EPA-340/1-80-015
RACT for the Use of Cutback Asphalts
In Road Construction and Maintenance:
Enforcement Implications and
Equipment Changes
by
Robert W. Elfstrom, Jr. and Robert W. Schlosser
JACA Corp.
550 Pinetown Road
Fort Washington, PA 19034
Contract No. 68-01 -4135
Task No. 48
EPA Project Officer: Robert L. King
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
Washington, DC 20460
December 1980
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DISCLAIMER
This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Contract No.
68-01-4135, Task 48, by JACA Corp. under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency. The contents of this report are reproduced herein
as received from the contractor. The opinions, findings, and conclusions
expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express their sincere appreciation to James A. Commins,
P.E. and President of JACA Corp., for his continuous guidance and critical
evaluation throughout this project.
The authors also wish to express appreciation to Carl Lubold, District
Engineer for the Asphalt Institute and Larry Ostermeyer, Vice President of
Technical Services, K.E. McConnaughay, Inc. for technically reviewing this
report.
Special thanks to Lisa Kohn for her editorial assistance; Keith Brown
for compiling the meteorological tables; Tony Mammarelli and his art staff
for preparing the report figures; and Linda Beck and Nancy Block for typing
the report.
Acknowledgment is also extended to representatives of the Asphalt Insti-
tute, state highway and transportation departments, and air pollution control
agencies in California, Colorado, Indiana, Missouri, Pennsylvania, South
Carolina, Texas, and Wisconsin.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
DISCLAIMER ...... 1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES. x
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Study Objectives 1
1.2 Background Information. ... 1
1.3 Scope of the Study. 5
1.4 Organization of the Report. 6
2.0 ENFORCEMENT IMPLICATIONS: EVALUATION OF THE RELATIVE
DIFFICULTY AMONG THE STATES IN IMPLEMENTING RACT 8
2.1 Defining RACT 8
2.2 Evaluation Method ........ 9
2.3 Evaluation of Individual States 14
2.3.1 CALIFORNIA 14
2.3.1.1 RACT Status in California ....... 14
2.3.1.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts in California . 16
2.3.1.3 Post-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts in California . 19
2.3.2 COLORADO . 23
2.3.2.1 RACT Status in Colorado 23
2.3.2.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts in Colorado . . 25
2.3.3 INDIANA. . 32
2.3.3.1 RACT Status in Indiana 32
2.3.3.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts in Indiana . . 33
2.3.3.3 Post-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts in Indiana. . . 35
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Section
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
2.3.4 MISSOURI ........ 39
2.3.4.1 RACT Status in Missouri 39
2.3.4.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts in Missouri . . 41
2.3.5 PENNSYLVANIA . . . 48
2.3.5.1 RACT Status in Pennsylvania 48
2.3.5.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts in
Pennsylvania. ...... 50
2.3.5.3 Post-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts in
Pennsylvania. 52
2.3.6 SOUTH CAROLINA 55
2.3.6.1 RACT Status in South Carolina 55
2.3.6.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts in South
Carolina. .......... 56
2.3.6.3 Post-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts in South
Carolina 58
2.3.7 TEXAS 61
2.3.7.1 RACT Status in Texas. 61
2.3.7.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and.Emulsified Asphalts in Texas. ... 62
2.3.8 WISCONSIN. 69
2.3.8.1 RACT Status in Wisconsin 69
2.3.8.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts In Wisconsin. . 71
2.3.8.3 Post-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback
and Emulsified Asphalts in Wisconsin. . 74
2.4 Eight-State Summary of RACT Status and Implementation
Effort 76
3.0 EQUIPMENT CHANGES 81
3.1 Introduction 81
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
Section Page
3.1.1 Manufacture of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts 81
3.1.2 Application of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts 83
3.2 Potential Changes in Asphalt Pumps 84
3,3 Emulsified Asphalt Storing and Handling Procedures. . 87
4.0 APPENDICES 89
. 4.1 Appendix A 89
4.1.1 CALIFORNIA ..... 89
4.1.1.1 RACT for San Bernardino, Fresno,
and San Francisco Areas 89
4.1.1.2 Bituminous-Materials-Use Table
for California 93
4.1.1.3 California Road Construction
and Maintenance Operations 98
4.1.1.4 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Suppliers Who Serve California ... 98
4.1.2 COLORADO 100
4.1.2.1 Colorado Road Construction
and Maintenance Operations 100
4.1.2.2 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Suppliers Who Serve Colorado .... 100
4.1.3 INDIANA.. 102
4.1.3.1 Bituminous-Materials-Use Table
for Indiana 102
4.1.3.2 Indiana Road Construction
and Maintenance Operations 102
4.1.3.3 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Suppliers Who Serve Indiana 107
4.1.4 MISSOURI . 109
4.1.4.1 Missouri Road Construction
and Maintenance Operations 109
4.1.4.2 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Suppliers Who Serve Missouri .... 110
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
Section Page
4.1.5 PENNSYLVANIA 113
4.1.5.1 Bituminous-Materials-Use Table
for Pennsylvania 113
4.1.5.2 Pennsylvania Road Construction
and Maintenance Operations 113
4.1.5.3 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Suppliers Who Serve Pennsylvania . . 119
4.1.5.4 Miscellaneous Control Guidelines . . 122
4.1.6 SOUTH CAROLINA 123
4.1.6.1 Bituminous-Materials-Use Table
for South Carolina 123
4.1.6.2 South Carolina Road Construction
and Maintenance Operations ..... 123
4.1.6.3 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Suppliers Who Serve South Carolina . 126
4.1.7 TEXAS 127
4.1.7.1 Texas Road Construction
and Maintenance Operations 127
4.1.7.2 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Suppliers Who Serve Texas 128
4.1.8 WISCONSIN 130
4.1.8.1 Bituminous-Materials-Use Table
for Wisconsin 130
4.1.8.2 Wisconsin Road Construction
and Maintenance Operations 130
4.1.8.3 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Suppliers Who Serve Wisconsin. . . . 135
4.2 Appendix B 137
4.2.1 Ranges of Mean Monthly Temperatures, Relative
Humidities, and Rainfall for States Not
Evaluated in this Study 137
4.3 Appendix C 139
4.3.1 Glossary of Road Construction and
Maintenance Operations 139
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Page
Typical Uses of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts 3
Ranges in Mean Monthly Temperatures, Relative
Humidities, and Rainfall for the Months in
which RACT is Being (or is to be) Implemented 11
General Format of State Bituminous-Materials-Use Table. . 12
Post-RACT Use of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
California in the Nonexempt Operations 20
Pre-RACT Use of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Colorado. . . . 29
Post-RACT Use of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Indiana in the Nonexempt Operations 36
Pre-RACT Use of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Missouri 44
Post-RACT Use of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Pennsylvania in the Nonexempt Operations. ... 53
i
Post-RACT Use of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
South Carolina in the Nonexempt Operations 59
Pre-RACT Use of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Texas
65
Post-RACT Use of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Wisconsin in the Nonexempt Operations .......... 75
Eight-State Summary of RACT Status 77
Bituminous-Materials-Use Table for California 94
Bituminous-Materials-Use Table for Indiana 103
Bituminous-Materials-Use Table for Pennsylvania 114
Bituminous-Materials-Use Table for South Carolina .... 124
Bituminous-Materials-use Table for Wisconsin 131
Ranges in Mean Monthly Temperatures, Relative
Humidities, and Rainfall for the Months in
which RACT is Being (or is to be) Implemented 138
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Page
Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt Sales in the
United States
Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt
Schematic of a Rotary Positive
Sales in California. ... 18
Sales in Colorado 27
Sales in Indiana 34
Sales in Missouri 42
Sales in Pennsylvania. . . 50
Sales in South Carolina. . 57
Sales in Texas 63
Sales in Wisconsin .... 72
Flow Chart 82
Displacement Pump. . . . . 85
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Study Objectives -
This study analyzes use patterns of cutback and emulsified asphalts in
road construction and maintenance operations in eight states. The states
have a variety of climatic conditions affecting these operations and are
experiencing various levels of difficulty in implementing reasonably available
control technology (RACT) for the use of cutback asphalts. Knowledge of the
pre- and post-RACT use patterns in these "case study" situations will be valuable
to enforcement personnel in evaluating feasibility of requests for departures
from RACT. This information will also assist personnel in deciding which
road construction and maintenance operations are affected by the switch to
emulsified asphalts and which of these operations may require additional
enforcement.
s
1.2 Background Information
A cutback asphalt is an asphalt cement which has been liquefied by
blending it with a petroleum solvent. Various types and quantities of
solvents are used to extend the curing (or hardening) time of the asphalt
cement. The solvents are volatile organic compounds (VOC), precursors to
ozone formation in the atmosphere. In addition, the solvents represent an
energy use. In 1978 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a
Control Techniques Guideline (CTG) for the use of cutback asphalts in road
construction and maintenance operations which specified RACT for controlling
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these VOCs. RACT prohibits the use of cutback asphalts whenever the substitu-
tion with emulsified asphalts is possible. Because an emulsified asphalt is a
suspension of asphalt cement, water, an emulsifying agent, and little or no solvent,
such a substitution has the potential to reduce VOC emissions and save energy.
There are three types of cutback asphalts. These include rapid curing
(RC), where highly volatile naphtha or gasoline is the solvent; medium curing
(MC), where the less volatile kerosene is the solvent; and slow curing (SC),
where a low-to nonvolatile oil is the solvent. The cure time is a function
of solvent evaporation.
Emulsified asphalts are designated by the charge of the asphalt par-
ticles induced by the manufacturing of the emulsified asphalt. In cationic
emulsified asphalts, the asphalt particles are positively charged and in
anionic emulsified asphalts they are negatively charged. Nonionic emulsified
asphalts contain electrically-neutral particles. The terms rapid set (RS),
medium set (MS), and slow set (SS) are used to further distinguish emulsified
asphalts. The set time, unlike the cure time of a cutback asphalt, is a
function of separation and evaporation. The asphalt and water phases
separate (break) and then the water evaporates. However, it is the evapora-
tion of water which has turned out to be the limiting factor in the use of
emulsified asphalts. Temperature and humidity, as will be illustrated
throughout this report, are two climatic factors which can cause the emulsi-
fied asphalt to break either too soon or not at all. The particular emul-
sified asphalt that is chosen depends on the type of aggregate being used.
There are basically three techniques for applying cutback and emul-
sified asphalts to the road surface. Asphalts can be pre-mixed with aggregate,
applied as a spray application and combined with aggregate, or applied as
a spray application alone (see'Table 1). With the exception of prime coating
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Table 1
TYPICAL USES OF CUTBACK AND EMULSIFIED ASPHALTS*
Cutback Asphalts13
Emulsified Aspha1tsc
r-l CM
00 00
00
Uses
Aggregate and Asphalt
Mixtures
Cold-Laid Plant Mix
Rase and Surface
Open-Graded
Dense-Graded
Sand
Patching, Immediate
Patching, Stockpile
Mixed-In-Pi ace (Road Mix)
Base and Surface
Open-Graded
Dense-Graded
Sand
Slurry Seal
Aggregate and Asphalt
Spray Applications
Surface Treatments
Single
Multiple
Sandy Seal
Penetration Macadam
Base
Open-Graded
Dense-Graded
Asphalt Spray Applications
Surface Treatments
Fog Seal
Prime Coat-Open
Prime Coat-Dense
Tack Coat
Crack Filler
3
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aThese uses are defined in the glossary of road construction and maintenance
operations in Appendix C (Section 4.3).
bBased on the Asphalt Institute's Asphalt Surface Treatments, MS-13, 1979 (revised)
and Asphalt Cold-Mix Manual, MS-14, 1977. RC, MC, and SC denote rapid cure, medi-
um cure, and slow cure cutback asphalts, respectively. The numbers represent the
lower end of the kinematic viscosity range (centistokes at 140 F) specified for
each grade.
cBased on 1979 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 15 (D 3628). RS, MS, and SS de-
note rapid set, medium set, and slow set emulsified asphalts, respectively. The
letter "C" indicates cationic emulsified asphalts. "HF"indicates high float emul-
sified asphalts. Low viscosity grades are designated by the number "1"; higher
viscosity grades by "2". The letter "h" indicates a harder base asphalt.
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a dense-graded surface, it is usually possible to substitute a cutback
asphalt with at least one grade of an emulsified asphalt for all uses in road
construction and maintenance operations. However, the degree and quality of
substitution will vary in a given area according to the methods used in
constructing and maintaining roads, the prevailing weather conditions, and
the extent to which work practices for the use of emulsified asphalts have
been developed.
The sale of emulsified asphalts in the United States has increased over
the period from 1975 through 1978, whereas the sale of cutback asphalts has been
steadily decreasing since 1973. The national sales trend for each product is
shov/n in Figure 1.
60
SO
40
o
8
8 30
20
to
CUTBACK ASPHALT
(ALL GRADES)
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT
1969 I97O 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
FIGURE I. Cutback and emulsified asphalt sales in the United States
I This information has been token from Ihe "Annual Report of Asphalt Soles" prepared bythe
US. Doporrment of Energy (1976 through 1978) ond the US. Bureau of Mines (1969 through
1975).
2 1979 Estimates are not revised.
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This relationship predates RACT and is probably attributable to two
factors -- a desire by-some states to reduce VOC emissions by requiring the
substitution and the emphasis on repair rather than new construction. Tight
road construction budgets favor surface treatments and light maintenance work
rather than the construction of new roads or extensive repairs to existing
roads. Consequently, emulsified asphalt surface treatments and light main-
tenance work have increased while cutback asphalt use in these areas has ..
decreased.
The national trend in the use of cutback and emulsified asphalts is a
composite of state-use data but does not always reflect the situation in an
individual state. The patterns of some states are similar to the national
pattern shown in Figure 1, while other states, with effective training
programs and coordination between the users and suppliers of emulsified
asphalts, have practically eliminated the use of cutback asphalts in their
road construction and maintenance operations. Still other states, due to a
combination of factors, have had bad experiences with emulsified asphalts and
continue to predominantly use cutback asphalts. This variation among the
states has prompted an investigation into the factors which affect the use of
emulsified asphalts in a state and thus affect RACT implementation.
1.3 Scope of the Study
The use patterns of cutback and emulsified asphalts in road construction
and maintenance operations for California, Colorado, Indiana, Missouri,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, and Wisconsin were examined. State
selection was based on preliminary discussions with representatives from the
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EPA, state highway departments, and private industry. A bituminous-materials-
\
use table was developed for each of the eight states. Each state table
compares the use of cutback_and emulsified asphalts in road construction and
maintenance operations before and after (if applicable) the implementation of
RACT in that state.
The extent to which RACT implementation has necessitated equipment
changes was also examined. Contact was made with manufacturers of asphalt
batch plants, continuous drum mix plants, travel plants, tank truck distribu-
tors, pavers, and other auxiliary plant and field equipment, and a summary of
typical changes in equipment was developed.
1.4 Organization of the Report
An executive summary of report findings and conclusions precedes this
introduction which has covered study objectives, background information, and
the scope of the study.
The relative difficulty in implementing RACT in the eight states is
evaluated in Section 2.0 of this report. RACT is defined, and the evaluation
method used in this study is explained. For each state, the status of RACT
is reviewed, and the use patterns of cutback and emulsified asphalts are
estimated prior to and following RACT implementation (if applicable) in state
road construction and maintenance operations. The degree of difficulty in
implementing RACT is estimated and those types of road construction and
maintenance operations which may require additional enforcement are noted. A
summary of the eight state findings is presented at the end of this section.
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In Section 3.0 a flow chart of the use of cutback and emulsified
asphalts, from the point of manufacture to application, illustrates where
changes in equipment may be necessary. Typical changes are then separately
addressed.
State composite bituminous-materials-use tables, lists of state road
construction and maintenance operations, and lists of state cutback and
emulsified asphalt suppliers can be found in Section 4.0, Appendix A. In
the event that the reader wants to compare climatic conditions in the states
examined with conditions in states not covered in this report, temperature,
humidity, and rainfall data are provided in Section 4.0, Appendix R. A
glossary of road construction and maintenance operations appears in Section
4.0, Appendix C.
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2.0 ENFORCEMENT IMPLICATIONS: EVALUATION OF THE RELATIVE
DIFFICULTY AMONG THE STATES IN IMPLEMENTING RACT
2.1 Defining RACT
The EPA now requires each state having one or more ozone nonattain-
ment areas, to include RACT guidelines for the.use of cutback asphalts in road
construction and maintenance operations in their State Implementation Plan
(SIP). The regulation usually includes the following general specifications:
RACT implementation dates
Exempt road construction and maintenance operations -- Prime coat
applications and stockpile mixes are usually exempt; some states
currently exempt the use of cutback asphalts in mix operations,
tack coat applications, and dust palliative and aggregate precoat
work.
Limits on solvent contents in emulsified asphalts -- The EPA recom-
mends two options for specifying maximum solvent contents in the
following road construction and maintenance operations:
Seal coats in early spring and fall
Chip seals with dusty or dirty aggregate
Mixing with open-graded aggregate that
is not well washed
Mixing with dense-graded aggregate
Option 1
3%
3%
8%
12%
As an alternative, a maximum solvent content of seven percent may
be specified across the board for all emulsified asphalts.
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EPA allows the states some flexibility in RACT development. If a
state proposes RACT which essentially conforms to the CTG requirements but
wishes to include different regulatory cut points or minor source exemptions,
it may still receive EPA approval. In this situation the "five percent rule"
would apply; the state would first demonstrate that the emissions allowed by
its proposed RACT would not be more than five percent greater than the emis-
sions which would result from implementing the CTG. However, this equivalency
provision'may not be utilized to propose RACT which departs greatly from the CTG.
In urban nonattainment areas, the "five percent rule" is applied separately.
As an example, one area in a state which deviates by two percent could not offset
another area in that state which deviates by eight percent. They must both be with-
in five percent. In rural nonattainment areas, however, the emissions may be aver-
aged for equivalency demonstration purposes allowing, the counties which are above
the five percent limit to be offset by the counties which fall below the limit.
RACT may be applicable statewide or only in nonattainment photochemical
oxidant areas of the state (that is, designated areas having ambient air ozone
concentrations greater than 0.12 ppm). Some state regulations have received
EPA approval (sometimes on a conditional basis), whereas others are in
various stages of development and review.
2.2 Evaluation Method
The relative difficulty for California, Colorado, Indiana, Missouri,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, and Wisconsin to implement RACT was
determined by evaluating pre- and post-RACT use patterns of cutback and
emulsified asphalts in road construction and maintenance operations. These
states were selected because they represent a spectrum of differences in
climate and pre-RACT use of emulsified asphalts. A comparison of the ranges
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of mean monthly temperatures, relative humidities and rainfall for the months
in which RACT is being (or is to be) implemented in each state is given in
Table 2; these values are presented only as a general comparison and do not
reflect extreme values in isolated areas of a given state. (The reader is
referred to Appendix B, Section 4.2, for similar climatic data for states not
covered in this study).
State highway specifications and RACT implementation dates were used
to develop a bituminous-materials-use table for each state. The general
format of the table is shown in Table 3. The table shows the use of cutback
and emulsified asphalts in road construction and maintenance operations prior
to RACT implementation (that is, during the past couple of years) and
following RACT implementation. Evaluation of use patterns was limited to
only those road construction and maintenance operations which may be affected
by the switch to emulsified asphalts (as an example, emulsified asphalt
slurry seal operations were not included in this study). Furthermore, no
attempt was made to evaluate use patterns of cutback and emulsified asphalts
resulting from regulations which will become effective after the 1980 paving
season. Use estimates range from 1, which means generally used, to 5, which
means never used. A value of 5, however, may indicate that the road con-
struction or maintenance operation is not conducted in that state (by that
respondent) or that it is done with other materials, (such as hot-mixed or
rubberized asphalt cements).
Representatives from the Asphalt Institute, state and county highway
departments, paving contractors, and emulsion suppliers from each state were
asked to complete the bituminous-materials-use table. The Asphalt Institute
and the state highway departments were contacted first and asked for contacts
at the county level and in the "private sector (contractors and suppliers).
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Table 2
RANGES IN MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES, RELATIVE HUMIDITIES, AND RAINFALL
FOR THE MONTHS IN WHICH RACT IS BEING (OR IS TO BE) IMPLEMENTS
State
January February
Months of the Year in which RACT is being (or is to be) ImpTementea
March April Hay Oune July August September
October November December
California
Temp ("F) 24-54 25-57 29-62 34-72 45-77 60-87 58-94 58-94 54-87 44-76 29- 24-56
Rel. Hum. (I) 38-82 29-82 26-80 36-81 26-81 26-81 17-81 18-80 17-81 18-81 28-83 37-91
Rainfall (In) 1.51-7.94 1.54-5.90 1.27-5.52 0.57-3.23 0.27-1.74 0.07-0.85 0.02-0.41 0.02-0.39 0.05-0.43 0.42-2.93 0.69-5.22 1.69-8.63
44-63
37-62
1.01-2.64
47-57 58-66
66-68 67-69
3.31-4.17 3.73-4.50
63-68
67-72
3.98-5.26
54-63
67-73
4.13-4.58
49-59 59-66 64-73
63-71 59-71 67-72
3.64-6.82 2.97-5.09 3.02-5.01
44-73
29-63
0.70-2.58
69-76
72-74
3,94-4.66
72-76
69-73
3.92-5.83
63-72
71-73
3.33-4.44
69-76
67-73
3.49-4.68
54-78
38-63
1.47-2.34
73-78
66-69
3.21-3.53
77-81
63-68
3.05-3.14
68-77
67-73
3.81-5.01
75-82
73-81
5.04-7.21
54-76
47-72
1..69-2.26
71-77
69-73
3.01-3.48
75-80
68-73
3.10-4.29
64-78
69-81
3.37-4.88
70-82
76-81
4.54-7.58
18-71
^o- 6 3
1.06-1.38
64-71 .
69-73
2.98-3.52
67-72
63-71
3.26-4.09
58-67
68-80
2.90-3.66
65-77
75-81
3.21-4.97
53-60
68-73
2.53-3.39
48-56
68-74
2.88-3.57
59-70
68-80
2.12-4.86
49-57
70-73
2.22-4.87
Rel. Hum. (I)
Rainfall (in)
Rel. Hum. (%)
Rainfall (in)
Rel. Hum. (?)
Rainfall (in)
Pennsylvania
Temp (°F)
Rel. Hum. (%)
Rainfall (in)
South Carolina
Temp (°F)
Rel. Hum. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Texas
Temp~(°F) 34-62 37-63 44-68 54-76 60-83 73-85 74-88 76-87 69-83 57-78 46-67 ' 36-61
Rel. Hum. (I) 49-82 47-81 36-73 28-80 28-81 30-74 44-81 45-78 46-80 ' 47-74 46-72 47-81
Rainfall (In) 0.64-4.33 0.30-3.75 0.31-3.79 0.61-4.41 1.24-5.52 1.38-3.18 1.76-4.50 1.60-4.46 1.61-4.40 1.13-3.20 0.37-4.04 0.51-4.39
Wisconsin
Temp (°F)
Rel. Hum. (X)
Rainfall (in)
50-60 54-68 64-74 63-72 57-64
66-70 68-72 68-74 73-76 68-80
2.71-3.73 3.83-5.10 2.90-3.99 3.01-4.01 2.95-3.68
aThis information has been interpolated from figures on maps in the Climate Atlas of the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, 1968.
-11-
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Therefore, sampling (that is, selection of the contacts) was based on judgment
and not statistical procedures. Responses are tabulated in a composite
bituminous-materials-use table for each state that has already implemented
RACT in Appendix A (Section 4.1). Following a discussion, of pre-RACT use
patterns of cutback and emulsified asphalts, post-RACT use patterns through
the 1980 paving season are summarized. In the event that RACT for a given
state is.to be implemented after the 1980 paving season, 1980 use patterns
(pre-RACT) of cutback and emulsified asphalts are reviewed and potential
enforcement problems are discussed based on current trends. Reasons for
continued use of cutback asphalts in the road construction and maintenance
operations which RACT does not exempt are explained so that grounds for
evaluating departures from RACT can be established. The road construction
and maintenance operations cited may require additional enforcement in that
state.
-13-
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2.3 Evaluation of Individual States
2.3.1 CALIFORNIA
2.3.1.1 RACT Status in California. "Consideration of a Model Rule
for the Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Cutback Asphalt
Paving Material", was released April 14, 1979 by the California Air Resources
Board to all local air pollution control districts (APCD), which are desig-
nated ozone nonattainment areas, as a guideline for RACT development. As of
April 14, 1980, 19 of California's 22 affected APCDs had submitted RACT to
EPA for approval. The San Francisco area (located in the Bay Area Air
Quality Management District), the Fresno area, and the San Bernardino area
(located in the South Coast Air Quality Management District) were evaluated
in this study. They represent northern, central, and southern California,
respectively. Their proposed RACT's, not all of which have been federally
approved, are given in Appendix A (Section 4.1.1.1).
The model rule, as developed by the authors, J.A. Pantalone and M.A.
Humenny, is given below.
"1. Definitions
a. 'Asphalt' means the dark-brown to black cementatious
material (solid, semi-solid, or liquid in consistency)
of which the main constituents are bitumens which occur
naturally or as a residue of petroleum refining.
b. 'Cutback asphalt' means paving grade asphalts liquefied
with petroleum distillate and as further defined by American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications as
follows:
Rapid cure type: ASTM D 2028-76
Medium cure type: ASTM D 2027-76
-14-
-------
c.
f.
'Dust Palliative1 means any liqht application of liquefied
asphalt (cutback or emulsified asphalt) for the express
purpose of controlling loose dust.
'Emulsified Asphalt' means any asphalt liquefied with water
containing an emulsifier, either anionic or cationic.
'Tack coat' means any application of asphalt applied to an
existing surface to provide a bond between new surface and
existing surface and to eliminate slippage planes where the
new and existing surfaces meet.
'Penetrating Prime Coat' means any application of. asphalt
to an absorptive surface to penetrate and bind the aggregate
surface and/or to promote adhesion between it and the new
superimposed construction. Dust palliatives or tack coats
are not included.
g. 'Road oi
ils' shall be synonymous with slow cure asphalts.
2. a. After July 1, 1979, no person shall cause or allow the
use or application of rapid cure cutback asphalt for highway
or street paving or maintenance, nor manufacture, sell, or
offer for sale cutback asphalt for such use or application.
b. After July 1, 1980, no person shall cause or allow the use
or application of cutback asphalt for highway or street
paving or maintenance, nor manufacture, sell, or offer for
sale cutback asphalt for such use or application except as
specified below:
1) where the cutback asphalt is to be used solely as a
penetrating prime coat;
2) where the National Weather Service official forecast of
the high temperature for the immediate vicinity of the
asphalt application for the 24-hour period following
application is below 50°F (10°C).
c. After January I, 1982, no person shall cause or allow the
use or application of cutback asphalt, or shall cause or
allow the use or application of an emulsified asphalt con-
taining petroleum solvents (diluents) in excess of 3 percent
by volume for highway or street paving or maintenance, nor
sell, or offer for sale such asphalts for such use or appli-
cation. These provisions do not apply to cutback asphalt
sold in a district for shipment and use outside that district.
d. After January 1, 1982, road oils used for highway or street
paving or maintenance applications shall contain no more than
0.5 percent of organic compounds which boil at less than
500°F as determined by ASTM D 402-73."
-15-
-------
Currently, RACT eliminates the use of RC cutback asphalts, limits
the use of MC cutback asphalts to prime coat applications and paving per-
formed at temperatures less than 50 F (10 C), and exempts the use of all SC
cutback asphalts (that is, road oils). By 1982, the use of MC cutback
asphalts is to be eliminated, and maximum solvent content restrictions are to
be placed on SC cutback asphalts and emulsified asphalts.
Since RACT has been implemented in each of the three APCDs under their
local rules and regulations for air pollution control, it was possible to
evaluate pre- and post-RACT use patterns of cutback and emulsified asphalts in
California.
The California Department of Transportation (CalTrans), two paving con-
tractors, and two emulsified asphalt suppliers were contacted for pre- and
post-RACT use data necessary to complete California's state bituminous-materials-
use table. In addition, county and CalTrans District highway departments from
the Bay Area AQMD, the Fresno County APCD, and the South Coast AQMD were also
contacted for information. All responses are summarized in Appendix A (Section
4.1.1.2). A list of California road construction and maintenance operations and
a list of cutback and emulsified asphalt suppliers who serve California are also
given in Appendix A (Sections 4.1.1.3 and 4.1.1.4, respectively).
2.3.1.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
California. The diversity in California's climate and topography for the
mountain, valley, desert, and coastal regions has affected the extent to which
emulsified asphalts have been successfully used in road construction and main-
tenance operations prior to RACT. The use of emulsified asphalts in California
-16-
-------
dates back to the 1930's, although the research and development work was
limited mainly to one supplier. As a result, California lagged behind other
western states in developing and accepting the use of emulsified asphalts.
Through the 1930's, emulsified asphalts were used in seal coat (or chip seal)
work.
This work was sometimes unsuccessful due to inadequate product quality
or training in the use of emulsified asphalts in adverse climates and topo-
graphy. Extremes in temperature and humidity as well as high rainfall
frequency have been blamed for much of the bad experience in the pre-RACT use
of emulsified asphalts. The steep grades and tight working space on some
mountain roads have made it economically impractical to haul hot-mixed
products and maneuver large paving machines. Under.these climatic and
topographic adversities, the use of cutback asphalts has prevailed.
By the mid-1940's the use of emulsified asphalts was extended to
curing seals and tack coat applications and it was at this time that CalTrans
specified emulsified asphalts for optional use in road construction and
maintenance operations which had normally been reserved for cutback asphalts.
The use of emulsified asphalts in chip seal work continued to increase
through the 1950's and early 1960's (as did the number of emulsified asphalt
suppliers) with further use resulting from the marketing of emulsified
asphalt slurry seal technology in the late-1960's.
The sales of cutback and emulsified asphalts from 1969 through 1978
are shown in Figure 2. The sales of SC cutback asphalts are also shown to
illustrate their relative proportion of all cutback asphalt sales during
this ten-year period.
-17-
-------
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-------
2.3.1.3 Post-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts
In California. The continued use of cutback asphalts in areas of adverse
climate and topography, may present difficulty in fully implementing RACT in
some areas of California. These areas include: the mountain regions
with low temperatures and steep, narrow roads; the desert regions with high
temperatures and low humidity; and parts of the coast with high rainfall and
humidity and low temperatures. In addition, several respondents contended
that the prohibition of cutback asphalts at temperatures in the low 50's F
(10 C) may pose a problem, and it is expected that the problem will be com-
pounded in several years when most APCDs will prohibit the use of cutback
asphalts in cold weather. Many APCDs will also delete the prime coat exemp-
tion at the same time, so unless the use of emulsified asphalts can be
developed further for use in prime coats and cold weather, departures from
California APCDs' regulations may occur. The road construction and main-
tenance operations in question, include asphalt concrete, road-mix asphalt
surfacing, and patch material.
Table 4 presents a summary of post-RACT use of cutback and emulsified
asphalts in the currently nonexempt operations. Values representing the
continued use of cutback asphalts (that is, those which may require additional
enforcement) are circled. No.attempt was made to evaluate use levels after the
1980 paving season.
The CalTrans response in the first column of Table 4 shows existing
use levels of cutback and emulsified asphalts from a statewide perspective.
The CalTrans representative cited the use of cutback asphalts only in stock-
pile mixes.
Contractors A and B, representing central and Southern California
respectively, were fairly consistent in their responses, although Contractor
-19-
-------
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B did note the use of cutback asphalts in fog seal applications.
Basically, Supplier A markets in central California whereas Supplier B
markets in northern California. Both indicated that cutback asphalts are
being used in road-mix asphalt surfacing. Supplier A also stated that
cutback asphalts are used on a selected basis for seal coat and fog seal
work, and Supplier B noted.that cutback asphalts are sometimes used in patch
materi al.
The Bay Area AQMD appears to have eliminated the use of cutback
asphalts at the state and county level in all operations except stockpile
mixes; however, the use of emulsified asphalts is restricted to seal coat and
dust palliative work, and tack coat applications.
The Fresno County APCD and the South Coast AQMD show a greater use of
emulsified asphalts but also a greater use of cutback asphalts. Cutback
asphalts are generallyTto-sometimes used in both districts in the following
road construction and maintenance operations: asphalt concrete work, road-
mixed asphalt surfacing, and immediate-use and stockpile patch material.
-22-
-------
2.3.2 COLORADO
2.3.2.1 RACT Status in Colorado. RACT for the use of cutback asphalts
in road construction and maintenance operations has not been federally
approved (as of July 18, 1980). RACT was proposed by the Colorado Air
Quality Control Commission, which adopted the regulation on June 30, 1980.
The regulation is to be implemented in Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Denver,
Douglas, and Jefferson Counties all of which are in ozone nonattainment
areas. The regulation, which is found in Regulation 7, of Colorado's revised
SIP (Section XI, Use of Cutback Asphalt), is written as follows:
"XI Use of Cutback Asphalt
A. Definitions:
1. Asphalt: The dark-brown to black cementatious material (solid,
semi-solid, or liquid in consistency) of which the main consti-
tuents are bitumens which occur naturally or as a residue of
petroleum refining.
2. Emulsified asphalt: Asphalt emulsions produced by combining
asphalt and water with emulsifying agent.
3. Cutback Asphalt: Any asphalt which has been liquefied or made
more plastic by blending with a VOC as a solvent or, in the case
of some slow cure asphalts, which has been produced directly
from the distillation of petroleum and contains condensate
therefrom.
Emulsified asphalt which contains less than five percent of
VOC by weight of residual asphalt is not included in this
definition. (Residual oils are not included in the meaning of
the term "VOC").
4. Penetrating Prime Coat: An application of low-viscosity liquid
asphalt to an absorbent surface in order to prepare it for
paving with an asphalt concrete.
B. Limitations:
1. Applicability: Provisions of this Section apply to the use or
storage of cutback asphalt for the paving and maintenance of all
-23-
-------
public roadways including alleys only within ozone nonattainment
areas.
2. Storage: Stockpiles of aggregate mixed with cutback asphalt are
permitted during the contiguous months of October through April.
After December 31, 1981, such storage is not permitted during May
through September except where it can be demonstrated to the
Division that such storage is necessary.
3. Use: Cutback asphalt may be used for any paving purposes during
the contiguous months of October through April. After December 31,
1981, no person shall use cutback asphalt for any purpose during
the contiguous months of May through September except as provided
below.
a. If used solely as a penetrating prime coat;
b. If the user can demonstrate to the Division that under the
conditions of its intended use there will be no emissions of
organic compounds to the ambient air.
4. Phase-Out Option:
a. The prohibition against the use of cutback asphalt designated
in paragraph 3 above may be postponed until December 31, 1982
if the applicant of such postponement submits to the Division
no later than December 31, 1980 a written schedule which:
i. Shows how the use of emulsified asphalt by the applicant
will be phased in between the effective dates of this
regulation and October 1, 1982 to replace cutback asphalt
for all paving purposes except penetrating prime coat; and
ii. Demonstrate that not less than thirty percent of the total
liquid asphalt gallonage used for seal coating (e.g. chip
sealing) during the phased-in period will be emulsified; and|
iii. Employs emulsified asphalt for seal coating at least two
of the following three years 1980, 1981, and 1982.
b. Said schedule must receive written approval from the Division.
Such approval shall be granted if the requirements of subpara-
graph 4(a) are met.
c. The applicant must complete the projects designated in such
schedule except that a project not listed on that approved
schedule may qualify in lieu of an approved project if the
substitution is approved by the Division in writing.
C. Record Keeping:
1. During the months of May through September those responsible for
the use or storage of any cutback asphalt as permitted in subpara-
graph 3(a) and (b) and paragraph 2 shall keep records of same
schedule, type and amount of solvents used."
-24-
-------
Actually there are two RACT compliance options available to one who
uses cutback asphalts. Both options require the user to limit the use of
cutback asphalts in stockpile mixes by December 31, 1981. If the user does
not make any effort to use emulsified asphalts by December 31, 1981, he must
limit (by December 31, 1981) the use of cutback asphalts to those prime coat
applications and those road construction or maintenance operations where it
can be demonstrated by the user that no VOCs are emitted. If the user does
undertake measures to use emulsified asphalts by 1981 he can extend the
December 31, 1981 compliance date by one year. The user must then submit a
schedule describing how emulsified asphalts are to be phased-in, demonstrate
that at least thirty percent of his total liquid asphalts used for seal
coating through 1982 are to be emulsified asphalts, and use emulsified
asphalts in at least two of the three paving seasons (starting in 1980).
Most users of cutback asphalts have selected the phase-in "approach for
switching to emulsified asphalts. Therefore, it is practical to present
a discussion of only pre-RACT cutback and emulsified asphalt use patterns in
Colorado. The Colorado Department of Highways (CDH), the Asphalt Institute,
one city department of public works, three county road and bridge departments,
two contractors, and one emulsified asphalt supplier provided information on
the pre-RACT use patterns of cutback and emulsified asphalts. A list of
Colorado road construction and maintenance operations and cutback and emulsi-
fied asphalt suppliers who serve Colorado are given in Appendix A (Section
4.1.2.1 and 4.1.2.2, respectively).
2.3.2.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Colorado. Emulsified asphalts were used in Colorado in the early 1950's, although
-25-
-------
numerous seal coat (that is, chip seal) projects in which cutback asphalts
were substituted with emulsified asphalts resulted in failure. This, in
part, was due to. the time delay between spraying the emulsified asphalts from
the distributor truck onto the road surface and covering the sprayed film
with a layer of aggregate chips. Such timing was, and still is, critical in
the Colorado nonattainment areas because of low humidity, which causes the
emulsified asphalt to break and the water to evaporate quickly. Also, some
parts of Colorado in the higher elevations are subject to a high frequency of
daily showers which can cut the work day in half when chip sealing with
emulsified asphalts.
Around 1952, CDH used an SS emulsified asphalt to stabilize eastern
Colorado sand subbase material. This was a new use of any asphalt material
in Colorado and could not be considered a substitute for cutback asphalts.
In the early 1960's, SS-1 and SS-lh emulsified asphalts were used in various
types of base stabilization and chip seal work, and tack coat and fog seal
applications; however, some problems involving premature breaking were ,
experienced. These were somewhat alleviated by spraying water onto the
aggregate or road surface to lengthen the set time.
The use of CRS in 1965 proved to be more effective than the earlier
am'onic emulsified asphalts. At that time, chip seal work was done primarily
by the counties because CDH was relying more on hot plant mix surface courses
for thin surface overlays. The relationship between sales of cutback and
emulsified asphalts from 1969 through 1978 is shown in Figure 3.
-26-
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CUTBACK ASPHALT
(ALL GRADES)
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT
r-|-r-T-T--r-T-i
1969 I97O 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 19771978
FIGURE 3. Cutback and emulsified asphalt soles In Colorado '
I This information has been taken from the "Annual Report of Asphalt Sales" prepared by the
U.S. Department of Energy (1976 through 1978) and the U.S Bureau of Mines (1969 through
1975).
2 1978 Estimates are not revised.
In 1969, sales of cutback asphalts were approximately 15 times greater
than those of emulsified asphalts. The sales of cutback asphalts declined
through 1974, whereas those of emulsified asphalts remained relatively
constant. By 1978, the sales of emulsified asphalts were nearly half those
of cutback asphalts.
Asphalt emulsion workshops have been conducted in Colorado (such as the
one held in Colorado Springs in 1979), but the use of cutback asphalts continues
to be prevalent in some chip seal work and other surface applications. However,
most users, as noted above, are selecting the phase-in option under RACT and are
beginning to increase their overall use of emulsified asphalts, especially in
chip seal work.
-27-
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The pre-RACT use of cutback and emulsified asphalts for the 1980
paving season is shown in Table 5. Values representing continued use of
cutback asphalts in the nonexempt road construction and maintenance operations
have been circled. The exempt operations have been underscored. The seal
coat category is also underscored because all respondents had opted for the
phase-in option which conditionally exempts this category. No attempt was
made to evaluate the use of cutback and emulsified asphalts after the 1980
paving season.
The representative from the Asphalt Institute responded on the basis
of all Colorado nonattainment areas. He noted that cutback asphalts are
generally-to-sometimes used in all road construction and maintenance opera-
tions except plant mix bituminous base courses and paved shoulder and dust
palliative work. CDH, responding from a Denver perspective, indicated that
cutback asphalts are used in only four categories. Both respondents agreed
that the general uses of emulsified asphalts are in tack coat applications
and fog seal and dust palliative work.
The one department of public works that was contacted does about
ninety percent of the road construction and maintenance operations in its
jurisdiction. The engineer representing the department mentioned that forty
city blocks (each about five hundred to six hundred feet long) can be chip
sealed with RC-800, and he estimated that about twenty-five blocks could be
chip sealed with an emulsified asphalt. He contended that the rapid set time
of emulsified asphalts, which becomes shorter in low relative humidity (as
low as ten percent in his area) and high temperatures, would essentially
double the number of passes made by the distributor truck. When he uses
cutback asphalts, the distributor bar extends the full length of the street
-28-
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(that is, both lanes). The chips can then be spread down one side of the
street in the morning and on the other side in the early afternoon. However,
emulsified asphalts cannot be sprayed unless aggregate chips are immediately
available for spreading. Therefore, if he were to use emulsified asphalts
the distributor bar would have to be shortened to cover only a single lane at
a time (that is, the maximum width of the chip spreader) to cover all of the
emulsified asphalt. Nonetheless, the department is increasing its use of
emulsified asphalts during the 1980 paving season as part of a phase-in
schedule.
The use of cutback asphalts by three county road and bridge depart-
ments is limited to the exempt road construction and maintenance operations.
One county engineer stated that the use of emulsified asphalts is not practi-
cal at elevations above six thousand feet; the cool temperatures and high
frequency of rainfall shorten the working day. In these isolated areas, the
use of cutback asphalts will most likely continue until 1983.
The contractors and suppliers also noted that the use of cutback
asphalts was limited to the exempt road construction and maintenance operations.
One contractor stated that the best substitute for RC cutback asphalts in
chip seal work is RS-K emulsified asphalts rubberized emulsified asphalts
which are becoming more widely used in Colorado, and according to the supplier,
in other midwestern states.
-31-
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2.3.3 INDIANA
2.3.3.1 RACT Status in Indiana. As of June, 1980, RACT for the use
of cutback asphalts in Indiana road construction and maintenance operations
has not received EPA approval; it was proposed by the Indiana Air Pollution
Control Board, signed into law in December, 1979, and implemented throughout
the state in January, 1980*. The regulation has been submitted in Indiana's
revised SIP (Articles 1 and 8 of 325 Indiana Administrative Code).2
Cutback asphalt is defined in Section l(a)(22) of Article 1 of Indiana's
revised SIP as, "Asphalt cement liquified by blending with volatile organic
compounds, and-which is used for the purpose of paving and/or repairing
a road surface." The asphalt paving regulation is found in Section 2 of Rule
5, Article 8 and lists the following conditions:
"(a) This Section applies to any paving application anywhere in
the State. For the purposes of this section, the term
"asphalt emulsion" shall mean any dispersion of asphalt
cement in water, optional additives, optional distillates,
and emulsifying agents.
(b) No person shall cause or allow the use of cutback asphalt
or asphalt emulsion containing more than seven percent (7%)
oil distillate by volume of emulsion as determined by ASTM
D-244 for any paving application except as used for the
following purposes:
(1) Penetrating prime coat
(2) Stockpile storage
(3) Application during the months of November, December,
January, February, and March."
1RACT implementation dates are found in Section 1 of Rule 5, Article 8.
2Articles 1 and 8 of 325 Indiana Administrative Code were formerly APC 1
and 15, respectively.
-32-
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Although RACT for the use of cutback asphalts has not been federally
approved for Indiana, the provisions of the regulation were implemented on
January 20, 1980 throughout the state under 325 Indiana Administrative Code.
Thus, it is possible to evaluate pre- and early post-RACT use patterns of
cutback and emulsified asphalts in the state.
The Indiana State Highway Commission (ISHC), several urban and rural
county highway departments, and tv/o Indiana contractors (one of which sup-
plies other users with cutback and emulsified asphalts) were asked to com-
plete the bituminous-materials-use table developed for Indiana. Their
responses are summarized in a composite bituminous-materials-use table
in Appendix A (Section 4.1.3.1) A list of Indiana road construction and
maintenance operations, with the grades of cutback and emulsified asphalts
that ISHC specifies, and a list of cutback and emulsified asphalt suppliers
who serve Indiana, with the products those suppliers offer, are also given in
Appendix A (Section 4.1.3.2 and 4.1.3.3, respectively).
2.3.3.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Indiana. Indiana has used cutback and emulsified asphalts interchangeably
in a variety of road construction and maintenance operations prior to RACT
implementation (see Appendix A, Section 4.1.3.1). The idea of substituting
emulsified asphalts for cutback asphalts in Indiana road construction and
maintenance operations was put forth in the late 1920's or early 1930's
by John F. Kelly and K. E. McConnaughay.3 They introduced a new multi-
3The reference material, "PRE COTE, Bitumen and Aggregate: An Improved
Type of Pavement," does not have a copyright date; however, a reference
was made on page 28 of the pamphlet to 1928 revisions of Bulletin 1216,
published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Public Works.
-33-
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use paving product called PRE COTE which was a cold-laid mix prepared with
emulsified asphalts. PRE COTE chemists concluded that the emulsified
bitumens were often more advantageous than cutback asphalts and even the
hot-mixed bitumen products. In subsequent years, McConnaughay formed his
own company, K.E. McConnaughay, Inc., specializing in emulsified asphalt
plants and processes.
In 1934, ISHC specified emulsified asphalts as bituminous materials
for use in bituminous coated aggregate surface courses. Since then ISHC has
been able to practically eliminate the use of cutback asphalts in their six
highway districts. Figure 4 shows the relationship between the sales of
cutback and emulsified asphalts in Indiana from 1969 through 1978.
4OO
f 1 1
B69 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 '
FIGURE4.Cutback and emulsified asphalt sales in Indiana'
I Thfs Information hos beentaken from the Annual Report of Asphalt Sales prepare by
the U,S,Department of Energy (1976 through 1978) and the US.Bureau of Mines (1969
through 1975).
2 1976 Estimates are not revised.
-34-
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Since 1972 the sales of emulsified asphalts have surpassed those of
cutback asphalts, with sales of emulsified asphalts approximately four
times greater than those of cutback asphalts in 1978. However, 1978 esti-
mates also show that 80,000 tons of cutback asphalt were sold in that year,
primarily for use by the counties specifically those in northern Indiana
which are in nonattainment with respect to ozone.
t»
Asphalt emulsion workshops, conducted by the Asphalt Institute in each
of Indiana's six highway districts, were held in the spring of 1980 to
familiarize county pavers with the use of emulsified asphalts. The workshops
were half-day sessions geared at county chip seal work a caving operation
which can account for eighty percent of a county's highway budget in Indiana.
2.3.3.3 Post-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Indiana. Extensive pre-RACT use of emulsified asphalts and good coordination
between ISHC and the users and suppliers of emulsified asphalts have prepared
the state and most of the county highway departments in Indiana for RACT
implementation; however, there are some counties which continue to use
cutback asphalts and may thus present some isolated enforcement problems.
The projected use of cutback and emulsified asphalts in Indiana from April 1
through October 31, 1980 in the nonexempt road construction and maintenance
operations is shown in Table 6. Values representing continued use of cutback
asphalts (that is, those which may require enforcement) are circled. No
attempt was made to predict use levels after the 1980 paving'season.
RACT implementation at the state level has been essentially achieved
because of extended pre-RACT use of emulsified asphalts. Prior to January
1980, ISHC had been using some cutback asphalts in road mix bituminous base
courses, road mix bituminous pavements, bituminous seal coats, and tack coats
-35-
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Table 6
POST-RACT USE OF CUTBACK AND EMULSIFIED ASPHALTS
IN INDIANA IN THE NONEXEMPT OPERATIONS3
Road Construction or
Maintenance Operat1on
Post-RACT Use (as of January 20, 1980)
from April 1 to October 31. 1980
Contractor
ISHCb A B
Plant Mix Bituminous Base Course
Cutback
Emulsified
Road Mix Bituminous Base Course
Cutback
Emulsified
Bituminous Stabilized Subbase
Type I
Cutback
Emulsified
Type II
Cutback
Emulsified
Bituminous Coated Aggregate Pavement
Cutback
Emulsified
Road Mix Bituminous Pavement
Cutback
Emulsified
Cold Mix Bituminous Pavement0
Immediate Use
Cutback
Emulsified
Bituminous Seal Coat
Cutback
Emulsified
Fog Seal
Cutback
Emulsified
Bituminous Tack Coat
Cutback
Emulsified
Bituminous Shoulders
Cutback
Emulsified
Recycli ng
Cutback
Emulsified
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
2
5
5
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
5
5
1
5
1
CD
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
-36-
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Table 6
(Continued)
Post-RACT Use (as of January 20, 1980)
from April 1 to October 31, 1980
Road Construction or
Maintenance Operation .-,-
Dust Palliative ,
Cutback v
Emulsified .
Aggregate Precoat
Cutback
Emulsified
Contractor
ISHCb A
5
5
1
B
4
(D
2
aWhere 1 = generally used
2 = sometimes used;
3 = used on a selected or trial basis
4 = currently not used but in research and development stage
5 = never used
and the values circled represent operations which may require additional enforcement.
bThe ISHC commented, "We have not filled in the sections of the questionnaire
dealing with expected use. We are now using a very minimal amount of
cutback asphalt."
cCold mix bituminous pavement mixes are used as bituminous patch material.
-37-
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(see Appendix A, Section 4.1.3.1). For the 1980 construction year, ISHC
contends that only minimal amounts of cutback asphalts are to be used.
Several urban and rural Indiana counties, two of which have been
designated as ozone nonattainment areas, were contacted for information
pertaining to the use of cutback and emulsified asphalts in their highway
work. Their evaluations of the bituminous-materials-use table prepared for
Indiana were incomplete because many of the road construction and maintenance
operations are not performed in their respective counties. However, it can
be generally surmised from discussions with the respective county highway
engineers that if the option of choosing between cutback and emulsified
asphalts exists, cutback asphalts will most likely be selected. The primary
reason for this selection is that the county pavers are only familiar with
cutback asphalts and have had limited success with emulsified asphalts.
Based on discussions with ISHC and McConnaughay, Inc. the counties which may
require more enforcement effort are in northern Indiana. In some counties in
this area, road construction and maintenance operations which use cutback
asphalts include the road mix bituminous base courses and bituminous seal
coats (that is, chip seal work).
Both contractors responded based on their own work experience; how-
ever, Contractor B is also a bituminous material supplier and is familiar
with other road construction and maintenance operations not directly asso-
ciated with his company. Contractor A explained that he uses cutback asphalts
as a prime coat application in the road mix bituminous base course and road
mix bituminous pavement categories. Contractor B indicated that cutback
asphalts are sometimes used in cold mix bituminous pavements for immediate
use. Contractors A and B agreed that cutback asphalts are generally used
in dust palliative work; contractor B also indicated that cutback asphalts
are used in aggregate precoat work.
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2.3.4 MISSOURI
2.3.4.1 RACT Status in Missouri. Missouri's RACT for the use of
cutback asphalts in road construction and maintenance operations was approved
by EPA on April 9, 1980 on the basis that EPA's equivalency criterion was
met.4 The Missouri Department of Natural Resources proposed RACT on
November 14, 1978, and it was adopted July 12, 1979. RACT was submitted as
part of Missouri's revised SIP (Sections 10 CSR 10-2.220, -5.310, and -6.020,
Division 10, Title 10, Rules of the Department of Natural R^ources) and
applies only to the Kansas City and St. Louis metropolitan areas the
only ozone nonattainment areas in Missouri.
In addition to Missouri's Air Pollution Control Program, there are
four approved local agencies in the areas to be regulated which have simi.lar
programs; they are the Kansas City Air Quality Section, City of Independence
Public Works Department, St. Louis City Division of Air Pollution Control,
and St. Louis County Division of Environmental Health Services. Represen-
tatives of each agency have indicated that cutback asphalt regulations should
be adopted by the end of 1980 and will be at least as stringent as those at
the state level.
Cutback and emulsified asphalts are defined in Section 10 CSR 10-6.020.
Cutback asphalt is defined as, "Asphalt cement which has been lique-
fied by blending with petroleum solvents (diluents)."
Emulsified asphalt is defined as, "An emulsion of asphalt and water
that contains a small amount of an emulsifying agent, as specified
in ASTM D 977-77 or ASTM D 2397-73."
4EPA's equivalency criterion is explained in Section 2.1.
-39-
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RACT for the Kansas City area is found in 10 CSR 10-2.220 and reads as
follows:
"PURPOSE: This regulation restricts volatile organic
compounds emissions from cutback asphalt paving operations.
(1) Application
(A) This regulation shall apply only in Clay, Jackson, and
Platte Counties/
(B) This rule limits the use or application of liquefied
cutback asphalt in paving and maintenance operations on
highways, roads, parking lots, and driveways.
(2) -General
(A) After December 31, 1982 no person may cause or permit
the use or application of liquefied cutback asphalts
on highways, roads, parking lots, and driveways during
the months of May, June, July, August, and September
except as permitted in Section (3). This subsection
refers to liquefied cutback asphalt which is directly
applied or used in a plant-mix or road-mix.
(3) Exceptions
(A) The use or application of liquefied cutback asphalts is
permitted if:
1. The liquefied cutback asphalt is used in a plant-
mix or road-mix which is used solely for filling
potholes or for emergency repairs; or
2. The liquefied cutback asphalt is used to produce
a plant-mix manufactured for resale or for use
outside Clay, Jackson, and Platte Counties; or
3. The liquefied cutback asphalt is to be used solely
as an asphalt prime coat or an asphalt seal coat
on absorbent surfaces."
RACT for the St. Louis area (City of St. Louis and St. Louis, St.
Charles, Jefferson, and Franklin Counties) is found in 10 CSR 10-5.310.
Sections (1)(B), (2)(A), and (3)(A)1 and 3 of 10 CSR 10-2.220 are included
verbatim in 10 CSR 10-5.310. Since RACT is not to be implemented until
-40-
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January 1, 1983 it was possible to evaluate only pre-RACT use patterns of
cutback and emulsified asphalts in Missouri.
The Missouri Highway and Transportation Department (MHTD), the Asphalt
Institute, two urban county highway departments, two paving contractors, and
two emulsified asphalt suppliers provided information on the historical and
current uses of cutback and emulsified asphalts in the two metropolitan
areas. A list of road construction and maintenance operations in Missouri
with the grades of cutback and emulsified asphalts specified for each by
MHTD and a list of cutback and emulsified asphalt suppliers who serve
Missouri are presented in Appendix A (Sections 4.1.4.1 and 4.1.4.2, respec-
tively).
2.3.4.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Missouri. Historically, there have been significantly more cutback asphalts
than emulsified asphalts used in Missouri road construction and maintenance
operations. If pre-RACT use levels continue into the 1983 paving season,
Missouri may have difficulty in fully implementing RACT in some areas of the
state for most nonexempt operations; however, the respondents stated that the
use of cutback asphalts should decline in a few years as a result of market
conditions and more experience in the use of emulsified asphalts.
The sales of cutback and emulsified asphalts in Missouri from 1969
through 1978 are shown in Figure 5. Although the graph indicates a greater
use of cutback asphalts than emulsified asphalts statewide, the ratio of
cutback asphalts to total liquid asphalts used in the Kansas City and St.
Louis metropolitan areas is less than the ratio in attainment areas.
-41-
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600
CUTBACK ASPHftLT
(AL1. GRADES) "
50
1969 I9TO 1971 B7a 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 19782
FIGURE 5. Cutback and emulsified asphalt sales in Missouri'
I Thb Information tun been taken from the "Annual Report of Asphalt Sales" prepared by the
ULS. Department of Energy (1976 through 1978) and the Ua Bureau of Mines (1969 tnrougfc
1975).
Z 1978 Estimates are not revised, v
MHDT Districts 4 and 6, two of Missouri's ten highway districts,
have jurisdiction over the sf:ate road construction and maintenance operations
in the Kansas City and St. Louis areas, respectively* In the early 1970's
these two districts made some of MHTD's first attempts to use emulsified
asphalts in road construction and maintenance operations. The experimental
projects consisted of using emulsified asphalts in seal coat and blade-mixed
surface leveling courses. The first emulsified asphalts used were unable to
bind the aggregate properly; however, this problem was eventually overcome by
switching to different grades of emulsified asphalts.
It was not until the mid 1970's that emulsified asphalts v/ere speci-
fied-and widely used by MHTD. At that time the sales of cutback asphalts
were 47 times greater than sales of emulsified asphalts (see Figure 5). Many
-42-
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of the persons contacted in this study felt that the reluctance to accept
emulsified asphalts at this time as a substitute for cutback-asphalts stemmed
from unsubstantiated claims by emulsified asphalt suppliers, past road
failures with emulsified asphalts, and higher emulsified asphalt prices.
However, advances in the emulsified asphalt industry in terms of product
development and marketing, coupled with price increases for cutback asphalts
resulting from the Arab oil embargo, led to an increase in the use of emulsi-
fied asphalts in Missouri. By 1978 the sales ratio had decreased from 47:^
to 2:1, with the use of emulsified asphalts accounting for nearly thirty
percent of MHTD's liquid asphalts. This change came in maintenance, whereas
the use of emulsified asphalts in new construction remained unchanged. Asr
indicated by one emulsified asphalt supplier, the increase in Solvent .avail- ::
ability for 1980 has made the prices of cutback asphalts more ^competitive ^
with those of emulsified asphalts in Missouri. { ^
In the past few years, various emulsified asphalt workshops have been
presented throughout the state by MHTD's Maintenance and Traffic Division, '
the Asphalt Institute, the American Public Works'Association, the; National-
Asphalt Paving Association (NAPA), and the University of Missouri. However,
the use of cutback asphalts remains widespread among the users contacted in
this study in all road construction and maintenance operations which RACT
will not exempt.
The projected use of cutback and emulsified asphalts from May 1
through September 30, 1980 in Missouri road construction and maintenance
operations is shown in Table 7. In the nonexempt road construction and
maintenance operations, low cutback values, which represent continued use of
cutback asphalts, are circled to highlight the operations which may eventually
require enforcement. The exempt.road construction and maintenance operations
-43-
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-44-
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-45-
-------
are underscored. No attempt was made to predict use levels resulting from
RACT, which is to be effective January 1, 1983. The following discussion
is limited to the road construction and maintenance operations which
Missouri's RACT proposes not to exempt.
The Asphalt Institute indicated that cutback asphalts are generally
used in Missouri's road mix bituminous pavements and dust palliative work,
and sometimes used in fog seal and tack coat applications and recycling
operations.
MHTD District 4 noted that cutback asphalts are used only in tack coat
applications, whereas use by MHTD District 6 appears to occur to a greater
extent. Both MHTD Districts expect an overall reduction in the use of
cutback asphalts by the end of the 1980 paving season.
The introduction of emulsified asphalts at the county level is compara-
tively recent, but their use is growing rapidly. One county in the Kansas
City area has begun using emulsified asphalts to gain pre-RACT experience
and expects to replace cutback asphalts with emulsified asphalts over the
next two years wherever substitution will be required. The county repre-
senting the St. Louis area is already using emulsified asphalts to the
fullest extent.
Different viewpoints were presented by the two contractors. The
contractor in the St. Louis area indicated that most of his customers request
cutback asphalts a fact which he attributed to a lack of available
emulsified asphalts. This is shown by his use of cutback asphalts in plant-
and road-mix bituminous pavements, tack coat applications, dust palliative
work, and recycling operations. In contrast, the Kansas City contractor
indicated that ninety percent of his asphalt use (including asphalt cements)
-46-
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is emulsified asphalts and foresees an even greater amount when current MHTD
contracts which specify cutback asphalts are completed.
Both suppliers noted the use of cutback asphalts in nearly all road
construction and maintenance operations. Fog seal and aggregate precoat
applications were the only categories in which the use of cutback asphalts
was not indicated by the suppliers.
-47-
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2.3.5 PENNSYLVANIA
2.3.5.1 RACT Status in Pennsylvania . On May 20, 1980, the EPA
conditionally approved Pennsylvania's RACT for the use of cutback asphalts
with the provision that Pennsylvania submit revisions (effective by 1982)
which further restrict the use of cutback asphalts and place limitations on
solvent content in emulsified asphalts. RACT was proposed by the Pennsyl-
vania Bureau of Air Quality Control, adopted by the Commonwealth of Pennsyl-
vania on April 9, 1979, and is applicable to all areas of Pennsylvania
because the entire state has been designated as nonattainment with respect to
ozone. RACT has been submitted in Pennsylvania's revised SIP (Sections 121.1
and 129.64 of "Title 25, Rules and Regulations, Part 1, Department of Environ-
mental Resources, Subpart C, Protection of Natural Resources, Article III,
Air Resources").
In Section 121.1 of the revised SIP cutback asphalt is defined as,
"Asphalt cement which has been liquefied by blending with petroleum solvents
(diluents) which upon application evaporate to the atmosphere; excluded from
this definition is any emulsified asphalt paving compound which contains less
than 12% of solvent (diluent) by volume." The cutback asphalt paving regu-
lation is found in Section 129.64 and reads as follows:
"After April 30, 1980, no person may cause, allow, or permit
the mixing, storage, or application of cutback asphalt for
paving operations except when:
(a) Long-life stock-pile storage is necessary;
(b) The use or application between October 31 and April 30
is necessary; or
(c) The cutback asphalt is to be used solely as a penetrating
prime coat, a dust palliative, a tack coat, a pre-coating
of aggregate, or a protective coating for concrete."
-48-
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Draft revisions to the existing regulation do not exempt the use
of cutback asphalts as a tack coat and as a protective coating for con-
crete. In addition, the following limits on solvent content for specific
emulsified asphalt grades may be proposed:
Emulsion
Grade
E-l
E-2
E-3
* E-4
E-5
E-6
E-8
E-10
E-ll
E-12
AASHTO
Equivalent
RS-1, CRS-1
RS-2
CRS-2
MS-2
CMS-2
SS-1, CSS-1
SS-lh, CSS-lh
Emulsion Type
Rapid setting
Rapid setting (anionic)
Rapid setting (cationic)
Medium setting
Medium setting
Slow setting (soft residue)
Slow setting (hard residue)
Medium setting (high float)
High float
Medium setting (cationic)
% Sol
Min.
.
-
0
0
0
_
-
2
0
2
vent
Max
0
0
3
12
12
0
0
7
7
8
Because Pennsylvania's RACT implementation date was May 1, 1980, it
was possible to evaluate early post-RACT use patterns of cutback and emulsi-
fied asphalts as well as pre-RACT use patterns in the state.
The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT), The Asphalt
Institute, the Bureau of Municipal Services, three paving contractors, and
two emulsified asphalt suppliers completed the bituminous-materials-use table
developed for Pennsylvania. Their responses are tabulated in Appendix A
(Section 4.1.5.1). The road construction and maintenance operations evalu-
ated for Pennsylvania, with the grades of cutback and emulsified asphalts
that PennDOT specifies for use in these operations, and a list of product
suppliers which serve Pennsylvania are also given in Appendix A (Sections
4.1.5.2 and 4.1.5.3).
-49-
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2.3.5.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Pennsylvania. The use of emulsified asphalt in Pennsylvania as a substitute
for cutback asphalts was initiated by PennDOT shortly after the Arab oil
embargo of 1973-74. The sales of cutback and emulsified asphalts from 1969
through 1978 are shown in Figure 6.
3OO
CUTBACK ASPHALT
(ALL GRADES)
1969 I97O 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
FIGURE 6. Cutback and emulslfisd asphalt sales in Pennsylvania '
I Tliij Information no. b.w tokm from Ih."Annual RjoortofAipnalt Sal">«f>°r.d b»lh.
US. Dsparlmtntof Enera» (1976 tnrougl) 1978) and m» US. Burwu of Mtn»» (l9S9tnroua>
I9T5). . '
2 1978 Estimate or* not ravistd.
PennDOT used cutback and emulsified asphalts in approximately a
three-to-one ratio in 1973. In 1974 PennDOT issued a Department policy which
set objectives to increase the use of emulsified asphalts and decrease that
of cutback asphalts. By 1978 the ratio was reversed with emulsified asphalts
being used three times more often than cutback asphalts in PennDOT work.
-50-
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In 1975, under the direction of Pennsylvania's district office of
the Asphalt Institute and the Pennsylvania Association of Asphalt and Tar
Applicators (PAATA), the Municipal Training Division of the Department of
Community Affairs and the Bureau of Municipal Services of PennDOT began a
series of pre-RACT seminars dealing with emulsified asphalts. The goals of
the seminars were to introduce emulsified asphalt products to Pennsylvania
pavers and to encourage the use of these products wherever possible.
In 1977 the EPA and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Resources (PennDER) used EPA's emission offset policy to increase the use of
emulsified asphalts at the state level5. A Volkswagen Rabbit plant was
constructed in New Stanton, Pennsylvania. In order to offset an estimated
900 tons of VOC emissions per year from the plant, PennDOT decreased the use
of cutback asphalts and increased the use of emulsified asphalts.6 The
reduction in the use of cutback asphalts was expected to reduce VOC emissions
generated from paving operations by approximately 1,000 tons. The areas
involved include the southwestern air quality control region of Pennsylvania
and seven contiguous counties.
Despite PennDOT's success in switching to emulsified asphalts, Figure
6 shows that large quantities of cutback asphalts were still being sold in
Pennsylvania in the mid- to late-1970's. The reason for this is that sub-
stitution efforts had been mainly limited to PennDOT road construction and
maintenance operations. However, 57 percent of Pennsylvania's 115,000 miles
of road are under local jurisdiction.
5The emission offset policy requires an emission tradeoff on a better than
one-to-one basis when a polluting industry moves into a nonattainment area.
The policy objective is to reduce air pollution while still allowing econo-
mic growth.
Specific control guidelines are given in Appendix A, Section 4.1.5.4.
-51-
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Additional pre-RACT programs have been instituted to increase the
local use of emulsified asphalts and prepare the users for any change in
paving operations which RACT might require. In the past three years audio-
visual training programs, designed specifically for the individuals who
perform township paving, have been presented as one-day seminars in the 11
Pennsylvania Highway Districts. The material in these sessions has been
presented enthusiastically and the local participation has been good. The
presentations have been conducted and sponsored by PennDOT, the Asphalt
Institute, PAATA, the Department of Community Affairs, paving contractors,
and emulsified asphalt manufacturers and suppliers. Consequently, the local
users had gradually become attuned to emulsified asphalt handling and appli-
cation techniques prior to RACT's implementation date, May 1, 1980.
2.3.5.3 Post-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
Pennsylvania. RACT implementation should be achieved relatively easily due
to Pennsylvania's overall pre-RACT preparation for the switch to emulsified
asphalts. The projected use of cutback and emulsified asphalt in Pennsyl-
vania from May 1 through October 31, 1980 in the currently nonexempt road
construction and maintenance operations is shown in Table 8. Values repre-
senting continued use of cutback asphalts (that is, those which may require
enforcement) are circled. No attempt was made to evaluate use levels beyond
the 1980 paving season.
Representatives from PennDOT and the Asphalt Institute compiled
their data jointly and responded from an overall state perspective of
paving operations. The Bureau of Municipal Services, which allocates state
-52-
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Table 8
POST-RACT USE OF CUTBACK AND EMULSIFIED ASPHALTS
IN PENNSYLVANIA!IN THE NONEXEMPT OPERATIONS3
Road Construction or
Maintenance Operation
Aggregate-Bituminous Base Course
Cutback
Emulsified
Soil -Bituminous Base Course
Cutback-
Emulsified
Bituminous Surface Course FB-2
Cutback
Emulsified
Bituminous Surface Course FB-1
Cutback
Emulsified
Bituminous Surface Course CP-2
Cutback
Emulsified
Bituminous Surface Course DP-1
Cutback
Emulsified
Bituminous Seal Coat
Cutback
Emulsified
Bituminous Surface Treatment
Cutback
Emulsified
Fog Seal
Cutback
Emulsified
Paved Shoulders
Cutback
Emulsified
Recycling
Cutback
Emulsified
Post-RACT
.«£ rom .May
PennDOT* AL ,
and Buj£of '
Mun. Services
*5^«**f-
'1*
5
1 ,
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
*_
5
1
- ,GD
_ i b
» i
5 5^
1 5^
5,5"
4 1^
Use (as of May 1
1 to October 31,
Contractor
A
5
1
5
5
5
2
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
1
5
1
5
5
5
1
5
5
B C
5
1
5
4
_
_
5
1
- ' 5
1
5
2
5
1 1
5
1 1
- -
1
_c
1 -c
4
, 1980)
1980
Suppl
A
5
1
. 5
1
5
5
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
1
ier
B
-
-
(4)
4
-
2
5
2
5
2
5
2
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
2
4
aWhere 1 = generally used
2 = sometimes used
3 = used on a selected or trial basis
4 = currently not used but in research and development stage
5 = never used
and the values circled represent operations which may require
additional enforcement.
bThe second column of values is the response of the Bureau of Municipal Services.
cThis category is an extension of base course construction.
-53-
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money to townships for paving operations, answered from a local perspec-
tive; however, their responses concerning these operations were nearly
identical to those from PennDSl and the Asphalt Institute. Except for the
*1'l* "'!«,= %
,lf v..
limited fog seal work done at the township level, it is expected that emul-
sified asphalts will be substituted for cutback asphalts in all operations.
The variation in contractor response seen in Table 8 may be attributed
to the proximity of the contractor to an emulsified asphalt supplier and the
contractor's familiarity with the use of emulsified asphalts. Contractors A
and C have supplies of emulsified asphalts close to their asphalt plants so
that emulsified asphalts can be obtained daily. Contractor B, on the other
hand, does not have suppliers of emulsified asphalts close to his plant, so
the contractor must consider storage and projected demand. Although none of
the contractors use cutback asphalts in the regulated season, Contractors A
and C use. emulsified asphalts in more types of operations than Contractor B.
Contractor C has the most experience in the use of emulsified asphalts,
particularly in such categories as soil bituminous base course, bituminous
surface courses CP-2 and DP-1, and fog seal operations, where he is the only
contractor to use emulsified asphalts. He is also experimenting with emulsi-
fied asphalts in recycling operations.
Emulsified asphalt Suppliers A and B are located in south-central and
midwestern Pennsylvania, respectively. They indicated that cutback asphalts
would not be used during May through October in the nonexempt operations,
although Supplier B did note that there is some research and development work
being done with cutback asphalts in the soil bituminous base course.
-54-
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2.3.6 SOUTH CAROLINA
2.3.6.1 RACT Status In South Carolina. RACT for the use of cutback
asphalts in South Carolina road construction and maintenance operations has
been conditionally approved; it was proposed by the South Carolina Department
of Health and Environmental Control and became effective statewide July 1,
19797. RACT is found in South Carolina's revised SIP (Part G, Section II of
Regulation 62.5, "Air Pollution Control Standards, Standard No. 5, Volatile
Organic Compounds"). The regulation is stated below.
"Part G. Cutback Asphalt
1. For the purpose of this Part "cutback asphalt" means
asphalt cement which has been liquefied by blending with
petroleum solvents (diluents).
2. No person may cause, allow or permit the use or appli-
cation of cutback asphalt except as follows:
a. used solely as a penetrating prime coat,
b. long-life asphalt mix stockpile storage,
c. other use or application during the months
of January, February, and December."
RACT was implemented in South Carolina approximately one year ago.
Therefore, an evaluation of: pre- and post-RACT use patterns of cutback and
emulsified asphalts is possible.
The South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation
(SCDHPT), the Asphalt Institute, two emulsified asphalt suppliers, and one
private contractor completed the bituminous-materials-use table developed
7RACT for cutback asphalts was submitted with other VOC regulations in South
Carolina's revised SIP. To date, these VOC regulations have been conditionally
approved with no change in the cutback asphalt paving regulation.
-55-
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for South Carolina. Their responses appear in Appendix A (Section 4.1.6.1).
A list of South Carolina's applicable road construction and maintenance
operations, and a list of cutback and emulsified asphalt suppliers are also
given in Appendix A (Sections 4.1.6.2 and 4.1.6.3, respectively).
2.3.6.2. Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts
in South Carolina. South Carolina was successfully using emulsified asphalts
in a number of road construction and maintenance operations long before RACT
was implemented (see Appendix A, Section 4.1.6.1). In 1946, SCDHPT was using
some emulsified asphalts in maintenance and in-place mixing operations
operations normally reserved for asphalt cements. It was in the 1947 paving
season when emulsified asphalts were used in an operation which was usually
performed with either asphalt cements or cutback asphalts. That year, SCDHPT
placed a single surface treatment (or chip seal application) in Lexington
County using an emulsified asphalt. The response at that time, in terms of
resulting road quality, was that the emulsified asphalt did not perform better
but was an adequate substitute. Following additional emulsified asphalt
projects, contractors were given the option of using cutback asphalts, asphalt
cements, or emulsified asphalts in several categories of road construction
and maintenance operations.
The majority of South Carolina's road work was and still is performed
with asphalt cements; the long paving season (March through November) extends
the use of asphalt cements, thus limiting the use of cutback asphalts to some
surface seal work, prime coat application, and occasional stockpile storage
mixes. Therefore, the extensive pre-RACT use of emulsified asphalts has been
mainly as a substitute for asphalt cements, rather than cutback asphalts.
-56-
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The sales of cutback and emulsified asphalts in South Carolina from 1969
through 1978 are shown below in Figure 7.
30O
25O
O
O
O
20O
ISO
CO
Ul
_
OT IOO
so
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT
-"V
^-^
CUTBACK ASPHALT
(ALL GRADES )
H
f
1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
FIGURE 7. Cutback and emulsified asphalt sales in South Carolina'
I This informotionhasbeentaHen from-the "Annual Report of Asphalt Sdles"prepared bytbe
U.S. Deportment of Energy (I976through I97a)ana the U.S.Bureau! of Mines (1969 through
1975).
2 1978 Estimates are not revised.
There has been little fluctuation in the sales of cutback asphalts
over the ten-year period, whereas the sales of emulsified asphalts, which
were approximately three times greater than those of cutback asphalts in
1978, have varied to some extent.
In this case the use of emulsified asphal-ts cannot be completely
attributed to substitution for cutback asphalts; three factors were primarily
responsible for pre-RACT substitution efforts. First, the workers found
i^1.*"
that emulsified asphalts are safer products to use. Second, the price of
emulsified asphalts, according to the respondents., has been and remains
-57-
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competitive with the price of cutback asphalts. Today, the price of emulsi-
fied asphalts is anywhere from $.13 to $.26 per gallon less than cutback
asphalts depending on the grades selected. Finally, emulsified asphalts
are more convenient to use, specifically in multiple surface treatments
(known in South Carolina as bituminous surfacing: single and double treat-
ments). The common practice prior to the use of emulsified asphalts was to
use two distributor trucks in the field one filled with an asphalt cement
and one filled with a cutback asphalt. The asphalt cements were sprayed onto
the road surface followed by a layer of aggregate; this process continued
with aggregate size decreasing towards the top cover, which consisted of a
spray application of cutback asphalts with perhaps a cover of fine aggregate.
The use of emulsified asphalts required only one distributor truck because
the emulsified asphalts, in this operation, were adequate substitutes for
both asphalt cements and cutback asphalts.
Pre-RACT formal training programs, like those instituted in other
states, were not required because nearly all of the paving is done by private
contractors who had been using emulsified asphalts for about forty years.
2.3.6.3 Post-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts in
South Carolina. Extensive pre-RACT use of emulsified asphalts, although not
exclusively as a substitute for cutback asphalts, has enabled South Carolina
to implement RACT with relatively little effort. The projected use of cut-
back and emulsified asphalts in South Carolina from March 1 through November
30, 1980 in the nonexempt road construction and maintenance operations is
shown in Table 9. The only road construction and maintenance operation
which may require enforcement is the cold-laid asphaltic concrete mix used as
an immediate source of patch material.
-58-
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Table 9 ,
POST-RACT USE OF CUTBACK AND EMULSIFIED ASPHALTS
IN SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE NONEXEMPT OPERATIONS9
Road Construction or
Maintenance Operation
Post-RACT Use (as of July 1, 1979)
from March 1 to November 30, 1980
SCDHPT Contr. Supp. A and Supp.
and AI '.A Contr. B B
Road Mix Sand Asphalt Base Course
Cutback 5 5
Emulsified 5,5
Cold Laid Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course
Cutback 5 |;r 5
Emulsified 5 ;> 5
Cold Laid Asphaltic Concrete Surface Course
Cutback 5 ; 5
Emulsified 5 5
Bituminous Surfacing (Single Treatment, :
Types 1,3,2,4, and 5) r
Cutback 5 5
Emulsified 1 1
Bituminous Surfacing (Double Treatment,
Types 1,2,3, and 4)
Cutback 5,5
Emulsified 1 1
Bituminous Surfacing (Triple Treatment, "
Types 1,2,3,4, and 5) :
Cutback 55
Emulsified ' 1 1
Fog Seal
Cutback 5 ;;(.; 5
Emulsified 5 '; 5
Tack Coat ;
Cutback 5 5
Emulsified 1 1
Patch Material
Immediate Use v
Cutback (2) 5
Emulsified 1 5
Paved Shoulders
Cutback 5 ,
Emulsified 4
Dust Palliative
Cutback 5 5
Emulsified 5 5
5
5
b
b
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1C
5
1
5
1
5
5
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
1
5
1
5
5
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
1
aWhere 1 = generally used
2 = sometimes used
3 = used on a selected or trial basis
4 = currently not used but in research and development stage
5 = never used
and the values circled represent operations which may require additional enforcement.
bSee patch material immediate use for cutback and emulsified asphalt use levels.
cThe respondent referred to a fog seal material as a crack sealant.
dSee bituminous surfacing: single treatment for cutbafck and emulsified asphalt
use levels.
-59-
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The SCDHPT and the Asphalt Institute reviewed the bituminous-materials-
use table together and responded from an overall view of statewide road
construction and maintenance operations. They indicated that cutback asphalts
were used only in prime coat applications and stockpile mixes (both of which
are exempt, see Appendix A, Section 4.1.6.1) and in some mixes for immediate
use as patch material.
Contractor A, who does much of the road construction and maintenance
work in the southern part of the state, and Supplier B, from South Carolina,
did not cite the use of cutback asphalts in any of the nonexempt operations.
Supplier A was assisted by Contractor B (who does most of his paving
in the northern part of the state) in estimating use levels of cutback and
emulsified asphalts. According to them, cutback asphalts are generally used
in the cold-mixed patch material for immediate use.
-60-
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2.3.7 TEXAS
2.3.7.1 RACT Status in Texas. As a result of EPA's conditional
approval on March 25", 1980, RACT for Texas is presently being revised by the
Texas Air Control Board to include all ozone nonattainment counties in Texas
which emit more than 100 tons per year of VOC -from cutback asphalt paving
operations. These counties include Bexar, Brazoria, Dallas, El Paso, Gal-
veston, Harris, Jefferson, Nueces, Orange, and Tarrant. The regulation which
is to be submitted in Texas' revised SIP and implemented by December 31,
1982,v appears in Chapters 131.01 and 131.07 of the Texas Air Control Board's
Regulation V, Control of Air Pollution from Volatile Organic Compounds
(Subchapters 00 and 59, respectively). Subchapter 00 (Rule 001) defines cut-
back asphalt and Subchapter 59 (Rules 101 and 105) outlines use restrictions
and compliance requirements as follows:
00.001 (54)A "Cutback Asphalt. Any asphaltic cement which has been
liquefied by blending with petroleum solvents (diluents).
59.101. "CUTBACK ASPHALT (as defined under specified solvent-using
processes in the General Rules). The use of cutback asphalt con-
taining volatile organic compound solvents for the paving of roadways,
driveways or parking lots is restricted to no more than 8 pecent of
the total annual volume averaged over a two-year period of asphalt used
or specified for use by any state, municipal or county agency who uses
or specifies the type of asphalt application".
59.105. "COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE AND COUNTIES, (a) The provisions of
the first rule (131.07.59.101) shall apply only within Harris County.
All affected persons shall be in compliance with the rule as soon as
practicable, but no later than December 31, 1982 and shall submit a
final control plan for compliance to the Texas Air Control Board no
later than December 1, 1980."
Unlike RACT in other states, Texas' RACT does not restrict the use
of cutback asphalts in any operation or specify the amount of solvent in
-61-
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emulsified asphalts. Instead, it limits the use of cutback asphalts to
a fixed percentage of all asphalt used in paving operations (for a given
nonattainment area). Because Texas' proposed RACT implementation date,
December 31, 1982, will occur following the writing of this report, it is
possible to evaluate only pre-RACT use patterns of cutback and emulsified
asphalts. Pre-RACT use levels were determined for three major nonattainment
areas in Texas: the Austin area, including Travis"and Bexar Counties; the
Dallas and Fort Worth area, including Dallas and Tarrant Counties; and the
Houston area, including Brazoria, Harris, and Galveston Counties.
The Texas Highway Department (THD), the Asphalt Institute, county
highway departments in each of these areas, and local contractors and emulsified
asphalt suppliers provided information for evaluating existing use patterns
of cutback and emulsified asphalts in Texas. A list of Texas road construction
and maintenance operations in which cutback or emulsified asphalts are used
and a list of cutback and emulsified asphalt suppliers are given in Appendix
A (Sections 4.1.7.1 and 4.1.7.2, respectively).
2.3.7.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emu!sifed Asphalts in
Texas. The use of emulsified asphalts varies geographically. In the Austin,
Da'Tlas, and Fort Worth areas emulsified asphalts are utilized to some
extent, in all mix and spray paving categories except in prime coat appli-
cations, stockpile patch mixes, and aggregate precoat work, whereas in the
three-county Houston area, the use of emulsified asphalts is limited.
According to some respondents, high humidity may be an inhibiting factor in
Texas' coastal areas.
THD began substituting emulsified asphalts for cutback asphalts in
some seal coat work and stabilization mixes in the 1930's. Later applications
-62-
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included dust palliative and fog seal work. By 1935 THD had specified the
use of emulsified asphalts in several categories of road construction and
maintenance operations that normally required the use of either asphalt
cements or cutback asphalts.
The use of emulsified asphalts was generally low through the 1950's
and early 1960's. By the mid-1960's several emulsified asphalt suppliers had
established themselves in Texas and had introduced the cationic emulsified
asphalts. These were effective replacements for cutback asphalts in some
chip seal work. The sales of cutback and emulsified asphalts in Texas from
1969 through 1978 is shown below in Figure 8.
400
350
1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 197719782
FIGURE 8. Cutback and emulsified asphalt- sales in Texas '
I Thb Information has been taken from the "Annual Report of Asphalt Sale*0 prepared by the
U.S. Deportment of Enttray (1976through 1978)and the US. Bureau of Mines (1959 through
1975).
2 1978 Estimates are not revised. -
-63-
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The sales pattern shows that cutback asphalts exceeded emulsified asphalts
in 1969 by approximately a three-to-one ratio. By 1978, the sales of emul-
sified asphalts were slightly larger than those of cutback asphalts.
Over the past couple of years some emulsified asphalt training sessions
have taken place. On a large scale, the FHWA, the Asphalt Institute, the Ameri-
can Public Works Association, and Texas ASM University have either sponsored
or presented emulsified asphalt emulsion workshops. On a smaller scale,
several emulsified asphalt suppliers have presented instructional sessions to
THD's construction and maintenance crews as well as supervisory personnel.
The pre-RACT use of cutback and emulsified asphalts in Texas road con-
struction and maintenance operations is projected for the 1980 paving season
in Table 10. Values representing continued use of cutback asphalts are
circled. Each circled value does not, by itself, represent an enforcement
problem for a given nonattainment area; a group of circled values, however,
could represent an enforcement problem for an area if the total use of cut-
back asphalts exceeds eight percent of the use of the total liquid asphalts
in that area (averaged over two years). No attempt was made to project use
levels resulting from RACT implementation, effective December 31, 1982.
A state-wide accounting of the existing use of cutback and emulsified
asphalts was provided by the Asphalt Institute's District Engineer in Texas.
He noted that cutback asphalts are generally-to-sometimes used in all road
construction and maintenance operations.
Some emulsified asphalts are used in all road construction and
maintenance operations evaluated for the Austin area. THD, which is the
largest user of emulsified asphalts in the area, stated that the use of
emulsified asphalts is becoming more widely accepted in seal and prime coat
-64-
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applications, although THD still uses cutback asphalts in stabilization mixes
and fog seal applications. The Austin contractor who was contacted does not
use much cutback or emulsified asphalts. The emulsified asphalt supplier
mentioned that the cost advantage of emulsified asphalts for the Austin area
has been, in part, responsible for some of the recent substitution efforts.
The Houston area uses emulsified asphalts only in some surface treat-
ment and seal coat work, as cited by THD District 12. Some respondents
explained that the use of emulsified asphalts along the Gulf Coast is inhi-
bited because of the high humidity which prevents or severely delays the
setting of the emulsified asphalts (see Table 10, page 65). Consequently,
several days may be necessary for the water to evaporate from an emulsified
asphalt road mix or surface treatment subjecting the work to washout by
rain.
The switch to emulsified asphalts in the Dallas and Fort Worth area
follows the trend in the Austin area more closely than in the Houston
area. THD Districts 2 and 18 have had much success using emulsified asphalts
in surface treatments and seal coats. Presently, these districts in the
Dallas and Forth Worth area estimate their combined use of cutback asphalts
to be from seven to ten percent of the total use of liquid asphalts.
The use of emulsified asphalts by the respective precincts in each county
highway department varies; some use a limited amount of emulsified asphalts
because of unfamiliarity or previous bad experiences in working with the
material or distance from suppliers, whereas others use emulsified asphalts
exclusively. The contractor in this area generally uses emulsified asphalts
in dust palliative and aggregate precoat work and on a selected basis for
-67-
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prime coat applications* The supplier noted that emulsified asphalts are
being used at least as extensively as cutback asphalts in every road con-
struction and maintenance operation except prime coat applications, stockpile
mixes, and aggregate precoat work.
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2.3.8 WISCONSIN
2.3.8.1 RACT Status in Wisconsin. As of May, 1980, Wisconsin's RACT
for the use of cutback asphalts in road construction and maintenance opera-
tions has not been approved by EPA; it was submitted by the Air Impact
Analysis Section of Wisconsin's Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) and
was approv.ed by the state legislature in January 1979. Wisconsin's RACT i.s a
three step approach designed to phase-out cutback asphalt use in the state
and has been implemented statewide. The regulation appears in Appendix
11-C-l-l of Wisconsin's revised SIP, "A Statewide Implementation Plan to
Achieve Air Quality Standards for Particulates, Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen
Oxides, Hydrocarbons, Oxidants, and Carbon Monoxide in the State of Wis-
consin." The sections pertaining to cutback asphalts are taken-from Wis-
consin's Administrative Code, Chapter NR 154, Air Pollution Control
(Chapter NR 154.01 and 154.143(5)).
In Chapter NR 154.01, "Cutback asphalt means asphalt cement which has
been liquefied by blending with petroleum solvents (diluents) other than
residual oils. Upon exposure to atmospheric conditions, the diluents evapo-
rate, leaving the asphalt cement to perform its function. Emulsified asphalt
which contains less than 5 percent by weight petroleum solvents (disregarding
any residual oils added) are not included in this definition." The cutback
asphalt paving regulation is found in Chapter NR 154.13(5) and reads as follows:
"(5) USE OF ROAD SURFACING MATERIALS (a) Cutback Asphalts. 1.
Applicability, a. Paragraph (5)(a) applies to the mixing, storage,
use and application of cutback asphalts in Wisconsin. Paragraph
(5)(a) does not apply to cutback asphalts intended for uses other
than application to surfaces traversed by motor vehicles, bicycles
-69-
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or pedestrians. 2. The following restrictions apply to the mixing,
open storage, use or application of cutback asphalts during the ozone
season:
a. After July 1, [August 1] 1979, the use of rapid curing cutback
asphalts shall not be permitted. ^<.
-------
and a list of cutback and emulsified asphalt suppliers which serve Wisconsin,
are also given in Appendix A (Sections 4.1.8.2 and 4.1.8.3, respectively).
2.3.8.2 Pre-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts
in Wisconsin. Wisconsin has historically had problems in substituting
cutback asphalts with emulsified asphalts. The first attempt occurred in
1973. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WDOT) ran an SS-1 emul-
sified asphalt through a travel plant which left a mixed windrow of aggre-
gate and emulsified asphalt on the road surface. The four to five percent
moisture content in the mixed windrow created problems in compaction; before
the job was completed, a 2-1/2 inch rainstorm washed out the sections of
windrow that had not been spread and ravelled the mix that had been com-
pacted. The job failure may have been attributed to poor technical advice
given by the emulsified asphalt manufacturer. (According to one county
representative, emulsified asphalts were being marketed at that time as
products which could work better than cutback asphalts in rain and cold
weather.) This initial attempt marked the beginning of several failures in
Wisconsin road mix operations resulting from the improper use of emulsified
asphalts. Consequently, the use of emulsified asphalts throughout the state
remains at a relatively low level except in a few counties where effective
training in the use of emulsified asphalts has taken place and successful
jobs have been completed. The trend in the sales of cutback and emulsified
asphalts from 1969 through 1978 is shown in Figure 9.
-71-
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40O
CUTBACK ASPHALT
(ALL GRADES)
SLOW CURE CUTBACK «
ASPHALT (ROAD OIL)\
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT
IIIIIII
1969 I97O 1971 1973 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
FIGURE 9. Cutback and emulsified asphalt sales in Wisconsin '
I TM» Information has b»n loken from the "Annuol R«port of Aspholt Soles" prepored by
lh> U.S.O«portmtnt of Energy 0976 through 1978) ond lh» U.S.Bureouof Minw [1969
through 1975).
2 I97S Estimates ora not revistd.
The line representing SC cutback asphalt sales should be noted. Based
on these sales data, RACT's exemption of SC cutback asphalts may prove to be
a significant easement in terms of RACT compliance for uses of cutback
asphalts in Wisconsin.
Through 1979, WDOT has not had a completely successful road mix
operation using emulsified asphalts and has not really encouraged the use of
emulsified asphalts to any extent. Successful pre-RACT use of emulsified
asphalts has occurred, however, in some Wisconsin counties outside of WDOT
jurisdiction.
Wisconsin's county highway departments play a significant role in
statewide road construction and maintenance operations. The counties, about
-72-
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16 of which own and operate hot mix plants, have jurisdiction over approxi-
mately 88 percent of Wisconsin's 105,000 miles of road. In addition to their
city and township work, they perform nearly all of the maintenance on state
roads.
The Portage County Highway Department, which began seal coating with
high float emulsified asphalts in 1977, purchased a pugmill in 1978 to
increase the use of emulsified asphalts in road mix operations. By 1979 they
had determined the optimum aggregate moisture content to be three percent
when'using emulsified asphalts in mix operations and found that if the
moisture content could be kept below five percent, road quality would not be
impaired. Their emulsified asphalt work has been successful, which is due,
partly, to the technical assistance they received from one local emulsified
asphalt manufacturer. Upon request by some of the counties, an asphalt
emulsion workshop was conducted in the spring of 1979 in Stevens Point,
Wisconsin, at which the eight highway districts were represented. There are
now about six counties which have purchased pugmills for emulsified asphalt
work.
With the exception of the seminar conducted at Stevens Point, group
training sessions on the use of emulsified asphalt in Wisconsin have been
limited to a few technical presentations given at Marquette University in
Milwaukee. Therefore, it appears that Wisconsin may have much difficulty in
implementing RACT; however, RACT presently exempts the use of SC cutback
asphalts, which are the primary cutback asphalts used in the state by the
county highway departments. The exemption thus provides a buffer for the
majority of cutback asphalt users in the state.
-73-
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2.3.8.3 Post-RACT Use Patterns of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts
in Wisconsin. Despite the large quantities of SC cutback asphalts used
in Wisconsin (see Figure 9, page 72), enforcement problems may exist for all
nonexempt road construction and maintenance operations in Wisconsin. In many
cases, the switch to emulsified asphalts has been avoided due to numerous bad
pre-RACT experiences with emulsified asphalts.
The projected use of cutback and emulsified asphalts in Wisconsin from
May 1 through September 30, 1980 in the four currently nonexempt road con-
struction and maintenance operations, is shown in Table 11. Values repre-
senting continued use of cutback asphalts are circled to 'highlight operations
which may require enforcement (low SC cutback values representing use levels
of SC cutback asphalts are not circled because they are presently exempt).
No attempt was made to predict use levels resulting from RACT, which is
effective May 1, 1981.
WOOT, the Asphalt Institute, and County A (one of the more progressive
counties in the acceptance of emulsified asphalts) indicated that there are
no cutback asphalts used in seal coat and aggregate precoat work or fog, seal
and tack coat applications.
County B, which can be classified as a rural county, noted that
cutback and emulsified asphalts are used on an equal basis in seal coat work,
however, they are or.' v being used in the reasearch and development stage.
The contractor, who has used MC grades of cutback asphalts in all of
the nonexempt operations stated that he is continuing this pattern for the
1980 season because of past success with cutback asphalts.
The supplier also indicated that cutback asphalts are used in seal
coat operations but only on a selected or trial basis.
-74-
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Table 11
POST-RACT USE OF CUTBACK AND EMULSIFIED ASPHALTS
IN WISCONSIN IN THE NONEXEMPT OPERATIONS3
Road Construction or
Maintenance Operation
Post-RACT Use (as of May 1, 1980)
from May 1 to September 30. 1980
AI
WDOT
County
A B
Contractor Supplier
Seal Coat
Cutback
Emulsified
Fog Seal
Cutback
Emulsified
Bituminous Tack Coat
Cutback
Emulsified
Aggregate Precoat
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
2
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
5
1
Cutback
Emulsified
5
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
9
5
5
aWhere 1 = generally used
2 = sometimes used
3 = used on a selected or trial basis
4 = currently not used but in research and development stage
5 = never used
and the values circled represent operations which may require addi-
tional enforcement.
bThe cutback asphalt used by county B for tack coat operations is SC-800.
-75-
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2.4 Eight-State Summary of RACT Status and Implementation Effort
The preceding investigation into the RACT status and pre- and post-
RACT use patterns of cutback and emulsified asphalts in California, Colorado,
Indiana, Missouri, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, and Wisconsin has
shown that the content and implementation of RACT will vary from state to
state. RACT is summarized for each state in Table 12, and the reasons for
the continued use of cutback asphalts in each state, noting the road con-
struction and maintenance operations that may require enforcement, are
discussed below.
In certain areas of California's mountain, coastal, and desert
regions, cutback asphalts are used in nearly all road construction and
maintenance operations. Steep and winding roads, temperature and humidity
extremes have curtailed the pre- and post-RACT use of emulsified asphalts.
Consequently, in some areas of California, adverse climate or topography may
present problems in fully implementing RACT.
Colorado's pre-RACT emulsified asphalt use has also been influenced
by meteorological conditions. Areas of high elevation (where precipitation
is frequent) and areas of low humidity have relied heavily on cutback asphalts,
although much of this use is in exempt operations. There is a trend toward
increased use of emulsified asphalts, especially because of the RACT phase-in
option, which allows a one-year compliance date extension. By the time of
RACT implementation, the use of cutback asphalts in nonexempt operations
should be confined mainly to immediate-use patch material in areas of adverse
weather.
Indiana's extensive pre-RACT use of emulsified asphalts should mini-
mize RACT-implementation effort. Most of the remaining cutback asphalt use
-76-
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is in. road mixes, seal coats, and dust palliative work by the county highway
departments in northern Indiana, where experience with emulsified asphalts
has been limited.
RACT will not be implemented in Missouri for another two and a half
years. By that time, emulsified asphalts should be widely used in the two
metropolitan areas subject to RACT. Cutback asphalt use is limited mainly to
road mixes and dust palliative work and some tack coating. Continued preferen-
tial use of cutback asphalts by some users may result in enforcement problems.
As a consequence of Pennsylvania's educational programs on the advan-
tages of emulsified asphalts, the use of cutback asphalts has been minimized.
Users of cutback asphalts indicated that cutback asphalts are used only in
fog seal work at the local level, and only on a limited 'basis. Proposed
revisions to Pennsylvania's RACT would delete the exemptions for tack coat
and protective coating for concrete. Cutback asphalts are not used appreciably
in these operations, therefore, there should be little difficulty implementing
RACT in Pennsylvania.
Favorable climate and the extensive use of asphalt cements in South
Carolina have resulted in minimal cutback asphalt use. The only continued
use of cutback asphalts appears to'be in cold-laid mixes for immediate-use
patch material.
In Texas, cutback asphalts are used at least to some degree in all
categories of road construction and maintenance. The use of emulsified
asphalts is on the rise in most parts of the state. Along the Gulf Coast,
however, the use of emulsified asphalts has not developed because of high
humidity. While most state and county highway departments should not have
difficulty meeting the cutback asphalt limit (eight percent of all asphalt
-79-
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used, on a county-by-county basis), those situated in coastal areas will,
most likely, have some difficulty unless emulsified asphalts can be shown to
perform adequately in that climate.
Wisconsin's pre-RACT use of emulsified asphalts was hindered by the
poor performance of these asphalts in state-funded jobs. The counties, which
represent almost 90 percent of Wisconsin's road jurisdiction, have had better
results. Some users who have not had success with emulsified asphalts may be
reluctant to switch to them. In addition, training in the use of emulsified
asphalts has been limited in Wisconsin. Therefore, Wisconsin may experience
some problems in the complete implementation of RACT.
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3.0 EQUIPMENT CHANGES
3.1 Introduction
The implementation of RACT will not entail extensive or costly equip-
ment changes based on our discussions with equipment manufacturers and
dealers and with users and producers of cutback and emulsified asphalts. The
only observed equipment change was minor and involved asphalt pumps; however,
several storing and handling procedures have been developed specifically for
the'use of emulsified asphalts. This section describes the potential changes
in asphalt pumps and summarizes key storing and handling procedures for
emulsified asphalts following a brief description of the manufacture and
application of cutback and emulsified asphalts.
3.1.1 Manufacture of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts.
A typical materials flow chart of cutback and emulsified asphalts used
in road construction or maintenance operations is shown in Figure 10. The
chart begins at the manufacturing site and ends at the paving job site.
Cutback asphalts are usually manufactured at petroleum refineries and basi-
cally require the blending of an asphalt cement with a petroleum solvent.
Emulsified asphalts may also be manufactured at refineries but are most often
manufactured in separate plants, logistically positioned with respect to
product demand, transport facilities, and ingredient suppliers. Emulsified
asphalts are made in a colloid mill in which rotary action shears heated
asphalt cement into fine particles, and combines them with water which has
-81-
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-82-
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been treated with surfactants and other additives (sometimes including
varying amounts of solvents).
3.1.2 Application of Cutback and Emulsified Asphalts.
As shown in Figure 10, cutback and emulsified asphalts can be mixed
with aggregate, applied as a spray application followed by an aggregate
cover, or applied as a spray application alone. In general, cutback and
emulsified asphalts can be either mixed at a central location with aggre-
gate at ambient temperature or with aggregate that has been preheated to
a range of temperatures nominally between 100 and 150 F (38 and 65.5 C),
or at the paving job site with aggregate at ambient temperatures. Conven-
tional hot mix batch plants and continuous drum mix plants are usually at
a central location; the elevated mixing temperature allows the finished
mix to be hauled to the paving job site and still remain workable. Travel
plants and in-place-mixers are used at the paving job site to produce
mixes.
Cutback and emulsified asphalts can also be used at the job site
as a surface spray application. They can be sprayed onto an uncompacted
upper base material and blade-mixed with a motor grader; sprayed onto an
existing road surface and covered with one or more layers of aggregate chips;
and sprayed without any aggregate mixing or covering serving as a prime or
tack coat, crack sealant or fog seal.
-83-
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3.2 Potential Changes in Asphalt Pumps
The only equipment change at the cutback and emulsified asphalt
user-level due to RACT implementation involves the asphalt pump. When a
cutback asphalt pump is converted to emulsified asphalt use, the pump
changes include decreasing pump speed, increasing clearance between the
internal moving parts of the pump, drilling holes through the idler and
bushing of the pump, and flushing the pump with an oil. These changes are
made to minimize pump malfunctions resulting from premature coalescence of
the asphalt particles (that is, separation of the asphalt phase and water
phase of the emulsified asphalt).
Pump selection is based on the physical properties of the liquid
and operating conditions under which the liquid is pumped. Viscosity,
specific gravity, and vapor pressure are some of the liquid variables; and
capacity, discharge pressure, suction, temperature, and duty cycle are some
of the operating variables considered in selecting a pump. Cutback and
emulsified asphalts have different fluid flow characteristics. Specifically,
cutback asphalts are Newtonian fluids (fluids in which the viscosity is
constant at a given temperature which does not vary with the rate of shear),
whereas emulsified asphalts are non-Newtonian fluids (fluids in which the
viscosity varies with the rate of shear. In most instances the same pump can
be used to transfer both bituminous materials; however, it may be necessary
to make internal changes in the pump or modify its operation when switching
from a Newtonian to a non-Newtonian fluid.
Positive displacement rotary pumps are used to transfer cutback and
emulsified asphalts from storage containers either to a mixing unit or
-84-
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through a spray distribution system. A schematic of an internal gear pump,
which is a type of positive displacement rotary pump (with a single rotor)
commonly used to pump asphalt material, is shown in Figure 11.
s Fluid Outlet
Drillholes
Fluid Inlet
Pump Housing
Figure 11. Schematic of a rotary positive displacement pump
A gear pump consists of a pair of meshing gears that rotate in a
housing. As the fluid moves into the inlet region, it is trapped between the
gear teeth keeping the fluid from passing back into the inlet region and
carrying it around to the outlet side. The pressure in the outlet side
increases until it is high enough to dischage the fluid.
-85-
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Pump manufacturers and users recommend that the pump speed, which is
normally determined by the viscosity at the pumping temperature, be reduced
by, approximately one-half, thus proportionately decreasing the output. As an
example, a pump running cutback asphalts at 350 rpm with a 200 gpm output
would likejy run emulsified asphalts at 175 rpm with a 100 gpm output.
Shear pressures induced by the pumping action (that is, a squeezing
action) can cause the asphalt to coalesce prematurely, forming a build-up of
asphalt within the pump body. This, in turn, decreases the axial and dia-
metric clearances between the internal rotational and stationary housing
parts and between the rotational parts themselves. Consequently, all appli-
cable clearances have to be slightly increased when handling emulsified
asphalts. A typical increase would be 0.003 inch.
To further minimize malfunctions resulting from premature coalescence
of the asphalt particles within the pump body, pump flushing and hole drilling
through the idler and bushing may be necessary.. The purpose of hole drilling
is to improve lubrication between the shaft and bushing. Pumps which have
been in service for a long time usually have enough frictional wear which
automatically allows the fluid to move with less resistance between the
moving parts. However, in some of the newer pumps which have fewer hours of
operation, hole drilling may be required. The holes are about one-quarter of
an inch in diameter and are drilled at each indentation of the idler gear
through the bushing (see Figure 11). This can readily be performed by the
user. New pumps now come equipped with predrilled holes so that either
cutback or emulsified asphalts can be run through the unit.
-86-
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In practice, pumps are flushed infrequently, usually at the beginning
and end of the paving season regardless of whether cutback or emulsified
asphalts are used. However, when pumping emulsified asphalt, it may be
necessary to flush the pump with a distillate oil just before it is turned
off and prior to start-up, especially in the case of emulsified asphalts
containing no solvent.
3.3 Emulsified Asphalt Storing and Handling Procedures.
Changes in storage equipment will most likely occur at the cutback and
emulsified asphalt manufacturer-level, although several emulsified asphalt
storing and handling procedures at the user level have been developed. These
procedures, which are consistent with the comments and suggestions offered by
the equipment manufacturers and dealers as well as the users of cutback and
emulsified asphalts interviewed in this study, are listed below.
o Storing or handling emulsified asphalts below the freezing point
or above the boiling point of water will cause the emulsified
asphalts to separate into an asphalt phase and a water phase.
The recommended range of storage temperatures is from 50 F (10 C)
to 185 F (85 C).
o Long-term storage of emulsified asphalts (which is more appli-
cable to the emulsified asphalt manufacturer than to the user)
can lead to asphalt settlement in the tank and to the formation
of an oxidized "skin" on the surface of the product. To minimize
these problems several options are available: in-tank propellers
-87-
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can be used to gently circulate (or roll-over) the emulsified
asphalts; circulation pumps can be used to move the emulsified
asphalts from the top of the tank to the bottom pumping in
this manner avoids surface splashing which may cause the emul-
sified asphalts to foam; oil can be sprayed onto the emulsified
asphalt surface in the tank to reduce oxidation; and vertical
storage tanks can be used so that less emulsified asphalt
surface area is exposed to the tank atmosphere.
Indirect heating can eliminate hotspots in the heating coils of
the storage container; indirect heating can be achieved with water,
low-pressure or waste steam, or heat transfer oil.
Bringing one emulsified asphalt into contact with another of a
different grade (or with a cutback asphalt) in any storage,
transfer, mixing, or application equipment can cause premature
coalescence of the asphalt in the system, rendering the emulsi-
fied asphalt useless and the equipment inoperable. The recom-
mended procedure to use when placing emulsified asphalts in a
storage container is to reduce the volume of the previously
stored material to less than 0.5 percent of the total storage
volume of the container.
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4.0 APPENDICES
4.1 Appendix A
4.1.1 CALIFORNIA
4.L.1.1 RACT for San Bernardino, Fresno and San Francisco Areas. San
Bernardino, which is part of the South Coast Air Quality Management District
(SCAQMD), follows the RACT presented below.
"Proposed Rule 1108 - Cutback Asphalt
(a) Definitions
For the purpose of this rule, cutback asphalts for
paving are defined as Rapid, Medium or Slow Curing
grades as defined in Section 93 of the January 1978,
State of California Department of Transportation
Standard Specifications.
(b) Requirements
Effective April 2, 1980 a person shall not use for
paving, road construction, or road maintenance any cut-
back asphalt which contain more than 0.5 percent by
volume organic compounds which evaporate at 260°C
(500°F) or less as determined by ASTM Method D 402
latest revision.
(c) Until December 31, 1981, the provisions of subsection
(b) shall not apply to:
(1) The use of medium curing asphalt as a'pene-
trating prime coat, or
(2) The use of medium curing asphalt when the
weather forecast of the highest ambient
temperature for the 24-hour period following
application is below 10°C (50°F).
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For the purpose of this subsection, an acceptable weather
forecast is one published by the National Weather Service
for the immediate vicinity of the asphalt application.
Proposed Rule 1108.1 - Emulsified Asphalt
(a) Definitions
For the purpose of this rule, emulsified asphalt for
paving is defined as any asphalt liquified with water
containing an emulsifier.
(b) Requirements
Effective January 1, 1982 a person shall not use for paving,
road construction, or road maintenance any emulsified
asphalt which contains more than 3 percent by volume organic
compounds which evaporate at 260°C (500°F) or less as
determined by ASTM Method D 244, or such other test method
as approved by the Executive Officer."
RACT for the Fresno APCD is presented below.
"1. Definitions
A. 'Asphalt1 means the dark-brown to bleck cementation material
(solid, semi-solid, or liquid in consistency) of which the
main constituents are bitumens which occur naturally or as a
residue of petroleum refining.
B. 'Cutback asphalt1 means paving grade asphalts liquefied with
petroleum distillate and as further defined by American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications as
fol1ows:
Rapid cure type:
Medium cure type:
ASTM D 2028
ASTM D 2027
'Dust palliative' means any light application of liquefied
asphalt (cutback or emulsified asphalt) for the express
purpose of controlling loose dust.
'Emulsified asphalt1 means any asphalt liquefied with water
containing an emulsifier. The two kinds of emulsions most
pertinent are the anionic and cationic types.
-90-
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E. 'Penetrating prime coat1 means any application of asphalt to
an adsorptive surface to penetrate and bind the aggregate
surface or promote adhesion between it and the new super-
imposed construction. Prime coats do not include dust
palliatives or tack coats.
F. 'Road Oils' shall be synonymous with slow cure asphalts.
G. 'Tack coat' means any application of asphalt applied to
an existing surface to provide a bond between new surfacing
and existing surface and to eliminate slippage planes where
the new and existing surfaces meet.
Prohibitions
A. After July 1, 1979, no person shall cause or allow the use
or application of rapid cure cutback asphalt for highway or
street paving or maintenance, nor manufacture, sell, or offer
for sale cutback asphalt for such use or application.
B. After July 1, 1980, no person shall cause or allow the use
or application of cutback asphalt for highway or street
paving or maintenance, nor manufacture, sell, or offer for
sale cutback asphalt for such use or application except'as
specified below:
1) Where the cutback asphalt is to be used solely as a
penetrating prime coat;
2) Where the National Weather Service official forecast
of the high temperature for the 24-hour period following
application is below 50°F (10°C).
3) Where cutback asphalt is required for cold laid surfacing
using a graded aggregate or sand.
C. After January 1, 1982, road oils used for highway or street
paving or maintenance applications shall contain no more
than 0.5 percent of organic compounds which boil at less
than 500°F as determined by ASTM D 402-73.
After January 1, 1985, no person shall cause or allow the use
or application of cutback asphalt, or shall cause or allow
the use or application of an emulsified asphalt containing
petroleum solvents (diluents) in excess of 3 percent by
volume for highway or street paving or maintenance, nor sell,
or offer for sale such asphalts for such use or application.
Exemptions
A. The provisions of subsection 2.R. and 2.C. of this Rule do
not apply to cutback asphalt sold in the District for ship-
ment and use outside the District."
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San Francisco, which is part of the Bay Area Air Quality Management
District (BAAQMD), abides by the RACT presented below.
"8-15-100 GENERAL
8-15-101 Description: The purpose of this Rule is to limit the emissions
of volatile organic compounds caused by the use of cutback asphalt
in paving materials and paving and maintenance operations.
8-15-110 Exemptions, Penetrating Prime Coat: The requirements of Section
8-15-302 shall not apply to the use of cutback asphalt as a pene-
trating prime coat for aggregate bases prior to paving. This
exemption shall end^January 1, 1982. .
8-15-111 Exemptions. Slow-cure Liquid Asphalt: The requirements of Section
8-15-302 shall not apply to the use of slow-cure liquid asphalt
for the manufacture of asphalt/aggregate mixes.
8-15-112 Exemption. Cool Weather: The requirements of Section 8-15-302
shall not apply when the National Weather Service forecasts
atmospheric temperature for the 24 hour period following appli-
cation will be below 10°C (50°F).
8-15-200 DEFINITIONS
8-15-201 Asphalt: The dark brown to black cementitious material (solid or
liquid) of which the main constituents are bitumens which occur
naturally or as a residue of petroleum refining.
8-15-202 Cutback Asphalt: Any asphalt which has been liquefied by blending
with petroleum solvents.
8-15-203 Emulsified Asphalt: Any asphalt liquefied with water containing
an emulsifier.
8-15-204 Medium-cure Liquid Asphalt: A cutback asphalt which meets the
standard specifications of ASTM Designation D 2027.
8-15-205 Paving Material: A mixture consisting mainly of an asphalt and
aggregate.
8-15-206 Paving and Maintenance Operations: All activities involved in
the new construction and maintenance of roadways and parking
areas.
8-15-207 Penetrating Prime Coat: A low-viscosity liquid asphalt which is
applied to an absorbent material in order to prepare the surface
for paving.
-92-
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8-15-208 Rapid-cure Liquid Asphalt: A cutback asphalt which meets the
standard specifications of ASTM Designation D 2028.
8-15-209 Slow-cure Liquid Asphalt (Road Oil): Asphalt which meets the
standard specifications of ASTM Designation D 2026, and which
shall be further defined as containing no more than 5% by volume
of total distillate to 260°C (500°F) as determined by ASTM
Distillation Method D402. For purposes of this Regulation, Road
Oil and SC Liquid Asphalt shall be synonomous.
8-15-300. STANDARDS
8-15-301 Rapid-cure Liquid Asphalt: After June 1, 1979, a person shall
not use any rapid-cure liquid asphalt in paving material or in
paving and maintenance operations.
8-15-302 Cutback Asphalt: After March 31, 1980, a person shall not use
any cutback asphalt in paving material or in paving and main-
tenance operations during the months of April through October.
8-15-303 Emulsified Asphalt: After January 1, 1982, a person shall not
use any emulsified asphalt containing petroleum solvents in
excess of 3% by volume in paving material or in paving and
maintenance operations."
4.1.1.2 Bituminous-Materials-Use Table for California. CalTrans, two
emulsion suppliers, two paving contractors, and three county road departments
provided the data used to compile the composite bituminous-materials-use
table for California, which is presented in two sections. Section 1 of Table
13 lists responses from CalTrans1 Materials Laboratory, the contractors, and
the suppliers. Section 2 of Table 13 lists responses from the CalTrans
District Office and a county road department in each of the three APCD's
studied. The operation exempted from RACT by the APCD's (penetrating prime
coat), are underscored.
-93-
-------
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-97-
-------
4.1.1.3 California Road Construction and Maintenance Operations.
Standard Specifications. State of California Business and Transportation
Agency, Department of Transportation. January, 1978 edition was used as a
reference to prepare California's bituminous-materials-use table. Twelve
categories of road construction and maintenance operations were evaluated.
These categories and recommended bituminous materials are listed below. The
operation exempt from RACT is underscored.
Road Construction or
Maintenance Operation
Asphalt Concrete
Road-Mixed Asphalt Surfacing
Seal Coat
Fog Seal
Prime Coat
Tack Coat
Patch Material:
Immediate Use
Stockpile
Paved Shoulders
Dust Palliative
Aggregate Precoat
Recycli ng
Cutback
Asphalts
a
a
a
a
d
d
d
d
Emulsified
Asphalts
b
ss, cssc
b
d
d
d
d
SS-1
*Type and grade to be designated in contract. A list of acceptable cutback
asphalts is found in Section 93 of the reference.
bType and grade to be designated in contract. A list of acceptable emulsi-
fied asphalts is found in Section 94 of the reference.
cUnless otherwise specified in contract.
dCalifornia does not currently have specifications for these materials.
4.1.1.4 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt Suppliers Who Serve Cali-
fornia. The Asphalt Istitute and CalTrans have provided the names and
locations of cutback and emulsified asphalt suppliers who serve California.
The companies and the products they sell are listed below.
-98-
-------
Company
Cutback Asphalt Emulsified Asphalt
Newhall Refinery
Newhall, CA
Chevron USA, Inc.:
Bakersfield, CA
Oakland, CA
Oil dale, CA
Witco Chemical Co.
Golden Bear Div.
Bakersfield, CA
Emulsified Asphalts, Inc.
Fontana, CA
Burris Oil and Chemical Co.
Fresno, CA
Long Beach, CA
Edgington Oil Co.
Long Beach, CA
Shell Oil Co.
Martinez, CA
Douglas Oil Co.:
Paramount, CA
Santa Maria, CA
Elk Grove, CA
Granite Rock Co.:
Redwood City, CA
San Jose, CA
Santa Cruz, CA
Union Oil Co.
Rodeo, CA
Sim J. Harris Co.
San Diego, CA
Rebel Oil Co.
Redland, CA
Reed and Graham, Inc.
San Jose, CA
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-99-
-------
4.1.2 COLORADO
4.1.2.1 Colorado Road Construction and Maintenance Operations.
Colorado's Standard-Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction. 1976
edition, was used as the reference for road construction and maintenance
operations. Eleven road construction and maintenance categories, which are
listed below, were selected for evaluation in Colorado's bituminous-materials-
use table. The exempt road construction and maintenance operations for the
1980 paving season are underscored.
Road Mix Bituminous Base Course
Seal Coat
Fog Seal
Prime Coat
Tack Coat
Paved Shoulders
Patch Material:
Immediate Use
Stockpile
Dust Palliative
Recycling
Aggregate Precoat
Colorado conforms to the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Designation M 81 for RC cutback asphalts,
M 82 for MC cutback asphalts, M 140 for emulsified (anionic) asphalts, and
M 208 for cationic emulsified asphalts. AASHTO Designation M 141 for SC
cutback asphalts was deleted in AASHTO's 1978 specifications; however,
specifications for SC cutback asphalts can be found in ASTM D 2026-77,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1980.
4.1.2.2 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt Suppliers Who Serve Colorado.
The following is a list of CDH's 1980 cutback and emulsified asphalt sup-
pliers who provide material for highway maintenance work.
-100-
-------
Company
Asphalt Supply and Service
4301 East 40th Avenue
Denver, CO 80216
Colorado Bitumuls, Inc.
5301 No. Bannock
Denver, CO 80216
Deal Petroleum Co.
P.O. Box 7038
Tulsa, OK 74105
Husky Oil Co.
P.O. Box 380
Cody; WY 82414
Penelizer Corp.
5701 Dexter Street
Commerce City, CO
80022
Phillips Petroleum Co.
P.O. Box 239
Salt Lake City, UT 84110
Riffe Petroleum Co.
1111 Philtower Building
Tulsa, OK 74103
Sinclair Marketing
P.O. Box 1677
Englewood, CO 80110
Refinery Location
Casper, WY
Denver, CO
Denver, CO
Arkansas City, KS
Cody, WY
Cheyenne, WY
Commerce City, CO
Wood Cross, UT
Sheerin, TX
Sinclair, WY
Cutback
Asphalts
X (RC)
Emulsified
Asphalts
X
X (RC, MC)
X (RC, MC)
X (RC, MC)
X (MC)
There are two other emulsion suppliers located in Colorado according
to a 1979 update of Emulsion Plants in the United States, Canada, and Mexico,
compiled by the Asphalt Emulsion Manufacturers Association (AEMA), 1977.
They include:
Colorado Bitumuls, Inc.
642 S. Second Street
Grand Junction, CO 81501
Continental Oil Co.
5801 Brighton Boulevard
Denver, CO 80216
-101-
-------
4.1.3 INDIANA
4.1.3.1 Bituminous-Materials-Use Table for Indiana. ISHC, two
county highway departments (one urban and one rural), and two paving con-
tractors provided data used to compile the composite bituminous-materials-
use table for Indiana which is given in two sections. Section 1 of Table
14 lists responses from ISHC and the two counties; section 2 of Table 14
lists responses from the two paving contractors. The exempt road construc-
tion and maintenance operations specified in Indiana's RACT are underscored;
these include the prime coat and cold mix bituminous pavement (stockpile)
categories.
4.1.3.2 Indiana Road Construction and Maintenance Operations.
Indiana State Highway Standard Specifications, 1978 edition was used as
the reference for selecting the road construction and maintenance operations
which permit the use of either cutback or emulsified asphalts. Indiana
specifications for cutback and emulsified asphalts can be found in Section
902 of the reference. Sixteen road construction and maintenance categories
were evaluated for Indiana; these categories and their recommended bituminous
materials (if specified) are listed following Table 14. The categories which
RACT exempts are underscored.
-102-
-------
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-106-
-------
Cutback Asphalts Emulsified Asphalts
Plant Mix Bituminous Rase Course9
Road Mix Bituminous Base Course'3
Bituminous Stabilized Subbase
Type I
Type II
Bituminous Coated Aggregate Pavement
Hot Asphalt Emulsion Pavement
Road-Mix Bituminous Pavement
Cold Mixed Bituminous Pavement
Immediate Use
Stockpile
Bituminous Seal Coat
Fog Sealc
Bituminous Prime Coat
Bituminous Tack Coat
Paved Shoulders3
Recycling0
Dust Palliative0
Aggregate Precoat0
RC-800
RCA-800
,RC-800,3000
MC-70
RC-70
AE-150
AE-60
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AE-90,150
AE-150
RS-2,
AE-90, 150
AE-P
AE-T
aSee Hot Asphalt Emulsion Pavement, Bituminous Coated Aggregate Pavement,
and Cold Mix Bituminous Pavement for material recommendations.
bSee Road Mix Bituminous Pavement for material recommendations.
CISHC does not currently have specifications for these operations.
4.1.3.3 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt Suppliers Who Serve Indiana.
The ISHC Division of Materials and Tests prepares a "green sheet" of bitumi-
nous materials which may be used as soon as they arrive at their destination,
("Immediate Usage List of Bituminous Materials"). The following grades of
cutback and emulsified asphalts with their source and location have been
copied from the January 1980 listing.
-107-
-------
Company
Plant Location
Cutback
Asphalts
Emulsified
Asphalts
Ashland Refining Company Louisville, KY
Indiannapolis, IN
Bituminous Materials Co. Warsaw, IN
Asphalt Material and
Construction Inc.
Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
Asphalt Division
Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
Emulsified Asphalt
Louisville, KY
North Bend, OH
Chicago, IL
Emulsions, Incorporated Lawrenceville, IL
Division Bituminous
Materials Co.
Energy Cooperative, Inc. East Chicago, IN
(formerly C.F. Petroleum)
Exxon Louisville, KY
Fauber Construction Co. Lafayette, IN
Greenland, Incorporated
Division Ashland Oil,
Inc.
Magaw Construction Inc.
Marathon Oil Co.
(Trumbull Asphalt)
Seneca Petroleum Corp.
Shell Oil Co.
North Vernon, IN
Richmond, IN
Detroit, MI
Lemont, IL
Michigan City, IN
Cincinnati, OH
RC-70,800
MC-70
MC-70
RC-70,800,
3000 MC-70
MC-70
RC-70
RC-70
MC-70
RS-2
AE-60,90,150,300
RS-2
AE-60,90,150,300,P
MC-70
MC-70
RS-2
AE-60, 150
RS-2
AE-60
AE-150
RS-2
AE-60,90,150, 300,P
AE-60,P
RS-2
AE-60,90,150,300,P
RS-2
AE-60,90,150,P
RS-2
AE-60,90,150,300,P
RS-2
AE-60,90,150
-108-
-------
Company
Standard Oil Division
Texaco, Inc.
Walsh and Kelly Div.
Bituminous Materials Co.
Plant Location
Whiting, IN
Lawrenceville, IL
Griffith, IN
Cutback
Asphalts
RC-800
RC-70
RC-70,800
MC-70
Emulsified
Asphalts
RS-2
AE-60,90,150,300,P
aThis material requires a job sample.
4.1.4 MISSOURI
4.1.4.1 Missouri Road Construction and Maintenance Operations.
Missouri Standard Specifications for Highway Construction, 1977 edition
(amended January 1980) was used to prepare the bituminous-materials-use table
for Missouri. Twelve categories of road construction and maintenance opera-
tions were examined. These categories and their recommended bituminous
materials are given below. The categories to be exempted from RACT are
underscored.
Plant Mix Bituminous Pavement9
Road Mix Bituminous Pavement
Seal Coat
Fog Sealc
Prime Coat
Tack Coat
Cutback Asphalts Emulsified Asphalts
MCb
RC-3000, MC-3000 RS-1, RS-2, CRS-1,
CRS-2
RC, MCd d
RC-70; MC-30, 70 SS-1, SS-lh, CSS-1,
CSS-lh
-109-
-------
Cutback Asphalts Emulsified Asphalts
Patch Material:0
Immediate Use
Stockpile
Paved Shoulders0
Dust Palliative0
Aggregate Precoat0"
Recycling0
auntil November 1979, both asphalt cements and cutback asphalts were speci-
fied. After that time, cutback asphalts were deleted. This category is
included because MHTD foresees an amendment to the plant mix bituminous
pavement specifications which would allow emulsified asphalt use. MHTD
expects increased use of emulsified asphalts in plant mix bituminous surface
leveling, but this category is excluded from this study since its specifi-
cation has never called for the use of cutback or emulsified asphalts.
bThe grade is to be specified in the contract and is to be one of the
following: MC-30, 70, 250, 800, or 3000.
°MHTD does not currently have specifications for these operations.
dThe type and grade are to be specified in the contract (see Section 10.15
of the reference).
MHTD's specifications for emulsified asphalts include those in AASHTO
M 140 and M 208 as well as three other items -- CMS-Z (modified), with which
has a higher penetration than CMS-2, and EA-150, and EA-300 (high-float
medium-set emulsified asphalt).
4.1.4.2 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt Suppliers Mho Serve-Missouri.
MHTD maintains a list of cutback and emulsified asphalt suppliers who bid on
state jobs. A copy of this list showing the companies, their locations, and
the products they offer is presented below.
Company and Location
Allied Materials Corp.
Stroud, OK 74079
Cutback
Asphalts
Emulsified
Asphalts
-110-
-------
Company and Location
Amoco Oil Co.
Sugar Creek, MO 65054
Amoco Oil Co.
Wood River, IL 62095
Bitucote Products Co.
Springdale, AR 72764
Bitucote Products Co.
Des Moines, IA 50309
Bitucote Products Co.
St. Louis, MO 63139
Chevron Asphalt Co.
St. Louis, MO 63139
Delta Asphalt, Inc.
P.O. Box 125
New Madrid, MO 63869
Delta Refining Co.
Memphis, TN 38109
Energy Sales, Inc.
Cabool, MO 65689
Energy Sales, Inc.
Springfield, MO 65801
Kansas Emulsions, Inc.
El Dorado, KS 67042
Kaw Industries, Inc.
P.O. Box 30
Ponca City, OK 74601
Kirksville Emulsified
Asphalts, Inc.
Kirksville, MO 63501
Louis Marsch, Inc.
Morrisonville, IL 62546
Louis Marsch, Inc.
Troy, MO 63379
Meredosia Terminals, Inc.
(Riffe Petroleum Co.)
Meredosia, IL 62665
Cutback
Asphalts
X
Emulsified
Asphalts
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-111-
-------
Company and Location
Missouri Emulsions Inc.
Box 1583
Sedalia, MO 65301
Mobil Oil Corp.
Augusta, KS 67010
NuWay Emulsions, Inc.
Springfield, MO 65801
Pester Refining Co.
El Dorado, KS 67042
Phillips Petroleum Co.
(Union Asphalt and
Road Oils)
Kansas City, KS 66106
Producers Group, Inc.
Chanute, KS 66720
Road Emulsions El don,
Inc.
Eldon, MO 65026
Road Emulsions
Pittsburg, Inc.
Pittsburg, KS 66762
Shell Oil Co.
Wood River, IL 62095
Southern States
Asphalt Co.
Cameron, MO 64429
Southern States
Asphalt Co.
Moberly, MO 65270
Sun Oil Co.
Tulsa, OK 74119
Texaco, Inc.
Tulsa, OK 74119
Cutback
Asphalts
X
X
X
X
Emulsified
Asphalts
X
X
X
-112-
-------
Company and Location
Total Petroleum, Inc.
(Apco Refinery)
Arkansas City, KS 67005
Vance Bros., Inc.
Kansas City, MO 64130
Vickers Petroleum Corp.
(Riffe Petroleum Co.)
Ardmore, OK 73401
Cutback
Asphalts
Emulsified
Asphalts
4.1.5 PENNSYLVANIA
4.1.5.1 Bituminous-Materials-Use Table for Pennsylvania. PennDOT,
the Asphalt Institute, the Bureau of Municipal Services, three paving con-
tractors, and two emulsified asphalt suppliers provided data used to compile
the composite bituminous-materials-use table for Pennsylvania which is pre-
sented in two sections. Section 1 of Table 15 lists responses from PennDOT,
the Asphalt Institute, and the Bureau of Municipal Services; Section 2 of
Table 15 lists responses from the contractors and suppliers. The operations
which are currently exempt under Pennsylvania's RACT are underscored; these
include the prime coat, tack coat, stockpile patch material, dust palliative,
and aggregate precoat categories.
4.1.5.2 Pennsylvania Road Construction and Maintenance Operations.
Form 408 Specification, 1976 edition (with addenda) and PennDOT's Bulletin
#25, "Specifications for Bituminous Materials", 1979 edition were used as
references to prepare Pennsylvania's bituminous-materials-use table. Sixteen
categories in road construction or maintenance were evaluated; these and other
-113-
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-117-
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categories specified by PennDOT and their recommended bituminous materials
are shown below. The categories currently exempt by RACT are underscored.
Cutback Asphalts Emulsified Asphalts
Aggregate-Bituminous Base Course
Aggregate-Cement Base Course
Aggregate-Lime-Pozzolan Base Course
Soil Bituminous Base Course
Soil-Cement Base Course
Soil-Lime-Pozzolan B.ase Course
"Bituminous Surface Course FB-2
Bituminous Surface Course FB-1
Bituminous Surface Course CP-2
Bituminous Surface Course DP-1
Bituminous Seal Coat
Bituminous Surface Treatment
Fog Seal0 .
Bituminous Prime Coat
Bituminous Tack Coat
Bituminous Stockpile Patch Material
Paved Shoulders6
Dust Palliative
Aggregate P recoat
Recycling^
RC-200,800
MC-250,800
MC-30,70
MC-30,70
MC-250,800
MC-30,70
MC-30,70
RC-250,800
NRC-250,800b
RC-250,800
NRC-250,800
RC-250,800
NRC-250,800
RC-250,800
RC-250,800
RC-250,800
MC-30,70
MC-250,400E,800
MC-30,70
MC-30,70
E-1,4,5,6
RCE-250a
E-l
E-l
E-1,4,5,6
RCE-250
E-l
E-l
E-4,5,6,11
RCE-250,800
E-4,5,6,11
RCE-250 ,800
E-4,5,6,11
RCE-250 ,800
E-2,3
E-2,3
RCE-250 ,800
E-2,3
RCE-250,800
E-l
E-10,12
ME-250,800d
E-2,3,6
aRCE is an emulsified cutback asphalt.
bNRC is a cutback native asphalt.
cpennDOT does not currently have specifications for these operations.
dME is an emulsified cutback asphalt.
epennsylvania lists seven types of paved shoulder work. For the bitumi-
nous materials-use table, paved shoulder work in general was evaluated.
-118-
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4.1.5.3 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt Suppliers Who Serve Pennsyl-
vania. Section 401.2(a) of Pennsylvania's Bulletin #15, "Tentative List of
Commercial Producers of Approved Construction Materials," Publication 35,
July, 1979 edition lists 36 companies who supply Pennsylvania with cutback or
emulsified asphalts. The companies, plant location, and the type of bitumi-
nous material which they supply are listed below:
Company
Allegheny Bituminous Co.
Box 55
Belmont, NY 14813
Allied Emulsions, Inc.
505 Como Park Boulevard
Buffalo, NY 14225
Amoco Oil Co.
200 E. Randolph Drive
Chicago, IL 60601
Ashland Oil Co.
Box 148
Floreffe, PA
Ashland Oil, Inc.
P.O. Box 391
Ashland, KY 41101
Atlantic-Richfield Co.
Products Division
2700 Passyunk Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19145
Bituminous Emulsion Co.
P.O. Box 2799
Baltimore, MD 21225
Bituminous Emulsion of
Northumberland, PA, Inc.
P.O. Box 2799
Baltimore, MD 21225
Plant Location
Belmont, NY
Buffalo, NY
Clearfield, PA
3901 Asiatic Avenue
Baltimore, MD
Floreffe, PA
Ashland, KY
3144 Passyunk Avenue
Philadelphia, PA
Three River, NY
Cockpit, VA
Zinns Quarry Road
York, PA
Northumberland, PA
Cutback Emulsified
Asphalts Asphalts
X
X
X
X
-119-
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Company
Bituminous Emulsion Co.
P.O. Box 768
Warren, PA 16365
Bituminous Emulsion Co.
Windber, PA 15963
Boswell Oil Company
Box 35
Dravosburg, PA 15034
Celetex Corporation
Allied Chemical Corp.
36th & Grays Ferry Road
Philadelphia, PA 19146
Central Asphalt, Inc.
Third Street
Watkins'Glen, NY 14891
Central Oil Asphalt
100 Darrow Road
Akron, OH 44305
Chevron USA, Inc.
P.O. Box 1955
Baltimore, MD
Chevron USA, Inc.
Box 232
Lyons, NY 14489
Chevron USA, Inc.
1200 State Street
Perth Amboy, NJ 08862 '
Chevron USA, Inc.
13 Mellon Street
Springdale, PA 15144
Cortland Asphalt Products
Corporation
Lorings Crossing
RD II
Cortland, NY 13045
Dosh-King Emulsions, Inc.
16 Troyhills Road,
off Rte. 10W
Whippany, NJ 07981
Plant Location
Warren, PA
Windber, PA
Dravosburg, PA
Philadelphia, PA
Watkins Glen, NY
Akron, OH
Find!ay, OH
Baltimore, MD
Cole Road
Lyons, NY
Perth Amboy, NJ
Springdale, PA
Cortland, NY
Cutback Emulsified
Asphalts Asphalts
X
X
Whippany, NJ
-120-
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Company
Emulsion Products Co.
1100 Nanticoke Avenue
P.O. Box 731
Seaford, DE 19973
Hammaker Emulsions, Inc.
P.O. Box 2855
Harrisburg, PA 17105
Koppers Company, Inc.
Organic Materials Division
Box 418
Folansbee, WV 26037
Mobil'Oil Corp.
635 Elk Street
Buffalo, NY 14210
Neville Chemical Co.
Neville Island, PA 15225
Russell Standard Corp.
Bridgeville, PA 15017
Solar Compounds
1201 W. Blancke Street
Linden, NJ 07036
M.J. Stavola Industries, Inc.
P.O. Box 419
Kingston, NJ 08528
The Bituminous Emulsion Co.
P.O. Box 2799
Baltimore, MD 21225
Valley Emulsion Co.
Box 148
Floreffe, PA 15039
West Bank Oil, Inc.
P.O. Box 638
Pennsauken, NJ 08110
Windsor Service Co.
P.O. Box 3206
Hampden Station
Reading, PA 19604
Plant Location
Seaford, DE
Si loam Road
Chambersburg, PA
Folansbee, WV
Buffalo, NY
Neville Island, PA
Mercer, PA
Linden, NJ
Mt. Holly, NJ
3901 Asiatic Avenue
Baltimore, MD
Floreffe, PA
Paulsboro, NJ
Pettys Island, NJ
Pequest, NJ
3847 Pottsvllle
Pike Tuckerton
Cutback Emulsified
Asphalts Asphalts
X
X
X
-121-
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4.1.5.4 Miscellaneous Control Guidelines. In order to offset antici-
pated emissions from a Volkswagen Rabbit Plant in New Stanton, Pennsylvania,
control guidelines effective July 1, 1977 were established for PennDOT's use
of cutback and emulsified asphalts.
These guidelines are copied below as they appear in the Environmental
Reporter (125.4119), published by the Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.,
Washington, D.C.
"§52.2054 Control of asphalt paving material.
[42 FR 54416, October 6, 1977]
(a) Notwithstanding any provisions to the contrary in the Pennsyl-
vania Implementation Plan, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
shall restrict the annual usage of asphalts to the limits listed below in
the following sixteen county area of Pennsylvania: Al^Sheriy. Armstrong.
Beaver, Butler, Cambria, Clarion, Fayette, Green, Indiana, Jefferson,
Lawrence; Mercer, Somerset, Venango, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties:
(1) No more than twenty percent of the total amount of
liquid bituminous asphalt paving material used shall be cutback
asphalt-, and
(2) No more than 2,615,000 gallons of cutback asphalts shall
be used, of which no more than 1,400,000 gallons may be used for dust
palliative work on roadways and shoulders; and
(3) No more than 2,500,000 gallons total of emulsion Class
E-4 and Class E-5 shall be used unless an equivalent reduction
in the use of cutbacks is made to balance the additional hydrocarbon
emissions from emulsions.
(b) The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation is required
to submit to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, on a
qSarter y basis, reports which list for each of the affected Counties the
Sumber of gallons of each class of asphalt used. The.first quarter y
reports will be submitted in October 1977 for the period between July 1,
1977?Ld September 30, 1977. Copies of all reports will also be forwarded
to Region III, EPA."
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4.1.6 SOUTH CAROLINA
4.1.6.1 Bituminous-Materials-Use Table for South Carolina. SCDHPT,
the Asphalt Institute, two contractors, and two emulsified asphalt suppliers
provided data used to develop the composite bituminous-materials-use table
for South Carolina which is presented in Table 16. The road construction and
maintenance operations which are exempt under South Carolina's RACT are
underscored.
4.1.6.2 Road Construction and Maintenance Operations. South Carolina
State Highway Department, Standard Specifications for Highway Construction,
1973 edition, was used as the reference of road construction and maintenance
operations used to develop South Carolina's bituminous-materials-use table.
Fifteen road construction and maintenance categories were evaluated for South
Carolina; these categories and any specified grades of cutback and emulsified
asphalts cited in the reference, are listed below. The categories exempt by
RACT have been underscored.
Road Mix Sand Asphalt Base Course
Cold Laid Asphaltic Concrete Binder
Course9
Cold Laid Asphaltic Concrete
Surface3'*3
Bituminous Surfacing (Single Treat-
ment, Types 1,2,3,4, and 5)
Cutback Asphalts
RC-70,250,800,3000
MC-250,800
RC-250,800,3000
MC-250,800,3000
SC-250,800
RC-800,3000
Emulsified Asphalts
SS-l,lh
CRS-2
-123-
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-125-
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Cutback Asphalts
Emulsified Asphalts
Bituminous Surfacing (Double Treat-
ment, Types 1,2,3, and 4)
RC-30,70,250,800,3000 RS-1,2
MC-30,70,250,800,3000 CRS-1,2
MS-l,2,2h
CMS-2,2h
SS-l,lh
CSS-l,lh
Bituminous Surfacing (Triple Treat-
ment, Types 1,2,3,4, and 5)
Fog Seal0
Prime Coat
Tack Coat
Patch Material0
Immediate
Stockpile
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Dust Palliative0
Aggregate Precoat0
Recycling0
RC-250,800,3000
RC-30d
MC-30
RS-2
CRS-2
EA-P
mix is primarily used as patch material for immediate use and some
stockpile storage.
bSee Cold Laid Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course for material specifications.
°SCDHPT does not currently have specifications for these operations.
dprime coat for Macadam Bcise Course and Stabilized Aggregate Base Course may
also be RC-70.
With the exception of RC-30, RS-2, and EA-P specifications, which can
be found in Section 406 of the reference, South Carolina conforms to AASHTO
specifications for cutback and emulsified asphalts (see Colorado, Section
4.1.2.1, page 100 for AASHTO Designations).
4.1.6.3 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt Suppliers Who Serve South
Carolina. According to the SCDHPT's Purchasing Department, there are four
companies providing cutback or emulsified asphalts for SCDHPT road con- .
struction and maintenance work. These companies and their products are
listed below.
-126-
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Company
Central Oil Asphalt Corp.
8 East Long Street
Suite 400
Columbus, OH 43215
Exxon Co., U.S.A.
P.O. Box 10407
Charleston, SC 29405
Koch Asphalt Co.
P.O. Box 6098
Meeting and Green!eaf Streets
Charleston, SC 29405
Koch Asphalt Co.
P.O. Box 469
Poinsetta Street
Greer, SC 29651
Seaco, Inc.
2700 Industrial Drive
P.O. Box 5227
Columbia, SC 29250
Cutback
Asphalts
Emulsified
Asphalts
RS-2
CRS-2
CMS-2
RC-30,250
MC-30
CRS-2
CMS-2
SS-1
CRS-2
CMS-2
SS-1
CRS-2
CMS-2
SS-1
AE-P
4.1.7 TEXAS
4.1.7.1 Texas Road Construction and Maintenance Operations. The
Texas Highway Department 1972 Standard Specifications for Construction of
Highways. Streets, and Bridges was used as the reference to develop the
bituminous-materials-use table for Texas. Eleven general road construction
and maintenance categories were evaluated for the nonattainment areas of
Texas. None of these categories, which are listed below, are individually
restricted by RACT. The only restriction is that the use of cutback asphalts
in a nonattainment area must not exceed-eight percent of the total annual
-127-
-------
volume of liquid asphalts used or specified for use in that area (averaged
over tv/o years).
Stabilization Mixes (Road
and Plant Mixes)
Surface Treatments and Seal Coats
(One, Two, and Three Course
Surface Treatments)
Fog Seal
Prime Coat
Tack Coat
Patching Material:
Immediate Use
Stockpile
Paved Shoulders
Dust Palliative
Aggregate Precoat
Recycling
The only category for which THD specifies a particular type of asphalt
is tack coat, where either RC-2 cutback asphalt or EA-11M emulsified asphalt
may be used. For all other categories, the grades of cutback and emulsified
asphalts are specified by the THD engineer who makes his selection from a
of
general bituminous materials section (Section 300 of the reference).
4.1.7.2 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt Suppliers Who Serve Texas.
The Texas Highway Department maintains a list of cutback and emulsified
asphalt suppliers who furnish bituminous materials for state contracts. The
list, which has been provided by THD's Bituminous Materials Laboratory, is
reproduced below. Supplemental information has been provided by the Asphalt
Institute.
Company
American Petrofina
Mount Pleasant, TX
Chevron-USA, Inc.
El Paso, TX
Cutback
Asphalts
Emulsified
Asphalts
X
-128-
-------
Company
Godson Oil and Chemical Co.
Subsidiary of American Petrofina
Big Spring, TX
Crumbull Asphalt Co.
Houston, TX
Diamond Shamrock
Dumas, TX
Dorchester Refining Co.
Mount Pleasant, TX
Exxon Corp.
Baytown, TX
Gulf States Asphalt Co.
Houston, TX
Kerr-McGee Refinery
Wynnewood, OK
NuWay Emulsions:
Arlington, TX
Garland, TX
Pleasanton, TX
Ardmore, OK
Woodward, OK
Oklahoma Refining Co.
Cyril, OK
Slurry Seal, Inc.
Waco, TX
Texaco Refining Co.
Port Neches, TX
Texas Emulsions, Inc.:
Austion, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Port Neches, TX
Vickers Petroleum Co.
Ardmore, OK
Cutback
Asphalts
Emulsified
Asphalts
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-129-
-------
4.1.8 WISCONSIN
4.1.8.1 Bituminous-Materials-Use Table for Wisconsin. WDOT, the
Asphalt Institute, two county highway departments, a contractor, and two
emulsified asphalt suppliers provided data used to compile the composite
bituminous-materials-use table which is presented in two Sections for
Wisconsin. Section 1 of Table 17 lists responses from WDOT, the Asphalt
Institute, and the two county highway departments. Section 2 of Table 17
lists responses from the paving contractor and two emulsified asphalt sup-
pliers. The road construction and maintenance categories which are presently
exempt by RACT are underscored.
4.1.8.2 Wisconsin Road Construction and Maintenance Operations.
Fourteen categories of road construction and maintenance operations were
evaluated for Wisconsin. WDOT's highway specifications, Standard Speci-
fications for Road and Bridge Construction, 1975 edition, was used as the
reference. The categories are listed below; those exempt from RACT are
underscored.
Asphalt Stabilized Base Course
Bituminous Road Mix Surface
Plant Mix Bituminous Bases"
Single Aggregate Bituminous Surface
Seal Coat
Fog Seal
Prime Coat
Tack Coat
Patch Material
Immediate Use
Stockpile
Paved Shoulders
Dust Palliative
Aggregate Precoat
Recycling
According to a January 1980 revision to the 1975 highway specifica-
tions, WDOT recommends the use of SC-800 and -3000 or MC-800 and -3000 in
-130-
-------
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-133-
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OS
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-134-
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single aggregate bituminous surfaces. Grades of cutback and emulsified
asphalts are usually not specified for the other operations; instead, the
user is referred to a general bituminous materials section where he is
instructed to comply with AASHTO specifications (see Colorado, Section
4.1.2.1, page 100 for AASHTO Designations). There is one property deviation
from AASHTO specifications for cutback asphalts that WDOT permits. This
involves Kinematic viscosity (centistokes at 140 F (60 C). WDOT permits
a wider range in viscosity for all cutback asphalts than AASHTO. As an
example, AASHTO specifies a minimum viscosity of 30 and a maximum viscosity
of 60 for MC-30, whereas WDOT specifies a 25 to 70 range.
4.1.8.3 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt Suppliers Who Serve Wiscon-
sin. WDOT requested bids for cutback and emulsified asphalts for use in the
1980 construction year. In response, the companies listed below submitted
bids for the following grades of cutback and emulsified asphalts:
Company
Asphalt Products Co.
741 Mason Street
P.O. Box 74
Stevens Point, WI 54481
Asphalt Petroleum Co.
Division of Asland Oil, Inc.
P.O. Box 9
5 W. Broadway
St. Paul Park, MN
Conoco, Inc.
8475 North 54th Street
Brown Deer, WI 53223
Cutback
Asphalts
SC-250,800
SC-250,800
MC-250,800, 3000
RC-800
SC-15000
Emulsified
Asphalts
RS-2
CRS-2
CRS-2
-135-
-------
Company
Koch Asphalt Co.
Division of Koch Fuels, Inc.
P.O. Box 43596
St. Paul, MN 55164
Murphy Oil Co.
P.O. Box 2066
Superior, WI 54880
Seneca Petroleum Co., Inc.
3258 S. Canal Street
Chicago, IL 60616
Cutback
Asphalts
SC-250,800,3000,
15000
MC-250,800,3000
RC-800
SC-250,800,3000,
15000
MC-250,800,3000
RC-800
Emulsified
Asphalts
RS-2
CRS-2
RS-2
There are also three other emulsfied asphalt suppliers located in
Wisconsin according to a 1979 update of Emulsion Plants in the United States,
Canada, and Mexico, compiled by the Asphalt Emulsion Manufacturers Association
(AEMA), 1977. They include:
Henry 6. Meigs, Inc.
5th 33rd and Superior Street
Portage, WI 53901
Koppers Company, Inc.
6870 S. 13th Street
Oak Creek, WI 53154
Struck and Irwin Inc.
826 Williamson Street
Madison, WI 53793
-136-
-------
4.2 Appendix B
4.2.1 Ranges of Mean Monthly Temperatures. Relative Humidities, and Rainfall
for States Not Evaluated In This Study
Based on Status Summary of State Group I VOC RACT Regulations. May 1980
(GCA Corp., Bedford, Massachusetts), nineteen states, in addition to Califor-
nia, Colorado, Indiana, Missouri, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, and
Wisconsin, presently have RACT for the use of cutback asphalts in road
construction and maintenance operations. For each of these additional
states, the ranges of mean monthly temperatures, relative humidities, and
rainfall during the months in which RACT is being (or is to be) implemented
have been given in Table 18. This information has been provided in the event
the reader wishes to compare the general climatic conditions in the states
not evaluated in this study to those in the states which were evaluated.
-137-
-------
Table 18
RANGES IN KEAK HONTHLY TEMPERATURES. RELATIVE HUHIDITIES. AND RAINFALL FOR THE MONTHS IN WHICH RACT IS BEING (OR IS TO BE) IMPLEMENTED*
. - ' -
Alabaaa
Rel. Hum. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Delaware
top CF)
Rel. Hun. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Florida
ToipT'F)
Rel. Hum. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Georgia
Tcop CF) ,
Rel. Him. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Illinois
twp (*F)
Rcl. Hua. (XJ
Rainfall (in)
Kentucky
Temp l*r)
Rel. Hua. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Louisiana
temp l-FJ
Rel. Hum. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Massachusetts
Tesp CF)
Rcl. Hum. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Michigan
tecip l"F)
Rel. Hum. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Hew Haspshire
Tcop \ r)
Rel. Hum. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Hew Jersey
Ten? l-F) ,
Rel. Hun. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Hew York
fen? C?)
Rel. Hum. (X)
Rainfall (in)
North Carolina
Ttop rF)
Rel. Hun. (X)
Rainfall (In)
Ohio
T53? CF)
Rel. Hua. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Oklahoma
Tecp CF)
Rel. Hua. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Oregon
YwpT'F)
Rel. Kua. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Tennessee
Tea? l-F)
Rel. Hum. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Virginia
Tcop CF) , %
Rel. Hun. (X)
Rainfall (in)
Wasington
TOS? cn
ft * 11 /* \
Rel. Hwa. (X)
~
54-70
77-81
1.49-3.86
39-56
68-78
2.50-5.49
47-56
74-81
4.43-6.24
34-48
68-81
3.05-4.96
,
38-43
71-77
4.87-6.19
=
54-70
71-78
0.86-4.00
40-57
67-72
2.93-4.98
49-57
7?-78
4.36-5.17
35-49
67-72
3.18-4.46
38-44
69-76
4.55-5.65
=====
i
49-62
65-72
60-72
70-77
1.86-5.51
45-63
68-72
3.64-5.96
56-63
68-73
4.22-6.39
39-54
59-72
3.67-5.68
42-52
64-70
5.20-5.90
Months ir
59-70
63-71
4.27-6.03
68-75
68-74
2.41-4.78
54-68
59-71
3.01-4.66
53-58
62-65
3.66-4.19
64-68
68-78
4.59-5.46
46-51
64-71
3.25-3.78
51-63
68-71
3.23-4.09
46-55
68-71
3.14-3.69
39-52
49-81
0.82-4.91
52-62
61-65
3.74-4.30
49-60
59-71
3.00-3.54
"Which RACT Is Being (
68-75
68-72
3.37-4.98
60-63
69-71
4.10-4.22
74-79
68-75
2.50-5.18
64-74
69-74
3.13-3.74
57-67
66-68
3.77-4.24
63-67
66-69
3.78-3.94
72-76
73-78
4.53-6.41
52-55
63-80
3.29-4.20
48-58
68-72
2.79-3.84
57-62
67-73
3.37-4.29
48-61
64-72
3.11-4.01
58-71
69-73
3.29-4.29
58-66
67-70
3.45-3.91
60-71
58-73
3.17-6.03
44-53
59-80
0.97-4.04
64-71
69-74
3.77-4.08
59-67
68-73
3.58-4.26
*This information has been Interpolated from figures on maps in the (
75-81
69-75
3.48-5.72
68-71
70-72
3.59-3.90
78-81
73-76
4.49-7.47
68-81
67-72
3.68-5.00
68-76
68-73
3.82-4.87
69-77
68-73
3.79-4.24
78-81
72-77
2.61-5.37
60-65
70-80
3.26-4.17
54-70
68-74
3.16-4.38
55-66
64-70
3.72-4.45
66-73
68-73
3.17-4.16
57-68
68-73
2.74-3.98
63-75
67-73
3.70-4.56
67-73
70-73
3.57-4.28
74-81
52-71
2.56-5.07
49-66
45-81
0.99-3.23
68-76
67-72
3.61-4.23
64-77
68-77
3.59-4.27
48-62
47-82
6.97-3.91
Dr Is To Be) Implemented
78-82
72-81
4.50-9.33
76-78
69-78
4.17-4.49
81-83
78-81
4.69-8.16
69-83
74-80
4.74,-6.78
74-81
65-69
3.04-3.53
70-83
66-78
3.63-4.77
81-83
69-82
4.14-8.00
65-73
69-81
2.63-4.36
64-73
68-75
2.43-3.55
63-72
68-72
3.70-4.25
71-76
67-74
3.41-4.62
64-72
66-73
2.91-4.28
69-81
69-81
5.26-7.10
71-77
67-71
3.14-4.17
74-86
53-67
2.00-3.70
59-72
39-83
0.23-0.78
70-82
68-72
4.00-5.56
65-79
67-80
4.19-5.31
54-72
37-91
0.20-2.09
76-82
73-80
3.49-6.35
74-76
70-78
5.34-5.74
81-83
77-81
4..69-7.5S
68-82
75-80
4.13-6.46
72-78
72-75
3.09-3.77
70-79
69-79
3.32-4.00
82-83
67-81
2.82-6.71
64-71
73-80
3.82-4.03
63-72
69-80
2.69-3.61
63-71
70-81
3.33-3.80
69-76
68- '4
4.91-5.20
63-74
70-80
2.82-4.05
69-80
75-81
5.05-6.37
69-75
68-73
2.72-3.77
76-86
53-66
2.22-3.22
55-71
32-82
0.18-0.86
70-81
73-78
3.07-4.23
64-77
76-81
4.40-5.31
54-73
38-93
0.21-1.98
71-80
71-78
2.77-5.68
67-69
70-76
3.27-4.13
78-82
78-83
5.46-9.23
64-78
74-80
2.90-6.61
64-72
68-71
2.88-3.50
67-72
67-77
2.74-3.22
77-81
68-80
2.27-6.30
55-65
76-80
3.72-4.33
54-62
78-80
3.76-4.21
63-68
67-76
3.74-4.03
54-62
73-78
2.72-4.15
64-76
75-82
3.43-5.28
63-68
68-74
2.80-3.05
69-76
53-65
1.53-4.22
49-62
39-82
0.37-2.21
65-74. ,
68-76
2.72-3.32
61-73
70-80
2.83-3.83
49-63
46-82
0.44-4.31
61-71
68-75
1.85-2.81
68-77 58-72
76-82 74-80
2.16-8.36 1.52-3.57 1.
55-70 45-60
68-79 67-74
1.82-3.16 1.78-3.53 2.
57-61
67-73
2.16-2.66
66-72 54-65
67-75 67-74
2.28-2.86 4.23-4.54 5
i
53-57
69-74
3.10-3.31
44-52
71-76
2.82-3.71 ,
54-66 43-56
67-81 68-73
2.50-3.41 2.76-3.48 3
52-57
68-73
2.09-2.80
43-53
54-71
0.68-6.59
54-63 44-52
" 68-73 68-73
2.55-2.88 3.15-4.09 4
50-62
71-79
2.41-3.30
54-70
77-81
25-5.40
39-56
70-78
87-5.33
43-57
69-81
02-6.03
35-48 '
63-80
.23-4.79
36-43
73-76
.23-5.32
:iimate Atlas of the United States, U.S. Department of Commerce. 1968.
-138-
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4.3 Appendix C
4.3.1 Glossary of Road Construction and Maintenance Operations.
Aggregate
Open Graded: A mix of aggregate which contains little or no mineral
filler, characterized by relatively large void spaces when compacted.
Dense-Graded: A mix of aggregate which is graded f*"im the maximum .
size down through mineral filler, characterized by relatively small void spaces
when compacted making the mix stable.
Sand: Aggregate which passes the 2.36 mm. sieve (No. 8).
Aggregate anc* Asphalt Mixtures
Cold-Laid Plant Mix: A mixture of aggregate and asphalt prepared at a
central mixing plant and spread and compacted at the job site at or near
ambient temperature.
Mixed-In-Pi ace Mix (Road Mix): A mixture of aggregate and asphalt
prepared at the job site on the road surface by portable mixing equipment.
Patch Material: A maintenance mixture of aggregate and asphalt usually
prepared at a central mixing plant for storage or immediate use in filling
potholes or other minor, road failures.
Slurry Seal: A mixture of emulsified asphalt, dense-graded fine aggregate,
mineral filler, and water used to fill cracks and restore or seal existing road
surfaces.
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Aggregate and Asphalt Spray Applications
Single Surface Treatment: A single application of asphalt to the road
surface followed immediately by a single layer of aggregate with the application
having a thickness close to the nominal maximum size of the aggregate particles.
Multiple Surface Treatment: Two or more applications of aggregate and
asphalt with the maximum size of aggregate in each successive treatment about
one-half that of the previous one.
Penetration Macadam: One or more applications of aggregate and asphalt
in which one application consists of a one-size course aggregate penetrated
with a viscous asphalt followed by smaller one-size course aggregate.
Asphalt Spray Applications
Fog Seal: A light spray application of diluted emulsified asphalt used
in crack sealing and light maintenance (such as renewing old surfaces).
Prime Coat: A spray application of highly penetrating low-viscosity
asphalt used to prepare an untreated base (or sub-base) for an asphalt
course. The prime coat penetrates into the base forming a water resistant
layer on its surface, hardens and stabilizes the surface, and helps bind
it to the following asphalt course.
Tack Coat: A spray application of a low-viscosity asphalt used to
provide adhesion between two asphalt courses.
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&IBLIOGRAPH8C DATA
SHEET
IT. Report No.
I EPA 340/1-80-015
3, Recipient's Accession No.
4. Tide and Subtitle
RACT for the Use of Cutback Asphalts in Road, Construction and
Maintenance'Enforcement Implications and Equipment Changes
5. Report Date
December, 1980.
6.
7. Author(s)
JACA Corp. Robert W. Elfstrom, Jr. and Robert W. Schlosser
8. Performing Organization Kept'.
No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
JACA Corporation
550 Pinetown Road
Fort Washington* PA 19034
10, Project/Task/Wotk Unit No.
11. Contract/Grant No.
68-01-4135 Task 48'. .
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
Applied Research 1979-80
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
Task Manager: Robert L. King (EN-341) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Division of
Stationary Source Enforcement, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington. DC 20460
16. Abstracts
Enforcement implications and equipment changes resulting from the adoption of reasonably
available control technology(RACT) for the use of cutback asphalt in the paving industry
are evaluated. RACT, as developed by the Environmental Protection Agency, prohibits the
use of cutback asphalt whenever emulsified asphalts are reasonably available and accep-
table for use. Applicable regulations, as well as pre-and post-RACT cutback and emulsi-
fied asphalt use patterns are summarized for California, Colorado, Indiana, Missouri,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, and Wisconsin. Climate and training are factors
which have affected'the degree to which these states have developed the 'use of emulsified
asphalts. The only equipment change which may be required involves the asphalt pump.
Significant pump changes are typically handled by the pump manufacturers.
17. Key Words and Documer' Analysis. 17a. Descriptors
Cutback Asphalt
Emulsified Asphalt
Enforcement
Equipment
Pavi-ng
California
Colorado .
Indiana
Missouri
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Texas
Wisconsin
17b. Ideiitifiers/Open-Ended TermS
I7c. COSATI Field/Group
18. Availability Statement
19..Security Class (This
Report's
l
20- Security Class (This
Page
21. No. of Pages
22. Price
FORM NTis-33 1REV. 10-73) ENDORSED BY ANSI AND UNESCO.
THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED
USCOMM-DC B203-P7*
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