United States Region 8 EPA/908/R-00-001
Environmental Protection Pollution Prevention Program March, 2000
Agency (8P-P3T) www.epa.gov/region08
v>EPA Cleaning National Parks
Using Environmentally
Preferable Janitorial
Products at Yellowstone
and Grand Teton National
Parks
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Cleaning National Parks:
Using Environmentally Preferable Janitorial
Products at Yellowstone and Grand Teton
National Parks
Prepared for:
Pollution Prevention Program
U.S. EPA Region 8 (8P-P3T)
999 18th Street, Suite 300
Denver, CO 80202-2466
Prepared by:
Sophia Wakefield and Angele Ferre
S.A.F.E., Consulting for the Earth, Inc.
P.O. Box 4334
Jackson, WY 83001
March, 2000
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The information in this document was funded in part by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 8
Pollution Prevention Program under contract 7-KPC080. Funding
was also provided under Grant 06SC0203152 with the Wyoming
Department of Environmental Quality. Additional support was
received from Yellowstone National Park under DX#1443PX1570-99-
242. Appendix A was written by EPA. Appendix B and the caveats
about Material Safety Data Sheets in Appendix C were developed
jointly by the consultants and EPA. This report has been subjected to
the Agency's peer and administrative review and has been approved
for publication as an EPA document.
The authors wish to acknowledge the outstanding support of Greg
Smith, former General Manager of Signal Mountain Lodge in Grand
Teton National Park, Greg Weiner, chemist, Edna Good, Chief of
Concessions at Yellowstone, Jim Evanoff, Yellowstone Facility
Manager, and Don Eby, President of the Clean Environment
Company. The EPA Region 8 Pollution Prevention Program
gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Dianne Thiel as project
manager, Dr. Suzanne Wuerthele as technical advisor, and the
following peer reviewers: Ruth Heikkinen and Russell Clark, Office
of Pollution Prevention, James Darr of the Office of Toxic Substances,
Theresa Hoagland, Office of Research and Development, and Dr.
Marybeth Smuts, EPA Region 1.
DISCLAIMER
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
For additional copies of this document after December, 2000,
please contact:
Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse
Telephone: (202) 260-1023
Fax: (202) 260-4659
E-mail:ppic@epamail.epa.gov
Website:www.epa.gov/oppt/library/libppic.htm
A copy of this document may be viewed online at the EPA Region 8
Pollution Prevention Program's web page found under Toxics and
Poisons at http://www.epa.gov/region08
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Table of Contents
I. Purpose of the Project 1
II. Purpose of this Report 3
III. Background 5
A. Yellowstone National Park 5
B. Grand Teton National Park 7
C. Cleaning Products 9
D. Special Cleaning Challenges at Yellowstone 9
E. Background of the Consultants 10
IV. Approach to the Project 11
A. Facility-wide Inventory and Assessment Phase 12
B. Pilot Implementation Phase 12
C. Buying Guide and Installation Plan 13
D. Installation and Training Visit 13
E. Follow-up Visits 14
F. Implementing the Project across Yellowstone 14
G. Evaluation 15
H. Expansion of Project to Grand Teton 16
V. Environmentally Preferable Products
Used at Yellowstone and Grand Teton 19
VI. Why Did Yellowstone and Grand Teton Succeed? 21
VII. Lessons Learned for Future Projects 23
VIII. Recommended Next Steps 25
IX. Appendix A: Why Change to
Environmentally Preferable Cleaning Products 27
X. Appendix B: Ingredient Guide and Glossary 29
XL Appendix C: The Challenge of Evaluating Cleaning Products 39
XII. Appendix D: Types of Products Used at Yellowstone
and Grand Teton National Parks 45
XIII. Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998
Custodial Products Bid Specifications 49
in
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IV
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PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this project was to help National Park Service
janitorial staff and supervisors at Yellowstone and Grand Teton
National Parks select and use safer cleaning products. To be
selected, the new janitorial products had to meet Park cleaning goals
and criteria for environmental preferability developed by the city
government of Santa Monica, California.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
Eliminate or greatly reduce the use of toxic, hazardous and
environmentally harmful cleaning chemicals, and potential human health
risks.
Reduce the quantity and variety of cleaning products by consolidating and
standardizing product purchases.
Choose the safest and "greenest" janitorial products with a proven record
in commercial operations.
Involve top management, first line supervisors and janitorial staff in all
aspects of this process to ensure long term success.
Purpose of the Project
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PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT
This report documents the process that the National Park Service
and two consultants used at Yellowstone National Park to introduce
environmentally preferable cleaning products. Grand Teton National
Park implemented a similar program starting in April, 1999. This
case study is intended to help other Federal agencies and private
businesses understand how to carry out a "green" cleaning project.
This report identifies the elements crucial to the project's success
and discusses next steps to assure that the project is institutionalized.
Five appendices contain supplemental material. Appendix A
presents reasons why Federal facilities and others should consider
environmentally preferable cleaning products. Appendix B contains
an ingredient guide and glossary identifying chemicals found in
commonly used commercial and consumer cleaning products.
Appendix C presents information to consider when reviewing
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) and labels for health and
environmental effects of cleaning products. Suggestions are given on
evaluating products and setting goals for an environmentally
preferable cleaning project. Appendix D contains a description of the
environmentally preferable products used by Yellowstone and Grand
Teton National Parks. Appendix E contains a copy of the City of
Santa Monica, California's 1998 Custodial Product Bid Specifications.
The Santa Monica bid specifications can be a good starting point for
evaluating cleaning products.
Purpose of this Report
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BACKGROUND
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
Yellowstone, the world's first national park, encompasses 3,400
square miles or 2.2 million acres. The Park is located primarily in the
northwest corner of Wyoming, with portions extending into
southwestern Montana and southeastern Idaho. It is open to visitors
from mid-April until late October, and in the winter, from mid
December to mid-March. About 3 million visitors from all over the
world come to Yellowstone each year, mostly during the summer
months. The Park Service Headquarters is in Mammoth, Wyoming.
On July 13,1999, the Director of the National Park Service in
Washington, DC, issued a memorandum to all employees on
environmental leadership.
This letter stated his goal
that the Park Service and
its partners become leaders
among all Federal agencies
hi pollution prevention and
protection of the
environment. He
specifically mentioned
"buying environmentally
friendly 'green' products"
as one way that Park
employees can demonstrate
leadership.
Environmental leadership
at Yellowstone predates this
memorandum by several
year's. Michael Finley, Yellowstone's Superintendent, was committed
to expanding the Park's "greening" role, protecting "the health and
security of our visitors and employees and protecting the Park's
sensitive environment." The Park began a "Greening of Yellowstone
Initiative" in October, 1997, in commemoration of the Park's 125th
anniversary. In August, 1998, as part of this initiative, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Region 8 Pollution Prevention
Program provided funding to two consultants to assist Yellowstone
in "greening" their' custodial operations.
Through partnerships, Yellowstone has embarked on a variety of
other "greening" efforts over the past several years. They include
initiatives on areawide composting and recycling, and use of bio-
based oils for a truck, snowmobiles and other equipment.
Yellowstone employees have made an aggressive effort to educate
visitors about their "greening" initiatives. These projects also serve
as a model for motels and other businesses hi the gateway
communities around the Park.
American Bison at Yellowstone
Background
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Northeast
Entrance
^r k.
FwNng
, _> Bridge
South Entrance
Yellowstone National Park
Background
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GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK
Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial
Parkway, which are administered together, are located adjacent to the
southern boundary of Yellowstone National Park. Including
Yellowstone, these three units lie at the heart of the Greater
Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest and most nearly intact ecosystem
remaining in the temperate zones of the earth. This makes them
important not only to the United States, but to the world. The
Headquarters for Grand Teton National Park and John D.
Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway is in Moose, Wyoming.
Grand Teton National Park was established by Congress in 1929,
originally containing about 96,000 acres of the most spectacular part
of the Teton Range and the lakes at the base of the peaks. In 1943,
President Franklin Roosevelt proclaimed an area of about 223,000
adjacent acres as Jackson Hole National Monument. President
Truman signed an act in 1950, combining the Monument and the
original park. The present park consists of 309,997 acres, about 485
square miles.
The "greening" of the custodial operations compliments previous
pollution prevention efforts in the Park, including elimination of the
use of solvents in the auto shop, and recycling used motor oil for
heating. The Park is in the process of developing an integrated solid
waste and recycling plan. A propane fueling station will be
constructed to promote the use of alternative fuels in vehicles.
Bob Wemple, Environmental Engineer at Grand Teton National Park
Background
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WINEGAR HOLE
WILDERNESS
ETON
NATIONAL PARK
g fbSLDHl
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CLEANING PRODUCTS
When the average citizen thinks about chemicals in our national
parks, cleaning products probably do not come to mind. However,
in parks like Yellowstone and Grand Teton, the janitorial staff cleans
many different types of buildings, including visitor centers, offices,
restrooms, lodging, gift shops, restaurants, campground shower
buildings, gas stations, maintenance shops, and medical clinics.
Typically, a wide variety of commercial and consumer cleaning
products are used.
Many common commercial and consumer cleaning products
contain chemicals that, depending on dose and exposure, could be
harmful to janitorial employees and chemically sensitive park
visitors. Some chemicals hi cleaning products can pose physical
hazards. For example, they might pose risks if purposely or
accidently mixed with other cleaning chemicals. Some chemicals in
cleaning products can also have adverse effects on the environment.
In high enough doses, some chemicals could increase the biological
oxygen demand in surface water or harm sewage treatment plant
bacteria. Some chemicals may be toxic to aquatic life in low
concentrations.
SPECIAL CLEANING CHALLENGES AT YELLOWSTONE
Yellowstone presents many challenges that would not be faced at
other Federal facilities:
LOCATION: The Park is divided into seven districts with sub-
districts. This project had to take into account district and site
specific cleaning goals, some of which were not written down. Long
distances between the developed areas in Yellowstone and the harsh
winter weather make travel and training more difficult. In the
winter, much of the travel is done via snowmobile.
STAFF: Yellowstone has a sizable janitorial staff of over fifty
employees who work in the Maintenance Department. Some of
these workers return year after year. Others work one year, or only
during a summer season.
Background
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PARK USAGE: So many people visit the Park in the summer that it
is hard for the staff to get into the facilities to clean during the day.
For example, Old Faithful may have more than 25,000 visitors a day
during July and August. Visitors form lines outside the bathrooms
when they are closed for cleaning.
FACILITIES: Many park buildings are old, and some are historic
structures. Fixtures at some locations are old and stain easily. A few
locations have highly mineralized water. Heavily-used vault toilets
are pumped every day. Visitor centers have 12-15 feet tall glass or
plastic display cases that attract dust, finger prints, gum, and grease.
I TYPES OF FACILITIES AT THE PARKS I
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE OWNED FACILITIES:
JANITORIAL
Offices
Visitor Centers
Stores
Restrooms
Employee facilites
Maintenance buildings
CONCESSIONAIRE OPERATED FACILITIES:
FOOD SERVICE
HOUSEKEEPING
JANITORIAL
Kitchens
Restaurants
Lodging
Medical buildings
Service and gas stations
Gift stores
STAKEHOLDERS: Finally, there are a variety of stakeholders in the
parks besides the National Park Service - numerous concessionaires
operate facilities in the Park and in some cases, share storage
facilities.
BACKGROUND OF THE CONSULTANTS
The consultants for this project had previous experience in
converting large and small operations to environmentally preferable
cleaning products. They converted Signal Mountain Lodge in
Grand Teton National Park in 1991and helped the City of Santa
Monica, California, establish their environmentally preferable
janitorial products program in the mid-1990's. Santa Monica's
program is considered to be one of the leading environmentally
preferable janitorial programs hi the country.
10
Background
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APPROACH TO THE PROJECT
In August, 1998, the
Region 8 Pollution
Prevention Program of
the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency hired a
consultant to assess the
cleaning products at a
Federal facility and help
that facility switch to less
toxic products.
Yellowstone National
Park volunteered to work
with the consultants on
this project under the
umbrella of its "Greening
of Yellowstone Initiative."
The Facility Manager
for the Park Service was
designated as the
consultants' primary
contact during the
project. The consultants
also coordinated with the
Park Service Chief of
Concessions on matters
involving work with the
concessionaires.
PROJECT TIMELINE
Sept, 1998 Yellowstone National
Park volunteers for project
Sept-Nov, 1998 Parkwide inventory
of cleaning products, staff interviews
Nov, 1998 Start of winter pilot phase
at Mammoth and Old Faithful
Jan, 1999 Installation visits, training,
removal of old products
Jan-March, 1999 Follow-up visits to
fine tune the projects
March, 1999 Decision to expand
project to all Park Service facilities in
Yellowstone
April, 1999 Grand Teton National
Park joins cleaning projects
April-Sept, 1999 Implement project
at Park Service facilities throughout
both Parks
Sept, 1999 Evaluation by consultants
Edna Good, Chief of Concessions
Approach to the Project
11
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FACILITY-WIDE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT PHASE
The project began in September, 1998, with a Park-wide inventory of
existing cleaning products and an assessment of cleaning goals and
work practices. The consultants visited all janitorial work stations
(both Park Service and concessionaire-operated). The consultants
found more than 130 different cleaning products used in Yellowstone
at the time of their first visit. An additional 30 products were on the
storage shelves but were not being used when this project began. The
consultants compiled an inventory of the cleaning products used,
interviewed staff and supervisorsand identified specific cleaning
needs,
In a project of this type, it is very important to listen to what the staff
says about their jobs. The consultants talked with employees and
supervisors to learn:
* what the cleaning goals of the organization are
* who establishes the cleaning goals or requirements
* how the staff cleans
* what tools and products are used
* what are their toughest cleaning challenges
* how much time do they have to clean
* how many people use the buildings, restrooms
* how are the buildings or facilities used
* how old are the buildings and fixtures to be cleaned
* what their preferences and perceptions about cleaning products
* how willing is the staff to change their work practices
* what information do they want about new products
* in what format would that information be most useful
Proper equipment and training are crucial to the success of an
environmentally preferable cleaning project. At Yellowstone, it was
found that appropriate tools of the trade were missing or not
available. For example, there were 110 measuring devices for diluting
concentrates. Training had not been done at some locations on how to
use disinfectants and properly mix a cleaning product. There was a
widespread belief expressed that using a disinfectant for general
cleaning would protect the staff from any possible infection or illness.
"Topping off" other cleaners with bleach was another practice that
staff felt gave them an additional margin of safety. No system of
checks and balances to evaluate cleaning techniques or equipment was
hi place.
PILOT IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
After the inventory and assessment phase, the consultants worked
with Park Service staff to set up a pilot implementation phase at
Mammoth and Old Faithful during the whiter season of 1998. The
12 + Approach to the Project
-------
purpose of the pilot phase was to test new products at Park
Headquarters and a busy winter use area in the center of the Park.
With full support from the Park Service Concessions Office, the
concessionaires were included in the winter pilot phase of the
project. The pilot implementation phase ran from November, 1998,
through March, 1999.
BUYING GUIDE AND
INSTALLATION PLAN
As part of the pilot, the consultants
developed a buying guide for new
products and dispensing equipment.
The buying guide identified the
environmentally preferable products
that were most likely to do the required
job. The cleaning products selected for
this project had previously met the City
of Santa Monica's environmentally
preferable bid specifications. For more
detailed discussions of the products,
see pages 13-14 and Appendix D. The
consultants also assisted the Park in
ordering products, dispensing systems
and accessories, to make sure these
items were available in time for the
installation visit. They identified
plumbing and electrical modifications
needed for the dispensing systems.
Finally, they prepared a training
manual for each site that included the
products to be used at that site. The
training manual was designed so pages could be removed and
added as other new products were brought in.
INSTALLATION AND TRAINING VISIT
During the installation visits in January, 1999, the consultants
oversaw the onsite set-up at each site. At Yellowstone, all old
products were removed when the new products were brought in.
This was very important in order to give the new products a fair-
trial. To eliminate dilution errors, easy-to-use automatic dispensing
systems were set up and tested at each location. The dispensing
system diluted the product to the correct concentration. Employees
were given better equipment, such as squeegees.
Onsite hands-on cleaning demonstrations were given at each
location to show:
* how the new products work
+ proper measuring procedures
* different cleaning techniques to improve the performance of
the environmentally preferable cleaning products
Maintenance staff at Yellowstone collecting
old cleaning products during Pilot Phase.
Approach to the Project
13
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14
For instance, more time or elbow grease may be required when
using less toxic products. The consultants demonstrated cleaning
techniques such as use of squeegees for window cleaning and using
water as a cleaning agent - i.e., rinsing surfaces with water after
cleaning instead of using a spray and wipe method with no rinsing.
Additional training included instruction on proper use of
disinfectants and sterilizers, which are commonly overused or used
inappropriately. Site specific training manuals were handed out to
each employee and supervisor.
FOLLOW-UP VISITS
After the initial round of visits to each location, periodic follow-up
visits were made. The purpose of these visits was to adjust the
program to fit into the routines, workload and culture of the
organization. Follow-up visits were also necessary to ensure correct
understanding of project objectives and procedures. The consultants
coached the staff and supervisors until the use and performance of
the new products became routine.
The consultants and the product manufacturer also provided
trouble-shooting expertise. The consultants researched particular-
questions. The manufacturer recommended switching from plastic
to stainless steel soap dispensers in high traffic areas. The
manufacturer also addressed product formulation issues. In some
cases, dilution ratios or formulations were adjusted for site-specific
needs.
IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT ACROSS YELLOWSTONE
In March, 1999, at the end of the
pilot phase, the consultants received
feedback from the cleaning staff,
supervisors and senior management
about the project. The pilot phase
demonstrated that it was possible to
meet Park cleaning needs using
environmentally preferable cleaning
products. After a briefing on the
project by the consultants and
Maintenance managers in April, 1999,
the Park Superintendent decided to
expand the cleaning project
throughout the Park during the
spring and summer seasons. Two
concessionaires - the Yellowstone
Park Service Stations and the medical
clinics - also converted their
operations throughout the Park. A
third concessionaire expanded its
pilot programs.
^C3
Lexi Marsh, Maintenance Employee at Madison
Junction, "Yellowstone National Park
Approach to the Project
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Throughout the rest of the Park, the consultants followed the same
steps as for the pilot phase - developing buying guides and planning
for installation, conducting the installation visit and training, and
doing follow-up visits. Expanding the project to all Park Service
operations brought new challenges.
The distances to be traveled increased as did the number of visitors
to the Park. Summer visitation at Yellowstone is very high between
July 1st and the end of August. The Old Faithful area may be visited
by over 25,000 people a day during these months. With that many
people, the janitorial staff has a difficult time closing the bathrooms
to clean them, and has to work very quickly to accommodate the line
of people waiting for the bathroom to reopen. Adjustments were
made to the program throughout the summer to accommodate the
staff's needs.
EVALUATION
In September, 1999, at the end of the summer season, the
consultants conducted an evaluation at Yellowstone. The Park was
able to reduce the number of cleaning products needed by over 80%,
from 130 different products to 15 environmentally preferable
products which met the 1998 Santa Monica bid specifications, plus
three others used occasionally for special purposes. For a more
detailed discussion of the products used at Yellowstone and Grand
Teton, please see Appendix D.
Hank Quintana, Warehouse Supervisor, stocks most cleaning product and containers at Mammoth.
Approach to the Project
15
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With such a large reduction in the number of products, benefits
were achieved in many areas. The acquisition process was
simplified. Stocking fewer products resulted in better inventory
control and reduced storage needs. Because he is familiar with the
acceptable cleaning products, the warehouse manager has identified
several requests for unapproved cleaning products and sent them to
the Facility Manager for review.
Dispensers prevent waste by measuring the concentrate accurately.
Dispensers also minimize contact with the concentrate, which is
5- gallon containers of claming products at the Mammoth Warehouse
purchased in bulk five gallon and one gallon containers. The
containers that cannot not be returned for reuse are recyclable.
This project also changed the thinking of some of the janitorial
staff. For example, the bathroom cleaner in one restroom location
was not strong enough to absorb the smell in the unsealed concrete
flooring. Prior to this project, a stronger product would have been
the solution to this dilemma. Instead of a stronger product, custodial
staff suggested sealing the concrete so that the environmentally
preferable product could be used.
EXPANSION OF THE CLEANING PROJECT TO GRAND
TETON
In April, 1999, Jack Neckels, the Superintendent of Grand Teton
National Park, decided that Grand Teton would join the cleaning
project at the same time as expansion of the project across
Yellowstone. Park staff were ready to purchase products for the
upcoming season, making it the perfect time to start a new program.
16
Approach to the Project
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Park personnel were familiar with the consultants' work at Signal
Mountain Lodge in the early 1990's and had been using some
"green" products on a trial basis. After talking with the staff at
Yellowstone and getting positive feedback about the way their pilot
was working,
management decided
to join the full
program. The
consultants were able
to set up the
program quickly and
worked closely with
suppliers and staff.
Grand Teton, a
smaller park than
Yellowstone, has one
supervisor and 16
seasonal custodial
employees during
the summer. In the
winter, the
supervisor does all
the cleaning. The
staff at Grand Teton
face many of the
same cleaning
challenges, including
a visitor center,
restrooms, vault
toilets and offices.
Grand Teton
benefitted by
reducing the number
of products used and
by simplifying the
distribution and
Of products.
Kirby Burfoni, Maintenance Supervisor at Grand Teton National Park
The supervisor and custodial staff were very experienced in cleaning
and were familiar with many types of products. The process of
moving to environmentally preferable products allowed these
employees to discuss what worked and to come up with their own
ideas on how to use the new products most effectively. The reduced
exposure to potentially harmful substances motivated and excited
the staff.
During the summer season, the staff evaluated the cleaning
products and was very satisfied overall with the new products and
methods. The staff will continue to experiment with new
environmentally preferable products as they become available, while
maintaining the basic simplicity of the operation and use of the
dispensing equipment.
Approach to the Project
17
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18
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ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE
PRODUCTS USED AT YELLOWSTONE
AND GRAND TETON
By the end of the project, most cleaning products used in
Yellowstone and Grand Teton were made from plants like corn and
soy instead of petroleum, a non-renewable resource. Appendix D
contains a listing of the products the Parks were using at the end of
this project. All but three products used in Yellowstone and one at
Grand Teton meet the 1998 bid specifications for the city government
of Santa Monica, California, according to the manufacturer.
The Santa Monica bid specifications require that these products
meet the international Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) definition of "readily biodegradable." In
conformance with the bid specifications, the products do not contain
known or probable carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens designated
under Federal or California state laws. The specifications do not
allow ozone depleting chlorinated compounds, or any chemicals
reportable under Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act [except for floor care products and
metal polishers]. The volatile organic compound (VOC) levels must
meet or be less volatile than the California Code of Regulations
maximum allowable VOC levels for appropriate cleaning product
categories. No products can contain alky! phenyl ethoxylates
(hormonal mimics) above trace amounts. No products can be
delivered in aerosol cans.
At the Parks' request, dyes are used in several products to help
employees differentiate between those products. These dyes are
among the few approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
for food use. Where fragrances are included, such as deodorizers in
the enzymatic stain treatment or the air freshener, the product
contains peppermint or d-limonene, a citrus-based ingredient, in lieu
of petrochemical-derived fragrances. Recycled or recyclable
packaging is used. Many of the products are made in concentrated
formulations and purchased in bulk. The products are dispensed
through automatic systems, which reduce employee contact with the
concentrate, and ensure consistency in dilution ratios.
An environmentally preferable approach to cleaning is to ininimize
the use of disinfectants. Disinfectants, by their nature, are designed
to kill microorganisms. Per the Santa Monica bid specifications, the
Parks do not use general cleaning products with added disinfectants.
Instead, they use quaternary aimnonium chloride, a non-bleach
disinfectant, for limited applications. The use of bleach was
dramatically reduced when the new disinfectant was substituted and
workers were trained in disinfection techniques.
As mentioned above, three products used at Yellowstone and one
at Grand Teton do not meet the City of Santa Monica's bid
Environmentally Preferable Products Used at Yellowstone and Grand Teton
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specifications because they contain petroleum distillates (TRI
chemicals), or have a high or low pH. These products include a
special degreaser/cleaner used for greasy floors in shop areas, a
delimer/descaler used for occasional heavy build-ups, and a graffiti
remover. These products were tried only where environmentally
preferable products did not meet the cleaning requirements of the
district supervisor. The use of these products is limited to specific
situations. The Parks are continuing to look for environmentally
preferable alternatives.
Both Yellowstone and Grand Teton remain interested in finding a
deodorizer for heavily used vault toilets that can meet the City of
Santa Monica's bid specifications. Some toilets are pumped every
day to make them as appealing as possible to visitors. Daily
pumping does not give the environmentally preferable enzymatic
deodorizers time to work. Plastic-coated glass has been another
cleaning challenge at Yellowstone. Finally, the natural floor finish
product that brought out the shine on linoleum floors like the ones in
Yellowstone Fleet Maintenance, lacks high buffing characteristics on
old wooden floors. The Parks' goal is to find environmentally
preferable products to meet these challenges.
20
Environmentally Preferable Products Used at Yellowstone and Grand Teton
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WHY DID YELLOWSTONE AND GRAND
TETON SUCCEED?
THE PARKS SUCCEEDED BECAUSE OF:
Support from the top.
Implementation of a pilot project.
Commitment to the project by key employees and supervisors.
Education of custodial staff in face-to-face meetings.
Perceived health benefits.
Simplification of purchasing and reduced storage space.
Maintenance of the vision.
A willingness to look for opportunities to improve.
Support from the top: The support of the top level official is
essential. The Superintendents at both Yellowstone and Grand Teton
National Parks told the custodial staffs and supervisors that this was
an important project and everyone's support was expected.
Implementation of a pilot program: Introducing the
program on a limited basis allowed the Park to test products for
performance, involve onsite janitorial staff in the decision-making
process, and create a positive first-hand experience that reduced
resistance and skepticism. Including custodial staff in the decision
on whether to expand the pilot program across the facility was very
important.
Commitment to the project by key employees and
supervisors: Support by key employees who had the respect of their
peers made a significant difference. Supervisors who were interested
in moving to environmentally preferable products were able to help
their employees overcome fears and doubts. A strong commitment
to the project encouraged and united those who had less security in
making these changes.
Education of custodial staff in face-to-face meetings: Experts
hi the environmentally preferable cleaning field provided hands-on
training to help the staff understand the entire program. Questions
were answered, and reasons for embarking on an environmentally
preferable cleaning project were explained. This training was very
effective hi demonstrating for skeptical staff that alternative products
can work as well or even better than conventional products.
Perceived health benefits: In addition to showing that
environmentally preferable products work, experience has shown
that informing employees about potential health benefits of
Why did Yellowstone and Grand Teton Succeed? + 21
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environmentally preferable products is an important step to gain
support. The fast acceptance of this project by some employees at
Yellowstone resulted in part from perceived health benefits - no
sneezing, red eyes, headaches, sore throats. It should be noted that
no medical monitoring was done during this project, but numerous
employees commented to the consultants that they felt better after
the switch to environmentally preferable cleaning products.
Simplification of purchasing and reduced storage space: At
Yellowstone, most of the new cleaning products are stocked at the
central warehouse in Mammoth. Because the same products are
used throughout the Park, all districts are able to fill most of their
cleaning supply needs from the warehouse. The need for onsite
hazardous material cabinets at each location was also reduced.
Maintenance of the vision: In a large scale change project, it
is important to have a vision of the completed project with all details
addressed. In this project, seeing the end from the beginning helped
to overcome many problems.
Willingness to look for opportunities to improve: The
champions in the Parks are always looking for new applications for
environmentally preferable products.
Yellowstone back country in May
22
Why did Yellowstone and Grand Teton Succeed?
-------
LESSONS LEARNED FOR FUTURE
PROJECTS
LESSONS LEARNED
Coordinate early with warehouse and purchasing.
Have champion at each location.
Demonstrate strong management commitment.
Communicate top level commitment.
Explain use of personal protective equipment.
Do increased oversight at first.
Verify proper use of products.
Involve the staff in making changes.
Understand that personal preferences can affect acceptance.
Share success stories.
Quantify the cost savings.
Early coordination with the warehouse manager /staff and
purchasing departments is important. They can be great advocates.
Support for the project must come from within the District itself. It
works best if it comes from both the supervisor and the staff. Not all
locations at Yellowstone supported the cleaning project. When
neither the supervisor nor custodial staff assumed leadership for the
program, the change to environmentally preferable cleaning products
was difficult. There must be a champion for the project at each
location for such a large scale initiative to succeed.
However, in every pollution prevention project, there will be
individuals who resist any change. Only a demonstration of facility-
wide determination to go forward will persuade those unwilling to
participate.
Most problems can be solved with a strong visible management
commitment and good communications. At every opportunity, top
level commitment from managers should be restated to supervisors
and employees if the program is to move forward..
The need for personal protective equipment should be explained to
staff as appropriate.
Increased oversight for the first several weeks of each
implementation phase is important to inake sure everyone is familiar
with proper dilutions, the training manual, and cleaning techniques
that will work with the new products, etc. This can prevent
problems later.
Lessons Learned for Future Projects
23
-------
If a product doesn't seem to be working, first check to see how it is
being used. It could be that the dilution rate is incorrect, the
suggested cleaning procedures are not being followed, or the product
is being used for something for which it was not designed.
If the proper dilutions and procedures are being followed and the
product still is not working, involve the staff in finding another
environmentally preferable product or changing the procedures.
In some cases, personal preferences can affect whether a person
thinks a product works or not. At Yellowstone, one couple said the
basin, tub and tile cleaner was the best product they had ever had,
while another couple cleaning at the same location on a different day
reported the product was the worst product ever used.
One cleaning product may have several purposes. Share success
stories with other locations that may have similar problems.
The parks did not quantify their cost savings. Collecting and
publicizing cost data (using environmental cost accounting) can
increase management support and help others to implement similar
projects.
24 + Lessons Learned for Future Projects
-------
RECOMMENDED NEXT STEPS
RECOMMENDED NEXT STEPS
Formalize the program.
Create formal evaluation process for new chemicals.
Provide ongoing support.
Create network of champions.
Evaluate and report on progress.
Add cleaning project to interpretative program.
Encourage concessionaires to implement.
Promote to other Federal facilities.
There are a number of areas where the Park Service can continue to
actively support this project in the future:
It will be important for the Park Superintendent to demonstrate
continued commitment for the project to Park employees. He can do
that by issuing a written policy supporting the program, by ensuring
that Maintenance documents the procedures and periodically
updates them, and by asking for regular progress reports.
The search for environmentally preferable products for several
situations needs support. Over the next year, alternative products
for masking odors in vault toilets, cleaning plastic-coated glass in
restrooms, and stripping and buffing old wood floors will be tested
within the parks. A process for evaluating these products is needed.
Supervisory and staff champions should provide leadership for
returning crews in the winter and spring/summer/fall seasons. For
instance, training should be done at the start of each season and
when new products are introduced. The manuals and laminated
cards on the back of the cleaning closet doors should be updated if
new products are brought in.
At Yellowstone, a network of these champions could be formed to
share success stories and help resolve any questions or problems that
arise.
Periodic program evaluations should be continued and the results
reported to top management.
The Park Service could include the environmentally preferable
cleaning project in its interpretative program to educate Park visitors
on the leadership role these Parks have assumed.
Recommended Next Steps + 25
-------
The Park Service could encourage their concessionaires to
implement environmentally preferable cleaning products programs.
Yellowstone and Grand Teton could continue to promote this
project to other Federal facilities.
Now that the cleaning project has been established, it is important
to complete these last steps and integrate the project into Park
management systems so it can continue to flourish and expand.
26
Recommended Next Steps
-------
APPENDIX A
WHY CHANGE
TO ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE
CLEANING PRODUCTS?
Appendix A:Why Change to Environmentally Preferable Cleaning Products? + 27
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WHY CHANGE TO ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE
CLEANING PRODUCTS?
Many common cleaning products contain chemicals which, in their
pure form, have been shown to have health effects and/or which
pose storage and disposal concerns. The potential for a cleaning
product to cause problems depends on the concentration and
formulation of the ingredients, and on how the product is stored,
used and disposed.
While indoor air quality problems can arise from inadequate
housekeeping that fails to remove dust or other contaminants,
cleaning products themselves produce odors and emit a variety of
chemicals that can contribute to poor indoor air quality. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's Total Exposure Assessment
Methodology (TEAM) studies indicate that while people are using
products containing organic chemicals, they can expose themselves
and others to high pollutant levels. Elevated concentrations of
pollutants can persist in the air, particularly in enclosed spaces and
poorly ventilated areas. Selecting cleaning products that minimize
these emissions can provide a clean environment while protecting
the health of workers and occupants.
There is growing evidence that some chemicals in cleaners are
agents that cause asthma or make it worse. In a June, 1999,
surveillance of work-related asthma in selected US states - California,
Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey - using surveillance
guidelines for state health departments showed that in 4.6% of work-
related asthma cases (51 cases out of 1,101), the putative agent was
cleaning materials.
An occupational lung disease bulletin issued by the Massachusetts
Department of Public Health in April, 1998, reported that more than
10% of the work-related asthma cases reported list cleaning agents as
the suspected asthma agent. These cleaning agents included bleach,
chlorine, floor stripper, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, muriatic acid,
detergents and disinfectants.
Finally, in the preamble to Occupational Safety and Health
Administration's (OSHA) revised Hazard Communication Standard
(59 FR page 6151), OSHA cited data from the Consumer Product
Safety Commission's (CPSC) National Electronic Injury Surveillance
System (NEISS). These data concerned work-related chemical
injuries from consumer products where the injury was treated in an
emergency room in 1986. The data were provided by emergency
rooms to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
According to CPSC, soaps, detergents and "cleaning compounds not
classified elsewhere" were cited as responsible for 10, 252 work-
related emergency room visits.
These limited data suggest that users of cleaning products should
look for the least toxic product that can do the job in order to
minimize potential health and safety risks.
28 + Appendix A:Why Change to Environmentally Preferable Cleaning Products?
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APPENDIX B
Ingredient Guide and Glossary
Appendix B: Ingredient Guide and Glossary
-------
30
Ingredient Guide and Glossary *
This glossary describes some of chemicals commonly found in
cleaning products and some related terms. Some janitorial products
can cause chemical, health or environmental hazards. The potential
for a cleaning product to cause problems depends not only on its
physical and biological properties, but also on the concentration and
formulation of the ingredients in the product, and most importantly,
how it is stored, used or disposed. For example, using a volatile
chemical in an enclosed space without adequate ventilation would
pose more of a hazard than using it in a large room with open
windows. Similarly, using a corrosive product without wearing
personal protective equipment would increase the risk.
Acetone [ CAS No. 67-64-1 ] - Flammable volatile liquid with
distinctive odor. Reacts explosively with hydrogen peroxide.
Irritating to eyes, respiratory tract and skin. May be absorbed by
inhalation. Can cause changes in liver's ability to metabolize
chemicals, kidney damage, dizziness, sedation and coma.
Uses: Spot and graffiti remover, solvent.
Acids - Solutions with a pH range between 0 to 6.9. They are
corrosive between pH 0 and 2.0 and produce severe burns on
contact. See also pH. Uses: Many cleaning products (e.g., delimers,
bathroom cleaners, bowl cleaners) are acidic.
Acute health effects - Effects which occur rapidly as a result of
short-term (usually less than 24 hours) exposures. Acute effects are
usually of short duration, but long term effects can occur after one
exposure. Examples include irritation, corrosivity, chemically-
induced unconsciousness (narcosis), or death.
Aerosol propellants - Gases used to pressurize spray products.
Chloroflouorocarbons, which deplete the ozone layer, may be found
in old cleaning products. Today other chemicals, such as isobutane,
a petroleum product may be used. Hydrocarbon propellants like
isobutane contribute to smog problems because of their contribution
to tropospheric (ground level) ozone formation .
Alkalies (bases) - Solutions with a pH range between 7.1 to 14.0. An
alkali is corrosive when pH is higher than 11.5. See also pH.
Uses: Many cleaning products (e.g., bleach, detergents, dishwashing
soaps, drain openers and oven cleaners) are alkalies.
Ammonium chloride [CAS# 12125-02-9] Colorless crystals which
are soluble in water and ammonia. Dust is mildly irritating to eyes,
nose and throat. See also Ammonia compounds, Quaternary
ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride is harmful to aquatic life
in very low concentrations.
Ammonia compounds (Includes ammonium chloride [ CAS No.
12125-02-9 ], ammonium hydroxide [ CAS No.1336-21-6],
benzalkonium chloride [ CAS No. 8001-54-5 ] ) - Usually liquids with
Appendix B: Ingredient Guide and Glossary
-------
a pungent odor. Corrosive in concentrations found in commercial
products (over 10%). Forms irritating cloramine gas when combined
with chlorine-containing products. Fumes can cause irritation of the
eyes, respiratory tract. Liquid can cause skin burns. Toxic to fish,
and reduces oxygen in surface water.
Uses: In many cleaning products, depending on concentration, as
antiseptic, bactericide, fungicide, sanitizer, deodorant. Used in
detergents as a surfactant. Also found in floor polish, glass window
cleaners, household hard surface cleaners, rug and upholstery
cleaners
Benzene [ CAS No. 71-43-2 ] - Flammable liquid with a sweet odor..
Toxic to bone marrow, and a cause of leukemia in humans. In 1978,
the Consumer Product Safety Commission outlawed its use in many
cleaning products, although it may still be found in old stocks.
Degrades slowly. See BOD discussion.
Uses: Spot remover, carpet spotter, laundry starch preparations.
Biodegradable - Capable of being converted to simpler chemicals by
microorganisms.
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) - refers to increased use of oxygen
by microorganisms in surface water when they metabolize organic
chemicals. The total BOD load in an aquatic ecosystem is an
important water quality parameter because this increased use of
oxygen reduces amounts available to aquatic organisms like fish. At
the same time, it is important to note that the availability of carbon
sources (essentially what BOD measures) is often not the primary
limiting factor in the growth of microorganisms in an aquatic
ecosystem. In many aquatic systems other nutrients such as nitrogen
or phosphorus are the limiting factors in microbial growth and it is
the additional loading of these nutrients, rather than carbon, that is
the primary factor in excessive microbial growth and oxygen
depletion.
2-Butoxy ethanol [ CAS No. 111-76-2 ] (Also known as Ethylene
glycol monobutyl ether; Monobutyl ethylene glycol) - Incompatible
with bleach. May damage eyes and respiratory tract. Absorbed
through the skin. May cause liver and kidney damage; causes birth
defects in lab animals. With chronic exposure, causes central nervous
system toxicity, testicular atrophy.
Uses: In many cleaning products, including glass, window and all-
purpose cleaners.
Carbolic Acid - see Phenol
Carcinogen - Chemical capable of causing cancer.
Cardiac sensitizer - Chemical which, upon repeated exposure, can in
some persons cause the heart to become sensitive to the stimulant
properties of epinephrine (which is produced by the body's adrenal
glands). Subsequent exposure to the sensitizer may cause fatal
cardiac arrhythmias. Some chlorinated solvents are sensitizers.
Appendix B: Ingredient Guide and Glossary + 31
-------
CAS number - Chemical Abstract System number. A unique number
used to identify each chemical.
Caustic soda - see Lye
Central nervous system depressant- Chemical toxic to neurons in
the brain. With increasing acute exposure, CNS depressants cause
headache, dizziness, confusion, euphoria, drowsiness, loss of
consciousness and death through inhibition of breathing. Chronic
exposure may cause tremors, personality changes, visual
impairment, and loss of hearing, memory, or intellectual capacity.
Many organic solvents are CNS depressants.
Chlorine [ CAS No. 7782-56-5 ] (including sodium hypochlorite,
Clorox) - Strong oxidizer. Produces toxic chlorainine gas when
mixed with ammoniated cleaning products. Corrosive to eyes and
skin. Fumes are irritating or corrosive to the respiratory tract. Can
kill microscopic life in waterways, septic tanks and sewage treatment
plants. Toxic to aquatic life
Uses: Bleach, disinfectants, all-purpose cleaners, mildew remover,
bathroom cleaners, spot removers, or in scouring powders.
Chlorine dioxide [ CAS No. 10049-04-4 ] (chlorine oxide) - Strong
oxidizing gas which can be dissolved in cold water. It may react with
hot water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of
hydrochloric acid. Severe respiratory and eye irritant.
Uses: bactericide & antiseptic
Chronic health effects - Effects which generally occur as a result of
long-term exposure, and are of long duration. Examples include
cancer, liver damage and chronic bronchitis.
Combustible - A substance having a flash point at or above 100
Fahrenheit up to and including 150 Fahrenheit, according to the
Consumer Product Safety Commission. The Occupational Safety and
Health Administration defines a combustible liquid as having a
flashpoint at or above 100 Fahrenheit but below 200 Fahrenheit.
Corrosive - Chemical which, upon contact can cause deep tissue
damage, such as burns to eyes or skin.
Dicholoromethane - see Methylene chloride
Dimethylbenzene - see Xylene
Dyes - (Includes azo, basic, disperse, fiber-reactive, vat dyes and
fluorescent agents) May cause allergic reactions.
Uses: As colorants or whitening agents in many products, including
all-purpose cleaners, disinfectants, fabric softeners.
Ethanol (alcohol) [ CAS No. 64-17-5 ] - Clear liquid which can be
absorbed by inhalation and across skin. Central nervous system
depressant. Vapors can produce some eye and upper respiratory
tract irritation.
Uses: Detergents, disinfectants, carpet cleaners, tub and tile cleaners,
air fresheners.
Appendix B: Ingredient Guide and Glossary
-------
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether: See 2-Butoxy ethanol
Flammable - a substance having a flash point above 20 and
belowlOO Fahrenheit, according to the Consumer Product Safety
Commission. An extremely flammable substance has a flashpoint at
or below 20 Fahrenheit.
Fragrances - Any of 4,000 chemicals. May cause skin irritation
discoloration, rashes or allergic reactions. May be irritating to the
eyes and respiratory tract.
Uses: Many cleaning products, either to simulate the scent of "fresh
air", flowers, etc., or to mask odors of other chemicals in the product.
Incompatible - Chemicals which are incompatible react violently or
produce toxic byproducts.
Irritation - Redness, swelling or tissue damage caused by chemicals.
The degree of irritation is dependent on dose. Chemical irritation
may result in mild skin itching, or fatal damage to the lungs.
LC50/ Lethal concentration - A measure of acute toxicity. The lethal
concentration that if inhaled will kill half of a group of organisms in
an experiment in a given time. In EPA's Toxic Substances Control
Act program, a chronic LC50 or EC50 < 0.1 mg/L is highly toxic; 0.1
mg/L < chronic LC50 or EC50 < 10 mg/L is moderately toxic; and a
chronic LC50 or EC50 > 10 mg/L is a low toxicity.
LD50/ Lethal dose - A measure of acute toxicity. The lethal dose
that will kill 50% of lab animals exposed to it orally or through the
skin. The lower the LD50, the more toxic the compound.
Limonene (d-Limonene, 4-isopropenyl-l-methylcyclohexene [ CAS
No. 5989-27-5 ] ) - A flammable, colorless liquid found in some
plants. Skin irritant, sensitizer. If ingested in sufficient quantity, may
be toxic to kidneys. When heated to decomposition, emits acrid
smoke, fumes.
Uses: aerosol, non-aerosol deodorants/air fresheners, bathroom tub
and tile cleaners, hard surface cleaners, liquid laundry detergents,
dry cleaning pre-spotter, polishing preparations, mechanics soap,
oven cleaners, rug/upholstery cleaners, other specialty cleaning and
sanitation products
Lye (caustic soda, sodium hydroxide [ CAS No. 1310-73-2 ] ,
potassium hydroxide [ CAS No. 1310-58-3]) - Corrosive white
crystals or colorless liquid. Liquid may cause severe eye burns or
blindness, or skin burns with subsequent tissue scarring. Vapors are
irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Aerosol formulations
present an inhalation hazard.
Uses: Drain opener, oven cleaner, detergents.
Methylbenzene - see Toluene
Methylene Chloride (methylene dichloride; dichloromethane) [ CAS
No. 75-09-2 ]. Colorless liquid. Incompatible with strong oxidizers
and caustics. Central nervous system depressant. Probable human
carcinogen.
Appendix B: Ingredient Guide and Glossary
-------
Uses: Disinfectant, all-purpose cleaner, degreaser, septic tank cleaner,
laundry starch preparations, rug and upholstery cleaners.
Monobutyl ethylene glycol - see 2-Butoxy ethanol
Naphtha see Petroleum distillates
Naphthalene [ CAS No. 91-20-3 ] White crystalline solid with the
odor of mothballs. Skin exposure may cause severe dermatitis.
Irritating to eyes and respiratory tract. Inhalation may cause
headache, nausea, confusion, damage to red blood cells. Possible
human carcinogen.
Uses: Detergents, air fresheners, spotters.
Nitrobenzene [ CAS No. 98-95-3 ] - A yellow oily liquid with an
odor like shoe polish. May be absorbed via inhalation and through
the skin. Chronic inhalation may cause liver damage. May bind
with blood to reduce oxygen availability. Central nervous system
depressant.
Uses: Furniture polish, floor polish.
Organic chemical - A chemical which contains carbon. Chemicals
which do not contain carbon are termed "inorganic."
Oxidizer (oxidizing agent) - A chemical capable of reacting with
other chemicals in an "oxidation" reaction. Chemical reactions
involving strong oxidizers may release heat or be explosive.
pH - A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A pH of 7 is
considered neutral. A pH greater than 7 indicates alkalinity. A pH
less than 7 indicates acidity. In the absence of specific test data on
irritation, pH provides some insight into whether a product will be
corrosive or cause irritation. Products with very high or very low
pH (11.5 or 2) should be assumed to be corrosive. High or low pH
values (e.g., between 9 and 11, or between 4 and 2) indicate the
product would be more irritating than neutral pH products where
the pH is closer to 7.
Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene; ethylene tetrachloride;
PERC) [ CAS No. 127-18-4 ] - Colorless volatile liquid about 1 %
times heavier than water. Central nervous system depressant, liver
and kidney toxicant. Inhalation may cause respiratory tract irritation
or cardiac arrhythmias. Irritating to the skin and eyes on direct
contact. When released in water, can smother small aquatic life. Can
be toxic to sewage treatment bacteria.
Uses: Graffiti remover, carpet spotter, metal cleaner, degreaser, dry
cleaning solvent, furniture polish, household hard surface cleaners,
laundry starch preparations, oven cleaner.
Petroleum distillates - The lighter liquid hydrocarbons refined from
crude oil by distillation, including petroleum ether, naphtha, mineral
oil, mineral spirits, Stoddard solvent and kerosene. (Heavier
distillates include lubricating oil, grease, paraffin wax and asphalt;
gaseous distillates include propane, butane). Liquid petroleum
distillates contain varying, but usually small amounts of aromatic
34 + Appendix B: Ingredient Guide and Glossary
-------
hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene, cycloparaffins, naphthenes).
Liquid petroleum distillates are flammable. They are skin, eye and
respiratory tract irritants. See also VOC.
Uses: Found in many janitorial cleaning products.
Phenol (carbolic acid) [ CAS No. 108-95-2 ] - Colorless crystals,
which can be dissolved in water or some organic solvents. Liquids
have sweetish, sickening odor and can burn skin and eyes. In
aqueous solution, phenol is not highly volatile, but it is readily
absorbed through the skin. Abnormal pigmentation commonly
occurs following dermal contact with phenolic compounds. Vapors
are strongly irritating to eyes, nose and throat. Exposure by
inhalation to a low concentration of phenol six times for five minutes
produced increased sensitivity to light.
Uses: In detergents, disinfectants, deodorants, furniture polish, air
fresheners, mold and mildew removers.
Phosphates - Environmental hazard. Phosphate-containing
compounds increase biological oxygen demand in surface water.
Uses: In detergents, bathroom cleaners, floor strippers.
Phosphoric acid [CAS# 7664-38-2] - Colorless, odorless liquid.
Corrosive to ferrous metals and alloys. Should not be mixed with
bleach or ammonia. An irritant to the eyes, upper respiratory tract,
and skin. Phosphorus-containing compounds increase biological
oxygen demand in surface water. When used as an agent for metal
cleaning, phosphoric acid may react with impurities in the metal and
release phosphine gas.
Uses: Metal brighteners, cleaners, detergents, sanitizers.
Pine oil [CAS# 8002-09-3]- Flammable liquid. An irritant to the eyes,
upper respiratory tract, and skin. May cause mild respiratory and
central nervous system depression, and kidney toxicity.
Uses: In floor polish, glass window cleaners, hard surface cleaners,
liquid detergents, toilet bowl cleaners, disinfectants.
Potassium metabisulfite [CAS#16731-55-8] — Colorless crystals
which are soluble in water and ammonia. Dust is mildly irritating to
eyes, nose and throat. See also Sulfur compounds.
Uses: Washing powders.
Quaternary ammonium chloride (didecyl dimethyl ammonium
chloride) [CAS# 7135-51-5] A flammable liquid. Corrosive. An
irritant to the eyes, skin, upper respiratory tract. May cause central
nervous system depression. Ingestion may cause pain, swelling,
breathing difficulty, convulsions. Ammonium chloride is harmful to
aquatic life in very low concentrations.
Uses: Disinfectant, sanitizer.
Sensitizer - a chemical that causes a substantial proportion of
exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction after
repeated exposure to the chemical.
Sodium bisulfite - see Sulfur compounds
Appendix B: Ingredient Guide and Glossary + 35
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Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate [ CAS No. 25155-30-0] -
Environmental hazard. Increases biological oxygen demand in
surface water. See also Biological oxygen demand.
Uses: As a wetting agent (surfactant) in heavy duty laundry
products; metal cleaners, specialty cleaners and sanitation products.
Sodium hydroxide - see Lye
Sodium hypochlorite - see Chlorine
Solvent - Liquid used to dissolve other substances. Aqueous
solvents consist primarily of water, while organic solvents can
include a variety of organic chemicals such as acetone, benzene,
toluene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, xylene, and turpentine. Most
organic solvents are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) that
contribute to smog problems because of their contribution to
tropospheric (ground level) ozone formation.
Sulfur compounds (including potassium metabisulfite [ CAS No.
16731-55-8 ] and sodium bisulfite [CAS No. 7631-90-5 ]) - Corrosive
irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes; sulfur-containing
compounds may be allergenic and may produce skin rashes or
difficulty breathing in persons with asthma. When used in rust
removers, may produce fumes of sulfur dioxide, a respiratory
irritant.
Uses: Antioxidant and preservative in a variety of cleaning products.
Tetrachloroethylene - see Perchloroethylene
Toluene (methylbenzene) [ CAS No. 108-88-3] - Volatile, flammable
liquid with strong chemical odor. Eye, skin and respiratory irritant.
Central nervous system depressant. Cardiac sensitizer. Prolonged or
repeated exposure may cause liver, kidney damage or anemia.
Exposure during pregnancy may result in birth defects.
Uses: Solvent hi a variety of products such as graffiti remover, floor
polish, furniture polish, laundry starch preparations, household hard
surface cleaners.
Trichloroethane (1,1,1-trichloroethane [ CAS No. 71-55-6 ]; 1,1,2-
trichloroethane [ CAS No. 79-00-5 ] ) - colorless liquid with mild
chloroform-like odor. Because it is four times heavier than air, vapors
tend to collect in low spaces. Corrosive to aluminum. Repeated
dermal exposure may result in skin irritation. Central nervous
system depressant. Cardiac sensitizer. The 1,1,1- isomer is also a
Class 1 ozone depleter (like CFCs) being phased out under the Clean
Air Act.
Uses: Solvent, degreaser, spotting fluid, drain cleaner; formerly used
as an aerosol propellant.
Trichloroethylene [ CAS No. 79-01-6 ] - Colorless liquid with mild
chloroform-like odor. Because it is four times heavier than air, vapors
tend to collect hi low spaces. Suspected human carcinogen. Central
nervous system depressant. Cardiac sensitizer. Associated with
birth defects of the heart, and hi animals, decreased fetal weight and
abnormal sperm.
36 + Appendix B: Ingredient Guide and Glossary
-------
Uses: Degreaser, solvents, graffiti remover.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) - in this context, VOC means
any organic compound (carbon containing) which has a vapor
pressure of greater than 0.1 mm Hg or, if the vapor pressure is
unknown, has 12 or fewer carbon atoms. Volatile organic chemicals
(VOCs) in cleaning products are of potential concern because of
indoor air exposures to office workers and others. They are also of
concern because they contribute to the formation of smog in outdoor
air. All VOCs, even those VOCs that do not contribute to smog
formation, are of potential concern for indoor air quality.
Xylene (dimethylbenzene) [ CAS No. 1330-20-7 ] - Colorless,
flammable liquid with a sweet odor. May attack some forms of
plastic and rubber. Incompatible with strong oxidizers. Vapor may
cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Central nervous system
depressant. Chronic exposure to xylene may cause dry irritated skin,
reversible eye damage, difficulty breathing, changes in liver function,
kidney damage, anemia, and toxicity to white and red blood cells.
Uses: Solvent, air fresheners, stainless steel cleaner, floor polish.
* The information in the Ingredient Guide and Glossary was based
upon a variety of sources.
Information on which chemicals are in cleaning products came from
the authors, the Environmental Defense Fund's Scorecard Internet
site at www. scorecard.org and the EPA Region V/ Purdue University
Internet site at
www.epa.gov/grtlakes/seahome/housewaste /house /mainmenu.htm.
Health effects information was extrapolated from information in the
Toxicology, Occupational Medicine and Environmental Series
(TOMES) Consolidated Point Solution (CPS) online databases, which
include the Hazardous Substances Data Bank, Meditext, Hazardtext,
the Chemical Hazard Response Information System, the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pocket Guide, the
Integrated Risk Information System, the Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances, and the New Jersey Hazardous Substances
Fact Sheets. This resource is available through a paid subscription or
at some medical libraries.
Abbreviated health information, precautions for use and disposal
information are available online through :
www.epa.gov/grtlakes /seahome /housewaste/house/mainmenu.htm
by clicking on the Glossary of Hazardous Products and Compounds.
Appendix B: Ingredient Guide and Glossary ^ 37
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38
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APPENDIX C
The Challenge of Evaluating Cleaning Products
Appendix C: The Challenge of Evaluating Cleaning Products ^ 39
-------
The Challenge of Evaluating Cleaning Products
Before the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (1973) arid OSHA's
Hazard Communication Standard (final rule published in 1983,
expanded in 1987, and amended in 1994), there was little information
for assessing possible health risks from cleaning products. Today,
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are the most commonly known
sources of information for evaluating cleaning products for their
hazards or toxic constituents. A label on a cleaning product also lists
hazard warnings which supplement the MSDS. While MSDS and
product labels now provide some useful information, much could be
done to improve them. Significant shortcomings in MSDS that the
authors have found include the following:
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS
1. May not cover all hazards
2. May not list all chemical ingredients
3. May not be prepared by persons with the right background.
4. May contain mistakes or contradictions
5. May not contain useful explanatory information
(A separate but common problem:)
6. Information may be misinterpreted by users
40
1. THE MSDS MAY NOT COVER ALL HAZARDS.
Manufacturers and importers of chemicals are directed by OSHA to
evaluate those chemicals and determine if they are hazardous. The
manufacturers and importers do not have to test the chemicals
themselves - they can rely on information that has already been
published. However, most chemicals have not been adequately
tested to determine their health hazard potential, especially for
chronic health effects. Therefore, the published literature is
incomplete.
Regular updates to MSDS are not required. Companies
preparing MSDS are required to update an MSDS within three
months only if they become newly aware of any significant
information regarding the hazards of a chemical or ways to protect
against the hazards.
Manufacturers / importers are not required to include
information on the MSDS about the ecological effects of a product,
although some companies do include environmental effects
voluntarily.
Manufacturers and importers of mixtures are not required by
OSHA to test mixtures for health hazards. If studies have not been
done on the mixture, manufacturers/importers can rely on published
Appendix C: The Challenge of Evaluating Cleaning Products
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health information about the individual chemicals in the mixture.
However, effects from exposure to the mixture itself could be
different than those due to exposure to its chemical components.
The MSDS must include hazard information for chemicals that
make up 1% or more of the mixture (or 0.1% if the chemical is a
carcinogen). A 1994 amendment to the OSHA Hazard
Communication Standard clarified that a chemical in a mixture
below the 1% or 0.1% cutoff must also be included on the MSDS
when the manufacturer determines that it could present a health risk
to employees. MSDS which have not been updated since this 1994
ruling would not contain this additional information. It is not
known if all manufacturers are now in compliance with this
requirement.
Cumulative effects due to small amounts of similar chemicals
may not be shown on the MSDS. A mixture that contains several
chemicals with similar effects (e.g., solvents), where each chemical is
less than 1% of the mixture, may present a hazard which is not
discussed in the MSDS.
2. THE MSDS MAY NOT LIST ALL CHEMICAL
INGREDIENTS.
The manufacturer may claim the identity of a chemical as a trade
secret. The hazards associated with a trade secret chemical still have
to be included on the MSDS. However, without its chemical name,
the employee will not be able to find additional information about
the chemical in an ingredient guide, on the Internet or at the library.
Chemicals that make up less than 1% (or 0.1% for carcinogens) of a
mixture are listed on the MSDS when the manufacturer has evidence
that the chemical could present a health risk to employees in those
lower concentrations. Chronic health risk studies on exposure to
small amounts of product over time are not available for many
chemicals. As a result, some chemicals with chronic health effects at
low concentrations are not likely to appear on the MSDS.
3. MSDS MAY BE PREPARED BY PERSON(S) WITHOUT
THE APPROPRIATE BACKGROUND.
There are no OSHA requirements for the education or training of
the person(s) who prepare the MSDS. It has been the experience of
the authors and reviewers of this report that in-house technical staff
or consultants hired by the company typically write the MSDS.
However, there is no requirement that MSDS writers have expertise
in toxicology, industrial hygiene, or medicine, or that they are able to
interpret the significance of animal or human study data.
4. SOME MSDS CONTAIN MISTAKES OR CONTRADICTIONS.
OSHA is aware that there are MSDS which contain inaccurate or
insufficient information ( Hazard Communication Standard final
rulemaking, February 9,1994, 59 FR page 6163-6164 ). For example,
Appendix C: The Challenge of Evaluating Cleaning Products
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the MSDS may indicate that a product is not hazardous. Yet under
the precautionary measures, it is suggested that if the product gets
on the skin, it must be washed off immediately. OSHA believes that
the adequacy of MSDS information also needs to be improved. For
example, an MSDS may say that the product "may cause chronic
health effects" without giving the user any specifics. The authors
have found that key information, like pH, is sometimes marked "not
available."
5. MSDS MAY NOT CONTAIN USEFUL EXPLANATORY
INFORMATION.
The language of the MSDS may be too technical. For example,
medical terms may be used that are meaningless to someone without
a medical degree.
6. MSDS INFORMATION MAY BE MISINTERPRETED BY
USERS.
Employees and safety personnel may misinterpret the information
on an MSDS, causing misleading assumptions and resulting in work
practices that are not adequately protective. For example, a safety
manager may look at a high oral LD50 (lethal dose that will kill 50%
of lab animals exposed to it) and think it means that the product is
"safe," even though the product may also be capable of causing a
reproductive effect like testicular atrophy with repeated exposure.
SUGGESTIONS FOR OVERCOMING THESE MSDS
SHORTCOMINGS:
Knowing that MSDS's have problems, what can be done to
evaluate the hazards of current products and select environmentally
preferable products?
The first step is survey all the products in the workplace.
Read both the product label and the MSDS for each product, and
compare the chemicals named in each. The label will list more
ingredients than the MSDS. Look for warning statements on the
label, such as "CAUTION," "WARNING," and "DANGER."
Manufacturers of pesticides (including antibacterial cleaners and
disinfectants) that are toxic to human beings are required by law to
include one of these words on the label. However, these words do
not have to be on the MSDS. Other indicator words to look for on
the label:
CORROSIVE Flammable Combustible POISON
Vapor Harmful Absorbed through Skin Causes Burns
These or similar words are required to identify the principal
hazard(s) in consumer products under the Federal Hazardous
Substances Act.
42 + Appendix C: The Challenge of Evaluating Cleaning Products
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Call the manufacturer and ask for crucial information about the
product that is not provided on the MSDS, such as pH, or percentage
of ingredients named on the label but not on the MSDS, and
Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) number for any ingredient for
which you want more information. The CAS number is the key to
locating information about a chemical. Also look for contradictory
statements on the label and MSDS and ask the company about them.
Use an ingredient guide like the one in Appendix B of this report to
identify hazards associated with chemicals on the label and on the
MSDS. Information in an ingredient guide should be compiled from
a variety of recognized medical and toxicological sources. These
sources are available at large public and most medical libraries.
Some information is available online at sites like the Environmental
Defense Fund's Scorecard website -
http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-profiles.
Be wary of advertising terms, like "non-toxic/' that aren't defined
by government regulations. According to the Federal Trade
Commission, terms like "environmentally friendly" and
"environmentally safe" must have clear and prominent qualifying
language that explains how the product is safer or better for the
environment. Always look for information on the label, MSDS, in
product literature and in the ingredient guide which can support
these broad claims. If adequate explanatory information isn't given,
call the manufacturer. If the manufacturer does not provide specifics,
then shop elsewhere. For more information on evaluating "green"
labeling claims, visit the Federal Trade Commission's web site at:
www.ftc.gov/bcp/grnrule/guide980427.htm.
Be cautious of the term "biodegradable." All organic products will
biodegrade eventually. The key is that the all the ingredients in a
product should be readily biodegradable in a short amount of time.
Ask the manufacturer to explain what they mean by
"biodegradable." Remember: a disinfectant will kill the
microorganisms responsible for biodegradation. For this reason,
limit the use of disinfectants.
After identifying the chemicals in the workplace and their hazards,
you should decide on the level of commitment your organization has
to environmentally preferable purchasing. You can select products
that are somewhat better than commonly used cleaning products.
For example, you could decide to use only products which do not
have the terms "DANGER" or "WARNING" on the label, and do not
contain phosphates. Or you could decide to go as "green" as the
marketplace can give you, which is what the parks and the Santa
Monica city government have tried to do. There are shades of
"green" between these two approaches.
If purchasing for a large organization with the resources to screen
cleaning products, you could use the bid specifications for
environmentally preferable janitorial products developed by the City
Appendix C: The Challenge of Evaluating Cleaning Products ^ 43
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of Santa Monica [see Appendix E]. At the time of this report, Santa
Monica had implemented the most comprehensive bid specifications
in the United States, based upon the knowledge and experience of
the authors.
For example, Santa Monica requires the submission of certain
important information about the product. If that information is not
provided, the product is not considered further. In addition to the
required information, the city's bid specifications ask for information
on other desirable environmental and health attributes. These bid
specifications could be supplemented with additional requirements
of special importance to any agency or location. However, avoid
adding specifications that require costly tests. Expensive testing
requirements would eliminate smaller companies from bidding.
Some small companies have been leaders in developing
environmentally preferable cleaning products.
If adopting a screening process, it is important that the bid process
disqualifies vendors who do not submit complete information in a
"required" category. In addition, vendors whose response in a
relative ranking section is incomplete should receive the lowest score
for that section. These steps will put the burden on the manufacturer
to fully disclose the information needed for an evaluation.
44 + Appendix C: The Challenge of Evaluating Cleaning Products
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APPENDIX D
Products Used at Yellowstone and Grand Teton
National Parks
Appendix D: Products used at Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks ^ 45
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Products Used at Yellowstone and
Grand Teton National Parks
As of the end of this project, Yellowstone National Park was using
the following cleaning products. Many of these products have been
used by the City of Santa Monica in their janitorial operations.
General Cleaning Products Used Throughout Yellowstone:
* Air freshener - plant-based deodorizer. Used for deodorizing
restrooms and masking odors.
* All purpose cleaner - a pH neutral, biodegradable concentrated
cleaner made from plants. Works in cold water. Used for floors,
surfaces, walls and spotting.
* Bathroom cleaner - two products, both made from renewable
resources. One is acid free. The other is made from food grade citric
acid and has a pH of 2.5. Used for sinks, bowls, and showers.
* Bowl cleaner - a mildly acidic citric cleaner for routine use to
dissolve mineral deposits, and as a back-up for the bathroom cleaner.
* Degreaser cleaner - contains plant-based solvents, wetting agents
and alkaline detergents. (pH = 9.5) Dilutes with water. Used for
automotive, industrial and kitchen soils or oils.
* Disinfectant - a quaternary ammonium chloride disinfectant.
Used for disinfecting specific areas such as toilets.
* Enzyme stain treatment - made from natural enzymes and
vegetable-based surfactants. Used for floors around urinals, and
wherever organic matter is a problem.
* Furniture polish - Used for furniture and log cleaning and
polishing. Free of petroleum solvents and volatile organic
compounds (VOC's). Nozinc or wax.
* Glass and window cleaner - biodegradable, contains no fuming
solvents, butyl ethers, ammonia or denatured alcohol. Used for
glass, display cases and windows.
* Liquid hand soap - a plant-based soap that works with hot or
cold water. Used in metal hand soap dispensers.
46 + Appendix D: Products used at Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks
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Specialized Cleaning Products Used in Limited Applications:
Note: the products in bold type do not meet the Santa
Monica specifications.
* Degreaser - contains petroleum distillates. Used for toughest
degreasing on shop floors.
* Delimer / Descaler - contains phosphoric acid. Stronger than
general use product. Used for cases of extreme heavy buildups of
lime or scale.
* Drain and septic treatment - Vegetable-based product, with
bacterial enzymes. Used for cleaning drain lines, digesting organic
matter over a period of days, and for longer lasting odor control in
areas such as garbage cans and around urinals.
* Floor finish - used for floor care needs.
* Floor stripper - stripper /cleaner; dilute with water. Does not
contain corrosives, caustics, ammonia or 2-butoxy-ethanol.
+ Graffiti remover - has 70% plant-based ingredients. Contains some
petroleum distillates (no carcinogens, mutagens or teratogens). Removes
graffiti on hard surfaces such as signs, rocks, painted walls, etc.
* Natural solvent spotter - Vegetable-based cleaner. Used for
removing gum, goo, tar, grease and adhesives.
* Oven cleaner - pH of 10.5. Used occasionally in employee
housing. Used by one of the Yellowstone concessionaires in their
kitchens.
Cleaning Products used at Grand Teton National Park:
Note: the product in bold type does not meet the Santa
Monica specifications.
Air freshener Enzyme stain treatment
All purpose cleaner Furniture polish
Bathroom cleaner Glass and window cleaner
Delimer / Descaler Laundry detergent
Drain and septic treatment Liquid hand soap
Carpet extraction - cleaner, deodorizer and grease emulsifier; dilute
with water
Appendix D: Products used at Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks ^ 47
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48
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APPENDIX E
City of Santa Monica Bid Specifications
Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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If you have questions about the City of Santa Monica's bid specifications,
you may call:
Sandy Schubert, Environmental Analyst
Environmental Programs Division
City of Santa Monica
200 Santa Monica Pier, Suite 1
Santa Monica, CA 90401-3126
sandy-schubert@ci.santa-monica.ca.us
(310) 458-2255
50 + Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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City of Santa Monica
Custodial Products Bid Specifications
1998
Introduction
The City of Santa Monica has updated the procurement process for custodial/ maintenance
products allowing the City to better evaluate the overall worker health and environmental
impacts associated with their use. This program is consistent with and integral to Santa
Monica's Sustainable City Program. For each product submitted for consideration, the vendor
must complete a Product Reporting Form (see below) with appropriate back-up documentation
attached by staple in the upper left corner. Documentation for training can be submitted as a
separate attachment. Please find enclosed the following materials:
I. General Guidelines
A. Documentation Guidelines
B. Product categories requested in the bid
C. Product performance testing program
D. Product specification description
II. Reporting Form Instructions
A. Pass-Fail Section
B. Relative Ranking Section
III. Reporting Forms
A. Custodial Product Reporting Forms
B. Employee Training Form
C. Other Attributes Form
The City encourages you to participate in this innovative opportunity to help safeguard the
health of our employees, the community, and the environment.
An informational bidder's conference is scheduled to be held on — at
-. All Bidders are strongly urged to attend this meeting.
Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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/ General Guidelines
A) Documentation Guidelines
When submitting documents to the City of Santa Monica, vendors are required to
comply with the following guidelines:
* All copies shall be printed on recycled and/or tree free paper.
* All copies shall be double-sided.
* Report covers or binders shall be recyclable, use of plastic covers or dividers
should be avoided.
* Unnecessary attachments or documents not specifically asked for should not be
submitted. Avoid superfluous use of paper (e.g. separate title sheets or chapter
dividers).
These guidelines were developed as part of Santa Monica's Sustainable City Program to
promote waste reduction and resource conservation within the community. Thank you for your
cooperation in this important effort.
B) Product categories:
The following is a list of product categories the City requires for custodial purposes. Each
product submitted must be identified with one of these categories.
All Purpose Cleaner Glass and Window Cleaner
Bathroom Cleaner Deodorizer
Lime and Scale Remover Liquid Hand Soap
Degreaser/Cleaner Carpet Shampoo (rotary brush)
Furniture Polish Chrome Polish/Cleaner
Graffiti Remover Brass Polish/Cleaner
Floor Finish Disinfectant
Floor Stripper Enzymatic Cleaner/Degreaser
Wood Floor wax/cleaner Solvent Spotter/Gum Remover
It is desirable that vendors be able to supply the greatest number of products listed above
meeting the health and environmental specifications. Vendors of single products are
encouraged to partner with other manufacturers or distributors to maximize the City's
administrative convenience.
52 + Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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C) Product Performance Testing:
After the products in each category have been assigned a point score, the City will determine
the number of most favorably scored products to be tested for their performance. The City will
request samples from the supplier, from 3 one pint bottles up to 3 one gallon bottles depending
on the application. City custodians will test each of the products on the job and will rank each
product according to its performance. City staff will use this ranking to make a short list from
which to evaluate the cost consideration and administrative convenience of the product or
product line. Those products which rate the most favorably will be approved for purchase by
all City departments.
D) Product Specification Description:
The City has compiled a set of specifications (see below) that will be used to evaluate the
environmental and health impacts of various cleaning products which the City will be
considering for purchase. The specifications require the supplier to submit a wide range of
specific information regarding such elements as product chemical characteristics, packaging,
and training capabilities. The specifications are divided into two groups: l)mandatory or
pass/fail, and 2)relative ranking. It is the responsibility of the bidder to make sure that all
the requested information is included in the submitted bid package.
Pass-Fail Section: Products which do not meet the mandatory specifications or for which the
appropriate information has not been submitted will be disqualified from further consideration.
Relative ranking specifications: The information submitted by the bidder will be used to
assign a point value for each specification for purposes of calculating a cumulative score for
each product. The greater the point score the more favorable the product. If any information in
the relative ranking section is missing or incomplete the product will be assigned the least
favorable score for that specification. For example, if no documentation is submitted on the
product's pH, the product will receive 0 points for that specification. Products will be compared
within an individual product category (i.e. floor strippers, glass/window cleaners).
Reporting Forms: These forms must be copied by the vendor and submitted for each product
under consideration. The Training and Other Attribute forms do not have to be duplicated for
each product category, a single copy of each is all that is required from each vendor.
Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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//. Reporting Form Instructions
When one product is intended for use in more than one product category:
If a single product fulfills more than one category (i.e. can serve as a glass cleaner and as an all
purpose cleaner for walls etc.) then all appropriate categories should be listed on the top of the
Product Reporting Form. One set of Product Reporting Forms and associated back-up
documentation should be submitted in the bid package for a product that meets several
categories.
Proprietary Information
The City is requesting full disclosure of all contents including both inert and active ingredients
in the proposed products. Any and all information submitted to the City for purposes of rating
the acceptability of a proposed product shall be treated as proprietary and maintained in the
strictest confidence.
A) Pass Fail Section:
Please note that failure to meet the standards of any of the pass-fail criteria listed below will
lead to the automatic rejection of that product. In addition, failure to submit responses to any
pass-fail criteria will render your bid for that product as "unresponsive" and lead to the
rejection of that product.
1. SARA Title III, Sect. 313
No ingredient shall require reporting under EPA's Superfund Amendments and Re-authorization
Act (SARA Title III, Section 313). The ingredients requiring reporting under this act represent
some of the most acutely toxic chemicals used in cleaning products. The City believes that
these aggressive chemicals are no longer required in most cleaning product categories and seeks
to protect the health of its workers by minimizing exposure to the chemicals. Floor care
products and metal polishes are exempted from this mandatory criteria.
Acceptable response - If all ingredients over trace amounts are not listed
on the msds than a certification from the product
manufacturer will be required
2. Disinfectants in cleaners
No cleaners shall contain disinfectants. Because proper/adequate disinfection of a surface
requires that the surface be cleaned prior to disinfecting, the City wishes to separate out the
cleaning and disinfecting processes. Eliminating disinfectants from all purpose, bathroom and
floor cleaners will reduce the toxicity of these products and will reduce the amount of
disinfectant chemicals used in City operations. A separate product category for disinfectants is
included separate from cleaners.
Acceptable response - if all ingredients over trace amounts are not listed
on the msds then a certification from the product
manufacturer will be required
54 + Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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3. Aerosol cans
No products shall be delivered in aerosol cans. The City believes that no aerosol container can
be considered truly empty of product and propellant. Recycling such partially filled aerosol
cans is extremely expensive and requires specially handling by hazardous waste technicians.
All product categories must be available in a non-aerosol formulation such as ready-to-use
pump action sprays, air-charged refillable containers, or concentrates that can be dispensed into
spray bottles for use.
Acceptable response - description of delivery system
4. Carcinogens, Mutagens, Teratogens
No ingredients can be classified as known or probable carcinogens, teratogens, or mutagens on
any of the following lists:
a. California Safe Drinking Water And Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Prop. 65), CCR
Title 22, Division 2, Subdivision 1, Chapter 3 Section 12000 et seq.)
b. National Toxicology Program (NTP)
c. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Group 1, 2A or 2B
d. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulated carcinogen
While ingredients listed in the above documents are rare in today's cleaning product
formulations, the City wishes to eliminate them entirely from the products which are purchased
for use in City operations. Such chronic toxins are no longer necessary for the efficacy of
current cleaning technologies.
Acceptable response - reference on msds or certification by product
manufacturer. (Note all the above lists must be
addressed in your response)
5. APE's
No products shall contain Alkyl phenyl ethoxylates (APE's) above trace amounts. The City
recognizes the potential danger to wildlife and humans when hormonal mimics, such as APE's
are released into water systems. Further, the persistence of the break down products of APE's
make the issue of bio-accumulation a special concern and are not consistent with the
requirement for ready biodegradability.
Acceptable response - if all ingredients over trace amounts are not listed
on the msds then a certification from the product
manufacturer will be required
Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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6. Ozone Depleting Compounds
No products shall contain ozone depleting chlorinated compounds. Section 5600-5609 of the
Santa Monica Municipal Code bans the use and sale of products containing chlorinated
fluorocarbons.
Acceptable response - if all ingredients over trace amounts are not listed
on the msds than a certification from the product
manufacturer will be required
7. VOC's
Products must meet or exceed the California Code of Regulations (Article 2 Section 94509,
Title 17 ) maximum allowable Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) levels for appropriate
cleaning product categories. Because of concerns over air quality, the State of California
regulates the VOC levels of various consumer products. The City wishes to extend these
thresholds to all industrial use cleaning products.
Acceptable response - VOC levels must be stated as a percent of VOC by
weight at the minimum recommended dilution and
at the concentrate level. The dilution at which the
%VOC content was calculated must be submitted
(i.e. at 50% dilution, %VOC was 5%, at
concentrate, %VOC was 8%). Note: For the bid to
be accepted, VOC levels must be reported in units
of %, not in grams per liter.
Appropriate test methods and legal limits can be found in the California Code of Regulations,
Title 17. Contact the State of California's Air Resources Board for further clarification if
needed (916) 327-1503.
8. Biodegradability
All surfactants and other organic chemical ingredients must meet the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) definition of Readily Biodegradable. The
City wishes to protect the ocean habitat which supports the local economy and quality of life
for residents and, therefore, is concerned with the environmental fate of chemicals used in City
operations.
Acceptable response - independent lab results achieving the following
parameters on one of the following tests:
56 + Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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DOC Die-Away Test 60% Theoretical CO2 Evolution
MITII Test 60% Theoretical Oxygen Demand
Closed Bottle Test 60% Theoretical Oxygen Demand
CO2 Evolution Test 60% Theoretical CO2 Evolution
Modified OECD Screening Test 70% Dissolved Organic Carbon
Manimetric Respirometry Test 60% Theoretical Oxygen Demand
These values must be met within 10 days of reaching 10% and must also be met
within 28 days of the beginning of the test.
Requirements for simulation tests as substitutes for the above tests are available
from the OECD or the EPA. The acceptability of these other tests will be
decided on a case-by-case basis.
NOTE: For disinfectants, the biocide ingredient is exempt from this criteria.
B) Relative Ranking Section:
Because a single set of criteria can not be developed for all product categories the following
characteristics will be judged on a relative ranking basis. Point scores will be assigned to each
criteria that are reflective of the City's priorities concerning protection of human health and that
of the environment. The higher the score the more favorable the evaluation. If no
documentation is included in the bid packet to address a criteria, the product will be
automatically awarded the lowest or least favorable score for that criteria.
Again, the criteria relate to either whole product or each individual ingredient present in greater
than trace amounts in the concentrate formulation (formulation as delivered to the City).
9. Lethal Doses
As defined by the California Code of Regulations, Chapter 11, Article 3, Section 66261.24:
Whole product LD5Q(oral) prefer > 5,000 mg/kg.
Whole product LD^Q (skin) prefer > 4,300 mg/kg
Whole product LC5Q (inhalation) prefer > 10,000 parts per million
If no whole product data is available then data must be provided for each ingredient present in
the concentrate in over trace amounts. While such lethal dose values do not always translate
neatly from animal to human systems, the City believes that they provide a readily accessible
means of comparing the acute toxicity of various products. By selecting products with higher
lethal dose levels, the City will better safeguard the health of workers coming in daily contact
with these chemicals.
Acceptable response - reference on msds or certification by product
manufacturer or independent lab.
Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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10. Product pH
Identify the pH of the whole product in concentrate form. The City is concerned over the
exposure of City Staff to potentially corrosive chemicals and wishes to reduce the likelihood of
on-the job injury.
Acceptable response - msds or certification from manufacturer
11. Skin Irritation Index
Identify the primary dermal irritation index (PDII) for whole product when possible, and in
concentrate form. The City is concerned over the exposure of City Staff to potentially irritating
chemicals and wishes to reduce exposure.
Acceptable responses:
A. Animal Testing
1). US Department of Transportation, 49CFR173.240
2). US EPA Acute Toxicity Testing Criteria for New Chemical
Substances, Office of Toxic Substances EPA Document 560/13-79-009
3). US CPSC, Federal Hazardous Substance Act Regulations,
16CFR1500.41
4). OECD Guidelines for Testing Chemicals, Section 404, "Acute dermal
irritation/corrosion." Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development, 1981.
Human tests for skin irritation using the same index as is routine for animal tests
(primary dermal irritation index) are generally acceptable. If these tests were
performed for the manufacturer or by any entity connected with the
manufacturer a copy of the original written Assurance that all testing was
conducted in compliance with the regulations set forth in 45CFR46 regarding
consent of human subjects must be provided.
B). Non-Animal Testing
Because there is no standard in vitro test for skin irritation which has
proven to predict irritation for all substances, in vitro tests predicting skin
irritation will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis. For these tests to be
accepted they must be referenced in peer-reviewed literature and the
exact laboratory procedure, if it differs from the published procedure,
must be described. Documentation supporting the choice of the
particular test and why it is the best one to use for this particular product
or ingredient must be included or referenced.
Single ingredient testing is acceptable as long as it is submitted for ALL ingredients. If
one ingredient is an irritant when tested singly but does not act as one in the product, a
skin irritation test confirming this or a substantiated technical explanation showing the
mechanism of action and reason for assumption of non-irritancy is required for points to
be earned.
58 + Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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12. Eye Irritation:
Irritation scores should be for whole product when possible, and in the concentrate form. The
City is concerned over the exposure of City Staff to potentially irritating chemicals and wishes
to reduce exposure.
Acceptable responses - Numerical scores or descriptive classification scale
(described in the NAS publication "Principles and
procedures for evaluating the toxicity of household
substances") for severity of ocular lesions in the
cornea, iris, and conjunctivae for this product or for
each ingredient using one of the following test
methods:
A) Animal Testing
1). J.H. Draize, G. Woodard and H.O. Calvery, 'Method for the study of
irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous
membranes.' J. Pharmacol.Exp.Ther., 1944, v. 82, pp. 337-390.
2). US EPA Acute Toxicity Testing Criteria for New Chemical Substances,
Office of Toxic Substances EPA Document 560/13-79-009
3). US CPSC, Federal Hazardous Substance Act Regulations, 16CFR1500.42
4). OECD Guidelines for Testing Chemicals, Section 404, "Acute dermal
irritation/corrosion." Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development,
1981.
5). US Intra-agency Regulatory Liaison Group, 'Testing Standards and
Guidelines Working Group, Recommended Guidelines,' 1981.
6). National Research Council (US) Committee on Toxicology, 'Principles and
procedures for evaluating the toxicity of household substances,' (#1138)
Washington, DC, 1964.
B) Non Animal Testing: see for dermal irritation.
Single ingredient testing: see dermal irritation.
13. Flash Point
Identify the flash point (in degrees Fahrenheit) of the product concentrate using any method
outlined in Department of Transportation regulations CFR 173.120. Chemicals are stored and
used in a wide variety of circumstances. To protect against potential fire hazards, the City
prefers chemicals with a higher flash point.
Acceptable Response: msds or certification from independent lab.
The answer of "none" is not acceptable.
Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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14. Dyes
Identify all added dyes and state whether or note they are considered food-grade. The City
considers the addition of dye and fragrances superfluous to product performance and recognizes
the potential hazard associated with some of these additives. The City prefers that product
identification for users be through a clear labeling system rather than by chemical additives.
Acceptable response - msds or certification from manufacturer
15. Added Fragrances
Identify any added fragrances and state whether or note they are considered food-grade. (Note:
does not include the natural fragrance that may result from active ingredients). See Dyes
criteria for justification.
Acceptable response - msds or certification from manufacturer
16. % VOC's
List whole product %VOC for product concentrate and minimum recommended dilution. See
pass/fail section for guidance. Because of the unique air quality concerns of the Los Angeles
air basin, and the link between VOC's and air pollution, the City wishes to purchase products
with the lowest VOC levels possible.
17. Dilution range
List the range of relevant dilutions for this product from heavy duty cleaning to daily use. (i.e.
heavy duty cleaning use full strength, daily use dilute 1 part product to 5 parts water). To
reduce the amount of packaging consumed by City Operations, the City wishes to purchase the
most concentrated formulations available for each product category.
18. Product Container Material
Identify the type of material used in construction of the product container. If plastic, list the
numbered type of plastic (i.e. #1-7). The City wishes to maximize its recycling opportunities
by purchasing plastics of the types #1-5.
19. Aquatic Toxicity
Provide a measure of the aquatic toxicity for the product or its ingredients. The City is situated
adjacent to the Santa Monica Bay and seeks to protect this habitat from potential environmental
toxicants.
Acceptable measures include EC^Q: Daphnia, fish, or
algae. Include certification letter from independent
lab listing values and test used.
60
Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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20. Employee Training
The City believes that an effective training program is central to the success of using
environmentally preferable products. The City will look for vendors who can supply a quality
training effort and be accessible to trouble shoot problem applications.
Describe the level of employee training available to City and contract staff regarding the use of
your products. Complete section entitled "Employee Training" once. A separate form is not
required for each product submitted for consideration.
In order to receive points for this criterion, bidders must complete the questions listed on the
Training Information Form. If this form is not included or is left blank, a score of 0 points for
this criterion will be awarded to each product submitted for consideration. Only a single copy
of this information is necessary, attach additional sheets if needed.
21. Other Attributes
The City recognizes that there may be attributes of the product that will help to assess
environmental preferability other than the ones listed in these specifications. For example,
equipment or a specific tool may be available from your company that improves the efficacy of
the product and so helps to replace the need for aggressive chemicals. Another example might
be an effective labeling program for refillable squirt bottles that will help the user to identify
the product on a shelf and so make the use of dyes or other additives unnecessary. In addition,
your company may be participating in noteworthy community additives around habitat
preservation or environmental justice. Or perhaps your manufacturing facility has an
exemplary energy/water efficiency design or a waste reduction program.
Identify any other attributes of the product or manufacturer that may assist in the evaluation of
the environmental preferability of your bid. No specific point value will be awarded to this
information. The use of this information will be at the discretion of the evaluation committee
acting on behalf of the City of Santa Monica. Complete section entitled "Other Environmental
Attributes" only once, a separate form is not required for each product submitted for
consideration. Relevant attachments may be stapled to this form.
Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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Custodial Product Reporting Form
(Make copies of this form for each product, attach back-up documentation by staple in upper left corner.)
Product Name
Product Category
PASS/FAIL SECTION
CRITERIA
I.SARA Title III, Sect. 3 13
2. Disinfectants in cleaners
3. Aerosol Cans
4. Carcinogens, Mutagens,
Teratogens
5. APEO's
6. Ozone Depleting
Compounds
7. VOC's
8. Biodegradability
RESPONSE
n no ingredient requires
reporting
n does not contain
n product not delivered in
aerosol can
no ingredient is present in
greater than trace amounts
under:
Prop. 65
NTP
IARC
OSHA
a does not contain
a does not contain
%VOC
@ minimum dilution of
: 1 or
n concentrate
note: if product is ever used full
strength, must use VOC value for
the concentrate
n meets OECD definition of
Ready Ultimate
Biodegradability
BACK-UP
DOCUMENTATION
n msds
n other
n msds
n other
n msds
n other
n msds
n other
n msds
n other
n msds
Q other
n msds
n other
n msds
n other
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Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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Custodial Product Reporting Form
(Make copies of this form for each product, attach back-up documentation by staple in upper left corner.)
Product Name Product Category
RELATIVE RANKING SECTION
CRITERIA
9. Lethal Doses (10 pts)
10. Product pH(l Opts)
1 1 . Skin Irritation Index
(5 pts)
(For non-animal testing see
specifications section)
12. Eye Irritation (5 pts)
(For non-animal testing see
specifications section)
13. Flash Point (5 pts)
14. Dyes (5 pts)
15. Added Fragrances
(5 pts)
16. %VOC's(10pts)
17. Dilution range (10 pts)
18. Product Container -
material (5 pts)
RESPONSE
LD50 oral = and/or
LD,0 dermal = and/or
LC,n inhalation =
= pH of concentrate
value =
n whole product
n single ingredient(s)
(please list as attachment)
test used
value =
n whole product
n single ingredient(s)
(please list as attachment)
test used
oF
n none
n food grade
a none
n food grade
% (a), concentrate
% (a) min. dilution
heavy duty :
daily use :
plastic #
other
BACK-UP
DOCUMENTATION
n msds
n other
n msds
n other
n msds
n other
n msds
n other
n msds
n other
n msds
n other
a msds
n other
a msds
a other
a msds
a other
a msds
n other
Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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RELATIVE RANKING SECTION
19. Aquatic Toxicity
(lOpts)
CRITERIA
20. Training (15 pts)
21. Other Attributes (point
value for discretionary use)
n whole product
n single ingredient(s)
(please list as attachment)
EC,0
Test Used
Type of Organism
RESPONSE
n materials attached
n materials attached
n msds
n other
BACK-UP
DOCUMENTATION
written description
only one copy per bid is
required
written description
only one copy per bid is
required
64
Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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Employee Training Form
A. Vendor Name
B. Describe the training services available to City employees and contract
custodial staff in the City of Santa Monica. Please address training goals,
training methods, and the types of training proposed for various City
custodians and supervisors.
C. Describe costs associated with different types of training, if any.
D. List personnel who would be available to conduct on site training and their
experience in the company.
E. Provide a phone number for product questions and the hours calls will be
answered:
Phone: Hours
Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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Other Attributes Form:
Complete as described above. Please limit written description to this page.
Attachments may be stapled to the form.
66 + Appendix E: City of Santa Monica 1998 Custodial Products Bid Specifications
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