United States       Region 7
       Environmental Protection  726 Minnesota Ave.
       Agency          Kansas City. KS 66101

       Emergency Response Team



r/EPA Oil  and


       Hazardous


       Substances


       Response Manual

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.1

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A.  Circumstances of Hazardous Materials (HM) incidents vary  so
    widely, it is impossible to establish specific guidelines  to
    cover all incidents.

B.  The goal is to remove the threat to public health or welfare,
    safety, and property which may result from a hazardous
    materials incident.

C.  Do not compound the existing problem by creating a disaster
    out of an emergency.

D.  The senior f^ire ground commander of the jurisdiction is
    commonly the ON-SCENE Commander (OSC).  As such he makes  all
    the decisions and should be advised and consulted by all
    response personnel  to promote a coordinated response official
    ON-SCENE Commander.                                     ;

E.  Until  the fire ground commander is on-scene, you must  tak
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                     HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ACCIDENT
                      1ST ON-SCENE - CHECK LIST
I.  REPORT THE INCIDENT AS A POSSIBLE H/M ACCIDENT.  GIVE EXACT
    LOCATION AND REQUEST ASSISTANCE.
2."  STAY UP-WIND AND UP-GRADE.
3.  ISOLATE THE AREA OF NON ESSENTIAL PERSONNEL.
4.  AVOID CONTACT WITH LIQUID OR FUMES.
5.  ELIMINATE IGNITION SOURCES -
    (Smoking - flares - combustible engines)
6.  RESCUE INJURED ONLY IF PRUDENT.
7.  IDENTIFY MATERIALS AND DETERMINE CONDITIONS
    (Spill - fire - leak - solid - liquid - vapor; single or
    mixed load; waybills - bills of lading.  Shipper-owner -
    manufacturer and carrier)                        . .> >•
8.  initiate evacuation - Downwind first - if necessary
9.  ESTABLISH COMMAND POST LOCATION - UPWIND A SAFE DISTANCE.
    REPORT EXACT LOCATION AND GIVE APPROACH ROUTE TO DISPATCHER.
FIRE:
POLICE:
EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE:
HEALTH DEPT.:
CIVIL PREPAREDNESS:
                                REPORT
              OIL OR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILLS/RELEASES
                        TOLL FREE DAY OR NIGHT
                            1-800-424-8802
                              ASSISTANCE
              OIL OR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL/RELEASES
                             DAY OR NIGHT
                     REGION VII EPA  913/236-3778
IOWA DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
KANSAS DEPT. OF HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT
MISSOURI DEPT. OF NATURAL RESOURCES
NEBRASKA DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
CHEMTREC
515/281-8694
913/296-1500
314/634-2436
402/471-4545
800/424-9300

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                      TABLE OF CONTEMTS (cont)


Section
            7.2.8  Oxidation   	
            7.2.9  Dilution and  Dispersal  .  .
          7.3 Control  of  Land and  Air  Spills
            7.3.1  Land SpilIs   	
            7.3.2  Air  Spills  	
     8.  DISPOSAL  PROCEDURES	

     9.  SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS	•
         9.1  Safety	  .  .   .
           9.1.1 General  Considerations  	
           9.1.2 Site  Control  	
           9.1.3 Equipment  and Clothing  	   '
           9.1.4 Medical	f
           9.1.5 Training	   <
         9.2  Waterfowl Conservation  	   r
         9.3  Environmental  Damage  Assessment   	   (

    10.  SAMPLING  AND  DOCUMENTATION	.' ''./'.  .  .  .   I
        10.1  Sampling  Procedures	,f  /•	t
           10.1.1 Method of  Sampling  	 '......   i
           10.1.2 Type  of  Samples	   i
           10.1.3 Sample Containers Jfc 	   i
           10.1.4 Sample Preservation   	  f  	   (
           10.1.5 Sample Identification   .....  i  	   (
           10.1.6 Chain of Custody  .  .  .  -i	6
        10.2  Documentation	^	P

                                       i
APPENDICES	*.  '.	i
                                   Is
A.  Spill  Information	f	(
    A.I  Information Contacts  	   (
    A.2  Information Sources	'  .  .  .   i
B.  Cleanup Contractors  	

C.  Oil Sheen Reference  	

D.  Standard Terms and Conversion Table  	

E.  Telephone Directory  	

H.  Frequently Called Narv-s and Telephone Numbers

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                                                                      TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                            Section

                                                1.0   INTRODUCTION 	    1

                                                2.0   Preparedness/Prevention	-.  .  .  .    1

"'"""  . **••-.. ,. if-- -                              3iQ   FEDERAL LAWS/REGULATIONS	    4
                                                     3.1 Federal Water Pollution Control Act   	    4
'****                                                 3.2 Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures
                                                         Plan (SPCC)	    4
                                                     3.3 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
                                                         and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)	    5
                                                     3.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act  (RCRA).  .    6

                                                4.0   NATIONAL AND REGIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS  SUBSTANCES
                                                     POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLANS  	    6
                                                     4.1 On-Scene Coordinator ,	    *5
                                                     4.2 Regional Response Team	• " * 7
                                                     4.3 Spill Response Phases   	  •    7
                                                       4.3.1 Phase I - Discovery and Notification  .  .  '. /.    7
                                                       4.3.2 Phase II - Evaluation and Initiation  of Action  7
                                                       4.3.3 Phase III - Containment and Cguntermeasure  .    8
       . *                                              4.3.5 Phase V - Documentation and Cost Recovery,  .    8

                                                5.0   SUMMARY OF ACTION TO BE TAKEN BY THE  SPILIJER  ....    8
                                                     5.1 Report It	>	    8
                                                     5.2 Contain It	
                                                       7.2.1 Carbon Adsorption	"•'<
                                                       7.2.2 Filtration	•f.r>
                                                       7.2.3  Ion Exchange	3d
                                                       7.2.4 Gravity  Separation	3(>
                                                       7.2.5 Neutralisation	37
                                                       7.2.6 Coagulation  Precipitation   	   37
                                                       7.2.7 Reduction	    38

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 1.0                           INTRODUCTION

     The Congress has declared  that  it  Is  the  policy of  the United
 States  that  there should  be no discharge of oil or hazardous sub-
 stances  into or upon the  navigable  waters of  the United States,
 adjoining  shorelines or  into  or  upon  waters of  the  contiguous
 zones  (Sec.  311 (b)  (1)  of  the Federal  Water  Pollution Control
 Act).

     This  policy  is carried  out.through  a coordinated  effort by
 Federal, State, Local departments* and agencies, as outlined in the
 "Region 7 Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingenty Plan"
 for  the waters  of   Iowa,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  Missouri.   This
Response Manual is  a sub-part of the overall  Region 7 Contingency
Plan.   Its purpose  is  to give  the  responding Federal  and  State
officials a  convenient  "quick"  reference guide of duties, cleanup
techniques, and resources  that  may be  called  upon to mitigate and
control the effects of ah oil or hazardous substance spill.

     The  Comprehensive   Environmental   Response  Compensation  a.n1
Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) significantly broadens  the scope o.r
spill reporting  and response.   Specially, the Act  requires  that
the  National  Response  Center be notified of  any releases  tff'-'a
reportable quantity  of  a  hazardous  substance  to  the environment.
Requirements  for spill  clean  up and the  responsibilities  6V the
Dn-Scene Coordinator are similar to  those  under Section 311 of the
FWPCA.                                          ^


2 • 0                     PREPAREDNESS/PR EVENT ION      }

     Organization and operator  of  a hazardous  materials response
system requires more than  a rapid delivery system jffor personnel to
reach the  scene of   an  incident.  Careful  planning,  organization
ind training of personnel of  diverse backgrounds  are  necessary to
orepare for effective and safe  on-scene  operations  at  a  hazardous
naterials release.    Preparedness is the  general  term  for  these
ictivities which result in  an adequate state  of  awareness  of the
mzards  involved  combined  with the  capability  to  effectively
respond to the emergency.

     Preparedness ranks  very  high in the order  of importance  with
sther elements  of oil/hazardous materials  spill  control.   It  is
preventive in nature and  from this  viewpoint  is  regarded  as  most
:ffective.      It  relates   to   both  before   and  after-the-fact
ictivities in that  it can  help avoid  the spill/releases,  or it can
-educe  the total impact  of the spill  on the environment.

     The responsibility  to develop a  sound readiness lies with in-
lividual companies,   agency,  department,  whether  moral  or  le^al
>bligations  are involved,  or   simply  appreciation  of   esthetic
/alues.   One step further  - each employee should bfe aware  of his
•esponsibilities to  his  company agency,  department, and be willing
:o  participate in maintaining  and improving preparedness  efforts.

                               -1-

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     There   are   many   variables   in   developing   an   adequat
preparedness  plan,   and  there  is   no  stereotyped   checklist  t
follow.   While  it is  true  many good plans  have  been worked out
the fact  is  they  are tailored  to accomodate specific hazards,  i
specific   geographic   areas,   using   the   available,  manpower
organizational structures,  equipment and supplies.

     These  things relate  to  planning  and  organization,  wherea
training  of  personnel,  maintaining  and  improving  the program mu;
also  be  considered.    Training of  personnel,  for  example,  migt
include:

      1.   How to deploy  special  equipment (booms and  skimmers,
          etc. ).

      2.   Improvising equipment  in emergencies.

      3.   Arranging denonstrations by vendor/supplier  of
          equi p~ient.

      4.   Arranging conferences  with  local, state  and  federal
          environmentalists.                          f .• )•

      5.   Discussing  and studying  new techniques and/keeping
          current  with  developments  in related subje'cts.

      Maintaining  readiness  is  extreme^  important,  because chanc-
in  personnel, corporate organization, equipment availability, prc
cess  changes and  additions, product flow,4etc. ,  could  render  tt
plan  ineffective  or  completely inadequate.'   Readiness  is a  neve
ending  process  and  must   be  periodically  reviewed to  keep  tl
system current.                         jf

      Regardless  of  the best efforts/ that  might  have  been  mad-
certain  improvements are always  possible.    All  contingencies  a;
not likely  to be  anticipated.


RESPONSE ACTIVITIES

      Response  activities  associated with  each  specific  incidc:
are unique- however,  there are  criteria,   principles,   and  oper:
 tions that  are  common  to  all incidents.    The  incident  must  i
evaluated to determine its hazard  or  potential  hazard.   Vario
 types of environmental samples or  measurements  may be needed
 initially determine  the hazard or to provide additional or  contu
 ual information  for  assessment.  Personnel workers involved  in  t
many activities will need  to be  protected appropriate  to  the ha:
 ards  involved.    Efforts  will be  needed  to prevent  or  ri-du.
 potentially harmful  substances from migrating from the site due .
 natural   or  man-made activities.    Containment, cleanup, and  di
 posal activities may be conducted.
                                -2-

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                         P-1SPOSAL/_R ECOVERY


      After  cleanup operations  have  removed the  spilled  materials
and  contaminated  dobris  from  the   water  or  ground,"  the  OSC's
responsibilities  are  not over.   Improper shipping and'-disposal  of
spilled  cleanup waste can cause  serious safety  problems   as  well
as result  in  secondary  pollution  as  bad  as,  if  not worse  than   the
original spill.   Therefore,  the OSC  nust be assured  that  all  chem-
ical  disposal  is  carried out  in a  safe and  proper manner.

     Disposal/recovery  operations  may involve the shipping of  the
waste  materials to a  state approved  land disposal site,  U-eattm-nt
by a  reliable  disposal  or  recycling  to the  spiller's  company or  to
a company that  can  use  the material  in its  operation.

      In all cases involving  the disposal/recovery of oil and  ha?-
ardous  substances,  contact and coordination should  be  made  with
all affected  parties.   EPA  looks to the  State  pollution  control
agencies to obtain disposal  sites and act  as  disposal  sites, air
pollution control agencies, sewage treatment plants,  etc.      :

     Extremely  toxic  materials  nay require special on-site-'freat-
ment,   or as  in the case of PCB's  either incineration or shipment
to an  EPA/State approved disposal  site.   EPA,  Edison, N6*  Jersey,
has specialised equipment that nay   be  available to  treat these
very toxic materials.   Coordination  of  this^activity will be con-
tacted by the EPA  Emergency Response Team.

     Generators  (spillers) and transporters  ofj  hazardous waste
materials must  obtain the appropriate EPA  identification numbers
as required by RCRA (See Section 4.4).       
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 -.0               FEDERAL LAES/REGULATIONS


3.1  FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT

     The  Federal  Water  Pollution  Control  Act,  as  anmended
(also  called  the  Clean Water  Act),  represents the  latest
wa£er  pollution  control  legislation  a"nd  contains  several
elements  relative to  pollution by  oil  and  hazardous  sub-
stances.   The basic authority  for  spill prevention  and  re-
sponse  programs  originates  from  Section  311   of  the  Act.
Section 311 provides the overall framework  for  spills of oil
and  designated   hazardous   substances,   including   national
policy  and  responsibilities.   Section  311(b)(5)  provides
that:   "Any  person in  charge of  a  vessel or of an  on-shore
facility shall, as soon  as  he has knowledge of  any  discharge
of oil or  a hazardous  substance from such vessel or  facility
...immediately  notify  the  appropriate  agency of the  United
States Government of such discharge.   Any such  person who...
fails  to   notify  immediately such  agency of such  discharge
shall,  upon  conviction, be fined  not  more  than $10,000  or
imprisoned for  not more than one year or both."   The appro-
priate "agency" is indicated  in Section 6.1 of this •manual.

     It is the policy of the;  United States Envirorfraental Pro-
tection Agency  and  the U.S.  Coast Guard  that  the  spiller
assumes   complete   financial   respoj^ibility   for   removal
actions.   If the  Federal  On-Scene  Coordinator  (,OSC) deter-
mines  that timely and/or   adequate  removal  actions  are  not
being carried out, then  the Federal  Government  will initiate
cleanup.   The Government nay then  bring action against the
responsible  party to  recover  all  clelfhup costs  up  to  the
liabilities set by Federal  Law.  A spil|  cleanup must be done
to the satisfaction of  the  Federal OSC.T

3.2  SPILL PREVENTION CONTROL AND COTJNTEKMEASURES
     PLAN  (SPCC PLAN)

     The  Environmental  Protection  Agency Oil  Pollution Pre-
vention Regulation,  published  in  the  Federal  Register  on
December 11,  1973, is addressed to non-transportation related
facilities and  is further  identified as  Title  40,  Code  of
Federal  Regulations,  Part   112.    The  main  requirement  of
facilities subject  to  the  regulation  is  the  preparation and
implementation of a plan to  prevent any discharge of oil into
waters  of  the United States.   The  plan  is referred  to as  a
Spill Prevention Control and  Countermoasure Plan (SPCC  Plan).

     The purpose  of  the plan is to  prevent discharges of oil
into  waters  of the  United  States.    The  main thrust  of  the
regulation^is "prevention"  is opposed  to  "after-the-fact," or
"reactive" measures  commonly described  in  Spill Contingency
Plans.
                              -4-

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      This  plan applies to owners  or  operators of  facilities
engaged    in    drilling,   producing,   gathering,    storing,
processing,  refining,  transferring, or consuming oil and oil
products,  providing  -
1.    the  facility  is non-transportation related  (see
      definition of non-transportation)

2,    aboveground storage capacity  of single container As  in
      excess of 660 gallons, or an  aggregrate storage
      capacity  greater  than 1320 gallons, or providing that
      total belowground  storage capacity is greater  than
      42,000 gallons

3.    facilities, which, due to their location could reason-
      ably expect spilled oil to reach  waters of  the United  '
      States.

3.3   COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE COMPENSATION
             AND LIABILITY ACT OF  1980 (CERCLA)

      This  act  significantly  broadens  the scope  of spill re-
porting and  response.    Specifically,  the Act  requires  that
the National Response Center be notified of any  releases of a
reportable quantity  of  a hazardous substance  to the envirdh-
nent.
                                                      '/
      The  Act  defines  the  environment  to  include  water,
groundwater, land  surface, and subsurface^  The  definition of
hazardous  substances has  been  expanded  to  include:   those
already designated  under  Section  311 of  the  Federaj.  Water
Pollution Control  Act  (FWPCA); hazardous waste*  defined under
Section 3001 of the  Solid Waste Disposal Ac.t;  toxic pollut-
ants  listed  under Section  307  of  the FWPCJA;  hazardous  air
pollutants  listed  under Section  112  of  thj£  Clean  Air  Act;
substances  pursued under Section  7  of t^he? Toxic  Substances
Control Act; and any substances  subsequently  designated pur-
suant to  Section  102 of Superfund.  The' definition does not
include petroleum.   A listing of these substances can be con-
piled by obtaining copies  of 40 CFR Part  116  and 49 CFR Part
172.  The Act  sets a reportable quantity of one pound, except
for  those substances  for  which  reportable quantities  were
previously assigned  under Section 311 of the FWPCA.

     Petroleum  spills  to  the  navigable waters  of  the United
States continue to be under the jurisdiction of the FWPCA.

     Therefore,   any   substance   designated   as   hazardous
according   to   the  laws  cited  above,  when  released  to  the
environment in  quantities  of  one  pound or greater  (unless  a
different  quantity has  been  designated under  Section  311 of
the FWPCA) must be reported to the National Response Center.
Failure to  notify  could result  in a  fine  or  not  more  than
$10,000 or imprisonment for not  more than one  year, or both.

     Requirements  for spill cleanup and  the responsibilities
of the On-Scene Coordinator are  similar  to those  under  Sec^
tion 311 of the FWPCA.

                             -5-

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                                        3.4        RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND  RECOVERY  ACT  (RCRA)

                                             This  Act  addresses  problems   related   to   the  generation,
                                        disposal,  and management of waste materials in the United  States.
                                        In relation to his plan are those portions  of the  Act  dealing  with
      »                                 hazardous wastes.   Regulations have  been promulgated b"y  EPA which
                                        will  serve to identify hazardous waste  both by  characteristics and
                                        by  sources;  develop  the  cradle-to-grave  manifest  and  tracking
                                        systems;  and implement a permit system and facility standards  for
                                        the treatment,  storage, and disposal  of hazardous  wastes.

 >s>     _  _                                  The  regulations  require  that  generators,  transporters,   and
v«.-- ,  4..-- -                             disposers  of  hazardous  waste  must  obtain  EPA  identification
                                        numbers.     During  spill  situations  where   hazardous   waste  is
                                        recovered and transported to a disposal site,  the  shipment  must be
                                        accompanied by a manifest which includes the  EPA  characterization
                                        number   of  the   generator   and    each   transporter.      These
                                        identification  numbers  are necessary  prior  to  transporting   the
                                        material  off site.   In  order  to avoid delay  in  obtaining these
                                        numbers,   EPA  has  established   a   special   procedure   for  rapid
                                        issuance  of  numbers.    EPA  Region  Office  will  issue provisional
                                        numbers  to  generators  and  transporters during  emergencies  when
                                        necessary   for  rapid   transportation  of  hazardous  waste  to  an
                                        authorized   waste   management   facility.    These   identification
                                        numbers  and  further  information concerning  the  RCRA Act  can  be
                                        obtained  by contacting:   U.S.  Environmental Protection'Agency,
                                        Region VII,  25  Funston  Road, Kansas  City, Kansas   66115.
                                                                                 jv

  *                                     4.0           NATIONAL  AND RB3IONAL OIL  ANP  HAZARDOUS   *
                                                      SUBSTANCES POLLUTION CONTINGENCY {PLANS

                                             The  National  and Regional Oil and  Hazardous Substances Pollu-
                                        tion  Contingency Plans have been developed  $1 compliance with  the
                                        Federal  Water  Pollution  Control  Act,  Sectiion 311  (c)  (2)   and
                                        CEHCLA, Section 105.   These Plans provide for a  coordinated   and
                                        integrated  response  by  departments and  agencies of  the Federal  and
                                        State governements to  protect  the public  health  and environment
                                        and minimize adverse  impacts  due to oil and hazardous  substance
                                        discharges,  including  containment,  dispersal  and removal.    The
                                        Plans also  promote the coordination  of  the  Federal  and State
                                        response  systems by  developing local government and private capa-
                                        bilities  in  handling environmental incidents.

                                        4.1   ON-SCENE COORDINATION

                                             The  On-Scene  Coordinator  (OSC)   is  the Federal official  pre-
                                        designated  by  the  EPA or USCG  to  provide on-scene  coordination  and
                                        direction  of  all  aspects  of  a spill  and   subsequent   removal
                                        actions.   The  OSC  is  predeslgnated   as  part  of  the  planning   and
                                        preparation  for response to pollution  incidents.   EPA normally
                                        provides OSC's  for  inland waters and USCG normally provides OCS's
                                        for coastal waters.   However,   this  function  may  be  delegated  to
                                        other  State and  Federal  officials  where  appropriate.    The   OSC
                                        maintains  responsibility  to  insure   that  the  proper  initiation,
                                        containment,  countermeasures,  cleanup,  and disposal  actions  take

                                                                      -6-

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 place.  An  official  from any  agency with responsibility under the
 Regional Contingency Plan may assume the role of the OSC until the
 predesignated OSC arrives.                                     '

 4.2  REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM

      The Regional Response Team  (RRT)  serves  as the regional body
 for   planning   and  preparedness   actions  prior   to   pollution
 discharges  and   for  coordination and  advice  during a  pollution
 discharge.   The RRT  is  composed of  regional  representatives  of
 participating  Federal,   State,   and  Local  government  agencies.
 Activation  of  the  RRT   will  normally  occur  when  a  major  or
 significant  discharge  of  oil   or  hazardous  substance  occurs.
 During a pollution emergency the RRT members shall insure that the
 resources of their respective agencies are made available  to the
 OSC.     Both  the  National  and   Regional  Plans   contain  the
 responsibilities and  the functions  of  the  OSC and  RRT and  are
 available for review at  the  EPA  and USCG offices.

 4.3  SPILL RESPONSE PHASES

      The actions taken to respond  to  a  pollution  release  can ^be
 separated  into  five  relatively  distinct classes  or phases. , ,-For
 descriptive purposes,  these  are:   Phase  I  - Discovery and  Notifi-
 cation;  Phase II - Evaluation and Initiation of Action;  P,hase LI I
 -  Containment and Countermeasures;  Phase IV - Cleanup,  Mitigation
 and Disposal; and Phase  V -  Documentation  and Cost Recovery.   It
 must be recognized that  elements of  any one-^shase may  take place
 concurrently with one or  more  other  phases. The OSC initiates and
 directs  Phases  II,  III and IVT
4.3.1   Phase  I  -  Discovery  and  Notification    fJ

      Identification  is  the  first  response  action  to  an  oil  or  haz-
ardous  substance  spill.    The  notification ,«and  dissemination  iaf
information will  be  in  accordance  with  the applicable regional  and
local  plans,  but  should include  the  necessary steps to  safeguard
life  and  property and  the  notification of  other agencies, i.e.,
fire departments,  police departments, etc.

4-3.2   Phase  II -  Evaluation and  Initiation  of Action

     Identification  of  the  material spilled is  of utmost  import-
ance during spill  incidents (see Section 7.0).  If the  identity  of
a spilled material is not known,  it is  recommended that  the spill
not  be approached  by  the  responder until   the  material  can   be
properly identified  and  the hazards and safety precautions known.
Otherwise,   the  spill should  be treated  as   if  it were  a  highly
toxic substance and  should be approached only with full protective
gear employed.

     In the case  in  which the  nature  of the  potential hazard of a
spill  is unknown,  but  no  imminent hazard to a  populace is  sus-
pected, every effort should be  made to  determine  the spill  nature
and extent  prior  to  exposure of  cleanup  personnel.   In  the  long
run, time spent in making  such a  determination may be  more  than
compensated for by making swift,  concerted and appropriate  action
possible when the problem is properly defined.

                               -7-

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     Many,  if  not  most,  hazardous  substances  are  soluble  or
miscible  In  water.    Thus,   evaluation  of  containment/clean  up
efforts will  be much  more  difficult than  with oil  spills.    In
addition,   the  evaluation  of  the  magnitude of  the  spill and  the
potential   hazard and  environmental  impact will be  more  difficult
and can be  expected to require more  on-scene  response  effort  than
previously required for oil  alone.

4:3.3  phase III - Containment and Countermeasures

     This  includes actions taken to recover the pollutant from the
water and  affected public and private shoreline areas,  and  monit-
oring  activities  to  determine  the  scope and  effectiveness  of
removal actions.   Actions  that  could be taken include  the  use of
sorbents,   skimmers and other collection devices for sunken pollut-
ants; the  use  of reaeration or other methods  to minimize or miti-
gate damage resultant from dissolved, suspended or emulsified pol-
lutants; or  special  treatment techniques  to  protect  public water
supplies or wildlife resources from continuing damage (see Section
8.0).

     Pollutants and contaminated  materials that are  recovered in
cleanup  operations  shall  be  disposed  of  in  accordance  with
procedures  agreed  to  at  the State  or  local level  (see, ,-Section
9.0).
                                                      t /
4.3.5  Phase V - Documentation and Cost Recovery

     This  includes a variety  of  activities,  depending  on  the
location  of and circumstances  surrounding a  particular release.
Recovery of Federal removal costs and  recovery,  for  da'mage done to
Federal, State or  local government  property  is  included; however,
third  party  damages   are  not  dealt  with,? in  this   Plan.    The
collection of  scientific and  technical information of value to the
scientific  community  as  a  basis  for  research  and  development
activities  and  for  the  enhancement  £>f  understanding  of  the
environment  may  also  be  considered in fthis  phase.   It must be
recognized  that  the collection of samples  and necessary data must
be performed  at  the proper  times  during  the case  to fix  liability
and for other  purposes (see Section  9).

5.0        SUMMARY OF ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY THE SPILLER

     When  a spill  has occured  which is  in  violation of the Act
(see  Section  11.0),   the  responsibile  party  must  take  certain
actions which  can be classified as  follows.

5.1  REPORT IT

     The  Act  requires  that  any  person  in  charge of  a facility
responsible  for discharging will  notify  the appropriate agency of
the United States  Government as  soon  as he  has  knowledge  of any
discharge  of  oil or hazardous substance.   The appropriate agencies
to notify  are  as follows:

Federal
     National  Response Center                 800-424-8802
     USEPA Region VII K.C.                    816-374-3778
     USCG  2nd  District                        314-425-4612

                               -8-

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 State

     Iowa DEQ                                     515-281-8883
     Kansas DUE                                  913-862-9360
     Missouri  DNR                                 314-634-2436
     Nebraska  DEC                                 402-4-23-7442

 5.2  CONTAIN IT

     Containment of  the spilled material is of extreme  importance
 since  the  effectiveness  and  cost  of  cleanup  will  usually   be
 directly  related  to  the  effectiveness of  containment.   For this
 reason, containment  must  be undertaken immediately upon  discovery
 of the spill.   The  first  step is to locate the source and make' an
 effort to stop the migration of. material.   Containment  equipment
 should  then  be  established  well  below  the  leading edge  of  the
 spilled material to  insure ample time for  installing the contain-
 ment-equipment.   In  many  cases, a  series  of containment ^eyi-ces
 will be required.  Whenever possible,  containment  should  be accom-
 plished before the naterial  reaches water.   Once oil or  a /hazard-
 ous  substance  release  has reached  water,  recovery  is  much more
 difficult.  Most other  hazardous substances are nearly  impossible
 to recover or  treat  when  they have  entered  abater  body.

 5.3  CLEAN IT  UP                                  j       '
                                                  I
     The Act also  requires that  the  responsible  party  remove  the
 spilled material  and conduct cleanup to the  Satisfaction  of  the
 OSC  (see  Section  4.1).   Therefore,  after  thej material  has been
 adequately contained, resources should be assembled  to acconplish
 a satisfactory  cleanup.   This may involve using company  employees
 and  equipment  or  it  could require  the  assistance  of a contractor
 who  specializes in  spill  cleanup.   (See  Section  8.0 for specific
 techniques related to containment and cleanup).


 6.0     IDENTIFICATION  AND ASSESSMENT OF  SPILLED MATERIALS

     In the eyent  of a discharge,  the spiller should  be able   to
 provide information concerning  the identification of  the  naterial.
However,  if  the spiller is unknown  or not  available,  then other
clues may be useful  in  determining  the  type  of material spilled.
These include:

     1.  Characteristics of the  container
         o   Container  shapes
         o   Markings and colors
         o   Placards and labels

     2.  Characteristics of the  spilled material
         o   Physical state
         o   Type of odor emitted
                              -9-

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         o   Color
         o   Turbidity
         o   Behavior in water
         o   Irritability to eyes
         o   Fuming
         o   Flaming
         o   Foaming
         o   Gas emitting
         o   Reactions

     3.  Shipping papers for transportation related spills

     Every vehicle should be considered  to  be  a hazard because of
the material it may be  carrying,  even  though  it is not placarded.
This is because the law does not require vehicles carrying certain
materials be placarded, even though  they  may  be extremely danger-
ous under certain circumstances.  (For example, hair spray usually
considered to  be  relatively harmless,  is very  flammable  and ex-
plodes when  subjected  to heat).   There are numberous other pro-
ducts which when packed under pressure in aerosol cans are potent-
ially dangerous.                                       • '''

     In case of an  accident or spillage, the  first frerson  at the
scene should ascertain  from the driver of  the vehicle,  conductor
of  train  or  pilot  of  plane,  the type jpf  material being  trans-
ported.   If the  driver, conductor  or  pilot   is  unconsicious  or
dead, an  attempt  should be made  to  retreive  the  shipping  papers
from the  location  indicated in Table  1  to determine  the  type  of
material aboard.   If  unable to locate shipping  papers,  or  obtain
the name of the commodity from  the containers, contact the carrier
or  shipper  involved  to get  this information.    The  attempt  to
retreive the shipping papers or name of,commodity from containers,
should ONLY be  attempted  it it can be Accomplished  without undue
risk to emergency personnel.           *
TABLE 1 SHIPPING PAPER IDENTIFICATION CHART
Mode of Title of Location of Responsible
Transportation Shipping Paper Shipping Papers Person
Highway*
Rail**
Water
Air
Bill of la'ding Cab of vehicle
Waybill With Conductor
Consist
Dangerous Cargo Wheelhouse or
Manifest ptpelike con-
tainer on barge
Air Bill with Cockpit
Certification for
Restricted Areas
Driver
Conductor
Capjtain
Master
Pilot
*  Manufacturer's data sheets generally available from driver in
   addition to bills of lading.
** STCC (Standard Transportation Commodity Code) Number is usc>d
   extensively on rail transportation shipping papers.
                               -10-

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     When  identifying  hazardous  substances,  great  care must  be
taken  in  copying  names  of  materials since  even minor  spelling
errors can have  serious  consequences  in  determining  the hazardous
properties of the spilled material.

     Unidentified materials  must  be approached  as though they are
highly toxic and full protective  gear should be used.

     Table 2 provides a  general classification of hazardous mater-
ials commonly transported.

     The  following  format will be of assistance  in establishing
the identity of  the material and  the magnitude of the spill: >

Establish the type of  spill  -  The first  step is to determine what
type of spill is involved  by identifying the source  of the spill.
The following types of spills  are  possible:
1.  Trains
        Tank car
        Box car;
    Trucks
        Tank
        Trailer
                                       6.
7.   Pipeline   '
     o  Offshore
  ^ o  On shore
                                       8.  Storfcge Tank
                                           ~q|  Offshore
                                            tj  On shore

                                            f

                                       Things to look for at spill
                                      sit*:

                                      1.   Are hazardous placards
                                           or labels  visible on
                                           vehicle or container?
                                      2.   If so, what are contents
                                           identification or
                                           warnings relating to
                                           dangers (poisonous,
                                           explosives)?
                                      3.   Identification numbers
                                           on tank cars, trucks,
                                           etc.?
                                      4.   Is shipping paper avail-
                                           able?

Record  easily	visible  physical  properties  -  Observation  of  the
following  properties of  the  spilled material can confirm an ident-
ification  or  possible  identify  the  specific  chemical involved.
However,  the OSC must approach the spill cautiously  and  not  en-
danger  himself and  others in determining  the characteristics.   If
a  certain  physical  property  cannot be  readily identified, gather
other  information that can safely be obtained.
3.
4.


5.








Bus


Aircraft
o
o
Shii
o
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
Cargo
Passenger
3
"Dry Cargo
Tank Ship
Com. Pass





. Vessel
Fishing Vessel
CG Vessel
Pleasure
Tugboat

Craft

Uniden ti f ied
                                -11-

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!.  Vihat Is the spill state?
     o  Solid (powder, pellet
              granular)
     o  Liquid
     o  Gas

2.  Is there a noticeable odor
    from a safe distance?
    (pleasant, almond, ammonia
    benzene, fragrant, lysol,
    vinegar, sweet)

3.  What color is it?

4.  Is it turbid?
     o  Opaque
     o  Clear
     o  Cloudy
     o  Other
       If it is in water, does it
        o  Float
        o  Sink
        o  Mix (soluble)
       Does it cause your eyes
       to water?

       Is it
       o  Fuming
       o  Flaming
       o  Foaming
       o  Is a gas being given
          off
       o  Is another noticeable
          reaction occurring?
Magnitude of Spill - The OSC can establish the magnitude, of the
spill by considering the following.                   * •'

1.  What number, type and size of  individual containers have
    spilled the material?
o  Metal drums
   Fiber drums
approx.  height
                                 approx.
        diameter 	

        height   	
o
Carboys
approx. -height
diameter
o
o
o
o
2.
Bags
Paper
Polyethlcne
Cylinders
Boxes Type
Other
If largs tank
Length Width
Length
Length
Length
Dimensions:
trucks, cars, or
Width
Width
Width
barge and
Height
Height
Height
Height
ship holds are in
    volved, the approximate size can be estimated by pacing off
    a similar distance at a remote location.

                 size:             x            x
    Often the tank cars and trains are labeled so the capacity
    should be recorded: 	   	        gallons.
                               -12-

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                                             6.1  CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY

             ,                                    If  two  or  more hazardous  materials can  remain  in  contact
                                             indefinitely without changing structure or resulting in a chenical
                                             reaction  then  they are  compatible.    Incompatibility does  not
                                             necessarily indicate a hazard.

                                                  Many operations on waste or  accident sites involve mixing or
                                             unavoidable contact  between  different  hazardous materials.   It is
•""*"•  '. '/••''•'-'•: \,'•.-.f.~.-• *•'                           important to know  ahead of  time  if such materials are  compatible.
                                             If they  are  not,  then  any number  of chemical  reactions could ,oc-
..*««*                                         cur.   The results  of a  reaction  could  range from the  formation of
                                             an innocuous gas  to a  violent  explosion.     Table  2  gives  the
                                             results of incompatible mixtures.

                                                  The identity of the reactants and  their nature must be deter-
                                             mined in order to establish  compatibility of the  reactants are un-
                                             known, then it must be determined  by chemical analysis.

                                                  Once the  identity  is known then  a  chemist should be  able to
                                             determine  the compatibility or  the  chemical  reaction resulting
                                             from mixing the reactants.   Judging the compatibility  of more  than
                                             two reactants  is  very  difficult.  If  more  than two reaatants are
                                             to be combined,  then  compatibility  is  judged on a   one  to .one
                                             basis.

                                                  For response  personnel  who are required to deterrain/e compati-
                                             bilities there  is an EPA R&D publication which lean  be' utilized.
                                             It  is  called  "A   Method  for  Determining  the 'Compatibility of
                                             Hazardous Wastes"  EPA 600/2-80-076.          1>
                                                  Sometimes  the  identity  of a waste is impossible  to  ascertain
                                             due  to  money and time  constraints.    In  tt£s  event,  simple  tests
                                             must be  performed  to determine the nature ,pf the material or  mix-
                                             ture.  Tests such as pH ,  oxidation-reduction potential,  and  flash-
                                             point determinations are  used to characterize  the  waste.    Other
                                             tests such as combining  very  small amounts of  the  reactants  may  be
                                             carefully employed  to determine  compatibility.

                                             Practical Considerations:

                                                  If  materials  are compatible they  must  be stored  together  in
                                             bulk  tanks  or  transferred to tank  trucks  for ultimate  disposal.
                                             Bulk containment of wastes for transport requires only  one  chemi-
                                             cal  analysis whereas one  is  required  for each  drum  or  container
                                             transported.

                                                  Compatibility  information is also very  important when  evalua-
                                             ting a  situation resulting from  an accident  involving several dif-
                                             ferent  hazardous  materials.   The ultimate handling  and  treatment
                                             of  the  materials may be  partially based on such  information.


                                                                             -13-

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 3.

 4.


 5.

 6.


 7.

 8.

 9.


10.

11.
                         TABLE  2

Generation heat  -  e.g.,  acid  and water

Fire - e.g.,  hydrogen  sulfide and calcium hypochlorite

Explosion - e.g.,  picric acid and sodium hydroxide

Toxic gas or  vapor  production - e.g., sulfuric  acid  and
plastic

Flammable gas or vapor production - e.g., acid  and metal

Formation of a substance with a greater toxicity  than the
reactants - e.g. ,  chlorine and ammonia

Formation of shock or  friction sensitive compounds

Pressurization of  closed vessels - fire extinguisher.

Solubilization of  toxic substances - e.g., hydrochloric acid
and chromium                                   ' .'

Dispersal of toxic dusts and  mistsj*.

Violent polymerization - e.g., ammonia and acrylonitrile'
                                       i
                                -14-

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 Available  technical  data:

     A.  CHRIS  Manuals  -  U.S. Coast Guard

     B.  OHMTADS  - EPA

     C-  chemtrec

     D.  NIOSH/OSHA  - Guide  to Chemical Hazards

     E.  Merck  Index

     F.  Sax, Irving -  Dangerous Properties of Industrial
         Materials

     G.  Fire Protection Guide or Hazardous Materials - NFPA

     H.  Hazardous Materials - Emergency Action Guide      , ••
         U.S. Department of Transportation
                                                         / /
     I.  Bureau of Explosives
         Association  of American Railroads
         Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials
         in Surface Transportation
                                                 i
3.    Additional  Notes:                            '
                                              !>
                              -15-

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            TABLE 3
CLASSIFYING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
General category
DOT Classifications
Explosives
Class A Explosive
Class B Explosive
Class C Explosive
Blasting Agents
Cowpressea oases
Flanmble Gas
Nonflammable Gas
Special Forms
Liquified
Cryogenic
Gas in solution
Flarmaftle Liquids
Pyrophoric Liquids
Flanmable Liquids
Combustible Liquid
Flammtile solias
Flamrable Solid
Water Reactive
Spontaneously
Combustible
uxirli7.ing Materials
Oxidi7,er
Organic Peroxide
poisonous Materials • "
Class A Poison
Class B Poison
Irritant
Etlologic Agent
KadioactiV6 Materials
Radioactive I
Radioactive II
Radioactive III
COi'i'Osive Materials
Corrosive
otner
CRM A
ORM B
OHM C
CRM D
Examples
Dynanito, TNT, Black Powder
Propel Ian t Powders, Rocket
Motors
Comon Fireworks, Snail
Arms
Nitro Carbo Nitrate
Acetylene, Butane, Hydrogen
Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen
Sulfur Dioxide
Butane, LNG, Nitrogen,
Propane
Ethylene, Hydrogen, Nitroge
Acetylene
Aluminum Alkyls, Alkyl
ESoranes
Acetone, Gasoline, Methyl
Alcohol
Fuel Oil, Stoddard Solvent
Magnesium, Titanium
«^*
Calcium Carbide, Sodium
Hydride
Phosphorus, Sodium, J
Potassium '
Lithium Peroxide *f
Benzoyl Peroxide, Peracetic
Acid ,t '
f
Arsine, Hydrocyanic Acid,
Phosgene
Aniline, Arsenic, Methyl
Bromide
Tear Gas, Xylyl Etromide
Anthrax, Botulism, Rabies,
Tetnus
Plutonium, Cobalt, uranium
Uranium Hexafluoride
Acids - Hydrocyanic. Acid,
Sulfuric Acid
Bases - Caustic Soda,
Caustic Potash
Dry Ice, Carbon Tetrachlori
Quick! une, Metallic Mercury
Battery Parts, Bleaching
Powder
Disinfectants
<.ienerai naz&ruous
Properties
Sensitive to heat &
Contamination could cause
explosion
Thermal and Mechanical
impact
BLEVE potential
FlaimabiUty hazard
Highly mobile vapors
Toxicity, oorroslvity
potentials
Liquified gases - cold
temperatures - frostbite
i expansion ratio high
Flamnability
Explosion potential
BLEVE • •' ''
Vapor /air
Potentially corrosive,
toxic thermally unstable
Readily ignite & burn
explosively, some
spontaneously
Water reactive potentials
Toxic & corrosive potenti
Supply oxygen to support
conbustion of normally
nonflamrable materials
Explosively sensitive to
heat, shock, friction
Potentially toxic
Harm from inhalation ,
ingestion , absorption
Effect on environment
Flammability potential
Harm - internal 5 externa
Contaminates -
In-mediate area
Smoke, clothing, water
Harm - disintegration of
tissues, internal &
external
Oxidizing effect
Splatter pottential
ie Noxious
Corrosive
                -16-

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 7.0              CONTAINMENT  AND CLEANUP TECHNIQUES

      Upon  arriving  at  a  spill  scene  the  investigator  should
 observe  the physical  situation and take  appropriate safety  pre-
 cautions  if necessary.   It  is preferable  to  know  the  materials
 spilled before  leaving the office.   This will allow  time  to  check
 the  hazards  of  the materials involved in the spill,  arhd  what  pre-
 cautions  and actions would be  required  during  the cleanup  opera-
 tions.

      Once  the identity and danger of  the spilled  material  has  been
 assessed,  various methods  of  containment  and/or  cleanup may  be
 appropriate.  It is  the  policy of EPA that  mechanical containment
 and  removal  methods be  used whenever  possible  unless they  would
 endanger  life of  property  or another  more  effective and  readily
 available  method  is  more  feasible.

      While it is recognized that there  are  many adequate  methods
 available  to mitigate  the effects of an  oil  or hazardous  substance
 spill, the methods presented  here are offered as  a  guide  to assist
 the  Federal  and other  responding personnel  in  carrying  out'-'their
 responsibilities.  For purposes of  discussion,  the techniques
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Weirs
                                     TABLE 4
                       CONTROL METHODS PCR SPILLS  IN WATER
                                  FLOAT IH3 SPILLS
METHOD
Booms
APPLICATION CR
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
Varies; need de-
ployment device
USE
Not too
much
ADVANTAGES
Used on largo
area; many
knotcurrent
DISADVANTAGES
1. Only in wave <2-4 feet
2. Current speed <0.7
varieties
           Weir & boat
                              Calm
Not easily
clogged;
collects &
contains
                                                         Not  used  in  rough water
Pneumatic
Barriers
Spill
Herding
Methods
Air compressor
diffuser
deployment
method
Chemicals on
water ; spray
or prop, wash
Only in
shallow
water
Protect
shore &
facilities
Do not create
a physical
barrier to
vessels
Useful in
rough water
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
Not in rough water
Only shallow water
Only thin layers of
materials
.» >*
Not eastlty obtainable
Not 10Q& effective
      7.1.1.   Booms

          Booms are used to contain spills of  floatable{materials,  and
     to  facilitate cleanup operations.  Booms  can be, used to  keep  the
     oil  and  hazardous materials  in  a small  area »6r  to  keep  these
     materials out of a particular area.  This lattej1  approach is used
     to  protect vulnerable natural resources and priyate  property such
     as  a marina.                                 M

          Generally,  booms  as  a containnent device are  good  in  clam
     waters.   However, they will loose  their effectiveness  in  currents
     above  1 MPH.   (See  Figures 1 and 2).    In situations where  the
     current is above  the  1 MPH figure, the boora should be used as a
     deflection device,  moving  the oil to  a quiet collection  area.
     This  is done by  placing  the boom at an angle to the movement of
     the floating material, this angle being less than 90° and usually
     smaller than 45°.  The faster  the current,   the  smaller  the angle
     and the longer length of boon is  required.

          Boons are usually susceptible to  two kinds of  failure while
     they are deployed:  (1) entrainment and (2)  splashover.

          Entrainroent is the loss of  oil under the skirt, due normally
     to  a combination  of increased headwave  thickness and water cur-
     rent.   Figure 2 illustrates what  happens to  cause this undesirable
     effect.
                                     -18-

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                 TENSION
                 MEMBER
            <•• --SKIRT
           	1    BALLAST
           	1*   WEIGHT
-»n   r.i    u
n
                                                               n
       END VIEW                                SIDE VIE'*
          Figure  1.  The basic components  of an  oil contaminant  boom.
 WATER FLOW
                                                   OIL SURFACING
                                                    BEHIND BOOM
OIL DROPLETS
BREAKING OFF
         Firure 2.   Heavy waves and current; -,ay v-sh Drilled oil under
the booms;  this type of failure is known as "entrainrent."
                                       19

-------
       tntrainment  can  be accelerated by either of two separate
 events or  a combination of external inputs.  One event  is  the
 im-rease of water current  velocity.  This event has a tenriincy
 to push the skirt off the  vertical and to increase the  amount
 of entrained oil  (Figure 3).   The second event is high  winds,
 which can  cause a similar  loss of vortical integrity, if suf-
 ficient freeboard is  present,  by pushing the top of the boom
 toward the water  surface.   Sometimes,  the boom may actually lie
 flat on the water with a subsequent loss of previously  contained
 oil (Figure 4).
                              WIND
        Figure 3.  Entrainment  increased due to fast current.
                         WIND
        Figure 1.  Entrainment increased due to high wind with normal
current.

      The problems associated  with entrainment can be partially
 countered by decreasing  the angle of the boom to the bank.
 Problems associated with  the  effect  of  wind on boom integrity
 are completely situational and  require  individual analysis and
 deployment of "trade-offs" to maximize  containment of the
 spilled product.
                                20

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      The wind and the sea state are primary influences on the
 second type of failure, which stems from the splashover of the
 boom.   Splashover is directly affected by boom design, freeboard
 height,  angle of approach of wavts to the boom, and the size:and
 interval of the waves.   Any combination of these factors causes
 the  oil  to go over the  top of the boom.  The solution, again, is
 site-specific,  and the  amount and direction of movement of the
 boom to  minimize this splashover should be determined on a
 case-by-case basis.  In choppy sea conditions, some oil will'spill
 over,  but there is no need for alarm unless large quantities are
 being  lost.

     Regardless of the  type used,  booms can be effective only if
 positioned or deployed  in a manner consistent  with local conditions.

     The  most valuable  element in  boom deployment is a sound work-
 ing  knowledge of local  waterways.   Knowledge of currents,  tides
 natural  catch areas,  water depth,  etc.,  is invaluable in effecting
 a more rapid response.   A second  element  necessary for timely,  ef-
 fective  deployment  is the availability of ready support equipment.
 If the water body  is  large enough  to require a boat for boom 'de-
 ployment,  it is important to have  available some sort of towing
 bridle that  will place  the strain  on the  tension member.

     The  following  examples  demonstrate various technique's'that
 are widely used to  contain oil with  booms under different  stream
 conditions  (Figures 5,  6,  and  7).  The illustrated solution  is
 not always effective.   In  the  case of  most  rivers,  currents
 usually subside  at or near the banks.   Because  of  reduced  flow
 in these  areas,  some  containment can  normally  be expected  near-
 shore.  As can  be seen,  all  of these  deployment!techniques re-
quire the securing of an  anchor on the  leading  edge of  the boom.
A recommended method  for  anchoring the boom (Is  shown  in  Figure 8.
                                                   COLLECTION
                                                     POINT
       Figure  5.  Small river with moderate depth of 15 to 20 ft  (1).6 to
        6.1 m) and slow current of 1.0 to 1.5 kn (1.8 to 2.8 km/h).
                              21

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                                                                                                  ANCHOR
.>««*
                                                                                                                COLLECTION PIT


                                                              Figure 6.   Small river with moderate depth of  15 to  20  ft.  (1.6 to
                                                                6.1 m) and  moderate to fast  current of 3 to  M kn (5.6  to  7.1 km/h).
                                                              Figure 7.  River  of moderate to deep  depth and fast current.
                                                                           BOOM
                                                                                       ANCHOR  BUOY
                                                                                                  ANCHOR LINE
                                                                                                    (RECOMMENDED iCOPE
                                                                                                        7x WATER DEPTH)
                                                                                                                 = 6-8 FT
                                                                                                                   ANCHOR CHAIN
                                                                                                                           OANFORTH ANCHOR
                                                                   Figure  8.   Normal configuration for anchoring booms.
                                                                                               22

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 7.1 . 2   Earthen Dams
     x         ^.-.
     Earthen  dims  arc a second type  of  barrier.   This  moasure is
used most  frequently  on small  creeks or tributaries,  but  could be
effectively used on  slightly  larger water bodies if  the flow rate
^s  slow J<0.5 knots  (kn)].    Earthen dams are very  easy  to con-
struct, using a bulldozer,  dragline,  or backhoe.   The  primary ob-
jective is to allow  the water  to pass downstream while  containing
•the  oil.   Water  passes  through an  inverted  siph'on or  inclined
pipe, which is placed below the water surface  (Figure 10-12).

     Barriers of straw  and/or  peat  can also be  constructed easily.
The  type  barriers or  dams  may be constructed  in   a  variety  of
means.   Typically chicken  wire  or  something  similar  is  strung
across  the stream/creek and  the straw or peat is placed on  the up
stream  side  of the  wire.   It  maybe desirable  to  use a  second
string of wire to  contain the straw  or  peat  should the stream or
creek be  prone to  directional current  changes.    Natural  debris
such as a log jam may also be  used  to  the responders  advantage.

     In summary, it  should  be remembered  that  physical barriers.
whether booms  or  dams, are intended to  restrict  the  spread  of
oil/hazardous materials and decrease  contamination.  , -Inr  all  oil
spill situations,  rapid response is the  key  to  an effective  oper-
ation,  and containment  must  be accomplished as score As possible,
using the best available resources.
     Figure 9. Back moored boom technique  for containing spilled oil  in tidal-
      influenced estuaries and bays.
                                  23

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  DRY DITCH OR RAVINE

BLOCKED TO FORM HOLDING POND
              ss& DRY
                 DITCH '>
             FILL
                • FILL SHOULD BE COMPACTED

                 BY ANY AVAILABLE MEANS DURING
                 CONSTRUCTION
                  FIGURE 10

-------
         WATER  BY-PASS  DAM
                (VALVED PIPE)
                              VALVED PIPEtS- OF
                              AOOUATE CAPACITY
                              TO BY-PASS WATER
WATER FLOW OF STREAM OR SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE
 IS BY PASbfcD TO MAINTAIN RESERVOIR LEVEL. SOIL IS
 SKIMMED OFF OR ADSORBED AS CONDITION1.DIC7T ATE
   CREST OF DAM SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT WIDTH TO
 ACCOMODATE COMPACTION VEHICLE. HEIGHT OF  FILL
2 TO 3 FEET ABOVF FLUID LEVEL. NORMAL FALL ANGLE
        OF FILL WILL SUFFICE FOR SLOPING.
           FIGURE 11
             25

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   WATER BY-PASS  DAM
         (INCLINED TUBE)
ELEVATE DISCHARGE END OF TUBE(S) TO
     DESIRED RESERVOIRjUEVEL.
/OIR
-------
SUSPENDED  BARRIER
Straw Layer(6"min. thick)
Width of Barrier
10-15 Feet Upstream
                             Anchor at 6-8 Feet t
                             Intervals Along Bottorn
                             of Wire Mesh
               •STAGE BARRIERS IN SERIES
               OF TWO OR MORE

               •SELECT QUIESCENT AREA OF
               STRFAM TO LOCATE BARRIERS
                  FIGURE 13
                     27

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                                          7.1.3  Skimmers
                                               Assumingthat  efforts  to  contain  the  discharged  oil have
       J                                  proved  successful,  recovery  of  the  spilled oil  is  then  begun.
                                          Removal is usually accomplished  with  the use of mechanical  devices
                                          called "skimmers".
                                               Skimmers,  as the name  implies,  are designed  to-collect,  or
                                          skim,  the  floating product from  the  surface of  the  water.   Skim-
                                          mers' can  be  grouped' into  four basic categories:    (12)  vacuum  or
           „.                              suction type,  (2)  weirs, (3) dynamic  inclined plane,  and  (4)  oleo-
. v "••.».•• ."                                philic belts,  drums,  and disks.

                                          7.1.3.1  Vacuum or Suction-Type  Skimmers

                                               The suction-type skimmer  is a simple device in terms  of both
                                          design and operation.  A suction  head and  pump  are involved, and
                                          these devices  simply vacuum  the  oil  from  the surface  of the water.
                                          One sample of  a suction-type skimmer head is called a "duck  bill"
                                          (Figure 14).   The primary  advantages of  using this device  are its
                                          adaptability  to  most environmental  situations,  its  ability   to
                                          handle almost  all types of oils,  and the simplicity of ^.operation
                                          in  most water  depth.   Its disadvantages  include a • tendency  to
                                          become clogged  with  debris and the need  for continual maintenance
                                          during recovery operations to  prevent clogging and al-low  efficient
                                          skimming.                                        „,„*.„„„
                                                                        Figure 14. Illustration
                                           7.1.3.2  Weir  Skimmers       Of a suction-type skinner heM fprQ removing

                                               Weir  skimmers  are probably  the most  widely  recognized  type  of
                                           recovery device available today.   In  addition,  they are the  most
                                           widely   available   type  of   skimmer   for   pollution   recovery
                                           operations.

                                               Weir  skimmers  consist  of  four  primary  components:    (1)   a
                                           flotation  device  to suspend  the skimmer in water, (2) a  reservoir
                                           to  collect the oil,  (3)  a device  to adjust the skimming level  to
                                           minimize  the  quantity of water  entering the  reservoir,  and  (4)
                                           some method  to empty  the reservoir,  either by  positive  displace-
                                           ment pumps or  suction (Figure 15) .

                                               The  idea  behind  this device  is  commonly  referred  to as  the
                                           "waterfall"  priniciple.   The collecting reservoir is  submerged  to
                                           the level  of  the  oil/water  interface,  at which  point,  gravity
                                           forces  the oil into the  reservoir, creating a  "waterfall"  effect.
                                           The advantages of this  type  of  skimmer include its high  mobility
                                           and good  recovery efficiency  in relatively  calm water.   The  wier
                                           is  susceptible to being  clogged with  debris,  but a screen can  be
                                           placed  around  the unit to minimize this problem.
                                                                          -28-

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        OIL SLICK
                                                - WATER
                                    COLLECTION RESERVOIR
                   SUCTION  DISCHARGE HOSE                   . •< /

Figure 15.  Vertical and  lateral  views of the components of the»vyfeir
  skimmer.
8.1.3.3  Dynamic  Inclined Plane  Skimmers            ,       '

     Dynamic  inclined plane skimmers use an inverted,  continuous
belt; that  is,  a  belt that runs  from high ,$o low, as opposed to
normal conveyors  which run from  low to 'higii (Figure 16  ).   The
belt takes  the  oil  below the surface of  thp water.  The' oil
leaves the  belt and floats upward  to a J-eservoir, where it is
collected and pumped to a storage  container.  Like oleophilic
skimmers, which are discussed later, dynamic inclined  plane
skimmers have good  recovery efficiency and are available in  a
variety of  sizes.   Both types have restrictions on maneuver-
ability and loss  of efficiency when trash or debris is present.
Figure 16.  An illustration of the  dynamic  inclined plane skimmer  in
  operation.
                               29

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      ?                               7.1.3.4  Oleophilic Skimmers

                                           Oleophilic  skimmers  are operated  on the  principles of  oil
                                      absorption.    The term  "oleophilic"  means a  strong affinity  for
                                      oil.    Almost all  of the oleophilic  components of  this type  of
                                      skimmer have  the characteristic of  being hydrophobia,,  or  water-
 VL,   jj-. ~                           resistant.    The  common denominator  of  all  oleophiVic  recovery
-   '•*"                                 devices is  the passing of  the  "absorbing1 material  continuously
                                      through the  spilled  oil.   The oil adheres to the surface  and  is
                                      removed from  the  water.   At this point,  the  oleophilic  member  is
                                      wiped or squeezed by rollers or  blades and the oil is deposited  in
                                      a reservoir.   the product  in  the reservoir  is  then  pumped  into
                                      some  type of holding container.

                                           Oleophilic  skimmers  are  the  most  sophisticated  recovery
                                      devices  available  today,  usually  employing  several  different
                                      mechanical   systems,  which  require  varying  levels of  preventive
                                      maintenance and highly trained operators for  use.

                                           The rotating  disk,  or  drum systems,  as  shown in  Fig-ure  17,
                                      are noted for very efficient recovery of oil  in deeper water where
                                      little or no  debris  is present.   Available in various  sizes,  the
                                      large models normally require extensive logistic support.
* *                                                                                            i
  <•                                        The most widely used oleophilic  skimmers are  of  thfe belt  and
                                      rope  type.    These devices operate very efficiently  in  both thick
                                      and  thin slicks, and  are usually capable of» recovering  sheens.
                                      Their ability  to remove  oil  mixed with  smaH  amounts  of  debris
                                      remains almost as efficient  as debris-free environments.
                                                                                 
-------
                                          FIXED WIPER


                                                COII.ECT10N  TROUGH
               Figure 17.  Oleophilic drum  skinner.
   COLLECTION RESERVOIR
Figure 18.  A continuous-belt oleophilic skimmer for recovering
  spilled oil on the surface of the water.
                            31

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                                 TABLE 5
                           EPA ACCEPTANCE LIST
           DISPFRSANTS COLLECTING AGENTS, BIOLOGICAL ADDITIVES
C.ompany
                       Product Name
                Chemical  Agent  Date of Acceptance
Shell Oil Company
Two Shpl' Plaza
P.O. Box 2105
Houston, TX

Natural Hydrocarbon
Elimination Co
5400 Memorial Drive
Suite 812, Houston, TX

Whale Chemical Co.
58 Winant St.
State Is., N.Y.

Ara-Chen, Inc.
808 Gable «ay
El Cajon, CA

GFC Gnomical Co.
2539 Old Okeechobee Rd
West Pain Beach, FL

Adair Equipnent Co.
P.O. Box  19333
Houston, TX
                       Oil Herder
                       NOSCUM
                       Seanaster
                       NS-555
                Surface
                Collector
                Biological
                Additive
                                       Dispersant
                       Gold Crew       Dispersant
                       Dispersant
                                              JVk

                       Atlantic-Pacific   Dispersant
                      . Oil Dispersant              '
                       Cold Clean      Dispersan
BP North Anerica,
620 Fifth Ave.
New York, N.Y.

Exxon Chenical Co.
1333 W. Loop South
Houston, TX
Continental Chenical
270 Clifton Blvd.
Clinton,  N.J.

BP North  America,Inc.
620 Fifth  Ave.
New York,  N.Y.

U.S.  Navy
Naval  Ship Engin.
Center, Washington,  D
                  Inc. BP-1100X
                Dispersant
Corexit 9527    Dispersant
                       Conco           Dispersant
                       Dispersant K
                       CP-1100 WD       Dispersant
                        Oil Spill
                        Romover
                      .C.
                Surface
                Collector
Sept.  IP. 1976




Sept.  16, 1976




June 6,  1977



Aug'' 31, 1977



sJpt.  19, 1977



Oct. 7.1977



Oct. 20, 1977



March :o. 1978



April 05. 1978



May I1. .  1978



Aug. ~>1 , 1978
                                  -32-

-------
 Company
                        Product Name    Chenlcal  Agent   Date  of  Acceptance
 Exxon Chemical Co.
 1333 W. Loop South
 Houston,  TX

 Exxon Chemical Co.
 1333 W. Loop South
 Houston,  TX

 Bioteknika Intl.,  Inc.
 7835 Greeley Blvd.
 Springfield, VA

 Proform Products Corp.
 230 California Ave.
 Palo Alto,  CA

 Drew Chemical Corp.
 One Drew  Chemical  PI.

 Polybac Corp.
 1251 S. Cedar Crest
 Blvd.,  Suite 304A
 All en town,  PA

 Arco Chemical  Co.
 P.O. Box  370
 Sand Springs,  OK

 Aspra,  Inc.
 4401 23rd Ave.
 Seattle, WA

 American Petrofina
 P.O. Box 2159
 Dallas, TX

 Petrocon Marine &
 Industrial Chemical
 243  44th St.
 Brooklyn,  N.Y.

Polybac Corp.
4 West 58th St.
New York,  N'.Y.
 Corexit 8667    Dispersant
 Corexit OC-5    Surface
 Petrodeg 100    Biological
                 Additive
 Proform-
 Pollution
 Control  Agent
 Dispersant
 Aneroid  Oil Spill   Dispersant
 Dispersant/LT
 Petrobac  R
                 Biological
                 Additive
ArcoChern  D-609   Dispersant
 BC.O Allan ' tol   Dispersan
AT7                    »
Finasol Osr 8   Dispersant
Oil Spill
Eliminator
N/T No. 4
Hydrobac
Dispersant
                Biological
                                   Nov. 1 , 1978
                                   Nov. 1 , ]978
                   Dec.  15 ,, 1978
 May  9,  1979
    ^JL^  1979

  « /'
Aug. 4,  1979


 if

Aug. 20, 1979



Nov. 13,, 1979



May jl ,   iPSO



Hay 21,   15)80
                                 -33-

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                                     7.1.4.   Chemicals for Oil Spill Cleanup

   t                                       The uso o£  chemicals must he  In  accordance  with Annex X  of
                                     the National Oil and  Hazardous Substances Contingency, Plan.   The
                                     list of accepted chemicals is shown in Table 5.

                                     7.1.4.1  Dispersants

      „«                                  The Federal OSC, on a case-by-case basis, can approve the use
..v -r-                                Qf chemlcal  dispersants on  any  spills if  it is  determined  they
                                     will prevent or  substantially  reduce  the  hazard  to  human  life  or
                                     substantially reduce  explosion or  fire hazard  to property.   All
                                     other cases must be  approved by the  EPA  RRT  representative after
                                     consultation with appropriate  Federal  and State agencies.   In  all
                                     cases,  appropriate application rates and methods must be used.

                                     7.1.4.2  Collecting Agents

                                          The OSC may authorize use of the surface collecting agents on
                                     minor,   medium  and  major discharges  on  a  case-by-case^ ,ppis  if
                                     their use will result in  the least overall environmental damage or
                                     interference  with   water  uses,   and  greatly   enhance'  removal
                                     actions.

                                     7.1.4.3  Burning Agents                  •**
                                                                                           '
 %                                        The use of burning  agents may be authorized on a -case-by-case
                                     basis by the OSC with approval from the RRT,  State,  and local air
                                     pollution  control  agency.   However,   it  mxidt be  recognized  that
                                     burning  off is  potentially  one of  the  most  dangerous treatment
                                     operations.    It  should  only  be  considered  when  it  can  be
                                     determined  that  the risks to  people  wou.ld 'be  greater  if burning
                                     were not attempted.                     f

                                     7.1.4.4  Biological Additives

                                          Biological  additives, such  as bacteria cultures, have proven
                                     successful  in degrading  a variety of  chemical wastes.  The  success
                                     of  this method  is  dependent  upon  many   factors;  therefore,  each
                                     case must be evaluated  individually.
                                                                     -34-

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                                        7,2  CLEANUP TECHNIQUES FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

                                             Methods for  controlling spills  of hazardous substances  are
                                        shown in Tables 6 and  7.   Techniques  discussed  in  Section  8.1  may
        t                               also be applicable for hazardous substances which float.

                                             Candidate  schemes for the treatment and disposal -of  hazardous
                                        substances include:   1)  Carbon Adsorption,  2)  Filtration,  3)  Ion
                                        Exchange,  4)  Gravity Separation,  5) Neutralization, 6)  Coagulation
                                        Precipitation,  7) Reduction, 8)  Oxidation and,  9)  Dilution  and
., ,A   '.._.*..                           Dispersion.   These  treatment  schemes  can  be achieved either in  a
...>. r.v-.--^                              batch mode depending on the  hazardous materials  containment  or  In
      '                                  a   flow  through  process.     Consideration  should  also  be  given
                                        whether  the material  can  be  discharged  to a municipal  treatment
                                        plant without creating  a  major  upset.   This may  be prior  to  or
                                        following  treatment  of hazardous materials on site.  Also, due  to
                                        the high solubility  of most  hazardous substances,  success of  any
                                        treatment  scheme  is  dependent on quick containment of  the  spilled
                                        materials.

                                        7.2.1 Carbon Adsorption

                                             Carbon  adsorption  is  a  physical   phenomena  which , wano'vps
                                        organic  matter  and  some inorganic  chemicals  from water.    These
                                        chemicals  are physically adsorbed on the  large surface arete of  the
                                        carbon  (500-1000  m^  per  gram).   Activated  carbon   is  produced
                                        from  many  materials  including  wood,   coal,  lignite,  etc.   The
  ."                                    adsorption  process  and  its   effectivenesses  dependent  on the
    - •-                                 nature of  the material being adsorbed and on the  type t-'of carbon
                                        used.   In  general, concentrations of  greater than  1000 'mg/I  of a
                                        contaminant  requires   excessive   detention  time's  and  excessive
                                        quantities  of  carbon.   The amount of carbonjJneeded  to  adsorb a
                                        given  chemical  must   be  established by  field^testing.   .When the
                                        capacity  of the  carbon has  been  exhausted fthe  carbon  must  be
                                        replaced and the spent carbon disposed of.jj Table 7 gives general
                                       guidelines  for the adsorbability  of various organics  on activated
                                       carbon.  In situ use of carbon would generally consider the addit-
                                       ion  of  powered  activated  carbon  directly  to   the  spill   site.
                                        Effective  mixing  of  the carbon  with  the  contaminated  water  in
                                       question is essential  for effective adsorption to occur.  Off-site
                                       treatment  would  involve pumping  the contaminated water  through a
                                       granular carbon  column  (See Table 8).

                                       7.2.2.  Filtration

                                            Filtration  is designed to remove  particulate natter  by  pass-
                                       ing the contaminated  water through a layer of porous media such as
                                       sand.   The  treatment may be employed as a  pre-treatment  prior  to
                                       passing the water  through  a carbon column or ion  exchange  system
                                       or   as a  polishing  step  for  removal  of  a  particulate  after'  a
                                       chemical  reaction.    While various  types  of  media  are  used  in
                                                                      -35-
a

-------
iH. if— •
filtration a simplified mode for field application would generally
consider  a  gravity  or  pressure  flow dual  media  filter  column.
During a  filter run, the head  loss will  gradually increase due to
accumulation of  solids  within  the filter media.   When  the  hr>a.1
loss  roaches  the  limit  set by the  hydraulic  conditions  of  the
filter  design  the  filter  run   will  stop  and  the-  filter  is
backwabhed.   In  some cases  the effluent quality  from  the filter
may control  the  termination of the  filter  run.   Filters  may be
backwashed with sorted filter effluent, in which  case the backwash
waste  after  removal  of  a  suspended  solid  Is  retreated  an.i
refiltered.   In  situ  filtration  may  involve  permitting  water ..o
pass  by gravity  through  a  built-up sand or  coal  bed.   Continuous
filtration will usually  involve bringing  in  a portable filter tor
direct application at the site.

7.2.3  Ion Exchange

      Ion  exchange  is a process  in  which  ions  held by electrostatic-
forces  to functional groups on  the  surface of  a. solid  are ex-
changed for  ions of  a  different species in solution.   The  process
takes  place  on a  resin  which  is  usually  made of synthetic  mat-
erial.    Various  kinds  of  resin  are available  including weakly
acidic  and strongly acidic  ion exchange  resins  depending on the
application  involved.   The ions are  exchanged  until  ttjre resin is
exhausted and  then  the  resin   is  regenerated with a concentrated
solution  of  ions  flowing in a  reverse direction  or replaced  with
new  resin.   The amount  of resin  required must  be established b>
chemical  tests done on  the wastewater  for  the ion'  content of
interest.   The best type  of  resin is established  mainly by  the
specific  contaminant  to  be  removed,   the  .amount  of  wastewater
involved  and  other  ionic  demands on  theljresin.   Ion  exchange
treatment can  be  accomplished  by  of f-sitejfpumping  of the  waste-
water in  question  through  an ion  exchangp column  with  the  ability
to  either regenerate  or  replace  the  rfrsin when  it  becomes  ex-
hausted.   In situ  treatment in a  manned  similar to carbon  would
involve   mixing  the  resin  with the  wastewater   in  question   in  a
suitable  containment area.

7.2.4  Gravity Separation

      Gravity  separation  involves  removal of  suspended  solids with
a  specific gravity greater than water by  the process  of sediment-
ation or  particles  with  a specific  gravity less  than  water  bj
 flotation.   Sedimentation  is  removal  of solid  particles  from  a
suspension through gravity settling.   The process may be used as  a
pretreatment  and  concentration step  to  reduce  the load subsequent
 to other processes,  thereby   utilizing  a   natural  concentration
 procedure.   Various factors affect the  rate of  settling including
 particle  size and shape,  density and viscosity  of water,  and the
 presence  of other materials in the water.   The  rate  of settling
 while predictable  using  theoretical equations,  should  eroploj  a
 field  testing  procedure.    While sedimentation  may   involve the
                                -36-

-------
 removal of hazardous  solid  materials,  it is most often associated
 with  the  coagulation  process.   Flotation is  used  to separate tho
 materials  with   a   specific   gravity   less   than   water.     Thp
 contaminant rises to  the top and is skimmed off periodically.

 7.. 2. 5  Neutralization

      Neutralization  is  a process  in  which hydroxyl  or  hy1rofeen
 ions  are  added to  a  solution  to  produce  an  approximately equal
 concentration  or  pH . 7.    Acidic wastes  can bo  neutralized' usine
 caustic  soda  (NaOH) ,  lime   (Ca[OH],),  or   soda   ash  OJaCo-,)?
 Alkaline  wastewaters  are   neutralized   by   tho    addition   of
 hydrochloric   acid  (HCL)  or   sulfuric   acid   (H2S04).    Stronglv
 basic  NaOH,  strongly acidic   H2S04  and  HC1  must  be added  very
 carefully, to., avoid  creating a  violent reaction.  These chemicals
 may need to be diluted or  nixed with sand prior to use - in  order to
 avoid a  violent   reaction.   Complete  nixing  of  the contents  is
 especially important to  avoid  pockets of strong chemicals  in th-
 in the liquid.  T,he other  agents  are considered weaker acids  and
 bases and react   slower  than   the  strong acids  and  bases..   The
 amount of  neutralizing chemical required should be determ-is^d bv a
 bench scale test.
                                                       » /
 7.2.6  Coagulation Precipitation                       /

      Coagulation  precipitation  is  a process which removes  pbllut-
 ants  b->' reacting  these  materials   to  form an  insoluajjle  product
 Thls-  process  results   in   a  reaction  rather   thfen   physical
 adsorbtion.    There  is  a   series  of  steps  «to  allow effective
 precipitation;  (1) chemical  addition,  (2) limpid mix,  (3)  addition
 of  coagulant,  (4)  f locculation.  (5)   sedimentation  and  in  some
 cases   (6)  filtration.    Each  precipitation  reactions  may  not
 require  a11 of these steps.   Precipitation 'is  used  to remove  many
 types  °f  metal cations  and some  anionjl such as  fluorides  and
 sulfides.   The agents involved in  precipitation reaction  include
 calcium,   sodium   hydroxide,   sodium   bicarbonate,    sulfate   and
 sul fide.   These chemicals are  added at  a certain pH .  The  anount
 of  chenicals required  to precipitate a particular constituent  are
 determined by  running a bench  scale  test.   Coagulation  involves
 the  addition  of  a  coagulant  such  as ferric  chloride, aluminum
 sulfate  or  organic   polyelectrolytes   in   order  to  precipitate
 specific wastewater  constituents.

     Ferric Chloride As Coagulation Aid

     This compound is  effective  in  clarifying both organic and  in-
organic suspensions.   The  final pH  should be above 6  for the best
results or caustic soda  may be needed  to control  pH.   Large sus-
pensions require  dosages of  approximately  50-500 mg/1,  although
larger doses may  be needed  for very high waste  concentration or
                               -37-

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-------
                               TABLE   7
                   INFLUENCE  OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
                 AND  OTHER FACTORS ON ABSORBABILITY
 U    An  Increasing  solubility of the solute in the liould carrier
      decreases its adsorbabillty.                          *-«" ner

 2.    Branched  chains are  usually  more adsorbable  than straieht
      chains.   An increasing  length  of the  chain  decreases solu-


 3.   Substituent groups affect adsorbability:

      Substituent Group         Nature of Influence

      Hydroxyl                     Generally  reduces adsorbability;
                                extent   of   decrease   depends   on
                                structure of  host molecule.

      Aclino                      Effect  similar  to  that of hydroxyl
                                but somewhat  greater.  Many  amino
                                acids   are  not  adsorbed   to  any
                                appreciable extent.      . •' /'

      Carbonyl                     Effect varies accorfli'ng  to host
                                molecule;   glyoxylic    is    more
                                adsorbable^than acetic  but similar
                                increase  does   not  .occur   when
                                introduced    into   higher    fatty
                                acids.          i

      Double  Bonds              Variable effect  as with carbonyl.

      Halogens                  Variable effect.

      Sulfonic                  Usually  decreases adsorbability.

      Ni-tro                      Often  increases  adsorbability.

4.    Generally,  strong ionized solutions are not as adsorbable as
      weakly  ionized  ones;  i.e. ,  undissociated molecules  are in
      general  preferentially adsorbed.

5.    The amount of hydrolytic adsorbtion depends on the ability of
      the hydrolysis to form an adsorbable acid or base.

6.    Unless   the  screening  action of  the carbon  pores intervene
     large molecules  are  more sorbable  than small molecules  of
     similar   chemical  nature.   This  is  attributed  to  more solute
     carbon  chemical  bonds being  formed,  making desorption  more
     difficult.
                              -41-

-------
                             TABLE 8
                        CARBON ADSORPTION
   PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
  EFFECTIVELY REMOVED BY
    ACTIVITATED CARBON
         Acrolein
          Aldrin
       Aroclor 1254
      Arochlor 1260
         Benzene
      Chlorobenzene
    ,3 Dichlorobenzene
   1,4 Dichlorobenzene
    Hexachlorobenzene
       Nitrobenzene
 Bis(2 chloroethyl) ether
   Carbon Tetrachloride
        Chlordano
           ODD
           DDE
           DDT
     Dichloromethane
         Dieldrin
   n-Dibutyl Phthalate
    1,2 Dichloroethane
          Endrin
        Heptachlor
   Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
         Lindane
       Naphthalene
          Phenol
      0-Chlorophenol
    2,4 Dichlorophenol
     ,6 Trichlorophenol
      4, Nitrophenol
1,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane
   Tetrachloroethylene
         Toluene
    2,6 Dinitrotoluene
    Trichloroethylene
ORGANICS OF DIFFERENT TYPES
  EFFECITVELY REMOVED BY
     ACTtVIATED CARBON
        Acetic acid
          Acetone
          Aniline
       Benzole acid
         P-Cresol
         0-Cresol
       Dlethyl Ether
   Dimethyl Malonic acid
      Heptanoic acid
       Hydroquinone
     Isopropyl alcohol
      Methylene blue
     Methyl Parathion., ,.
        B-Naphthol  '
         Parathion, •
        PE01-400
        PEG^-IOOO
     •* 0'0-Biphenol
    2-6 Dimethylphenol
     Phenylacetic'acid
        Propylamine
       j^Resorcinol
    ,  I

-------









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-------
                                                                           TABLE 10

                                                       GENERAL SOURCES FOR VARIOUS TREATMENT CHEMICALS
                                             Chemical
                                                                            Sources
.«>•*».
Acetic acid


Alum

Ammonium salts

Anion exchangers


Bottom pumps
                                             Calcium  carbonate
                                             (limestone,  practically
                                             insoluble  in water)

                                             Carbon
                                             Cation  exchangers


                                             Charcoal


                                             CO2


                                             Epsom salts

                                             Ferric  (or  iron;  salt
                                             (Fe  C13)

                                             Lime

                                             Peat mos>

                                             Sodium  bicarbonate
                                             (baking t,.-r!a)

                                             Sodian  carbonate  (soda ash)

                                             Sodluri  chl >nde (table salt)

                                             Sodium  sultate

                                             Sorti.,-1  thiosulfate
Plastic or electronic"industries ,
grocery distributors  (vinegar)

Water treatment plants

Hospitals, dye manufacturers

(must specify pollutant)
water softener suppliers

Fire departments, EPA Regional
offices, Coast Guard
                          , •' f
Cement plants
                                 Water  treatment  plants , .sugar
                                 refineries              '

                                 (must  specify »poll utant)
                                 water  softene*^ suppliers

                                 Hardware  s^orfcs,  grocery
                                 distributors

                                 Soft drink  dealers,  compressed
                                 gas dealers

                                 Drug stores, groceries

                                 Water  treat- «nt  plants,  pbuti
                                 graphy  shops

                                 Cement  plants

                                 Nurseries,  florists

                                 Grocery d x^trLbutori; ,  bakeries


                                 Grocery di-s t r ibuti rs ,  bakeries

                                 Grocery d i,'5trih,;tors

                                 Dye nanuta ~ t ur'.-s
                                                                                    m 1 1 1 1
                                              stops,  tanneries,
                                                                             -44-

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                            -45-

-------
7.3  CONTROL OF LAND AND AIR SPILLS

7.3.1  Land Spills

     Whenever possible,  spills should be contained on-land as long
as a greater risk to life and property is not created ;by doing so.
Successful cleanup and treatment is much more likely and consider-
ably  less expensive  when  the  material  is  contained  before  it
reaches water.  Table 11 presents  several  methods for  controlling
spills on land.

     In  cases where  the  soil  is  particularly  porous,  materials
spilled  on  land may  mi6rate down  to  the water  table.    If  this
occurs, recovery is very difficult  and  may require the  digging of
wells  for purposes  of  monitoring  movement  or  recovery of  the
material.  In such cases the technical assistance of a groundwater
hydrologist  or other appropriately trained  individuals  will  be
required.

7.3.2  Air Spills

     Air  spills  (vapors,  mists, etc.)  are extremely dif-ffc'ult to
control.  Evacuation of the affected area  is often the only pract-
ical choice.  However, Table 12 shows several methods w*Mch may be
considered in  specific  cases.   When using a spray mist, consider-
ation must be given  to  the  possible creation of a water pollution
problem.                                              ,'
                                          ,f
                                -46-

-------
  8'°                   DISPOSAL/RECOVERY  PROCEDURES

      After cleanup operations have  removed  the  spilled material(s)
  and  contaminated  debris from the  water  or  ground,  the  OSC's re-
  sponsibilities  are  not over.   Improper shipping  andrdisposal of
  spilled  cleanup waste  can  cause serious safety problems,  as well
  as result in secondary  pollution as bad as,  if  not worse than, the
  original spill.  Therefore, the OSC must be  assured  that all chem-
  lcal disposal is carried out in a safe and proper manner.

      Disposal/recovery  operations may  involve the shipping of the
  waste materials to a state  approved land disposal site,  treatment
 by  a  reliable  disposal  or  recycling  company,  or sending  the
 material to a sewage  treatment  plant,  etc.   The  preferred method
 of disposal would be  to recycle to the  spiller's  company  or to  a
 company that can use the material in its operation.

      In  all  cases  involving  the  disposal/recovery of  oil  and
 hazardous substances,  contact and coordination should be made with
 all affected parties.   EPA looks  to  the State  pollution  coalwol
 agencies to obtain disposal  sites  and  act as liaison between 'the
 Federal government and  local.agencies such  as disposal  sites,  air
 pollution control  agencies,  sewage treatment plants,  etc.   '

      Extremely  toxic materials may  require  special on-site treat-
 raent,  or as in  the  case of PCB's either incineration or .shipment
 to an EPA/State approved disposal site.  EPA, Edison, New Jersey,
 has specialized equipment  that may be available 'to treat  these
 very  toxic  materials.   Coordination of this  activity will  be con-
 ducted  by the  EPA  Emergency  Response Team.      y

      Generators  (spillers)  and  transporters.* o*t  hazardous  waste
 materials must  obtain the appropriate  EPA  identification  numbers
 as required by RCRA  (see Section  4.4).


 9-°                   SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

 9.1   SAFETY/DECONTAMINATION

 9.1.1  General Considerations

     The  safety  of the people who arrive on  the  scene of an oil or
 hazardous material spill is  critical to consider before any action
 is taken.  All spills are considered extremely dangerous.

     Safety  considerations  should  receive  priority during the
decision-making  process.   Persons   responding  to  spills  are not
expected  to risk personal Injury or contamination through intimate
physical  contact  with   spilled  materials,   vapors,  etc.    Team
members should assess the situation and coordinate activities from
outside the high risk area and should enter such areas only in the
                               -47-

-------
event of inninent hazard to life and then only " P™P«r ^
is available,  the individual has  been thoroughly trained  in  its
uL.  and two additional  trained  and  properly  equipped  persons  are
standing by to provide assistance.
                                                    Although the response organization  utilized for
                                               tne discharge of  a  hazardous chemical incident >*  sl.n ohvs
                                               for responding  to an oil  discharge,  the  state-°f-thVar
-------
have serious side effects.  For example, materials which come into
contact with your pants leg may not cause illness or discomfort to

 ?*K  *l '          r ln the home> a sma11 child coming into contact
with  the  contaminated clothing  could  be made  seriously ill  or
*£     ,   ,°\ thKS ,r«ason'  U  ls  IMPHUTAIVE that you rfind out how
        ,   ,     K  ,'                             r     ou   ow
      material  should  be treated.   You  may  have  to . remove your
 Sl°«   g  °utslde  so that  y°ur vehicle,  home or offfce  does, not
 become contaminated and cause  unnecessary illness or death.  If in
 doubt, remove contaminated clothing before entering a building and
 shower as quickly as possible  to remove any contamination that may
 be on the skin or in the hair.
 n  <       though  manv  spilled  materials  will  be  in  a  solid  or
 liquid form, the greatest  danger to personnel  is  from inhalation
 or exposure to airborne gases,  dusts,  vapors, or  fumes.   The dan-
 gers from vaporization, sublimation, or  secondary  reactions which
 produce toxic airborne materials cannot be overemphasized.-' /'

      Common sense and alertness will prevent  most  accidents-  con-
 irHur    overconfidence and  ignorance are  the  leading causes  of
•                                          *•
 9.1.2  Site Control
                                               t
      Traffic and  spectators should be kept aw,ay  from the accident.
 Do not let  vehicles  stop  in,  or  pass thrttiigh, the  area  of  the
 spilled materials.                           »'
                                             r
      If  hazardous  or  toxic vapors are escaping from a spill,  it is
 Dest  to  take  action  to  evacuate people frbm the area downwind1 from
 the spill  until  the  spill  has been cleaned up.

      In  the event that the  evacuation  of civilian  personnel  be-
 comes necessary, the  procedure should be coordinated through  local
 officials.   Although  the OSC may determine that evacuation may  be
 advisable  in  any given  situation, the responsibility to make,such
 a  decision rests  with  local  civilian officials.   Close  liaison
 with  local  police  and fire officials  is  a necessity.

      Access to the control site is  limited to  essential  personnel.
 The designated control  site  consists  of the  command post  (upwind
 and outside the  contamination control site), contamination  reduct-
 ion area, and exclusion area.

     The complexity  and size of  the  controlled site is dependent
 upon  the actual  site  conditions and  decontamination  requirements.
 Figure 18 illustrates a controlled site  situation.
                               -49-

-------
                                                                 WIND DIRECTION
                                                        \
EXCLUSION AREA
(CONTROL AREA)
     "HOT"
                                                          \
                                                               20°
                                                               20°
                                   \     CONTAMINATION
                         HOT LINE—»\    CONTROL LINE

                                      \	
COMMAND POST
                                                ACCESS
                                                CONTROL-
                                                POINTS
                                        PERSONNEL DECON  STATION)


                                               = 40  K  ZHH
                          HOT LINE-*/     CONTAMINATION-
                                  /      CONTROL LINE
          1
                          FIGURE  19   FIELD  CONTROL  SITE
                                      50

-------
                                         9.1.3  Equipment and Clothing

        .'                              Spills of  toxic materials can  drastically  alter the ambient
                                         environment.    Consequently,  an   accurate  assessment  of  hidden
                                         dangers  is an  integral  part  of  safety  considerations.   Field
      n                                  monitoring equipment for  oxygen deficiency,  combustible gases and
                                         vapors,  and  radiation  are  necessary  in atmospheres 4where  these
                                         problems could be found.

                                              It  is  important   that  personnel   protective  equipment  and
                                         safety requirements  be appropriate  to  protect  against the poten-
                                         tial or known hazards at  an  incident.   Protective equipment should
_#*.%»:•;» li'i*?-- *••                              be selected based on the  type(s),  concentration(s) , possibilities,
                                         and  route(s)  of  personnel  exposure from the  substance(s) at  a
                                         site.  In situations where  the  type  of  materials and  possibilities
                                         of contact  are  unknown or  the hazards  are not  clearly  identifi-
                                         able,  a  more  subjective  determination   must  be  made  of  the per-
                                         sonnel protection equipment  required for initial safety.

                                              The  appropriate  level of  protection  should be determined
                                         prior  to the initial entry  on-site based on best available inforra-
                                        -ation.  Subsequent information  may suggest changes  in  the original
                                         level  selected.                                            '
                                                                                                . •' r
                                              Levels of Protection
                                                                                              * /
                                              When response activities  are  conducted where atmospheric con-
                                         tamination is  known  or suspected  to exist;   there  is a  potential
 f                                       for  the  generation  of vapors  or  gases^ or  direct  contact with
'  ^                                      toxic  substances may occur,  equipment to protect personnel must be
                                         worn.   Personnel protective equipment   is designed  to prevent or
                                         reduce skin and  eye  contact as well  as  inhalrftion or ingestion of
                                         the  chemical   substance.     Respirators cfljn  protect  the ,lungs,
                                         gastro-intestinal  tract,   and   eyes  againat  atmospheric  hazards.
                                   •      The surfaces of the body  can be protected Against contact with and
                                         possible adsorption  of chemicals  by chferoical-resistant  clothing.
                                         Good   personal  hygiene   practices   presents  ingestion   of  toxic
                                         materials.

                                              Personnel equipment  to protect  the body  against contact with
        ,                           .      known  or anticipated chemical  hazards  has been  divided  into four
                                         categories commensurate with the degree of protection  afforded.

                                         LEVEL  A   - protection  should  be  worn  when  the  highest  level of
                                         respiratory, skin, eye and  mucous  membrane proteciton  is  needed.

                                         LEVEL  B - protection should be selected when  the highest level of
                                         respiratory protection  is needed,  but  a lesser  level of  skin and
                                         eye  protection.   Level B protection is the  minimum  level recom-
                                         mended on initial site entries  until the hazards have  been further
                                         identified and defined by monitoring, sampling, and other reliable
                                         methods of  analysis, and personnel  protection  corresponding with
                                         those  findings utilized.

                                                                         -51-

-------
absorbed by  the- skin,  Level  A protection  should be  worn,  until
more definitive information can be obtained.

     An  upper  valve of  1000  ppm  total  organic  vapors/gases  has
been established for the use of Level A Protection.  Ail indication
of  1000  ppm or greater  should not  be  misinterpreted- as  a  level
that will exceed the protection afforded  by a fully-eSicapsulating
suit,  but  as  a check  point  for evaluating  the  need  for  more
extensive  qualitative  and  quantitative  analysis  before  entry
continues.

LEVEL B PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

     - Pressure-Demand, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
       (OSHA/NIOSH approved)
     - Chemical resistant clothing (overalls and long sleeved
       jacket; coveralls; hooded,  two-piece chemical-splash suit;
       disposable chemical resistant coveralls)
     - Coveralls (under splash suit)*
     - Gloves, outer, chemical resistant
     - Gloves, inner, chemical resistant              , .* r
     - Boots, outer, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank
     - Boots, outer chemical resistant (disposable)*/'
     - 2-way radio communications (intrinsically safe)
     - Hard Hat*
     - Face Shield*                    *
                                                   •'
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF LEVEL B PROTECTION!

     When  the  type(s)  and  atmospheric o^ncentration(s)  of  toxic
substances are known and require  the highest degree of respiratory
protection, but a lower  level  of  skin  an
-------
GUIDANCE ON SELECTION CRITERIA FOR LEVEL  B PROTECTION

     Level B personnel  protective equipment  provides  a  high  degree
of protection  to  the respiratory tract, but  a  somewhat. lower level
of  protection  to  the  skin  and  eyes.    The  chemical resistant
clothing  required in Level  B is available  in a  wide  variety of
styles,  materials,  construction detail,  permeability , -retc.   these
factors  all effect  the  degree of  protection  afforded.  Therefore,
the  selection  of the most  effective  chemical resistant  clothing
(and  fully-encapsulating  suit)  should   be  done  by a qualified
individual based  on the  known  or anticipated hazards  and/or job
function required.

     The  selection  of  Level  B rather  than  Level  A  is generally
based on  the protection needed against known or anticipated toxic
hazards affecting the skin.  The determination is  based on:

     1.  Comparison of  air concentrations of identified
         substances with criteria for  protection for  skin.    .

     2.  A lesser potential for splash, vapor  generation,, ,or
         contact with substances because  of  job functions-' and/or
         the substances encountered are judged to  present  a
         lesser degree  of hazard to the ski«k

     3.   The  absence of  toxic  substances affecting  the  skin;, or
         substances   that  are  not   amenable »to  rapid   field
         analysis or monitoring.                j

     For  initial  site  entry  and  reconnaissance at an  open  site,
approaching whenever  possible from the upwind direction,  Level B
Protection (with  good  quality,  hooded, chemical  resistant  cloth-
ing) should  protect response  personnel  providing  the  conditions
described in selecting  Level  A Protection are known  or judged to
be absent.

     An upper  value of  500 ppm total  vapor/gas concentration for
wearing  Level  B was selected as  a concentration  above which; up-
grading  to Level  A protection may be  warranted.    A  major  factor
for  reevaluation   is the  identification  and  potential   for the
vapor/gases to  be  skin  hazards requiring a  higher  degree  of pro-
tection.

     In  situations  where extensive personnel  decontamination may
be required,  the exposed self-contained breathing apparatus  (SCBA)
presents  a  decontamination problem.   To prevent   or reduce iSuch
difficulties,  Level A protection which is less difficult to  decon-
taminate could  be worn, or  a modified Level  B using  a   chemical
resistant apron  (smock),  or a disposable,  encapsulasting  garment
worn over the chemical resistant suit.
                               -55-

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                                         LEVEL C PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

        ?                                      - Full-face,  air-purifying respirator (OSHA/NIOSH  approved)
                                              - Chemical resistant clothing (one-piece coverall;  hooded,
                                                two piece chemical splash suit;  chemical  resistant  hood
                                                and apron;  disposable chemical resistant  covera-lls)
                                              - Gloves,  outer,  chemical resistant             ':
                                              - Gloves,  inner,  chemical resistant*
, V^'H. **" **                                  ~ B00*6-  steel toe and shank, chemical  resistant.
                                              - Cloth coveralls* (inside chemical protective clothing)
                                              - Hard Hat (face  shield)*
                                              - Boots,  outer, chemical resistant (disposable)*
                                              - 2-way radio communications (intrinsically safe)
                                              - Escape mask

                                         CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF LEVEL C PROTECTION

                                              Measured air  concentrations will be reduced by the respirator
                                         to or below the substance's protection guideline and  the  concen-
                                         tration is below the service limit of the  canister.

                                              Atmospheric contaminant concentrations  do not exceed  the  IDLH
                                         levels.                                                '/

                                              Contaminant exposure to unprotected ajeas (head and neck)  are
 • *                                      within skin exposure guidelines, or derraa^hazards do not  exist.

                                              Job  functions  and  potential  for  high  exposures  have  been
                                         Judged not to  require  a higher Level  of Protection.

                                              Total vapor readings register between  $ ppm and  5 ppm above
                                         background  on   OSHA/NIOSH  approved   portable  air   monitoring
                                         instruments.                             i,

                                              Periodic  air  monitoring must occur.

                                         GUIDANCE ON SELECTION  CRITERIA FOR LEVEL C PROTBCITON

                                              Level C  protection  is distinguished  from  Level  B  in   the
                                         equipment used  to protect  the respiratory  system,  assuming  the
                                         same   type  of  chemical  resistant  clothing   is   used.    The main
                                         selection criteria for Level  C is that conditions  are such  that
                                         air-purifying  devices  may be worn.

                                              The  air-purifying   device   must  be   a   full-face  mask
                                         (OSHA/NIOSH  approved), equipped  with  a chin or  harness suspended
                                         canister.   Canister/cartridges  must  be appropriate to  remove  the
                                         substances encountered.   Quarter or half-masks or cheek cartridge
                                         full-face masks,  should  not  be  used  on  a  routine   basis   for
                                         response activities and only  when  their  use  is approved by a
                                         qualified individual.


                                         *0ptlonal

                                                                        -56-


-------
       In  addition,  a  full-face,  air-purifying mask  shall be  used
 only  under  the  following conditions:

       1.   Oxygen content  of the atmosphere  is at  least 19.5%  by
          volume.
       2.  Substance(s)  is identified and it's  concentration^) '
          measured.
       3.  Substance(s)  has adequate warning properties.        ;
       4.  Individual  is successfully qualitative fit-tested  to
          the mask.
       5.  Appropriate cartridge/canister is used and  its  service
          limit concentration is not exceeded.

      Whenever Level  C  is  used,  an air monitoring•program must  be
 instituted  to  detect  any  changes  in  atmospheric  concentrations.
 An air monitoring program is required  during  all  longer-term site
 operations where atmospheric contamination may occur.

      Total  unidentified  vapor/gas  concentrations  of 5  ppm above
 background concentrations require that Level B protection be used.
 The selection  of Level C  (air-purifying  respirators)  protection
 for use  in  an unidentified  vapor/gas  concentration  from Or5  ppm
 above background should only be done by a qualified indiviaual'.
 flhen using the cannister-type mask  for known contaminants,, Level B
 protection  should  be  used  when  readings  over  1000  ppm.  are
 detected.


 LEVEL D PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

      - Coveralls                              >
      - Boots/shoes,  safety  or chemical  resistant  steel toe and
        shank                                  1
      - Boots,  outer  (chemical resistant disposables)*
      - Safety  glasses or chemical splash  goggles*
      - Hard  Hat  (face shield)*             ~
      - Escape  Mask*
      - Gloves*

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION  OF LEVEL  D PROTECTION

     No  idication of  any atmospheric hazards.

     Work function precludes  splashes,  immersion, or  potential  for
exposure to any chemicals.                                     '.

GUIDANCE ON SELECTION CRITERIA FOR LEVEL D  PROTECTION

     Level D protection is primarily a  work uniform and should  not
be worn in any area where the potential for contanination  exists.

     In situations where respiratory  protection is not necessary
but site activies are needed, chemical resistant  garments - high
quality or disposable - must be worn.


                               -57-

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                                              the Interior)   representatives and the  State  liaison to  the  RRT
                                              will  arrange  for   and  coordinate  actions  of  professional  and
             ?                                volunteer groups that wish to establish bird collection,  cleaning,-
                                              and recovery centers.

                                              9.3  ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT

                                                   Even  though  initial response  to an environment.*!  emergency
                                              does not  include  a  formal  damage assessment,  the  field investi-
"-*««  , yi.v~v i*~* *'•                            gator should be alert to  the  obvious  signs  of  environmental harm.
                                              This could  include  indications  of  a  fish  kill,  oiled  and dying
.v«9»                                          birds, contamination of beaches and marshlands, etc.  Any signs of
                                              environmental  damage should   be  reported  to  the   EPA  Emergency
                                              Response  Team  who  will,   in conjunction  with  the  appropriate
                                              resource agencies, coordinate any necessary damage assessment.

                                              10.0                 SAMPLING  AND DOCUMENTATION

                                              10.1 SAMPLING PROCEDURES

                                                   The  collection and  subsequent  analyses  of  samples.,/s  im~
                                              portant in evaluating the progress of  spill clean-up, the exposure
                                              levels  of  clean-up  personnel  and exposed  general  population  and
                                              the damages  to natural resources.  Therefore,  it is  also" important
                                              to collect samples  as soon  as possible after the spill occurs for
        „                                     spill identification and assessment and  for* later use as evidence.
       *                                       Likewise,  it is  important to collect  samples  at  the beginning of
                                              and during  the cleanup  operation to  document  tyie  progress of the
                                              cleanup.   Proper  sample collection involves a 'variety of  factors
                                              relating to  container material,  quantity of ^anples,  preservation,
                                              hazards  to  sampling personnel and others which  are most  properly
                                              addressed by having  a sample  collection  SOP brepared in  advance of
                                              response activities and  having sampling dt>n<* by professional  per-
                                              sonnel  operating  in concert  with the  selected  analytical  labor-
                                              atory.

                                              10.1.1  Method  of Sampling

                                                   Sample  collection during the early  phases of  response actions
                                              will  generally  be discrete  grab   samples   collected  manually.
                                              Samples should not be  collected without adequate for thought as  to
                                              the  desired  data  outputs and the hazard of the material  involved.
                                              There   are  certain  objectives   of   sampling  during   hazardous
                                              materials  incidents which  occur  frequently  enough  to  list  as
                                              generally  applicable to  all incidents.
                                                    1) releases  material  -  a sample (generally  1  pt or  less  in
                                                       glass) of the undiluted spilled material may  be collected
                                                       by hand with adequate safety precautions  to  document the
                                                       hazard,    identify    responsible   parties   and   evaluate
                                                       treatment and  disposal options.
                                                    2) reaction  products -  released  material mixed in  some envi-
                                                       ronmental matrix (soil or water) may be  sampled (generally
                                                       for  more of the  same containers as the pure  spilled  pro-
                                                       duct)  to  assist  with evaluations of  removal  and  recovery
                                                       options.

                                                                              -60-

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        , '      . .                             3)  exposure of personnel  - sampling of atmospheric or potable
                                                water supply  contamination  is  generally  performed by  an
                                                experienced team with  specialized materials.

                                             In  summary, sampling at the scene  of a spill  will  usually  be
                                        performed  manually because of  the  emergency and temporary  nature
                                        of the situation.   Also,  the  presence  of  personnel  oji  the  scene
-v ws.v!..ViiM«-— *-•                           raay  make  it  convenient  and   economical  to  take  manual  field
."'"    •                                  samples.   Guidance on  selection  and  use of  automatic  samplers
                                        analytical  devices  can  be found  in   other  publications.   The
                                        following discussion  will  assume manual  sample  collection although
                                        the theory could also apply to  the use of an  automatic sampler.

                                        10.1.2  Type  of  Samples

                                             There  are  two  types  of samples  which can  be collected  for
                                        analysis:  1.  Grab  (discrete samples) and  2.   Composite-samples.

                                             Grab  or  discrete  samples  characterize  the  material,, .being
                                        sampled  at  a particular   instant  in  time.    The  purpode'  of  a
                                        composite  sample  is  to mix discrete samples  in  such ,a/ way  to
                                        represent the1average characteristic over a period  of  tim4 or  over
                                        an  extensive  area.   In  addition to generating an  average  value,
                                        composition is often  done  to reduce  the analytical load  placed  on
  **                                    the laboratory.

                                             The choice  of the type of sample should deptend on  the  objec-
                                        tive of  the sampling  and the variability of ttye material  or area.
                                        If  the variability of the  parameter of  Interest  is low  (that !is,
                                        if  the concentration  of the parameter of interest changes  little
                                        over   time) ,   then  a   grab  sample may  characterize   the  quality
                                        adequately.   On  the other  hand,  if the variability  is  high,  then a
                                        composite  should  be  formed  from  grab  samples  taken  at short
                                        intervals, or  the grab samples  themselves should be collected :and
                                        analyzed.    If  nothing  is  known  about the  variability  of  the
                                        material,  then  grab  samples  should  be  collected  and  analyzed
                                        initially to  determine the  variability.   Judgement  will  have to  be
                                        exercised in  terms of the allowed variability.


                                        10.1.3 Sample  Containers

                                             Samples  must be  taken in  appropriate sample  containers  to
                                        reduce the  possibility of  contamination or  adsorption which  will
                                        yield  incorrect  results.   The  container must  be completely clean
                                        and  equipped  with  a tightly fitting cap.  Organic hazardous mater-
                                        ials  must be  contained in  a glass  jar or bottle to reduce  adsorp-
                                        tion  to the container  walls.  Specifically, oils and grease, pest-
                                        icides,  or  even  short chain organic  compounds should  be placed
                                        into  glass  containers.   Other  materials such  as  metallic salts,
                                        can  be stored  in  plastic containers with no adverse effect.



                                                                      -61-

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A SPILL
A-l INFORMATION CONTACTS
Information
Source
OHMTADS-EPA Oil and
Hazardous Materials
Technical Assistance
Data System
INFORMATION
Type of
Assistance
2,4
Access
Telephone
EPA Regional
OEf ice
913/236-3778
CHEMTREC - Chemical
Transportation
Emergency Center

CHLORBP - Chlorine
Emergency Plan

Chevron
Shell

Pesticides Safety
Team Network

Posion Control Centers:
CHRIS - Coast Guard Chemical
Hazards Response Information
System

EPA ERT - Environmental
Response Team

Coast Guard National
Strike Force
2,3



1,2,3


2-Chevron
Products

2-Shell Chem^als

1,2,3
2,4
1,2
           .r
       800/424-9300
       Through  CHEMTREC
       (see  above)

       415/233-3737
       618/254-7331

       Through  CHEMTRBC
{       (see above)

       See  local
       directory
       Natl.  Response
       Center
       800/424-8802

       EPA Regional
       Office (above)

       Natl.  Response
       Center of Gulf
       Strike Team
       601-683-2330
                             -66-

-------
 Information
 Source
Type of
Assistance
Access
Telephone
U.S.  Army Technical
Escort Center, Chemical
Emergency Response Team
                   .EPA Regional
                   Office or
                   J03/521-2185
 'Key:   1.  Respond  to  scene with  trained personnel  if  required
        2.  Provide  information on  identify,  hazards, or  what
           to  do
        3.  Refer  to knowledgeable  contact
        4.  On-line  computer available
A-2
      INFORMATION  SOURCES
American  Institute of Chemical  Engineers, Control of Hazardous
     Material  Spills.  Proceedings of  the 1974 National Cof-
     fer ence.  New York.                                 •' '

American  National Red Cross.  American Red Cross Standard  First
     Aid  and Personal Safety.   1973.  Garden City, New York:
     Doubleday and Company.               .jy

American  Public Health Association.  Standard Methods for  Ex-
     amination of Water and Wastewater.         i

Association of American Railroads, Bureau of'.Explosives.
     Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materialjs in Surface
     Transportation.  Washington, D.C.    s   T
                                          Is
Best Company.  Best's Environmental and Safety Directory.
     Morristown, New Jersey:  A.M. Best Company.
Biosciences Information Service.
     of Environmental Pollutants.
     Chemical Index Guide.
 Abstracts on Health Effects
  1975.   Philadelphia:
Christensen, H.E. and Luginbybl, T.L. NIOSH Registry of  toxic
     Effects of Chemical Substances.  Rockville, MD; U.S.
     Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

Dow Chemical U.S.A. Chlorinated Solvents - Toxicity, Handling
     Precautions, First Aid.  Form No. 100-54490-76.  Midland,
     Michigan.
Hawley, G.G. Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
     Nostrand Reinhold Co.
            New York:   Van
Little, Arthur D. Company.  Spill Prevention Techniques for
     Hazardous Polluting Substances.  Washington, DC:  U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency.
                             -67-

-------
             j                                    Heidi, James H. Hazardous Materials Handbook.  1972.   Beverly
                                                       Hills:  Glenco Press.

                                                  Mellan Ibert.   Industrial Solvents Handbook.   1977.   Park
                                                       Ridge, New Jersey:  Noyes Data Corporation.

                                                  Meyer, E. Chemistry of Hazardous Materials.   Englewood Cliffs,
'•-*"  , vw*n.-STT-•*••                                     New Jersey    Prentice Hall.

•1**a*                                              National Association  of Mutual Casualty Companies.   Handbook
                                                       of Organic Industrial Solvents.  2nd  Ed.  1961.  Chicago.

                                                  National Fire  Protection Association.  Fire Officers Guide to
                                                       Dangerous Chemicals.  Boston.

                                                       Fire Protection  Guide on Hazardous Materials.   Boston.
                                                  	Hazardous  Chemicals  Data  1976.   NFPA  No.  49.  Boston.
                                                                                                        ••* f
                                                  	National Fire  Codes.  Vol.  13, Hazardous Materials.  Boston.
                                                                                                     * /
                                                  Patty's  Industrial  Hygiene and Toxicology.   1978.   Mew  York:
                                                       John Wiley and Sons.

                                                  Powers,  Philip  W. How  to  Dispose  of  Toxic  Substances  and
                                                       Industrial Wastes.   1976.  Park Ridge,t New Jersey:   Noyes
                                                       Data Corporation.                     '

                                                  Sax, Irving.  Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
                                                       New York:   Van Nostrand Reinhold Cofnpany.
                                                                                        £
                                                  TRW  Systems  Group.   Recommended Methdfts  of Reduction, Neutrali-
                                                       zation, Recovery  or  Disposal of Hazardous Waste  (Volumes
                                                       1-16).  Springfield,  Virginia:   U.S.  Department  of Commerce.

                                                  Ture, R.L. Principles  of  Fire  Protection Chemistry.  Boston:
                                                       National Fire  Protection  Association.

                                                  U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation.  Chemical Data
                                                       Guide  for  Bulk Shipment by Water.  Washington, DC:   U.S.
                                                       Government Printing  Office.

                                                  U.S. Department of  Health, Education, and  Welfare.  1974.  An
                                                       Indentification System for Occupationally Hazardous
                                                       Materials. Washington, DC:   National Institute for
                                                       Occupational Safety  and Health.

                                                  	Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances,  Volumes
                                                       I and  II.   1977.  Washington, DC-

                                                                                  -68-

-------
 	NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods.   Cincinnati, Ohio:  NIOSH

 	NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.   Farm Chemical  Hand-
      book.  Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals.

 	NIOSH Publication Catalog.   1970-1977.   Cincinnati, Ohio-
      Public Health Service.                        •=•

      Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards.

 U.S.  Department  of Transportation.   Hazardous Materials Emergency
      Action Guide.   1977.

 U.S.  Environmental Protection  Agency.   Field  Detection and
      Damage Assessment Manual  for 0:il and Hazardous Material
      Spills..  1977.   Washington,  DC:   Office  of Oil and Hazardous
      Materials.

 	Quality Criteria for  Water.  1976.
                                                          i* f'
 	Recognition  and  Management of  Pesticide  Poisonings.'
      Second Edition.   1977.                            ,  /'

 	_Manual for  the Control of Hazardous  Material Spills:   1977.
     Vo1-  I -  Spill Assessment and  Water  iRreatment Techniques.

 Verschueren,  Karel.   Handbook  of  EnvironmentaliData on' Organic
     Chemicals.   1977.   New York:   Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
                                            *
Walters, Douglas  B.,  Safety Handling of Che&ical Carcinogens,
     Mutagens, and Teratogens  and Highly  Toific  Substances.
     Volumes  1 and 2.   Ann Arbor:   Ann Acbor  Science  Publishers.
                                        ?
Windholz.  E. ,  Editor.   The Merck  Index.   1976.   Rahway,  New  ;
     Jersey:  Merck and Company.
                                -69-

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                            APPENDIX B

                       Clean-up Contractors
                 Super fund - Approved Contractors

Contractor & Service                                Pjhone

Amino Brothers Co., Inc.                            $13/287-4510
8110 Kaw Dr.                                        913/334-2330
P.O. Box 11277
Kansas City, Kansas  66111
General response service.

Broski Brothers Co., Inc.                           816/924-0044
6400 E. 35th St.
Kansas City, MO  64129
Manufacturer, supplier, and
installation of chain  link
fence fabric and gates.

Double Check Co.                                    816/921-5032
4614 Prospect
Kansas City, Missouri  64130                          _  ., f
Service station leaks and spills;
related fuel leaks and spills.                      , >

Environmental Emergency Services Co.                1-800/547-0792
529 Spirit of St. Ixjuis Blvd.          •*•
Chesterfield, Missouri  63017
Nationwide oil and hazardous materials       ,
contractor-no nukes or explosives.           i

Environmental Int'l, Inc.                V         913/648-6778
912 Scott                                |
Kansas City, Kansas  66104             ,»   '
Nationwide planning response services ffcr
hazardous was*e.  Services include engineering,
laboratory analyses, and professional investigate
services for remedial action design or damage
assessment.

Holland Bros. Cons. Co., Inc.                       319/382-2412
Highway 9 West                                            or
Decor&h. Iowa 52101                                 319/382-4620
Grading, embankment, excavation.
clearing, grubbing and demolition.

J.H. Berre Const. Co.. Inc                          218/628-5180
5091 New Baumgartner Road
St. Louis, Missouri  63129
General response service and also
marine transporter.  Demolition.

Kehe Const. Co.                                     319/352-3212
2700 5th Ave. N.W.

?i94rft? ?lwa  50677
General construction service -
Iowa only.
                               -70-

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  Contractor  &  Service                                Phone

  Lionmark,  Inc.,  & Subsidiaries                      314/qqi
  1620 Woodson  Road                                   J14/991-
  St. Louis,  Missouri   63114
  Land of  subsurface excavations,  all  types
  of  trucking and  hauling,  loading and lifting.
                                                      314/428-7870
 St. Louis, MO  63114
 General response services.

 Petroleum Maintenance                                515/285 877R
   Service, Inc.      :                                oia/<285-8778
 2431 Dean Ave.
 Des Moines, Iowa  50317
 Off-shore, inland water, land, and
 subsurface for Region VII.  Pads
 booms, sweeps, skimmers and boat.
 1633 S. Marsh
 Kansas City, MO  64126
 General response services.
        x 27310                                    '  314/569-0991
 St.  Louis,  MO  63141                          l>
 Land,  inland water,  and subsurface for         f
 Region VII.   Hazardous material cleanup        I
 treatment and disposal capabilities         fc
 including manpower,  equipment  and  supplies   *
 and  technical engineering  services.

 Russell  a Sons Const.                                sifi/sR-*
  Co. ,  Inc.                                          316/583-
 P.O.  Box 535
 Eureka,  KS   67045
 Kansas only  - Full line of  heavy
 construction  equipment, earth moving
 and excavation.  Environmental  aquatic
 control capability.

 Sajan Construction Corp.                            T14/79.;
 P.O.  Box 628                                        014/725-
 Sikeston, MO  63801
Complete line of construction
equipment and specializing in
excavating and hauling.
                               -71-

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Contractor & Service                                Phone

Shaw & Sons Enviro-pro                              816/637-5487
500 Bennington
Kansas City, Missouri  64125
Respond to oil spills in Missouri,
Nebraska, Kansas and Iowa and parts
of Oklahoma.

Thompson Const. Co. , Inc.                           316/564-3204
P.O. Box 65
Ellinwood, Kansas   67526
General construction.

Environmental  Specialists,  Inc.                     800/821-5446
3001 East 83rd St.
Kansas City, Missouri   64132
Oil and hazardous  waste  at  any  level  in
four-state area; Transporter  services;
Analytical services.

H. W. Watson,  Inc.                                  91^35-6228
P.O. Box  978
Topeka, Kansas  66601                               '/
General construction.
                                       Jlk
                        Clean-up Contractors        <•
                 Not Superfund Approved Contractors

 Amoco  Oil Company Terminal              jj           515/223-6666
 Des Moines,  Iowa                        I
 Provide supplies only.   Oil clean-up    I
 supplies, 3m absorbent, containment barri
 (available on replacement basis).    P

 Amoco Oil Company                                   712/366-9462
 829 E. Southbridge Road
 Council Bluffs,  Iowa
 Equipment and personnel for petroleum recovery.
 Portable filter pump can recover up to 99% of a
 spill.  Have  absorbent booms, etc. Can provide
 service throughout state; Council Bluffs,
 Bettendorf, Ottumwa, Dubuque, etc.  Prefer to
 have companies provide  their own personnel.  Provide
 service to Nebraska also.

 Cooper Equipment  Co.                                402/393-7563
 1601 North 84th St.
 Omaha, Nebraska
 Petroleum products only,  personnel and
 equipment, sorbents, pump  unit,  booms,  sweeps,
 rolls, particulate, SCUBA, remote air masks, rubber
 gear.  Install tanks, clean tanks.


                                 -72-
iers

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                              APPENDIX C
                         OIL SHEEN REFFRENCE

           Standard Terms for High Viscosity Oil Films and
        Descriptive Appearance of High Viscosity Oil otf Water
          Approximate
Standard  Film Thickness
Term 	(millimeters)
Barely
visible
          .00004
                         Approximate
                         Quantity of
                         Oil  in Film
                    (Gals,  per (Liters per           ;
                     sq.  mile)   sq. km.)	Appearance	
                        25         ~37       Barely visible un
                                            der most favorabl
                                            light conditions
Silvery   .00008
Slightly   .00015
colored
brightly   .0003
colored
Dull
 Dark
           .001
           .002
                                50
                               100
                               200
                               700
                              1400
                                   75       Visible as a sil-
                                            very sheon on
                                            water surface.

                                  145       First trace of
                                            color nay be
                                            observed

                                  300       Brlg'ht bands of
                                            color are visible

                                 1025       Colors begin to
                                            tUrn dull brown
                                 207
                                           J        Utt
                                           1	bl
                                           Ts"5.61 gal
Colors are much
darker brown or
black
Each one-inch thickness of oil equals'"5. 61 gallons per  square
yard or 17,400,000 U.S. gallons |»er square mile.
                               APPENDIX D

                  STANDARD TERMS AND^CON\'jRS10N_.

Knowing
Gallon(U.S)
Barrel
Cubic Feet
Litre
Mul
U.S. Gallon
1.0000
42.0000
7.4805
0.2641
tiply by factor
U.S. Barrel
0.02381
,1 . 00000
0.1781
0.00629
to obtain
Cubic Feet
0. 13368
5.6146
1.0000
0.03532
'"" "Litre
3 . 785
' 158.930
28.310
1.000
                                 -74-

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                                              Contractors % Service                               Phones

                                              Ebco Safety Service Co                              402/330-4200
             «                                13326 C Street
                                              Omaha, Nebraska  68144
                                              Sales - Absorbent pads, bales, booms,  etc.,
                                              personal safety gear and supplies  (clothing,
                                              respirators, etc.).

              „  „                            Emergency Response Sec.                             402/831-0596
             -*•'                              Calgon Activated
                                              Carbon Division
*>"5*                                          11506 Rock Island Court
                                              Maryland Heights, Missouri  63043
                                              Nationwide response to all types of spills - Primary
                                              expertise in surface and groundwater treatment. Also,
                                              capability for vapor phase toxics.

                                              Hartnett Service Company                            816/776-6736
                                              903 East 18th
                                              Kansas City, Missouri  64108
                                              Sells and services service station equipment.            . •' f
                                              Has Kentmore testing equipment. Will go as far
                                              as anybody wants to pay.                               '/

                                              Petroleum Equipment & Service, Inc.       _         319/377-6357
       , -                                     220 35th St.
         •                                    Marion, Iowa                                           ',
                                              Have absorbent pads, test underground  storage t$.nks
                                              (Kent-Moore system). Main job is installation*             »,
                                              service work and cleaning of bulk storage tafejks.
                                              Handle some spills.   Work mostly within a 604mile
                                              radius of their offices.                  f  }

                                              Petroleum Maintenance Service, Inc.      *          515/285-8778
                                              2431 Dean Ave.
                                              Des Moines, Iowa
                                              Petroleum incidents only - surface and underground
                                              spills.  Equipment to be used for spills available.
                                              Will work entire region.  Run three trucks 1,000 gallons
                                              of storage carry some booms.   Can get additional equipment
                                              from distributors.

                                              Reddi  Root'r                                        515/441-3638
                                              5171 Leavenworth Rd.
                                              Kansas City,  Kansas
                                              Primarily plumbing for residences and
                                              business - possibility for oil spills -
                                              work in greater  Kansas City area.

                                              United American  Minorities                          417/732-7976
                                              Box 201
                                              Republic,  Missouri  65738
                                              General engineering  services.

                                                                             -73-

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                       APPENDIX  E

                   TELEPHONE DIRECTORY


National Response Center

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

    Regional Office .  .  .  24-hour number:
    EP&R Program


U.S. Coast Guard

    2nd District .... Operation Center:

                         HEP Branch:

              MSO Offices .  . . St. Louis:

                          Davenport, Iowa:

   Gulf Strike Team


Corps of Engineers                        •*•

    Emergency Operations Manager	

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA);

    Regional Office  	 Kansas City:

Iowa - Department of Environmental Qualit^F

       State Emergency Operations Center:


Kansas - Department of Health and Environment


Missouri - Department of Natural Resources


Nebraska - Department of Environmental Control
                              Phone
                              800/424-8802
                              913/236-3778





                              314/425-4612



                              314/425-4567

                              31,4/425-6297

                            , ,,601/688-2380




                            '•  816/426-6320



                              816/426-6882

                              515/281-8694

                              515/281-8752


                              913/296-1500


                              314/634-2436


                              402/471-4545
-75-

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                                                                                                Phone
                                      Oil Spill Co-ops

                                    -  Iowa - Bi-State Metropolitan Oil Control               918/743-5311
                                             Coordination Committee

                                      Kansas - Mutual Assistance Pact (Wichita Area)         918/743-5311
                                               Texaco-Cities Service Pipeline

                                      Nebraska - Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Oil Control 402/342-5476
vt14) 745-3371 or 745-3372

                                                 Permit:  Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources (Solid Wastes)

                                                 Facility:   Hazardous Waste Landfill

                                      BFI Liquid Reception Center and Sludge Disposal
                                      Clay County, Missouri
                                      (1/2 mile north of Missouri City,  Missouri)

                                      Owner:   Lincoln Brothers Land, Inc.  Operator.  Browning-Ferris Ind.
                                              Westowne,  Box 283                      Waste Systems Divisior
                                              Liberty, Missouri  64068                3150 N. 7th St.
                                                                                      Kansas City, KS 66115

                                      Contact:   Manager, (816) 781-1614

                                      Permit:   Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources (Solid Wastes)

                                      Facilities:  Liquid solidification, sludge dcwatering and disposal

                                                                   -76-

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FREQUENTLY CALLED  NAMES  AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS:






.Naroe                                           Telephone Number
                              -77-

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Name
                                               Telephone Number

                                 -78-

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