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United States
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Air & Toxics
Division
April 1990
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Missouri Air Quality
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A Review of Air Quality Improvements in the
State of Missouri Under the Clean Air Act
Background
The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the original federal statute
promoting uniform laws and cooperative activities between states
and the federal government to control air pollution. That law
as approved by Congress on December 17, 1963, authorized federal
grant funds to support state, local, and multijurisdictional
agencies in their effort to control air pollutant emissions. The
Clean Air Act, as amended in 1967, established the statutory
concept of air quality standards, air quality control regions,
and state implementation plans (SIP).
The Missouri Air Conservation law was enacted in 1965. This
law established the Missouri Air Conservation Commission and
provided for an executive secretary and staff to carry out the
responsibilities of the Commission in its efforts to adopt rules
and regulations and their enforcement. The basic statute provided
for local air pollution control agencies while giving the state
program concurrent authority with local agencies. The Missouri
statute was revised in 1967, after which the state adopted its
first air pollution control regulations on March 24, 1967.
The 1967 Clean Air Act required the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare to identify air basins, both interstate
and intrastate. The Act required the Secretary to prepare
air quality criteria documents for pollutants of concern and
companion documents identifying control techniques for those
pollutants. The states were to use those criteria documents as
guides for selecting air quality standards which would protect
the public from health and welfare effects of those pollutants.
Under the authority of the 1967 Act, the Secretary designated
two interstate and three intrastate air quality control regions in
the state of Missouri in 1970. In the case of Missouri, St. Louis
and Kansas City were included in interstate air basin designations.
Figure 1 shows the boundaries of the Missouri Air Quality Control
Regions. The 1967 Act required the state to develop a plan to
control pollutants in the designated regions.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1970
and was given responsibility for the air pollution control program.
The Clean Air Act of 1970 required the EPA Administrator to
promulgate National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and
prepare guidelines the states would use to prepare plans for
attainment and maintenance of those standards. The Administrator
promulgated the NAAQS on April 30, 1971.
Table I contains the air quality standards for criteria
pollutants. The table includes total suspended particulate
matter (TSP) even though EPA replaced the TSP standard with PM10
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Table I
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Primary
Secondary
,1
Total suspended
particulate matter (TSP)
(standard was replaced
by PH10 in 19S7)
PH1Q (July 1, 1987)
Sulfur Dioxide
Ozone (as revised
February 8, 1979)2
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Lead (October 5, 1978)
75 tig/m annual geometric mean
260 ;tg/m3 24-hour value not to
be exceeded more than once per
year
50 M9/m annual mean
150 ftg/ar 24-hour average not
to be exceeded more than once
per year
80 /tg/m annual arithmetic
mean
365 fig/nr maximum 24-hour
concentration not to be exceeded
more than once per year
0.12 ppm (235 /tg/m3) 1-hour
average concentration not to
be exceeded more than once
per year
9 ppm (10 mg/m3) maximum
8- hour concentration not to
be exceeded more than once
per year
35 ppm «iO mg/m) maximum
1-hour concentration not to be
exceeded more than once per
year
0.053 ppni (100
arithmetic mean
) annual
1.5 /tg/mj maximum arithmetic
mean averaged over a calendar
quarter
150 /tg/m 24-hour value
not to be exceeded more
than once per year
Same as primary
1300 (Lg/tn maximum 3-hour
concentration not to be
exceeded more than once
per year
Same as primary
Same as primary
Same as primary
Same as primary
Primary standards are set to protect public health and secondary standards to protect public welfare.
The initial promulgation included photochemical oxidants and hydrocarbons. The photochemical oxidant
standard was revised to ozone in 1979 because the preponderance of photochemical oxidants measured is
ozone. The hydrocarbon standard was deleted in 1982. The hydrocarbon measurements included all organic
compounds. Hydrocarbons were measured as a precursor to ozone, but only reactive organic compounds
take part in the photochemical reaction producing ozone. The term "hydrocarbon" has been dropped and
replaced with the term "volatile organic compounds" (VOC) because not all hydrocarbons are reactive.
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in 1987. The rationale for including TSP in this report is that
all states have long-term data, and those data show the change or
improvement in air quality over a long period of time. PM10 data
have only been gathered for a short period and any trends are not
yet apparent.
Section 110 of the 1970 Act required the states to prepare
and submit plans showing attainment and maintenance of the
standards. The Missouri SIP was submitted on January 24, 1972,
in two basic parts. One part affected the St. Louis interstate
area, and the second affected Kansas City and the outstate area
of Missouri. Outstate Missouri includes the three intrastate
air quality control regions. The Missouri plan addressed total
suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide
(CO), oxidants, and hydrocarbons; however, the control strategy
was targeted at particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Control
of CO, nitrogen oxides (NOX), and hydrocarbons was left to the
federal motor vehicle control program. EPA approved the basic
plan on May 31, 1972. The approval notice identified certain
legal and plan deficiencies that would require action by the
state in the future. Most of these were addressed in later plan
revisions. The Missouri SIP also included an Emergency Episode
Plan. That plan provided for curtailment of emissions at certain
source operations in the event air quality levels increased to
certain concentrations and meteorological conditions were expected
to contribute to air stagnations for an extended period of time.
The state statute was amended in 1972 and 1979. One of
the purposes of the statute revisions was to correct the legal
deficiencies identified in the May 31, 1972, SIP approval notice.
Later, the Missouri air program became part of the Missouri
Department of Natural Resources under a state reorganization
which placed environmental activities in the newly created
department.
The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1977, added significantly
to the state and EPA responsibilities. The states were required
to identify areas in their jurisdictions where air quality was
worse than the NAAQS, equal to or better than the NAAQS, and
areas where there were insufficient data to determine their
attainment status. EPA published a list of those areas as nonat-
tainment, attainment, or unclassifiable. Table II identifies
the Missouri nonattainment areas designated in 1978. The states
were required to adopt and submit plans to attain and maintain
standards in the nonattainment areas. The Act also contained
requirements for prevention of significant deterioration (PSD)
of air quality in areas meeting the national standards. The
1977 Act amendments provided for certain sanctions if states did
not adopt plans providing for attainment of the standards.
Missouri's SIP responding to the 1977 amendments was
submitted on July 2, 1979. EPA approved the Missouri SIP
conditionally on April 9, 1980. Subsequent to the April 9, 1980,
action, the state submitted various revisions to the SIP in
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Table II
Missouri Nonattainment Area Designations (1978)
County
St. Louis (City)
St. Louis
Jefferson
Clay
Jackson
Ptatte
Buchanan
Cass
Adair
Boone
Hew Madrid
Iron
St. Charles
Franklin
Audrain
P— Partial
W — Whole county
Primary
TSP
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Secondary
TSP Ozone
U W
P W
P U
U W
U W
W W
W
W
P
CO SO-,
W P
P P
P
Vf
U
^ Because the lead standard was promulgated subsequent to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977,
nonattainment designations for lead are not officially promulgated. However, the lead standard has
been exceeded through the years in Jefferson and Iron Counties and is still not being attained.
order to satisfy the conditions and cure deficiencies found in
the initial submittal. Among other control measures, the plan
required reasonably available control technology (RACT) on all
existing major sources in the nonattainment areas. The state
subsequently adopted provisions requiring lowest achievable
emission rates for new sources in nonattainment areas and best
available control technology (BACT) in attainment areas for
prevention of significant deterioration of air quality.
Another SIP revision was required by the 1977 Amendments
for the St. Louis ozone and carbon monoxide nonattainment areas.
The state submitted the SIP on December 23, 1982, and revised it
on August 1, 1985. EPA approved the plan on September 3, 1986.
Among other revisions, the state developed an inspection and
maintenance (I/M) program for motor vehicles in the St. Louis
area, required controls on smaller sources, and implemented vapor
recovery controls on gasoline refueling.
EPA promulgated an air standard for lead on October 5, 1978.
The state of Missouri submitted its lead SIP on September 2,
1980. The lead SIP was approved on April 27, 1981. However,
the state has had to adopt further measures to address lead
problems caused by primary lead smelters in Jefferson and Iron
Counties. Those efforts still are underway.
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EPA promulgated a size specific particulate matter standard
(PM10) on July 1, 1987, replacing the TSP standard promulgated
in 1971. Missouri submitted its PM-^g *'•'•*' revision on May 12,
1988. EPA approved the Missouri PM10 SIP °n July 31, 1989. All
remaining TSP nonattainment areas were designated "unclassified"
with respect to the old standard.
Missouri's Air Quality Progress
The air quality data discussion that follows should not be
construed to be a detailed or rigorous analysis. An effort was
made to select monitor sites which have data from 1974 through
1988 in order to illustrate air quality changes over an extended
period of time. Where there is more than one monitor site, a
single site believed somewhat representative of an area was
selected. Some of the selected sites may not be either a best
or worst case site in an area. It is difficult in some areas
in Missouri to find monitors for CO located at a single site
for longer than five years. A similar problem exists for SO2
and ozone. In cases of this nature, if a monitor was relocated
in the same general area, the data from the separate sites were
combined to provide continuity. While this is not a statistically
acceptable practice, it does illustrate the air quality changes
this document intends to show.
Table III shows a chronological record of the redesignation
of areas in Missouri since the original areas were identified
in 1978. These redesignations occurred primarily as a result of
changes in air quality. Most represent an improvement in the
status of the area.
Particulate Matter (TSP and PM10)
Figure 2 shows the annual geometric mean concentrations for
TSP at four sites in Missouri: Columbia, Kansas City, St. Louis,
and St. Louis County. All four of these sites had annual average
concentrations less than the annual primary standard from 1981
until 1987. In 1987, the St. Louis site exceeded the primary
annual TSP standard.
Figure 3 shows the second maximum 24-hour concentrations
for Columbia, Kansas City, St. Louis City, and St. Louis County.
The second maximum value is an indicator of standard violations
since one exceedance per year is allowed. Figure 3 shows signif-
icant reductions of the 24-hour TSP concentrations in St. Louis
by 1979. The remaining three sites remained below the primary
24-hour TSP standard.
Figure 4 shows second maximum PM-^o values for 1986 through
1988 for Columbia, Kansas City, St. Louis City, and St. Louis
County. Comparison of the PM10 levels in Figure 3 with the TSP
levels for the same period in the same areas suggests that nearly
half the TSP concentration consists of particulate matter greater
than 10 microns. None of the Missouri monitors have PM10 values
which exceed the national standard.
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Table III
Redesignation of Missouri Nonattainment Areas
Redesignation
Area (County)
Part of Kansas City (Clay,
Jackson, Platte, and Cass)
Herculaneum (Jefferson)
Mexico (Audrain)
Bixby (Iron)
St. Louis (City and County)
Columbia (Boone)
St. Joseph (Buchanan)
Kansas City (Clay, Cass,
From
STSP Nonattainment
STSP Nonattainment
PTSP and STSP
Nonattainment
S02 Nonattainment
S02 Nonattainment
STSP Nonattainment
PTSP Nonattainment
STSP Nonattainment
To
Attainment
Attainment
Attainment
Attainment
Attainment
Attainment
PTSP (partial) and
STSP Nonattainment
Attainment
Date
1980
1980
1980
1980
1981
1982
1982
1984
Jackson, and Platte)
Part of Kansas City (Clay,
Jackson, and Platte)
New Madrid (New Madrid)
Kansas City (Jackson)
All remaining TSP areas
PTSP Nonattainment
STSP Nonattainment
Unclassified
PTSP and STSP
Nonattainment
STSP Nonattainment
Attainment
CO Attainment
Unclassified
1984
1985
1988
1989
PTSP—Primary TSP
STSP—Secondary TSP
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Table I shows that the primary NAAQS for SO2 are 80 //g/m3
annual mean and 365 jug/m3 24-hour concentration. The secondary
standard is 1300 fig/nr 3-hour concentration. A review of the
Missouri SO2 data finds that only in the St. Louis area has the
annual standard been exceeded.
It is difficult to show or discuss long-term SO2 air
quality data in Missouri because only the St. Louis area and
Bixby, Missouri, have as much as ten consecutive years SO2 data
at one site. Figure 5 shows the second maximum 24-hour SO2
concentrations for Bixby, Kansas City, St. Charles, St. Louis,
and Springfield. No clear determination has ever been made of
the cause of the very high 24-hour SO2 concentration in St.
Charles County in 1982. Figure 6 shows the second maximum 3-hour
SO2 concentration. The Bixby monitor site is included because
it has been influenced by SO2 emissions from a lead smelting
operation. Bixby is in Iron County, Missouri, in the Mark Twain
National Forest.
Carbon Monoxide
The ambient air quality standard for CO is 9 parts per
million (ppm) 8-hour average not to be exceeded more than once
per year, and 35 ppm 1-hour average not to be exceeded more
than once per year.
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The CO monitoring data situation in Missouri is similar to
the SO2 data situation. Only in the St. Louis metropolitan area
are data covering as much as ten consecutive years available at
a single site. There are few monitors in the Kansas City area
with more than six years data reported.
Figure 7 shows measured second maximum 8-hour CO concentra-
tions for the St. Louis area, Kansas City, and Springfield.
The CO data show very few 1-hour exceedances in Missouri. The
St. Louis County site had one in 1974 and ten in 1975, but none
since that time has been reported.
Ozone
The ozone standard as shown in Table I is 0.12 ppm 1-hour
average concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year.
The St. Louis area continues to have violations of the ozone
standard, but the data show improvements. Ozone violations are
recorded for Springfield in 1979, but none since. Figure 8
shows second maximum 1-hour ozone concentrations for St. Louis,
St. Louis County, Kansas City, and Clay County. Clay County is
shown because it is in the northeast portion of the Kansas City
nonattainment area and is a receptor area for photosynthetic
ozone precursors generated in the metropolitan area.
Nitrogen Dioxide
The NOX standard as shown in Table I is 0.053 ppm annual
mean. Few monitor sites have measured NOX annual means greater
than approximately one-half the annual standard . The annual
average concentrations for the Kansas City and St. Louis
metropolitan areas are shown in Figure 9.
Lead
EPA promulgated the lead standard on October 5, 1978.
Figure 10 shows ambient lead levels in Kansas City; Figures 11
and 12 show lead levels in St. Louis City and St. Louis County;
and figures 13 and 14 show concentrations in Iron County and
Jefferson County. The Iron and Jefferson County monitors are
influenced by primary lead smelters.
Summary
One of the most obvious air quality improvements in
Missouri is with respect to particulate matter. The highest TSP
annual mean recorded of the urban areas occurred in St. Louis in
1974 (123 jig/m ) • By 1980 the annual mean dropped to 73
By 1981, except for the city of St. Louis, the major metropolitan
areas were below the primary annual TSP standard, and all the
major urban areas reported TSP concentrations less than the
2 4 -hour primary standard. EPA promulgated the PM10 standard on
July 1, 1987. PMio monitoring in 1986 through 1988 shows values
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for PM10 well below the new particulate matter standard. The
significant particulate matter reductions occurred within the
timeframe for compliance with the 1977 Clean Air Act requirements.
Most of the high SO2 values had been measured in the
St. Louis area prior to the Clean Air Act, as amended in 1977.
The groundwork for SO2 emissions reduction in St. Louis took
place prior to the 1977 amendments, but those amendments
reinforced those activities. A major excursion occurred in
St. Charles in 1982, but the most recent data show SQ2 levels
below the national standard.
There has been a general improvement in measured CO
concentrations in the urbanized areas of Missouri. The downward
trend in St. Louis appears to have started in 1978. Except for a
peak of 19 ppm in 1983, the. St. Louis CO levels from 1979 through
1986 were generally below the 8-hour standard. The EPA required
emissions controls on motor vehicles have had a significant
impact on CO air quality. Also, in St. Louis the state operates
an inspection and maintenance (I/M) program for automobiles which
is an additional factor toward reducing CO concentrations in that
area.
The number of exceedances of the ozone standard has declined
overall from 1976 through 1988 in the St. Louis metropolitan
area. This is attributable to the federal motor vehicle pollution
control program, the state's I/M program in St. Louis, vehicle
refueling controls, and reduced VOC emissions from stationary
sources in that area. The ozone data for the Kansas City area
(Figure 8) suggest that the second maximum values in Kansas City
began increasing in 1982. In fact, ozone exceedances have con-
tinued to occur on a sporadic basis for the past ten years and
have generally been marginail violations. The attainment strategy
in the Kansas City area relies upon the federal motor vehicle
pollution control program principally for mobile source controls
and stationary source controls for VOCs. One factor which may be
influencing the continued nonattainment problem is the increasing
number of vehicles and vehicle miles traveled.
NOX concentrations in the state are significantly less
than the national standard as shown in Figure 9.
Major reductions in lead concentrations have occurred in
the metropolitan areas as a result of the ban on lead in gaso-
line. The only areas in Missouri which still have significant
lead concentrations are those in Iron and Jefferson County.
Those monitor sites are influenced by lead smelter operations.
The Clean Air Act of 1967 provided funding to start up or
expand state air pollution control programs, but the 1970 and
1977 amendments provided the structure needed to develop strong
and effective programs. The 1977 amendments contained require-
ments for areas not attaining the NAAQS to institute more
stringent emissions controls to meet the standards, as well as
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provisions intended to prevent violations in areas with air
quality equal to or better than the NAAQS. The Clean Air Act has
directly influenced activities which have benefited air quality
in Missouri.
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