels
            of sulfur dioxide releases.
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            Title V of the CAAA of 1990 created a permit program for all "major
            sources"  (and certain other sources) regulated under the CAA.   One
            purpose of the operating permit is to include in a single document all
            air emissions requirements that apply  to a given facility.  States are
            developing the permit programs in accordance with guidance and
            regulations from EPA.   Once a State program is approved by  EPA,
            permits will be issued and monitored by that State.

            Title VI is  intended to protect stratospheric ozone by phasing out the
            manufacture of ozone-depleting chemicals and restrict their use and
            distribution. Production of Class I substances, including 15 kinds of
            chlorofluorocarbons  (CFCs), will be phased out entirely by the year
            2000, while certain hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) will be phased
            out by 2030.

            EPA's  Control  Technology  Center, at  (919) 541-0800,  provides general
            assistance  and  information  on  CAA  standards.    The Stratospheric
            Ozone  Information  Hotline, at  (800) 296-1996,  provides general
            information  about regulations promulgated under Title  VI of the CAA,
            and EPA's  EPCRA Hotline, at (800) 535-0202, answers questions about
            accidental release prevention  under  CAA  §112(r).   In addition, the
            Technology  Transfer Network Bulletin  Board  System  (modem  access
            (919) 541-5742)) includes recent CAA rules,  EPA guidance documents,
            and updates of EPA activities.
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VLB. Industry-Specific Regulations

ClejmAjrAetfCAAl
 SIC Code 32
            In addition to  the general applicable requirements of the CAA, the
            industries  covered by SIC  32 are subject to the  following specific
            regulatory  requirements:

            •     Standards  of Performance for  Portland Cement  Plants
                  (40 CFR 60.60 Subpart F) which regulates emissions of particulate
                  matter through the operation of a kiln, clinker cooler, raw mill
                  system, finish mill system, raw mill dryer, raw material storage,
                  clinker storage, finished product storage,  conveyor transfer
                  points, bagging and bulk loading and unloading systems.

            •     Standards of Performance for Asphalt Concrete Plants (40 CFR
                  60.90 Subpart I) which regulates emissions of particulate matter.

            •     Standards of Performance for Glass Manufacturing Plants (40
                  CFR 60.290 Subpart CC) which regulates emissions of particulate
                  matter from glass melting furnaces.

            •     Standards of  Performance for Lime Manufacturing Plants (40
                  CFR 60.340 Subpart HH) which regulates emissions of particulate
                  matter from rotary lime kilns.

            •     Standards of Performance for Asphalt Processing and Asphalt
                  Roofing Manufacture  (40 CFR  60.470  Subpart UU)  which
                  regulates emissions of particulate matter by each saturator and
                  each mineral handling and storage facility at asphalt roofing
                  plants; and each asphalt storage  tank  and each blowing still at
                  asphalt  processing plants, petroleum refineries, and  asphalt
                  roofing plants.

             •     Standard  of Performance for  Wool Fiberglass  Insulation
                  Manufacturing Plants (40  CFR  60.680  Subpart PPP)  which
                  regulates emissions of particulate matter by rotary spin wool
                  fiberglass insulation manufacturers.

             •     Standards of Performance for Polymeric Coating of Supporting
                  Substrates  Facilities  (40  CFR  60.740 Subpart VVV)  which
                  regulates emissions of volatile organic compounds.

             •     National Emission Standard for Inorganic Arsenic Emissions
                  from Glass Manufacturing  Plants (40 CFR 61.160 Subpart N)
                  which regulates emissions of arsenic.  This subpart applies to
                   glass melting furnaces that use commercial arsenic as  a  raw
                  material.

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            The performance  standards  set  out above also impose  specific
            emissions monitoring, testing methods and procedures, recordkeeping,
            and reporting requirements.
Clean Water Act  (CVJA)
            In addition to the general applicable requirements of the CWA, the
            industries  covered by  SIC 32 are subject to the following specific
            regulatory  requirements:

            •     EPA  Effluent  Guidelines   and  Standards  for  Cement
                  Manufacturing (40CFR411) regulate discharges resulting from
                  the process in which several mineral ingredients  are used in
                  manufacturing cement and in which:   1)   kiln  dust is  not
                  contracted with water as an integral part of the process and water
                  is not used in wet scrubbers to control kiln stack emissions (non-
                  leaching plants); and 2)  kiln dust is contracted with water as an
                  integral part of the process and water is used in wet scrubbers to
                  control kiln stack emissions  (leaching plants).

            •     EPA Effluent Guidelines and Standards for Glass Manufacturing,
                  Insulation Fiberglass Subcategory (40 CFR 426) which  regulates
                  the  discharge of  process wastewater as a result of  the
                  manufacture of insulation fiberglass.

            •     EPA  Effluent  Guidelines  and   Standards  for  Asbestos
                  Manufacturing  (40 CFR 427)  which  regulate discharges  of
                  asbestos in process wastewater resulting from the manufacture
                  of asbestos products including:  asbestos-cement pipe,  asbestos-
                  cement sheet, asbestos paper with starch binder, asbestos paper
                  with elastomeric binder, asbestos millboard, asbestos roofing
                  products, and asbestos floor tile.

            •     EPA Effluent Guidelines and Standards for Paving and Roofing
                  Materials (Tars  and Asphalt)  (40 CFR 443)  which  regulate
                  discharges  of wastewater within the asphalt emulsion, asphalt
                  concrete, linoleum and printed asphalt felt, and  paving and
                  roofing materials (tars and  asphalt) subcategories of the paving
                  and roofing materials (tars and asphalt) category of point sources.

            The effluent guidelines set out above contain pretreatment standards
            based upon application of best practicable control technology or best
            available control technology.
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VI.C. Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA)

            EPA is required to publish an initial list of all categories of major and
            area sources of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) listed in Section
            112(b) of the CAAA, establish dates for the promulgation of emission
            standards for each of the listed categories of HAP emission sources, and
            develop emission standards for each source of HAPs such that the
            schedule is met.  The standards are to be technology-based and are to
            require the maximum degree of emission reduction determined to be
            achievable by the Administrator. The Agency has determined that the
            mineral  wool production  industry  and  the  portland  cement
            manufacturing industry may be anticipated to emit several of the 189
            HAPs listed in Section 112(b) of the CAAA.  As a consequence, these
            source categories  are  included on the initial list of  HAP-emitting
            categories scheduled for standards promulgation within seven years of
            enactment of the CAAA.

Report to Congress and Final Regulatory Determination on Cement Kiln Dust
(RCRA)

            RCRA 8002(o) requires that EPA study and report to Congress on the
            sources and volumes  of cement kiln dust,  current and alternative
            waste management practices and their costs and economic impacts,
            documented damages to  human health and the environment from
            cement kiln dust disposal, and existing State and Federal regulation of
            these wastes.  The Agency published the Report to Congress on Cement
            Kiln Dust in  December 1993, and  concluded in February 1995 that
            additional  control  of cement kiln dust is warranted to protect human
            health and the  environment (60 PR 7366;  February  7, 1995). EPA
            intends to  address regulation of cement kiln dust through a "common
            sense" approach by developing RCRA disposal requirements to protect
            groundwater and  by regulating fugitive emissions under the CAA.
            Until such regulations are implemented, cement kiln dust will retain
            its status as non-hazardous waste.
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 VII.   COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT PROFILE

 Background

             To date,  EPA has  focused much of its attention on  measuring
             compliance  with specific  environmental statutes.   This approach
             allows the Agency  to track compliance with the Clean Air Act, the
             Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Clean Water Act, and
             other  environmental statutes.   Within the last several years,  the
             Agency has begun to supplement  single-media compliance indicators
             with facility-specific, multimedia indicators of compliance.  In doing so,
             EPA is in  a better position  to track compliance with all statutes at the
             facility level, and within specific industrial sectors.

             A major step in building the capacity to compile multimedia data for
             industrial sectors  was  the creation of EPA's  Integrated Data  for
             Enforcement Analysis (IDEA) system. IDEA has the capacity to "read
             into" the Agency's single-media databases, extract compliance records,
             and match the records to individual facilities.  The IDEA system can
             match  Air,  Water, Waste, Toxics/Pesticides/EPCRA, TRI, and
             Enforcement Docket records for a given facility, and generate a list of
             historical permit, inspection, and enforcement activity. IDEA also has
             the capability to analyze data by geographic area and corporate holder.
             As the capacity to generate multimedia compliance data improves, EPA
             will make available  more in-depth compliance  and  enforcement
             information.   Additionally, sector-specific measures of success  for
             compliance assistance efforts are under development.

Compliance and Enforcement Profile Description

            Using  inspection, violation,  and enforcement data  from the  IDEA
            system, this section provides  information regarding  the  historical
            compliance and enforcement activity of this sector. In order to  mirror
            the facility universe reported in the Toxic  Chemical Profile, the data
            reported within  this section consists of records only  from the TRI
            reporting  universe.  With this decision,  the selection criteria are
            consistent across sectors with certain exceptions.  For the sectors that do
            not normally report to the TRI program, data have been provided from
            EPA's  Facility  Indexing System (FINDS) which tracks facilities in all
            media  databases.  Please note, in this section, EPA does not attempt to
            define  the actual number  of facilities  that fall within each  sector.
            Instead, the section portrays the records  of a subset of facilities  within
            the sector that are well defined within EPA databases.

            As a  check  on the relative  size  of the  full sector universe, most
            notebooks  contain an estimated number of facilities within the sector
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            according to the Bureau of Census (See Section II).   With sectors
            dominated by small businesses, such as metal finishers and printers,
            the reporting universe within the EPA  databases  may be small in
            comparison to Census data.  However, the group selected for inclusion
            in this  data  analysis section should be consistent with this sector's
            general make-up.

            Following this  introduction  is  a list defining  each  data column
            presented within this section.  These values represent a retrospective
            summary of inspections and enforcement actions, and solely reflect
            EPA, State, and local compliance assurance activities that have been
            entered into EPA databases.  To identify any changes in trends, the EPA
            ran two data queries, one for the past five calendar years (August 10,
            1990 to August 9,1995) and  the other for the most recent twelve-month
            period (August 10,1994 to August 9,1995). The five-year analysis gives
            an average level of activity for that period for comparison to the more
            recent activity.

            Because most inspections focus on single-media  requirements, the data
            queries presented in this section are taken from single media databases.
            These databases do not provide  data on  whether inspections  are
            State/local or EPA-led. However, the table breaking down the universe
            of violations does give the  reader a crude measurement of the EPA's
            and States'  efforts  within each media program.  The presented data
            illustrate the variations  across  regions for certain sectors.2  This
            variation may be  attributable to  State/local data entry variations,
            specific geographic concentrations, proximity to  population centers,
            sensitive  ecosystems, highly toxic chemicals used  in production, or
            historical noncompliance.  Hence, the exhibited data do  not rank
            regional performance or necessarily reflect which regions may have the
            most compliance problems.

 Compliance and Enforcement Data Definitions

 General Definitions

            Facility Indexing  System  (FINDS) - this system assigns a common
            facility number  to EPA single-media permit  records.  The FINDS
            identification number allows EPA to  compile and review all permit,
 2  EPA Regions include the following States: I (CT, MA, ME, RI, NH, VT); H (NJ, NY, PR, VI); HI
 (DC, DE, MD, PA, VA, WV); IV (AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN); V (LL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI); VI
 (AR, LA, NM, OK, TX); VH (IA, KS, MO, NE); VIE (CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY); IX (AZ, CA, HI,
 NV, Pacific Trust Territories); X (AK, ID, OR, WA).
 SIC Code 32
76
September 1995

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 Sector Notebook Project
_Ston^LClay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
             compliance, enforcement, and pollutant release data for any given
             regulated facility.

             Integrated Data for Enforcement Analysis (IDEA) - is a data integration
             system that can retrieve information from the major EPA program
             office databases. IDEA uses the FINDS identification number to "glue
             together" separate  data records from EPA's databases. This is done to
             create a "master list" of data records for any given facility. Some of the
             data systems accessible through IDEA are:  AIRS (Air Facility Indexing
             and  Retrieval System, Office  of  Air and  Radiation), PCS (Permit
             Compliance System, Office of Water), RCRIS (Resource Conservation
             and  Recovery Information  System, Office of Solid Waste), NCDB
             (National Compliance Data Base, Office of Prevention, Pesticides,  and
             Toxic Substances), CERCLIS  (Comprehensive Environmental  and
             Liability Information  System, Superfund), and TRIS (Toxic Release
             Inventory  System).  IDEA also contains information from outside
             sources such as Dun and Bradstreet and the Occupational Safety  and
             Health Administration  (OSHA).   Most data  queries displayed in
             notebook Sections TV and VII were conducted using IDEA.

 Data Table Column Heading Definitions

             Facilities in Search - are based on the universe of TRI reporters within
             the listed  SIC code range.   For  industries not covered  under  TRI
             reporting requirements, the notebook uses the FINDS universe  for
             executing data queries.  The SIC code range selected for each search is
             defined by  each notebook's selected SIC code coverage described in
             Section II.

             Facilities Inspected  — indicates  the level of EPA and State agency
             facility inspections  for the facilities in this  data search. These values
             show what percentage of the facility universe is inspected in a 12 or 60
             month  period.  This column does not  count non-inspectional
             compliance  activities such as the review of facility-reported discharge
             reports.

             Number of Inspections - measures the total number of inspections
             conducted in this sector. An inspection event is counted each time it is
            entered into a single media database.

            Average Time Between Inspections - provides an average length of
            time,  expressed in  months, that a compliance inspection occurs at a
            facility within  the defined universe.

            Facilities with One or More Enforcement Actions — expresses  the
            number of facilities  that were party to at least one enforcement action

September 1995                       77                               SIC Code 32

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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
  SIC Code 32
            within the defined time period. This category is broken down further
            into Federal and State actions. Data are obtained for administrative,
            civil/judicial, and criminal enforcement actions.   Administrative
            actions include Notices of Violation (NOVs)., A facility with multiple
            enforcement actions is only counted once in this column (facility with
            3 enforcement actions counts as 1).  All percentages that appear  are
            referenced to the number of facilities inspected.

            Total  Enforcement  Actions  - describes the  total number  of
            enforcement actions identified for an industrial sector  across  all
            environmental statutes.  A facility with multiple enforcement actions
            is counted multiple times (a facility with 3 enforcement actions counts
            as 3).

            State Lead Actions - shows what percentage of the total enforcement
            actions are taken by State and local environmental agencies. Varying
            levels  of use by States of EPA data systems may limit the volume of
            actions accorded State enforcement activity. Some States extensively
            report enforcement activities into EPA data systems, while other States
            may use their own data systems.

            Federal Lead Actions - shows what percentage of the total enforcement
            actions are taken by the U.S. EPA. This value includes referrals from
            State agencies.  Many of these actions result from coordinated or joint
            State/Federal efforts.

            Enforcement to Inspection  Rate  - expresses how often enforcement
             actions result from inspections.  This value is a ratio of enforcement
             actions to inspections, and is presented  for comparative purposes only.
             This  measure  is  a rough  indicator  of the  relationship between
             inspections and  enforcement.   This  measure simply  indicates
             historically  how many  enforcement  actions  can be  attributed to
             inspection activity.  Related inspections and enforcement actions under
             the Clean Water Act (PCS), the Clean Air Act (APS) and the Resource
             Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) are included in this ratio.
             Inspections  and actions from the TSCA/FIFRA/EPCRA database are
             not factored into this ratio  because most of the  actions taken under
             these programs are not the result of facility inspections.  This ratio  does
             not account for enforcement actions arising from  non-inspection
             compliance  monitoring activities  (e.g.,  self-reported water discharges)
             that can result in enforcement  action within the CAA,  CWA  and
             RCRA.

             Facilities with One or  More Violations Identified  ~ indicates the
             number and percentage of inspected  facilities  having a violation
             identified in one of the following data  categories:  In Violation or

                                    78                            September 1995

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  Sector Notebook Project
                                         Stone, Gay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
             Significant Violation Status  (CAA);  Reportable  Noncompliance
             Current Year  Noncompliance, Significant Noncompliance (CWA);
             Noncompliance and Significant Noncompliance  (FIFRA, TSCA, and
             EPCRA);  Unresolved  Violation and  Unresolved High  Priority
             Violation (RCRA).  The values presented for this column reflect the
             extent of noncompliance within the measured time frame, but do not
             distinguish between the severity of the noncompliance.  Percentages
             within  this column can  exceed 100% because  facilities  can  be in
             violation status without being  inspected. Violation status may be a
             precursor to an enforcement action, but does not necessarily indicate
             that an enforcement action will occur.

             Media Breakdown of Enforcement Actions  and Inspections - four
             columns identify the proportion'of total inspections and  enforcement
             actions  within  EPA Air,  Water, Waste, and TSCA /FIFRA /EPCRA
             databases.  Each  column  is  a percentage of  either  the "Total
             Inspections," or the "Total  Actions" column.


             Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry Compliance History

             Exhibits 17-21 illustrate recent enforcement activity within the Stone,
             Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry and other industries in the'
             manufacturing sector. Of the 2,475 inspections conducted at stone, clay,
             glass, and concrete products facilities over a five year period, 268, or 11
             percent, resulted in enforcement actions.  Approximately 11 percent of
             inspections in  the  manufacturing  sector as whole  resulted in
             enforcement actions.   States took  the lead  in  70  percent of the
             enforcement actions at stone,  clay, glass, and  concrete  products
             facilities,  which  was below the average of 74 percent for  the covered
             manufacturing sector.  The exhibits also show that RCRA and  CAA
             inspections occurred more frequently than  CWA  inspections within
             most industries,  including those covered under SIC  32.

VII.B.        Comparison of Enforcement Activity Between Selected Industries

            The following  exhibits  present  inspection   and enforcement
            information across  numerous  manufacturing  sector  industries
            including the stone, clay, glass, and concrete industry.
VILA.
September 1995
                                  79
                                                                   SIC Code 32

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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
  SIC Code 32
                                            80
                                                                               September 1995

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  Sector Notebook Project
                                                 Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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September 1995
81
                                                                                  SIC Code 32

-------
Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                                           Sector Notebook Project
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-------
  Sector Notebook Project
                                                 Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Indust
September 1995
                                         83
                                                                                SIC Code 32

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Stone/ day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
 SIC Code 32
        September 1995

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 Sector Notebook Project
 VII.C       Review of Major Legal Actions

 VH.C.l      Review of Major Casps

             This section provides summary information about major cases that
             have  affected  this  sector. As indicated in  EPA's  Enforcement
             Accomplishments Report, FY 1991, FY 1992, FY 1993 publications, six
             significant enforcement actions were resolved between 1991 and 1993
             for  the stone, clay, glass, and  concrete products industry.  Of the
             companies against which  actions were brought, two were glass
             manufacturing  companies  and four were  cement  manufacturing
             companies. For the glass industry, CAA violations were involved in
             one action concerning inorganic  arsenic, with the other case involving
             RCRA/CERCLA violations concerning the disposal of lead sludge.  All
             cement manufacturing  cases involved  the  operation  of cement
             manufacturing kilns. CAA violations comprised two of the cement
             industry cases, along with one CERCLA and one RCRA violation.

             All six enforcement actions involved the improvement of processes or
             technologies, or required some action to increase future compliance.
             Three of  the  six cases  also involved the  assessment of  a penalty,
             including  both glass company cases.  Penalties ranged from $250,000 to
             $1,825,000. In U.S.  v. Corning Inc.. Asahi, Asahi Glass America, Inc.
             and Corning Ashahi Video Products (1992), the company was required
             to pay $1,825,000 in civil penalties in this inorganic arsenic National
             Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) case, in
             addition to upgrading the electrostatic precipitators serving its glass
             manufacturing furnaces,  developing and implementing  an  operation
             and maintenance plan, and  conducting stack tests,and repairs. This
             civil penalty  is the largest ever obtained in an  inorganic arsenic
            NESHAP case, and is one of the largest civil penalties obtained  in anv
            NESHAP case.                                                  y

            Cement industry  enforcement  actions  dealt mainly with cement kiln
            dust disposal or cement kiln dust emissions. In a case involving the
            Lehigh Portland  Cement  Company  (1992),  EPA issued  an
            Administrative Order directing the company to perform a specified
            remedial design and remedial  action to deal with large  quantities of
            cement kiln dust that had been disposed of on the site surface and in
            abandoned limestone quarries:  The dust disposed at the  site  is the
            source of  elevated  creek pH levels and increased heavy  metal
            concentrations at the site.  The estimated cost of the remedy is
            $5,000,000.                                                    3

            There was one enforcement case  involving the burning of hazardous
            waste for energy recovery using  cement kilns located  in Kansas and

September 1995    '          'gT         "           ~—   SIC Code 32

-------
Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
            Missouri.  Each facility entered into operating agreements under the
            Boiler and Industrial Furnace (BIF) regulations, promulgated pursuant
            to RCRA.

VII.C.2.     Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs)

            Below is a list of Supplementary Environmental Projects (SEPs).  SEPs
            are compliance agreements that reduce a facility's stipulated penalty in
            return for an environmental project  that exceeds the value of the
            reduction. Often, these projects fund pollution prevention activities
            that can significantly reduce the future pollutant loadings of a facility.

            In  December,  1993, the Regions  were  asked by  EPA's  Office  of
            Enforcement and Compliance Assurance to provide information  on
            the number and type of SEPs entered into by the Regions. Exhibit 22
            contains a representative sample of the Regional responses addressing
            the stone, clay, glass, and concrete products industry.  The information
            contained in the chart is not  comprehensive and provides only a
            sample of the types of SEPs developed for the stone, clay, glass, and
            concrete products industry.
 SIC Code 32
                                    86
       September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
                                               Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry


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September 1995
                                        87
SIC Code 32

-------
Stone, dav. Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
VU3.  COMPLIANCE ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES

            This section highlights the activities undertaken by this industry sector
            and public agencies to voluntarily  improve the sector's environmental
            performance. These activities include those independently initiated by
            industrial trade associations. In this section, the notebook also contains
            a listing and description of national and regional trade associations.


VIII.A.      Sector-Related Environmental Programs and Activities

            Alpine Technology of Eugene, Oregon, has developed a technology that
            will enable glass manufacturers  to effectively reuse  glass.   This
            technology, called optical ceramic sortation technology, uses optical
            sensors and compressed air to remove ceramic and other contaminants
            from waste glass. Development of  this innovative technology has been
            made possible through a grant  from the Department of Energy  (DOE)
            and the EPA. (Contact:  Bill Ives, DOE Golden Colorado Office, 303-275-
            4755)

            The U.S.  Bureau  of Mines  (USBM) Environmental  Program  is
            providing technology  to prevent environmental  pollution and  to
            provide  a healthy  working environment.  In the environmental
            health area, USBM is developing controls for airborne contaminants in
            mines and mineral processing  operations.   The  projects  have
            applications to  plants that process stone, sand, glass, and concrete
            products. (Contact:   Dr. J. Harrison Daniel, Research Staff, USBM,
            (202) 501-9309)

            The California Environmental Protection Agency Department of Toxic
            Substances Control (Contact: Melissa Salinas 916-322-7636) keeps track
            of  the generation,  transportation,  treatment,  and  disposal  of all
            hazardous wastes within the State through the use of the Uniform
            Hazardous Waste Manifests (Manifest).  The Manifest  requires that
            large generators certify that they "have a program in place to minimize
            the  volume and toxicity of waste generated .  . . determined to  be
            economically practicable" and that they have  selected the "practicable
            method of treatment, storage, or disposal currently available . . . which
            minimizes the present and future threat to human health and the
            environment."  Small quantity  generators must  certify that they have
            made a "good faith effort to minimize . . . waste generation" and have
            selected the best affordable waste management method available. The
            Department maintains  a warehouse of  information  related  to
            pollution prevention, including publications such as  "Waste  Audit
            Study:  Stone,  Clay, Glass, and  Concrete Products Industries" and
 SIC Code 32
                                    88
       September 1995

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 SectoT 'Notebook Project
     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
             "Hazardous Waste Minimization Checklist and Assessment  Manual
             for the Ceramic Products Industry."
 VIII.B.      EPA Voluntary Programs

 EPA 33/50 Program

             The "33/50  Program"  is EPA's voluntary program  to  reduce toxic
             chemical releases and  transfers of 17 chemicals from manufacturing
             facilities. Participating  companies pledge to reduce their toxic chemical
             releases and transfers by 33 percent as of 1992 and by 50  percent as of
             1995 from the 1988 baseline year.   Certificates of Appreciation have
             been given  to  participants who met their 1992 goals.   The  list  of
             chemicals includes 17 high-use chemicals  reported in the  Toxics
             Release  Inventory.

             For the stone, clay, glass, and concrete products industry, of the 20 TRI
             reported chemicals with the highest levels of releases and transfers, six
             are on EPA's 33/50 program list of targeted chemicals. These chemicals
             are chromium compounds, lead compounds, methyl ethyl ketone,
             toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and xylene.

             Exhibit 23 lists those companies participating in the 33/50 program that
             reported under SIC code  32  to TRI.   Many of  the participating
             companies listed multiple SIC  codes  (in no particular order), and are
             therefore likely  to conduct operations in addition to stone, clay, glass,
             and  concrete Products.  The table shows the number of facilities  within
             each company  that are participating in the 33/50  program; each
             company's total  1993 releases and transfers of 33/50 chemicals; and the
             percent reduction in these chemicals since 1988.

             Fifty-one companies listed under SIC 32 (stone, clay, glass,  and concrete
             industries) are  currently participating in  the 33/50 program.  They
             account  for 28 percent  of the 178 companies  under SIC  32, which  is
             double the average for all  industries  of 14 percent participation.
             (Contact: Mike Burns 202-260-6394 or the 33/50 Program 202-260-6907)
September 1995
89
                                 SIC Code 32

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Stone, Clay/ Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
                                      Exhibit 23
           Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities Participating
                                in the 33/50 Program
Parent Facility name
3m Minnesota Mining & Mfg
Co
Adolph Coors Company
Allied Mineral Products Inc
Allied-Signal Inc
Amcron Inc Delaware
Apogee Enterprises Inc
Armstrong World Industries
Ball Corporation
Bp America Inc
Ccrtainteed Corporation
Chrysler Corporation
Corning Inc
Dai-Tile Group Inc
Dana Corporation
Dresser Industries Inc
Duncan Financial Corporation
Fair Rite Products Corp
Ford Motor Company
Fritz Industries Inc
Gaf Corporation
General Electric Company
Haeger Industries Inc
Hm Anglo-American Ltd
Inland Steel Industries Inc
Knauf Fiber Glass Gmbh
Leco Corporation
Lockheed Corporation
Martin Marietta Corporation
Morgan Stanley Leveraged
Fund
Motorola Inc
Newell Co
North American Philips Corp
Norton Company
Oregon Steel Mills Inc
Owens-Coming Fiberglas
Core

Parent City !
t. Paul
Solden
Columbus
Morristown
Pasadena
Minneapolis
^ancaster
Vluncie
Cleveland
Valley Forge
lighland Park
Corning
)allas
Toledo
)allas
Fresno
Wallkill
Dearborn
Mesquite
Wayne
'airfield
Dundee
Slew York
Chicago
Shelbyville
Saint Joseph
"alabasas
Bethesda
New York
Schaumburg
Freeport
New York
Worcester
Portland
Toledo
Toledo
3T
MN
CO
OH
MJ
CA
MN
PA
IN
OH
'A
MI
•W
X
OH
X
CA
TC
MI
[X
tfj
:r
L
>4Y
L
N
MI
CA
MD
NY
IL
IL
NY
MA
OR
OH
OH
SIC Codes
2834, 3842,
2695, 8731,
3291, 2672
3264
3297
3292, 2821
3272, 3317,
3443, 3479
3231
3251
3221
3297
3296
3231
3231
3253
3293
3255
3269, 3299,
2851
3264
3211
3272
3295
3291, 3545
3269
3241
3312, 3274
3296
3826, 3471
3229
327
3297, 3295
3274
3679, 329
322
322
329
3312, 329
3229, 282
322
# of
Participating
Facilities
1 1
2
1
1
2
1
4
5
1
4
1
8
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
1
1
1
4
1
7
19
1993
Releases and
Transfers
(Ibs.)
16,481,098
158,792
404
2,080,501
184,882
423,862
1,109,350
721,859
1,597,404
15,429
3,623,717
1,521,528
1,721
1,652,123
127,187
6,139
2,250
15,368,032
10,000
944,730
5,010,856
2,106
1,265,741
733,786
6,17
6,800
982,61
223,286
2,166,420
226,35
324,28
1,281,92
40,83
14,53
141,20
412,57
%
Reduction
19SS to
1993
70
59
***
50
**
15
*
86
24
50
80
14
97
**
42
50

15
77
44
50
4
2
. 48

14
35
73
13
50
23
50
63
12
50

 SIC Code 32
                                        90
        September 1995

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Sector Notebook Project
     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                               Exhibit 23 (cont'd)
          Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities Participating
                             in the 33/50 Program
Parent Facility name
Pfizer Inc
Ppg Industries Inc
Refractory Sales & Service Co.
Schuller Corporation
St. George Crystal Ltd
Stanley Works
Summitville Tiles Inc
Sunnen Products Company
Superior Graphite Co
T&NInc
Talley Industries Inc
Tdk Ferrites Corp.
Texas Industries Inc
Thomson Consumer
ilectronics
Veba Corporation
Parent City
New York
Pittsburgh
Bessemer
Denver
Jeannette
New Britain
Summitville
Maplewood
Chicago
Ann Arbor
Phoenix
Shawnee
Dallas
Indianapolis
Houston
ST
NY
PA
AL
CO
PA
CT
OH
MO
IL
MI
AZ
OK
TX
IN
TX
SIC Codes
3297
3231
3297, 3272
3229
3229
3231, 3089,
2499
3253
3291, 3541,
3545
3295
3292, 3714
3264
3264, 3679
3241
3229
3299
# of
Participating
Facilities
2
5
1
5
1
1
2
, 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1993
Releases and
Transfers
(Ibs.)
2,176,460
2,772,331
1,000
24,694
510
508,199
10
2,928
2,102
670,624
3,804
8,339
20,964
2,110,314
24,254
%
Reduction
1988 to
1993
50
50
50
***
*
50
*
42
10
**
***
50
*
43
10
* = not quantifiable against 1988
data.
** = use reduction goal only.
*** = no numerical goal.
Environmental Leadership Program
            The Environmental Leadership Program (ELP) is a national initiative
            piloted by EPA and State agencies in which facilities have volunteered
            to demonstrate innovative approaches to environmental management
            and  compliance.  EPA  has selected  12 pilot projects at industrial
            facilities  and  Federal  installations  which will demonstrate  the
            principles  of  the  ELP  program.    These  principles  include:
            environmental  management  systems,  multimedia  compliance
            assurance, third-party verification of compliance, public  measures of
            accountability, community involvement,  and mentoring programs.  In
            return for participating, pilot participants receive public  recognition
            and are given a period  of time to correct any violations discovered
            during these experimental projects.  (Contact: Tai-ming  Chang, ELP
            Director, 202-564-5081 or Robert Fentress, 202-564-7023)
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Sector Notebook Project
Project XL
            Project XL was initiated in March 1995 as a part of President Clinton's
            Reinventing  Environmental Regulation initiative.  The projects seek
            to  achieve  cost effective  environmental  benefits by  allowing
            participants to replace or modify existing regulatory requirements on
            the condition that they produce greater environmental benefits.  EPA
            and program participants will negotiate and sign  a Final Project
            Agreement, detailing specific objectives that the regulated entity shall
            satisfy.  In exchange, EPA will allow the participant a certain degree of
            regulatory flexibility and may seek changes in underlying regulations
            or statutes.   Participants are encouraged to seek stakeholder support
            from local governments, businesses, and environmental groups.  EPA
            hopes to  implement fifty  pilot projects in four categories including
            facilities, sectors, communities, and government agencies regulated by
            EPA. Applications will be accepted on a rolling basis and projects will
            move to implementation within six months  of their selection.  For
            additional information regarding XL Projects, including application
            procedures and criteria, see the May 23, 1995 Federal Register Notice, or
            contact Jon Kessler at EPA's Office of Policy Analysis (202) 260-4034.
Green Lights Program
            EPA's Green Lights  program,  initiated  in 1991, has  the goal of
            preventing pollution by encouraging U.S. institutions to use energy-
            efficient lighting technologies. The program has over 1,500 participants
            which  include  major corporations;  small  and  medium  sized
            businesses;  Federal, State  and local governments; non-profit groups;
            schools; universities;  and health care facilities.   Each participant is
            required to survey their facilities and upgrade lighting wherever it is
            profitable.   EPA provides  technical assistance  to  the  participants
            through a decision support software package, workshops and manuals,
            and a  financing registry.  EPA's Office of Air and Radiation is
            responsible for operating the Green Lights Program.  (Contact: Susan
            Bullard at 202-233-9065 or  the Green Light/Energy Star Hotline at 202-
            775-6650)

 WasteWi$e Program

            The WasteWi$e Program was started in 1994 by EPA's Office of Solid
            Waste and  Emergency Response.  The program is aimed at reducing
            municipal solid  wastes by promoting  waste minimization, recycling
            collection, and the manufacturing and purchase of recycled products.
            As  of  1994,  the program had about  300 companies as  members,
            including a number of major corporations.  Members agree to identify
            and implement actions to  reduce their solid wastes and must provide

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Sector Notebook Project
     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
            EPA with  their waste reduction goals along with yearly  progress
            reports.   EPA  in  turn  provides technical assistance  to  member
            companies  and allows the use of the WasteWi$e logo for promotional
            purposes.  (Contact: Lynda  Wynn,  202-260-0700 or the WasteWi$e
            Hotline at 1-800-372-9473)
Climate Wise Recognition Program
NICE3
            The Climate Change Action Plan was initiated in response to the U.S.
            commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with
            the Climate Change Convention of the 1990 Earth Summit. As part of
            the Climate  Change Action  Plan, the  Climate Wise Recognition
            Program is  a partnership initiative  run  jointly by EPA  and  the
            Department of Energy.  The program is designed to reduce greenhouse
            gas emissions by  encouraging reductions across all sectors of  the
            economy, encouraging  participation  in the full range of Climate
            Change Action Plan initiatives, and fostering innovation.  Participants
            in the  program are required to identify  and commit to actions that
            reduce  greenhouse  gas  emissions.   The  program,  in turn, gives
            organizations  early  recognition  for their reduction commitments;
            provides technical  assistance through consulting services, workshops,
            and  guides;  and  provides  access  to  the  program's centralized
            information system.  At EPA, the program is operated by the Air and
            Energy Policy Division  within the Office of Policy Planning  and
            Evaluation. (Contact: Pamela Herman, 202-260-4407)
            The  U.S.  Department of  Energy  and EPA's Office of Pollution
            Prevention are jointly administering  a grant program called  The
            National Industrial Competitiveness through  Energy, Environment,
            and Economics (NICE3). By providing grants of up to 50 percent of the
            total project cost, the program encourages industry to reduce industrial
            waste at its  source and  become more energy-efficient and  cost-
            competitive through waste  minimization efforts.  Grants are used by
            industry to design, test, demonstrate, and assess the feasibility of new
            processes and/or equipment with the potential to reduce pollution and
            increase energy efficiency.  The program is open to all industries;
            however, priority is given to  proposals from participants in the pulp
            and paper, chemicals, primary metals, and petroleum and coal products
            sectors.  (Contact: DOE's Golden Field Office, 303-275-4729)

VIII.C.      Trade Association/Industry-Sponsored Activity

            The  trade associations that  represent the Stone,  Clay, Glass,  and
            Concrete Products Industry are  a valuable source of economic  and
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            environmental compliance data.  The following two subsections list
            major stone, clay, glass, and concrete products trade organizations and
            highlight  environmental  initiatives  sponsored  by  such  trade
            associations and other manufacturing groups.
VIH.C.l.    Environmental Programs

            In 1986, California voters approved the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic
            Enforcement  Act,  known as Proposition  65.   This  law  requires
            businesses in California to provide warnings when they expose  the
            public to hazardous chemicals like lead.  In early 1993, a group of
            ceramic dish manufacturers agreed to provide warnings about the lead
            content in their dishes by marking  dishes  with a yellow  triangle.
            Dishes with this yellow triangle have been tested and have been found
            to leach lead into food above Proposition 65 warning levels.  Through
            the use of this triangle, the public is better informed about possible
            exposure to hazardous chemicals.
vm.c.2.
Concrete
Summary of Trade Associations

The trade and professional organizations serving the stone, clay, glass,
and concrete industry are presented below according to the type of
product manufactured.
            American Concrete Institute (ACI)
            22400 West Seven Road
            Detroit, MI 48219
            Phone:  (313)532-2600
            Fax:  (313)538-0655
                                     Members: 19,000
                                     Staff: 62
                                     Budget:  $7,600,000
                                     Contact: George F. Leyh
            Founded in 1905, ACI is a technical society of engineers, architects,
            contractors, educators, and others interested in improving techniques
            of  design construction and  maintenance  of  concrete  products and
            structures.  ACI operates a 2,000 volume library and speakers' bureau
            and offers specialized education seminars. Publications offered by ACI
            include Concrete  International  (monthly), ACI Materials  Journal
            (bimonthly), ACI Structural Journal (bimonthly), and technical reports.
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Glass
Stone
            National Glass Association (NGA)
            8200 Greensboro Dr., 3rd floor
            McLean, VA 22102
            Phone: (703)442-4890
            Fax: (703)442-0603	
              Members: 4.500
              Staff: 25
              Budget: $4,000,000
              Contact: Philip J. James
            Founded in 1948, NGA represents manufacturers, installers, retailers,
            distributors, and fabricators of flat, architectural, automotive, and
            specialty glass and metal products, mirrors, shower and patio doors,
            windows, and table tops.  NGA compiles market statistics and provides
            educational and technical services.  Its publications  include  Autoglass
            Magazine (bimonthly) and Glass Magazine (monthly).
            Glass Technical Institute (GTI)
            12653 Portada PI.   .
            San Diego, CA 92130
            Phone:  (619)481-1277
            Fax: (619) 481-6771	__
              Members: NP
              Staff: 3
              Budget: For-Profit
              Contact: Dr. Robert A. Drake
            Founded in 1984, GTI represents companies, suppliers, and engineering
            firms serving the glass industry.  GTI works to promote and improve
            the  glass industry by offering environmental regulation counseling,
            engineering and technical  services, research and development, and
            product design  consulting  services. GTI provides an environmental
            and energy  database as well as publications  including Glass Factory
            (periodic).
             National Stone Association (NSA)
             1415 Elliot PL, N.W.
             Washington, D.C. 20007
             Phone: (202)342-1100
             Fax: (202) 342-0702, (800) 342-1415
              Members: 425
              Staff: 20
              Budget: $2,500,000
              Contact: William C. Ford
             Founded in 1985, NSA represents producers and processors of crushed
             stone used for all construction purposes, railroad ballast, and chemical,
             metallurgical, and agricultural processes; manufacturers of machinery,
             equipment, and supplies used  in production of crushed  stone; firms
             providing technical, engineering,  and  /or  scientific  services.   Its
             activities include  research,  engineering consultation  and  testing,
             product  promotion,  and representation in Washington, D.C.  NSA
             conducts educational programs and seminars.  Its publications include
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           Sector Notebook Project
day
             Stone Review (bimonthly), National Stone Association - Buyer's Guide
             (annual), and other marketing and technical publications.
             Cultured Marble Institute (CMI)
             1735 North Lynn Street, Suite 950
             Arlington, VA 22209
             Phone: (703)276-2644
             Fax: (703)524-2300  	
Members: 310
Staff: 4
Regional Groups: 10
Budget: $600,000
Contact: Edward L. Kawala
             Founded in 1974, CMI represents firms and corporations that make
             cultured marble products (such as cast marble vanity tops), and firms
             and corporations that supply raw materials and production equipment
             to manufacturers of cultured marble products.  It promotes the merits
             of cultured marble products to the market and develops industry-wide
             standards of product  quality and acceptability.  CMI represents the
             cultured marble industry before government and regulatory agencies of
             all types, and defends the industry against unwarranted regulations.  Its
             publications  include Cultured Marble News (quarterly), Forecaster
             (quarterly), and technical, safety, and regulation bulletins.
             Brick Institute of America (BIA)
             11490 Commerce Park Dr.
             Reston,VA 22091
             Phone: (703)620-0010
             Fax: (703) 620-3928	
Members: 60
Staff: 15
State Groups: 10
Budget: $1,500,000
Contact: Nelson J. Cooney
             Founded  in 1934, BIA represents manufacturers  of  clay brick.   It
             maintains a technical  library of 2,000 volumes on engineering  and
             ceramics pertinent to masonry construction.  BIA publications include
             BIA News (monthly), Brick in Architecture (bimonthly), and Technical
             Notes (bimonthly) .Other Associations

             American Ceramic Society (ACerS)
             735 Ceramic Place
             Westerville, OH 43081
             Phone: (614)794-5817
             Fax: (614) 899-6109	
Members: 16,000
Staff:  57
Budget:  $7,000,000
Contact:  GregGeiger
             Founded  in  1899,  ACerS represents scientists, engineers, educators,
             plant operators, and others interested in the glass, cements, refractories,
             nuclear ceramics, whitewares, electronics, engineering, and structural
             clay products industries.  It  disseminates  scientific and  technical
             information through its publications and technical meetings, as well as

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     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
            through the continuing education courses and training it offers.  ACerS
            operates a 3,400 volume library of materials on ceramic history, brick,
            cement, glass, and industrial  and  technical aspects of  ceramics,
            porcelain, and pottery.   It  also maintains a computerized,  online
            ceramic abstracts database. An hourly fee is charged for  ACerS research
            services, including access  to the online database.  ACerS publications
            include  the American Ceramic Society Bulletin  (monthly), Ceramics
            Abstracts (bimonthly), and Journal of the American Ceramic Society
            (monthly).
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                        Sector Notebook Project
DC.   CONTACTS/ACKNOWLEDSGMENTS/RESOURCE MATERIALS/BIBLIOGRAPHY

For further information on selected topics within the stone, clay, glass, and concrete
products industry a list of publications are provided below:

General Profile	

Advanced Optical System Sorts Waste Glass Feedstock for Container Manufacturing,
U.S. DOE, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, October 1993. (DOE/CH10093-234)

Americans Recycling Glass Containers at a Faster Rate  Than  Ever Before, Glass
Packaging Institute, Press Release, May 16 1995.

Dimension Stone Annual Report, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
January 1995.

Encyclopedia of Associations, 27th ed., Deborah M. Burek, ed., Gale Research Inc,
Detroit, Michigan, 1992.

Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1991, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/300-R92-008), April 1992.

Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1992, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/230-R93-001), April 1993.

Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1993, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/300-R94-003), Aprill994.
                                                    /
Environmental Sources and Emissions Handbook, No. 2, Marshall Sittig, Noyes
Data Corporation, 1975.

Glass Manufacturing Plants,  Background Information:   Proposed Standards of
Performance Volume 1,  U.S. EPA, Office  of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
(EPA-450/3-79-005a), June 1979.

How Much Do You Know About Glass Containers Recycling? Glass Packaging
Institute, Briefing kit, 1995.

Industry & Trade Summary:  Flat Glass and Certain Flat Glass Products, United
States International Trade Commission, November, 1993. (USITC Publication  2694)

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 7th ed., vol. 8, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York, New York, 1992.

Standard Industrial  Classification Manual, Office of Management and Budget, 1987.
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Sector Notebook Project
     Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sustainable Environmental Law, Ch. 16, Campbell-Mohn, Environmental Law
Institute, 1993.

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) 1992 Public Data Release, U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, April 1994.  (EPA/745-R94-001)

Toxic Release Inventory, U.S. EPA, Data Pull, September 1994.

U.S. Industrial Outlook 1994, Department of Commerce.

Process Descriptions	

Air Pollution Engineering  Manual, 3rd ed., Air & Waste Management Association,
International Thomson Publishing, New York, New York, .1992.

Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42), U.S. EPA, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards.

2992 Annual Report:  Cement, Bureau of Mines, August 1993.

2992 Annual Report:  Clays, Bureau of Mines, August 1993.

Waste Audit Study:  Stone,  Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products  Industries,
Department of Toxic Substances Control, California EPA, January, 1993.
(Doc. No. 318)

Regulatory Profile	.    	

Asbestos Manufacturing Point Source Category Rules and Regulations, Federal
Register vol. 39, no. 39, February 26,1974.

Cement Manufacturing Point Source Category Proposed  Rules, Federal Register vol.
38, no. 173, September 7,1973.

Effluent Limitations  Guidelines for Asbestos Manufacturing Point Source Category
Proposed Rules, Federal Register vol. 38, no. 208, October 30, 1973.

Effluent Limitations  Guidelines for Existing Sources and  Standards  of Performance
and Pretreatment Standards  for New Sources for the Paving and Roofing Materials
(Tars and Asphalt) Point Source Category, Federal Register vol. 40, no. 143, July 24,
1975.

Glass  Manufacturing Point  Source Category, Insulation  Fiberglass  Subcategory
Proposed Rules, Federal Register vol. 38, no. 162, August 22, 1973.
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Stone, Clav, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
                        Sector Notebook Project
National Emission Standard for Inorganic Arsenic Emissions from Glass
Manufacturing Plants Rules and Regulations, Federal Register vol. 51, no. 149,
August 4,1986.

NESHAP:  Asbestos Processing Proposed Rule, Federal Register vol. 59, no. 79, April
25,1994.

NESHAP:  Mineral Wool Production Industry Proposed Rule, Federal Register  vol.
59, no. 79, April 25,1994.

NESHAP:  Portland  Cement Manufacturing Proposed Rule, Federal Register vol. 59,
no 79, April 25,1994.

Report to Congress and Final Regulatory Determination on Cement Kiln Dust  Final
Rulef Federal Register vol. 59, no. 79, April 25,1994.

Standards of Performance for Asphalt  Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacture
Rules and Regulations, Federal Register vol. 47, no. 152, August 6, 1982.

Standards of Performance for Glass Manufacturing Plants Rules and Regulations,
Federal Register vol. 45, no. 196, October 7,1980.

Standards of Performance for New  Stationary Sources; Lime  Manufacturing Plants
Rules and Regulations, Federal Register vol. 49, no. 82, April  26, 1984.

Standards of Performance for Portland Cement Plants  Rules  and Regulations,
Federal Register vol. 42, no. 142, July 25,1977.

Pollution Prevention     	__

1991 Annual Survey  of Manufacturers, Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries,
Department of Commerce, December 1992.  (M91(AS)-1)

Fact Sheet:  Ceramic Products Industry Waste Minimization, California EPA, Office
of Pollution Prevention and Technology Development, May, 1993.

Pamphlet:   Questions and Answers About Proposition  65 and the Warnings on
Ceramic Dishes, California Tableware Education and Enforcement Program (1-800-
644-LEAD).
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 Sector Notebook Project
                       Stone, Clay; Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
ContactsS
Name

Dr. Robert Blake
Ed Buckner
Greg Geiger
Harry Miles
John Harmon
John Keil
Melissa Salinas
Pam Franz
Robert Miller
Nathan Tyler
Organization

Glass Technical Institute
EPA, Region VTI (inspector)
American Ceramic Society
Primary Glass Manufacturing Console
U.S. EPA 33/50 Program
Libby Owens Ford
California EPA
Environmental Defense Fund
Bureau of Census
Glass Packaging Institute
Telephone

619-481-1277
913-551-7621
614-794-5817
615-239-6891
202-260-6395
419-247-3715
916-322-7636
510-658-8008
301-763-7897
202-887-4850
3Many of the contacts listed above have provided valuable background information and comments
during the development of this document. EPA appreciates this support and acknowledges that the
individuals listed do not necessarily endorse all statements made within this notebook.

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     APPENDIX A - INSTRUCTIONS FOR DOWNLOADING NOTEBOOKS
                  Electronic Access to the Sector Notebooks via
                the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web (E$WWW) and
                 the  Enviro$en$e Bulletin Board  System (E$BBS)
      The Sector Notebooks are available through two electronic systems, the Enviro$en$e
Bulletin Board System (via modem connection), and the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web (via
Internet). The Enviro$en$e Communications Network is a free, public, interagency-supported
system operated by EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance and the Office of
Research and Development. The Network allows regulators, the regulated community, technical
experts, and the general public to share information regarding: pollution prevention and innovative
technology; environmental enforcement and compliance assistance; laws, executive orders,
regulations and policies; points of contact for services and equipment; and other related topics.  The
Network welcomes receipt of environmental messages, information and data from any public or
private person or organization. This document first provides summary information on E$WWW
access, then provides information on downloading protocols from within the E$BBS.


A.    ACCESS THROUGH ENVIRO$EN$E WORLD WIDE WEB

             To access the Sector Notebooks through the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web, set
      your World Wide Web Browser to the following address:

      WWW/INTERNET  ADDRESS:  http://wastenot.inel.gov/envirosense/

      HOTLINE NUMBER FOR E$WWW ONLY:  208-526-6956

      EPA E$WWW MANAGER:  Myles Morse, 202-260-3161

             From the Enviro$en$e home page, click on "Compliance and Enforcement" to
      obtain instructions on how to access the Sector Notebooks and how to provide comments.
      Names, e-mail addresses, and telephone numbers will also be provided should you require
      assistance. The same documents listed below under the E$BBS instructions are available
      ontheESWWW.


B.    ACCESS THROUGH THE ENVIRO$EN$E BULLETIN BOARD  SYSTEM -
      Instructions for Connecting, Registering and Downloading Notebooks

      E$BBS MODEM  CONNECTION  NUMBER:    703-908-2092

      HOTLINE FORESEES ONLY:  703-908-2007

      MANAGER:  BBS Platform: Louis Paley, 202-260-4640

             The following instructions are condensed from longer documents that provide
      information on the full features  of the Enviro$en$e Bulletin Board. Further documentation
      is available on-line in the files that are listed at the end of this Appendix.
                                       A-l

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STEP 1.     ESTABLISHING  MODEM  SETTINGS

             Connecting to the ENVIRO$EN$E BBS is done using a modem and
      communications software. The modem can be either an internal or external model
      connected directly to your computer or part of a modem pool that is accessible through your
      Local Area Network (LAN) system. The communications software (e.g.. CrossTalk,
      ProComm, QModem, Microphone, etc.) is what allows you to access and control your
      modem. Your software needs to be set to the values noted below (many of these settings
      are the standard defaults used):

      •      Telephone number - 703-908-2092 (Tip: Be sure you have entered
             the appropriate dialing prefix; e.g., 9 for an outside line, 1 for long
             distance...)

      •      Baud rate -  up to 14,400 BPS is supported (always select the highest
             speed which YOUR modem will support).

             Terminal Emulation -  BBS, ANSI, VT-100, VT-102 etc.  (Tips:
             Do not use TTY. After you log in, if you see screen characters appear on
             the lines where you need to enter information, chances are that you need to
             properly set your terminal emulation.  The emulation can normally be reset
             before or during communication with Enviro$en$e).

             Data Bits -  8  (Eight).

      •      Stop Bits - 1 (One).

      •      Parity -  None.

      •      Transfer Protocols - ZModem,  YModem, XModem,  HS/Link,
             BiModem, ASCII (text files only).  If your communications software
             supports ZModem, this will increase upload/download efficiency.  You
             must select the same protocol that BOTH your communications software
             and the BBS support so that they can "talk the same language" when
             sending and receiving files.

      •      Error correction/data  compression protocols  -  v.32,  v.42,  and
             other older, hardware-dependent ones are supported.

             Refer to your communications software manual on how to set and save the
      communication parameters noted above (these will generally be the default). Also check to
      make sure you know where the communications software will send the files you
      download. Due to document sizes it is best not to download Sector Notebooks to floppy
      disks.
                                        A-2

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STEP  2.    CONNECTING  AND  REGISTERING

       •      Connect to E$BBS via a modem, using communications software set to the
             above settings by dialing:

                                  (703)  908-2092

             NOTE: EPA Employees can access E$ directly via LAN from the Agency Lan
             Services Menu or Icon and then follow the instructions below. The end of this
             document lists additional resources for accessing E$BBS through the LAN.

       •      Once you are in the BBS, hit the ENTER/RETURN key twice (2) to accept
             the default values for the screen.

       •      on successive pages, type your first name and hit
             ENTER/RETURN; type your last name and hit ENTER/RETURN;
             and type your password (if you have NOT registered yet,
             make one up,  and remember it for subsequent logons to
             E$) and hit ENTER/RETURN; and

       •      Register (first time only) and immediately receive access to the BBS
             for 120 minutes per day;

                    Type responses to the Registration questions, and hit
                    ENTER/RETURN to begin using ENVIRO$EN$E. (Tip: the last
                    registration question is Country?	)

                    You may need to hit ENTER/RETURN several times to move past System
                    News and Alert messages.

STEP  3.    DOWNLOADING SECTOR NOTEBOOKS

             The files that appear on the following table can be downloaded from E$. Most files
       cannot be viewed on-screen within the E$BBS.  As indicated on the following table, each
       document appears in several formats - WordPerfect 5.1 (PC), WordPerfect 6.1 (PC),
       Microsoft Word 5. la (Mac) or WordPerfect 2.0 (Mac). Please note that the quality of
       formatting and graphics is highest in the file version in which the notebook was originally
       created. The high quality versions are underlined on the following list of filenames.

       Information on Macintosh/Microsoft Word Files

       Available Macintosh files are not compressed. The files are easily identified by the seventh
       and eighth position in the filename - which is "MA." The extension They can be directly
       downloaded and read using Microsoft Word 5. la, or within other word processing
       software that supports conversion of Microsoft Word 5. la documents. Conversion to
       other programs may alter formatting and graphics quality.

       Information on PC/WordPerfect Files

       The WordPerfect files are all compressed ("zipped" files ending with the .ZIP extension)
       files that need to be decompressed ("unzipped") after they are downloaded. The notebooks
       that are available in WP 5.1 and WP 6.0 are zipped together (this is why the filenames on
       the following table are the same). When these files are downloaded and "unzipped," you
       wiU have a version with the extension ".WP5" and one with ".WP6".
                                        A-3

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                Available Notebooks, Filenames  and File Formats
Profile of the	Industry
PC WP 5.1
PC WP 6.1
                                                                    Macintosh
                                                                Word 5.1a/WP2.0
Dry Cleaning                       DRYCLNSN.ZIP
Electronics and Computer          ELECMPSN.ZIP
Wood Furniture  and Fixtures       WDFURNSN.ZIP
Inorganic Chemical                INRGCHSN.ZIP
Iron and Steel                     IRONSTSN.ZIP
Lumber and Wood Products          LMBRWDSN.ZIP
Fabricated Metal Products         FABMETSN.ZIP
Metal Mining                       METMINSN.ZIP
Motor Vehicle Assembly            MOTVEHSN.ZIP
Nonferrous Metals                 NFMETLSN.ZIP
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining        NOMTMISN.ZIP
Organic Chemical                  ORGCHMSN.ZIP
Petroleum Refining                PETREFSN.ZIP
Printing                           PRINTGSN.ZIP
Pulp and Paper                     PULPPASN.ZIP
Rubber and Plastic                RUBPLASN.ZIP
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete   STCLGLSN.ZIP
Transportation  Equipment Cleaning TRNSEQSN.ZIP
              DRYCLNSN.ZIP
              INRGCHSN.ZIP
              IRONSTSN.ZIP
               DRYCLNMA
               ELECMPMA
         ,WP2
         .WD5
                              WDFURNMA.WD5
               INRGCHMA
               IRONSTMA
               LMBRWDMA
         ,WP2
         .WP2
         .WD5
              ORGCHMSN.ZIP
              PETREFSN.ZIP
              PRINTGSN.ZIP
              PULPPASN.ZIP
                              FABMETMA.WD5
                              METMINMA.WD5
                              MOTVEHMA.WD5
                              NFMETLMA.WD5
                              NOMTMIMA.WD5
                        ,WP2
                        ,WP2
                        .WP2
                        ,WP2
                        .WD5
ORGCHMMA
PETREFMA
PRINTGMA
PULPPAMA
RUBPLAMA
                              STCLGLMA.WD5
              TRNSEOSN.ZIP   TRNSEQMA.WP2
Note: Underlined files contain the highest quality format/graphics


STEP 3  CONTINUED - PROCEDURES FOR DOWNLOADING

      •     From the E$ Main Menu, select "D" to Download then hit ENTER/RETURN.

      •     Type in the Sector Notebook filename from above that you would like to select for
            downloading and hit ENTER/RETURN.

      •     The system will ask you to select a file transfer protocol. Select the file transfer
            protocol that matches what you have selected within your PC communications
            software (ZModem is recommended) and hit ENTER/RETURN.  (Tip: ZModem
            users may also be allowed to enter more than one filename to download more than
            one document at a time. Simply continue to enter a new filename each time a new
            filename prompt appears on the screen. This option is disabled for other users.)

      •     At this point, you may

                   begin downloading by hitting ENTER/RETURN. This should begin the
                   download if you are using the ZModem transfer protocol. If you don't see
                   information on the screen showing the progress of the download, follow the
                   next step.

      •     If the download does not begin after following the last step, you need to tell your
            communications software to start receiving the file. To do this, look for a
            "RECEIVE" icon or command on your communications software menu and activate
            it. This tells your software to begin the download.
                                       A-4

-------
STEP 4
When the download is completed, a message will appear on the screen to confirm
transmission.

The downloaded file will appear in the folder or directory that you defined in your
communications software.

Repeat the above procedure to download other notebooks.

Macintosh users can logoff using the [Gjoodbye command from the main menu

THE FOLLOWING STEP MUST BE TAKEN BY ALL  USERS THAT
HAVE DOWNLOADED ZIPPED FILES (files with a ".ZIP" filename
extension) FROM E$.  MACINTOSH USERS CAN SKIP  THIS
STEP.

      In  order  to read the zipped file(s) you have downloaded, you
      must download the decompression software required to
      "unzip" your files. To download the decompression software, follow
      the same download instructions given above. Type in the filename
      "PKZ204G.EXE" and hit ENTER/RETURN. You only need to download
      this file to your hard drive once.

Logoff using the [G]oodbye command from the main menu.

To end the phone connection, the user should use the "hang up" or "terminate call"
option provided with your communications software.

DECOMPRESSING ".ZIP'D"  DOWNLOADED FILES (PC Only -
Macintosh files  do not need to be decompressed)
            After you have downloaded a compressed (".ZIP") file to your PC, you must
      decompress it to its original format and size by using the "PKUnzip" file which you
      downloaded at the beginning of Step 3. The file which you downloaded;
      "PKZ204G.EXE", contains PKZip.EXE and PKUnzip.EXE files. PKUNZIP will
      decompress the file, returning it to its original size and format as if it had never been
      compressed or transmitted over the BBS. To use the PK commands (pkunzip.exe &
      pkzip.exe), you must be at the DOS prompt (third-party software interfaces exist for
      Windows). For details on how to use either command, simply type the command at the
      DOS prompt (without any parameters, i.e., just type "PKUNZIP") and hit
      ENTER/RETURN. Since parameters are required for the PKs to work they will
      automatically go into help mode and give you a brief explanation of how they work.  If a
      user needs more direction, there is full documentation included in the PKZ204G.EXE in
      the "Hints" file.

      To decompress any file, use PKUNZIP.EXE by taking the following steps:

            Go to the DOS C: prompt and type PKUNZIP.EXE; then,

            Type "PKUNZIP [Filename]" (e.g.. the filename and the path of the
            compressed file you wish to decompress).

            NOTE: after the paired files are unzipped, two files will exist, one with the
            extension ".WP5" and one with the extension ".WP6.
                                      A-5

-------
C.    COMMENTING OR PROVIDING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE
      SECTOR NOTEBOOKS VIA E$BBS

             Comments on the Sector Notebooks, or supplemental documents of interest can be
      uploaded to the Enviro$en$e BBS. Follow upload instructions that appear on the screen,
      or look at the instructions for compressing and uploading documents. The instructional
      documents are listed below under Section D of this Appendix. All documents that you
      upload will be publicly accessible, and should contain a short abstract (less than 50 words)
      that describes the document. It is recommended that this abstract contain the words "Sector
      Notebook Comments," the title of the Notebook that the comments are directed toward,
      and the words "SIC «3nsert applicable 2-digit SIC code»".

             NOTE: To help the system operator know what you've uploaded and where it
             should be put within the BBS, it is helpful to send a message to the system
             operator. Before logging out of E$, you will be given the option to comment to the
             system operator (Sysop).  Please indicate what files you have sent, and that the
             comments or supplemental documents should be placed in Directory 51 - "Sector
             Compliance Information and Notebooks." Messages can also be sent to the Sysop
             from the main menu using the Message option.


D.    ADDITIONAL  RESOURCE  DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE ON E$BBS

             The following files can be viewed from the "Bulletins" section of E$BBS main
      menu.  To receive these documents electronically, the files can be Downloaded (and
      yiewedl from Directory #160 (utilities). If you would like to download these files, follow
      the same procedures that are outlined (Section C). The directions for direct dial modem
      users are different than the directions for EPA LAN users. How you have accessed the
      E$BBS determines which of the paired files below that you should follow.
       Entered  E$
       yia Modem

       CONREGWP.TXT


       FINDVIEW.TXT


       CONVCOMP.TXT

       DNLDTXWP.TXT


       DNLDZPWP.TXT

       UPLOADWP.TXT


       SNHOWTO.TXT
Entered E$
  EPA LAN


CNREGLAN.TXT


FNDVWLAN.TXT


CVCMPLAN.TXT


DNLTXLAN.TXT


DNZPLAN.TXT


UPLDLAN.TXT


SNHOWLAN.TXT
Description  of File

How to Connect and Register on  the E$BBS
via Modem
Finding and Viewing Files from  E$BBS via
Modem
Converting,  Compressing & Uncompressing
Files via Modem
Flagging and Downloading "Uncompressed"
Files from  E$BBS
Flagging and Downloading "Compressed"
Files from  E$BBS
Directions  for Uploading Files  via Modem
to the E$BBS
Contains this  document "Appendix A -
Downloading Instructions"
                                        A-6
                                          • U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTIUG OFFICE: 1996-408-755/50146

-------
           To order other  EPA Sector Notebooks
                          use the form  below
        United States Government
        INFORMATION
                                Charge your order.
                                       It's easy!
Order Processing Code:
*3212
                                  Fax your orders (202) 512-2250
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Qty.


















Stock Number
055-000-00512-5
055-000-00513-3
055-000-00518-4
055-000-00515-0
055-000-00516-8 ,
055-000-00517-6 ,
055-000-00519-2 .
055-000-00520-6,
055-000-00521-4
055-000-00522-2
055-000-00523-1
055-000-00524-9
055-000-00525-7
055-000-00526-5
055-000-00527-3
055-000-00528-1
055-000-00529-0
055-000-00514-1
Title
Dry Cleaning Industry, 104 pages
Electronics and Computer Industry, 160 pages
Fabricated Metal Products Industry, 1 64 pages
Inorganic Chemical Industry, 136 pages
Iron and Steel Industry, 1 28 pages
Lumber and Wood Products Industry, 1 36 pages .
Metal Mining Industry, 148 pages
Motor Vehicle Assembly Industry, 1 56 pages
Nonferrous Metals Industry, 1 40 pages
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry, 108 pages
Organic Chemical Industry, 152 pages
Petroleum Refining Industry, 160 pages
Printing Industry, 124 pages
Pulp and Paper Industry, 156 pages
Rubber and Plastic Industry, 152 pages
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Industry, 124 pages
Transportation Eauioment Cleaning Industry. 84 oaaes
Wood Furniture and Fixtures Industry. 132 oaaes
Price
Each
$ 6.50
$11.00
"11.00
* 9.00
* 8.00
$ 9.00
$ 10.00
«11.00
$ 9.00
$ 6.50
S11.00
$11.00
* 7.50
$11.00
$11.00
$ 7.50
$ 5.50
* 8.00
Total for Publications
Total
Price

















'

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     Important: Please include this completed order form with your remittance.
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                  Mail to: Superintendent of Documents        ^
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