Everything You Wanted
To Know About
Environmental
Regulations . . .
But Were Afraid To Ask
IOWA
A Guide For Small Communities
September, 1993
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Dear Community Representative:
In developing this document, "Everything You Wanted To Know
About Environmental Regulations But Were Afraid To Ask,1^ we have
attempted to provide you with information that will assist you in
protecting the environmental resources of your community.
Whereas the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) and
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are responsible for
seeing that regulatory requirements are met, community officials
are responsible for regulatory compliance. To assist community
officials in doing their job, IDNR, EPA and a network of
assistance providing agencies have recognized the need to build
local capacity through outreach — technical assistance and
information. With such a partnership, we look forward to working
with you to protect the environment in, and surrounding, your
community.
Sincerely,
Larry J. Wilson, Director
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
^ /
William W. Rice, Acting Regional Administrator
Region 7 Environmental Protection Agency
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Everything You Wanted To Know About Environmental Regulations
But Were Afraid To Ask
Comments and Evaluations
Please indicate which handbook you received:
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Please indicate your affiliation: Community State
Assistance Provider _Federal Other
Did you find the handbook helpful?
Did you learn about any regulations you were unaware of? If so,
which one(s)?
Did you make any new contacts as a result of this handbook?
What improvements would make the handbook more helpful to you?
Thank you J.or your time and thoughts. Please fold this page on the
dotted line, and mail (with a stamp) to the. address on the other
side .
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Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, Kansas 66101
Attn: WPAB/WIAS
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Everything You Wanted To Know
About Environmental Regulations
But Were Afraid To Ask
A Guide For Small Communities
September, 1993
This handbook was produced through a joint effort of the Region VII office of
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Iowa Department of Natural
Resources (Iowa DNR).
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Preface
This handbook was prepared for use by community officials as a quick
referencetotheenvironmental issues facing theirconstituencies. Itisdirscted
towards communities with populations of 10,000 andless, and to the organizations
that assist these communities. If you are an official of a larger community, you
will need, as a r™"imiim, to comply with the enclosed requirements. It is likely
you may need to meet additional requirements.
This handbook provides only a summary of basic environmental infor-
mation. It is not a definitive statement to the specific ways in which a
community may assure environmental compliance; it is a quick guide to the
environmental programs that typically apply to most small communities.
The requirements and guidance presented in this handbook are based
on federal regulations and/or guidance in place in mid-1993. It should be
expected that some of these requirements/guidance will change in the future.
The handbook is organized according to key program areas. After
highlighting services available to you from EPA Region 7 and Iowa, the
handbook explores Cross Media, Air, Land, and Water programs. Cross media
programs arc those that can reach across any of the other program areas.
Definitions and acronyms are provided at the end of the handbook.
This document was initially prepared in 1990 by the Midwest Assistance
Program (MAP) under contract to the Environmental Protection Agency,
Region 8. It was expanded by the Region 8 Small Community Work Group
in early 1991.
11
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Table of Contents
CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
Pollution Prevention
Public - PrivateParmerships
SARA Tide HI Emergency Planning and Community Right-to
Know Act
Asbestos
Indoor Radon
Pesticides
Toxics - PCB's
AIR PROGRAM
Clean Air Act Amendments
Refrigerant Recycling and the Prohibition on Venting
LAND PROGRAMS
Superfund
RCRA Hazardous Waste
Subtitle D Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Criteria
Underground Storage Tanks
1
3
5
7
11
13
15
16
18
20
21
24
26
O WATER PROGRAMS
Water and Wetlands Protection
Drinking Water
Inorganic Chemicals
Asbestos
Fluorides
Lead Material Ban
Lead and Copper
Synthetic Organic Chemicals (Non-Volatile)
Volatile Organic Chemicals
Coliform Monitoring
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Radionuclides
Disinfection and Disinfection By-Products
Public Notification
Underground Injection Control
Wellhead Protection
(Cont'd)
29
31
32
35
37
39
41
44
47
51
53
55
57
59
64
65
in
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Wastewater
State Revolving Fund Loan Program
- National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Secondary-Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
Sewage Sludge Use and Disposal
Pretreatment Requirements
Stormwater
67
68
69
71
73
75
"ET\ DEFINITIONS-ACRONYMS
77
IV
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EPA REGION 7 SERVICES
Toll-Free Access
Residents of Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska can call the Environmental
Protection Agency, Region 7 Environmental Action Line by dialing 1-800-223-0425.
During the week, operators can connect you to appropriate contact persons or
programs. After hours, and on the weekend, you will be able to leave a message.
Residents of Iowa can also access the services of the Iowa Department of Natural
Resources by calling 1-515-281-5145.
EPA Regional Library
A number of services are available to residents of Region 7 from EPA's regional
library in Kansas City, Kansas (726 Minnesota Ave.; KG, KS 66101). The library
is available for use from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday-Friday. The regional library
provides interlibrary loans through the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), or
by using a standard American Library Association (ALA) form available through your
public library.
The public can also access the Regional EPA library via the Online Library
System (OLS), a computer catalog of EPA's library network. An information handout
about OLS and how to use it is available from the library. To contact the library, call
1-913-551-7241. or 1-913-551-7358.
Speaker's Bureau
A number of EPA employees have volunteered to be available to speak on
environmental topics. If you are interested in having someone speak to your group on
a particular.environmental issue, call 1-913-551-7003.
Emergency Response
Region 7 operates an Emergency Response Program to receive reports and to
respond to environmental spills. The 24-hour phone line is 1-816-236-3778. The
person answering the call will obtain as much information as possible about the spill,
and will then arrange to have a local, State or Federal agency respond to the spill. The
parry responsible for the spill will be provided an opportunity to participate in the
response and they usually do so to limit their liability. Over 4,000 such calls are
received each year.
"In addition to the Emergency Response Program, Region 7 performs chemical
safety inspections to help facilities reduce their chances of having a spill. During these
inspections a team of experts examine all parts of the facility, the equipment and the
procedures in use at the facility, and then make recommendations to minimize losses
from accidental releases. Many facilities request that Region 7 perform these inspec-
tions at their facility. Inspections are routinely done at facilities that experience spills.
Lastly, Region 7 provides training for first response personnel. These are
most often the local fire or police departments. The first responder training includes
saferyTcommunications and contacts who can provide assistance when necessary.
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f
MEDIA PROGRAMS
n
POLLUTION PREVENTION
EPA's Pollution Prevention approach
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 establishes pollution prevention as
national policy-EPA's preferred approach for protecting human health and the
environment. The primary goal of pollution prevention is preventing or reducing
the generation of wastes and pollutants at the source. Pollution that cannot be
prevented should be recycled whenever possible. Pollution that cannot be pre-
vented or recycled should be treated in an environmentally safe manner. Disposal
or other release into the environment should be used only as a last resort and should
be conducted in an environmentally safe manner. Instead of using traditional
pollution treatment and control methods to stop existing pollutants from reaching
the environment, pollution prevention aims to anticipate and avoid the generation
of pollutants in the first place.
Actions for communities
Rulings by courts, pronouncements by EPA, or wishing alone cannot clean up
the environment or keep it from becoming more poUuted. What we need is a unified
effort. Community leaders can develop policies that encourage environmental
awareness and provide mechanisms to help build the ethic of preventing pollution.
Small communities are in a unique position to make things happen and to win the battle
against pollution. Local governments can encourage and stimulate the practice of
pollution prevention at all levels: by industry and manufacturing, by private and public
business (including agriculture, transportation, energy generators, hospitals and schools),
by communities and individuals.
Here are suggestions on how community leaders can fightpollution and preserve
environmental quality, human health and natural resources:
-Set pollution prevention as a major goal and integrate the concept into
governmental activities. Publicly recognize pollution prevention as a
priority. Practice what you preach—set an example.
-Educate the public, as well as business and industry, about pollution
prevention. Create an awareness of the profitability and benefits of
pollution prevention through greater efficiency and stewardship of natural
resources.
-Develop programs that provide environmental alternatives:
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-Recycle paper, glass, plastic, aluminum, scrap metal, motor oil, and yard
wastes.
-Use less energy. Set back thermostats; insulate; buy enerr"-»**icient
lighting and appliances'-and make creative use of daylignt.
-Use less water. Be conservative. Use ultra-low flush toilets; install water
meters; repair leaks; review maintenance schedules; use water conserving
landscaping.
-Buy energy efficient automobiles and other fleet vehicles, and keep
them tuned. Carpool, bike, walk, or use mass transit when possible,
-Encourage sustainable agriculture. Take advantage of natural methods of
protection. Apply pesticides, such as insecticides and herbicides, carefully
if they must be used.
-Reduce smoke, radon, asbestos and other indoor-air pollutants.
-Control hazardous waste. Reduce toxic use, and encourage environmentally
sound product substitutions and operation modifications.
-Buy recycled or recyclable products. Seek out reusable, recyclable or
returnable packages.
-Reduce risks from lead. Be careful around surf aces covered with lead-based
paint, and be cautious when children are nearby during renovation or
rehabilitation of old buildings. Be sure drinking water does not contain
harmful levels of lead or other contaminants.
-Plant trees, shrubs, and indoor plants. They replenish the earth's oxygen
supply and clean the air by removing pollution.
Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Pollution Prevention Program:
Waste Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
State Contact:
Waste Management Assistance Div.
Iowa DNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, 1A 50319
1-913-551-7050
1-515-281-8941
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CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
ora
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
As a community leader, you face the prospect of building or upgrading
facilities to meet environmental needs. You already may be feeling the squeeze of
growing environmental protection needs and expectations coupled with decreased
funding for infrastructure projects. As the pressure grows to minimize rate shock
for facility users, local community leaders must find new ways for their communities
to hold down costs and build public supporrfor necessary additional expenses.
Public-private partnerships offer one solution.
"The Self-Help Guide for Local Governments" has been written to acquaint
local officials with the concept of public-private partnerships, their benefits, and the
steps a community must take to build relationships with the private sector. This
information will be conveyed in the following sections:
Public-Private Partnerships: What and Why
A public-private partnership is a contractual relationship between a public
and private partner that commits both to providing an environmental service. The
private sector can be involved in a variety of ways, from the initial design of a facility
to its daily operation and maintenance.
Although each arrangement is unique, most public-private partnerships fall
into one of five categories. These types are contract services, turnkey facilities,
developer financing, privatizations, and merchant facilities. There are different
benefits associated with each of these categories.
Communities enter into partnerships for various reasons. These include:
access to more sophisticated technology; cost-effective design, construction and/or
operation; flexible financing; delegation of responsibility and risk; and guaranteed
cost.
Building a Public-Private Partnership: An Action Checklist
No two communities build a partnership in exactly the same way, but all must
take roughly the same steps. This document presents an action checklist of these
steps that will help a community make many decisions necessary to enter into a
contract with a private firm.
A community initiates the public-private partnership process by evaluating its
service needs, reviewing available technology, and identifying resources that may be
able to assist in the development of the contract. It is also important for community
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leaders to generate public support while they are evaluating financing prospects and
studying laws and regulations.
Reviewing a potential private partner's track record is also an important part of
theprocess. Anotheroption amunicipality may consideris regionalizing »*.. iw=s with
surroundlngcommunities.EvenwaUyJocaloffidalsmustnanowparmershipopaons,
select and conductits procurementprocess and finally, develop the service agreement.
Financing, Procurement, and the Service Agreement
Three of the most difficult steps in building a public-private partnership are
financing,- procurement, and the service agreement.
In choosing a financing method, a community should estimate the capital
required and identify various financing options. These financing strategies should
then be assessed against the financial condition of the municipality, the project's
costs and any risks. The community must select the option which is most appropriate
by comparing benefits and costs.
A local government starts to implement its choice by initiating the procure-
ment process. The three types of procurement most communities select are
advertised procurement, competitive negotiation, and two-step advertising. While
advertised procurement allows the community to dictate the terms of the solicita-
tion, competitive negotiation offers greater flexibility. Two-step advertising is a
mixture of the other two.
Finally, a partnership arrangement must be defined in a service agreement.
Each contract must include a number of elements. The contract must define: the
project and performance criteria; compensation method and timing; changing
situations and risk allocations;'and contract termination and step-in-rights. Insur-
ance and bonding should also be considered since they may affect the terms of the
contract.
Additional Information
Public-Private Partnership Program:
Office of Policy and Management
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7045
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CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
SARA TITLE m - THE EMERGENCY
PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW
ACT
SARA Title m has two purposes: to encourage and support emergency
planning for responding to chemical incidents, and to provide local governments and
the public with timely and comprehensive information about possible chemical
hazards in communities.
Does the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-
Know Act apply to my community?
Yes, the chemicals in your community may pose a threat to citizens and to
those individuals being asked to respond to emergencies involving hazardous
substances. All facilities, including government facilities, in your community storing
certain hazardous chemicals (exceeding specified quantities) must provide informa-
tion to government agencies and local communities. Also, if there is a chemical
incident which results in the release of any one of a large number of hazardous
substances, immediate notification must be made to governmental agencies.
The law provides stiff penalties for facilities that do not comply, and it allows
citizens to file lawsuits against companies and government agencies to force them
to obey the law.
What are the requirements under this law?
The law, passed in October 1986, had many requirements and deadlines
associated with its passage. For example, governors were required to establish State
Emergency Response Commissions (SERCs); facilities subject to emergency
planning requirements were required to notify their state commissions; and SERCs
were required to appoint Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs). LEPCs
were required to analyze hazards and develop a local emergency plan to respond
to chemical emergencies in each local district. Additionally, the LEPC must
exercise, review and update the plan annually, informing the public of these
activities.
The LEPC has other responsibilities besides developing an emergency
response plan. It receives emergency release and hazardous chemical inventory
information submitted by local facilities and must make this information available to
the public upon request.
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Title IH requires owners and operators of facilities storing specified hazardous
substances to report to the LEPC within 60 days. When facilities provide the
information required by the Act to local officials, small communities can better
prepare themselves for chemical emergencies.
If the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
applies, what should I do?
As a local official you should insist on complete planning and adequate
preparation for an emergency. Review the membership list of your Local Emer-
gency Planning Committee (LEPC). Make sure it is fully representative, of the
community and includes individuals from citizen groups, fire departments, public
institutions (hospitals, schools, state and local governments), medical facilities,
industry, business and farmers. It is important not only to participate in emergency
planning, but to also communicate with the public. .
Become familiar with the law so that you will know what tools are being made
available to the community to better assess and manage risks present within the
community. Identify what needs to be done at the local level to better prepare the
response community to more effectively deal with and prevent chemical emergen-
cies.
Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Toxic Substances Control Section
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7020
State Contact:
Environmental Protection Div.
Iowa DNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-8941
Iowa Division of Labor
1000E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-5352
SARA Title m Hotline, 1-800-535-0202
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CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
a
n
Q
a
ASBESTOS
- Public and Private Nonprofit
On October 22,1986, the President signed the Asbestos Hazard Emergency
Response Act (AHERA) into law. The Act required EPA to develop regulations
creating a comprehensive framework for addressing asbestos hazards in schools. The
Act required EPA to construct a model accreditation program for individuals who
conduct inspections for asbestos, develop management plans, and perform abatement
work. Asbestos is also regulated under the authority of the National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants in the Clean Air Act
Other provisions of AHERA require all public and private elementary and
secondary schools to conduct inspections for asbestos-containing building materi-
als, develop management plans, and implement response actions in a timely fashion.
Specifically, each local education agency (or LEA, which means a public school
district or private nonprofit school) must do the following:
-Designate and train a person to oversee asbestos-related activities in the LEA
(designated person).
- Inspect every school building for both friable and nonfriable asbestos
containing building materials. ,•
- Prepare a management plan for managing asbestos and controlling exposure
in each school and submit that plan to the appropriate state agency. The plan
should include a rime frame for implementation of recommended actions.
- Use only properly accredited persons to conduct inspections and develop
the asbestos management plan. Accredited personnel must also conduct the
required triennial reinspections.
- Every six months, survey the school buildings for any damaged asbestos-
containing material.
- Provide custodial staff and short-term workers with information .about the
location of any asbestos-containing materials. Post warning labels as re-
quired.
- Provide custodial and maintenance staff with two hours of awareness
training and an additional 14 hours of training for employees whose duties may
cause them to disturb asbestos. This additional training must include proper
work practices and the use of protective equipment when disturbing asbestos
containing materials.
- Notify parents, teachers, and other school employees about the asbestos
inspection and the availability of the asbestos management pJan for review.
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- Utilize properiy accredited individuals to design and conduct asbestos
abatement actions that are necessary and appropriate to protect health and
' the environment. These actions or methods must be documented in the
management plan.
- Keep records of all asbestos-related activities in the plan and make them
available for public review.
Management plans were submitted to State agencies on or before May 9,1989,
as mandated by the provisions of AHERA. LEAs were required to begin implementa-
tion of their management plans by July 9, 1989. LEAs are required to update and
tnaintain management plans to reflect activities with ongoing operations and mainte-
nance, periodic surveillance, inspection, rcinspection, and response action activities.
All Building^
In 1971 the Administrator of the EPA determined that asbestos presents a
significant risk to human health and is therefore a hazardous air pollutant The
National Emission Standards Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for asbestos,
promulgated under section 112 of the dean Air Act, specifies emission control
requirements for the milling, manufacturing and fabricating of asbestos, for
demolition and renovation activities, and for the handling and disposal of asbestos-
containing waste materials.
The NESHAP requires that each owner. or operator of a demolition or
renovation activity thoroughly inspect the affected facility or pan of the facility for the
presence of asbestos including Categories I and H nonfriable asbestos before
commencement of the demolition or renovation, private residences of four units or less
ar exempt from the NESHAP.
Under the NESHAP, notification to the appropriate regulatory agency is required
for all demolitions, including facilities containing no asbestos. Work practice
procedures, waste disposal requirements, and recordkeeping provisions apply to
those demolition operations where the amount of regulated asbestos-containing
material (RACM), as defined in Section 61.141, and when measured, meets or exceeds
260 linear feet on piping, 160 square feet on other facility components or 35 cubic
feet of asbestos^eontaining material that has already been stripped or removed and
placed in containers or left on the floor or ground.
Under the NESHAP, renovation operations, including individual nonscheduled
operations, require notification to the appropriate regulatory agency, as well as
compliance with work practice procedures, waste disposal requirements, and
recordkeeping provisions where the amount of RACM , when rr-asured, meets or
exceeds 260 linear feet on piping, 160 square feet on other facility womponentsor 35
cubic feet of asbestos-containing material that has already been stripped orremoved and
placed in containers or left on the floor or ground.
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The NESHAP requires at least one representative trained in the provisions of
this regulation be on site during any stripping, removal, or handling of RACM. The
AHERA contractor/supervisor course meets the NESHAP training requirements.
Persons who inspect for asbestos-containing material in public or commercial
buildings, or who design or conduct response actions in these buildings, must be
accredited through state or EPA-approved training under AHERA.
The NESHAP requires notification be submitted at least 10 working days before
any asbestos stripping, removal, or any other activity begins that would otherwise
disturb the asbestos material.
A business entity may not remove, encapsulate or otherwise disturb asbestos
without first obtaining a permit from the State of Iowa. Additionally, asbestos workers,
supervisors, inspectors, management, planners and project designers are required to
obtain a license.
Asbestos project notifications are to be submitted to the Iowa DNR, Iowa
Division of Labor, and EPA.
Public Employers
Employers of public employees who are engaged in asbestos abatement
projects must comply with provisions of the Asbestos Abatement Projects Worker
Protection Final Rule, designed to protect their workers from friable asbestos-
containing materials. Employers are required to conduct air monitoring, utilize
specified engineering controls and work practices, provide medical surveillance of
the employees, and submit prior notification to EPA Region VTfs Regional Asbestos
Coordinator.
What help is available?
Schools - Public and Private Nonprofit
Under the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA)
program, EPA provides financial aid to eligible schools in the form of an interest-free
loan, grant, or a combination of both, for the purpose of abating friable asbestos-
containing building materials.
How do I obtain more information?
Under AHERA, LEA's afford citizens the opportunity to become familiar
with asbestos activities in their respective school districts. The initial point of contact
to obtain information on asbestos activities should be the LEA designee. This
individual is most familiar with the asbestos situation in your school. Additionally,
state AHERA designees and local, state, and national parent and teacher organizations
are excellent sources for requesting information on asbestos activities.
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Additional Information
EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Hotline 1-202-554-1404 •-
ASHHA Asbestos Hotline (Schools) 1-800-461-6706
"Managing Asbestos in Place, A Building Owner's Guide to Operations anc
Maintenance Programs for Asbestos-Containing Materials"
"The ABCs of Asbestos in Schools"
"100 Commonly Asked Questions About the New AHERA Asbestos-in-
SchoolsRule"
For the following information, please call the EPA Region 7
office contact
40 CFR 61 National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants;
Asbestos NESHAP Revision; Final Rule
"The Asbestos Informer"
"Asbestos/NESHAP Adequately Wet Guidance"
"Asbestos/NESHAP Regulated Asbestos-Containing Materials Guidance"
"Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements for Waste Disposal"
"Common Questions on the Asbestos NESHAP"
"A Guide to the Asbestos NESHAP As Revised November 1990"
Regional Contact: State Contact:
Asbestos Control Program
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7020
Environmental Protection Div
lowaDNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-8443
Iowa Division of Labor
1000E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, lA 50319
1-515-281-5352
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CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
n
INDOOR RADON
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that comes from the natural
breakdown (radioactive decay) of uranium in soil, rock and water. Radon moves up
through the ground to the air above and into homes and other buildings through cracks
or holes in the foundation, and other entry points. The home acts to trap radon gas,
especially when the home is closed, increasing indoor radon levels. Most soils contain
varying amounts of uranium, and, therefore, elevated radon levels have been found in
homes, schools and buildings throughout the U.S.
Exposure to high radon levels is dangerous. The health hazard from radon arises
from inhaling its radioactive decay products. The Surgeon General has warned that
radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. today. For persons who
smoke, the health risk of inhaling radon is especially high.
The EPA has established an action level for indoor air radon levels of 4 pCi/1
(picocuries per liter). Nearly one out of every IShomesintheU.S.areestimatedtohave
radon levels that exceed the action level. The EPA has established testing procedures
for testing homes, schools and buildings. These procedures are described in various
radon documents that are available from the EPA or the state contact.
In 1988, Congress enacted the Indoor Radon Abatement Act (IRAA) with the
goal of reducing indoor radon levels to radon levels found in outside air. Among
other provisions, IRAA provided funds for state governments to establish radon
programs and to assist local governments and communities in encouraging residents
to test for radon and mitigate elevated radon levels. IRAA also required EPA to
develop a national description of radon levels in homes and schools throughout the
country. To date, 42 states and seven Indian Nations in conjunction with the EPA have
conducted radon residential surveys to characterize statewide radon distributions.
Additionally, about 1,200 schools were tested in the winter of 1991. Results of the
National School Radon Survey are available..
IRAA also required the EPA to develop a program to evaluate radon mitigation
contractors and radon measurement labs. In response, the EPA established four
regional radon training centers to train radon professionals. The EPA also developed
a national proficiency exam to test the knowledge of radon contractors. Contractors
who pass the exam are listed on the Radon Contractor Proficiency (RCP) list. The EPA
also established the Radon Measurement Proficiency (RMP) Program. This
program tests and evaluates the accuracy of firms that supply radon test devices.
Those that pass the program are included on the RMP list.
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Does the radon program apply to my community?
Local communities, in concert with state governments, play a vital role in
reducingthepublichealthriskofradon. It is very likely that there are homes, day care
centers, schools or commercial buildings in your community that have elevated indoor
air concentrations of radon.'
Currently, most radon-related policies are non-regulatory. EPA, state and
ocal governments have focused their energies toward educating the public about
the health risk of radon and encouraging voluntary testing of homes and buildings.
Somestates,mcludmglowa,havedevelc»pedradonregulations,mcludmgcertification
ofradonprofessionals. Additionally, model building codes fornew construction have
been developed, and can be incorporated into the building codes of local jurisdictions.
Finally, Congressional attention has been directed toward required radon testing
during real estate transactions that involve federal agencies, such as FHA or HUD.
Local governments can act to protect theirresidents from radon in several ways.
First, by developing radon education and outreach programs; second, by adopting
radon-resistant building codes for new construction, such as the model codes; third,
yy encouraging voluntary testing in local communities; fourth, by ensuring that local
radon contractors are RCP-listed or state-certified; andfinaUy, by working in conjunc-
tion with the state radon office and community organizations such as, the American
Lung Association, to elevate local attention to this important health risk.
Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Radon Program
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913- 551-7020
Radon Measurement Proficiency Program
Research Technical Information Service
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
1-919-"541-7131
Radon Contractor Proficiency Program
Midwest University Radon Consortium
1985 Buford Ave.
St. Paul, MN 55108
1-612- 624-8747
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MEDIA PROGRAMS
IHI
PESTICIDES
Few chemicals have had as much impact or been the subject of as much
controversy in recent decades as pesticides. The Environmental Protection Agency
has the authority to regulate pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
Under FIFRA, EPA has the authority and responsibility for regulating pesticide
registration, production, sale, distribution, and use. No pesticide may legally be
sold or used in the United States unless it has been registered by the EPA and bears
an EPA registration number. EPA also has the authority to suspend or cancel the
registration of a pesticide.
All pesticides must have a label. The label includes instructions for use,
storage and disposal of containers. The label, together with any literature to which
it refers, has the force of law.
The pesticide that stays in or on farm products or processed foods is called
a residue. EPA regulates the safety of the food supply by setting limits for
pesticide residues on food and animal feed available for sale in the United States.
Issues currently being dealt with in the pesticide program include
agriculture workers' and pesticide handlers' safety, applicator certification and
training, state enforcement, pesticides in groundwater, and endangered species.
With regards to agriculture workers' and pesticide handlers' safety, EPA
proposed new Worker Protection Standards in 1988. These standards were
published as final regulations on August 13, 1992. These standards, which were in
response to a significant number of pesticide poisonings occurring every year,
strengthened earlier protection provisions, reduced risks of exposure, and extended
coverage to additional handlers.
Currently there are about 100 active ingredients federally registered which
are classified as restricted use. Pesticides containing these active ingredients can
only be applied by, or under the direct supervision of, a certified applicator. With
the exception of Nebraska, all the states in Region 7 conduct an applicator training
and certification program; EPA administers the certification program in Nebraska.
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Efforts are under way to strengthen state training programs, particularly
with respect to groundwater protection, worker protection and endangered species
protection. EPA has prepared a Pesticides in Groundwater Strategy to address risks
of groundwater contamination by pesticide chemicals. EPA is required under the
Endangered Species Act, to protect listed species and their habitat from the effects
of pesticides. In 1989, EPA proposed an Endangered Species Protection Program
to accomplish this. __
i - '
In Iowa, the Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship is the agency
dealing with pesticide use. However, the Department of Natural Resources, or the
EPA RCRA Branch, regulates the management of waste pesticides and pesticide
contauiers.
Additional Information
U.S. EPA, FIFRA Amendments of 1988; Schedule of Implementation.
54 Federal Register 18078 (April 26,1989).
Regional Contact:
Toxics and Pesticides Program
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7020
State Contacts:
Iowa Dept. of Agriculture and
Land Stewardship
Wallace Office Bldg.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-8590
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CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
TOXICS - PCB'S
The EPA was required by Congress under Section 6(e) of the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA) (Public Law 94-469, October 11,1976) to
promulgate rules for the marking, storage and disposal of Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCBs).
Virtually every municipality and utility in the U.S. is, or has been, in
possession of regulated PCB equipment. Manufacturers inadvertently
con tamihated about 12% of the mineral oil filled electrical equipment in
use prior to 1976 by using the same pumps and lines to fill their premium PCB
eauipmem and their mineral oil equipment.
Dielectric fluid less than 50 pan per million (ppm) PCBs is considered "Non-
PCB," but disposal is regulated by some states. Fluid from 50-499 ppm is "PCB
contaminated" and is regulated. Fluid at 500 ppm or greater is considered "PCB"
and is highly regulated.
EPA intends to allow use of contaminated and PCB equipment for the re-
mainder of its useful life as long as the equipment is properly monitored and
maintained. •
Information
PCB-Reguianons: 40 CFR. Pan 761.
Regional Contact:
Toxic Substances Control Sccnon
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
72|Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-31-7020
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Revised- 11-93
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AIR PROGRAM
CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS
Will the Clean Air Act Amendments apply to my community?
The goal of the Clean Air Act Amendments is to reduce pollution by 56 billion
pounds a year. This reduction will generally come from cutting emissions in large
urban areas, however, there may be some impacts on small communities. Implemen-
tation of the Act will require the regulation of small businesses in order to attain .and
maintain the national air quality standards and control air toxic emissions.
To be eligible for technical and environmental compliance assistance under the
dean Air Act Amendments, a small business stationary source must meet the
following criteria:
a. Owned or operated by a person employing 100 or fewer individuals;
b. A small business under the Small Business Act;
c. Not a major stationary source (emit less than 100 tons/year);
d. Does not emit 50 tons per year or more of any regulated pollutant, and
e. Emitting less than 75 tons per year of all regulated pollutants.
These small businesses frequently lack the technical expertise and financial
resources necessary to evaluate state regulations and determine the appropriate
mechanisms for compliance. The Act provides for the design of a program to render
technical assistance and compliance information to small businesses.
Actions your community should be taking
With regard to those regulations affecting small businesses, the state will
designate a Small Business Ombudsman to represent small business to the appropriate
governmental organizations. The state will also implement a Small Business
Assistance Program. This program will collect and disseminate information on,
1) determining applicable requirements under the Act and permit issuance, 2) the rights
of small businesses under the Act, 3) compliance methods and acceptable control
technologies, 4) pollution prevention and accidental release/prevention/detection and
5)audit programs. In the event the S tate fails to appoint an Ombudsman or implement
a Small Business Assistance Program, the EPA will assume those responsibilities.
A small community should contact its state air pollution agency and the Re-
gional EPA Small Community Coordinator prior to addressing significant air pollution
issues.
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Additional Information
Regional Contact:
AirProgram
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7020
it Coordinator:
State Contact:
Environmental Protection Division
Iowa DNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines,IA 50319
1-515-281-8852
1-913-551-7005
dean Air Act Amendments
Title VUI- Miscellaneous Provisions
Sec. 810. Impact on small communities
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AIR PROGRAM
Refrigerant Recycling and the Prohibition
on Venting
Under Section 608 of the Clean Air Act, EPA published proposed regulations
on December 10,1992, that would:
- Require service practices that maximize recycling of ozone-depleting com-
pounds (chlorofluorocarbons [CFCs] and hydro-chlorofluorocarbons [HCFCs])
during the servicing and disposal of air conditioning and refrigeration equipment.
- Set certification requirements for reclaimers and for recovery and recycling
equipment.
- Establish safe disposal requirements to ensure removal of refrigerants from
goods that enter the waste stream with the charge intact (e.g., motor vehicle and
room air conditioners and home refrigerators).
Effective July 1,1992, section 608 of the Act prohibits individuals from
knowingly venting ozone-depleting compounds used as refrigerants into the
atmosphere. Only three types of releases are permitted under the prohibition:
- Minute quantities of refrigerant released in the course of making good faith
efforts to recapture and recycle or safely dispose of refrigerant.
- Refrigerant emitted in the course of normal operation of air conditioning and
refrigeration equipment such as from leaks and mechanical purging.
- Mixtures of nitrogen and R-22 that are used as holding charges or as leak test
gases because in these cases, the ozone-depleting compound is not used as a
refrigerant.
Use of Approved Equipment
Technicians repairing or servicing motor vehicle air conditioners must use
either refrigerant recover/recycle or recover-only equipment approved by EPA.
Most certified equipment will be labeled as "design-certified to SAE standards."
A list of both types of approved equipment is available from EPA at the address at
the end of this section.
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Technician Training and Certification
Technicians who repair or service motor vehicle air conditioners most be
trair^ardasrnfiedbyanEPA-aHjrovedOTganizatioii. Training programs must
cover the use of recycling equipment in compliance with the Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE) Standard J-1989, the regulatory requirements, me importance of
refrigerant containment, and the effects of ozone depletion. A list of approved
testing programs is available from EPA at the address at the end of this section.
Safe Disposal Requirements
Under EPA's proposal, equipment that is typically dismantled on site before
disposal (e.g. retail food refrigeration) would have to have the refrigerant removed
and recovered in accordance with EPA's requirements for servicing. However,
equipment that typically enters the waste stream with the charge intact (e.g. motor
and room air conditioners) would be subject to special safe disposal requirements.
Under these requirements, the final person in the disposal chain would be respon-
sible for ensuring that refrigerant is recovered from equipment before the final
Disposal of the equipment.
Hazardous Waste Disposal
If refrigerants are recycled or reclaimed, they are not considered hazardous
under federal law. In addition, used oils contaminated with CFCs are not hazardous
on the condition thac
-They are not mixed with other waste.
-They are subjected to CFC recycling or reclamation.
-They are not mixed with used oils from other sources.
Used oils that contain CFCs after the CFC reclamation procedure are, however,
subject to specification limits for used oil fuels if these oils are destined for burning.
Individuals with questions regarding the proper handling of these materials should
contact EPA's RCRA Hotline at 1-800-424-9346.
Additional Information:
Radiation and Indoor Air Section
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region?
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7020
1-800-223-0425
For information concerning regulations related to stratospheric ozone protection,
please call:
Stratospheric Ozone Hotline: 1- 800-296-1996
(10am-4pm EST, M-F, except federal holidays)
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LAND PROGRAMS
SUPERFUND PROGRAM
As the 1970's came to a close, a series of stories gave Americans a look at the
dangers of dumping industrial and urban wastes on the land. First there was New York's
Love Canal. Hazardous waste buried for 25 years contaminated streams and soil, and
endangered the health of nearby residents, who had to be evacuated. The dioxin-tainted
land and water in Times Beach, Missouri also attracted attention.
' It became increasingly clear that there were large numbers of serious hazardous
wasteproblems that were falling through the cracks of existing environmental laws. The
magnitude of these emerging problems moved Congress to enact the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act in 1980. OERCLA -
commonly known as Superfund - was established to deal with the dangers posed by
the Nation's hazardous waste sites.
Since the program began, hazardous waste has surfaced as a major environmental
concern in every part of the United States. It wasn't just the land that was contaminated
by past disposal practices, chemicals in the soil were spreading into the groundwater
and into streams, lakes and wetlands. Toxic vapors contaminated the air at some sites,
while improperly disposed or stored wastes threatened the health of the surrounding
community and the environment at others.
Few realized the size of the problem until EPA began the process of site discovery
and evaluation. Thousands of potential sites existed. Congress directed EPA to set
priorities and establish a list of sites to target. The sites on the National Priority List
(NPL), almost 1300 in number, are the most complex and compelling cases of the
entire inventory of potential hazardous waste sites.
S uperfund responds immediately to sites posing imminent threats to human health
and the environment at both NPL sites and sites not on the NPL. The purpose is to
stabilize, prevent, or temper the effects of a release of hazardous substances, or the threat
of one, into the environment. Imminent threats mightinclude tire fires or transportation
accidents involving the spill of hazardous chemicals.
The ultimate goal for a site on the NPL is a permanent solution; this requires a
long-term effort. Nearly 1800 Superfund sites have been cleaned up, including 112 on
the NPL.
Superfund activities also depend upon local citizen participation. The EPA's job
is to analyze the hazards and to deploy experts, but the Agency needs citizen input.
Because people in the community where a site is located will be those most directly
affected by the wastes and cleanup processes, EPA encourages citizens to get involved
in cleanup decisions.
Additional Information
Superfund Program
Waste Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City,~-KS 66101
1-913-551-7052
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LAND PROGRAMS
RCRA HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous waste is prevalent throughout all levels of commerce and industry.
Wastes are identified as hazardous if they pose apotential danger to human health and/
or the environment when not properly treated, stored, transported, disposed, or
otherwise managed. Potential dangers include explosions, fires, corrosive destruction
of materials, chemical reactions, and/or health impairing exposure to toxic chemicals.
The greater the quantity or concentration of chemicals exhibiting any of these dangers,
the greater the need to assure their proper management.
In 1976, Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) as the primary regulatory vehicle to assure that hazardous waste is properly
managed from the point of its generation to its ultimate disposal or destruction, i.e.,
"from cradle to grave." RCRA establishes a very complex and comprehensive set of
requirements to define which hazardous waste is subject to regulation as well as the
responsibilities of anyone who generates, transports, stores, treats, disposes or other-
wise manages hazardous waste. At this time, waste generated by individual house-
holds, many of which may still exhibit some of the dangers described above, are not
subject to federal RCRA requirements.
There are three categories of hazardous waste generators under the RCRA
program requirements:
-Full Generator - Facilities that generate more than 1,000 kilograms per
month of any hazardous waste or more than one kilogram of any "acute"
hazardous waste. A kilogram is approximately 2.2 pounds and 1,000
- kilograms is approximately five, 55 gallon drums of material. A large quantity
generator may accumulate waste on-site for up to 90 days.
-Small Quantity Generator - Facilities that generate less than 1,000 kilo-
grams per month of hazardous waste but more than 100 kilograms per
month (approximately one half 55 gallon drum). Small quantity generators
are given additional time for on-site accumulation of their waste, up to 180 days,
or 270 days if the waste is sent more than 200 miles for off-site treatment,
storage or disposal
-Conditionally Exempt Generator - Facilities that generate less than 100
kilograms a month of any hazardous waste are conditionally exempt from
the RCRA regulations. These facilities may generally dispose of their waste
in accordance with state "solid waste" requirements such as those
described under the Subtitle D program (Municipal Solid Waste Landfill
Criteria) provided certain conditions are met. These conditions require the
facility to perform hazardous determinations, limit the accumulation to a total of
Jess than 1000 kilograms, and require the waste to be handled in a manner
authorized by the State.
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Does the RCRA Program apply to my community?
Itis very likely that some types of hazardous waste are generated by businesses
in your community or by your municipal facility operations themselves. Hazardous
wasteincludesthingslike solvents, conosives,andmaterialscontainingheavy metals
like chrome, ~»dm™mt and lead. Even small businesses such as vehicle
maintenance shops and dry cleaners often generate hazardous waste that may be
subject to RCRA requirements. Any discarded material must be evaluated to
determineifithas been listed by EPAas hazardous waste orif the waste exhibits any
of the following characteristics: ignitablity, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity as
determined by the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test
In addition to used materials which might be considered hazardous waste, you
must also be careful with your management of products that no longer are wanted or
needed, and you now wish to discard. Discards like leftover pesticides from grounds
keeping operations anS^ld paint thinner, must be fully evaluated before you
determine what you are going to do with the waste. EPA has identified several
hundredchemicalproducts which would also be considered "listedhazardous waste"
if they are no longer used or needed for their intended purpose.
Another area of possible concern for your community would be the operation
of a trash collection system and/or a landfill. Normally, because household wastes
are currently exempt from RCRA regulation, municipal landfills are regulated under
a program referred to as the "Subtitle D Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Criteria"
which is intended to insure proper management of the municipal landfill. However,
the addition of commercial waste materials collected and/or co-disposed with the
household materials might trigger RCRA jurisdiction over the entire facility.
Timetable
RCRA regulations were first published in 1980 and are constantly amended to
add new wastes subject to the program. Once you determine that you are a handler
of hazardous waste (i.e., either generating, storing, transporting, etc.), you must notify
EPA and/or the State Hazardous Waste Office of your activity and receive an EPA
RCRA identification number.
Different" timetables and responsibilities apply to the different .activities.
Generators may accumulate waste on-site for up to 90 days without triggering a
requirement to obtain a storage permit. Other storage periods may apply depending
on the amount of hazardous waste generated in any given month. For more
information, contact the departments at the end of this section..
Securing a permit authorizing the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous
waste is a very expensive and lengthy process.
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The Iowa RCRA program is administered by EPA Region 7.
Additional Information:
Regional Contact:
Iowa Section/RCRA Branch
Waste Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7058
RCRA Regulations 40 CFR Parts 260-272
RCRA Hotline 1-800-424-9346 (in Washington, D.C.) Voice messages can
also be left on the Iowa RCRA program help line at 1-913-551-7861.
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LAND PROGRAMS
>mr(Sr
SUBTITLE D MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
LANDFILL CRITERIA
Municipal Solid Waste is a non-hazardous waste generated at residences,
commercial establishments, industrial establishments and institutions. Municipal
solid wastes include durable goods (appliances, furniture, etc.). nondurable goods
(newspapers, clothing, etc.), containers and packaging (boxes, bottles, etc.), food and
yard wastes, and miscellaneous inorganic wastes (stones, pieces of concrete, etc.).
The Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Criteria (MSWLFC) were published on
October 9,1991 in the Federal Register, and will go into effect October 9, 1993. The
purpose of the Criteria is to set minimum national performance standards which will
protect human health and the environment The MSWLFC set location restrictions,
operating criteria, design criteria, ground water monitoring and corrective action
standards, closure and post closure requirements, and financial assurance requirements.
Does the MSWLFC apply to my community?
The MSWLFC applies to all new, existing, and lateral expansions to municipal
solid waste landfills which receive waste on or after October9,1993. In July, 1993, the
EPA proposed to extend the effective date of this rule to April 9,1994 for all landfills
receiving less than 100 tons of solid waste per day (daily average). EPA also proposed
to extend the effective date for all small landfills until October 9,1995, if the landfills
are located in areas that receive less than 25 inches of rain per year. On that date, all
landfill standards become applicable except the design standards. If groundwater
contamination is ever discovered at the site, the design standards also become
applicable and the owner/operator must notify the State of such findings.
Actions your community should be taking:
- For those communities with a landfill, be prepared to either not accept waste,
or upgrade to meet the Criteria by either October 9,1993; April 9,1994 or October 9,
1995. -For those communities without a landfill, be prepared to pay more for
disposal..
i
- Develop community education programs to encourage recycling and waste
reduction.
- Plan and prepare solid waste management and disposal options such as
composting of tree and yard waste, and establishing household hazardous waste
collection sites. -
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Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Solid Waste Program
Waste Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7051
RCRA Hotline: 1-800-424-9346
State Contact:
Solid Waste Section
lowaDNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-^15-281-4968
40 CFR Part 258, regulations under RCRA Subtitle D, Criteria for Municipal
Solid Waste Disposal Facilities.
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LAND PROGRAMS
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
An Underground Storage Tank (UST) is any tank, including underground piping
connected to the tank, that has at least 10 percent of its volume underground.
The Iowa USTregulations,567-Chapter 135 (IAC), cover notification (registra-
tion), performance standards for new and existing tanks, tank closure, cleanup
activities, reporting, and recordkeeping. Financial Responsibility is found in 562-
Chapter 136 (IAC).
Do the UST regulations apply to all underground storage tanks?
No, some exclusions are:
-Farm or residential tanks holding 1,100 gallons or less of motor fuel
used for noncommercial purposes
Those installed prior to July 1,1987 are only required to register their tanks.
Those installed on or after July 1,1987 are subjecttoallfeesandrequirements
except showing financial responsibility.
-Tanks storing heating oil which is used on site
-Septic tanks and systems for collecting storm or wastewater
-Wastewater treatment tanks regulated under the Clean Water Act
-Tanks whose capacity is 110 gallons or less
-Storage tanks on or above the floor of an underground area, such as a
basement, tunnel or vault
Other tanks, such as tanks for emergency spill or overfill containment (emptied
immediately after use) and field constructed tanks, are deferred from the regulations.
If the UST regulation does apply, what must the owner/operator
do?
- Ensure tanks are registered with the state.
-Equip the UST with devices that prevent spills and overfills (You have until
December 1998 for tanks installed before December 22,1988.).
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-Protect the tank and piping from corrosion or structural failure (You have until
December 1998 for tanks and piping installed before December 22,1988.).
-Equip the tank with leak detection. Equip the product lines with leak detection.
For pressurized piping, this must include in-line leak detectors.
-Verify that the stored contents are compatible with the tank's interior
walls.
-Be financially responsible for the cost of cleaning up a leak or compen-
sating other people for bodily injury and property damage caused by the
leaking UST.
I own tanks to which regulations apply, but I'm not using them,
what should I do?
Follow closure requirements for tanks temporarily or permanently closed.
Tanks not used for 3 to 12 months can be temporarily closed; beyond 12 months,
permanent closure is required. Forpermanent closure, the tank will have to be emptied
and cleaned, and either filled with inert material or removed. The Iowa DNR has
closure guidance documents that give the requirements for closing an UST.
If a leak or spill should occur, what must be done?
-Contact the fire department to ensure that it does not pose a hazard to
human health and safety.
-Any hazardous condition must be reported to the Iowa DNR within 6 hours of
discovery.
- All spills or leakage must be reqported to the Iowa DNR within 24 hours; IDNR
will decide if you must take further action.
Additional Information
"Musts forUSTs: A Summary of the New Regulation for Underground Storage
Tank Systems," U.S. EPA, UST Office, 7/90.
. "Dollars and Sense: A Summary of the Financial Responsibility Regulations
for Underground Storage Tank Systems," U.S. EPA, UST Office, 12/88.
"Groundwater Protection Fact Sheet: Underground Storage Tanks,"
Iowa DNR, August 1992.
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Additional Information:
Regional Contact:
UST Program
Waste Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101 .
1-913-551-7051
State Contact:
UST Section
lowaDNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-8135
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WATER PROGRAMS
WATER AND .WETLANDS PROTECTION
TheEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), in partnership with state and local
governments, is responsible for restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and
biological integrity of the nation's waters. Because of the value of wetlands as an
integral part of those waters, EPA is also charged with protecting wetland resources.
The major federal regulatory tool for this is Section 404 of the dean Water Act,
which is jointly administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and EPA. Section
404 establishes a permit program to regulate the'discharge of dredged or fill material
into waters of the U.S., including most wetlands. Failure to obtain a permit or to
comply with the terms of a permit can result in civil and/or criminal penalties. The
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has an important advisory role in the permit review
process.
Waters of the U.S. include lakes, streams, rivers, wetlands and coastal waters.
Wetlands are areas which are saturated or flooded for varying periods of time during
the growing season. Because of the presence of water, there is a prevalence of aquatic
or hydrophytic vegetation, such as that found in swamps, marshes, bogs and similar
areas. Besides providing fish and wildlife habitat, wetlands also improve water
quality by acting as filters, offering flood protection, buffering -shorelines against
erosion, and providing areas for recreation.
Iowa, in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers, has developed a Joint Clean
Water Act, Section 404, Water Quality Certification Application Form which can
be used to apply for a Section 404 permit.
Additional Information:
Regional Contact:
Wetlands Program
Office of Planning and Management
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
i-913-551-7042
State Contact:
Water Resources Section
Iowa DNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-5615
Corps of Engineers
For all Iowa 404 actions (not including Missouri R./adjacent wetlands)
Corps of Engineers - Rock Island District
Clocktower Bldg
P.O. Box 2004
Rock Island, IL 61204-2004
1-309-794-5372
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For Missouri River and Adjacent Wetlands:
Corps of Engineers, Omaha District
Regulatory Branch
215 North 17th St.
P.O. Box 5
Omaha, Nebraska 68101-0005
1-402-221-3059
Additional Information
The dean Water Act (33 U.S.C 1251 to 1387)
National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C 4321 to 4370c)
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (16 U.S.C 742a to 742m)
River and Harbor Act of 1899 (33 U.S.C 403,406,407, and 411)
The Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C 1531 to 1544)
Regulations of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (33 C.F.R. 320-330).
Regulations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(40 CF.R. 230, also known as the 404 (b) (1) guidelines).
Executive Order 11990 (May 24,1977) 3 C.F.R., 1977 Comp. pp. 121-123.
The Wetlands Protection Hotline:
1-800-832-7828 9-5:30 (EST) M-F, excluding Federal holidays.
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WATER PROGRAMS
|HB|B|M^M|BMBHI^M^^M^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^—«»^^——^—~—*•
DRINKING WATER
For questions on the drinking water requirements for small communities, please
use the following contacts.
Regional Contact:
Drinking Water Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7032
State Contact:
Public Drinking Water Program
Iowa DNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-8473
Reporting Requirements
The Federal and State regulations require public water systems to make certain
reports and keep certain records. Please contact the State if you have any questions
about the reports required or their format
Additional Information
In Iowa, the Department of Natural Resources has primary responsibility for
implementing the Federal Safe Drinking Water ACL State rules may differ from the
federal requirements. Any questions about a public water supply's particular situation
should be addressed to the State contact.
The Safe Drinking Water Act
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141.
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 143.
Safe Drinking Water Hotline: 1-800-426-4791,9-5:30 (EST) M-F,
excluding Federal holidays.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Inorganic Chemicals (lOCs) are elements or compounds found in water supplies and
may be natural in the geology or caused by activities of man through mining, industry,
agriculture, etc. It is common to have trace amounts of many lOCs in water supplies.
Amounts above the Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) may cause a variety of
damaging effects to the liver, kidney, nervous system, circulatory system, blood,
gastrointestinal system, bones, or skin depending upon the IOC and level of exposure.
Some lOCs are more damaging to infants and pregnant women. Because of some
special aspects of the rules for asbestos, lead and fluoride, separate pages are prepared
for them in this booklet
Do the IOC regulations apply to my community?
Yes. Prior to the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act, there were 12 regulated lOCs.
Additional lOCs have been added with the Phase n and Phase V regulations, which are
described in the following paragraphs.
Timetable (for revisions to regulations)
New Federal regulations called Phase n were finalized January 30,1991, and
became effective on July 30,1992. State regulations became effective on November
18,1992. They added two new lOCs, asbestos and nitrite, and changed the MCLs for
four of the current lOCs. Silver is now a secondary MCL. As a result, of this
regulation non-transient non-community (NTNC) and community Public Water
Supplies (PWSs) will be required to test for lOCs, and all PWSs (both community and
non-community) will be required to test for nitrate at least annually, and one time for
nitrite.
A new monitoring framework was proposed for this rule to standardize moni-
toring for all the new regulations. The standardized monitoring framework (SMF) is
comprised of a nine-year cycle called a compliance cycle and three, three-year periods
called compliance periods. For example, a groundwater PWS would have to test for
lOCs sometime'in the first compliance period (January 1,1993 - December 31,1995).
This regulation allows PWSs to get waivers from monitoring. A waiver either
eliminates or reduces monitoring. A PWS with a waiver for lOCs would need to
sample once each compliance cycle, or once every nine years.
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Additional new Federal regulations called Phase V were finafircid on July 17,
1992, and added six new lOCs. These rules will become effective January 17,1994.
State rules will be ffr™ii*Hd during 1993. Public water supply systems with 150 or
more service connections are required to begin monitoring for the Phase V contami-
nants in the January 1,1993 through December 31,1995 time period. A P v> S with
less than 150 service connections could wait until the January 1,1996-December 31,
1998 compliance period. A PWS would be allowed to apply for a waiver after three
monitoringrounds if the new lOCs were not detected. Again, a waiverfor lOCs would
reduce sampling to once every nine years.
EPA may be expected to add an IOC to the regulated list and may change some
MCLs of lOCs asnewresearch clarifies levels of contamination considered hazardous.
(Most lOCs are tested from the same sample requiring no additional work and little
additional cost for the community.)
New sampling requirements for nitrates will be annually for surface water and
groundwater supplies (one time for nitrites). These frequencies may be reduced or
increased by the State based upon the levels of nitrate/nitrite found. The new sampling
requirements begin January 1, 1993. EPA does not allow waivers for nitrates.
Therefore, PWSs can expect to sample at least annually.
MCLs
The following page lists the MCLs for lOCs.
If you exceed any of the MCLs
-Test quarterly.
-Notify the State and complete Public Nonces as required.
-Work with the State and/or your engineer to determine the best way to reduce
the level of the contaminate in your water supply. Consider a variety of options.
In addition to a new treatment process, you may need to consider improving
your present treatment process, mix your contaminated supply with another
supply that does not exceed the MCL, or obtain a new source of water.
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Additional Information
The Federal rule for lOCs is contained in 40 CFR 141.23 and 141.62.
The State rule is contained in Chapters 567-40,41 and 43 of the
Iowa Administrative Code.
Maximum Contaminant Levels for IOC's
Contaminants
MCL (Pre-1986 and Phase II)
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Nitrate
Fluoride
Asbestos
Nitrite (As N)
0.05 mg/1
2 mg/1
0.005 mg/1
0.1 mg/1
refer to section on lead and copper
0.002 mg/1
0.05 mg/1
10 mg/1
4 mg/1
7 million fibers/1
(>10 micrometers in length)
lmg/1
Combined Nitrate & Nitrite 10 mg/1
MCL: Phase V
Effective January 17, 1994
Antimony 0.006 mg/1
Beryuim 0.004 mg/1
Nickel 0.1 mg/1
Sulfate deferred
Thallipn 0.002 mg/1
Cyanie 0.2 mg/1
r
Monitoring is required in the January 1, 1993 through
December 31, 1995 time period, or as scheduled by the State.
fel
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
ASBESTOS
Asbestos is an inorganic chemical that occurs naturally and has been used in the
manufacture of a number of products used in the construction industry. Inhaled
asbestos fibers have been identified as causing cancer. Asbestos fibers ingested
through drinking water are suspected as a cancer causing agent Asbestos occurs
naturally in a few water supplies and may occur by a corrosive action on asbestos
cement (AC) pipe contained in a water system.
Do the Asbestos regulations apply to my community?
Yes, if you are a community or non-transient non-community (NTNC) public
water supply, the asbestos regulations apply to you. Since your state agency has a
waiver program, a vulnerability assessment may be performed on your system. If the
State determines that asbestos is not likely to occur in your water source, and you do
not have asbestos cement pipe, your system may be designated as non-vulnerable and
be granted a waiver. A PWS that is granted a waiver will not have to monitor for
asbestos. If your system does have AC pipe and your water is non-corrosive, you also
may be classified as non-vulnerable and eh'gible for a waiver. If a waiveris not granted,
you will have to monitor for asbestos once every nine years.
Timetable
An MCL for asbestos was finalized as of January 30, 1991. If your PWS is
vulnerable for asbestos in the water, you will have to take one sample within the first
compliance period of each compliance cycle (1993-96).
MCLs
The MCL for asbestos is 7 million fibers/liter (longer than 10 micrometers).
If your system is required to test for asbestos and it has asbestos cement pipe, the
sample will be taken at a consumer's tap. If your system has asbestos in the source
water only.Jheh test at the entry point to the distribution system representative of the
source. If your first test exceeds the MCL, you may wish to take a confirmation
sample. Compliance will be based on the average of the two. If the sample is still over
the MCL, then quarterly testing is required.
Actions your community should be taking
-Cooperate with the State in terms of performing initial monitoring, applying
for a waiver, and/or performing a vulnerability assessment.
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If your tests indicate levels of asbestos higher than the MCL, you
are in violation of the MCL. You should:
-Test quarterly.
-Notify the State and complete Public Notices as required.
-Work with the State and/or your engineer to determine if asbestos
is in your source water and/or is being leached from your asbestos cement
pipe. Plan a corrective action.
-If asbestos is in your water source, it may be removed with coagulation/
filtration or direct and diatomite filtration. Corrosion control is used to reduce
leaching of fibers from asbestos cement pipe.
Other important considerations
EPA pressed (in 1986) under the Toxic Substance Control Act to ban the
manufacture of many asbestos products including asbestos cement pipe. There is no
plan to call for the removal of existing pipe, but a water system may need to provide
for corrosion control if there is asbestos cement pipe in their system. More important
may be the need to plan for materials and procedures to repair existing asbestos cement
pipe in the future.
The greatest risk related to asbestos cement pipe is to the maintenance worker
who is repairing or otherwise coming into contact with the pipe. Inhaling the dust
(fibers) from cutting the pipe is particularly hazardous. The Occupational Safer/ and
Health Administration (OSHA) of the Department of Labor has published rules
concerning occupational exposure to asbestos. If you work with asbestos cement pipe
in your community, contact your state Department of Labor for information on these
rules.
Additional Information
The Federal rule for Asbestos is contained in 40 CFR 141.23 and 141.62.
The State rule is contained in Chapters 567-40,41 and 43 of the
Iowa Administrative Code.
Federal rule of OSHA on Occupations Exposure to Asbestos is contained in
29 CFKJ910 and 1926.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
FLUORIDES
Fluorides are compounds that contain an ionic form of the element fluorine.
Fluorides occur naturally in many water sources and are added in the treatment
process by many public water systems. Fluorides in amounts between 1.0 and 1.1
mg/1 have beneficial effects in reducing tooth decay. Amounts above 4.0 mg/1 may
cause bone and skeletal changes. Amounts greater than 2 mg/1 can cause discoloration
of teeth.
Does the Fluoride regulation apply to my community?
Yes, all community public water systems must test for fluoride every three
years (groundwater) or every year (surface water).
Timetable (for revision of regulations)
Testing for fluoride was required prior to the 1986 SDWA (SafeDrinking Water
Act) Amendments. The new regulations on fluorides continue the testing requirement
of every three years for groundwater supplies and every year for surface water
supplies. (Usually done with the routine testing for other regulated inorganic
chemicals - lOCs.) Waivers from fluoride monitoriong, as for other lOCs, are
possible. A new MCL was set in the final rules published on April 2,1986 and became
effective in October 1987.
MCLs
MCL = 4.0 mg/1 (secondary standard suggested level = 2.0 mg/1).
If your tests show levels less than the 2.0 mg/1, your community needs to do
nothing about fluoride. Plan your next routine test in one or three years.
Actions your community should be taking
If your tests indicate fluoride levels between 2.0 and 4.0 mg/1, you should check
with the State and/or consulting engineer to see if any changes in operations can be
made to lower the fluoride level. As this is not an MCL violation, immediate action
is not required, but planning should be undertaken to reduce levels below 2.0 mg/1.
The State may require more frequent sampling to monitor the fluoride level. Public
notice is required for levels between 2.0 and 4.0 mg/1. The mandatory text of this
notice is given in Section 143.5 of the National Secondary Drinking Water Regula-
tions.
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1
If your tests indicate Fluoride levels above 4.0 mg/I, you are in violation of
the MCL, and you should:
-Contact the State. They will assist you to form the contents of a
. public notice you are required to give your customers. (See Public Notifica
tion section.) • • •
-Work with the State and/or engineer to plan for a change in your
water supply and/or treatment system to lower the fluoride levels.
-Continue regular testing, as suggested or required by the State to monitor
fluoride levels while you are working on solutions. Notify the public periodi-
cally, as required.'
Solutions to fluoride MCL violations for very small water systems usually
involve finding and using a new water source or mixing existing sources to reduce the
fluoride level. Removing fluoride through treatment can be cost prohibitive for very
small systems. . ,
Additional Information
The Federal rule for fluoride is contained in 40 CFR 141.23 and 141.62.
The State rule is contained in Chapters 567-40,41 and 43 of the
Iowa Administrative Code.
"Removal of Excess Fluoride in Drinking Water," "Fluoridation Engineering
'' Manual," EPA, available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline:
1-800-426-4791.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
LEAD MATERIAL BAN
Lead is a metal which, in the past, has been used for water supply pipe, joints in
otherpipe materials, and in alloy with other metals as solder in joining copper pipe and
in the manufacture of water supply fixtures. Lead has been identified as a cause of
central and peripheral nervous system damage, kidney effects, and can be highly toxic
to infants and the developing fetus of pregnant women. Lead inplumbing materials may
be leached into drinking water by corrosive water.
Does the Lead Material Ban apply to my community?
Yes, the use of solder containing more than 0.2% lead in the installation of new
plumbing in customers' facilities that are connected to the public water supply is
banned. Also, pipes and pipe fittings may not contain more than 8.0% lead. The law
applies only to plumbing which distributes drinking water and does not require the
removal of existing lead pipes or solder.
Timetable
On October 28, 1987, specific public notice requirements were published as a
final Federal rule.
MCLs
There is no MCL involved in the Lead Material Ban. See the section on Lead and
Copper for additional information.
Actions your community should have completed
-Complete a plumbing materials inventory in cooperation with the State.
-Complete a set of tests (under the instructions of the State) to identify
the corrosion related factors in your water supply.
-Publish a notice about the lead ban and the information on corrosivcness
for the information of your customers. (This was to have been completed by
June 19,1988.)
-Consider adopting an ordinance or rule prohibiting the use of lead materials in
any new plumbing that is connected to your water system. In Iowa, a statewide
plumbing code has met this requirement in incorporated communities- If your
community has adopted one of the national plumbing codes, or are part of a
jurisdiction that has adopted a code, these codes have all been-amended to
include the lead materials ban.
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Actions your community should now be taking
-Inform customers involved in new construction or the replacement of
plumbing that the lead materials ban is in effect for your water system.
(Requiring a .-mple permit and inspection of new plumbing is one way some
communities carry out this information requirement.)
-Make information available to your customers on the actions they can take
to reduce lead levels in the water they consume in their own home.
-If your water supply is very corrosive, contact the State and/or your
community's engineer to plan for ways you can reduce the corrosive
impact of your water on the lead that may be contained in customers'
plumbing.
-If you have lead pipe or fixtures in your distribution system, consider
replacement with non-lead materials. Leaded joints in old cast iron or other
pipe are not believed to leach significant amounts of lead into the water.
Replacement is not required by the Lead Ban but may be required for systems
that continue to exceed the lead or copper action levels under the Lead
Copper Rule.
Additional Information
The statute for the Lead Material Ban is contained in the Federal Safe Drinking
Water Act, Section 1417(a)(l) & (2).
"Lead and"Your Drinking Water," EPA, available from the National Safe
Drinking Water Hotline: 1-800-426-4791.
The Lead Ban: Preventing the Use of Lead in Public Water Systems and
Plumbing Used for Drinking Water," EPA. Available from the National Safe
Drinking Water Hotline: 1-800-426-4791.
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WATER PROGRAM
DRINKING WATER
LEAD AND COPPER
Lead and copper are inorganic chemicals that are occasionally found in water
supplies and are frequently leached out of plumbing in water systems that have
corrosive water. Lead can cause central and peripheral nervous system damage, kidney
effects and be highly toxic to infants and in the developing fetus of pregnant women.
Copper causes taste problems and stains porcelain and can also cause stomach and
intestinal distress.
Timetable
Testing and MCL compliance for lead has been in effect for a number of years
prior to the 1986 SDWA Amendments for community water supplies. In June 1991,
EPA published new rules mat deleted the MCL for lead but required that additional
sampling be done at customer taps. High levels of lead and copper at the customer
taps will trigger requirements of treatment of the water supply to reduce corrosivity;
public education should also be provided to help customers reduce their intake of lead
and copper.
Action levels per the new rule:
-The treatment technique requirements are triggered by exceedances of the
lead action level of 0.015 mg/1 or the copper action level of 1.3 mg/1 measured
- . at the 90th percentile.
-All public water systems arc required to collect one sample for lead and
copper analysis from the following number of sites during each six-month
monitoring period.
System Size
(Population)
501 to 3,300
101 to 500
<100
No. of Sampling Sites No. of Sampling Sites
(Initial Base Monitoring) (Reduced Monitoring)
20
10
5
10
5
5
The above samples must be collected per monitoring period. For small water
systemSj there are two monitoring periods per calendar year, July 1993 to December
1993 and January 1994 to June 1994.
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ACTION
riTflllrtlaT1** Headlines
SYSTEM SIZE
<3.300
Begin monitoring .-- - My93
If you exceed the lead or copper action level, then see below:
Complete treatment study (if req'd by State) July 96
(State specifies optimal corrosion control treatment) Jan 96
(Optimal corrosion control recommendation
(study or no study) • ~ July 94
Complete treatment installation
-Study notrequired Jan98
-Study required Jan"
Complete follow-up monitoring
-Study notrequired Jan99
-Study required Jan 200°
Sample collection methods and Locations
-First flush tap water samples must stand motionless for at least six hours
before the samples are collected.
-One liter of water must be drawn from the cold water kitchen or bathroom
tap of individual residences.
-Systems may collect samples or enlist residents to collect samples. Residents
fill the container supplied by the water system according to directions and
leave the container for the system to pick up.
-Begin tap water monitoring program by July 1993. Tap water samples must
be collected at high risk locations:
o homes with lead solder installed after 1982 ,
o homes with lead pipes,
o homes with lead service lines.
-If a sufficient number of high risk sampling sites are not available, follow the "Lez
md Copper Guidance Manual" sent to you by the State, or contact the State.
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Public Education Program Requirements
PWSs which exceed the lead action level must deliver a public educational
program to their consumers. Please note that this program is different from the public
notification requirements discussed separately.
The rule provides specific language for use in all printed materials, public service
announcements (PSAs) and broadcast materials developed under the lead public
education program. This language describes the potential health effects of excess
exposure to lead and the reasons why lead in drinking water is of particular concern.
It provides step-by-step instructions for water testing and follow-up actions that can be
taken to reduce both short-term and long-term exposure to lead in drinking water. The
rule also requires the water system to provide tap sample collection for any customers
who request this service, but system is notrequired to pay for collecting and analyzing
the sample.
The program must be delivered to your entire service area, and targeted to high-
risk segments of the population. The following are required:
- Distribute information notices in water utility bills, along with a special
alert on the water bill itself, every twelve months;
- Publish informational notices in major local newspapers, every twelve
months;
- Deliver brochures every twelve months to specified organizations,
including public schools and/or local school boards, city /county health depL,
Woman, Infants, and Children (WIC) and/or Head Stan programs, public/private
hospitals/clinics, family planning clinics, and local welfare agencies; and
-Release PSAs every six months to at least five of the radio and television
stations with the largest audiences that broadcast to the community served by the
water system.
Water systems must perform these actions within 60 days from the time the lead
action level is exceeded and repeated for as long as the action level is exceeded.
You must also submit a letter to the State by 12-31 of each year demonstrating
that your system has delivered the public education materials that meet the regulation's
content and delivery requirements. The. letter must include a list of all those entities to
which you have delivered public education materials during the previous year.
Additional Information
The Federal regulation for lead and copper is contained in Subpart I of
40 GFR Part 141. The State rule is contained in Chapters 567-40, 41
and 43 of the Iowa Administrative Code.
'Tact Sheet: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations For Lead and
Copper" available from EPA.
"Lead and Copper Monitoring Guidance for Water Systems Serving
501-3,300 Persons"
-101-500 Persons" Available from the National Drinking
<100 Persons" Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS (Non-Volatile)
Synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) are man-made compounds used for a
variety of industrial and agricultural purposes. Formonitoring purposes, the SOCs are
dividedinto two groups - volatile synthetic organic chemicals (VOCs) and others which
are usually called pesticides and PCBs. This page will discuss SOCs that are not
volatile. VOCs will be discussed on a separate page. Also see the page on disinfection
by-products. SOC effects include damage to the nervous system, kidneys and cancer
risks.
Timetable (for revisions to regulations)
New Federal regulations called Phase n were finalized January 30,1991. The
State regulations were finalized November 18,1992. These regulations added 13 new
SOCs and revised five SOCs. All community and non-transient, non-community
PWSs will be required to test for SOCs. Fora PWS that is vulnerable to SOCs, quarterly
sampling is required beginning in 1993, the first compliance period (1993-1996) in the
first compliance cycle (1993-2001). If there are no detects of SOCs, the required
repeat sampling is: two quarterly samples beginning in the second compliance period
(1996) for PWSs greater than 3,300 people, or one quarterly sample also beginning in
the second compliance period for PWSs with less than 3,300 people.
It is the PWS's responsibility to perform the vulnerability assessment for SOCs,
although some states may be doing these for the PWS s. The vulnerability assessment
is mailed to the State with a request for a waiver. If a waiver is granted by the State no
monitoring is required for that compliance period. The PWS must be granted a waiver
before the year testing is required. Every compliance period thereafter, the PWS must
update the vulnerability assessment and be granted a waiver. Several methods are
required to testfor all the SOCs, which adds tremendously to the cost. The PWS should
secure the waiver prior to the year monitoring is required to avoid a significant cost to
the system.
The Federal Phase V regulations, which were finalized on July 17,1992, added
15 non-volatile SOCs and three VOCs. (The State regulations will be adopted in 1993.)
The procedures and monitoring requirements are the same for these contaminants as
required under the Phase n rule. The PWS will want to request a waiver to reduce or
eliminate monitoring.
Because EPA is required to add contaminants to the list to be regulated on a
regular" schedule, SOCs will probably be added to the list in the futsre.
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MCLs
A separate page is included to list the MCLs for SOCs.
Actions your community should be taking
-Complete any sampling, for currently regulated SOCs as required, if your
system uses surface water.
-Cooperate with the State to determine vulnerability of your water
supply to SOC contamination. If it is determined that you are non-vulnerable
(SOCs are not around to get in your supply) you may not have to sample for
SOCs, or you may qualify for reduced monitoring.
-If your system is vulnerable, cooperate with the State to get the
first round of samples taken. Some states are doing this for very small systems.
If SOCs are not detected, you will cot have to sample until the second
compliance period (1996-99).
If your tests indicate levels of a SOC higher than the MCL (year
average), you are in violation of the MCL. You must:
-Continue quarterly sampling (at times of highest vulnerability, i.e., after
fertilizer application and a rain).
-Notify the State and complete public notices as required.
-Request the State to allow the community to continue to use the water
supply while the solutions to the MCL violation are being explored and any
needed financing is being planned.
-Work with the State and/or your engineer to determine how SOCs are
getting into your water supply. If possible, eliminate the source of con-
tamination. If you must treat your water supply to remove the SOCs, work
with your engineer to choose the best available technology for treatment
Additional Information
The Federal rule for SOCs is contained in 40 CFR 141.24, and
141.61. The State rule is contained in Chapters 567-40,41 and 43 of
the Iowa Administrative Code.
"Pesticides in Drinking Water Wells, " EPA. (Agricultural Extension
Service offices also have useful pamphlets on pesticides.)
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Phase H
Contaminant
Alachlor ..
Aldicarb*'
Aldicarb Sulfoxide *
Aldicarb Sulfone *
Atraane
Carbofuran"
Chlordane
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)
2,4-D
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
Lindane
Methoxychlor
PCB's
Pentachlorophenol
Toxaphcne
2,4,5-TP (SILVEX)
Acrylamide
Epichlorohydrin
MCL
0.002 mg/l
0.003 mg/l
0.004 mg/l
0.003 mg/l
0.003 mg/1
0.04 mg/l
0.002 mg/l
0.0002 mg/l
0.07 mg/l
0.0004 mg/l
0.0002 mg/l
0.0002 mg/l
0.04 mg/l
0.0005 mg/l
0.001 mg/l
0.003 mg/l
0.05 mg/l
Treatment Technique
Treatment Technique
These have been suspended, and will not be enforceable under
current regulations.
Phase V (SOCs)
Endrin
Dalapon
Diquat
Endothall
Glyphosate
Di (Ethylehexyl) Adipate
2,3,7,8-TCDD(Dioxin)
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Oxamyl (Vydate)
Simazine
PAH's [Benzo(a)pyrene]
Hexachlorobenzene
Di(ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Picloram
Dinoseb
0.002 mg/l
0.2 mg/l
0.02 mg/l
0.1 mg/l
0.7 mg/l
0.4 mg/l
3 x 10 (-8) mg/l
0.05 mg/l
0.2 mg/l
0.004 mg/l
0.0002 mg/l
0.001 mg/l
0.006 mg/l
0.5 mg/l
0.007 mg/l
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals (VOCs) are man-made compounds used
for a variety of industrial and manufacturing purposes. VOCs tend to be in a gaseous
form under conditions that may occur in a water system and then separate from the
water supply. VOCs have various effects on the liver, kidneys, nervous system and
some pose a cancer risk.
Do the VOC regulations apply to my community?
Yes, the initial Federal Volatile Organic Chemical (VOC) rule became effective
on January 9, 1989. This rule, called Phase I, set maximum contaminant levels
(MCLs) for 8 VOCs and required all community and non-transient, non-community
water supply systems to monitor for, and if necessary, treat their supply to remove these
chemicals. VOC monitoring requirements were revised on June 30, 1991 (State
requirements on November 18,1992) to synchronize them with other VOC monitoring
requirements in a new set of regulations called Phase IL This rule set MCLs for 10
additional VOCs. More new regulations, called Phase V, added 3 new VOCs. The
Federal Phase V rule becomes effective on January 31,1994. The State rule will be
adopted in 1993 and implemented immediately.
The VOC MCLs are listed below.
Phase I
VOC
MCL (mg/1)
Benzene
Carbon Terrachloride
1,2-Dichloroe thane
Para-Dichlorobenzene
1,1 -Dichloroeth ylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.075
0.007
0.20
0.005
0.002
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Phase n
VOC
o-Dichlorobfinzene
cis-l,2-Dicnioroethylene
trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene
1,2-Dichldftpropanfr
Ethylbenzene
Monochlorpbenzene
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Xylenes
0.6
0.07
0.1
0.005
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.005
1
10
Phase V
vor
MCL
Dichloromethane
1,2,4-Trichlorbenzene
1,2,2-Trichlorethane
0.005
0.07
0.005
Monitoring Requirements
A major feature introduced in Phase n is its plan for synchronizing compliance
monitoring across several existing and upcoming rules. Under this Standardized
Monitoring Framework, the various monitoring frequencies for most source-related
contaminants will be coordinated within compliance periods of three years each.
Some monitoring andrelated system activities, such as vulnerability assessments, will
occur at intervals which may span across up to three of these three-year periods,
forming a nine-year compliance cycle. The first compliance cycle and the initial
compliance period both begin on January 1,1993.
Other features of Phase n monitoring requirements include:
Sampling location - Ground water systems must sample at entry points to the
distribution system which are representative of each well after any application of
treatment. Surface water systems must sample at points within the distribution system
which are representative of each source or at entry points to the distribution system
after any application of treatment. Samples must be analyzed by a state-certified lab.
Initial sampling frequency - All systems must sample at a base (or minimum)
frequency which is specific for a contaminant or contaminant group. The state
may grant monitoring waivers (as discussed below) and may allow a system to
substitute suitable previous monitoring data for this initial monitoring. In the
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initial compliance period, the actual year in which a system samples will be
determined by the State.
"* . K
Repeat sampling frequency - In general, if a system does not detect
contaminants in initial samples, then repeat sampling frequencies will be lower than
initial frequencies. Repeat monitoring requirements are generally the same for all
systems regardless of system size or water source.
Trigger to increase monitoring - If contaminants are detected in any sample, the
system must begin quarterly sampling until the state determines that subsequent
results are "reliably and consistently" below the MGL At least two to four samples
must be taken before this determination may be made. Detection is defined
separately for various contaminants or contaminant groups at either the MCL, 50
percent of the MCL, or at the analytical method detection limit.
Monitoring waivers - Sampling frequencies may also be reduced or eliminated
if the system obtains a waiver based on: previous sampling results, and/or an
assessment of the system's vulnerability to each specific contaminant. There are
two types of waivers based on vulnerability assessments:
Use waiver: A system may be eligible for a waiver if it can show that a
contaminant has not been used, manufactured and/or stored within a certain area
around the system's water source. If use cannot be determined, a use waiver cannot
be granted.
Susceptibility waiver. Even if a system is not eligible for a use waiver, it
may be eligible for a waiver based on its susceptibility in terms of source
protection, wellhead protection program reports, previous sample results,
environmental transport and fate of the contaminant, and elevated nitrate levels. If
susceptibility cannot be determined, this type of waiver cannot be granted.
Unregulated contaminant monitoring - Phase n also contains one-time
monitoring requirements for 30 other contaminants during the initial period which
begins on January 1, 1993. Systems must take one year of quarterly samples for
organic Contaminants, and one sample for inorganic contaminants. No MCLs have
been set for these contaminant?:, and further monitoring is not normally required,
but may be required by the State, if these chemicals are detected. Systems only
need to report the results of this monitoring to the State. Systems with less than
150 service connections may request a waiver from the State.
Additional Information
The Federal rule for VOCs is contained in 40 CFR 141.24 and 141.61.
The State rule is contained in Chapters 567-40,41 and 43 of the
Iowa Administrative Code.
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Compliance Monitoring Requirements
Contaminant
Asbestos
Nitrate
Nitrite
Inorganics
VOCs*
17 Pesticides
and »wvw SocS
Unregulatrri
IOCs\
SOCs
Base Requirement
Ground wittr Surface water
1 Sample every 9 yean
Annual 1 Quaneriy
After 1 year < 50% of MCL.SWS
may reduce to an annual sample
lSample:lf<50%ofMCL. :
state discretion
1 Sample every Annual sample
3yeais
4 Quarterly samples every 3 yean
Annual after 1 year of no detects
4 Quaneriy samples every 3 yean
After 1 round of no detects: systems
>3300 reduce to 2 sample! per year
every 3 years; systems £ 3300
reduce D 1 sample every 3 yean
1 Sample
4 Consecutive quanefiy aunpiej
Trigger that
Increases
Sampling
>MCL
250% MCL
2 SOftMCL
>MCL
> 0.0005 mg/L
Method •
Detection
Limit
(MDL)
NA.
Waivw*
forBasa
Requirements
YES
Based on VA'
NO
NO
YES
Based on analytical j
results of 3 rounds :
YES
Based on W
YES
Baseii on VA;
YES
Based on VA'
1 VA « Vulrterability Assessment
- Volatile Organic Chanicals
IOCS - Inorganic Chemicals
SOCs - Synthetic Organic Chanicals (Non-Volatile)
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
COLIFORM MONITORING
Bacteria from sewage and animal wastes have presented the most frequent and
health risks to public water supplies over the years. Coliform bacteria,
specifically the presence of fecal and E. coU bacteria, are used as the best and most
easily tested for indicators of potentially harmful bacteria in the water.
Does the Coliform Monitoring rule apply to my community?
Yes, all community public water systems must submit samples for coliform
bacteria testing on aregular monthly basis. Failure to submit samples, meet the MCL,
and report non-compliance are all violations of the rule.
Timetable
Your community has been required to test for coliform bacteria for many years.
The 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act caused new rules to be
published that change some of the procedures for testing, change the MCL, andrequire
certain public notification related to coliform monitoring. The Federal rules were
published in final form on June 29, 1989, and became effective December 31, 1990.
The State rules became effective in 1991.
MCLs
The MCL is based on the presence or absence of total colif orms in a sample (the
old MCL was based on an estimate of coliform density). The presence of total colifonn
bacteria indicates the possible presence of fecal and disease-causing bacteria. A
small water system may have no more than one coliform-positive sample per month.
Monitoring Requirements
Systems serving from 2,501 to 3,300 persons are required to submit three
routine samples per month. Systems serving from 1,001 to 2,500 persons are required
to submit two routine samples per month. Systems serving less than 1,001 persons
are required to submit one routine sample per month. (Carefully follow procedures
for sampling provided by your testing laboratory or the State. ). Samples are to be
from different customer taps from month to month according to a written sampling
plan. If the sample tests positive for total coliforms, you must (within 24 hours of
notification of the result) collect four repeat samples, if you are scheduled to collect
only one routine sample during the month. Three repeat samples are required for
each total colifonn positive sample. These repeat samples must be collected within
five service connections of the original sample with at least one being at the original
location, at least one upstream and at least one downstream. If total coliforms are
detected in any repeat sample, your water system is in violation of the MCL and you
mustjnotify the State no later than the end of the next business day_that you learned
of the violation.
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If fecal colifonns or£. coli are identified in arepeat sample following aroutine
total colifonn positive sample (or vice versa), it becomes an acute violation and you
must notify the state agency the same day you receive the results. During the month
following one or more positive colifonn samples, you must collect five routine
samples. The State may require a system to collect more routine samples per month
than specified in the rule. " .
A sanitary survey of your system is required at least every five years (usually
done by the state). The initial survey must be completed by June 29,1994. Without
the sanitary survey, you would have to collect five routine samples every month.
Actions your community should be taking
If your system is not having total coliform positive tests:
-Continue to submit regular samples and review results.
-Maintain a good operation and maintenance program for your water system
including regular line flushing at fire hydrants and on dead ends.
If your system has a coliform-positive sample result:
-Immediately take and process your repeat samples.
-Carefully review your sample taking procedures to be sure you are not
accidentally contaminating the samples:
-Call the State and ask for help to locate any possible sources of
contamination.
-Follow the State's direction in issuing public notices and any state
emergency measures that may be required.
Additional Information
The Federal rule for colifonn monitoring is primarily contained in
40 CFR 141.21 & 141.63, and public notice rules in 40 CFR 141.32. -
The State rule for coliform monitoring and public notice are contained in
Chapters 567-40,41 and 43 of the Iowa Administrative Code.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
SURFACE WATER TREATMENT RULE
The Federal Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) was published in
the Federal Register on June 29,1989. It became effective on December 31,
1990. The State rule was adopted during 1991. This rule requires water
treatment in lieu of water testing because it regulates contaminants which are
difficult to detect and pose acute health risks.
Under this rule, disinfection and filtration are required for surface water
systems and for groundwater systems under the direct influence (UDI) of surface
water. These systems must install filtration if the microbiological, turbidity and
other standards in this rule are not met. All surface water systems must disinfect
Does the Surface Water Treatment Rule apply to my
community?
Yes, it applies to all Public Water Supply Systems (community and non-
community) using a surface water source (i.e. water open to the atmosphere and
subjectto surfacerunoff)ora groundwater source under the direct influence of surface
water.
Water Treatment Requirements
Specific enforceable MCL standards for these microbial contaminants are not
established in this rule. Instead, treatment will be required for surface water systems.
Systems which filter their water must ensure that the overall filtration and
disinfection process they use is performing effectively as demonstrated by turbidity
and disinfection criteria. These criteria are given in the table below. As with
unfiltered systems, effectiveness will be demonstrated in part by the amount of
disinfectant and the length of time it is in contact with the water before reaching the
first customer.
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Filtered System Criteria
(Criterion
Turbidity :
Disinfection
, • Giardia
- Viruses
. ,- • Residual
Standard
<5 NTU at all times
<0.5NTUin95%ofall
samples
99.9% effective .
99.99% effective
0.3 mg/1 at entry
Compliance
• Systems are given time to comply with the water quality standards and
treatment requirements of this rule. Specific dates are given in the following table.
Surface water systems
-Filtered systems must meet monitoring and treatment performance re-
quirements beginning 48 hours after the rule becomes effective.
Groundwater systems under direct influence of surface
water (GW-UDI)
-States will determine which community water systems are under direct
influence of surface water within 5 years after the rule becomes effective.
| Compliance Dates
SYStem Tvoe
SW-F
GW-UDI
Community
Non-community
Requirement
Performance and
monitoring
State must notify
system that it is UDI
Date
6/29/93
6/29/94
6/29/99
Additional Information
The Federal rule for surface water treatment is contained in Subpart H of
40 CFR 141. The State rule is contained in Chapters 567-40,41 and
43 of the Iowa Administrative Code.
EPA's "Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfec-
tion Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water." Call
the Safe Drinking Water Act Hotline: 1-800-426-4791.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
RADIONUCLIDES
Radionuclides are radioactive particles that occur naturally in areas of uranium
and radium deposits and in waste from man made processes. Radionuclides, even in
very small concentrations, pose a cancer risk.
Does the Radionuclides regulation apply to my community?
Yes, radionuclides have been regulated since 1976 with MCLs currently set for
four types. All community public water systems must test for radionuclides at least
every four years.
Timetable (for revision of regulation)
Proposed regulations were published in July 1991 that will add MCLs for two
additional radionuclides (Radon and Uranium). Final new rules may be published in
late 1993. Systems will begin to monitor under the new radionuclidc rules in 1996.
Until then, continue to monitor under the old rules.
MCLs
The following are current MCLs for radionuclides and the levels that are
proposed. The units of measure are peculiar to radioactivity and represent very small
quantities.
Current MCL MCL Like}v to be Proposed
Gross Alpha Particle Activity 15 pCi/1 15pCi/l
Beta Particle & Photon Activity 4 mrem/yr. 4 mrem/yr*
*only if designated by State-
Combined Radium - 226 & 228 5 pQL/1
Radium-226 - 20pCiyi
Radium - 228 - 20 pCi/1
Uranium - 20ugA
Radon - 300 pCi/1
Actions your community should be taking
Submit samples as required forroutine testing. The monitoring process requires
one sample every three months for one year (four samples in total). Unless test results
indicate radionuclide values above or near the MCL, the test is repeated only every four
years. Mark your calendar a few months prior to the four year time limit to remind
yourself to test.
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Compliance with the MCL is based on the results of a composite of the four
quarterly samples.
If your tests indicate levels of radionuclides higher than the
MCL, you should: .-.- • ;:
-Ask the State if you should resample to confirm the test results. The
State may also require you to continue quarterly sampling until the MCL level
is met.
-Follow your State's instructions regarding when and what type of
public notice you need to give.
-Start working with the State and/or engineer to consider options
to eliminate the radionuclides from your system. In nearly all small
community water systems, finding a different source of water supply, or
the installation of a sodium zeolite ion exchange treatment process, are the
most economical solutions to a radionuclide problem.
Additional Information
The Federal rule for radionuclides is contained in 40 CFR 141.15,16
and 26. The State rule is contained in Chapters 567-40,41 and 43 of
the Iowa Administrative Code.
"A Study of Possible Economical Ways of Removing Radium From Drinking
Water" is available from EPA by calling the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at
1-800-426-4791.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
DISINFECTION AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS
Disinfectants (such as chlorine) are the primary defense against diseases caused
by microbiological contaminants in public water systems. In Iowa, 100% of the
surface watersupply systems disinfect their water while less than half of the community
and non-community ground water supplies are disinfected. Although disinfection is
the single most important treatment technique in use in public water supplies, the
disinfectants themselves can react with organic materials in water supplies to form
disinfection by-products (DBFs) which may prove to contaminate the water with
compounds that increase cancer risk.
Do the Disinfection and Disinfection By-products regulations
apply to my community?
Yes, all community and NTNC public water systems will be required to
disinfect their water, with allowance for variances if the water comes from sources
that are determined not to be at risk from microbiological contamination. Monitor-
ing for DBFs will be limited to .systems that are determined vulnerable to their
development.
Timetable
Surface water supplies are now covered by final rules on filtration and
disinfection that were published on June 29,1989. State rules were adopted in 1991.
These rules require disinfection of all surface water supplies and become effective
over the next three years as determined by state schedules. Federal rules for general
disinfection of all drinking water supplies are expected to be proposed in June 1993
and will include MCLs for a number of disinfectants and disinfection by-products. At
present, three disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes) are regulated but only in
community supplies of 10,000 or greater population.
MCLs
Proposed MCLs have not yet been circulated. The current MCL for total
trihalomethanes is 0.1 mg/1.
Actions your community should be taking
-If your water supply is surface water, contact the State to determine
your schedule for compliance with the filtration and disinfection rules.
-If your water supply is groundwatcr and you are now adding a disinfectant,
you are already required to conduct disinfectant residual tests-(daily) at some
consumer taps to determine how much disinfection is available at the "end-of-
-------
•MIMBMMBl^—~
the-linef in your system. This data will help you plan for modifications in your
disinfection to meet any new standards that are required.
-If your water supply is groundwater and you are not adding a disinfectant
now, the following steps may help in your planning:
o Check your colifonn.bacteria tests over the past three or four years. A
history with some coliform positive tests are likely to require you to
disinfect.
o If you have no coliform-positive tests, keep it that way by following a
proper sampling procedure and through good maintenance and operation
of your water supply and distribution systems.
o Look at and price different equipment for disinfection. For most
srnall systems, chlorination provided through gas, liquid solutions or
granular compounds are the methods used. Costs vary and may not be out
of reach for your community. The State, engineer or an equipment supply
firm can help you with this information.
o Visit neighboring communities that are disinfecting and see how they
do it and what it costs.
Additional Information
The Federal authority for Disinfectants and DBFs is in Section 1412 (b) (8).
oftheSDWA. The current State rule dealing with disinfection is in
Chapters 567-40,41 and 43 of the Iowa Administrative Code.
"Protecting Our Drinking Water From Microbes," FJ>A, available by calling
the National Drinking Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
PUBLIC NOTIFICATION
The Safe Drinking Water Act requires that public drinking water systems notify
their customers when drinking water standards are violated. The purpose of public
notification is to inform consumers of any potential adverse health effects and to
describe what steps consumers can take to minimi™ the impact It should also educate
the consumer about me needs of the public water system to assure the delivery of safe
drinking water.
Do the Public Notification rules apply to my community?
Yes, the Safe Drinking Water Act requires owners (or operators) of all commu-
nity public drinking water systems to notify the persons they serve if certain violations
of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations or certain other specified events
occur.
Timetable
Public Notification rules are now in effect for all contaminants that your
community is required to monitor for. As new contaminants are regulated and
monitoring is required in your community, you are also required to give public
notification when violations occur. This information describes the Federal Rules.
Your state may add requirements for your area.
Types of violations requiring Public Notification
There are six violations or events that require Public Notification:
1. Failure to comply with an applicable maximum contaminant level (MCL)
2. Failure to comply with a prescribed treatment technique
3. Failure to perform water quality monitoring (testing) as required by the
regulations
4. Failure to comply with testing procedures as prescribed by the regulations
5. Issuance of a variance or an exemption
6. Failure to comply with the requirements of any schedule that has been set
under a variance, exemption or State operation permit.
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Notification Procedures
The method, timing and frequency of notifying the public varies based on the
"level" of the violation and the availability of the public communication media. There
are two "levels" of violation. Tier 1 violations include numbers 1,2 and 6 listed above,
namely.failure to comply with an MCL; failure to comply with a treatment technique;
and failure to comply with a schedule prescribed under a variance or exemption.
Tier 2 violations are less serious and have simpler notification requirements.
They include numbers 3, 4 and 5 listed above, namely, failure to comply with
monitoring requirements; £ailure to comply with testing procedures; operating under
a variance or exemption.
Tier 1 violations are subdivided into "acute" and "non-acute" violations.
"Acute" risks are those that involve an immediate risk to human health. These are
violations specified by the state agency and presently must include violations of the
MCL for nitrate and/or nitrite, violations of the MCL for total coliforms when fecal
coliforms or E. coli are present, and occurrences of a waterborne disease outbreak
in an unfiltered surface water system.
Actions your community should take
If you are informed of test results that indicate you are in violation of an MCL
or you are informed of another violation, immediately contact your state agency and
notify them of the violation and ask their direction in proceeding with public
notification. (Note: the state agency may declare a sample invalid or require a check
sample before confirming a violation and thereby ask you to delay public notifica-
tion.)
Methods of Notification
Communities with a daily (or weekly) newspaper of general circulation
(received by most households) in the community:
Tier 1 violations
1. Provide notice within 14 days of the violation through the newspaper, AND
2. Provide notice by direct mail or hand delivery within 45 days of the violation.
• Repeat this notice every three months as long as the violation continues, AND
3. For ACUTE VIOLATIONS ONLY - Deliver notice to the principal
television and radio station serving the area within 72 hours following the
violation.
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Tier 2 violations
1. Provide notice within three months of the violation through the newspaper,
AND
2. Provide notice by mail or hand delivery within three months of the initial
newpaper notice. Repeat this notice every three months as long as the violation
continues.
Methods of Notification
Communities without a newspaper
Tierl violations
1. For ACUTE VIOLATIONS ONLY - Provide notice by hand delivery or
by posting within 72 hours of the violation, AND
2. For non-acute violations - Provide notice by hand delivery or by posting
within 14 days of the violation, AND
3. Repeat the notice by hand delivery every three months or by continuous
posting for the duration of the violation.
Tier 2 violations
Provide notice by hand delivery or by posting within three months of the
violation. Repeat the nonce by hand delivery every three months or by
continuous posting for the duration of the violation.
Information that must be included in the Public Notice:
1. Must provide a clear and readily understandable explanation of the
violation.
2. Must include information about any potential adverse health effects.
3. Must contain information about the population at risk.
4. Must contain information about the steps being taken to correct the
problem.
5. Must contain information about the necessity of seeking alternative water
supplies, if any.
6. Must include any preventive measures that should be taken until the
violation is corrected. ,-
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7. Must be clear and conspicuous.
8. Must not contain unduly technical language.
9. Must not contain unduly small print
10. Must not create problems that frustrate the purpose of the public
notification.
11. Must include a phone number of the owner, operator, or someone to
contact at the public water system as a source of additional information.
12. Where appropriate, notices must be multi-lingual.
Mandatory Health Effects Language
EPA has established mandatory language on the health effects of contami-
nants found in drinking water. The EPA language must be included in notices given
by public water systems where the system is:
- In violation of an MCL or treatment technique,
- Has been granted a variance or exemption,
- Is operating under a variance or exemption, or
- Fails to comply with a variance or exemption schedule.
Currently promulgated mandatory health effects language is included in the
public notification regulations.
Notice to New Billing Units
In addition to complying with the public notification requirements for Tier 1
violations, community water systems must provide notice to new billing units of any
existing Tier 1 acute and non-acute violations. A copy of the most recent public notice
must be given to all new billing units or hookups prior to or at the time service begins.
Additional Information
The Federal rule for Public Notification is contained in 40 CFR 141.32.
The State rule is contained in Chapter 567-41 of the Iowa
Administrative Code.
"General Public Notification for Public Water Systems," EPA, available by
calling the National Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 1-800-426-4791 for a free
copy.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
Regulatory Development Schedule
An important pan of planning is knowing the specific regulations that will
affect your particular community and its public water system(s), and further,
knowing when these regulations will be in effect and enforced in your community.
Following is the most recent schedule for the development of the new Federal
regulations.
Ride Status Effective
Fluoride Final 10/87
Lead Ban (SDWA1417) Final 6/86
Phase I Volatile Organics Final 1/89
Public Notification Final 4/89
Surface Water Treatment Rule Final 12/90
Total Coliform Rule ' Final 12/90
Phase H IOCS and SOC Final 7/92
Lead/Copper Final 12/92
Phase V lOCs and SOCs Final 1/94
Phase HI Radionuclides Proposed 1994
Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products TBP 1996
Revised Arsenic Standard TBP 9/94
Sulfate Rule TBP 10/93
Phase VIB SOCs and lOCs TBP 1993
Repropose MCLs for aldicarb, aldicarb
sulfoxide, and aldicarb sulfone TBP 2/93
Additional List Contaminants TBP 1997
- TBP means To Be Proposed
- IOC means Inorganic Chemicals
- SOC means Synthetic Organic Chemicals
- Some effective dates are phased-in by system size (see below)
- EPA Rules are generally effective 18 months after being finalized
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL
The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program is authorized by the Safe
Drinking Water Act The program is primarily prcventative in nature and regulates
such aspects as siting, construction, operation, monitoring, and testing of various
types of wells used to inject fluids underground. Five classes of wells are recognized,
including:
Class I - Used to inject industrial, municipal or hazardous wastes below the
lowest underground source of drinking water (USDW).
Class n - Used to inject fluids associated with oil and natural gas production.
Class HI - Used to inject fluids for extraction for minerals such as salt and
uranium.
Class IV - Used to inject hazardous orradioactive wastes into or above aUSDW.
Class V - Wells not otherwise classified and generally used to inject non-
hazardous fluid into or above a USDW.
Class I, H, and ffl wells have specific requirements regarding their
construction and operation, and have been generally accounted for. Class IV wells
are banned unless they are part of an authorized groundwater cleanup. Closure is
required for a well identified as Class IV. Class V well occurrence is not as well
documented, since this category includes any well not covered under the first four
Classes. There are a variety of constructions and uses for Class V wells, including
deep cased wells, seepage pits, cesspools, and septic tanks with lateral (tile) fields.
(Septic tanks handling strictly domestic wastewater and serving fewer than 20
persons a day are exempt from UIC regulation.) These factors make this type of well
difficult to locate. Many Class IV wells are mis-identified as Class V wells.
Class IV and V wells can serve virtually any type of industrial or commercial
facility including automotive service stations, lawn services, laundries and dry
cleaners, transportation and road facilities, local weed control authorities, photo
processing labs, electroplating companies, printers and lithographers, chemical
plants, electronics manufacturers, pharmaceutical plants, and food processors.
All classes of injection wells are regulated by EPA through either primacy
programs or direct implementation programs administered by EPA. In Region VII,
Iowa is under direct implementation.
Additional Information: Regional Contact:
UIC Program; Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
"*" 726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101 1-913-551-7032
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WATER PROGRAMS
WELLHEAD PROTECTION
The 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) call upon each
state to develop a Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program. This legislation established
a nation-wide program to encourage states to develop systematic and comprehensive
programs within their jurisdictions to protect public water supply (PWS) wells and
wellfields from contamination.
The statute specifies that all states will participate. However, the EPA has no
authority to establish a WHP Program if a state chooses to forego action on its own.
There are no sanctions against states that do not participate. States are encouraged to
participate and to exercise individual discretion in developing methods of protecting
ground water used for drinking water.
Under SDWA, Section 1428, each state must develop a WHP Program that
consists of several elements. At a minimum, each state's WHP Program must:
-Specify roles and duties of state agencies, local government entities, and
public water suppliers, with respect to WHP Programs;
-Delineate the wellhead protection area (WHPA) for each wellhead;
-Identify sources of contaminants within each WHP A;
-Develop management approaches to protect the water supply within
WHP As from such contaminants;
-Develop contingency plans for each public water supply system to respond
to well or wellfield contamination;
-Site new wells properly to maximize yield and minimize potential
contamination; and
-Ensure public participation.
Actions your community should be taking
The Environmental Protection Agency has responsibility for approving
WHP programs and for providing technical support to state and local
governments. States shall develop and implement WHP programs that meet the
requirements of the SDWA Amendments. Local governments should develop
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MMMMMIBI
WHP plans that protect their public drinking water supply from contaminants.
An effective local program needs participation at all levels of government and
should use the state-approved WHP program as a means to accomplish this.
Local governments typically implement zoning decisions, develop land-use
plans oversee building and fire codes, implement health requirements, supply water
andsewersendc^,andeiiforcepoUcepowers.Eachofmeselocalpowersmaybeused
to protect the quality of local aquifers.
Local cities and counties are also often the innovators in developing wellhead
protection programs by applying combinations of management techniques (e.g.,
zoning and source prohibitions) to meet unique local conditions. Localities often
protect groundwater as part of larger projects, such as developing growth manage-
ment plans or economic development efforts. In close cooperation with regional,
State and Federal agencies, local governments can take positive steps to protect
their wellhead areas.
As of January 1993, Iowa has not developed or implemented a state WHP
program.
Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Wellhead Protection Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7033
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WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
State Revolving Fund Loan Program
The 1987 Amendments to the Clean Water Act authorized the Admin-
istrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to make grants (called
capitalization grants) to the states for deposit in State Water Pollution Control
Revolving Funds (SRF). Using the SRF, the state of Iowa can provide loans to
communities, sanitary districts and intermunicipal agencies for the construc-
tion of publicly-owned wastewater treatment facilities.
The SRF is primarily state-operated, with minimal federal requirements
beyond those specified by law. In addition to federal funds, which continue to
be placed in the Iowa SRFs through 1994, Iowa must provide a 20% match.
Loans offered by the state of Iowa are 2 percent below market interest rate, and
must be paid back within 20 years of project inititiation of operation.
Additional Information
U. S. EPA State Revolving Fund Program Implementation Regulations,
40 CFR 35.
Regional Contact:
SRF Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7031
State Contact:
SRF Program
Environmental Protection Division
Iowa DNR
900 East Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-8877
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WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION
SYSTEM (NPDES)
Public Law 92-500 amended the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1972
(later amended and renamed the Clean Water Act). It established a national policy to
restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's
waters. The U.S. EPA or the state environmental control agency has responsibility for
administering NPDES permits. These permits are issued to operators discharging any
pollutant (including wastewater effluent) to State/U.S. waters (such as streams, lakes,
wetlands, etc.)
Specific terms and conditions for a NPDES permit vary from state to state, but
each primacy state must administer the program to meet minimum EPA standards. Li
addition, permit requirements within a given state may also vary because of different
geological conditions, the beneficial uses of the receiving water and other factors at the
discharge site. Permits normally last 5 years, but can be amended or reissued if
requirements change.
Actions your community should be taking
Maximize community awareness and education concerning wastewater collec-
tion and disposal, available solution alternatives, funding resources and procedures for
implementing the most appropriate wastewater collection and treatment facility.
Numerous technical and administrative resources are available at little or no cost to the
community.
Because Iowa has primacy, the Iowa DNR must be contacted directly concerning
administration of federal requirements. Iowa regulations require both construction
and operating permits for most wastewater treatment facilities and water contamina-
tion sources.
Additional Information
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (33 U.S.C. 1342).
EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System, 40 CFR 122.
Regional Contact: State Contact:
NPDES Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7034
Wastewater Section
Environmental Protection Division
Iowa DNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-4067
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WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
SECONDARY TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER
Secondary treatment is the minimum treatment requirement for most Publicly
Owned Treatment Works (POTW). Secondary treatment, among other things,
requires that effluent concentration of five-day, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen
demand (cBOD5) not exceed 25 mg/1 as a 30-day average, and total suspended solids
not exceed 30mg/l as a 30-day average. In general, ataminimum, the treatment process
must be a stabilization pond.
Does the secondary treatment regulation apply to my community?
Yes, all treatment facilities that discharge to waters of the U.S. must comply.
Beneficial uses of the receiving waters may necessitate higher quality effluent be
discharged or possibly require no discharge.
Actions your community should be taking
If a wastewater treatment plant discharges to waters of the State/United States
(such as streams, lakes, wetlands, etc.), it is required to have a National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. The permit will specify effluent
limitations and monitoring requirements.
If a POTW cannot meet the effluent limitations specified in the permit, it may be
necessary to upgrade the treatment facility, review operational improvements, and/or
improve the sewer collection system to correct excess inflow/Infiltration problems.
If you suspect a problem, notify the organization you feel appropriate, starting
with the POTW itself, community officials, county sanitarians, or state officials
responsible for water quality and/or wastewater discharge permits.
Because Iowa has primacy, the Iowa DNR must be contacted directly concerning
administration of federal requirements. States may have more stringent effluent
requirements for specific streams or watersheds in order to comply with State Water
Quality Standards.
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Additional Information:
U. S. EPA Secondary Treatment regulation, 40 CFR133.
Regional Contact:
Water Compliance Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7034
State Contact:
Wastewater Section
Environmental Protection Divison
lowaDNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-4067
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WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
SEWAGE SLUDGE* USE AND DISPOSAL
Municipal wastewater sludge is a by-product of the wastewater treatment
process. Sludgeregularions ensure thatsewagcsludgeis handled properly by disposal
or used as a soil conditioner or fertilizer.
Do the sewage sludge regulations apply to my community?
Yes, the regulations apply if the wastewater treatment system includes any
form of central treatment or mechanical plant, including a lagoon, which will need to
be cleaned. The regulations do not apply if individual on-site septic systems are used.
However, septage from individual on-site systems must be properly handled
according to the regulations.
Timetable
The final Sewage Sludge regulations (Clean Water Act Section 503) were
published on February 19,1993 and became effective March 22,1993. If communities
can meet the requirements of the sludge regulations without construction, it must be
done by February 19,1994. However, if construction is required, communities will
have until February 19,1995. Monitoring and record keeping must commence by July
19,1993.
Actions your community should be taking
Be aware of restrictions covering proper use of the sewage sludge for land
application (agricultural and small quantity local use) and proper disposal (incin-
eration and surface disposal). Communities(except those with lagoons**) should
immediately begin testing the sludge being disposed of to determine its quality. Then,
the communities should evaluate which options are available based on the sludge in
accordance with the 503 regulations.
These regulations are "self-implementing." In other words, they are in effect
and enforceable regardless of whether or not they are in your current wastewater
treatment facility permit.
*The term, "Biosolids," may be used instead of "sludge" in some literature.
**Lagoons are not required to comply with the 503 Sewage Sludge regulations
until the sludge is removed from the lagoon.
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Additional Information :;
Final Sewage Sludge Rule, 40 CFR Part 503.
Regional Contact:
Sludge Program
Water Managment Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7034
State Contact:
Wastewater Section
Environmental Protection Division
Iowa DNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-4305
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WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
PRETREATMENTIUSQUIREMENTS
Pretreatment refers to those measures taken to prevent pollutants, from sources
other than conventional domestic wastewater, entering the wastewater system. Pre-
treatment is the treatment of a waste before it is discharged into the sanitary sewer. A
pretreatment program includes ordinances, education, inspections, monitoring, and
enforcement
Pretreatment requirements control pollutants which are incompatible or will
interfere with the treatment process or pass-through the publicly owned treatment
works (POTW) and cause problems in the receiving stream or lake. In addition,
pretreatment requirements will improve opportunities to recycle and reclaim domestic
and industrial wastewaters and sludges.
Do the Pretreatment requirements apply to my community?
Traditionally, the smaller POTWs with individual discharges arc not required
to establish local pretreatment programs- If the community has non-domestic users
(such as sawmills, food processing plants, metal finishers, etc.) discharging pollutants
that could pass through the POTW untreated or interfere with operations, the commu-
nity may have to submit a treatment agreement to satisfy the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit requirements.
Your current NPDES permit contains a section that explains when a treatment
agreement is required and may contain limits and monitoring requirements applicable
to existing major contributing industries. These requirements are designed to insure
that you protect your POTW and the quality of the water discharged.
If the rule applies to my community, what should I do?
If you are required to establish a pretreatment program your municipality will
need to establish local ordinances implementing the pretreatment requirements, and
identify a person responsible for insuring the program is administered and enforced.
Discharge limitations are developed and enforced by POTWs to implement
prohibitions and to protect the POTW. They are site specific to ensure pretreatment
standards are in place to protect the POTW, the receiving stream and municipal sludge
quality.
If your community wants to establish a local pretreatment program, and is not
required to through your NPDES permit, contact the State or EPA for assistance.
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Because Iowa has primacy, the Iowa DNR must be contacted directly concern-
ing administration of federal requirements.
Additional Information
Pretreatment Final Rule, 40 CFR 403.
Regional Contact:
Pretreatment Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7034
State Contact:
Wastewater Section
Environmental Protection Division
Iowa DNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
DesMoines, IA 50319
1-515-281-8884
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WATER PROGRAMS
WASTE WATER
STORM WATER
The storm water regulations are a new part of the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES). As part of the Clean Water Act amendments of 1987,
Congress acted to directly address storm water by adding Section 402(p). In response
to these changes, EPA issued a final application rule in November 1990.
At this time, the municipal side of the program requires applications only from
cities with a population of 100,000 or more, and counties having large populations in
unincorporated, urbanized areas. Phase n (sometime after October 1994) may require
communities less than 100,000 to obtain a permit and develop a storm water manage-
ment program. It is unknown at this time if there will be exemptions for very small
communities.
Only three "industrial activities" owned or operated by a municipality with a
population under 100,000 arc covered by the storm water regulations - uncontrolled
landfills, airports and power plants.
Actions your community should be taking
Find out if the defined industrial operations owned or operated by the
community (i.e. landfill, airport and power plant) need permits. The State contact will
be able to give assistance to determine which industrial operations need permits and
how to apply for the permits.
Develop an information and education program for the community to increase
awareness of the relation between the storm water drain system and the local lake or
stream. Storm waterrunoff collects in street gutters and storm drains and flows directly
to streams with little or no treatment. Citizens need to be educated so that they know
they play a role in the quality of the streams and lakes. Dumping used motor oil, unused
paint, pesticides and other household chemicals on the ground or in the street can
severely impact nearby surface water.
Communities should also consider establishing local ordinances controlling the
improper disposal or discharge of pollutants to the municipal storm water drain system.
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For the following facilities, if materials are ssEQSfil to storm water facilities
classifiedunderSICcodes 20,21,22,23,2434,25,265,267,27,283,31 (except
311), 34 (except 3441), 35,36,37 (except 373), 38,39, and 4221-25 (including
food; tobacco, textile; apparel; wood kitchen cabinets; furniture; paperboard
containers and boxes; converted paper/paperboard products; printing;
drugs; leather; fabricated metal products; industrial and commercial machin-
ery and computer equipment; electronic equipment; transportation equip-
ment; measuring, analyzing and controlling instruments and photographic,
medical and optical goods, and watches and clocks; miscellaneous; and
certain warehousing and storage manufacturers).
Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Storm water Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7034
State Contact:
Wastewater Section
Environmental Protection Division
Iowa DNR
900 E. Grand Ave.
Des Moines, IA 50319
1-515-281-7017
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DEFINITIONS-ACRONYMS
A HTTP A . AcK-ctrtc Wararri "Pmarvencv Resnonse Act
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1
ASHAA - Asbestos^School Hazard Abatement Act
Bacteria - Microbiological contaminants found in drinking water
samples are fecal coliforms and the bacterium E. coli. Their presence is
evidence of sewage contamination.
cBODS- Measurement of oxygen required for biochemical degradation of
organic matter in a water (usually wastewater, or receiving stream).
CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act; also known as Superfund
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
DBF - Disinfection By-product
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Groundwater - Water below the land surface that feeds wells and springs.
IDNR - Iowa Department of Natural Resources; also referred to as "State"
IOC - Inorganic Chemical
IRAA - Indoor Radon Abatement Act
LEA - Local Education Agency
LEPC - Local Emergency Planning Committee, established under SARA
MCL - Maximum Contaminant Level
MSWLFC - Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Criteria
NESHAP -National Emission Standards Hazardous Air Pollutants
NPDES - National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
-*"** i^~
NPDWR - National Primary Drinking Water Regulation
ma
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NTNC - Non-transient non-community
OSHA • Occupational Safety and Health Administration
pH - A measurement of hydrogen ion in a compound; determines whether a
compound is "acidic" or "basic."
POTW - Publicly Owned Treatment Works
Primacy State - State that has received delegated authority from EPA to
manage specific environmental programs.
PWS - Public Water Supply
RCP - Radon Contractor Proficiency
RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SARA - Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SDWA-Safe Drinking Water Act
SERC - State Emergency Response Commission, established under SARA
SIC - Standard Industrial Classification
SMCRA - Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
SMF - Standardized Monitoring Framework
SOC - Synthetic Organic Chemical (non-volatile)
SRF - State Revolving Fund
TCLP - Toxiciry Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TSCA - Toxic Substances Control Act
UIC - Underground Injection Control
UST - Underground Storage Tank
VOC - Volatile Organic Chemical
A - ^
WHP - Wellhead Protection
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