United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Enforcement An'd "
Compliance Assurance
"
Profile Of The
Concrete Industrf
September 1995
NOTTEBCXJKS
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
THE ADMINISTRATOR
Message from the Administrator
Over the past 25 years, our nation has made tremendous progress in protecting public health and
our environment while promoting economic prosperity. Businesses as large as iron and steel
plants and businesses as small as the dry cleaner on the corner have worked with EPA to find
ways to operate cleaner, cheaper, and smarter. As a result, we no longer have rivers catching on
fire. Our skies are clearer. American environmental technology and expertise are in demand
throughout the world.
The Clinton Administration recognizes that to continue this progress, we must move beyond the
pollutant-by-pollutant approaches of the past to comprehensive, facility-wide approaches for the
future. Industry by industry and community by community, we must build a new generation of
environmental protection.
Within the past two years, the Environmental Protection Agency undertook its Sector Notebook
Project to compile, for a number of key industries, information about environmental problems and
solutions, case studies and tips about complying with regulations. We called on industry leaders,
state regulators, and EPA staff with many years of experience in these industries and with their'
unique environmental issues. Together with notebooks for 17 other industries, the notebook you
hold in your hand is the result.
These notebooks will help business managers to better understand their regulatory requirements,
learn more about how others in their industry have undertaken regulatory compliance and the
innovative methods some have found to prevent pollution in the first instance. These notebooks
will give useful information to state regulatory agencies moving toward industry-based programs.
Across EPA we will use this manual to better integrate our programs and improve our compliance
assistance efforts.
I encourage you to use this notebook to evaluate and improve the way that together we achieve
our important environmental protection goals. I am confident that these notebooks will help us to
move forward in ensuring that ~ in industry after industry, community after community ~
environmental protection and economic prosperity go hand in hand.
Carol M. Browm
Recycled/Recyclable • Printed with Vegetable Based Inks on Recycled Paper (20% Postconsumer)
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
EPA/310-R-95-017
EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project
Profile of the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
Products Industry
September 1995
Office of Compliance
Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M St., SW (MC 2221-A)
Washington, DC 20460
For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office
Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
ISBN 0-16-048284-4
SIC Code 32
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
This report is one in a series of volumes published by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to provide information of general interest regarding
environmental issues associated with specific industrial sectors. The documents
were developed under contract by Abt Associates (Cambridge, MA), and Booz-Allen
& Hamilton, Inc. (McLean, VA). This publication may be purchased from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. A listing of
available Sector Notebooks and document numbers is included at the end of this
document.
All telephone orders should be directed to:
Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, DC 20402
(202) 512-1800
FAX (202) 512-2250
8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., EST, M-F
Using the form provided at the end of this document, all mail orders should be
directed to: --
U.S. Government Printing Office
P.O. Box 371954
Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954
Complimentary volumes are available to certain groups or subscribers, such as
public and academic libraries, Federal, State, local, and foreign governments, and the
media. For further information, and for answers to questions pertaining to these
documents, please refer to the contact names and numbers provided within this
volume.
Electronic versions of all Sector Notebooks are available on the EPA Enviro$en$e
Bulletin Board and via Internet on the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web.
Downloading procedures are described in Appendix A of this document.
Cover photograph by Steve Delaney, EPA.
September 1995
SIC Code 32
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Contacts for Available Sector Notebooks
The Sector Notebooks were developed by the EPA Office of Compliance. Particular
questions regarding the Sector Notebook Project in general can be directed to the
EPA Work Assignment Managers:
Michael Barrette
US EPA Office of Compliance
401 M St., SW (2223-A)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 564-7019
Gregory Waldrip
US EPA Office of Compliance
401 M St., SW (2223-A)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 564-7024
Questions and comments regarding the individual documents can be directed to the
appropriate specialists listed below.
Document Number
Industry
Contact
Phone (202)
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
EPA/310
-R-95-001.
-R-95-002.
-R-95-003.
-R-95-004.
-R-95-005.
-R-95-006.
-R-95-007.
-R-95-008.
-R-95-009.
-R-95-010.
-R-95-011.
-R-95-012.
-R-95-013.
-R-95-014.
-R-95-015.
-R-95-016.
-R-95-017.
EPA/310-R-95-018.
Dry Cleaning Industry
Electronics and Computer Industry
Wood Furniture and Fixtures Industry
Inorganic Chemical Industry
Iron and Steel Industry
Lumber and Wood Products Industry
Fabricated Metal Products Industry
Metal Mining Industry
Motor Vehicle Assembly Industry
Nonferrous Metals Industry
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry
Organic Chemical Industry
Petroleum Refining Industry
Printing Industry
Pulp and Paper Industry
Rubber and Plastic Industry
Stone, Clay, Glass, and
Concrete Industry
Transportation Equipment
Cleaning Industry
Joyce Chandler
Steve Hoover
Bob Marshall
Walter DeRieux
Maria Malave
Seth Heminway
Greg Waldrip
Keith Brown
Suzanne Childress
Jane Engert
Keith Brown
Walter DeRieux
Tom Ripp
Ginger Gotliffe
Maria Eisemann
Maria Malave
Scott Throwe
564-7073
564-7007
564-7021
564-7067
564-7027
564-7017
564-7024
564-7124
564-7018
564-5021
564-7124
564-7067
564-7003
564-7072
564-7016
564-7027
564-7013
Virginia Lathrop 564-7057
A Federal Facilities Profile is under development and will be completed later in 1995
(Contact: Sarah Walsh, 202-260-6118)
September 1995
111
SIC Code 32
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Stone,, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
(SIC 32)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT 1
. LA. Summary of the Sector Notebook Project..*..., 1
I.B. Additional Information 2
n. INTRODUCTION TO THE STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
INDUSTRY . 4
U..A. Introduction, Background, and Scope of the Notebook 4
n.B. Characterization of the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
Products Industry 5
n.B.l. Industry Size and Geographic Distribution 5
H.B.2. Product Characterization 8
H.B.3. Economic Trends . 12
IE. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION 15
in.A. Industrial Processes in the Stone, Clay, Glass, and
Concrete Products Industry 15
HUB. Raw Material Inputs and Pollution Outputs 23
IH..C Management of Chemicals in Wastestream 30
IV. CHEMICAL RELEASE AND TRANSFER PROFILE 32
IV.A. EPA Toxic Release Inventory for the Stone, Clay, Glass,
and Concrete Products Sector 35
IV.B. Summary of Selected Chemicals Released 43
IV.C. Other Data Sources 49
IV.D. Comparison of Toxic Release Inventory Between
Selected Industries 51
V. POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES 54
SIC Code 32
iv
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
(SIC 32)
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D)
Page
V.A. Glass 55
V.B. Concrete '. 56
V.C. Cement 57
V.D. Structural Clay Products ..59
V.E. Pottery Products 59
VI. SUMMARY OF FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS 60
VI.A. General Description of Major Statutes 60
VLB. Industry-Specific Regulations 72
VI.C. Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements 74
VII. COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT PROFILE 75
VILA. Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Compliance History 79
VII.B. Comparison of Enforcement Activity Between Selected
Industries 79
VILC. Review of Major Legal Actions 85
VII.C.l Review of Major Cases 85
VII.C.2. Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs) 86
VIII. COMPLIANCE ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES 88
VIII.A. Sector-Related Environmental Programs and Activities 88
/
VIII.B. EPA Voluntary Programs 89
VIII.C. Trade Association/Industry-Sponsored Activity 93
VULC.l. Environmental Programs 94
VTII.C.2. Summary of Trade Associations .....94
IX. CONTACTS/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS/RESOURCE MATERIALS/
BIBLIOGRAPHY 98
September 1995
SIC Code 32
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Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Pro.ducts Industry
SectorNotebook Project
STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
(SIC 32)
EXHIBIT INDEX
Page
Exhibit 1 Facility Size Distribution of Industry 5,6
Exhibit 2 Geographic Distribution of Stone, Clay, Glass, and
Concrete Products Industry.. 7
Exhibit 3 Basic Flow Diagram of Clay Manufacturing Process... 16
Exhibit 4 Typical Glass Manufacturing Process 20
Exhibit 5 Basic Cement Production Process 22
Exhibit 6 Particulate Emissions from Clay Manufacturing 24
Exhibit 7 Process Material Input/Pollutant Output... 29
Exhibit 8 Source Reduction and Recycling Activities for SIC 32 31
Exhibit 9 Top 10 TRI Releasing Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
Facilities (SIC 32) 36
Exhibit 10 Top 10 TRI Releasing Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
Products Facilities 36
Exhibit 11 TRI Reporting Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
Products Facilities (SIC 32) by State 37
Exhibit 12 Releases for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by Number of Facilities
(Releases Reported in Pounds/Year) 38,39,40
Exhibit 13 Transfers for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by Number of Facilities
(Transfers Reported in Pounds/Year) 40,41,42
Exhibit 14 Pollutant Releases (Short Tons/Year) 50
Exhibit 15 Summary of 1993 TRI Data: Releases and Transfers by Industry 52
Exhibit 16 Toxic Release Inventory Data for Selected Industries 53
Exhibit 17 Five Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary
for the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry 80
Exhibit 18 Five Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary for Selected
Industries 81
Exhibit 19 One Year Enforcement and Compliance Summary for Selected
Industries , 82
Exhibit 20 Five Year Inspection and Enforcement Summary by
Statute for Selected Industries.... 83
SIC Code 32
VI
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
(SIC 32)
EXHIBIT INDEX (CONT'D)
Page
Exhibit 21 One Year Inspection and Enforcement Summary by
Statute for Selected Industries :84
Exhibit 22 Supplemental Environmental Projects Stone, Glass,
and Cement Products (SIC 32) 87
Exhibit 23 Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities Participating in the
33/50 Program 90,91
September 1995
VII
SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay/ Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
(SIC 32)
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AFS - AIRS Facility Subsystem (CAA database)
AIRS - Aerometric Information Retrieval System (CAA database)
BIFs - Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (RCRA)
BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CAA - Clean Air Act
CAAA - Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
CERCLA- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act
CERCLIS - CERCLA Information System
CFCs - Chlorofluorocarbons
CO- Carbon Monoxide
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSI- Common Sense Initiative
CWA - Clean Water Act
D&B - Dun and Bradstreet Marketing Index
ELP- Environmental Leadership Program
EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
FINDS - Facility Indexing System
HAPs - Hazardous Air Pollutants (CAA)
HSDB - Hazardous Substances Data Bank
IDEA - Integrated Data for Enforcement Analysis
LDR- Land Disposal Restrictions (RCRA)
LEPCs- Local Emergency Planning Committees
MACT - Maximum Achievable Control Technology (CAA)
MCLGs- Maximum Contaminant Level Goals
MCLs- Maximum Contaminant Levels
MEK - Methyl Ethyl Ketone
MSDSs - Material Safety Data Sheets
NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAA)
NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement
NCDB - National Compliance Database (for-TSCA, FIFRA, EPCRA)
NCP - National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
NEIC - National Enforcement Investigation Center
NESHAP - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NO£~ Nitrogen Dioxide
NOV - Notice of Violation
NOx - Nitrogen Oxide
NPDES - National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (CWA)
SIC Code 32
Vlll
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
(SIC 32)
LIST OF ACRONYMS (CONT'D)
NPL - National Priorities List
NRC - National Response Center
NSPS - New Source Performance Standards (CAA)
OAR - Office of Air and Radiation
OECA - Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
OPA - Oil Pollution Act
OPPTS - Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSW - Office of Solid Waste
OSWER - Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
OW - Office of Water
P2- Pollution Prevention
PCS - Permit Compliance System (CWA Database)
POTW - Publicly Owned Treatments Works
RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCRIS - RCRA Information System
SARA - Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SDWA - Safe Drinking Water Act
SEPs- Supplementary Environmental Projects
SERCs - State Emergency Response Commissions
SIC - Standard Industrial Classification
SOz- Sulfur Dioxide
TOC - Total Organic Carbon
TRI - Toxic Release Inventory
TRIS - Toxic Release Inventory System
TCRIS - Toxic Chemical Release Inventory System
TSCA - Toxic Substances Control Act
TSS - Total Suspended Solids
UIC - Underground Injection Control (SDWA)
UST - Underground Storage Tanks (RCRA)
VOCs - Volatile Organic Compounds
September 1995
IX
SIC Code 32
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
I.
LA.
STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
(SIC 32)
INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT
Summary of the Sector Notebook Project
Environmental policies based upon comprehensive analysis of air,
water, and land pollution are an inevitable and logical supplement to
traditional single-media approaches to environmental protection.
Environmental regulatory agencies are beginning to embrace
comprehensive, multi-statute solutions to facility permitting,
enforcement and compliance assurance, education/outreach, research,
and regulatory development issues. The central concepts driving the
new policy direction are that pollutant releases to each environmental
medium (air, water, and land) affect each other, and that
environmental strategies must actively identify and address these
inter-relationships by designing policies for the "whole" facility. One
way to achieve a whole facility focus is to design environmental
policies for similar industrial facilities. By doing so, environmental
concerns that are common to the manufacturing of similar products
can be addressed in a comprehensive manner. Recognition of the need
to develop the industrial "sector-based" approach within the EPA
Office of Compliance led to the creation of this document.
The Sector Notebook Project was initiated by the Office of Compliance
within the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)
to provide its staff and managers with summary information for
eighteen specific industrial sectors. As other EPA offices, States, the
regulated community, environmental groups, and the public became
interested in this project, the scope of the original project was
expanded. The ability to design comprehensive, common sense
environmental protection measures for specific industries is
dependent on knowledge of several inter-related topics. For the
purposes of this project, the key elements chosen for inclusion are:
general industry information (economic and geographic); a description
of industrial processes; pollution outputs; pollution prevention
opportunities; Federal statutory and regulatory framework; compliance
history; and a description of partnerships that have been formed
between regulatory agencies, the regulated community, and the public.
For any given industry, each topic listed above could alone be the
subject of a lengthy volume. However, in order to produce a
manageable document, this project focuses on providing summary
information for each topic. This format provides the reader with a
September 1995 " 1 SIC Code 32
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Stone/ day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry-
Sector Notebook Project
synopsis of each issue, and references where more in-depth
information is available. Text within each profile was researched from
a variety of sources, and was usually condensed from more detailed
sources pertaining to specific topics. This approach allows for a wide
coverage of activities that can be further explored based upon the
citations and references listed at the end of this profile. As a check on
the information included, each notebook went through an external
review process. The Office of Compliance appreciates the efforts of all
those that participated in this process and enabled us to develop more
complete, accurate, and up-to-date summaries. Many of those who
reviewed this notebook are listed as contacts in Section IX and may be
sources of additional information. The individuals and groups on this
list do not necessarily concur with all statements within this notebook.
I.B. Additional Information
Providing Comments
OECA's Office of Compliance plans to periodically review and update
the notebooks and will make these updates available both in hard copy
and electronically. If you have any comments on the existing
notebook, or if you would like to provide additional information,
please send a hard copy and computer disk to the EPA Office of
Compliance, Sector Notebook Project, 401 M St., SW (2223-A),
Washington, DC 20460. Comments can also be uploaded to the
Enviro$ense Bulletin Board or the Enviro$ense World Wide Web for
general access to all users of the system. Follow instructions in
Appendix A for accessing these data systems. Once you have logged in,
procedures for uploading text are available from the on-line
Enviro$ense Help System.
Adapting Notebooks to Particular Needs
The scope of the existing notebooks reflect an approximation of the
relative national occurrence of facility types that occur within each
sector. In many instances, industries within specific geographic regions
or States may have unique characteristics that are not fully captured in
these profiles. For this reason, the Office of Compliance encourages
State and local environmental 'agencies and other groups to
supplement or re-package the information included in this notebook to
include more specific industrial and regulatory information that may
be available. Additionally, interested States may want to supplement
the "Summary of Applicable Federal Statutes and Regulations" section
with State and local requirements. Compliance or technical assistance
SIC Code 32 2 September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
providers may also want to develop the "Pollution Prevention" section
in more detail. Please contact the appropriate specialist listed on the
opening page of this notebook if your office is interested in assisting us
in the further development of the information or policies addressed
within this volume.
If you are interested in assisting in the development of new notebooks
for sectors not covered in the original eighteen, please contact the
Office of Compliance at 202-564-2395.
September 1995
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Stone, day. Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
n. INTRODUCTION TO THE STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
INDUSTRY
This section provides background information on the size, geographic
distribution, employment, production, sales, and economic condition
of the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products industry. The type of
facilities described within the document are also described in terms of
their Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes.
ILA. Introduction, Background, and Scope of the Notebook
This profile pertains to the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
Industry as classified within Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
code 32. The Bureau of Census delineates the industrial groups within
SIC code 32 as follows:
SIC 321 - Flat Glass
SIC 322 - Glass and Glassware, Pressed or Blown
SIC 323 - Glass Products, made of Purchased Glass
SIC 324 - Cement, Hydraulic
SIC 325 - Structural Clay Products
SIC 326 - Pottery and Related Products
SIC 327 - Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products
SIC 328 - Cut Stone and Stone Products
SIC 329 - Abrasive, Asbestos, and Miscellaneous Nonmetallic
Mineral Products.
The intent of this profile is to provide an overview of the Stone, Clay,
Glass, and Concrete Products Industry, providing data on its size and
distribution and highlighting production processes and associated
pollution outputs, and to address environmental compliance and
enforcement issues associated with the industry. The profile does not
provide a rigorous analysis of each industrial group within SIC code 32.
Greater emphasis is placed on the stone, clay, glass, and concrete
industries due to their size and environmental impacts. This profile
does not address mining of the raw materials used to manufacture
stone, clay, glass, and concrete products. Refer to the separate Sector
Notebook entitled Profile of the Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining
Industry for additional information on mineral extraction.
SIC Code 32
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
II.B. Characterization of the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
Industry
The firms within SIC code 32 are quite diverse in terms of geographic
distribution, facility size, and the types of products manufactured.
Firms within the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry are
dispersed across the United States. All rely on mined materials (such
as stone, clay, and sand) for production inputs, but the means of
production and the types of products produced vary substantially, from
glass candlesticks to marble monuments. The general characteristics of
the industry are illustrated by the following four subsections.
II.B.1. Industry Size and Geographic Distribution
Variation in facility counts occur across data sources due to many
factors, including reporting and definitional differences. This
document does not attempt to reconcile these differences, but rather
reports the data as they are maintained by each source.
Industry Size
The Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry consists of
approximately 16,000 establishments and employs nearly 470,000
people. It ranks 16th among the major industrial groups (SIC codes 20-
39) in terms of total number of employees and 8th in terms of total
number of establishments.
Exhibit 1 illustrates the facility size distribution for the industry based
on the latest complete U.S. Census Bureau data (1992).
Exhibit 1
Facility Size Distribution of Industry
Industry
Flat Glass
Glass and Glassware,
Pressed or Blown
Products of Purchased
Glass
Cement, Hydraulic
Structural Clay
Products
Pottery and Related
Products
SIC
Code
321
322
323
324
325
326
Total Employees
11,900
66,200
,55,500
17,000
31,100
35,900
Total Number of
Facilities
543
1,558
237
587
1,084
Employees per
Facility
122
36
72
53
33
September 1995
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Stone,. Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
Exhibit 1 (contd)
Facility Size Distribution of Industry
Industry
Concrete, Gypsum,
and Plaster Products
Cut Stone and Stone
Products
Miscellaneous
Nonmetallic Mineral
Products
Totals
Code
327
328
329
32
Total Employees
174,200
12,000
65,900
469,900
Total Number of
Facilities
9,653
917
1,662
16,285
Employees per
Facility
18
13
40
29
Cut Stone and Stone Products: The Bureau of Census reports 12,000
employees in the Cut Stone and Stone Products Industry in 1992, down
one percent from 12,500 in 1987. According to the U.S. Bureau of
Mines, the Dimension Stone industry employed 14,000 people in 1993,
including 10,900 engaged in finishing operations, which fall within the
Cut Stone and Stone Products industry.
Structural Clay Products: Employment in the Structural Clay Products
sector fell 10 percent between 1987 and 1992, from 34,100 to 31,100. The
greatest decreases occurred within the Brick and Structural Clay Tile
and the Structural Clay Products subgroups, where employment fell 14
percent and 19 percent, respectively (Bureau of Census).
Glass: In the U.S., the glass container industry consists of 70 facilities
and more than 30,000 employees. According to the Glass Packaging
Institute, the industry is experiencing downsizing. The industry
produces 41 billion glass containers in the U.S. annually; 64 percent are
clear, 23 percent are amber, and 13 percent are green (Glass Packaging
Institute, 1995). According to Dr. Blake of the Glass Technical Institute,
container glass holds the largest market in the glass industry. The U.S.
Flat Glass industry is one of the world's four largest producers of flat
glass, along with France, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The U.S. Flat
Glass Industry consisted of an estimated 1,100 companies, 1,300
establishments, and 56,000 employees in 1993, according to the U.S.
International Trade Commission. An estimated 35 percent of flat glass
industry shipments are from firms that produce flat glass by melting
raw materials (primary producers). The remaining 65 percent of
shipments are from firms that produce flat glass from purchased glass
(secondary producers) (1993).
Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products: The Concrete, Gypsum, and
Plaster Products Industry employed 174,200 people in 1992, down 14
percent from 203,000 in 1987.
SIC Code 32
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Cement: Based on 1992 industry data, the Cement Industry was
composed of 237 establishments, including 120 cement-producing
plants (Cement. 1992). Multiplant operations were being run by 18
companies. Total employment in the cement industry was 17,000,
down from 19,100 in 1992 (Bureau of Census).
Geographic Distribution
According to U.S. Census data for 1987, the Stone, Clay, Glass, and
Concrete Products industry is widely dispersed, with every State
reporting the existence of an industry establishment. The five largest
States in terms of number of establishments are California (1,651),
Texas (1,160), Florida (908), Ohio (889), and Pennsylvania (852).
Exhibit 2 illustrates the number of industry establishments per State as
recorded by the U.S. Census for 1987.
Exhibit 2
Geographic Distribution of Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Source: Compiled from official 1987 statistics of the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Cut Stone and Stone Products: The U.S. Bureau of Mines reports that
in 1993, dimension stone was produced by 162 companies in 35 States,
September 1995
SIC Code 32
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Stone, day, Glass/ and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Proiect
including Puerto Rico. Leading States in terms of tonnage were
Georgia, Indiana, and Massachusetts, together accounting for 39 percent
of the U.S. total. States with the largest number of employees in the
Dimension Stone Industry were Georgia with 2,100, Vermont with.
1,700, Minnesota with 1,250, North Carolina with 850, Texas with 700,
and Indiana with 650.
Structural Clay Products: Establishments engaged in the manufacture
of structural clay products are widely dispersed, however, a few States
account for the majority of the industry's employment. Leading States
include California, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas.
Glass: Glass container manufacturing facilities are located in 27 States
in the U.S., including California, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and New
Jersey (Glass Packaging Institute, 1995). Production facilities for flat
glass exist throughout the U.S. to minimize the shipping costs of raw
materials and finished products. California, Michigan, North Carolina,
Ohio, and Pennsylvania are the major production areas of flat glass.
The primary-producer industry (glass products from manufactured
glass) is relatively concentrated, with 13 of 84 establishments
accounting for 76 percent of U.S. shipments. The secondary-producer
industry (glass products from purchased glass) is less concentrated, with
17 of 1,429 establishments accounting for 28 percent of U.S. shipments
(U.S. International Trade Commission, 1993).
Concrete: Concrete production is relatively concentrated within the
United States. In 1993, 49 percent of domestic concrete production
came from the following six States in descending order: California,
Texas, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Missouri, and Alabama (U.S. Bureau of
Mines).
Cement: The cement industry consists of 49 companies which operate
cement-producing plants in 38 States and Puerto Rico. States that rank
among the top cement producers are California, Texas, Pennsylvania,
Michigan, Missouri, and Alabama (U.S. Bureau of Mines).
H.B.2. Product Characterization
SIC Code 32
The Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry generates a
broad array of products, primarily through physical modification of
mined materials. The industry includes establishments engaged in the
manufacturing of flat glass and other glass products, cement, structural
clay products, pottery, concrete and gypsum products, cut stone,
abrasive and asbestos products, and other products. The following is an
overview of the characteristics of stone, clay, glass, and concrete
products.
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The term stone is applied to rock that is cut, shaped, broken, crushed,
or otherwise physically modified for commercial use. Establishments
covered under SIC code 328 (Cut Stone and Stone Products) are those
engaged primarily in cutting, shaping, and finishing stone for building
and other miscellaneous uses. The cutting of stones at the quarry
(when not associated with further physical modifications) is classified
as mining, and is not covered within SIC code 32 or this profile.
The primary type of stone covered within SIC code 32 is dimension
stone. Dimension stone refers to blocks of rock that are cut and milled
to specified sizes, shapes, and surface finishes. Only a small fraction of
rock occurrences have the qualities demanded for dimension stone.
The stone must be obtainable in large, sound blocks, free from
blemishes, and generally must have a uniform texture. The principle
types of dimension stone used in construction are granite, marble,
limestone, slate, and sandstone. Flagging is a type of dimension stone
used for stepping stones, walkways, and terraces. Soapstone is used for
acid proof laboratory equipment, aquariums, and chemical tank
linings. Slate differs from other dimension stone because it can be split
into thin sheets of any thickness. Slate is used in roofing, blackboards,
and floor tile. Of the total dimension stone produced in 1993, 49
percent was granite, 29 percent was limestone, 11 percent was
sandstone, three percent was slate, three percent was marble, and five
percent was other. In 1993, dimension stone was used in ashlar
(dressed stone for facing a wall of rubble or brick), 17 percent; curbing,
15 percent; rough blocks for monuments, 13 percent; rough blocks for
building and construction, 12 percent; dressed monumental stone, 12
percent; and other uses, 31 percent (U.S. Bureau of Mines).
Clay consists of the finest-grain particles in a sediment, soil, or rock,
and a rock or a deposit containing a large component of clay-size
material. Clay can be composed of any inorganic materials, such as clay
minerals, allophane, quartz, feldspar, zeolites, and iron hydroxides,
that possess a sufficiently fine grain size. Along with organic matter,
water, and air, clays are one of the four main components of soil.
Physical properties of clay include plasticity when wet, the ability to
form colloidal suspensions when dispersed in water, and the tendency
to clump together (flocculate) and settle out in saline water.
Establishments that fall within the Structural Clay Products Industry
(SIC code 325) are primarily engaged in using different types of clay and
other additives to manufacture brick and structural clay tile, ceramic
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Glass
wall and floor tile, clay firebrick and other heat-resisting products, and
clay sewer pipe. The mining of clay used to make structural clay
products is not included within SIC code 32.
The U.S. Bureau of Mines categorizes clay into six groups: ball clay;
beritonite; common clay and shale; fire clay; fuller's earth; and kaolin.
Ball clay is a plastic, white-firing clay that has a high degree of strength
as well as plasticity. Principal ball clay markets in 1992 were pottery,
floor and wall tile, and sanitary ware. Bentonite is a clay composed
mainly of smectite minerals. The three major uses of bentonite in 1992
were drilling mud, foundry sand, and iron ore pelletizing. Common
clay and shale contain mixtures of differing proportions of clay,
including illite, chlorite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite, plus other
nonclay materials. The largest user of these clays is the structural clay
products industry, which manufactures brick, drain tile, sewer pipe,
conduit tile, glazed tiley and terra cotta. Fire clays can withstand very
high temperatures and consist mainly of kaolinite. These clays are
used in commercial refractory products such as firebrick and block.
Fuller's earth, either the attapulgite-type or montmorillonite-type, is
used in pet waste absorbents, oil and grease absorbents, and pesticide
carriers. Kaolin has many industrial applications because it has good
covering or hiding power when used as a pigment, is soft and
nonabrasive, has low conductivity of heat and electricity, and is
inexpensive. Major domestic uses for kaolin in 1992 were paper
coating, paper filling, fiberglass, paint, rubber, brick, and portland
cement.
Glass is defined as a material made by cooling certain molten materials
so that they do not crystallize but remain in an uncrystallized state,
their viscosity increasing to such high values that, for all practical
purposes, they are solid. Materials having this ability to cool without
crystallizing are relatively rare, silica being the most common example.
The glass industry covered under SIC code 32 consists of a wide variety
of manufacturing establishments, including firms engaged in primary
glass manufacturing and others which create products from purchased
glass. Container glass, flat glass, and fiberglass manufacturers are
among the most economically significant firms in the primary glass
industry.
The glass container industry produces three major products: food, beer,
and beverage containers. Other markets for glass containers include:
liquor; wine; medicine and health; toiletries and cosmetics; and.
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Concrete
chemical, household, and industrial products (U.S. Department of
Commerce, May 1995).
The flat glass industry (SIC code 321) produces four main products:
tempered glass, laminated glass, glass mirrors, and insulating units.
Tempered glass is a type of safety glass typically produced by the
thermal process, in which heating and subsequent rapid cooling
produce surface and interior stresses in the glass that make it stronger
than ordinary glass. Laminated glass consists of two or more layers of
glass separated by, and bonded to, thin sheets of plastic that prevent the
glass from shattering when broken. The automobile industry is the
largest market for laminated glass. Glass mirrors are produced by
cleaning the glass and coating it on one side with an adhesive,
reflective, and binding compound. Insulating units consist of two or
more parallel separated panes of glass joined at the edges by metal seals
or by fusing the edges, with the space between the panes either
evacuated or filled with dry air or another gas. Insulating units are
used to reduce surface condensation, to reduce sound transmission,
and for thermal insulation.
The fiberglass industry (SIC code 3296) produces two main products:
textile fiberglass (electrical glass), and insulation fiberglass. Textile
fiberglass is used in the production of fireproof cloth, and insulation
fiberglass is used in thermal and acoustical insulation. SIC code 32 also
covers glass and glassware establishments which produce bowls,
goblets, lenses, jars, tableware, and other products which are pressed,
blown, or shaped from glass produced in the same establishment (SIC
code 322). Facilities which manufacture products made of purchased
glass, such as furniture, mirrors, windows, table tops, and laboratory
glassware, fall under SIC code 323.
The term concrete refers to a product formed from two principle
components: aggregate and paste. Aggregate, which can be either
natural or man made, consists of various grades of sand, gravel,
crushed stone, or slag. The paste is composed of cement, water, and
sometimes entrained air. The cement paste makes up approximately
25 to 40 percent by volume of concrete. Some concrete mixtures
include hydrochloric acid, acetone, styrene, glycol ethers, or butyl
benzyl phtalate as additives. Manufacturers utilize different
combinations of pastes and aggregates to produce grades of concrete
which vary in terms of cost, strength, durability, and rigidity. The
successful use of concrete in structures has come about from the
addition of steel reinforcements. Reinforced concrete is now one of the
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Cement
most common materials from which structures (such as buildings and
bridges) are built.
The many types of products fashioned from concrete include brick,
architectural blocks, chimneys, columns, paving materials,
foundations, curbing, and storage tanks. Firms within SIC code 327
both produce ready-mixed concrete, which is unhardened concrete
material, and fashion a multitude of concrete products, such as those
listed above.
One subcategory of the concrete, gypsum, and plaster products industry
is lime manufacturing. Lime is the product of high temperature
calcination of limestone. Major uses of lime are metallurgical (steel,
copper, gold, aluminum, and silver), environmental (flute gas
desulfurization, water softening and pH control, sewage-sludge
stabilization, hazardous waste treatment, and acid neutralization), and
construction (soil stabilization, asphalt additive, and masonry lime).
Cement is a powder produced from a variety of materials, including
alumina, silica, limestone, clay, and iron oxides. It is used as a binding
agent, most often as a component of mortar or concrete.
Manufacturers within SIC code 324 produce several types of cement.
Among the most common types are portland cement, white cement,
and masonry cement. Approximately 97 percent of the cement used in
the manufacture of concrete is portland cement, which consists
primarily of a kiln-fired, fused powder, known as clinker, that is
ground and combined with small amounts of gypsum or a similar
material. Portland cement is produced in five grades designed to lend
certain properties to the concrete. White cement, which is made from
iron-free materials of exceptional purity, usually limestone, china clay
or kaolin, and silica, is primarily used to manufacture decorative
concrete. Masonry cement, produced by adding limestone to portland
cement, is a hydraulic cement used as a component of mortar for
masonry construction.
H.B.3. Economic Trends
This section highlights economic trends in the Stone, Clay, Glass, and
Concrete Products Industry based on a comparison of 1992 and 1987
Bureau of Census data (unless otherwise noted). The term "value
added" as used in the following descriptions is a measure of
manufacturing activity derived by subtracting total variable costs (such
as cost of raw materials, supplies, fuel, etc.) from the total value of
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shipments for a given industrial sector. Value added is considered to
be the best value measure available for comparing the relative
economic importance of manufacturing across industries and
geographic areas.
Cut Stone and Stone Products: The value added by cut stone and stone
products manufacturers increased by 33 percent between 1987 and 1992,
from $450 million to $600 million. In addition, total wages and total
value of shipments increased, by approximately 17 and 16 percent,
respectively.
Since 1980, a movement back to the use of stone in buildings has
occurred because of the rising energy costs associated with stone
substitutes, such as concrete, glass, brick, stainless steel, aluminum, and
plastics. Consumption of dimension stone increased slightly between
1992 and 1993 to 1.24 million tons, valued at $217 million. Over the
same period, the average price for dimension stone decreased from
$182 to $176 per ton (U.S. Bureau of Mines).
Glay and Structural Clay Products: The value of shipments from the
Structural Clay Products Industry climbed moderately from 1987 to
1992, from $2.81 to $2.86 billion, while the value added by
manufacturers held at $740 million.
Glass: According to the 1993 Industrial Outlook, glass container
manufacturing is a five billion dollar industry.
The total value of shipments from the Flat Glass Industry fell over 38
percent between 1987 and 1992, while the value added by flat glass
manufacturers declined by over 22 percent. Employment and total
wages also declined significantly over this period.
Prices of flat glass and flat glass products fell each year from 1988 until
1992. However, the decline was only one percent from 1991 to 1992,
compared with two to six percent in previous years. During the first
part of 1993, prices rose two percent compared with 1992. It is expected
that prices will remain constant, with minor downward adjustments as
manufacturers engage in price competition to increase gross sales and
retain market share.
The high transportation costs associated with glass products mitigate
against extensive trade. U.S. companies are able to expand into foreign
markets by acquiring or establishing foreign plants, thus reducing
transportation costs (U.S. International Trade Commission).
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Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products: Value added by concrete,
gypsum, and plaster products manufacturers fell over seven percent
from 1987 to 1992, from close to $11.8 billion to just under $11 billion.
The value of shipments, number of employees, and total wages also
sagged during this five-year period.
Cement: Between 1987 and 1992, the value added by the Hydraulic
Cement Industry fell close to eight percent while .total wages held
steady, according to Bureau of Census data. According to the U.S.
Department of Interior Bureau of Mines Industry Surveys, U.S. cement
shipments in 1993 totaled about 86.4 million short tons, up from about
82.7 million short tons in 1992. Cement consumption in 1994 was
expected to increase approximately ten percent to roughly 94 million
short tons, largely because of increased highway and other public works
construction.
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HI. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION
This section describes the major industrial processes within the Stone,
Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry, including the materials
and equipment used and the processes employed. The section is
designed for those interested in gaining a general understanding of the
industry, and for those interested in the inter-relationship between the
industrial process and the topics described in subsequent sections of
this profile - pollutant outputs, pollution prevention opportunities,
and Federal regulations. This section does not attempt to replicate
published engineering information that is available for this industry.
Refer to Section IX for a list of reference documents that are available.
This section specifically contains a description of commonly used
production processes, associated raw materials, the byproducts
produced or released, and the materials either recycled or transferred
off-site. This discussion, coupled with schematic drawings of the
identified processes, provide a concise description of where wastes may
be produced in the process. This section also describes the potential fate
(air, water, land) of these waste products.
III.A. Industrial Processes in the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
The processes used to create stone, clay, glass, and concrete products
primarily involve physical conversion of earthen materials by sorting,
mixing, grinding, heating, and cooling. This section provides an
overview of commonly-employed processes within the industry,
broken down by product categories (stone, clay, glass, and concrete)
rather than by specific industries within SIC code 32. The mining of
the raw materials, while integrally related to the manufacture of stone,
clay, glass, and concrete products, is outside the scope of this profile and
is not addressed in the following discussion.
The manufacture of stone products involves cutting and finishing
granite, limestone, marble, slate, sandstone, and other materials
obtained from the quarry. Dimension stone is prepared for its various
uses in mills equipped with saws, polishing machines, and other
equipment similar to that found in metal and woodworking shops.
Stone-sawing equipment includes large circular saws three meters or
more in diameter, some with diamond inserts and others with
abrasives; diamond circular saws of smaller size, and reciprocating
diamond-bladed or loose-abrasive gang saws. Various types of
diamond and other equipment are used for smoothing, polishing,
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edging, and decorating the finished stone products (U.S. Bureau of
Mines).
The manufacture of clay products involves the conditioning of basic
clay ores by a series of processes. These include separation and
concentration of clay minerals by screening, floating, wet and dry
grinding, and blending of desired ore varieties; followed by forming;
cutting or shaping; drying or curing; and firing of the final product. In
general, processing clay does not alter its chemical or mineralogical
characteristics. Exhibit 3 illustrates the fundamental stages of the clay
manufacturing process.
Exhibits
Basic Flow Diagram of Clay Manufacturing Process
FORMING
AND
CUTTING
STORAGE
AND
SHIPPING
Clay manufacturers use different techniques to produce clay products,
such as brick, other structural clay products, pottery products, and
ceramic tiles. Bricks and related clay products, such as building tiles,
paving brick, and chimney blocks, are produced from a clay/water
mixture. The three principle processes for manufacturing brick are the
stiff mud, soft mud, and dry press methods. In the stiff mud process,
water is added to give the clay plasticity, and the bricks are formed by
forcing the clay through a wire die. All structural tile and most types of
brick are formed by the stiff mud process. The soft mud process utilizes
clay with a high moisture content. The clay is mixed with water and
the bricks are then formed in molds. In the dry press process, clay is
mixed with a small amount of water and formed in steel molds by
applying pressure of 500 to 1500 pounds per square inch (AP-42.1986).
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The dominant process in manufacturing structural clay products is
extrusion. The three stages of extrusion are pugging, tearing, and
extrusion. The dry material is fed into a trough, sprayed with water,
and cut and kneaded (pugged) by rotating knives into a homogeneous
mixture. The resulting plastic mass is forced into a de-airing chamber
where a vacuum is maintained. Following de-airing, the material is
forced through a die having the appropriate cross section (extrusion)
and cut into correct lengths. The structural clay products are then
thermally treated in a tunnel kiln and cooled with fans.
Pottery products, such as stoneware, earthenware, and garden pottery,
are made of crude clay. To manufacture pottery products, soft plastic
forming is used to process plastic clays with 20-30 percent water and
certain additives, which may include barium compounds and
aluminum oxide. Jiggering is a soft plastic process used to form ware
with symmetrical circular cross sections. The raw materials are
prepared by blunging and filter pressing. They are mixed in a blunger,
which is a vertical cylindrical tank with horizontal blades or paddles
attached to a vertical shaft. The homogeneous mixture, called a slip, is
then filter pressed to remove excess water prior to soft plastic forming.
The slip is then de-aired, forced through a die with the desired cross
section, and cut into slugs. The slug is placed in a mold of either the
inside or outside of the ware and pressed onto the mold. High-
pressure air is used to separate the ware from the mold. The product is
then thermally treated using a tunnel kiln, and slowly cooled with
fans. •
Ceramic tile manufacturing involves the conditioning of two basic raw
materials: kaolinite and montmorillonite. These clays are refined by
separation and bleaching, and are then blended, formed, and kiln-
dried.
Nearly all glass produced commercially is one of five basic types: soda-
lime, lead, fused silica, borosilicate, and 96 percent silica. Silica forms
the basis of most commercially important glasses. Silica by itself makes
a good glass, but its high melting point (3133°F or 1723°C) and its high
viscosity in the liquid state make it difficult to melt and work. Soda is
therefore added to silica, in such forms as sodium carbonate or nitrate,
to lower its melting temperature to a more convenient level.
Unfortunately, the resulting glass has no chemical durability and is
soluble even in water. Lime is added to increase glass durability, thus
yielding the basic soda-lime-silica glass composition used for most
common glass articles.
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Production of glass involves five main procedures: mixing, melting,
forming, annealing, and finishing. These procedures generally apply to
all types of commercial glass formation. The two principle kinds of
mixing are wet mixing and batch agglomeration. Glass with a large
silicon dioxide content is wet mixed in a pan-type mixer, which is first
dry-blended and then wet-blended by adding small amounts of water.
Glasses with high lead oxide are mixed by batch agglomeration,
whereby batch particles are coated with each other using the smearing
action of a Muller-type mixer. The mixed batch is delivered to a
melting unit through a feeder. Wet mixing and batch agglomeration
are attractive mixing methods because they prevent dusting, control air
pollution, ensure homogeneity, and increase melting efficiency and
glass quality.
The type of melting unit employed depends on the quantity and quality
of glass to be processed. For small production and special glass, melting
is performed in pot furnaces or crucibles containing up to two tons of
glass. In large factories, a dozen or so pot furnaces may be heated by
one central furnace. Larger batches are melted in large covered
furnaces or tanks to which heat is supplied by a flame. For high quality
glass, small continuous melting tanks are used to process low volumes
of material. Large quantities of high quality glass are melted in
continuous regenerative furnaces that recover waste heat from burned
gases. Flat glass furnaces provide a larger amount of quality glass and
are longer than furnaces used by glass container manufacturers.
Although glass tanks are fired by gas or oil, auxiliary heating with
electricity is common in the United States. After the glass has melted,
the molten glass is taken from the tanks to the forming operation.
Forming is different for each type of glass product. Container glass
products such as glass bottles and jars are sometimes mouth blown, but
are typically formed with automatic machines. In automatic processes,
a stream of glass is cut by shears into individual gobs, which are fed to a
blank mold. The gob is then formed into a rough blank, or parison, by
either a plunger or compressed air; at this stage the bottle opening is
shaped. The blank mold opens and is then transferred to the final or
blow mold, where it is blown into shape using an air compressor.
Pressing is used to form flat items such as lenses and plates by pressing
the glass between a plunger and a mold. Drawing and casting are
forming processes which involve pouring molten glass into a mold.
The molds for the glass containers resemble the containers (Glass
Packaging Institute, 1995).
Once formed, all glass articles need to be slowly cooled or annealed,
usually in a long oven called a lehr. The purpose of annealing is to
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reduce the internal stresses which can crack the glass during cooling.
Internal stresses are created because of temperature variations
throughout the piece; different parts of the glass become rigid at
different times.
The two types of finishing processes are mechanical and chemical.
Mechanical processes include cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing.
Chemical treatments are used to alter the strength, appearance, and
durability of the product. Acid-polishing is performed with a mixture
of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids to alter the strength or durability of
the glass. Chemically strengthened glass is formed by immersing the
product into a potassium nitrate bath. The larger potassium ion
replaces the sodium ion which produces a surface compression layer.
Chemical strengthening is an expensive process which is most often
used in the production of large screen television faceplates. Frosting
and etching are performed with dilute hydrofluoric acid. Commercial
glass contains oxides, such as aluminum and magnesium oxides, and
other ingredients to help in oxidizing, finishing, or decolorizing. For
example, Pyrex glass contains boron oxide which allows it to withstand
rapid temperature changes, optical glass contains lead oxide which
gives it a high index of refraction, and stained glass is colored by adding
metallic oxides to the molten glass. Once finished, the glass products
are cleaned using several agents, including aqueous solvents (chromic
and sulfuric acid mixtures, detergent solutions), organic solvents (used
alone or mixed with commercial cleansers), and hydrocarbon or
halocarbon solvents (removal of nonpolar organic compounds).
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Exhibit 4
Typical Glass Manufacturing Process
MIXED RAW
MATERIAL
V
FINISHING
MELTING
FURNACE
FINISHING
GLASS
FORMING
ANNEALING
INSPECTION
AND
TESTING
GULLET
CRUSHING
PACKING
STORAGE
OR
SHIPPING
Source: AP-42, 1986.
Flat glass is typically made by the float process. The raw materials used
in this process include silica sand, soda ash, limestone, dolomite, cullet
(scrap glass), and small amounts of other materials. These materials
are proportioned to meet certain physical characteristics, mixed, and fed
into the melting tank, where temperatures of about 1,600°C reduce the
material to glass. Coloring agents may be added at this time to produce
differing degrees of translucence. The molten glass is then fed as a
continuous ribbon from the furnace into a bath of molten tin where it
floats (glass is lighter than tin) and is fire polished. The ribbon of glass
leaves the float bath and enters the annealing lehr where it is gradually
cooled to prevent flaw-causing stresses. The glass is then cut. At this
point, the glass may be packaged and sent to a customer, immediately
subjected to further processing, or sent to storage for inventory or
future processing. Additional processing often involves coating glass
with thin layers of metal or chemical compounds that absorb infrared
light or improve the reflecting qualities of the glass.
Glass fiber manufacturing involves the high-temperature conversion
of raw materials into a homogeneous melt, followed by the fabrication
of this melt into glass fibers. The two basic types of glass fiber products,
textile and wool, are created by similar processes. Glass fiber
production can be separated into three phases: raw materials handling,
glass melting and refining, and glass fiber forming and finishing. The
primary component of glass fiber is sand, but it also includes varying
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quantities of feldspar, sodium sulfate, boric acid, and other materials.
These materials are conveyed to and from storage piles by belts, screws,
and bucket elevators. In the glass melting furnace, the raw materials
are heated and transformed through a series of chemical reactions into
molten glass. Glass fibers are made from the molten glass by one of
two methods. In the rotary spin process, which dominates the
fiberglass industry, centrifugal force causes molten glass to flow
through small holes in the wall of a rapidly rotating cylinder to create
fibers that are broken into pieces by an air stream. The flame
attenuation process utilizes gravity to force molten glass through small
orifices to create threads which are attenuated, or stretched to the point
of breaking by hot air and/or flame. After the glass fibers are created (by
either process), they are sprayed with a chemical resin to hold them
together, collected on a conveyor belt in the form of a mat, cured, and
packaged (AP-42,1986).
Concrete and Cement
Concrete is formed by mixing hydraulic cement, water, and aggregate
materials (sand, gravel, or crushed stone). At concrete batching plants,
the cement is elevated to storage silos pneumatically or by bucket
elevator. The sand and coarse aggregate are transferred to elevated bins
by front-end loader, crane, conveyor belt, or bucket elevator. From
these elevated bins, the cement and aggregate are fed by gravity or
screw conveyor to weigh hoppers which combine the proper amounts
of each material. Concrete batching plants then store, convey, measure,
and discharge the ready-mixed concrete into trucks for transport to a
job site (AP-42,1986).
The distribution of the aggregate particle sizes and the relative
proportion of cement, aggregate, and water determine the workability
and durability of concrete. The most important variables affecting the
strength of concrete at a given age are the water/cement ratio and the
degree of compaction.
Hydraulic cement, one of the principle components of concrete, is
generally made from aluminum and silica as found in clay or shale
and from a calcareous material such as limestone or chalk. To make
hydraulic cement, the raw materials are ground, mixed, heated, and
fused in a rotary kirn, cooled, and finally reduced to a fine powder.
Exhibit 5 illustrates the typical cement production process.
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Exhibits
Basic Cement Production Process
RAW,
MATERIALS
GRINDING
MILL
MIXER
Burning Zone
(Clinker Zone)
Source: Report to Congres^mTCementKiln Dust. 1993. """"~""""""
Cement is manufactured in five kiln types: wet process, dry process,
preheater, precaleiner, and semidry process kilns. The same raw
materials are used in wet and dry process kilns, however, the moisture
content and processing techniques differ, as do the kiln designs. Wet
process kilns must be longer in order to dry the wet mix, or slurry,
which is fed into the kiln. Dry process kilns produce high temperature
exit gases which can be use to generate electrical power. Preheater,
precaleiner, and semidry process kilns are less common devices, and
differ from wet and dry process kilns in terms of kiln length, process
inputs, operating temperature, fuel efficiency, and other factors.
Processes that take place within each type of kiln include drying and
preheating, which includes evaporation of free water and dehydration
of clay minerals; calcining, which is the process of decomposing carbon
compounds; and burning, which fuses the calcined materials.
The fused cement nodule formed within a cement kiln is known as
clinker. The most common method of cooling the clinker is a
traveling grate which is cooled by the ambient air. The cooled clinker
is transferred to storage or mixed with four to six percent gypsum. This
gypsum/clinker mixture is then ground to produce a homogeneous
cement powder which is typically sent to a bulk storage area and then
shipped by truck or rail.
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Most of the hydraulic cement produced in the U.S. is portland cement
a crystalline compound formed primarily of metallic oxides such as
calcium carbonate and aluminum, iron, and silicon oxides. Portland
cement is produced in an inclined rotary kiln. The mix enters the kiln
at the elevated end, opposite from the burner. Materials are moved
slowly and continuously to the lower end as they are heated, and
different chemical reactions occur as the temperature increases
Portland cement is then produced by grinding the clinker with
approximately five percent gypsum to a fine powder. At this stage
various additives may be introduced to produce specialty portland
cements, such as masonry cement.
HI.B. Raw Material Inputs and Pollution Outputs
Although the stone, clay, glass, and concrete products industry
produces a wide array of products, the pollution outputs for this
industry are generally limited to particulate emissions, certain solid
wastes associated with raw material handling and plant maintenance,
and wastewater resulting from the mixing, melting, and refining of
raw materials, and the finishing of the final product. Processes in this
industry often entail the heating and mixing of materials in a kiln and
the use of water as a cooling agent or as an ingredient in making the
final product. The fuel used to operate a kiln is itself a source of
pollution. The following subsections describe the types of pollution
outputs generated in manufacturing of products made of stone, clay,
glass, and concrete (See Exhibit 7). .
The manufacture of cut stone and stone products generates fugitive
dusts, wastewater, and plant maintenance waste. To create products
made of stone, the shape of the stone must be altered through cutting,
shaping, and finishing, which can release fugitive dust. For a giveri
type of stone, the chemical composition of the dust generated tends to
be rather homogeneous, since its ancestry is the rock formation from
which the stone was taken. Process wastewater is also generated
through its use as cooling water during the cutting process. Plant
maintenance wastes include waste oil from stone processing
equipment.
Clay
The wastes generated from manufacturing structural clay products
result mainly from handling raw materials, particulate emissions,
plant maintenance, and pollution control equipment. Raw materials
September 1995 23 SIC Code 32
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Stone, day. Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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become wastes when they are spilled, off-spec, or out of date.
Significant processing losses occur with kaolin and fuller's earth.
About 40 percent of the kaolin and 30 percent of the fuller's earth
delivered to the processing plants is discarded. Waste material from
processing consists mostly of off-grade clays and small quantities of
feldspar, iron-bearing minerals, mica, and quartz.
Various phases of the clay production process generate particulate
emissions. The main source of dust is the materials handling process,
which includes pulverizing, screening, and storing the raw material.
Exhibit 6 illustrates the phases of the clay manufacturing process,
during which major particulate emissions occur.
Exhibit 6
Particulate Emissions from Clay Manufacturing
(P) indicates a major source of particulate emissions.
Source: AP-42. 1986.
Pollution control wastes from the clay industry include dust
accumulated in baghouses and the solid residues from wet scrubbers
used to treat nitrogen oxide emissions. Plant maintenance waste
consists primarily of waste oil, which is generated from many types of
mechanical equipment.
Wastes generated during the manufacturing of pottery products comes
mainly from the use of paints, glazes, and finishes. These materials
may be solvent- or water-based, with varying heavy metal content.
Where solvent-based finishes are used, solvents are used to clean the
paint line and application equipment. The sludge waste generated
from this cleaning is typically managed off-site by a solvent recycler or
is recovered for fuel blending. When water-based finishes are used, the
SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
paint line and equipment are cleaned with water. Depending on the
location of the plant and content of this waste, the wastewater
discharge may be subject to regulation due to the presence of heavy
metals. In addition, the sludge accumulated prior to discharge may be
a hazardous waste due to heavy metal content (sludges generated in
the pottery industry commonly contain traces of glaze which may
contain lead, mercury, and boron).
Certain pottery manufacturers also generate dry powder waste from
pollution control equipment. The sludge generated from equipment
washing is commonly from glaze lines, glaze mills, glaze tanks and
containers, and wet filters. About 10 percent (by weight) of the glaze
used ends up in sludges. It is estimated that for each square meter of
tile surfaced glazed, 100 grams of glaze waste is generated.
Manufacturers of clay products often use sintering to drive off
entrained volatile matter from the clay. Because it is desirable for the
clay to contain a sufficient amount of volatile matter so that the
resultant aggregate will not be too heavy, it is sometimes necessary to
mix the clay with finely pulverized coke prior to sintering. The
addition of pulverized coke presents an emissions problem because
sintering coke-impregnated clay produces more particulate emissions
than the sintering of natural clay.
Waste generated in the glass industry can be categorized into three
groups: 1) materials handling waste, 2) pollution control equipment
waste, and 3) plant maintenance waste. Materials handling waste
includes the waste generated during the receiving and transfer of raw
materials at the facility for storage or processing, including raw
materials that are rendered unusable when spilled during receiving or
transfer.
Emissions control equipment at glass manufacturing plants generates
waste residues from the pollutants produced and captured during the
melting, forming, and finishing steps of the manufacturing process.
The melting of raw materials to produce glass creates air emissions
consisting of particulates, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides generated
from the combustion of fuel and the evaporation or dissociation of raw
materials. Emissions are also generated during the forming and
finishing of glass products as a result of thermal decomposition of
lubricants.
Glass plants may also remove pollutants through the use of aqueous
media, filters, and precipitators. A quench reactor, which reacts sulfur
September 1995
25
SIC Code 32
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Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
dioxide from furnace emissions with water and sodium carbonate, is
an example of an aqueous emission control device. When the water
evaporates upon contact with flue gases, a solid residue results. The
residue may contain selenium, chromium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, and
sodium sulfate. Arsenic, which is used in glass manufacturing for glass
decolorizing, and stannic acid, a lubricant used to coat glass bottles to
prevent breakage and which produces hydrochloric acid when it
thermally decomposes, are usually removed by reaction with aqueous
media, or physically captured by filters or precipitators. Glass
manufacturers may use baghouse filters to capture particulate
emissions. Baghouse dust residue can often be recycled back into the
manufacturing process. To control nitrogen oxide emissions, a method
called selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) has been used. SNCR
reduces flue gas nitrogen oxide through a reaction with ammonia in a
temperature range of 1700-1900°R The ammonia may be supplied as
anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or urea. At temperatures
above 1900°F, the oxidation of ammonia and nitrogen oxide increases
and SNCR may actually increase levels of nitrogen oxide. At
temperatures below 1700°F, nitrogen oxide reduction falls off and
ammonia breakthrough increases, leading to the potential for a visible
ammonium-chloride plume.
Glass plant maintenance wastes include waste oil and solvents
generated in the forming process, furnace slag, and refractory wastes.
During the forming process, oil is used in the forming machines and
often contaminates the water that keeps the machines cool. TCA (1,1,1-
trichloroethane) may also be used during the forming process to
remove a thin layer of graphite coating that is applied to the glass
forms or molds. When the coating is too thick or lumpy, the mold is
sprayed with TCA, which readily dissolves and removes the graphite
coating and evaporates. Furnace slag consists of chunks of unused
molten glass which collect in the incinerator portion of the furnace.
The composition of the slag is primarily magnesium oxide and sodium
sulfate. Another type of plant maintenance waste is water-based glue,
which is applied with a gun to glass packaging boxes. The water used to
clean tihe glue guns is typically discharged to the plant's sewer system.
Glue that has solidified in its container typically goes to a municipal
landfill.
Fiberglass manufacturers also produce materials handling waste,
pollution control waste, and plant maintenance waste. As in other
glass manufacturing, the major air emission problem associated with
fiberglass production is related to the melting and refining furnace
operation. The emissions from this operation include fine particulates,
including calcium carbonate, sodium fluoride, sodium fluorosilicate,
silica, calcium fluoride, aluminum silicate, sodium sulfate, and boron
SIC Code 32
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September 1995
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Concrete
oxides. Gases emitted include fluorides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides,
boric acid, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
Much of the glass in the waste stream is not generated during the
manufacturing process, but results from disposal of used glass products.
Approximately 13.2 million tons of glass waste are generated annually.
Food and beverage containers make up over 90 percent of this amount;
the remaining 10 percent comes from products like cookware and
glassware, home furnishings, and plate glass. Glass constitutes 6.7
percent of the municipal solid waste stream.
Concrete batching generates particulate emissions, paint wastes, and
plant maintenance wastes. Particulate emissions which occur in
concrete batching consist primarily of cement dust, but some sand and
gravel dust emissions also occur. Dust emissions most often occur
during the unloading and conveying of concrete and aggregates at
manufacturing plants and during the loading of dry-batched concrete
mix. Another source of particulate emissions is the traffic of heavy
equipment over unpaved or dusty surfaces in and around the plant.
Particulate control techniques include the enclosure of dumping and
loading areas and of conveyors and elevators, the use of filters on.
storage bin vents, and the use of water sprays to prevent dust from
occurring.
Manufacturers who apply finishes to concrete products generate
various paint wastes. When solvent-based paints are used, the spray
guns and application equipment must be cleaned with solvent,
producing spent solvent waste. The type of coating system used
determines the type of solvent used. For example, if the coating system
uses TCA, TCA must also be used to clean the equipment. When
water-based coatings are used, wastewater from equipment cleaning
will be generated. Other wastes generated by concrete plants include
equipment and repair wastes, including waste oil generated from
vehicle maintenance operations.
The production of lime results in several types of pollutants. Air
emissions associated with lime manufacturing include particulate
matter from crushing, screening, and calcining of the limestone and
combustion products from the kilns. Nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide, and sulfur dioxide are all produced in lime kilns. Methods
of emission control include wet scrubbers (particle control using liquid
such as water), baghouses (particle control using filtration fabric),
cyclones (particles forced into a cyclone-shaped vortex), and electrostatic
precipitators (particle control using electrical forces).
September 1995 " 27 SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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Cement
Pollution outputs from cement manufacturing plants include process
waste, primarily cement kiln dust; air emissions; wastewater; plant
maintenance waste, such as waste oil from equipment lubrication; and
research and laboratory waste. Cement kiln dust is the largest waste
stream from cement plants. It is commonly collected in baghouses
installed in the grinders and is disposed of as non-hazardous waste. To
provide a factual basis for determining the appropriate future
regulatory status of cement kiln dust, EPA has conducted extensive
research into the characteristics of cement kilns and presented its
findings in a 1993 Report to Congress on Cement Kiln Dust. EPA
determined that the major constituents of cement kiln dust are
alumina, silica, metallic oxides, and clay (the primary constituents of
cement itself). Cement kiln dust may also contain trace amounts of
organic chemicals, such as dioxins and furans; heavy metals, such as
cadmium, lead, and selenium; and certain radionuclides.
Cement plants also generate particulate and gaseous air emissions.!
Sources of particulate emissions include raw material storage, grinding
and blending, clinker production, finish grinding, and packaging. The
largest emission source within cement plants is the kiln operation,
which includes the feed system, the fuel firing system, and the clinker
cooling and hauling system. The kiln generates nitrogen oxides, sulfur
oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons as part of the normal
combustion of fuel used to supply heat for cement kilns and drying
operations. Cement kilns also emit particulate matter, trace metals,
and certain organic compounds (AP-42,1991).
The cement manufacturing process also generates wastewater from the
cooling of process equipment and from the recovery of cement kiln
dust through wet scrubbing of kiln stack emissions. The pollutants
contained in raw wastewater are principally dissolved solids
(potassium and sodium hydroxide, chlorides, and sulfates), suspended
solids (calcium carbonate), and waste heat. The main control and
treatment methods for wastewater involve recycling and reusing
wastewater. The devices employed include cooling towers or ponds,
settling ponds, containment ponds, and clarifiers. Cooling towers or
ponds are used to reduce the temperature of water used in cooling
process equipment. Settling ponds are used to reduce the
concentration of suspended solids. Containment ponds are used to
dispose of waste kiln dust. Clarifiers are used to separate solids.
Plant maintenance waste at cement plants comes from machinery used
in production of the clinker and finishing and grinding operations.
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
This machinery generates a variety of waste oils and other lubrication
waste. Certain cement manufacturers have in-house laboratories to
conduct product testing and research, which may produce solid and/or
hazardous wastes.
Exhibit?
Process Material Input/Pollutant Output
Concrete Product
Manufacturing
Cement
Manufacturing
Glass Product
Manufacturing
Clay Product
Manufacturing
Stone Product
Manufacturing
sources. L.ompuea j
Material Input
Cement, sand,
gravel, limestone,
aggregate
material
Lime, silica sand,
alumina, iron,
gypsum, by-
products (fly ash,
metal smelting
slags, mill scale)
Silica sand, soda
ash, limestone,
cullet, oxides
Kaolinite clay,
montmorillonite
clay, glazes
containing heavy
metals
Dimension stone
Air Emissions
Cement dust; sand
and gravel dust,
constituents from
burning of fuel
Cement kiln dust,
constituents from
burning of fuel,
particulate
matter, sulfur
dioxide, trace
metals, organic
compounds
Particulates,
fluorides, fugitive
dust, sulfur
dioxide
Particulates,
fluorides, acid
gases
Particulate
emissions
Process Wastes
Total dissolved
solids (potassium
and sodium
hydroxide), total
suspended solids
(calcium
carbonate), pH,
waste heat
Total dissolved
solids (potassium
and sodium
hydroxide), total
suspended solids
(calcium
carbonate), pH,
waste heat
Total dissolved
solids, total
suspended solids,
pH, heavy metals
Total dissolved
solids, total
suspended solids,
pH
Wastewater
containing dust
Other Waste
Equipment and
repair waste,
paint wastes
Cement kiln dust,
waste oil,
laboratory wastes,
waste oil
Materials
handling waste,
furnace slag, waste
oil
Materials
handling waste,
fired and unfired
scrap, waste oil,
paint wastes
Waste rock, waste
oil
rom Environmental Sources and Emissions Handbook. Air Pollution Engineering Manual, and
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology-
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project;
ffl.C Management of Chemicals in Wastestream
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (EPA) requires facilities to report
information about the management of TRI chemicals in waste and
efforts made to eliminate or reduce those quantities. These data have
been collected annually in Section 8 of the TRI reporting Form R
beginning with the 1991 reporting year. The data summarized below
cover the years 1992-1995 and is meant to provide a basic
understanding of the quantities of waste handled by the industry, the
methods typically used to manage this waste, and recent trends in these
methods. TRI waste management data can be used to assess trends in
source reduction within individual industries and facilities, and for
specific TRI chemicals. This information could then be used as a tool
in identifying opportunities for pollution prevention compliance
assistance activities.
While the quantities reported for 1992 and 1993 are estimates of
quantities already managed, the quantities reported for 1994 and 1995
are projections only. The EPA requires these projections to encourage
facilities to consider future waste generation and source reduction of
those quantities as well as movement up the waste management
hierarchy. Future-year estimates are not commitments that facilities
reporting under TRI are required to meet.
Exhibit 8 shows that the stone, clay, and concrete products industry
managed about 1.18 billion pounds of production-related waste (total
quantity of TRI chemicals in the waste from routine production
operations) in 1993 (column B). Column C .reveals that of this
production-related waste, 2.3% was either transferred off-site or
released to the environment. Column C is calculated by dividing the
total TRI transfers and releases by the total quantity of production-
related waste. In other words, about 96% of the industry's TRI wastes
were managed on-site through recycling, energy recovery, or treatment
as shown in columns D, E and F, respectively. The majority of waste
that is released or transferred off-site can be divided into portions that
are recycled off-site, recovered for energy off-site, or treated off-site as
shown in columns G, H, and I, respectively. The remaining portion of
the production-related wastes (2.2%), shown in column J, is either
released to the environment through direct discharges to air, land,
water, and underground injection, or it is disposed off-site.
j
From the yearly data presented below it is apparent that the portion of
TRI wastes reported as recycled on-site has remained fairly constant
and the portions treated or managed through energy recovery on-site
have generally decreased between 1992 and 1995 (projected).
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Exhibits
Source Reduction and Recycling Activity for SIC 32
A
Year
1992
1993
1994
1995
B
Production
Related
Waste
Volume
(106lbs.)»
1,259
1,186
1,212
1,449
C
% Reported as
Released
and
Transferred
3.6%
2.3%
—
D
E | F
On-Site
%
Recycled
7.52%
8.59%
8.55%
7.38%
% Energy
Recovery
73.83%
67.14%
68.40%
73.23%
% Treated
15.65%
20.76%
20.37%
17.16%
G
H
I
Off-Site
%
Recycled
0.21%
0.26%
0.19%
0.15%
% Energy
Recovery
0.33%
0.52%
0.16%
0.24%
%
Treated
0.34%
0.50%
0.23%
0.13%
J
Remaining
Releases
and
Disposal
2.21%
2.23%
2.10%
1.72%
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IV. CHEMICAL RELEASE AND TRANSFER PROFILE
This section is designed to provide background information on the
pollutant releases that are reported by this industry. The best source of
comparative pollutant release information is the Toxic Release
Inventory System (TRI). Pursuant to the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act, TRI includes self-reported facility
release and transfer data for over 600 toxic chemicals. Facilities within
SIC Codes 20-39 (manufacturing industries) that have more than 10
employees, and that are above weight-based reporting thresholds are
required to report TRI on-site releases and off-site transfers. The
information presented within the sector notebooks is derived from the
most recently available (1993) TRI reporting year (which then included
316 chemicals), and focuses primarily on the on-site releases reported
by each sector. Because TRI requires consistent reporting regardless of
sector, it is an excellent tool for drawing comparisons across industries.
Although this sector notebook does not present historical information
regarding TRI chemical releases over time, please note that in general,
toxic chemical releases have been declining. In fact, according to the
1993 Toxic Release Inventory Data Book, reported releases dropped by
42.7% between 1988 and 1993. Although on-site releases have
decreased, the total amount of reported toxic waste has not declined
because the amount of toxic chemicals transferred off-site has
increased. Transfers have increased from 3.7 billion pounds in 1991 to
4.7 billion pounds in 1993. Better management practices have led to
increases in off-site transfers of toxic chemicals for recycling. More
detailed information can be obtained from EPA's annual Toxics
Release Inventory Public Data Release book (which is available
through the EPCRA Hotline at 1-800-535-0202), or directly from the
Toxic Release Inventory System database (for user support call 202-260-
1531).
Wherever possible, the sector notebooks present TRI data as the
primary indicator of chemical release within each industrial category.
TRI data provide the type, amount, and media receptor of each
chemical released or transferred. When other sources of pollutant
release data have been obtained, these data have been included to
augment the TRI information.
TRI Data Limitations
The reader should keep in mind the following limitations regarding
TRI data. Within some sectors, the majority of facilities are not subject
to TRI reporting because they are not considered manufacturing
industries, or because they are below TRI reporting thresholds.
SIC Code 32
32
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Examples are the mining, dry cleaning, printing, and transportation
equipment cleaning sectors. For these sectors, release information
from other sources has been included.
The reader should also be aware that TRI "pounds released" data
presented within the notebooks is not equivalent to a "risk" ranking
for each industry. Weighting each pound of release equally does not
factor in the relative toxicity of each chemical that is released. The
Agency is in the process of developing an approach to assign
toxicological weightings to each chemical released so that one can
differentiate between pollutants with significant differences in toxicity.
As a preliminary indicator of the environmental impact of the
industry's most commonly released chemicals, the notebook briefly
summarizes the toxicological properties of the top five chemicals (by
weight) reported by each industry.
Definitions Associated With Section IV Data Tables
General Definitions
SIC Code — the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) is a statistical
classification standard used for all establishment-based Federal
economic statistics. The SIC codes facilitate comparisons between
facility and industry data.
TRI Facilities — are manufacturing facilities that have 10 or more full-
time employees and are above established chemical throughput
thresholds. Manufacturing facilities are defined as facilities in
Standard Industrial Classification primary codes 20-39. Facilities must
submit estimates for all chemicals that are on the EPA's defined list
and are above throughput thresholds.
Data Table Column Heading Definitions
The following definitions are based upon standard definitions
developed by EPA's Toxic Release Inventory Program. The categories
below represent the possible pollutant destinations that can be
reported.
RELEASES — are an on-site discharge of a toxic chemical to the
environment. This includes emissions to the air, discharges to bodies
of water, releases at the facility to land, as well as contained disposal
into underground injection wells.
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Releases to Air (Point and Fugitive Air Emissions) — Include all air
emissions from industry activity. Point emissions occur through
confined air streams as found in stacks, ducts, or pipes. Fugitive
emissions include losses from equipment leaks, or evaporative losses
from impoundments, spills, or leaks.
Releases to Water (Surface Water Discharges) - encompass any releases
going directly to streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, or other bodies of water.
Any estimates for stormwater runoff and non-point losses must also be
included.
Releases to Land — includes disposal of waste to on-site landfills, waste
that is land treated or incorporated into soil, surface impoundments,
spills, leaks, or waste piles. These activities must occur within the
facility's boundaries for inclusion in this category.
Underground Injection — is a contained release of a fluid into a
subsurface well for the purpose of waste disposal.
TRANSFERS ~ is a transfer of toxic chemicals in wastes to a facility that
is geographically or physically separate from the facility reporting
under TRL The quantities reported represent a movement of the
chemical away from the reporting facility. Except for off-site transfers
for disposal, these quantities do not necessarily represent entry of the
chemical into the environment.
Transfers to POTWs — are wastewaters transferred through pipes or
sewers to a publicly owned treatments works (POTW). Treatment and
chemical removal depend on the chemical's nature and treatment
methods used. Chemicals not treated or destroyed by the POTW are
generally released to surface waters or landfilled within the sludge.
Transfers to Recycling — are sent off-site for the purposes of
regenerating or recovering still valuable materials. Once these
chemicals have been recycled, they may be returned to the originating
facility or sold commercially.
Transfers to Energy Recovery — are wastes combusted off-site in
industrial furnaces for energy recovery. Treatment of a chemical by
incineration is not considered to be energy recovery.
Transfers to Treatment — are wastes moved off-site for either
neutralization, incineration, biological destruction, or physical
separation. In some cases, the chemicals are not destroyed but prepared
for further waste management.
SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Transfers to Disposal - are wastes taken to another facility for disposal
generally as a release to land or as an injection underground.
IV.A. EPA Toxic Release Inventory for the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
Products Sector
Facilities within SIC 32 reported releases of over 100 toxic chemicals in
1993, including solvents, acids, heavy metals, and other compounds.
The concrete and cement industries reported high volumes of solvent
releases. Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1,-trichloroethane together
accounted for more than a third of total releases from the concrete
industry. The flat glass industry reported a relatively low level of
releases, with sulfuric acid accounting for more than two-thirds of the
industry total. Releases from the fiberglass industry included
significant amounts of acids, heavy metals, and solvents.
The TRI database'contains a detailed compilation of self-reported,
facility-specific chemical releases. The top reporting facilities for this
sector are listed below. Facilities that have reported only the SIC codes
covered under this notebook appear in Exhibit 9. Exhibit 10 contains
additional facilities that have reported the SIC code covered within this
report, and one or more SIC codes that are not within the scope of this
notebook. Therefore, Exhibit 10 includes facilities that conduct
multiple operations — some that are under the scope of this notebook,
and some that are not. Currently, the facility-level data do not allow
pollutant releases to be broken apart by industrial process. Exhibit 11
presents TRI reporting data for 1993 for SIC 32 by state. Exhibit 12-13
present SIC 32 TRI releases and transfers for 1993.
September 1995
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Exhibit 9
Top 10 TRI Releasing Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Facilities (SIC 32)
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total TRI
Releases in
Pounds
6,528,036
1,336,954
1,309,956
1,244,025
760,050
659,598
641,598
556,811
497,630
426,470
Facility Name
Engelhard Corp.
Corning Inc., Canton Plant
Owens-Corning
Knauf Fiber Glass
Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp.
Dana Corp., Victor Products Div.
Schuller Intl. Inc., Plant 08
Lockheed Aeronautical Sys. Co.
Owens-Corning Fiberglass
Schuller Intl. Inc.
City
Jackson
Canton
Newark
Shelbyville
Kansas City
Robinson
Defiance
Marietta
Amarillo
Winder
State
MS
NY
OH
IN
KS
IL
OH
GA
TX
GA
Source: US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory uataoase,
Top
Exhibit 10
10 TRI Releasing Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Products Facilities
SIC Codes
3321,3274
3295
3295, 3274,
3559
3714,3231
3861, 3291,
2672
3229
3296
3296
3296
3293
Total TRI
Releases in
Pounds
10,618,719
6,528,036
2,135,035
1,727,400
1,389,650
1,336,954
1,309,956
1,244,025
760,050
659,598
Facility Name
Inland Steel Co.
Engelhard Corp.
Marine Shale Processors Inc.
Harman Automotive Inc.
3M Medical Imaging Sys.
Corning Inc. Canton Plant
Owens-Corning
Knauf Fiber Glass
Owens-Corning Fiberglass
Corp. KC
Dana Corp. Victor Products
Div.
City
East Chicago
Jackson
Amelia
Bolivar
White City
Canton
Newark
Shelbyville
Kansas City
Robinson
State
IN
MS
LA
TN
OR
NY
OH
IN
KS
IL
Source: Lib tFA, 1 oxics Release inventory uataoase,
Note: Being included on this list does not mean that the release is associated with non-compliance
with environmental laws.
SIC Code 32
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Stone, Pay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Exhibit 11
TRI Reporting Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
Facilities (SIC 32) by State
State
AL
AR
AZ
CA
CO
CT
FL
GA
IA
ID
IL
IN
KS
KY
LA
MA
MD
ME
MI
MN
MO
MS
NC
Number of
Facilities
18
14
4
45
13
4
9
20
7
1
24
25
12
17 .
6
4
5
2
28
8
16
10
27
State
ND
NE
NH
NJ
NY
OH
OK
OR
PA
PR
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VA
VT
WA
WI
WV
WY
Number of
Facilities
1
3
2
16
32
69
12
3
52
2
1
12
2
18
40
5
15
2
10
7
10
1
Source: US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Database, 1993.
September 1995
37
SIC Code 32
-------
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
Exhibit 12
Releases for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
Number of Facilities (Releases Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Chromium Compounds
Barium Compounds
Manganese Compounds
SulfuricAcid
Ammonia
Zinc Compounds
Lead Compounds
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric Acid
Phenol
Chromium
Phosphoric Acid
Styrcne
Acetone
Dichloromcthane
Xylene (Mixed Isomers)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Toluene
Manganese
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Mcthanol
Hydrogen Fluoride
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Ethylbcnzene
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Lead
Antimony Compounds
Ammonium Sulfate
(Solution)
Barium
Aluminum (Fume Or
Dust)
Nickel Compounds
Chlorine
Mcthylenebis
(Phenylisocyanate)
Nickel
Nitric Acid
1,2,4-
Trimethylbenzene
Benzene
Copper Compounds
N-Butyl Alcohol
Trichloroethylene
ft/Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
107
96
91
63
61
56
51
49
48
43
41
41
41
39
38
38
37
37
32
30
30
27
25
23
21
19
19
18
16
15
14
11
11
10
9
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
Fugitive
Air
15815
14492
9382
1969
346223
6620
5245
198841
17520
27935
1352
1351
423151
204221
157173
253985
76042
196552
5013
1015
4626
262825
3780
2677
3779
31699
73917
1382
1491
106
250
500
790
1850
1
44744
532
27760
7330
369
5033
19036
6431
Point Air
14747
167275
2846
369701
5155539
19231
69270
2426028
2049039
912472
3005
3620
63833
130784
179356
224303
151035
816648
4406
41851
106982
481616
504539
55029
6844
65310
310431
8627
4684
66781
14110
761
1623
40990
0
16562
860
20615
13187
195
1007
17700
396368
Water
Discharges
2734
1733
765
0
102816
39019
1895
4774
207
10760
5
1160
0
0
0
250
0
0
250
0
0
0
113
0
0
5
0
41
702
0
260
0
297
21004
0
5
0
250
0
0
279
0
0
Under-
ground
Injection
0
0
0
6521124
0
0
0
0
45000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Land
Disposal
89301
45198
254194
130000
71150
186150
233617
111488
64860
14112
47397
29838
81000
0
0
0
0
0
272018
31915
8858
23000
20
0
0
0
0
20901
0
9555
5
750
82636
0
1390
2411
8053
0
0
0
2821
0
0
Total
Releases
122597
228698
267187
7022794
5675728
251020
310027
2741131
2176626
965279
51759
35969
567984
335005
336529
478538
227077
1013200
281687
74781
120466
767441
508452
57706
10623
97014
384348
30951
6877
76442
14625
2011
85346
63844
1391
63722
9445
48625
20517
564
9140
36736
402799
Average
Releases
per Facility
1146
2382
2936
111473
93045
4483
6079
55941
45346
22448
1262
877
13853
8590
8856
12593
6137
27384
8803
2493
4016
28424
20338
2509
506
5106
20229
1720
430
5096
1045
183
7759
6384
155
7965
1181
6078
2565
81
1306
5248
57543
Source: US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Database, 1993.
SIC Code 32
38
September 1995
-------
Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Exhibit 12 (cont'd)
Releases for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
Number of Facilities (Releases Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Aluminum Oxide
(Fibrous Form)
Arsenic Compounds
Diethanolamine
Ammonium Nitrate
(Solution)
Cadmium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
O-Xylene
Chloroform
Cobalt
Copper
Di(2-Ethylhexyl)
Phthalate
Methyl Methacrylate
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Asbestos (Friable)
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
Creosote
Naphthalene
Sec-Butyl Alcohol
Zinc (Fume Or Dust)
2-Ethoxyethanol
Antimony
Biphenyl
Chlorobenzene
Cumene
Cyclohexane
Decabromodiphenyl
Oxide
Freon 113
Isopropyl Alcohol
(Manufacturing
M-Xylene
Propylene
Titanium Tetrachloride
1,2-Butylene Oxide
1 ,4-Dioxane
2-Methoxyethanol
Acetonitrile
Aliphatic Alcohol
Allyl Alcohol
Aniline
Anthracene
Butyl Acrylate
Butyraldehyde
Cresol (Mixed Isomers)
Cyanide Compounds
ft/Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fugitive
Air
590
360
1250
121126
13
5
2915
264
27
252
0
654
850
265
250
5
3650
4371
0
1205
5
50
11
33
250
5
30642
933
4005
5
23
565
250
5
1500
0
5
0
5
0
0
113
5
Pout Air
500
10969
47375
5
13
1832
3315
73
0
512
275
70
81590
938
1750
.240
70625
468
255
55805
5
1
115
32
255
5
0
673
750
5
0
100
254
230
260
320
5
0
0
250
0
108
0
Water
Discharges
250
422
0
0
93
0
0
0
0
254
0
0
0
250
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
45
0
260
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Under-
ground
Injection
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Land
Disposal
250
5
12039
0
0
0
0
0
0
306
0
0
0
67367
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
250
0
0
0
0
Total
Releases
1590
11756
60664
121131
119
1837
6230
337
27
1324
275
724
82440
68820
2000
245
74275
4839
255
57010
16
51
126
65
505
' 55
30642
S
4755
10
23
665
504
235
1760
320
10
0
255
250
0
221
5
Average
Releases
per Facility
265
1959
10111
24226
24
367
1246
84
7
331
69
181
20610
22940
667
82
24758
1613
85
19003
8
26
63
33
253
28
15321
2
2378
5
12
333
252
118
1760
320
10
0
255
250
0
221
5
Source: US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Database, 1993.
September 1995
39
SIC Code 32
-------
Stone, day/ Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
Exhibit 12 (cont'd)
Releases for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
Number of Facilities (Releases Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Diaminotoluene (Mixed
Isomers)
Dibutyl Phthalate
Dichlorobenzene
(Mixed Isomers)
Diethyl Phthalate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethylene Oxide
Fluometuron
Isobutyraldehyde
M-Cresol
Methyl Acrylate
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Nitrobenzene
P-Xylene
Polychlorinated
Biphcnyls
Pyridine
Selenium
Selenium Compounds
Tcrt-Butyl Alcohol
Toluenediisocyanate
(Mixed Isomers)
Trichlorofluoromethane
Vinyl Acetate
Totals
ft/Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
•1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
634
Fugitive
Air
4
0
6
0
180
5
5
5
5
0
0
5
6
3400
0,
1
0
0
250
3
4439
5
2,649,586
Point Air
4
0
106
1
1
5
0
5
5
1
0
5
100
920
0
1
0
32149
5
2
0
5
15,253,103
Water
Discharges
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
190904
Under-
ground
Injection
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6,566,124
Land
Disposal
0
750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1903,605
Total
Releases
8
750
112
1
181
10
5
10
10
1
0
10
106
4320
0
2
0
32149
255
5
4439
10
26,561,456
Average
Releases
per Facility
8
750
112
1
181
10
5
10
10
1
0
10
106
4320
0
2
0
32149
255
4439
10
41,895
Source: US EPA, Toxics Release inventory DataBase,
Exhibit 13
Transfers for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
Number of Facilities (Transfers Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Chromium
Compounds
Barium Compounds
Manganese
Compounds
SulfuricAcid
Ammonia
Zinc Compounds
Lead Compounds
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric Acid
Phenol
Chromium
Phosphoric Acid
# Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
1612846
1568224
64675
77905
239910
1202327
3584112
137551
201595
86292
2443465
60849
POTW
Disharges
2082
11856
11458
17791
207712
5543
2818
72215
64335
11194
0
9718
Disposal
692929
1495116
51111
.
30481
879399
2455421
39068
f
43648
1907814
51131
Recycling
883908
52133
204
149844
965797
.
519021
Treatment
33927
9119
1902
60114
1715
167291
137787
20348
137260
19619
16630
Energy
Recovery
.
2
22289
5920
.
11831
•
lotal
Transfers
107
96
91
63
61
56
51
49
48
43
41
41
Average
Transfers
per
Facility
15073
16336
711
1237
3933
21470
70277
2807
4200
2007
59597
1484
Source: US EPA, Toxics Release inventory uataoase, J.yys.
SIC Code 32
40
September 1995
-------
Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Exhibit 13 (cont'd)
Transfers for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
Number of Facilities (Transfers Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Styrene
Acetone
Dichloromethane
Xylene (Mixed
Isomers)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Toluene
Manganese
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Methanol
Hydrogen Fluoride
Methyl Isobutyl
Ketone
Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane ,
Lead
Antimony Compounds
Ammonium Sulfate
(Solution)
Barium
Aluminum (Fume Or
Dust)
Nickel Compounds
Chlorine
Methy lenebi s(Pheny li
socyanate)
Nickel
Nitric Acid
1,2,4-
Trimethylbenzene
Benzene
Copper Compounds
N-Butyl Alcohol
Trichloroethylene
Aluminum Oxide
(Fibrous Form)
Arsenic Compounds
Diethanolamine
Ammonium Nitrate
(Solution)
Cadmium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
O-Xylene
Chloroform
Cobalt
Copper
# Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
41
39
38
38
37
37
32
30
30
27
25
23
21
19
19
18
16
15
14
11
11
10
9
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
POTW
Disharges
12000
0
0
3700
0
0
250
33693
1020
3318
183906
0
0
0
0
32
2334
3428
1790
0
500
0
0
5
0
325
0
0
250
3400
0
500
105
0
0
0
48
0
0
0
0
Disposal
7203
-250
250
131
46250
6
276723
10283
1290
600
30
26079
192940
14631
61352
196
5633
21300
6500
9000
0
5098
11
19550
105477
89444
2460
51555
1287
0
30
1280
Recycling
5100
2575
54918
38896
7626
61276
3157
5027
24
.
20
58
80082
81063
1655
•
14255
10277
2733
2301
24000
2863
19500
25771
47056
t
0
16992
.
.
37651
287828
Treatment
14725
154131
9640
185661
166934
343010
87940
8426
12806
1 14027
182858
27409
4545
29111
29302
7579
360
•
220
250
2455
692
372486
738130
1531
250
2300
5142
7000
16
414
4357
46
10000
12700
5
Energy
Recovery
8965
487072
42517
1592754
828414
1856567
t
11191
40530
145100
267053
332311
33800
42931
212
6217
4880
25453
f
3188
18492
1333
54974
9500
Total
Transfers
47993
644028
107325
1821142
1049224
2263683
368070
68620
55646
263069
366794
294482
336914
62911
152315
114965
197289
18059
77617
451
16410
5188
30510
372491
30500
747455
6411
28566
27148
11741
70813
105977
136621
3793
0
51969
22684
55020
19500
50381
289113
Average
Transfers
per Facility
1171
16514
2824
47925
28357
61181
11502
2287
1855
9743
14672
12804
16044
3311
8017
6387
12331
1204
5544
41
1492
519
3390
46561
3813
93432
801
4081
3878
1677
10116
17663
22770
632
0
10394
4537
11004
4875
12595
72278
Source: US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Database, 1993.
September 1995
41
SIC Code 32
-------
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
Exhibit 13 (cont'd)
Transfers for Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities (SIC 32) in TRI, by
Number of Facilities (Transfers Reported in Pounds/Year)
Chemical Name
Di(2-Ethylhexyl)
Phthalate
Methyl Methacrylate
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Asbestos (Friable)
Butyl Benzyl
Phthalate
Creosote
Naphthalene
Sec-Butyl Alcohol
Zinc (Fume Or Dust)
2-Ethoxyethanol
Antimony
Biphenyl
Chlorobenzene
Cumcne
Cyclohcxane
Decabromodiphenyl
Oxide
Freon 113
Isopropyl Alcohol
(Manufacturing
M-Xylene
Propylene
Titanium Tetrachloride
1,2-Butylene Oxide
1 ,4-Dioxane
2-Mcthoxyethanol
Acctoni trite
Aliphatic Alcohol
AHyl Alcohol
Aniline
Anthracene
Butyl Acrylate
Butyraldehyde
Cresol (Mixed
Isomcrs)
Cyanide Compounds
Totals
# Facilities
Reporting
Chemical
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
634
POTW
Disharges
1060
0
0
7
2116
0
0
0
250
630
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
671,389
Disposal
7270
t
45000
64688
5450
.
.
13273
t
f
.
.
0
r
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
f
•
r
8,738,638
Recycling
9258
.
750
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
12,152,257
Treatment
3000
1000
750
1200
.
14560
.
.
12000
%
1068
.
5740
44
6
285
.
•
. 3,181,823
Energy
Recovery
-
.
'.
.
33300
.
.
13400
.
.
3868
48415
.
.
.
.
940
.
.
.
.
5,953,419
Total
Transfers
11330
0
0
45007
77062
6200
0
1200
13523
48490
750
0
25400
0
0
1068
0
9608
48459
0
0
6
0
1225
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21,961,967
Average
Transfers
per
Facility
2833
0
0
15002
25687
2067
0
400
4508
16163
375
0
12700
0
0
534
0
4804
24230
0
0
3
0
613
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,500
Source: US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Database,
SIC Code 32
42
September 1995
-------
Sectoi Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
IV.B. Summary of Selected Chemicals Released
The following is a synopsis of current scientific toxicity and fate
information for the top chemicals (by weight) that facilities within this
sector self-reported as released to the environment based upon 1993
TRI data. Because this section is based upon self-reported release data,
it does not attempt to provide information on management practices
employed by the sector to reduce the release of these chemicals.
Information regarding pollutant release reductions over time may be
available from EPA's TRI and 33/50 programs, or directly from the
industrial trade associations that are listed in Section IX of this
document. Since these descriptions are cursory, please consult the
sources referenced below for a more detailed description of both the
chemicals described in this section, and the chemicals that appear on
the full list of TRI chemicals appearing in Section IV.A.
The brief descriptions provided below were taken from the 1993 Toxics
Release Inventory Public Data Release (EPA, 1994), the Hazardous
Substances Data Bank (HSDB), and the Integrated Risk Information
System (IRIS), both accessed via TOXNET1. The information contained
below is based upon exposure assumptions that have been conducted
using standard scientific procedures. The effects listed below must be
taken in context of these exposure assumptions that are more fully
explained within the full chemical profiles in HSDB.
1 TOXNET is a computer system run by the National Library of Medicine that includes a number of
toxicological databases managed by EPA, National Cancer Institute, and the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. For more information on TOXNET, contact the TOXNET help line at
1-800-231-3766. Databases included in TOXNET are: CCRIS (Chemical Carcinogenesis Research
Information System), DART (Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Database), DBIR (Directory of
Biotechnology Information Resources), EMICBACK (Environmental Mutagen Information Center
Backfile), GENE-TOX (Genetic Toxicology), HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank), IRIS
(Integrated Risk Information System), RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances), and
TRI (Toxic Chemical Release Inventory). HSDB contains chemical-specific information on
manufacturing and use, chemical and physical properties, safety and handling, toxicity and biomedical
effects, pharmacology, environmental fate and exposure potential, exposure standards and regulations,
monitoring and analysis methods, and additional references.
September 1995
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Stone, Clay/ Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
Ammonia
The top ten chemicals released by the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete
Products Industry in 1993 were:
Ammonia
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen fluoride
Methanol
Phenol
Styrene
Sulfuric acid
Toluene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Summaries of some of the health and environmental impacts of
several of these chemicals follows:
Toxicity. Anhydrous ammonia is irritating to the skin, eyes, nose,
throat, and upper respiratory system.
Ecologically, ammonia is a source of nitrogen (an essential element for
aquatic plant growth), and may therefore; contribute to eutrophication
of standing or slow-moving surface water, particularly in nitrogen-
limited waters such as the Chesapeake Bay. In addition, aqueous
ammonia is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms.
Carcinogenicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that this
chemical is carcinogenic.
Environmental Fate. Ammonia combines with sulfate ions in the
atmosphere and is washed out by rainfall, resulting in rapid return of
ammonia to the soil and surface waters.
Ammonia is a central compound in the environmental cycling of
nitrogen. Ammonia in lakes, rivers, and streams is converted to
nitrate.
Physical Properties. Ammonia is a corrosive and severely irritating gas
with a pungent odor.
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Formaldehyde
Toxicity. Ingestion of formaldehyde leads to damage to the mucous
membranes of mouth, throat, and intestinal tract; severe pain,
vomiting, and diarrhea result. Inhalation of low concentrations can
lead to irritation of the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract. Inhalation of
high concentrations of formaldehyde causes severe damage to the
respiratory system and to the heart, and may even lead to death. Other
symptoms from exposure to formaldehyde include: headache,
weakness, rapid heartbeat, symptoms of shock, gastroenteritis, central
nervous system depression, vertigo, stupor, reduced body temperature,
and coma. Repeated contact with skin promotes allergic reactions,
dermatitis, irritation, and hardening. Contact with eyes causes injuries
ranging from minor, transient injury to permanent blindness,
depending on the concentration of the formaldehyde solution. In
addition, menstrual disorders and secondary sterility have been
reported in women exposed to formaldehyde.
Carcinogenicity. Formaldehyde is a probable human carcinogen via
both inhalation and oral exposure, based on limited evidence in
humans and sufficient evidence in animals.
Environmental Fate. Most formaldehyde is released to the
environment as a gas, and is rapidly broken down by sunlight and
reactions with atmospheric ions. Its initial oxidation product, formic
acid, is a component of acid rain. The rest of the atmospheric
formaldehyde is removed via dry deposition, rain or dissolution into
surface waters. Biodegradation of formaldehyde in water takes place in
a few days. Volatilization of formaldehyde dissolved in water is low.
Bioaccumulation of formaldehyde does not occur.
When released onto the soil, aqueous solutions containing
formaldehyde will leach through the soil. While formaldehyde is
biodegradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, its fate in.
soil and groundwater is unknown.
Although formaldehyde is found in remote areas, it is probably not
transported there, but rather is likely a result of the local generation of
formaldehyde front longer-lived precursors which have been
transported there.
September 1995
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Stone/ Clay, Glass/ and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
Hydrochloric Acid
Toxicity. Hydrochloric acid is primarily a concern in its aerosol form.
Acid aerosols have been implicated in causing and exacerbating a
variety of respiratory ailments. Dermal exposure and ingestion of
highly concentrated hydrochloric acid can result in corrosivity.
Ecologically, accidental releases of solution forms of hydrochloric acid
may adversely affect aquatic life by including a transient lowering of
the pH (i.e., increasing the acidity) of surface waters.
Carcinogenicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that this
chemical is carcinogenic.
Environmental Fate. Releases of hydrochloric acid to surface waters
and soils will be neutralized to an extent due to the buffering capacities
of both systems. The extent of these reactions will depend on the
characteristics of the specific environment.
Physical Properties. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is highly
corrosive.
Methanol
Toxicity. Methanol is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
and the respiratory tract, and is toxic to humans in moderate to high
doses. In the body, methanol is converted into formaldehyde and
formic acid. Methanol is excreted as formic acid. Observed toxic effects
at high dose levels generally include central nervous system damage
and blindness. Long-term exposure to high levels of methanol via
inhalation cause liver and blood damage in animals.
Ecologically, methanol is expected to have low toxicity to aquatic
organisms. Concentrations lethal to half the organisms of a test
population are expected to exceed 1 mg methanol per liter water.
Methanol is not likely to persist in water or to bioaccumulate in aquatic
organisms.
Carcinogenicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that this
chemical is carcinogenic.
Environmental Fate. Liquid methanol is likely to evaporate when left
exposed. Methanol reacts in air to produce formaldehyde which
contributes to the formation of air pollutants. In the atmosphere it can
react with other atmospheric chemicals or be washed out by rain.
SIC Code 32
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September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Methanol is readily degraded by microorganisms in soils and surface
waters.
Physical Properties. Methanol is highly flammable.
Sulfuric Acid
Toluene
Toxicity. Concentrated sulfuric acid is corrosive. In its aerosol form,
sulfuric acid has been implicated in causing and exacerbating a variety
of respiratory ailments.
Ecologically, accidental releases of solution forms of sulfuric acid may
adversely affect aquatic life by inducing a transient lowering of the pH
(i.e., increasing the acidity) of surface waters. In addition, sulfuric acid
in its aerosol form is also a component of acid rain. Acid rain can
cause serious damage to crops and forests.
Carcinogenicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that this
chemical is carcinogenic.
Environmental Fate. Releases of sulfuric acid to surface waters and
soils will be neutralized to an extent due to the buffering capacities of
both systems. The extent of these reactions will depend on the
characteristics of the specific environment.
In the atmosphere, aerosol forms of sulfuric acid contribute to acid
rain. These aerosol forms can travel large distances from the point of
release before the acid is deposited on land and surface waters in the
form of rain.
Toxicity. Inhalation or ingestion of toluene can cause headaches,
confusion, weakness, and memory loss. Toluene may also affect the
way the kidneys and liver function.
Reactions of toluene (see environmental fate) in the atmosphere
contribute to the formation of ozone in the lower atmosphere. Ozone
can affect the respiratory system, especially in sensitive individuals
such as asthma or allergy sufferers.
Some studies have shown that unborn animals were harmed when
high levels of toluene were inhaled by their mothers, although the
same effects were not seen when the mothers were fed large quantities
of toluene. Note that these results may reflect similar difficulties in
humans.
September 1995
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Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
Carcinogenicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that this
chemical is carcinogenic.
Environmental Fate. The majority of releases of toluene to land and
water will evaporate. Toluene may also be degraded by
microorganisms. Once volatized, toluene in the lower atmosphere
will react with other atmospheric components contributing to the
formation of ground-level ozone and other air pollutants.
Physical Properties. Toluene is a volatile organic chemical.
Xvlene (Mixed Isomers)
Toxicity. Xylenes are rapidly absorbed into the body after inhalation,
ingestion, or skin contact. Short-term exposure of humans to high
levels of xylenes can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat,
difficulty in breathing, impaired lung function, impaired memory, and
possible changes in the liver and kidneys. Both short- and long-term
exposure to high concentrations can cause effects such as headaches,
dizziness, confusion, and lack of muscle coordination. Reactions of
xylenes (see environmental fate) in the atmosphere contribute to the
formation of ozone in the lower atmosphere. Ozone can affect the
respiratory system, especially in sensitive individuals such as asthma
or allergy sufferers.
Carcinogenicity. There is currently no evidence to suggest that this
chemical is carcinogenic.
Environmental Fate. The majority of releases to land and water will
quickly evaporate, although some degradation.by microorganisms will
occur.
Xylenes are moderately mobile in soils and may leach into
groundwater, where they may persist for several years.
Xylenes are volatile organic chemicals. As such, xylenes in the lower
atmosphere will react with other atmospheric components,
contributing to the formation of ground-level ozone and other air
pollutants.
SIC Code 32
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September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
IV.C. Other Data Sources
The Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) contains a wide
range of information related to stationary sources of air pollution,
including the emissions of a number of air pollutants which may be of
concern within a particular industry. With the exception of volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), there is little overlap with the TRI
chemicals reported above. Exhibit 14 summarizes annual releases of
carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter of 10
microns or less (PM10), total particulates (FT), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
September 1995
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SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
Exhibit 14
Pollutant Releases (Short Tons/Year)
Industry
U.S. Total
Metal Mining
Nonmetal Mining
Lumber and Wood
Products
Wood Furniture and
Fixtures
Pulp and Paper
Printing
Inorganic Chemicals
Organic Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Misc. Plastic
Products
Stone, Clay, Glass,
and Concrete
Iron and Steel
Nonferrous Metals
Fabricated Metals
Electronics
Motor Vehicles, Bodies,
Parts, and Accessories
Dry Cleaning
CO
97,208,000
5,391
4,525
123,756
2,069
624,291
8,463
166,147
146,947
419,311
2,090
58,043
1,518,642
448,758
3,851
367
35,303
101
N02
23,402,000
28,583
28,804
42,658
2,981
394,448
4,915
108,575
236,826
380,641
11,914
338,482
138,985
55,658
16,424
1,129
23,725
179
PMio
45,489,000
39,359
59,305
14,135
2,165
35,579
399
4,107
26,493
18,787
2,407
74,623
42,368
20,074
1,185
207
2,406
3
PT
7,836,000
140,052
167,948
63,761
3,178
113,571
1,031
39,082
44,860
36,877
5,355
171,853
83,017
22,490
3,136
293
12,853
28
S02
21,888,000
84,222
24,129
9,149
1,606
341,002
1,728
182,189
132,459
648,153
29,364
339,216
238,268
373,007
4,019
453
25,462
152
voc
23,312,000
1,283
1,736
41,423
59,426
96,875
101,537
52,091
201,888
309,058
140,741
30,262
82,292
27,375
102,186
4,854
101,275
7,310
Source U.S. EPA Office of Air and Radiation, Airs Database, May
SIC Code 32
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September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
IV.D. Comparison of Toxic Release Inventory Between Selected Industries
The following information is presented as a comparison of pollutant
release and transfer data across industrial categories. It is provided to
give a general sense as to the relative scale of releases and transfers
within each sector profiled under this project. Please note that the
following table does not contain releases and transfers for industrial
categories that are not included in this project, and thus cannofbe used
to draw conclusions regarding the total release and transfer amounts
that are reported to TRI. Similar information is available within the
annual TRI Public Data Release book.
Exhibit 15 is a graphical representation of a summary of the 1993 TRI
data for the Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Products industry and the
other sectors profiled in separate notebooks. The bar graph presents the
total TRI releases and total transfers on the left axis and the triangle
points show the average releases per facility on the right axis. Industry
sectors are presented in the order of increasing total TRI releases. The
graph is based on the data shown in Exhibit 16 and is meant to facilitate
comparisons between the relative amounts of releases, transfers, and
releases per facility both within and between these sectors. The reader
should note, however, that differences in the proportion of facilities
captured by TRI exist between industry sectors. This can be a factor of
poor SIC matching and relative differences in the number of facilities
reporting to TRI from the various sectors. In the case of Stone, Clay,
Glass and Concrete Products industry, the 1993 TRI data presented here
covers 634 facilities. These facilities listed SIC 32 Stone, Clay, Glass and
Concrete Products industry as a primary SIC code.
September 1995
51
SIC Code 32
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Stone. Clay, Glass,-and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
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September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
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-------
Stone, Gay, Glass/ and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
V. POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES
The best way to reduce pollution is to prevent it in the first place.
Some companies have creatively implemented pollution prevention
techniques that improve efficiency and increase profits while at the
same time minimizing environmental impacts. This can be done in
many ways such as reducing material inputs, re-engineering processes
to reuse by-products, improving management practices, and employing
substitution of toxic chemicals. Some smaller facilities are able to
actually get below regulatory thresholds just by reducing pollutant
releases through aggressive pollution prevention policies.
In order to encourage these approaches, this section provides general
descriptions of some pollution prevention advances that have been
implemented within the Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
industry. While the list is not exhaustive, it does provide core
information that can be used as the starting point for facilities
interested in beginning their own pollution prevention projects.
When possible, this section provides information from real activities
that can, or are being implemented by this sector ~ including a
discussion of associated costs, time frames, and expected rates of return.
This section provides summary information from activities that may
be, or are being implemented by this sector. When possible,
information is provided that gives the context in which the techniques
can be effectively used. Please note that the activities described in this
section do not necessarily apply to all facilities that fall within this
sector. Facility-specific conditions must be carefully considered when
pollution prevention options are evaluated, and the full impacts of the
change must examine how each option affects, air, land, and water
pollutant releases.
Pollution prevention techniques available to this industry can be
classified into the following categories: 1) source reduction, 2) recycling
and reuse, and 3) improved operating practices.
The first pollution prevention technique, source reduction, includes
chemical substitution and process modification options that can reduce
or eliminate the use of hazardous substances and the resulting
generation of hazardous waste and other environmental releases.
Source reduction also includes technological improvements and
process modifications to reduce or eliminate waste generation. The
second pollution prevention technique, recycling and reuse, returns a
waste to the manufacturing process .as a raw material. The third
technique, improved operating processes, relies on changes made to
the way products are manufactured in order to reduce waste. The
following are pollution prevention techniques for this industry.
SIC Code 32 " ! ~ ~~September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
V.A. Glass
Recycling and Reuse
In the glass manufacturing industry, one opportunity for pollution
prevention is increasing the use of waste glass, or cullet, as a feedstock.
The primary environmental benefit of increasing cullet use is the
reduction of the amount of cullet requiring disposal. Currently, about
67 percent of all cullet is landfilled or stockpiled. Glass manufacturers
typically use 30 percent cullet along with raw materials to make new
glass. Increasing the use of cullet reduces energy consumption, since it
requires less energy to melt cullet than to melt other raw materials.
One problem with using cullet is that the composition of the cullet
may vary widely from the virgin batch, leading to product quality
problems. Waste glass which is not reused on site can be used in the
production of road materials (known as glasphalt).
Refractory scrap from glass facilities can also be recycled. Spent
refractory brick can be used as a feedstock by brick manufacturers
without affecting the quality of the final product. Since refractory
bricks only have to be replaced approximately every ten years, recycling
of this materials is a relatively minor pollution prevention
opportunity.
Glass container recycling has been increasing, from over 20 percent in
1988 to 37 percent in 1994. This recycling rate reflects the percentage of
container actually recycled by manufacturers, not just the percentage
collected. Recycled container glass is used in the production of new
bottles and jars as well as in secondary markets such as fiberglass and
glasphalt (Glass Packaging Institute, May 1995).
Improved Operating Practices
A major quantity of hazardous waste generated from glass making is
generated in the receiving and delivery areas. Improvements such as
\ clean-up and maintenance in receiving areas can minimize this waste.
Keeping the receiving areas clean would allow material spills to be
collected and added to the raw materials. Also, by paving receiving
areas, collection and clean-up becomes much more efficient and
effective and allows spilled material to be identified and separated for
recycling back into the process.
Air pollution control technologies used in the glass industry
commonly transfer contaminants from one media (air) to another
(water or hazardous waste). Process improvements can help reduce
total waste generation and improve manufacturing efficiency. One
September 1995 55 SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
available process improvement is-called "Rapid Melting Systems,"
which involves preheating the batch prior to melting. This practice
reduces process time, energy consumption, and air emissions. The
substitution of oxygen for combustion air is another process
improvement which can reduce nitrogen oxide and particulate
emissions. The drawbacks of using pure oxygen rather than air are its
high cost and localized hot spots during combustion.
V.B. Concrete
Source Reduction
Source reduction in the concrete industry can be achieved through raw
material substitution. For example, many concrete product
manufacturers have moved from volatile organic compound (VOC)-
mold release agents to trichloroethane (TCA)-based agents due to air
quality restrictions on VOC material. However, TCA has been added to
the list of ozone depleting substances and will be phased out by 2002.
Concrete product manufacturers that use TCA as a mold release are
working with mold release manufacturers to develop alternatives,
such as water-based mold-releases.
Improved Operating Practices
Alternative cement finishing processes, including the use of water-
based and powder coatings, can reduce the amount of paint-related
wastes generated by manufacturers of cement products. Water-based
coatings can be applied by conventional spray, airless, or air assisted
airless guns. Since water has a higher density than organic solvents,
overspray is reduced and transfer efficiency is improved. Powder
coatings, made by mixing resins with a hardener, pigments, and other
additives, are 100 percent solids that are applied to parts of. various
shapes, sizes, and materials of construction. Transfer efficiencies in
powder coating application are high, and no solvents are used in
manufacturing or applying the coatings. Paint that does not adhere to
the workpiece is collected and reused. Consequently, there are
virtually no emissions and very little waste from powder coating
systems. Powder coating systems require new application equipment,
which can be a major capital cost for some companies.
SIC Code 32
56
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
V.C. Cement
Cement kiln dust is the largest waste stream produced by cement
manufacturers. The following discussion therefore focuses primarily
on pollution prevention opportunities in the cement industry as they
relate to cement kiln dust. Pollution prevention opportunities
discussed below reflect EPA's findings in the 1993 Report to Congress
on Cement Kiln Dust.
Source Reduction
One approach to pollution prevention in the cement industry is to
minimize the production of cement kiln dust. There are three primary
means to decrease the amount of dust generated by a kiln. Dust can be
minimized by reducing gas turbulence in the kiln and avoiding
excessive flow velocities. The use of chains near the cool end of the
kiln can also minimize dust by trapping the dust before it is released in
the kiln exhaust. Most kilns are already equipped with such cool-end
chain sections. The use of fuels with a low ash content, such as liquid
hazardous wastes, can also reduce the amount of cement kiln dust
generated.
Recycling and Reuse
Cement kiln dust generated from the baghouse dust collectors can be
reused both on-site and off-site. Direct return of dust to the kiln is a
common recycling practice. The dust may be returned to the hot end,
to the middle of the kiln, or to the feed material. However, cement
kiln dust can only be reused if contaminant concentrations fall within
specified limits, because clinker quality can be affected by the presence
of certain constituents. Alkali metals, such as lithium, sodium, and
potassium, are of primary concern. The raw materials used to produce
clinker and the kiln fuel influence the chemical composition of the
dust generated, and thus may affect recycling rates.
Cement kiln dust that contains alkalis or possesses other undesirable
characteristics may be treated so that it can be returned to the kiln
system. Treatment techniques include pelletizing, leaching with water
or a potassium chloride solution to remove alkali salts, alkali
volatilization, recovery scrubbing (also known as flue gas
desulfurization), and fluid bed dust recovery.
In addition to reintroduction to the kiln, cement kiln dust can be
reused beneficially in a variety of ways. Cement kiln dust has been sold
by some plants for sewage sludge solidification. It has also been reused
September 1995 "~ 57 SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
as an adsorbent for desulfurization, particularly in the cement plant's
air pollution control equipment; as a neutralization agent for acidic
materials; as a soil stabilizer; and as an ingredient in various
agricultural and construction products. Material accumulated from
desulfurization can be ground and reused as an additive and/or
retarding additive to the clinker to make cement.
Wastes generated from other industries can be recycled at cement kilns
as fuels and raw material substitutes. The recycling of wastes in cement
kilns as fuel offers a cost-effective, safe, and environmentally sound
method of resource recovery for some hazardous and non-hazardous
waste materials. Currently used hazardous wastes are waste oils and
spent organic solvents, sludges, and solids from the paint and coatings,
auto and truck assembly, and petroleum industries. Some non-
hazardous wastes, including foundry sand and contaminated soils,
have high concentrations of the conventional components of cement,
such as silicon, aluminum, and iron. These wastes, therefore, can be
used in place of the conventional raw materials.
Improved Operating Practices
Cement manufacturers who have laboratories in-house to conduct
product testing and research often generate hazardous wastes as a result
of laboratory testing and research. Approximately 40 percent of the
hazardous wastes generated in a lab are due to unused and off-spec
reagent chemicals. Traditionally, reagents are purchased in large
quantities, but laboratory technicians prefer to use fresh reagents for
experiments, and therefore tend not to use reagents in previously
opened containers. This leads to large quantities of unused reagents.
Implementing a purchasing and inventory control, surplus chemicals
exchange, and experiment modification system at laboratories would
reduce the amount of unused reagents that need to be disposed of as
wastes. Purchasing only the required amounts or smaller container
sizes of reagents will also reduce reagent waste and disposal costs.
Gaseous emissions from cement manufacturing plants are mainly
nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. Process controls, including
balancing the alkali content in raw materials and fuels, increasing
oxygen partial pressure, Increasing dust load, and reducing kiln
volume load, can reduce sulfur emissions in the process. Process
controls to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions include avoiding excessive
sintering temperatures and staged combustion in the calciner. Other
measures may reduce emissions, including the use of ammonia to
control nitrogen oxide emissions.
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V.D. Structural Clay Products
Recycling and Reuse
Reuse of wastes generated by air pollution control equipment is one
pollution prevention opportunity available to facilities which produce
structural clay products. Clay product manufacturers commonly use
wet scrubbing to treat particulate emissions. The waste generated by
wet scrubbers can often be returned to the production process as a raw
material substitute to replace clay or other alkaline additives.
Improved Operating Practices
Waste generated during raw materials receiving can be eliminated by
modifying the equipment and operating practices. For example, paved
receiving areas prevent spilled raw materials from contaminating soil,
allowing spilled materials to be recaptured for use.
V.E. Pottery Products
Source Reduction
Product substitution is one means of reducing paint waste generated by
plants engaged in finishing of pottery products. Water-based finishes,
including paints and enamels, can be substituted for solvent-based
finishes, reducing the amount of volatile emissions from finishing
processes. The use of water-based finishes may, however, result in
hazardous waste generation and waste water discharges.
Recycling and Reuse
Pottery manufacturers can recycle wastes recovered from pollution
control devices. The dry powder waste recovered from air pollution
control equipment is virtually identical in composition to the
tile/ceramic product itself, and therefore may be recycled as raw
materials into the body preparation process. The overspray dust
gathered in dust collectors can also be recovered. Enamel overspray
from finishing operations can also be reused if not contaminated.
Enamel overspray is often washed down and collected in settling pits,
where it can be reclaimed and re-introduced as a raw material.
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VI. SUMMARY OF FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS
This section discusses the Federal statutes and regulations that may
apply to this sector. The purpose of this section is to highlight, and
briefly describe the applicable Federal requirements, and to provide
citations for more detailed information. The three following sections
are included.
• Section IV.A contains a general overview of major statutes
• Section IV.B contains a list of regulations specific to this industry
• Section IV.C contains a list of pending and proposed regulations
The descriptions within Section IV are intended solely for general
information. Depending upon the nature or scope of the activities at a
particular facility, these summaries may or may not necessarily describe
all applicable environmental requirements. Moreover, they do not
constitute formal interpretations or clarifications of the statutes and
regulations. For further information, readers should consult the Code
of Federal Regulations and other state or local regulatory agencies. EPA
Hotline contacts are also provided for each major statute.
VI.A. General Description of Major Statutes
Resource Conservation And Recovery Act
The Resource Conservation And Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 which
amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act, addresses solid (Subtitle D) and
hazardous (Subtitle C) waste management activities. The Hazardous
and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984 strengthened, RCRA's
waste management provisions and added Subtitle I, which governs
underground storage tanks (USTs).
Regulations promulgated pursuant to Subtitle C of RCRA (40 CFR Parts
260-299) establish a "cradle-to-grave" system governing hazardous
waste from the point of generation to disposal. RCRA hazardous
wastes include the specific materials listed in the regulations
(commercial chemical products, designated with the code "P" or "U";
hazardous wastes from specific industries/sources, designated with the
code "K"; or hazardous wastes from non-specific sources, designated
with the code "F") or materials which exhibit a hazardous waste
characteristic (ignitibility, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity and
designated with the code "D").
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Regulated entities that generate hazardous waste are subject to waste
accumulation, manifesting, and, recordkeeping standards. Facilities
that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste must obtain a permit,
either from EPA or from a State agency which EPA has authorized to
implement the permitting program. Subtitle C permits contain general
facility standards such as contingency plans, emergency procedures,
recordkeeping and reporting requirements, financial assurance
mechanisms, and unit-specific standards. RCRA also contains
provisions (40 CFR Part 264 Subpart S and §264.10) for conducting
corrective actions which govern the cleanup of releases of hazardous
waste or constituents from solid waste management units at RCRA-
regulated facilities.
Although RCRA is a Federal statute, many States implement the
RCRA program. Currently, EPA has delegated its authority to
implement various provisions of RCRA to 46 of the 50 States.
Most RCRA requirements are not industry specific but apply to any
company that transports, treats, stores, or disposes of hazardous waste.
Here are some important RCRA regulatory requirements:
• Identification of Solid and Hazardous Wastes (40 CFR Part 261)
lays out the procedure every generator should follow to
determine whether the material created is considered a
hazardous waste, solid waste, or is exempted from regulation.
• Standards for Generators of Hazardous Waste (40 CFR Part 262)
establishes the responsibilities of hazardous waste generators
including obtaining an ID number, preparing a manifest,
ensuring proper packaging and labeling, meeting standards for
waste accumulation units, and recordkeeping and reporting
requirements. Generators can accumulate hazardous waste for
up to 90 days (or 180 days depending on the amount of waste
generated) without obtaining a permit.
• Land Disposal Restrictions (LDRs) are regulations prohibiting
the disposal of hazardous waste on land without prior
treatment. Under the LDRs (40 CFR 268), materials must meet
land disposal restriction (LDR) treatment standards prior to
placement in a RCRA land disposal unit (landfill, land
treatment unit, waste pile, or surface impoundment). Wastes
subject to the LDRs include solvents, electroplating wastes,
heavy metals, and acids. Generators of waste subject to the LDRs
must provide notification of such to the designated TSD facility
to ensure proper treatment prior to disposal.
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• Used Oil Management Standards (40 CFR Part 279) impose
management requirements affecting the storage, transportation,
burning, processing, and re-refining of the used oil. For parties
that merely generate used oil, regulations establish storage
standards. For a party considered a used oil marketer (one who
generates and sells off-specification used oil directly to a used oil
burner), additional tracking and paperwork requirements must
be satisfied.
*
• Tanks and Containers used to store hazardous waste with a high
volatile organic concentration must meet emission standards
under RCRA. Regulations (40 CFR Part 264-265, Subpart CC)
require generators to test the waste to determine the
concentration of the waste, to satisfy tank and container
emissions standards, and to inspect and monitor regulated units.
These regulations apply to all facilities who store such waste,
including generators operating under the 90-day accumulation
rule.
• Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) containing petroleum and
hazardous substance are regulated under Subtitle I of RCRA.
Subtitle I regulations (40 CFR Part 280) contain tank design and
release detection requirements, as well as financial responsibility
and corrective action standards for USTs. The UST program also
establishes increasingly stringent standards, including upgrade
requirements for existing tanks, that must be met by 1998.
• Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (BIFs) that use or burn fuel
containing hazardous waste must comply with strict design and
operating standards. BIF regulations (40 CFR Part 266, Subpart
H) address unit design, provide performance standards, require
emissions monitoring, and restrict the type of waste that may be
burned.
EPA's RCRA/Superfund/UST Hotline, at (800) 424-9346, responds to
questions and distributes guidance regarding all RCRA regulations.
The RCRA Hotline operates weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m., EST,
excluding Federal holidays. '
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, And Liability Act
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA), a 1980 law commonly known as Superfund,
authorizes EPA to respond to releases, or threatened releases, of
hazardous substances that may endanger public health, welfare, or the
environment. CERCLA also enables EPA to force parties responsible
for environmental contamination to clean it up or to reimburse the
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Superfund for response costs incurred by EPA. The Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 revised
various sections of CERCLA, extended the taxing authority for the
Superfund, and created a free-standing law, SARA Title IE, also known
as the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA).
The CERCLA hazardous substance release reporting regulations (40
CFR Part 302) direct the person in charge of a facility to report to the
National Response Center (NRC) any environmental release of a
hazardous substance which exceeds a reportable quantity. Reportable
quantities are defined and listed in 40 CFR § 302.4. A release report
may trigger a response by EPA, or by one or more Federal or State
emergency response authorities.
EPA implements hazardous substance responses according to
procedures outlined in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) (40 CFR Part 300). The NCP
includes provisions for permanent cleanups, known as remedial
actions, and other cleanups referred to as "removals." EPA generally
takes remedial actions only at sites on the National Priorities List
(NPL), which currently includes approximately 1300 sites. Both EPA
and states can act at other sites; however, EPA provides responsible
parties the opportunity to conduct removal and remedial actions and
encourages community involvement throughout the Superfund
response process.
EPA's RCRA/Superfund/UST Hotline, at (800) 424-9346, answers
questions and references guidance pertaining to the Superfund
program. The CERCLA Hotline operates weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to
7:30 p.m., EST, excluding Federal holidays.
Emergency Planning And Community Right-To-Know Act
The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986
created the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA, also known as SARA Title HI), a statute designed to improve
community access to information about chemical hazards and to
facilitate the development of chemical emergency response plans by
State and local governments. EPCRA required the establishment of
State emergency response commissions (SERCs), responsible for
coordinating certain emergency response activities and for appointing
local emergency planning committees (LEPCs).
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EPCRA and the EPCRA regulations (40 CFR Parts 350-372) establish
four types of reporting obligations for facilities which store or manage
specified chemicals:
• EPCRA §302 requires facilities to notify the SERC and LEPC of
the presence of any "extremely hazardous substance" (the list of
such substances is in 40 CFR Part 355, Appendices A and B) if it
has such substance in excess of the substance's threshold
planning quantity, and directs the facility to appoint an
emergency response coordinator.
• EPCRA §304 requires the facility to notify the SERC and the LEPC
in the event of a release exceeding the reportable quantity of a
CERCLA hazardous substance or an EPCRA extremely
hazardous substance.
• EPCRA §§311 and 312 require a facility at which a hazardous
chemical, as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Act,
is present in an amount exceeding a specified threshold to
submit to the SERC, LEPC, and local fire department material
safety data sheets (MSDSs) or lists of MSDSs and hazardous
chemical inventory forms (also known as Tier I and II forms).
This information helps the local government respond in the
event of a spill or release of the chemical.
• EPCRA §313 requires manufacturing facilities included in SIC
codes 20 through 39, which have ten or more employees, and
which manufacture, process, or use specified chemicals in
amounts greater than threshold quantities, to submit an annual
toxic chemical release report. This report, commonly known as
the Form R, covers releases and transfers of toxic chemicals to
various facilities and environmental media, and allows EPA to
compile the national Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) database.
All information submitted pursuant to EPCRA regulations is publicly
accessible, unless protected by a trade secret claim.
EPA's EPCRA Hotline, at (800) 535-0202, answers questions and
distributes guidance regarding the emergency planning and
community right-to-know regulations. The EPCRA Hotline operates
weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m., EST, excluding Federal holidays.
Clean Water Act
The primary objective of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
commonly referred to as the Clean Water Act (CWA), is to restore and
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maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's
surface waters. Pollutants regulated under the CWA include "priority"
pollutants, including various toxic pollutants; "conventional"
pollutants, such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended
solids (TSS), fecal coliform, oil and grease, and pH; and "non-
conventional" pollutants, including any pollutant not identified as
either conventional or priority.
The CWA regulates both direct and indirect discharges. The National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program (CWA §402)
controls direct discharges into navigable waters. Direct discharges or
"point source" discharges are from sources such as pipes and sewers.
NPDES permits, issued by either EPA or an authorized State (EPA has
presently authorized forty States to administer the NPDES program),
contain industry-specific, technology-based and/or water quality-based
limits, and establish pollutant monitoring and reporting requirements.
A facility that intends to discharge into the nation's waters must obtain
a permit prior to initiating its discharge. A permit applicant must
provide quantitative analytical data identifying the types of pollutants
present in the facility's effluent. The permit will then set forth the
conditions and effluent limitations under which a facility may make a
discharge.
A NPDES permit may also include discharge limits based on Federal or
State water quality criteria or standards, that were designed to protect
designated uses of surface waters, such as supporting aquatic life or
recreation. These standards, unlike the technological standards,
generally do not take into account technological feasibility or costs.
Water quality criteria and standards vary from State to State, and site to
site, depending on the use classification of the receiving body of water.
Most States follow EPA guidelines which propose aquatic life and
human health criteria for many of the 126 priority pollutants.
Storm Water Discharges
In 1987 the CWA was amended to require EPA to establish a program
to address storm water discharges. In response, EPA promulgated the
NPDES storm water permit application regulations. Storm water
discharge associated with industrial activity means the discharge from
any conveyance which is used for collecting and conveying storm
water and which is directly related to manufacturing, processing or raw
materials storage areas at an industrial plant (40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)).
These regulations require that facilities with the following storm water
discharges apply for a NPDES permit: (1) a discharge associated with
industrial activity; (2) a discharge from a large or medium municipal
storm sewer system; or (3) a discharge which EPA or the State
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determines to contribute to a violation of a water quality standard or is
a significant contributor of pollutants to waters of the United States.
The term "storm water discharge associated with industrial activity"
means a storm water discharge from one of 11 categories of industrial
activity defined at 40 CFR 122.26. Six of the categories are defined by
SIC codes while the other five are identified through narrative
descriptions of the regulated industrial activity. If the primary SIC code
of the facility is one of those identified in the regulations, the facility is
subject to the storm water permit application requirements. If any
activity at a facility is covered by one of the five narrative categories,
storm water discharges from those areas where the activities occur are
subject to storm water discharge permit application requirements.
Those facilities/activities that are subject to storm water discharge
permit application requirements are identified below. To determine
whether a particular facility falls within one of these categories, the
regulation should be consulted.
Category i: Facilities subject to storm water effluent guidelines, new
source performance standards, or toxic pollutant effluent standards.
Category ii: Facilities classified as SIC 24-lumber and wood products
(except wood kitchen cabinets); SIC 26-paper and allied products (except
paperboard containers and products); SIC 28-chemicals and allied
products (except drugs and paints); SIC 29-petroleum refining; and SIC
311-leather tanning and finishing.
Category iii: Facilities classified as SIC 10-metal mining; SIC 12-coal
mining; SIC 13-oil and gas extraction; and SIC 14-nonmetallic mineral
mining.
Category iv: Hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities.
Category v: Landfills, land application sites, and open dumps that
receive or have received industrial wastes.
Category vi: Facilities classified as SIC 5015-used motor vehicle parts;
and SIC 5093-automotive scrap and waste material recycling facilities.
Category vii: Steam electric power generating facilities.
Category viii: Facilities classified as SIC 40-railroad transportation; SIC
41-local passenger transportation; SIC 42-trucking and warehousing
(except public warehousing and storage); SIC 43-U.S. Postal Service; SIC
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44-water transportation; SIC 45-transportation by air; and SIC 5171-
petroleum bulk storage stations and terminals.
Category ix: Sewage treatment works.
Category x: Construction activities except operations that result in the
disturbance of less than five acres of total land area.
Category xi: Facilities classified as SIC 20-food and kindred products;
SIC 21-tobacco products; SIC 22-textile mill products; SIC 23-apparel
related products; SIC 2434-wood kitchen cabinets manufacturing; SIC
25-furniture and fixtures; SIC 265-paperboard containers and boxes; SIC
267-converted paper and paperboard products; SIC 27-printing,
publishing, and allied industries; SIC 283-drugs; SIC 285-paints,
varnishes, lacquer, enamels, and allied products; SIC 30-rubber and
plastics; SIC 31-leather and leather products (except leather and tanning
and finishing); SIC 323-glass products; SIC 34-fabricated metal products
(except fabricated structural metal); SIC 35-industrial and commercial
machinery and computer equipment; SIC 36-electronic and other
electrical equipment and components; SIC 37-transportation
equipment (except ship and boat building and repairing); SIC 38-
measuring, analyzing, and controlling instruments; SIC 39-
miscellaneous manufacturing industries; and SIC 4221-4225-public
warehousing and storage.
Pretreatment Program
Another type of discharge that is regulated by the CWA is one that goes
to a publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs). The national
pretreatment program (CWA §307(b)) controls the indirect discharge of
pollutants to POTWs by "industrial users." Facilities regulated under
§307(b) must meet certain pretreatment standards. The goal of the
pretreatment program is to protect municipal wastewater treatment
plants from damage that may occur when hazardous, toxic, or other
wastes are discharged into a sewer system and to protect the quality of
sludge generated by these plants. Discharges to a POTW are regulated
primarily by the POTW itself, rather than the State or EPA.
EPA has developed technology-based standards for industrial users of
POTWs. Different standards apply to existing and new sources within
each category. "Categorical" pretreatment standards applicable to an
industry on a nationwide basis are developed by EPA. In addition,
another kind of pretreatment standard, "local limits," are developed by
the POTW in order to assist the POTW in achieving the effluent
limitations in its NPDES permit.
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Regardless of whether a State is authorized to implement either the
NPDES or the pretreatment program, if it develops its own program, it
may enforce requirements more stringent than Federal standards.
EPA's Office of Water, at (202) 260-5700, will direct callers with
questions about the CWA to the appropriate EPA office. EPA also
maintains a bibliographic database of Office of Water publications
ivhich can be accessed through the Ground Water and Drinking Water
resource center, at (202) 260-7786.
Safe Drinking Water Act
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) mandates that EPA establish
regulations to protect human health from contaminants in drinking
water. The law authorizes EPA to develop national drinking water
standards and to create a joint Federal-State system to ensure
compliance with these standards. The SDWA also directs EPA to
protect underground sources of drinking water through the control of
underground injection of liquid wastes.
EPA has developed primary and secondary drinking water standards
under its SDWA authority. EPA and authorized States enforce the
primary drinking water standards, which are, contaminant-specific
concentration limits that apply to certain public drinking water
supplies. Primary drinking water standards consist of maximum
contaminant level goals (MCLGs), which are non-enforceable health-
based goals, and maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), which are
enforceable limits set as close to MCLGs as possible, considering cost
and feasibility of attainment.
The SDWA Underground Injection Control (UIC) program (40 CFR
Parts 144-148) is a permit program which protects underground sources
of drinking water by regulating five classes of injection wells. UIC
permits include design, operating, inspection, and monitoring
requirements. Wells used to inject hazardous wastes must also comply
with RCRA corrective action standards in order to be granted a RCRA
permit, and must meet applicable RCRA land disposal restrictions
standards. The UIC permit program is primarily State-enforced, since
EPA has authorized all but a few States to administer the program.
The SDWA also provides for a Federally-implemented Sole Source
Aquifer program, which prohibits Federal funds from being expended
on projects that may contaminate the sole or principal source of
drinking water for a given area, and for a State-implemented Wellhead
Protection program, designed to protect drinking water wells and
drinking water recharge areas.
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EPA's Safe Drinking Water Hotline, at (800) 426-4791, answers
questions and distributes guidance pertaining to SDWA standards. The
Hotline operates from 9:00 a.m. through 5:30 p.m., EST, excluding
Federal holidays.
Toxic Substances Control Act
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) granted EPA authority to
create a regulatory framework to collect data on chemicals in order to
evaluate, assess, mitigate, and control risks which may be posed by
their manufacture, processing, and use. TSCA provides a variety of
control methods to prevent chemicals from posing unreasonable risk.
TSCA standards may apply at any point during a chemical's life cycle.
Under TSCA §5, EPA has established an inventory of chemical
substances. If a chemical is not already on the inventory, and has not
been excluded by TSCA, a premanufacture notice (PMN) must be
submitted to EPA prior to manufacture or import. The PMN must
identify the chemical and provide available information on health and
environmental effects. If available data are not sufficient to evaluate
the chemical's effects, EPA can impose restrictions pending the
development of information on its health and environmental effects.
EPA can also restrict significant new uses of chemicals based upon
factors such as the projected volume and use of the chemical.
Under TSCA §6, EPA can ban the manufacture or distribution in
commerce, limit the use, require labeling, or place other restrictions on
chemicals that pose unreasonable risks. Among the chemicals EPA
regulates under §6 authority are asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
and poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
EPA's TSCA Assistance Information Service, at (202) 554-1404, answers
questions and distributes guidance pertaining to Toxic Substances
Control Act standards. The Service operates from 8:30 a.m. through
4:30 p.m., EST, excluding Federal holidays.
Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act (CAA) and its amendments, including the Clean Air
Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, are designed to "protect and
enhance the nation's air resources so as to prombte the public health
and welfare and the productive capacity of the population." The CAA
consists of six sections, known as Titles, which direct EPA to establish
national standards for ambient air quality and for EPA and the States to
implement, maintain, and enforce these standards through a variety of
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mechanisms.' Under the CAAA, many facilities will be required to
obtain permits for the first time. State and local governments oversee,
manage, and enforce many of the requirements of the CAAA. CAA
regulations appear at 40 CFR Parts 50-99.
Pursuant to Title I of the CAA, EPA has established national ambient
air quality standards (NAAQSs) to limit levels of "criteria pollutants,"
including carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter,
ozone, and sulfur dioxide. Geographic areas that meet NAAQSs for a
given pollutant are classified as attainment areas; those that do not
meet NAAQSs are classified as non-attainment areas. Under §110 of
the CAA, each State must develop a State Implementation Plan (SIP) to
identify sources of air pollution and to determine what reductions are
required to meet Federal air quality standards.
Title I also authorizes EPA to establish New Source Performance
Standards (NSPSs), which are nationally uniform emission standards
for new stationary sources falling within particular industrial
categories. NSPSs are based on the pollution control technology
available to that category of industrial source but allow the affected
industries the flexibility to devise a cost-effective means of reducing
emissions.
Under Title I, EPA establishes and enforces National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs), nationally
uniform standards oriented towards controlling particular hazardous
air pollutants (HAPs). Title III of the CAAA further directed EPA to
develop a list of sources that emit any of 189 HAPs, and to develop
regulations for these categories of sources. To date EPA has listed 174
categories and developed a schedule for the establishment of emission
standards. The emission standards will be developed for both new and
existing sources based on "maximum achievable control technology"
(MACT). The MACT-is defined as the control technology achieving the
maximum -degree of reduction in the emission of the HAPs, taking
into account cost and other factors.
Title II of the CAA pertains to mobile sources, such as cars, trucks,
buses, and planes. Reformulated gasoline, automobile pollution
control devices, and vapor recovery nozzles on gas pumps are a few of
the mechanisms EPA uses to regulate mobile air emission sources.
Title IV establishes a sulfur dioxide emissions program designed to
reduce the formation of acid rain. Reduction of sulfur dioxide releases
will be obtained by granting to certain sources limited emissions
allowances, which, beginning in 1995, will be set below previous levels
of sulfur dioxide releases.
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Title V of the CAAA of 1990 created a permit program for all "major
sources" (and certain other sources) regulated under the CAA. One
purpose of the operating permit is to include in a single document all
air emissions requirements that apply to a given facility. States are
developing the permit programs in accordance with guidance and
regulations from EPA. Once a State program is approved by EPA,
permits will be issued and monitored by that State.
Title VI is intended to protect stratospheric ozone by phasing out the
manufacture of ozone-depleting chemicals and restrict their use and
distribution. Production of Class I substances, including 15 kinds of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), will be phased out entirely by the year
2000, while certain hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) will be phased
out by 2030.
EPA's Control Technology Center, at (919) 541-0800, provides general
assistance and information on CAA standards. The Stratospheric
Ozone Information Hotline, at (800) 296-1996, provides general
information about regulations promulgated under Title VI of the CAA,
and EPA's EPCRA Hotline, at (800) 535-0202, answers questions about
accidental release prevention under CAA §112(r). In addition, the
Technology Transfer Network Bulletin Board System (modem access
(919) 541-5742)) includes recent CAA rules, EPA guidance documents,
and updates of EPA activities.
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VLB. Industry-Specific Regulations
ClejmAjrAetfCAAl
SIC Code 32
In addition to the general applicable requirements of the CAA, the
industries covered by SIC 32 are subject to the following specific
regulatory requirements:
• Standards of Performance for Portland Cement Plants
(40 CFR 60.60 Subpart F) which regulates emissions of particulate
matter through the operation of a kiln, clinker cooler, raw mill
system, finish mill system, raw mill dryer, raw material storage,
clinker storage, finished product storage, conveyor transfer
points, bagging and bulk loading and unloading systems.
• Standards of Performance for Asphalt Concrete Plants (40 CFR
60.90 Subpart I) which regulates emissions of particulate matter.
• Standards of Performance for Glass Manufacturing Plants (40
CFR 60.290 Subpart CC) which regulates emissions of particulate
matter from glass melting furnaces.
• Standards of Performance for Lime Manufacturing Plants (40
CFR 60.340 Subpart HH) which regulates emissions of particulate
matter from rotary lime kilns.
• Standards of Performance for Asphalt Processing and Asphalt
Roofing Manufacture (40 CFR 60.470 Subpart UU) which
regulates emissions of particulate matter by each saturator and
each mineral handling and storage facility at asphalt roofing
plants; and each asphalt storage tank and each blowing still at
asphalt processing plants, petroleum refineries, and asphalt
roofing plants.
• Standard of Performance for Wool Fiberglass Insulation
Manufacturing Plants (40 CFR 60.680 Subpart PPP) which
regulates emissions of particulate matter by rotary spin wool
fiberglass insulation manufacturers.
• Standards of Performance for Polymeric Coating of Supporting
Substrates Facilities (40 CFR 60.740 Subpart VVV) which
regulates emissions of volatile organic compounds.
• National Emission Standard for Inorganic Arsenic Emissions
from Glass Manufacturing Plants (40 CFR 61.160 Subpart N)
which regulates emissions of arsenic. This subpart applies to
glass melting furnaces that use commercial arsenic as a raw
material.
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The performance standards set out above also impose specific
emissions monitoring, testing methods and procedures, recordkeeping,
and reporting requirements.
Clean Water Act (CVJA)
In addition to the general applicable requirements of the CWA, the
industries covered by SIC 32 are subject to the following specific
regulatory requirements:
• EPA Effluent Guidelines and Standards for Cement
Manufacturing (40CFR411) regulate discharges resulting from
the process in which several mineral ingredients are used in
manufacturing cement and in which: 1) kiln dust is not
contracted with water as an integral part of the process and water
is not used in wet scrubbers to control kiln stack emissions (non-
leaching plants); and 2) kiln dust is contracted with water as an
integral part of the process and water is used in wet scrubbers to
control kiln stack emissions (leaching plants).
• EPA Effluent Guidelines and Standards for Glass Manufacturing,
Insulation Fiberglass Subcategory (40 CFR 426) which regulates
the discharge of process wastewater as a result of the
manufacture of insulation fiberglass.
• EPA Effluent Guidelines and Standards for Asbestos
Manufacturing (40 CFR 427) which regulate discharges of
asbestos in process wastewater resulting from the manufacture
of asbestos products including: asbestos-cement pipe, asbestos-
cement sheet, asbestos paper with starch binder, asbestos paper
with elastomeric binder, asbestos millboard, asbestos roofing
products, and asbestos floor tile.
• EPA Effluent Guidelines and Standards for Paving and Roofing
Materials (Tars and Asphalt) (40 CFR 443) which regulate
discharges of wastewater within the asphalt emulsion, asphalt
concrete, linoleum and printed asphalt felt, and paving and
roofing materials (tars and asphalt) subcategories of the paving
and roofing materials (tars and asphalt) category of point sources.
The effluent guidelines set out above contain pretreatment standards
based upon application of best practicable control technology or best
available control technology.
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VI.C. Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA)
EPA is required to publish an initial list of all categories of major and
area sources of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) listed in Section
112(b) of the CAAA, establish dates for the promulgation of emission
standards for each of the listed categories of HAP emission sources, and
develop emission standards for each source of HAPs such that the
schedule is met. The standards are to be technology-based and are to
require the maximum degree of emission reduction determined to be
achievable by the Administrator. The Agency has determined that the
mineral wool production industry and the portland cement
manufacturing industry may be anticipated to emit several of the 189
HAPs listed in Section 112(b) of the CAAA. As a consequence, these
source categories are included on the initial list of HAP-emitting
categories scheduled for standards promulgation within seven years of
enactment of the CAAA.
Report to Congress and Final Regulatory Determination on Cement Kiln Dust
(RCRA)
RCRA 8002(o) requires that EPA study and report to Congress on the
sources and volumes of cement kiln dust, current and alternative
waste management practices and their costs and economic impacts,
documented damages to human health and the environment from
cement kiln dust disposal, and existing State and Federal regulation of
these wastes. The Agency published the Report to Congress on Cement
Kiln Dust in December 1993, and concluded in February 1995 that
additional control of cement kiln dust is warranted to protect human
health and the environment (60 PR 7366; February 7, 1995). EPA
intends to address regulation of cement kiln dust through a "common
sense" approach by developing RCRA disposal requirements to protect
groundwater and by regulating fugitive emissions under the CAA.
Until such regulations are implemented, cement kiln dust will retain
its status as non-hazardous waste.
SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
VII. COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT PROFILE
Background
To date, EPA has focused much of its attention on measuring
compliance with specific environmental statutes. This approach
allows the Agency to track compliance with the Clean Air Act, the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Clean Water Act, and
other environmental statutes. Within the last several years, the
Agency has begun to supplement single-media compliance indicators
with facility-specific, multimedia indicators of compliance. In doing so,
EPA is in a better position to track compliance with all statutes at the
facility level, and within specific industrial sectors.
A major step in building the capacity to compile multimedia data for
industrial sectors was the creation of EPA's Integrated Data for
Enforcement Analysis (IDEA) system. IDEA has the capacity to "read
into" the Agency's single-media databases, extract compliance records,
and match the records to individual facilities. The IDEA system can
match Air, Water, Waste, Toxics/Pesticides/EPCRA, TRI, and
Enforcement Docket records for a given facility, and generate a list of
historical permit, inspection, and enforcement activity. IDEA also has
the capability to analyze data by geographic area and corporate holder.
As the capacity to generate multimedia compliance data improves, EPA
will make available more in-depth compliance and enforcement
information. Additionally, sector-specific measures of success for
compliance assistance efforts are under development.
Compliance and Enforcement Profile Description
Using inspection, violation, and enforcement data from the IDEA
system, this section provides information regarding the historical
compliance and enforcement activity of this sector. In order to mirror
the facility universe reported in the Toxic Chemical Profile, the data
reported within this section consists of records only from the TRI
reporting universe. With this decision, the selection criteria are
consistent across sectors with certain exceptions. For the sectors that do
not normally report to the TRI program, data have been provided from
EPA's Facility Indexing System (FINDS) which tracks facilities in all
media databases. Please note, in this section, EPA does not attempt to
define the actual number of facilities that fall within each sector.
Instead, the section portrays the records of a subset of facilities within
the sector that are well defined within EPA databases.
As a check on the relative size of the full sector universe, most
notebooks contain an estimated number of facilities within the sector
September 1995
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according to the Bureau of Census (See Section II). With sectors
dominated by small businesses, such as metal finishers and printers,
the reporting universe within the EPA databases may be small in
comparison to Census data. However, the group selected for inclusion
in this data analysis section should be consistent with this sector's
general make-up.
Following this introduction is a list defining each data column
presented within this section. These values represent a retrospective
summary of inspections and enforcement actions, and solely reflect
EPA, State, and local compliance assurance activities that have been
entered into EPA databases. To identify any changes in trends, the EPA
ran two data queries, one for the past five calendar years (August 10,
1990 to August 9,1995) and the other for the most recent twelve-month
period (August 10,1994 to August 9,1995). The five-year analysis gives
an average level of activity for that period for comparison to the more
recent activity.
Because most inspections focus on single-media requirements, the data
queries presented in this section are taken from single media databases.
These databases do not provide data on whether inspections are
State/local or EPA-led. However, the table breaking down the universe
of violations does give the reader a crude measurement of the EPA's
and States' efforts within each media program. The presented data
illustrate the variations across regions for certain sectors.2 This
variation may be attributable to State/local data entry variations,
specific geographic concentrations, proximity to population centers,
sensitive ecosystems, highly toxic chemicals used in production, or
historical noncompliance. Hence, the exhibited data do not rank
regional performance or necessarily reflect which regions may have the
most compliance problems.
Compliance and Enforcement Data Definitions
General Definitions
Facility Indexing System (FINDS) - this system assigns a common
facility number to EPA single-media permit records. The FINDS
identification number allows EPA to compile and review all permit,
2 EPA Regions include the following States: I (CT, MA, ME, RI, NH, VT); H (NJ, NY, PR, VI); HI
(DC, DE, MD, PA, VA, WV); IV (AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN); V (LL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI); VI
(AR, LA, NM, OK, TX); VH (IA, KS, MO, NE); VIE (CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY); IX (AZ, CA, HI,
NV, Pacific Trust Territories); X (AK, ID, OR, WA).
SIC Code 32
76
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_Ston^LClay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
compliance, enforcement, and pollutant release data for any given
regulated facility.
Integrated Data for Enforcement Analysis (IDEA) - is a data integration
system that can retrieve information from the major EPA program
office databases. IDEA uses the FINDS identification number to "glue
together" separate data records from EPA's databases. This is done to
create a "master list" of data records for any given facility. Some of the
data systems accessible through IDEA are: AIRS (Air Facility Indexing
and Retrieval System, Office of Air and Radiation), PCS (Permit
Compliance System, Office of Water), RCRIS (Resource Conservation
and Recovery Information System, Office of Solid Waste), NCDB
(National Compliance Data Base, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and
Toxic Substances), CERCLIS (Comprehensive Environmental and
Liability Information System, Superfund), and TRIS (Toxic Release
Inventory System). IDEA also contains information from outside
sources such as Dun and Bradstreet and the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA). Most data queries displayed in
notebook Sections TV and VII were conducted using IDEA.
Data Table Column Heading Definitions
Facilities in Search - are based on the universe of TRI reporters within
the listed SIC code range. For industries not covered under TRI
reporting requirements, the notebook uses the FINDS universe for
executing data queries. The SIC code range selected for each search is
defined by each notebook's selected SIC code coverage described in
Section II.
Facilities Inspected — indicates the level of EPA and State agency
facility inspections for the facilities in this data search. These values
show what percentage of the facility universe is inspected in a 12 or 60
month period. This column does not count non-inspectional
compliance activities such as the review of facility-reported discharge
reports.
Number of Inspections - measures the total number of inspections
conducted in this sector. An inspection event is counted each time it is
entered into a single media database.
Average Time Between Inspections - provides an average length of
time, expressed in months, that a compliance inspection occurs at a
facility within the defined universe.
Facilities with One or More Enforcement Actions — expresses the
number of facilities that were party to at least one enforcement action
September 1995 77 SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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SIC Code 32
within the defined time period. This category is broken down further
into Federal and State actions. Data are obtained for administrative,
civil/judicial, and criminal enforcement actions. Administrative
actions include Notices of Violation (NOVs)., A facility with multiple
enforcement actions is only counted once in this column (facility with
3 enforcement actions counts as 1). All percentages that appear are
referenced to the number of facilities inspected.
Total Enforcement Actions - describes the total number of
enforcement actions identified for an industrial sector across all
environmental statutes. A facility with multiple enforcement actions
is counted multiple times (a facility with 3 enforcement actions counts
as 3).
State Lead Actions - shows what percentage of the total enforcement
actions are taken by State and local environmental agencies. Varying
levels of use by States of EPA data systems may limit the volume of
actions accorded State enforcement activity. Some States extensively
report enforcement activities into EPA data systems, while other States
may use their own data systems.
Federal Lead Actions - shows what percentage of the total enforcement
actions are taken by the U.S. EPA. This value includes referrals from
State agencies. Many of these actions result from coordinated or joint
State/Federal efforts.
Enforcement to Inspection Rate - expresses how often enforcement
actions result from inspections. This value is a ratio of enforcement
actions to inspections, and is presented for comparative purposes only.
This measure is a rough indicator of the relationship between
inspections and enforcement. This measure simply indicates
historically how many enforcement actions can be attributed to
inspection activity. Related inspections and enforcement actions under
the Clean Water Act (PCS), the Clean Air Act (APS) and the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) are included in this ratio.
Inspections and actions from the TSCA/FIFRA/EPCRA database are
not factored into this ratio because most of the actions taken under
these programs are not the result of facility inspections. This ratio does
not account for enforcement actions arising from non-inspection
compliance monitoring activities (e.g., self-reported water discharges)
that can result in enforcement action within the CAA, CWA and
RCRA.
Facilities with One or More Violations Identified ~ indicates the
number and percentage of inspected facilities having a violation
identified in one of the following data categories: In Violation or
78 September 1995
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Stone, Gay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Significant Violation Status (CAA); Reportable Noncompliance
Current Year Noncompliance, Significant Noncompliance (CWA);
Noncompliance and Significant Noncompliance (FIFRA, TSCA, and
EPCRA); Unresolved Violation and Unresolved High Priority
Violation (RCRA). The values presented for this column reflect the
extent of noncompliance within the measured time frame, but do not
distinguish between the severity of the noncompliance. Percentages
within this column can exceed 100% because facilities can be in
violation status without being inspected. Violation status may be a
precursor to an enforcement action, but does not necessarily indicate
that an enforcement action will occur.
Media Breakdown of Enforcement Actions and Inspections - four
columns identify the proportion'of total inspections and enforcement
actions within EPA Air, Water, Waste, and TSCA /FIFRA /EPCRA
databases. Each column is a percentage of either the "Total
Inspections," or the "Total Actions" column.
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry Compliance History
Exhibits 17-21 illustrate recent enforcement activity within the Stone,
Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry and other industries in the'
manufacturing sector. Of the 2,475 inspections conducted at stone, clay,
glass, and concrete products facilities over a five year period, 268, or 11
percent, resulted in enforcement actions. Approximately 11 percent of
inspections in the manufacturing sector as whole resulted in
enforcement actions. States took the lead in 70 percent of the
enforcement actions at stone, clay, glass, and concrete products
facilities, which was below the average of 74 percent for the covered
manufacturing sector. The exhibits also show that RCRA and CAA
inspections occurred more frequently than CWA inspections within
most industries, including those covered under SIC 32.
VII.B. Comparison of Enforcement Activity Between Selected Industries
The following exhibits present inspection and enforcement
information across numerous manufacturing sector industries
including the stone, clay, glass, and concrete industry.
VILA.
September 1995
79
SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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SIC Code 32
80
September 1995
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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81
SIC Code 32
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Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Indust
September 1995
83
SIC Code 32
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Stone/ day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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SIC Code 32
September 1995
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VII.C Review of Major Legal Actions
VH.C.l Review of Major Casps
This section provides summary information about major cases that
have affected this sector. As indicated in EPA's Enforcement
Accomplishments Report, FY 1991, FY 1992, FY 1993 publications, six
significant enforcement actions were resolved between 1991 and 1993
for the stone, clay, glass, and concrete products industry. Of the
companies against which actions were brought, two were glass
manufacturing companies and four were cement manufacturing
companies. For the glass industry, CAA violations were involved in
one action concerning inorganic arsenic, with the other case involving
RCRA/CERCLA violations concerning the disposal of lead sludge. All
cement manufacturing cases involved the operation of cement
manufacturing kilns. CAA violations comprised two of the cement
industry cases, along with one CERCLA and one RCRA violation.
All six enforcement actions involved the improvement of processes or
technologies, or required some action to increase future compliance.
Three of the six cases also involved the assessment of a penalty,
including both glass company cases. Penalties ranged from $250,000 to
$1,825,000. In U.S. v. Corning Inc.. Asahi, Asahi Glass America, Inc.
and Corning Ashahi Video Products (1992), the company was required
to pay $1,825,000 in civil penalties in this inorganic arsenic National
Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) case, in
addition to upgrading the electrostatic precipitators serving its glass
manufacturing furnaces, developing and implementing an operation
and maintenance plan, and conducting stack tests,and repairs. This
civil penalty is the largest ever obtained in an inorganic arsenic
NESHAP case, and is one of the largest civil penalties obtained in anv
NESHAP case. y
Cement industry enforcement actions dealt mainly with cement kiln
dust disposal or cement kiln dust emissions. In a case involving the
Lehigh Portland Cement Company (1992), EPA issued an
Administrative Order directing the company to perform a specified
remedial design and remedial action to deal with large quantities of
cement kiln dust that had been disposed of on the site surface and in
abandoned limestone quarries: The dust disposed at the site is the
source of elevated creek pH levels and increased heavy metal
concentrations at the site. The estimated cost of the remedy is
$5,000,000. 3
There was one enforcement case involving the burning of hazardous
waste for energy recovery using cement kilns located in Kansas and
September 1995 ' 'gT " ~— SIC Code 32
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Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
Missouri. Each facility entered into operating agreements under the
Boiler and Industrial Furnace (BIF) regulations, promulgated pursuant
to RCRA.
VII.C.2. Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs)
Below is a list of Supplementary Environmental Projects (SEPs). SEPs
are compliance agreements that reduce a facility's stipulated penalty in
return for an environmental project that exceeds the value of the
reduction. Often, these projects fund pollution prevention activities
that can significantly reduce the future pollutant loadings of a facility.
In December, 1993, the Regions were asked by EPA's Office of
Enforcement and Compliance Assurance to provide information on
the number and type of SEPs entered into by the Regions. Exhibit 22
contains a representative sample of the Regional responses addressing
the stone, clay, glass, and concrete products industry. The information
contained in the chart is not comprehensive and provides only a
sample of the types of SEPs developed for the stone, clay, glass, and
concrete products industry.
SIC Code 32
86
September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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September 1995
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SIC Code 32
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Stone, dav. Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
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VU3. COMPLIANCE ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES
This section highlights the activities undertaken by this industry sector
and public agencies to voluntarily improve the sector's environmental
performance. These activities include those independently initiated by
industrial trade associations. In this section, the notebook also contains
a listing and description of national and regional trade associations.
VIII.A. Sector-Related Environmental Programs and Activities
Alpine Technology of Eugene, Oregon, has developed a technology that
will enable glass manufacturers to effectively reuse glass. This
technology, called optical ceramic sortation technology, uses optical
sensors and compressed air to remove ceramic and other contaminants
from waste glass. Development of this innovative technology has been
made possible through a grant from the Department of Energy (DOE)
and the EPA. (Contact: Bill Ives, DOE Golden Colorado Office, 303-275-
4755)
The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) Environmental Program is
providing technology to prevent environmental pollution and to
provide a healthy working environment. In the environmental
health area, USBM is developing controls for airborne contaminants in
mines and mineral processing operations. The projects have
applications to plants that process stone, sand, glass, and concrete
products. (Contact: Dr. J. Harrison Daniel, Research Staff, USBM,
(202) 501-9309)
The California Environmental Protection Agency Department of Toxic
Substances Control (Contact: Melissa Salinas 916-322-7636) keeps track
of the generation, transportation, treatment, and disposal of all
hazardous wastes within the State through the use of the Uniform
Hazardous Waste Manifests (Manifest). The Manifest requires that
large generators certify that they "have a program in place to minimize
the volume and toxicity of waste generated . . . determined to be
economically practicable" and that they have selected the "practicable
method of treatment, storage, or disposal currently available . . . which
minimizes the present and future threat to human health and the
environment." Small quantity generators must certify that they have
made a "good faith effort to minimize . . . waste generation" and have
selected the best affordable waste management method available. The
Department maintains a warehouse of information related to
pollution prevention, including publications such as "Waste Audit
Study: Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industries" and
SIC Code 32
88
September 1995
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Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
"Hazardous Waste Minimization Checklist and Assessment Manual
for the Ceramic Products Industry."
VIII.B. EPA Voluntary Programs
EPA 33/50 Program
The "33/50 Program" is EPA's voluntary program to reduce toxic
chemical releases and transfers of 17 chemicals from manufacturing
facilities. Participating companies pledge to reduce their toxic chemical
releases and transfers by 33 percent as of 1992 and by 50 percent as of
1995 from the 1988 baseline year. Certificates of Appreciation have
been given to participants who met their 1992 goals. The list of
chemicals includes 17 high-use chemicals reported in the Toxics
Release Inventory.
For the stone, clay, glass, and concrete products industry, of the 20 TRI
reported chemicals with the highest levels of releases and transfers, six
are on EPA's 33/50 program list of targeted chemicals. These chemicals
are chromium compounds, lead compounds, methyl ethyl ketone,
toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and xylene.
Exhibit 23 lists those companies participating in the 33/50 program that
reported under SIC code 32 to TRI. Many of the participating
companies listed multiple SIC codes (in no particular order), and are
therefore likely to conduct operations in addition to stone, clay, glass,
and concrete Products. The table shows the number of facilities within
each company that are participating in the 33/50 program; each
company's total 1993 releases and transfers of 33/50 chemicals; and the
percent reduction in these chemicals since 1988.
Fifty-one companies listed under SIC 32 (stone, clay, glass, and concrete
industries) are currently participating in the 33/50 program. They
account for 28 percent of the 178 companies under SIC 32, which is
double the average for all industries of 14 percent participation.
(Contact: Mike Burns 202-260-6394 or the 33/50 Program 202-260-6907)
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Exhibit 23
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities Participating
in the 33/50 Program
Parent Facility name
3m Minnesota Mining & Mfg
Co
Adolph Coors Company
Allied Mineral Products Inc
Allied-Signal Inc
Amcron Inc Delaware
Apogee Enterprises Inc
Armstrong World Industries
Ball Corporation
Bp America Inc
Ccrtainteed Corporation
Chrysler Corporation
Corning Inc
Dai-Tile Group Inc
Dana Corporation
Dresser Industries Inc
Duncan Financial Corporation
Fair Rite Products Corp
Ford Motor Company
Fritz Industries Inc
Gaf Corporation
General Electric Company
Haeger Industries Inc
Hm Anglo-American Ltd
Inland Steel Industries Inc
Knauf Fiber Glass Gmbh
Leco Corporation
Lockheed Corporation
Martin Marietta Corporation
Morgan Stanley Leveraged
Fund
Motorola Inc
Newell Co
North American Philips Corp
Norton Company
Oregon Steel Mills Inc
Owens-Coming Fiberglas
Core
Parent City !
t. Paul
Solden
Columbus
Morristown
Pasadena
Minneapolis
^ancaster
Vluncie
Cleveland
Valley Forge
lighland Park
Corning
)allas
Toledo
)allas
Fresno
Wallkill
Dearborn
Mesquite
Wayne
'airfield
Dundee
Slew York
Chicago
Shelbyville
Saint Joseph
"alabasas
Bethesda
New York
Schaumburg
Freeport
New York
Worcester
Portland
Toledo
Toledo
3T
MN
CO
OH
MJ
CA
MN
PA
IN
OH
'A
MI
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X
CA
TC
MI
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MI
CA
MD
NY
IL
IL
NY
MA
OR
OH
OH
SIC Codes
2834, 3842,
2695, 8731,
3291, 2672
3264
3297
3292, 2821
3272, 3317,
3443, 3479
3231
3251
3221
3297
3296
3231
3231
3253
3293
3255
3269, 3299,
2851
3264
3211
3272
3295
3291, 3545
3269
3241
3312, 3274
3296
3826, 3471
3229
327
3297, 3295
3274
3679, 329
322
322
329
3312, 329
3229, 282
322
# of
Participating
Facilities
1 1
2
1
1
2
1
4
5
1
4
1
8
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
1
1
1
4
1
7
19
1993
Releases and
Transfers
(Ibs.)
16,481,098
158,792
404
2,080,501
184,882
423,862
1,109,350
721,859
1,597,404
15,429
3,623,717
1,521,528
1,721
1,652,123
127,187
6,139
2,250
15,368,032
10,000
944,730
5,010,856
2,106
1,265,741
733,786
6,17
6,800
982,61
223,286
2,166,420
226,35
324,28
1,281,92
40,83
14,53
141,20
412,57
%
Reduction
19SS to
1993
70
59
***
50
**
15
*
86
24
50
80
14
97
**
42
50
15
77
44
50
4
2
. 48
14
35
73
13
50
23
50
63
12
50
SIC Code 32
90
September 1995
-------
Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Exhibit 23 (cont'd)
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Facilities Participating
in the 33/50 Program
Parent Facility name
Pfizer Inc
Ppg Industries Inc
Refractory Sales & Service Co.
Schuller Corporation
St. George Crystal Ltd
Stanley Works
Summitville Tiles Inc
Sunnen Products Company
Superior Graphite Co
T&NInc
Talley Industries Inc
Tdk Ferrites Corp.
Texas Industries Inc
Thomson Consumer
ilectronics
Veba Corporation
Parent City
New York
Pittsburgh
Bessemer
Denver
Jeannette
New Britain
Summitville
Maplewood
Chicago
Ann Arbor
Phoenix
Shawnee
Dallas
Indianapolis
Houston
ST
NY
PA
AL
CO
PA
CT
OH
MO
IL
MI
AZ
OK
TX
IN
TX
SIC Codes
3297
3231
3297, 3272
3229
3229
3231, 3089,
2499
3253
3291, 3541,
3545
3295
3292, 3714
3264
3264, 3679
3241
3229
3299
# of
Participating
Facilities
2
5
1
5
1
1
2
, 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1993
Releases and
Transfers
(Ibs.)
2,176,460
2,772,331
1,000
24,694
510
508,199
10
2,928
2,102
670,624
3,804
8,339
20,964
2,110,314
24,254
%
Reduction
1988 to
1993
50
50
50
***
*
50
*
42
10
**
***
50
*
43
10
* = not quantifiable against 1988
data.
** = use reduction goal only.
*** = no numerical goal.
Environmental Leadership Program
The Environmental Leadership Program (ELP) is a national initiative
piloted by EPA and State agencies in which facilities have volunteered
to demonstrate innovative approaches to environmental management
and compliance. EPA has selected 12 pilot projects at industrial
facilities and Federal installations which will demonstrate the
principles of the ELP program. These principles include:
environmental management systems, multimedia compliance
assurance, third-party verification of compliance, public measures of
accountability, community involvement, and mentoring programs. In
return for participating, pilot participants receive public recognition
and are given a period of time to correct any violations discovered
during these experimental projects. (Contact: Tai-ming Chang, ELP
Director, 202-564-5081 or Robert Fentress, 202-564-7023)
September 1995
91
SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay. Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
Project XL
Project XL was initiated in March 1995 as a part of President Clinton's
Reinventing Environmental Regulation initiative. The projects seek
to achieve cost effective environmental benefits by allowing
participants to replace or modify existing regulatory requirements on
the condition that they produce greater environmental benefits. EPA
and program participants will negotiate and sign a Final Project
Agreement, detailing specific objectives that the regulated entity shall
satisfy. In exchange, EPA will allow the participant a certain degree of
regulatory flexibility and may seek changes in underlying regulations
or statutes. Participants are encouraged to seek stakeholder support
from local governments, businesses, and environmental groups. EPA
hopes to implement fifty pilot projects in four categories including
facilities, sectors, communities, and government agencies regulated by
EPA. Applications will be accepted on a rolling basis and projects will
move to implementation within six months of their selection. For
additional information regarding XL Projects, including application
procedures and criteria, see the May 23, 1995 Federal Register Notice, or
contact Jon Kessler at EPA's Office of Policy Analysis (202) 260-4034.
Green Lights Program
EPA's Green Lights program, initiated in 1991, has the goal of
preventing pollution by encouraging U.S. institutions to use energy-
efficient lighting technologies. The program has over 1,500 participants
which include major corporations; small and medium sized
businesses; Federal, State and local governments; non-profit groups;
schools; universities; and health care facilities. Each participant is
required to survey their facilities and upgrade lighting wherever it is
profitable. EPA provides technical assistance to the participants
through a decision support software package, workshops and manuals,
and a financing registry. EPA's Office of Air and Radiation is
responsible for operating the Green Lights Program. (Contact: Susan
Bullard at 202-233-9065 or the Green Light/Energy Star Hotline at 202-
775-6650)
WasteWi$e Program
The WasteWi$e Program was started in 1994 by EPA's Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response. The program is aimed at reducing
municipal solid wastes by promoting waste minimization, recycling
collection, and the manufacturing and purchase of recycled products.
As of 1994, the program had about 300 companies as members,
including a number of major corporations. Members agree to identify
and implement actions to reduce their solid wastes and must provide
SIC Code 32 92 September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
EPA with their waste reduction goals along with yearly progress
reports. EPA in turn provides technical assistance to member
companies and allows the use of the WasteWi$e logo for promotional
purposes. (Contact: Lynda Wynn, 202-260-0700 or the WasteWi$e
Hotline at 1-800-372-9473)
Climate Wise Recognition Program
NICE3
The Climate Change Action Plan was initiated in response to the U.S.
commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with
the Climate Change Convention of the 1990 Earth Summit. As part of
the Climate Change Action Plan, the Climate Wise Recognition
Program is a partnership initiative run jointly by EPA and the
Department of Energy. The program is designed to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions by encouraging reductions across all sectors of the
economy, encouraging participation in the full range of Climate
Change Action Plan initiatives, and fostering innovation. Participants
in the program are required to identify and commit to actions that
reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The program, in turn, gives
organizations early recognition for their reduction commitments;
provides technical assistance through consulting services, workshops,
and guides; and provides access to the program's centralized
information system. At EPA, the program is operated by the Air and
Energy Policy Division within the Office of Policy Planning and
Evaluation. (Contact: Pamela Herman, 202-260-4407)
The U.S. Department of Energy and EPA's Office of Pollution
Prevention are jointly administering a grant program called The
National Industrial Competitiveness through Energy, Environment,
and Economics (NICE3). By providing grants of up to 50 percent of the
total project cost, the program encourages industry to reduce industrial
waste at its source and become more energy-efficient and cost-
competitive through waste minimization efforts. Grants are used by
industry to design, test, demonstrate, and assess the feasibility of new
processes and/or equipment with the potential to reduce pollution and
increase energy efficiency. The program is open to all industries;
however, priority is given to proposals from participants in the pulp
and paper, chemicals, primary metals, and petroleum and coal products
sectors. (Contact: DOE's Golden Field Office, 303-275-4729)
VIII.C. Trade Association/Industry-Sponsored Activity
The trade associations that represent the Stone, Clay, Glass, and
Concrete Products Industry are a valuable source of economic and
September 1995
93
SIC Code 32
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Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
environmental compliance data. The following two subsections list
major stone, clay, glass, and concrete products trade organizations and
highlight environmental initiatives sponsored by such trade
associations and other manufacturing groups.
VIH.C.l. Environmental Programs
In 1986, California voters approved the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic
Enforcement Act, known as Proposition 65. This law requires
businesses in California to provide warnings when they expose the
public to hazardous chemicals like lead. In early 1993, a group of
ceramic dish manufacturers agreed to provide warnings about the lead
content in their dishes by marking dishes with a yellow triangle.
Dishes with this yellow triangle have been tested and have been found
to leach lead into food above Proposition 65 warning levels. Through
the use of this triangle, the public is better informed about possible
exposure to hazardous chemicals.
vm.c.2.
Concrete
Summary of Trade Associations
The trade and professional organizations serving the stone, clay, glass,
and concrete industry are presented below according to the type of
product manufactured.
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
22400 West Seven Road
Detroit, MI 48219
Phone: (313)532-2600
Fax: (313)538-0655
Members: 19,000
Staff: 62
Budget: $7,600,000
Contact: George F. Leyh
Founded in 1905, ACI is a technical society of engineers, architects,
contractors, educators, and others interested in improving techniques
of design construction and maintenance of concrete products and
structures. ACI operates a 2,000 volume library and speakers' bureau
and offers specialized education seminars. Publications offered by ACI
include Concrete International (monthly), ACI Materials Journal
(bimonthly), ACI Structural Journal (bimonthly), and technical reports.
SIC Code 32
94
September 1995
-------
Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Glass
Stone
National Glass Association (NGA)
8200 Greensboro Dr., 3rd floor
McLean, VA 22102
Phone: (703)442-4890
Fax: (703)442-0603
Members: 4.500
Staff: 25
Budget: $4,000,000
Contact: Philip J. James
Founded in 1948, NGA represents manufacturers, installers, retailers,
distributors, and fabricators of flat, architectural, automotive, and
specialty glass and metal products, mirrors, shower and patio doors,
windows, and table tops. NGA compiles market statistics and provides
educational and technical services. Its publications include Autoglass
Magazine (bimonthly) and Glass Magazine (monthly).
Glass Technical Institute (GTI)
12653 Portada PI. .
San Diego, CA 92130
Phone: (619)481-1277
Fax: (619) 481-6771 __
Members: NP
Staff: 3
Budget: For-Profit
Contact: Dr. Robert A. Drake
Founded in 1984, GTI represents companies, suppliers, and engineering
firms serving the glass industry. GTI works to promote and improve
the glass industry by offering environmental regulation counseling,
engineering and technical services, research and development, and
product design consulting services. GTI provides an environmental
and energy database as well as publications including Glass Factory
(periodic).
National Stone Association (NSA)
1415 Elliot PL, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20007
Phone: (202)342-1100
Fax: (202) 342-0702, (800) 342-1415
Members: 425
Staff: 20
Budget: $2,500,000
Contact: William C. Ford
Founded in 1985, NSA represents producers and processors of crushed
stone used for all construction purposes, railroad ballast, and chemical,
metallurgical, and agricultural processes; manufacturers of machinery,
equipment, and supplies used in production of crushed stone; firms
providing technical, engineering, and /or scientific services. Its
activities include research, engineering consultation and testing,
product promotion, and representation in Washington, D.C. NSA
conducts educational programs and seminars. Its publications include
September 1995
95
SIC Code 32
-------
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
day
Stone Review (bimonthly), National Stone Association - Buyer's Guide
(annual), and other marketing and technical publications.
Cultured Marble Institute (CMI)
1735 North Lynn Street, Suite 950
Arlington, VA 22209
Phone: (703)276-2644
Fax: (703)524-2300
Members: 310
Staff: 4
Regional Groups: 10
Budget: $600,000
Contact: Edward L. Kawala
Founded in 1974, CMI represents firms and corporations that make
cultured marble products (such as cast marble vanity tops), and firms
and corporations that supply raw materials and production equipment
to manufacturers of cultured marble products. It promotes the merits
of cultured marble products to the market and develops industry-wide
standards of product quality and acceptability. CMI represents the
cultured marble industry before government and regulatory agencies of
all types, and defends the industry against unwarranted regulations. Its
publications include Cultured Marble News (quarterly), Forecaster
(quarterly), and technical, safety, and regulation bulletins.
Brick Institute of America (BIA)
11490 Commerce Park Dr.
Reston,VA 22091
Phone: (703)620-0010
Fax: (703) 620-3928
Members: 60
Staff: 15
State Groups: 10
Budget: $1,500,000
Contact: Nelson J. Cooney
Founded in 1934, BIA represents manufacturers of clay brick. It
maintains a technical library of 2,000 volumes on engineering and
ceramics pertinent to masonry construction. BIA publications include
BIA News (monthly), Brick in Architecture (bimonthly), and Technical
Notes (bimonthly) .Other Associations
American Ceramic Society (ACerS)
735 Ceramic Place
Westerville, OH 43081
Phone: (614)794-5817
Fax: (614) 899-6109
Members: 16,000
Staff: 57
Budget: $7,000,000
Contact: GregGeiger
Founded in 1899, ACerS represents scientists, engineers, educators,
plant operators, and others interested in the glass, cements, refractories,
nuclear ceramics, whitewares, electronics, engineering, and structural
clay products industries. It disseminates scientific and technical
information through its publications and technical meetings, as well as
SIC Code 32 96 September 1995
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Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
through the continuing education courses and training it offers. ACerS
operates a 3,400 volume library of materials on ceramic history, brick,
cement, glass, and industrial and technical aspects of ceramics,
porcelain, and pottery. It also maintains a computerized, online
ceramic abstracts database. An hourly fee is charged for ACerS research
services, including access to the online database. ACerS publications
include the American Ceramic Society Bulletin (monthly), Ceramics
Abstracts (bimonthly), and Journal of the American Ceramic Society
(monthly).
September 1995
97
SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clay/ Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
DC. CONTACTS/ACKNOWLEDSGMENTS/RESOURCE MATERIALS/BIBLIOGRAPHY
For further information on selected topics within the stone, clay, glass, and concrete
products industry a list of publications are provided below:
General Profile
Advanced Optical System Sorts Waste Glass Feedstock for Container Manufacturing,
U.S. DOE, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, October 1993. (DOE/CH10093-234)
Americans Recycling Glass Containers at a Faster Rate Than Ever Before, Glass
Packaging Institute, Press Release, May 16 1995.
Dimension Stone Annual Report, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
January 1995.
Encyclopedia of Associations, 27th ed., Deborah M. Burek, ed., Gale Research Inc,
Detroit, Michigan, 1992.
Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1991, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/300-R92-008), April 1992.
Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1992, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/230-R93-001), April 1993.
Enforcement Accomplishments Report, FY 1993, U.S. EPA, Office of Enforcement
(EPA/300-R94-003), Aprill994.
/
Environmental Sources and Emissions Handbook, No. 2, Marshall Sittig, Noyes
Data Corporation, 1975.
Glass Manufacturing Plants, Background Information: Proposed Standards of
Performance Volume 1, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
(EPA-450/3-79-005a), June 1979.
How Much Do You Know About Glass Containers Recycling? Glass Packaging
Institute, Briefing kit, 1995.
Industry & Trade Summary: Flat Glass and Certain Flat Glass Products, United
States International Trade Commission, November, 1993. (USITC Publication 2694)
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 7th ed., vol. 8, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York, New York, 1992.
Standard Industrial Classification Manual, Office of Management and Budget, 1987.
SIC Code 32
98
September 1995
-------
Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sustainable Environmental Law, Ch. 16, Campbell-Mohn, Environmental Law
Institute, 1993.
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) 1992 Public Data Release, U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, April 1994. (EPA/745-R94-001)
Toxic Release Inventory, U.S. EPA, Data Pull, September 1994.
U.S. Industrial Outlook 1994, Department of Commerce.
Process Descriptions
Air Pollution Engineering Manual, 3rd ed., Air & Waste Management Association,
International Thomson Publishing, New York, New York, .1992.
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42), U.S. EPA, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards.
2992 Annual Report: Cement, Bureau of Mines, August 1993.
2992 Annual Report: Clays, Bureau of Mines, August 1993.
Waste Audit Study: Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industries,
Department of Toxic Substances Control, California EPA, January, 1993.
(Doc. No. 318)
Regulatory Profile .
Asbestos Manufacturing Point Source Category Rules and Regulations, Federal
Register vol. 39, no. 39, February 26,1974.
Cement Manufacturing Point Source Category Proposed Rules, Federal Register vol.
38, no. 173, September 7,1973.
Effluent Limitations Guidelines for Asbestos Manufacturing Point Source Category
Proposed Rules, Federal Register vol. 38, no. 208, October 30, 1973.
Effluent Limitations Guidelines for Existing Sources and Standards of Performance
and Pretreatment Standards for New Sources for the Paving and Roofing Materials
(Tars and Asphalt) Point Source Category, Federal Register vol. 40, no. 143, July 24,
1975.
Glass Manufacturing Point Source Category, Insulation Fiberglass Subcategory
Proposed Rules, Federal Register vol. 38, no. 162, August 22, 1973.
September 1995
99
SIC Code 32
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Stone, Clav, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
Sector Notebook Project
National Emission Standard for Inorganic Arsenic Emissions from Glass
Manufacturing Plants Rules and Regulations, Federal Register vol. 51, no. 149,
August 4,1986.
NESHAP: Asbestos Processing Proposed Rule, Federal Register vol. 59, no. 79, April
25,1994.
NESHAP: Mineral Wool Production Industry Proposed Rule, Federal Register vol.
59, no. 79, April 25,1994.
NESHAP: Portland Cement Manufacturing Proposed Rule, Federal Register vol. 59,
no 79, April 25,1994.
Report to Congress and Final Regulatory Determination on Cement Kiln Dust Final
Rulef Federal Register vol. 59, no. 79, April 25,1994.
Standards of Performance for Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacture
Rules and Regulations, Federal Register vol. 47, no. 152, August 6, 1982.
Standards of Performance for Glass Manufacturing Plants Rules and Regulations,
Federal Register vol. 45, no. 196, October 7,1980.
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources; Lime Manufacturing Plants
Rules and Regulations, Federal Register vol. 49, no. 82, April 26, 1984.
Standards of Performance for Portland Cement Plants Rules and Regulations,
Federal Register vol. 42, no. 142, July 25,1977.
Pollution Prevention __
1991 Annual Survey of Manufacturers, Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries,
Department of Commerce, December 1992. (M91(AS)-1)
Fact Sheet: Ceramic Products Industry Waste Minimization, California EPA, Office
of Pollution Prevention and Technology Development, May, 1993.
Pamphlet: Questions and Answers About Proposition 65 and the Warnings on
Ceramic Dishes, California Tableware Education and Enforcement Program (1-800-
644-LEAD).
SIC Code 32
100
September 1995
-------
Sector Notebook Project
Stone, Clay; Glass, and Concrete Products Industry
ContactsS
Name
Dr. Robert Blake
Ed Buckner
Greg Geiger
Harry Miles
John Harmon
John Keil
Melissa Salinas
Pam Franz
Robert Miller
Nathan Tyler
Organization
Glass Technical Institute
EPA, Region VTI (inspector)
American Ceramic Society
Primary Glass Manufacturing Console
U.S. EPA 33/50 Program
Libby Owens Ford
California EPA
Environmental Defense Fund
Bureau of Census
Glass Packaging Institute
Telephone
619-481-1277
913-551-7621
614-794-5817
615-239-6891
202-260-6395
419-247-3715
916-322-7636
510-658-8008
301-763-7897
202-887-4850
3Many of the contacts listed above have provided valuable background information and comments
during the development of this document. EPA appreciates this support and acknowledges that the
individuals listed do not necessarily endorse all statements made within this notebook.
September 1995 101 SIC Code 3T
-------
-------
APPENDIX A - INSTRUCTIONS FOR DOWNLOADING NOTEBOOKS
Electronic Access to the Sector Notebooks via
the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web (E$WWW) and
the Enviro$en$e Bulletin Board System (E$BBS)
The Sector Notebooks are available through two electronic systems, the Enviro$en$e
Bulletin Board System (via modem connection), and the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web (via
Internet). The Enviro$en$e Communications Network is a free, public, interagency-supported
system operated by EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance and the Office of
Research and Development. The Network allows regulators, the regulated community, technical
experts, and the general public to share information regarding: pollution prevention and innovative
technology; environmental enforcement and compliance assistance; laws, executive orders,
regulations and policies; points of contact for services and equipment; and other related topics. The
Network welcomes receipt of environmental messages, information and data from any public or
private person or organization. This document first provides summary information on E$WWW
access, then provides information on downloading protocols from within the E$BBS.
A. ACCESS THROUGH ENVIRO$EN$E WORLD WIDE WEB
To access the Sector Notebooks through the Enviro$en$e World Wide Web, set
your World Wide Web Browser to the following address:
WWW/INTERNET ADDRESS: http://wastenot.inel.gov/envirosense/
HOTLINE NUMBER FOR E$WWW ONLY: 208-526-6956
EPA E$WWW MANAGER: Myles Morse, 202-260-3161
From the Enviro$en$e home page, click on "Compliance and Enforcement" to
obtain instructions on how to access the Sector Notebooks and how to provide comments.
Names, e-mail addresses, and telephone numbers will also be provided should you require
assistance. The same documents listed below under the E$BBS instructions are available
ontheESWWW.
B. ACCESS THROUGH THE ENVIRO$EN$E BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM -
Instructions for Connecting, Registering and Downloading Notebooks
E$BBS MODEM CONNECTION NUMBER: 703-908-2092
HOTLINE FORESEES ONLY: 703-908-2007
MANAGER: BBS Platform: Louis Paley, 202-260-4640
The following instructions are condensed from longer documents that provide
information on the full features of the Enviro$en$e Bulletin Board. Further documentation
is available on-line in the files that are listed at the end of this Appendix.
A-l
-------
STEP 1. ESTABLISHING MODEM SETTINGS
Connecting to the ENVIRO$EN$E BBS is done using a modem and
communications software. The modem can be either an internal or external model
connected directly to your computer or part of a modem pool that is accessible through your
Local Area Network (LAN) system. The communications software (e.g.. CrossTalk,
ProComm, QModem, Microphone, etc.) is what allows you to access and control your
modem. Your software needs to be set to the values noted below (many of these settings
are the standard defaults used):
• Telephone number - 703-908-2092 (Tip: Be sure you have entered
the appropriate dialing prefix; e.g., 9 for an outside line, 1 for long
distance...)
• Baud rate - up to 14,400 BPS is supported (always select the highest
speed which YOUR modem will support).
Terminal Emulation - BBS, ANSI, VT-100, VT-102 etc. (Tips:
Do not use TTY. After you log in, if you see screen characters appear on
the lines where you need to enter information, chances are that you need to
properly set your terminal emulation. The emulation can normally be reset
before or during communication with Enviro$en$e).
Data Bits - 8 (Eight).
• Stop Bits - 1 (One).
• Parity - None.
• Transfer Protocols - ZModem, YModem, XModem, HS/Link,
BiModem, ASCII (text files only). If your communications software
supports ZModem, this will increase upload/download efficiency. You
must select the same protocol that BOTH your communications software
and the BBS support so that they can "talk the same language" when
sending and receiving files.
• Error correction/data compression protocols - v.32, v.42, and
other older, hardware-dependent ones are supported.
Refer to your communications software manual on how to set and save the
communication parameters noted above (these will generally be the default). Also check to
make sure you know where the communications software will send the files you
download. Due to document sizes it is best not to download Sector Notebooks to floppy
disks.
A-2
-------
STEP 2. CONNECTING AND REGISTERING
• Connect to E$BBS via a modem, using communications software set to the
above settings by dialing:
(703) 908-2092
NOTE: EPA Employees can access E$ directly via LAN from the Agency Lan
Services Menu or Icon and then follow the instructions below. The end of this
document lists additional resources for accessing E$BBS through the LAN.
• Once you are in the BBS, hit the ENTER/RETURN key twice (2) to accept
the default values for the screen.
• on successive pages, type your first name and hit
ENTER/RETURN; type your last name and hit ENTER/RETURN;
and type your password (if you have NOT registered yet,
make one up, and remember it for subsequent logons to
E$) and hit ENTER/RETURN; and
• Register (first time only) and immediately receive access to the BBS
for 120 minutes per day;
Type responses to the Registration questions, and hit
ENTER/RETURN to begin using ENVIRO$EN$E. (Tip: the last
registration question is Country? )
You may need to hit ENTER/RETURN several times to move past System
News and Alert messages.
STEP 3. DOWNLOADING SECTOR NOTEBOOKS
The files that appear on the following table can be downloaded from E$. Most files
cannot be viewed on-screen within the E$BBS. As indicated on the following table, each
document appears in several formats - WordPerfect 5.1 (PC), WordPerfect 6.1 (PC),
Microsoft Word 5. la (Mac) or WordPerfect 2.0 (Mac). Please note that the quality of
formatting and graphics is highest in the file version in which the notebook was originally
created. The high quality versions are underlined on the following list of filenames.
Information on Macintosh/Microsoft Word Files
Available Macintosh files are not compressed. The files are easily identified by the seventh
and eighth position in the filename - which is "MA." The extension They can be directly
downloaded and read using Microsoft Word 5. la, or within other word processing
software that supports conversion of Microsoft Word 5. la documents. Conversion to
other programs may alter formatting and graphics quality.
Information on PC/WordPerfect Files
The WordPerfect files are all compressed ("zipped" files ending with the .ZIP extension)
files that need to be decompressed ("unzipped") after they are downloaded. The notebooks
that are available in WP 5.1 and WP 6.0 are zipped together (this is why the filenames on
the following table are the same). When these files are downloaded and "unzipped," you
wiU have a version with the extension ".WP5" and one with ".WP6".
A-3
-------
Available Notebooks, Filenames and File Formats
Profile of the Industry
PC WP 5.1
PC WP 6.1
Macintosh
Word 5.1a/WP2.0
Dry Cleaning DRYCLNSN.ZIP
Electronics and Computer ELECMPSN.ZIP
Wood Furniture and Fixtures WDFURNSN.ZIP
Inorganic Chemical INRGCHSN.ZIP
Iron and Steel IRONSTSN.ZIP
Lumber and Wood Products LMBRWDSN.ZIP
Fabricated Metal Products FABMETSN.ZIP
Metal Mining METMINSN.ZIP
Motor Vehicle Assembly MOTVEHSN.ZIP
Nonferrous Metals NFMETLSN.ZIP
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining NOMTMISN.ZIP
Organic Chemical ORGCHMSN.ZIP
Petroleum Refining PETREFSN.ZIP
Printing PRINTGSN.ZIP
Pulp and Paper PULPPASN.ZIP
Rubber and Plastic RUBPLASN.ZIP
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete STCLGLSN.ZIP
Transportation Equipment Cleaning TRNSEQSN.ZIP
DRYCLNSN.ZIP
INRGCHSN.ZIP
IRONSTSN.ZIP
DRYCLNMA
ELECMPMA
,WP2
.WD5
WDFURNMA.WD5
INRGCHMA
IRONSTMA
LMBRWDMA
,WP2
.WP2
.WD5
ORGCHMSN.ZIP
PETREFSN.ZIP
PRINTGSN.ZIP
PULPPASN.ZIP
FABMETMA.WD5
METMINMA.WD5
MOTVEHMA.WD5
NFMETLMA.WD5
NOMTMIMA.WD5
,WP2
,WP2
.WP2
,WP2
.WD5
ORGCHMMA
PETREFMA
PRINTGMA
PULPPAMA
RUBPLAMA
STCLGLMA.WD5
TRNSEOSN.ZIP TRNSEQMA.WP2
Note: Underlined files contain the highest quality format/graphics
STEP 3 CONTINUED - PROCEDURES FOR DOWNLOADING
• From the E$ Main Menu, select "D" to Download then hit ENTER/RETURN.
• Type in the Sector Notebook filename from above that you would like to select for
downloading and hit ENTER/RETURN.
• The system will ask you to select a file transfer protocol. Select the file transfer
protocol that matches what you have selected within your PC communications
software (ZModem is recommended) and hit ENTER/RETURN. (Tip: ZModem
users may also be allowed to enter more than one filename to download more than
one document at a time. Simply continue to enter a new filename each time a new
filename prompt appears on the screen. This option is disabled for other users.)
• At this point, you may
begin downloading by hitting ENTER/RETURN. This should begin the
download if you are using the ZModem transfer protocol. If you don't see
information on the screen showing the progress of the download, follow the
next step.
• If the download does not begin after following the last step, you need to tell your
communications software to start receiving the file. To do this, look for a
"RECEIVE" icon or command on your communications software menu and activate
it. This tells your software to begin the download.
A-4
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STEP 4
When the download is completed, a message will appear on the screen to confirm
transmission.
The downloaded file will appear in the folder or directory that you defined in your
communications software.
Repeat the above procedure to download other notebooks.
Macintosh users can logoff using the [Gjoodbye command from the main menu
THE FOLLOWING STEP MUST BE TAKEN BY ALL USERS THAT
HAVE DOWNLOADED ZIPPED FILES (files with a ".ZIP" filename
extension) FROM E$. MACINTOSH USERS CAN SKIP THIS
STEP.
In order to read the zipped file(s) you have downloaded, you
must download the decompression software required to
"unzip" your files. To download the decompression software, follow
the same download instructions given above. Type in the filename
"PKZ204G.EXE" and hit ENTER/RETURN. You only need to download
this file to your hard drive once.
Logoff using the [G]oodbye command from the main menu.
To end the phone connection, the user should use the "hang up" or "terminate call"
option provided with your communications software.
DECOMPRESSING ".ZIP'D" DOWNLOADED FILES (PC Only -
Macintosh files do not need to be decompressed)
After you have downloaded a compressed (".ZIP") file to your PC, you must
decompress it to its original format and size by using the "PKUnzip" file which you
downloaded at the beginning of Step 3. The file which you downloaded;
"PKZ204G.EXE", contains PKZip.EXE and PKUnzip.EXE files. PKUNZIP will
decompress the file, returning it to its original size and format as if it had never been
compressed or transmitted over the BBS. To use the PK commands (pkunzip.exe &
pkzip.exe), you must be at the DOS prompt (third-party software interfaces exist for
Windows). For details on how to use either command, simply type the command at the
DOS prompt (without any parameters, i.e., just type "PKUNZIP") and hit
ENTER/RETURN. Since parameters are required for the PKs to work they will
automatically go into help mode and give you a brief explanation of how they work. If a
user needs more direction, there is full documentation included in the PKZ204G.EXE in
the "Hints" file.
To decompress any file, use PKUNZIP.EXE by taking the following steps:
Go to the DOS C: prompt and type PKUNZIP.EXE; then,
Type "PKUNZIP [Filename]" (e.g.. the filename and the path of the
compressed file you wish to decompress).
NOTE: after the paired files are unzipped, two files will exist, one with the
extension ".WP5" and one with the extension ".WP6.
A-5
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C. COMMENTING OR PROVIDING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE
SECTOR NOTEBOOKS VIA E$BBS
Comments on the Sector Notebooks, or supplemental documents of interest can be
uploaded to the Enviro$en$e BBS. Follow upload instructions that appear on the screen,
or look at the instructions for compressing and uploading documents. The instructional
documents are listed below under Section D of this Appendix. All documents that you
upload will be publicly accessible, and should contain a short abstract (less than 50 words)
that describes the document. It is recommended that this abstract contain the words "Sector
Notebook Comments," the title of the Notebook that the comments are directed toward,
and the words "SIC «3nsert applicable 2-digit SIC code»".
NOTE: To help the system operator know what you've uploaded and where it
should be put within the BBS, it is helpful to send a message to the system
operator. Before logging out of E$, you will be given the option to comment to the
system operator (Sysop). Please indicate what files you have sent, and that the
comments or supplemental documents should be placed in Directory 51 - "Sector
Compliance Information and Notebooks." Messages can also be sent to the Sysop
from the main menu using the Message option.
D. ADDITIONAL RESOURCE DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE ON E$BBS
The following files can be viewed from the "Bulletins" section of E$BBS main
menu. To receive these documents electronically, the files can be Downloaded (and
yiewedl from Directory #160 (utilities). If you would like to download these files, follow
the same procedures that are outlined (Section C). The directions for direct dial modem
users are different than the directions for EPA LAN users. How you have accessed the
E$BBS determines which of the paired files below that you should follow.
Entered E$
yia Modem
CONREGWP.TXT
FINDVIEW.TXT
CONVCOMP.TXT
DNLDTXWP.TXT
DNLDZPWP.TXT
UPLOADWP.TXT
SNHOWTO.TXT
Entered E$
EPA LAN
CNREGLAN.TXT
FNDVWLAN.TXT
CVCMPLAN.TXT
DNLTXLAN.TXT
DNZPLAN.TXT
UPLDLAN.TXT
SNHOWLAN.TXT
Description of File
How to Connect and Register on the E$BBS
via Modem
Finding and Viewing Files from E$BBS via
Modem
Converting, Compressing & Uncompressing
Files via Modem
Flagging and Downloading "Uncompressed"
Files from E$BBS
Flagging and Downloading "Compressed"
Files from E$BBS
Directions for Uploading Files via Modem
to the E$BBS
Contains this document "Appendix A -
Downloading Instructions"
A-6
• U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTIUG OFFICE: 1996-408-755/50146
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To order other EPA Sector Notebooks
use the form below
United States Government
INFORMATION
Charge your order.
It's easy!
Order Processing Code:
*3212
Fax your orders (202) 512-2250
Phone your orders (202) 512-1800
Qty.
Stock Number
055-000-00512-5
055-000-00513-3
055-000-00518-4
055-000-00515-0
055-000-00516-8 ,
055-000-00517-6 ,
055-000-00519-2 .
055-000-00520-6,
055-000-00521-4
055-000-00522-2
055-000-00523-1
055-000-00524-9
055-000-00525-7
055-000-00526-5
055-000-00527-3
055-000-00528-1
055-000-00529-0
055-000-00514-1
Title
Dry Cleaning Industry, 104 pages
Electronics and Computer Industry, 160 pages
Fabricated Metal Products Industry, 1 64 pages
Inorganic Chemical Industry, 136 pages
Iron and Steel Industry, 1 28 pages
Lumber and Wood Products Industry, 1 36 pages .
Metal Mining Industry, 148 pages
Motor Vehicle Assembly Industry, 1 56 pages
Nonferrous Metals Industry, 1 40 pages
Non-Fuel, Non-Metal Mining Industry, 108 pages
Organic Chemical Industry, 152 pages
Petroleum Refining Industry, 160 pages
Printing Industry, 124 pages
Pulp and Paper Industry, 156 pages
Rubber and Plastic Industry, 152 pages
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Industry, 124 pages
Transportation Eauioment Cleaning Industry. 84 oaaes
Wood Furniture and Fixtures Industry. 132 oaaes
Price
Each
$ 6.50
$11.00
"11.00
* 9.00
* 8.00
$ 9.00
$ 10.00
«11.00
$ 9.00
$ 6.50
S11.00
$11.00
* 7.50
$11.00
$11.00
$ 7.50
$ 5.50
* 8.00
Total for Publications
Total
Price
'
The total cost of my order is
_. Price includes regular shipping and handling and is subject to change.
Company or personal name
(Please type or print)
Additional address/attention-line
Street address
Check method of payment:
Q Check payable to Superintendent of Documents
Q GPO Deposit Account | | |
Q VISA a MasterCard
City, State, Zip code
| (expiration date) Thank you for your order!
Daytime phone including area code
9/95
Purchase order number (optional)
Important: Please include this completed order form with your remittance.
Authorizing signature
Mail to: Superintendent of Documents ^
P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954
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