Environmental
EPflBOe-H-88-001
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The Environmental Indicators Report is published by:
U.S. PROJECT DIRECTOR
MEXICAN PROJECT DIRECTOR
U.S. PROJECT COORDINATOR
MEXICAN PROJECT COORDINATOR
EDITORS
GRAPHIC DESIGN
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
WERE DEVELOPED BY THE BORDER XXI WORKGROUPS:
KEY FEDERAL AGENCIES
IMPLEMENTING BORDER XXI
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Mexican Secretariat for Environment, Natural
Resources and Fisheries
Mexican Secretariat for Social Development
BORDER WATER RESOURCES
International Boundary and Water Commission
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NATURAL RESOURCES
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Mexican Secretariat for Environment,
Natural Resources and Fisheries
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Mexican Secretariat of Health
Other important federal participants include the
U.S.'s Department of State, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Agency for
International Development, Department of
Justice, Department of Transportation,
Department of Energy, and Mexico's Secretariat
of Foreign Relations, National Institute for
Statistics, Geography, and Information,
Secretariat of Interior (Civil Protection),
Secretariat of Communication and
Transportation, and Secretariat of Energy.
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Introduction
The Border
Air
Contingency Planning and Emergency Response
Cooperative Enforcement and Compliance
Environmental Health
Environmental Information Resources
Hazardous and Solid Waste
Natural Resources
Pollution Prevention
Water
Conclusion
References
Appendix
Summary of Environmental Indicators
Internet Sites
Directory of Contacts
2
k
6
12
14
18
20
2G
30
32
34
30
39
40
41
43
44
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Introduction
effectiveness of border environmental
policy. This report was prepared in
response to that mandate, and marks
the first time that the United States and
Mexico have worked binationally to
develop environmental indicators for
the border area.
The ecosystems, water-
sheds, and air basins that
make up the environment
and natural resource base
of the border region tran-
scend political boundaries.
Regardless of where they
originate, border environ-
mental problems signifi-
cantly impact communities
and ecosystems on both
sides of the border.
For many years, the United States and
Mexico have been involved in formal
and informal cooperative efforts to
protect the environment and natural
resources of our common border. In
1996, the Border XXI Program was
initiated as an innovative binational
effort to bring together the diverse
U.S. and Mexican federal entities
responsible for the shared border
environment.
Under the Border XXI program, the
United States and Mexico are working
cooperatively toward sustainable
development through protection of
human health and the environment and
proper management of natural
resources in both countries.
Unsustainable practices in the border
region have resulted in degradation of
environmental conditions.
Industrialization has brought important
economic benefits to the border
region. However, it has also been
accompanied by accelerated popula-
tion growth and unsustainable produc-
tion and consumption that surpass the
capacity of the natural resource base as
well as that of basic infrastructure,
particularly with regard to water
resources. These conditions present a
threat to biodiversity and air and water
quality, and pose health risks to border
residents.
The principal goal of the Border XXI
Program is to promote sustainable
development by seeking a balance
among social and economic factors and
the protection of the environment in
border communities and natural areas.
The federal governments of both nations
are committed to working with their
state and local counterparts and with
residents of the border region to further
define and realize the vision of sustain-
able development underlying Border
XXI.
The 1996 Border XXI Framework
Document defines five-year objectives
for the border environment and
describes mechanisms for fulfilling
those objectives. One of the key objec-
tives of the Framework Document is
the development of environmental
indicators to use in evaluating the
Given the challenges involved in
developing indicators for the border
area, this initial report contains a lim-
ited number of indicators. We will add
more indicators and modify current
indicators in future reports. As part of
this process, we will continue to
involve border communities, state and
local agencies, tribal governments,
concerned citizens and citizen groups,
and industry and business groups.
Sustainable development
"meets the needs of the
present without compromis-
ing the ability of future
generations to meet their
own needs."
The World Commission on Environment and
Development, Our Common Future, 1987.
BORDER XXI
WORKGROUPS
Workgroups initiated in 1983
Water
Hazardous and Solid Waste
Pollution Prevention
Contingency Planning ;
Emergency Uesponse
Cooperative Enforcement
and Compliance
Workgroups Added in 1996
Environmental Information
Resources
Natural Resources
Environmental Health
United States-ffleHico Border Environmental Indicators
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Nine binational Border XXI
Workgroups developed the indicators
in this report, with each workgroup
addressing its particular Border XXI
area of responsibility. The chapters in
this report are organized by work-
group, and reflect the efforts made to
date by the individual workgroups.
Each workgroup operates under the
guidance of a U.S. and Mexican co-
chairperson. Many of the workgroups
have a long-standing history of bina-
tional cooperation, while others were
formed in 1996 as the Border XXI
Program was initiated. In addition,
some types of environmental, human
health, or natural resource areas are
more readily measured than others.
As a result, the number of indicators
each workgroup was able to develop
and obtain data for varies depending
on the challenges it faced. All work-
groups, however, have begun the
process of developing indicators, and
future reports will continue our com-
mitment to evaluating the efforts of
Border XXI on the border area.
Types of Environmental Indicators
Although we refer to all indicators in
this report as environmental indicators,
there are actually two types of indica-
tors represented: environmental indica-
tors and performance indicators. The
nine workgroups engage in a range of
activities to address border environ-
mental, human health, and natural
resource issues, and using both types of
indicators allows us to provide a better
picture of the results of our binational
efforts in the border area.
This report defines indicators using
the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development
(OECD) framework for organizing
indicators. The tabs above the defini-
tions appear with the indicators in this
report to note in which of the three
categories a particular indicator falls.
Pressure indicators are measures of
pressure on the environment caused by
human activities. An example is the
amount of a particular stratospheric
ozone-damaging pollutant emitted into
the air by an industry, and is measured
at the location where the pollutant is
released into the environment.
State indicators are measures of the
quality of the environment and the
quantity of natural resources, and
include the health effects caused by the
deterioration of the environment on
human populations and ecosystems. An
example is the concentration of a par-
ticular ozone-damaging pollutant in the
air. Unlike the pressure indicator exam-
ple above, which measures the amount
of a pollutant emitted at the locations
where it is released into the environ-
ment, a state indicator captures the con-
centration of a pollutant in the air, per-
haps discharged by several industries
and influenced by atmospheric and
other factors.
Environmental Indicators
Response indicators are measures of
the efforts undertaken by society to
respond to environmental changes and
issues. An example is the amount of
alternative substances substituted for
ozone-damaging substances in a par-
ticular production process.
Using the OECD model allows us to
evaluate environmental and human
health conditions in the border area
from a cause-effect or action-response
perspective. For example, when we
are addressing air pollution problems
in the border area, we need to mea-
sure the amount of various types of
pollutants being emitted into the air
by different sources, the concentration
of these pollutants in a particular air
basin, and the amount of pollutants
not being released into the air due to
pollution control efforts.
In future reports, we plan to present
the indicators in a manner that inte-
grates pressure, state, and response
indicators. This year, as a foundation
for building toward this goal, we have
identified each indicator as a pres-
sure, state, or response indicator.
Performance Indicators
Direct or indirect measures of envi-
ronmental quality that can be used
to assess status and trends in the
environment's ability to support
human and ecological health.
Examples:
Exceedances of the ambient
standard for ozone.
Number of species at risk
of extinction.
Direct or indirect measures of the
achievement of the intended purpose
of a program, expressed as either an
environmental result or program
activity.
Examples:
Number of children tested
for blood lead levels.
Number of inspections conducted.
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The Border
USA
BAJA
CALIFORNIA
In 1983, the
United Slates and Mexico
signed the Agreement for the
Protection and Improvement of the Environment
in the Border Area (La Paz Agreement), which provided
n formal foundation for cooperative environmental efforts. The La
PiU Agreement defined the border region as the area lying 100 kilome-
ters or 62.5 miles to the north and south of the U.S.-Mexico boundary.
UPAS
At the start of this century, there were
just over six million people living in
the four U.S. and six Mexican border
states. This figure has increased more
than tenfold in the decades that have
followed, with the population of these
ten border states reaching over 65
million in 1990. In addition to rapid
population growth, this century has
seen greater numbers of people mov-
ing to cities. Less than a third of the
border states' inhabitants lived in
cities in 1900. As the twentieth centu-
ry draws to a close, more than 90 per-
cent of these states' populations live
in urban areas.
The U.S.-Mexico border area is a 200-
kilometer border zone that extends 100
kilometers or 62.5 miles on either side of
the border and stretches 3,141 kilometers
or 1,952 miles from the Pacific Ocean to
the Gulf of Mexico. Many U.S. counties
and Mexican municipalities are located
entirely or partially in the 200-kilometer
zone, and there are 39 Mexican munici-
palities, 25 U.S. counties and 14 pairs of
sister cities adjacent to the international
boundary line.
While the international boundary
defines the political jurisdictions of
two countries with distinct social, cul-
tural and political features, the border
area itself emerges as a space in which
these differences converge and become
less distinct. Some of the defining
characteristics shared by border com-
munities are the intense interrelation-
ship between communities on both
sides of the border; the rapidly grow-
ing population; the strong presence of
new economic factors, such as
maquiladoras, with a high social, eco-
nomic, and environmental impact; and
the constant transboundary movement
of people, goods, and resources.
Population
The 200-kilometer border region is
home to more than 10.5 million people,
with about 6.2 million in the United
States and 4.3 million in Mexico. Of
the nearly 90 percent of the border
inhabitants who live in urban areas,
most live in sister city communities
composed of a U.S. and Mexican city
closely related by proximity, commerce,
and shared resources. The sister cities
are the main points of commercial and
human transboundary movement and
are the industrial centers of the region.
The region of California-Raja
California, including the counties of
San Diego and Imperial and the
municipalities of Tijuana, Tecate, and
Mexicali, makes up 44.5 percent of
the total population in the border
area, while the area of El Paso-
Ciudad Juarez makes up 15.4 percent
of the border area's total population.
Most other parts of the border area
are sparsely populated with several
counties and municipalities having
fewer than ten persons per square
mile or approximately 4 persons per
square kilometer.
Population growth on both sides of the
border has been noticeably rapid, grow-
ing far faster than that of the population
as a whole in either country. In the border
area of Mexico, the growth rate is 3 per-
cent. In the U.S. border area, the growth
rate is 2.7 percent.
COMBINED
POPULATIONS
OF SISTER CITIES
Over 3.5 million
San Diego-Tijuana
Over 1.5 million
El Paso-Ciudad Juarez
Over 150,000
Imperial County-Mexicali
Laredo-Nuevo Laredo
McAllen-Reynosa
Brownsville-Matamoros
Nogales-Nogales
Yuma—San Luis Rio Colorado
united States Jemco Border Environmental Indicators
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Between 1950 and 1980, the population
of the Mexican border states tripled and
that of the U.S. border states doubled.
The birth rate in 1990 for the Mexican
border states, 27.6 births per 1,000 peo-
ple, was less than the national average of
32.2 births per thousand. However, the
birth rate in the U.S. border states,
19.1 births per 1,000 people, is higher
than the national average of 16 births per
thousand. The differences in the birth
rates in both regions may reflect cultural
and economic differences between the
border region and their respective coun-
tries, but also may reflect a common
influence between the two communities.
The U.S. border area is
more ethnically diverse
than the rest of the country,
with about 57 percent of
the border population con-
sisting of ethnic minorities,
compared to about 20 per-
cent in the U.S. population
as a whole. Spanish is the
dominant language of many
U.S. border communities.
Life expectancy in the Mexican bor-
der area is higher than the national
average. In 1992, life expectancy in
the Mexican border states was 70.3
years. In the U.S. border area, life
expectancy in 1990 was 75.4 years,
almost the same as the U.S. national
average of 75.5 years (1992).
Mortality rates in the Mexican and
U.S. border states are slightly lower
than their respective national aver-
ages. However, in border municipali-
ties with a large migratory influx,
there is a high rate of infant mortality.
Despite recent setbacks in the
Mexican economy, expected long-
term economic growth in the border
region is likely to stimulate continued
rapid population growth in the area.
Current population projections fore-
cast a doubling of the border popula-
tion over the next 20 years.
Income, Employment
and Quality of Life
The six Mexican border states have
poverty rates considerably below the
national average, with the exception
of Tamaulipas, which has a rate closer
to the national average. These
Mexican border states also tend to
have a more uniform income distribu-
tion than Mexico as a whole. At the
municipal level, this equity in income
distribution is even more evident.
However, these communities confront
deficiencies in the provision of basic
services and have more unmet needs
than the national average.
The U.S. border population, on the
other hand, tends to be poorer than the
rest of the country, with more than 20
percent living below the poverty level
as compared to 12 percent in the
country as a whole. While only about
eight percent of San Diego,
California's population is below the
poverty line, in Starr County, Texas,
about 55 percent of the population
lives in poverty. Three of the ten poor-
est counties in the United States are
located in the border area and 21 U.S.
border communities have been desig-
nated as economically distressed.
In terms of employment, in Mexico
many of the manufacturing jobs and
associated service jobs reflect the effect
of Mexico's maquiladora program
which was created in the mid-1960s.
The program grew significantly during
the 1980s as a result of Mexico's peso
devaluation, which lowered salaries and
made industrial development on the
Mexican side of the border attractive.
Co/on/as are U.S. rural settlements
with substandard housing and poor
living conditions along the U.S.-
Mexico border. Co/on/as are found
mostly in New Mexico and Texas. It
is estimated that over 390,000
people in Texas and 42,000 people
in New Mexico live in such settle-
ments.These communities often
lack basic services of potable water,
wastewater treatment, drainage,
electricity, and paved roads. The
federal government and the states
of Texas and New Mexico have
undertaken steps and are
exploring new ways to
address the problems
ofcolonias.
An increase in maquiladoras also
occurred in 1995 because of the 1994
peso devaluation. From fewer than 100
maquiladoras nationwide in the 1960s,
by July 1997, there were more than
2,700 businesses employing more than
900,000 workers, with over 1,700
maquiladoras located in the northern
border area of Mexico (around
731,000 employees). These industries
represent the second largest source of
export earnings in Mexico. The largest
concentrations of maquiladora plants
are in Tijuana, with 605 plants
employing 140,000 employees, and
Ciudad Juarez, with 302 plants
employing more than 190,000 people.
In both countries, the percentage of the
population engaged in agriculture is
generally lower than in the rest of the
country, although in a few border
counties, primarily in the lower Rio
Grande area and Imperial County,
California, agriculture is important.
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Many border area residents are
exposed to health-threatening levels
of air pollutants, including carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, ozone, particulate matter
with an aerodynamic diameter of 10
micrometers (jam) or less. The need
to evaluate levels of targeted air pol-
lutants is particularly urgent in heav-
ily populated urban areas, where air
quality problems are compounded
by emissions from increasing num-
bers of vehicles, many of which are
older and poorly maintained; exten-
sive industrial activity; and numer-
ous other sources, such as unpaved
roads and waste disposal fires. As
part of the La Paz Agreement and
the Border XXI Framework
Document, Mexico and the United
States have agreed to work coopera-
tively to address these environmen-
tal concerns. In order to promote
regionally-based air quality manage-
ment programs, the Air Workgroup
continues to build on the efforts of
its sub-workgroups.
For this year's report, the Air
Workgroup looked at the following
pollutants: carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and
particulate matter with an aerodynamic
diameter of 10 um or less.
Other pollutants and other indicators
may be added to the list of air envi-
ronmental indicators at a later time.
Once the air monitoring networks
and emissions inventories are com-
pleted in each priority area, the air
sub-workgroups can model the
effects of mobile, area, and point
sources to apportion pollution to the
different ah* pollution contributors.
When the apportionment is com-
plete, the air sub-workgroups can
determine which control strategies
will best reduce air pollution and can
use the indicators as a measure of
progress towards better air quality
and to determine environmental
trends. These trends will be captured
by graphical representations of annu-
al data for each criteria pollutant in
each sister city in terms of ambient
concentrations, exceedances, and
apportionment.
Indicators
Ambient air concentrations for
the criteria pollutants in each
sister city.
Areas that have exceedances of
ambient air standards.
Number of exceedances of each
ambient air standard.
U.S. and Mexican ambient air stan-
dards for the pollutants measured in
this report are listed in the table on
the next page. The data represented
below are taken from the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's
Airometric Information Retrieval
System (AIRS), the U.S.-Mexico
Center on Air Pollution (CICA), and
the Mexican National Institute for
Ecology (INE). The data in AIRS
contain air monitoring data directly
collected by the state and local agen-
cies and have been quality assured
based on U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines.
In addition, the data collected in the
border region were collected in joint
collaboration between the United
States and Mexico.
Additional ambient air information for
cities in the United States is available
to the public through EPA's AIRS
database. Binational air information is
also available in AIRS and on the
CICA and INE Internet pages (see the
Internet Sites listing on page 43). A
1996 Mexican report, The First Report
on Air Quality in Mexican Cities, also
provides important air quality infor-
mation.
The data for these three indicators are
presented by sister city groupings. For
Nogales, Arizona-Nogales, Sonora,
there were no exceedances of PM-10,
the only air pollutant selected for
monitoring. No data are available for
the sister cities of Douglas,
Arizona-Agua Prieta, Sonora or
Yuma, Arizona-San Luis Rio
Colorado, Sonora. There are no moni-
toring stations installed in these loca-
tions, although stations are planned
for Douglas, Arizona, and Agua
Prieta, Sonora, by the end of 1998.
bled Stetes feico Border Environmental Indicators
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Health-Based Hmhient Standards
OleHico
United States
POLLUTBOT
Dionide
nitrogen
Carbon
arithmetic mean
Total Suspended Particulate
EPA has revised the paniculate matter and ozone standards, so this table may be revised at a
later time.The revisions include the use of a new PM-2.5 stardard and a new ozone standard.
With these new proposed standards, EPA has also modified tie method for determining if an
area should be re-designated to non-attainment status (i.e., th e extent of the exceedances
rather than the frequency of the exceedances).
EPA has also published a standard for regional haze.The regional haze standard makes use of
a deciview to determine improvement of visibility. However, with it, the new PM-2.5 standard
is also linked as an indicator to visibility impairment or regional haze
At this time, the binational environmental indicators for this Border XXI report will be limit-
ed to the standards that are similar. U.S., state, and local air pollution control agencies will
begin implementing the new standards in the next few years. .Once these agencies begin to
gather data based on the new standards, the Air Workgroup will begin discussions on creating
air indicators and generating data for the Border XXI program based on these new standards.
The standards in this table were established to protect people from adverse
effects associated with pollutants. Some pollutants, such as PM-IO and sulfur
dioxide, have standards for both long-term (annua) and short-term (24 j
hours or less} averaging times. Short-term standards protect people from
adverse health effects associated with peak short- :erm exposure to air pol-
lution, while long-term standards protect people f-om adverse health effects
associated with short- and long-term exposures to air pollution.
Carbon Monoxide [CO]
Carbon monoxide is an odorless and
colorless gas produced through the
incomplete combustion of carbon-
based fuels. Other sources of carbon
monoxide include industrial process-
es and other fuel combustion.
Elevated levels of carbon monoxide
can be found in metropolitan areas
with high traffic congestion. Ambient
concentrations of carbon monoxide are
highest during the winter months,
when automobile "cold starts" con-
tribute to more incomplete combus-
tion. Carbon monoxide binds to the
hemoglobin in the blood, reducing the
oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
delivered to tissue and organs.
Exposure to carbon monoxide is a
human health risk for individuals suf-
fering from cardiovascular diseases.
Elevated levels of carbon monoxide
are associated with visual impairment,
reduced work capacity, and lethargy.
Sulfur DioHide ffi]
Sulfur dioxide is a gas emitted
through the combustion of fuel con-
taining sulfur. Sources include elec-
tric utilities, metal smelting and
other industrial sources. Elevated
concentrations of sulfur dioxide may
aggravate pulmonary and cardiovas-
cular diseases, such as bronchitis or
emphysema. Sulfur dioxide combin-
ing with nitrogen dioxide leads to
the formation of acid rain, which is
associated with the acidification of
lakes and streams, reduced visibility,
and the deterioration of buildings
and agricultural crops.
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iaHimum monthly Ik llr Pi-ID Concentration: Sonlaiiil Part, E! Paso, Ciudad Juarez
I Warn! Park
I El Paso
ItinUJura
Hsu sro =150 in/Ufa
Note: Sunland Park suffers from severe dust storms.
(ilammum ionthly 2*1 Hr Plfl ID Concentration: Imperial, faicali
I Imprial
llbicali
fflBH.SIO=150ug/ni"3
Onilei) States Jeiiico Border Environmental Indicators
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Mmm Hlontiiiy 1 Hr DZDUE Concentrat oo: Soolaoo1 Park, [I Paso, Cludad Joarez
IHa«imum monthly 1 lir Ozone Concentration: San Diep, Tijoana
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Border Cities tint toed or Potentially [nceed Hmoient flir Quality Standards
Border HDn-BttainmentireaB* PHI-IB ^ ™ «
United States
El Paso, Texas
Dona Ana County, New Mexico
Imperial County, California
San Diego, California
Douglas, Arizona
Nogales, Arizona
Yuma, Arizona
Tijuana, Baja California
Mexicali, Baja California
San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora
Nogales, Sonora
Agua Prieta, Sonora
Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua
Mexico considers an area as not in compliance when it exceeds one of the air qual-
ify standards.This table lists Mexican cities that potentially do not meet Mexican air
quality standards based on knowledge of sources and their potential emissions.
Currently designated as "unclassifiable/attainment," although last year there were
11 violations. Based on 1994-1995 data, the design value would be 12.9 ppm ("high"
moderate).
Currently designated as "transitional" non-attainment for ozone. Based on 1993-1995
data, the county's design value would likely be 0,16 ppm or higher (serious).
Note:This table, prepared for the 1996 Border XXI Framework Document, lists
the cities that exceed or potentially exceed the national ambient air quality
standards of the respective country, This table does not reflect information
collected in 1996,
flitropn Diode IK
A stifling, brownish gas, nitrogen
dioxide is one of several highly reac-
tive gases that belong to the group of
nitrogen oxides. Prolonged exposure
to high concentrations of nitrogen
dioxide may increase the incidence
of respiratory infection. Nitrogen
oxides combined with volatile organ-
ic compounds react with oxygen in
the air and in the presence of sun-
light form ground level ozone.
Ozone can restrict bronchial passages
and exacerbate conditions for those
individuals suffering from respiratory
illnesses. Nitrogen oxides are also a
contributor to acid rain, which can
accelerate the corrosion of buildings
and monuments and result in the acid-
ification of lakes and streams.
Ozone (OJ
Ground-level ozone is not emitted
directly into the atmosphere, but
derives from reactions between
nitrogen oxides and volatile organic
compounds stimulated by meteoro-
logical conditions, such as sunlight
and temperature. Common sources
of nitrogen oxides and volatile
organic compounds include motor
vehicle exhaust, chemical solvents
from dry cleaners, and fossil fuel
combustion from industrial facili-
ties. These photochemical reactions
often occur hundreds of miles from
the source and are sensitive to vari-
ability in meteorological conditions.
Peak ozone concentrations generally
occur during hot, dry, stagnant sum-
mertime conditions.
In the United States, approx-
imately 27.1 million children
aged 13 and under and 1.9
million children with asthma
reside in areas that experi-
enced unhealthy levels of
ozone pollution at least four
times during 1991 to 1993.
American Lung Association,
Danger Zones: Ozone and Our Children, 1995.
High concentrations of ground-level
ozone are a significant human health
and environmental concern. Ozone is
a pulmonary irritant that induces res-
piratory inflammation accompanied
by symptoms such as coughing,
chest pain, and pulmonary conges-
tion. High levels of ozone can cause
damage to foliage in many crops and
tree species and are responsible for
losses in agricultural crops. Elevated
ozone concentrations may also cause
foliar damage and reduced photosyn-
thesis to forest ecosystems.
Paniculate (Hatter [PHI-ID]
Particulate matter is a term for liquid
or solid particles present in the air.
Particles range in size from 0.01
microns to 10 microns and vary wide-
ly in chemical and physical composi-
tion. Fugitive emission sources of
United States Jenico Border Environmental Indicators
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[lumber of Enceedances Measured
1996
IS ED 2S
Tijuana
U.S. - MM Sister Cities
I Ozone
80s
particulate matter include dust from
roads, agricultural activities, construc-
tion and mining activities, wildfires,
and open-burning. Exposure to PM-10
can have adverse health effects on res-
piratory systems. Small particles are
inhaled and deposit in the lungs caus-
ing tissue damage. Chronic diseases
include emphysema, bronchitis, and
cardiovascular complications as a
result of lung damage. Children, the
elderly and individuals with pre-exist-
ing respiratory diseases are most sus-
ceptible to these health risks.
Indicator in Progress
Emissions of pollutants.
Data for this indicator will be col-
lected when emissions inventories
for the sister cities are created. At
this time, the Air Workgroup is
working to generate emissions
inventories for the El Paso-Juarez-
Dona Ana air basin and for the
Mexicali-Calexico sister cities.
In addition, the Air Workgroup,
through the Arizona Department of
Environmental Quality, has created
an air emissions inventory for the
sister cities of Nogales, Arizona and
Nogales, Sonora. The report is
expected to be completed in early
1998. Other sister city emissions
inventories will be developed after
the completion of the emissions
inventories currently in progress.
-------
Contingency Planning and
00 0
Emergency Response
The fundamental purpose of the
Contingency Planning and Emergency
Response Workgroup is to increase
municipal and local capacity to pre-
pare for and respond to hazardous
material emergencies and optimize the
use of U.S. and Mexican resources in
environmental emergencies. The work-
group coordinates binational activities
through the Joint Response Team,
which assists state and local officials
and the public in the development of
joint sister city plans in order to be
better prepared to mitigate the effects
of chemical accidents along the border.
This work is being accomplished by
providing support to the border cities
to identify the hazardous chemical
risks present in their community and
reduce those risks.
Indicator in Progress
the first line of defense in mitigating
the effects of a chemical accident,
should one occur. Having an emer-
gency response plan provides for initial
protection for communities from the
effects of a chemical accident.
It is expected that the following sec-
tors will be included in this indicator:
electric power generators, refineries,
chemical industry, metallic and non-
metallic minerals, vegetable and ani-
mal products, wood and derivatives,
food processing, textile industry, and
distribution and storage of liquid
petroleum gas.
By 1999, information on industries
along the U.S. border posing risk will
be available. The Clean Air Act of
1990 requires facilities that pose haz-
ardous materials risks to develop and
submit Risk Management Plans to
EPA. These plans will be placed in a
computer database system that the
public can access, and will include
information on the amount and loca-
tion of hazardous chemicals at the
facility, a history of the chemical acci-
dents that have occurred at the facility
in the last five years, and a description
of the worst-case accident that could
occur at the facility.
Indicator in Progress
Number of organizations capa-
ble of responding to chemical
emergencies along the border,
by state and locality or
municipality.
Number and location of indus-
tries along the border posing
risk that have coordinated emer-
gency response plans.
Facilities with hazardous chemicals run
the risk of having chemical accidents
that could affect surrounding communi-
ties. These facilities, therefore, are
United States faicQ Border Environmental Indicators
Participants in an emer-
gency response exercise in
El Paso, Texas, conducted as
part of the U.S.-Mexico joint
training program.
-------
When local communities lack the capa-
bility to respond to chemical accidents,
state or federal responders need to be
deployed to such accidents, resulting in
potential delays in mitigating the inci-
dents and preventing additional harm
to the community and the environment.
The Contingency Planning and
Emergency Response Workgroup has
begun surveying hazardous materials
response teams this year, and expects
to have data for this indicator in 1998.
Indicator in Progress
Number of sister cities with
Local Joint Plans.
Sister cities must be prepared to respond
quickly and effectively when a chemical
accident occurs in order to mitigate dev-
astating human health and environmental
effects. Although these cities are in differ-
ent countries, they share a common bor-
der and must, therefore, work together to
combine their resources and protect their
communities from the risks associated
with chemical accidents. Creating a sister
city plan prepares sister cities for such
accidents, and identifies ways to reduce
risks and prevent chemical accidents.
A Local Joint Plan is a document that
describes the organization of available
actions, people, services, and resources
for response during a disaster. The
plan is based on risk identification,
available human and material
resources, level of community pre-
paredness, and local response capabili-
ties. It also establishes the hierarchical
and functional structure of the authori-
ties and organizations working during
the emergency in the context of the
relationship between two border cities.
TAMAULIPAS
In 1998, Local Joint Plans will be
developed for the four sister cities
currently developing plans, which are
listed here.
Indicator in Progress
Number of border area acci-
dents of record per year, classi-
fied by type, frequency, and
hazardous substance.
The type of accident that will be mea-
sured by this indicator includes any
dangerous event that occurs due to the
handling of hazardous substances,
such as spills, leaks, fires, or explo-
sions, and which cause temporary or
permanent damage to the environment,
human health, or property. In the
United States, this information is cap-
tured on the Emergency Response
Notification System, which records the
type and quantity of the chemical
involved; the date, time, and location
Sister Cities with Local Joint Plans
Brownsville, Teiias — IMamoros, Tamaulipas
Sister Cities Developing Local Joint Plans
Laredo, Tenas — Ikvo Laredo, Tamaulipas
Del Rio, Ienas — Ciudad flcuoa, Coahiiila
Eagle Pass, Ienas — Piedras (legras, Coahuila
El Paso, Tenas — Ciodad Juarez, Chihuahua
of the accident; the date and time of
the response efforts; and the type of
response and mitigation efforts.
It is expected that U.S. and Mexican
data for this indicator will be available in
1998. While data are available for some
states or geographic regions, information
for the entire border area is incomplete.
-------
Cooperative Enforcement
and Compliance
number of Inspections in the Border
BreaoftheUl
Laws for protecting human health and
the environment are effective only
when regulated entities comply.
Enforcement of those environmental
requirements, through inspections,
negotiations, and legal action, is
intended to assure compliance.
Besides protecting human health and
the environment through directly
ensuring that environmental laws and
regulations are followed, enforcement
and compliance assurance contribute
indirectly through the deterrent effect,
building credibility for environmental
requirements, and ensuring fairness
among the regulated community.
The data for the following indicators
were obtained from the General
Directorate of Technical and
Industrial Assistance of Mexico's
Federal Attorney General for
Environmental Protection
(PROFEPA—Procuraduria Federal de
Protecci<5n al Ambiente), and EPA's
Integrated Data for Enforcement
Analysis system and
Case Conclusion Data Sheets.
Indicator
Number of inspections
conducted in the border area.
This is an enforcement activity indica-
tor, a measure of the deterrent pres-
ence of regulatory agencies in the bor-
der area. Conducting facility inspec-
tions is one of the basic enforcement
measures used to assure compliance.
Indicator
Number of enforcement actions
and penalties in the border area.
This indicator measures legal actions taken
in the border area by the United States.
Knowing the "cop is on
the beat" affects even those
facilities not inspected.
Bomber of Inspections in the Border
BreaoflHeHico*
United States-ltaico Border Environmental indicators
-------
Enforcement fictions in filenico:
Penalties in the Border Urea i
Enforcement fictions in (llenicD:
Closores in the Border flrea i
I Penalties • Inspections not resulting in penalties
S3_
Partial
-------
Closures in fHenico's
Border Urea
January 199G-July 1997
Inspections and Penalties in faico's
Border Urea
I January 1996 - July 1997
iras
I national Industries • dlaquiladoras
Enforcement fictions in the U.S.
Enforcement fictions in the U.S.
Border flrea
United States fUGHicQ Border Environmental Indicators
-------
Indicator
Amount of money spent on
injunctive relief and
Supplemental Environmental
Projects in the U.S. border area.
This indicator measures direct invest-
ment in the environment by the regu-
lated community in the United States
as part of a U.S. initiative.
Supplemental Environmental Projects
(SEPs) are environmentally-beneficial
projects agreed to in enforcement case
settlements in exchange for penalty
reductions, and go beyond simply
complying with the regulations.
Supplemental Environmental Projects in the U.S. Border Urea
Number of Project; 6
Dollar Value !
WK -
luDu
The amount of money spent on
injunctive relief includes funds
applied to address pollution, such as
pollution control equipment. The
amount of money spent on SEPs pro-
vides a dollar value for an action
designed to increase human health or
worker protection, ecosystem
protection, environmental
restoration, or increased
public awareness.
Indicator
Amount of pollution reduced as
a result of enforcement.
This indicator measures the amount of
pollutants not emitted to the environ-
ment as a result of enforcement actions
in the United States. Although not a
direct measure of improvements to
ambient environmental quality, the
reduction in pollutants provides some
measure of the contribution of enforce-
ment actions to a cleaner environment.
(taunt of Pollutio^ Deduced in the U.S. Border
GMOOO Kilograms
' ' Oil
1996
-------
Childhood lead exposure in Tijuana, Baja
California has many sources, including lead-glazed
pottery used for cooking and food storage. FONART
(Fondo National para el Fomento de las
Artesanias) donated the lead-free pottery shown
here, which will be given at no cost to families
whose children have elevated lead levels.
The border region is confronted with a
number of serious public health prob-
lems that are or may be associated with
toxic environmental exposure.
Contamination of air, water, and soil by
hazardous materials and waste, pesti-
cides, nitrates, raw sewage, untreated
wastewater, parasites, or bacteria are
suspected to be key factors contributing
to the presence of certain diseases in
the populations residing along the bor-
der. These diseases include asthma and
tuberculosis; elevated blood lead levels
in children; multiple myeloma, a form
of bone-marrow cancer; systemic lupus
erythematosus, an autoimmune disor-
der; hepatitis A; infectious gastrointesti-
nal diseases such as shigellosis and
amebiosis; and pesticide poisonings.
The mission of the Environmental
Health Workgroup is to improve the
environmental health of U.S.-Mexico
border communities by identifying and
addressing those environmental condi-
tions that pose the highest human health
risk. To accomplish this mission, work-
group activities are conducted in four
inter-related program areas: Research to
Link Environmental Exposures and
Health Risks, Training and Education,
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, and Communications.
In 1996, planning was begun for seven
initiatives, which are listed on the next
page in four boxes by program area.
Implementation of several of these ini-
tiatives is underway, as well as an
evolving dialogue on appropriate envi-
ronmental indicators. Since extensive
databases do not exist for any of these
initiatives, the proposed indicators must
be considered preliminary.
The above activities, in and of them-
selves, cannot eliminate disease; how-
ever, the methods and data generated
can contribute to more effective health
promotion and risk reduction strate-
gies. Success of each of the seven ini-
tiatives will be measured by process
indicators (such as the number of tools
created and the amount of information
gathered) that enhance decision mak-
ing by public health/environmental
officials in conjunction with the
impacted communities.
Environmental pollutants, such as
lead and pesticides, are one of many
factors that may cause illness or result
in death. The above activities, in and
of themselves, cannot eliminate dis-
ease; however, the methods and data
generated can contribute to more
effective health promotion and risk
reduction strategies. Success of each
of the seven initiatives will be mea-
sured by process indicators (such as
the amount of tools created and infor-
mation gathered) that enhance deci-
sion making by public health and
environmental officials in conjunction
with the impacted communities.
United States-ltaico Border Environmental Indicators
-------
Research to Link Environmental EHposubs and Health Risks
Pesticide and Adverse
Health Effects in Young Children
Geographic Information System
for Environmental Health
Indicator in progress _ Indicator io progress
Percent reduction in total pesticide
exposure and number of children
impacted in the border area.
Number of maps linking geograph-
ic information (e.g., land use) to
health events or high risk groups.
Training and Education
Advanced Training
Toxicology and Poison Control Center
Development Program
Indicator in progress _ Indicator in progress
Number of people receiving
advanced training and the number
of projects initiated in the border
area.
Number of Poison Control Centers
in operation and the number of
people who have received formal
training specifically for the border
area.
Environmental Monitoring and flssessment
Indicator in progress
Pediatric Lead Exposure
and Risk Reduction
Neural Tube, Defects
Prevalence of specific health
effects in the border area, such as
elevated blood lead levels on neur-
al tube defects, and number of
exposure sources or risk factors
identified for intervention.
Communications
Indicator in progress
Health Alert and Disease Outbreak
Information Exchange
Number of border area organiza-
tions linked into and using the
Health Alert and Disease Outbreak
Information Exchange, and a mea-
surement of the effect of "alert" in
early intervention in suddenly
emerging health risks.
-------
Environmental
Information
Resources
The Environmental Information
Resources Workgroup manages border
information, encourages horizontal
linkages, and works with the other
Border XXI Workgroups to institution-
alize effective communication and
information sharing. In addition to pro-
ducing this environmental indicators
report, the Environmental Information
Resources Workgroup is implementing
or overseeing a number of other pro-
jects, from collecting and organizing
geospatial data to expanding public
access to border-related environmental
and human health information. Since
many of these activities do not have
results that can be meaningfully count-
ed, indicators were only developed for
two projects, the U.S.-Mexico border
homepage and the Geographic
Information System work. Summaries
of other important activities of this
workgroup are provided below.
The Environmental Information
Resources Workgroup is addressing the
need for increased public access to a
wide variety of environmental informa-
tion by providing information on Border
XXI through the Internet, Border XXI
repositories, and the U.S.-Mexico Border
toll-free telephone line, and by develop-
ing a comprehensive inventory of exist-
ing environmental data and information.
Indicator
Number of hits to the Border
XXI Internet Homepage.
A "hit" is registered each time a per-
son accesses an Internet webpage.
Although the number of hits to the
Internet homepage for border activities
is tabulated here, the main goal of the
homepage is to provide increased
access to information about the border,
rather than receiving a specific number
of hits. These data were provided by
EPA's Research Triangle Park office.
sible environmental data and informa-
tion and a directory with descriptions
of projects and points of contact at
Federal, state, local, and international
agencies, and other sectors involved in
border environmental activities. The
EcoWeb will be produced in both
Spanish and English, and will be post-
ed on the Border XXI homepage. The
project is expected to be completed in
early 1999.
Outreach
The Environmental Information
Resources Workgroup has initiated a
number of outreach activities in the
United States and Mexico to provide
information to border communities and
residents and to solicit feedback from
the communities.
In the United States, EPA has estab-
lished a toll-free telephone number
number of Hits to Homepage
IS/96 1/37 8/97 3/97
Environmental Inventory
The Eco Web environmental inventory
is a multi-year project that will address
the growing need for public access to
environmental information in border
communities. Public citizens, schools,
students, researchers, and governmen-
tal and non-governmental organiza-
tions are expected to be the primary
users of this information. The
Eco Web is expected to include a com-
prehensive inventory of existing acces-
(1-800-334-0741) that border residents
can use to order Border XXI docu-
ments or to talk directly to Border
Office staff in El Paso, Texas and San
Diego, California.
EPA has established 25 repositories in
border communities in the United
States, which it supplies with relevant
information about Border XXI.
Location information for these reposi-
ties can be obtained by calling the toll-
United States-ieiiico Border Environmental Indicators
-------
free Border Office telephone number
above. In Mexico, three information
centers are planned for Tijuana,
Ciudad Juarez, and Matamoros.
Environmental Education
The Environmental Information
Resources Workgroup is working to
identify the environmental education
needs of border communities in the
United States and Mexico through the
creation of two cooperative agree-
ments and a Border Environmental
Education Resource Guide for
Arizona, California, Baja California,
and Sonora.
(Gis)
The spatial databases that are available
for the border region vary in detail for
every geographic region, and compati-
bility across the international and local
borders is not consistent. In response,
the GIS subworkgroup is taking a
number of steps to resolve these prob-
lems. The databases created from the
aerial photography project will build
the foundation for subsequent bina-
tional digital mapping efforts and for
populating the geographic information
system. The data for the GIS indicators
here were compiled by the United
States Geological Survey (USGS).
Indicator
Color
Infrared
[CIR]
Project Delineation Map
For CIR Aerial Photography
) BAJA
( CAUR
LEGEND
B100 Mte Buffer
Proposed INEGI CtR Imageiy (Approximate Area)
Protects for Astlol Photography (C\R1
m Project9612- lOOMown, 100% accepted, TO rejected
S Project 9613 - 97% flown. 92% accepted, 0% rejected
IS Project 9638 - 97 % flown, 3% accepted, 0% rejected
UProJect 9639 -90% flown. 77% accepted, 13%rejected
SI Project 9640 - 99% flown, 75% accepted, 0% rejected
61 nown In 1995 Winter)
'his binational initiative to acquire aerial photography will be used as
ihe foundation for subsequent binational digital mapping efforts and
for populating geographic information systems. Data were collected
for the Color Infrared Aerial Photography project in 1995 and 1996
!)r the nearly all of the U.S. border area. CIR was acquired because it
an derive black andj white and color products, and it is the film of
hoice for natural resources analysis. CIR can be applied in projects
anging from natural resources and biodiversity protection to
mergency response.
Amount of updated Geographic
Information System data.
-------
Quadrangle (DOG)
u
A digital orthophoto quadrangle is
a digital image of an aerial photo-
graph in which displacement
caused by the camera angle and
the terrain have been removed.
DOQs combine the image charac-
teristics of a photograph with the
geometric qualities of a map.
DOQs are commonly used as a
backdrop to update existing digital
line graph data or as a source to
generate new digital data.
LEGEND
O 100 Mia Buffer
• TEXAS tP
OCX Hah Priority DOQ Production
S DOQs Authorized tor Production in FY97
DOQs Planned forProduotton In FY98
Raquested DCH High Priority DOQs
•AvoJtetote 12K OR DOQ
•Avottabte 12KBW DOQ
• Comptotod INEGI OR Photography (Approximate Area)
9 Proposed IN6GI OR Imagery CApproximate Area)
..arM-
EsUmatod comptetkm date for Authorized DOQs is 10/97 thai 04/98.
June 10.1997
ioitrf Stiitis-IfaSco Border Eivimoiental Indicators
-------
Digital Elevation
models [Dlsl
Digital Elevation Models are digital
records of terrain elevations for
ground positions at regularly
spaced intervals. DEMs are used as
a single information layer or
merged and used as reference
backdrops for various
types of data.
Greyscale
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)
1;24,000-scale
ARIZONA
Shaded Relief
LEGEND
3 Completed 24K DEM
3 100 Mile Buffer
] Proposed INEGICIR Imagery (Approximate Area)
-------
Digital Line
Graphs (DlGs)
Digital Line Graphs are spatial
representations by points, lines,
and areas of planimetric infor-
mation. DLGs can be used sepa-
rately or combined for integrat-
ed analysis.The USGS currently
produces 11 DLG overlays. For
the border area, two DLG lay-
ers have been completed:
boundaries and the Public Land
Survey System.Transportation,
hydrography, and hypsography
layers are in production.
0
Digital Line Graphs (DLGs)
Public Land Survey System (PLSS)
,l:24,000-scale
NEW MEXICO
SONORA
LEGEND
•Avafabte PLSS DLG
B 100 Mte Buffer
Proposed INEGICIR Imagery (Approximate Area)
(IniltiE Sts'es-dleHicQ Beriler Environmental Indicators
-------
Digital Raster
Graphics [DUG
A Digital Raster Graphic is a
scanned image of a USjGS topo-
graphic map. DRGs can be used
to collect and revise other digi-
tal data.The scanned irpage
includes all map collar :informa-
tion.The image inside the map
neatline is geo-referenced to
the surface of the earth.
Digital Raster Graphics (DRGs)
3AvaSabteDRG
] 100 Mie Buffer
] Proposed INEGICIR hnageiy (Approximate Area)
"TAMAUUPAS
-------
Hazardous
and Solid Waste
On the border, rapid industrialization
and the associated increase in popula-
tion have created a need for improved
hazardous and solid waste management
infrastructure. Hazardous and solid
waste, managed improperly, can pose
dangers to human health ranging from
headaches to cancer, and can cause sig-
nificant harm to the environment.
Specific waste-related issues that need
to be addressed include illegal trans-
boundary shipments of hazardous waste;
improper disposal of hazardous and
solid waste; health and environmental
risks posed by inactive and abandoned
sites; the need for proper development
of new sites; and the proper operation
and closure of existing sites.
The Hazardous and Solid Waste
Workgroup undertakes activities that
promote sound waste management
practices and pollution prevention.
Primary goals of the Workgroup
include building improved capability
along both sides of the border to devel-
op and implement waste management
programs and improving the monitor-
ing of transborder movements of haz-
ardous wastes and toxic substances.
Although data are available for many
of the indicators presented here, the
Hazardous and Solid Waste
Workgroup was unable to reconcile
significant differences among various
data sources in time for this year's
report. The differences include mea-
surement definition, data collection
format, and methods of calculation.
sr*.
The Hazardous and Solid Waste
Workgroup will work over the coming
year to reconcile the many differences
among data sources in order to pro-
vide more complete data on these indi-
cators in the future. In the interim, this
report provides information related to
the indicators.
Indicator in progress
Total and unit generation of haz-
ardous waste in the border
region.
This indicator will show trends in
waste generation and allow the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Workgroup
to assess progress in pollution preven-
tion and target regulatory compliance
i juwsnap
1 • -I'*
Tires illegally disposed of on the
Mexican side of the border near
Jacumba, California, prior to their
removal by EPA and Mexico's
Federal Attorney General for
Environmental Protection (PRO-
FEPA—Procuraduna Federal de
Proteccitin al Ambiente).
Mid States-DlBHico Border fnvirotimental Indicators
-------
efforts. Over the course of the coming
year, this indicator will be further
refined, and detailed data sources will
be identified for tracking this informa-
tion. One significant challenge in refin-
ing this indicator will be determining
how best to measure unit generation,
such as amount of waste generated per
employee or per production unit. EPA
and Mexico's National Institute for
Ecology (INE—Institute Nacional de
Ecologia) will continue to discuss this
issue as data become available.
There are some data sources currently
available for this indicator, but they do
not give a complete picture of waste
generation. In 1997, INE began imple-
menting a number of new systems for
tracking hazardous waste, which
should serve as useful data sources for
this and other hazardous and solid
waste indicators. One of these new
systems is a new manifest system for
maquiladora waste, which will provide
more accurate data and provide for a
clear distinction between maquiladora
waste and non-maquiladora waste.
Indicator in progress
Hazardous waste generation in
maquiladoras in the border
region of Mexico.
This indicator will show waste genera-
tion trends in the maquiladora industry.
In addition to INE's implementation of
a new system for tracking maquiladora
waste generation, which will provide
critical data for this indicator, the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Workgroup
is developing a waste generation model
targeted specifically at the maquiladora
sector. Results from this model will be
matched with INE's new data and
allow the workgroup to predict future
waste generation trends and identify
priority areas for waste reduction and
compliance efforts. For this year's
report, information on the number of
maquiladoras in the border area is pro-
vided to indicate the size of this sector.
Indicator in progress
Quantities of hazardous waste
sent to the United States from
Mexico for treatment and/or
disposal.
This indicator will provide important
data for analyzing trends in waste treat-
ment in the border region. In addition,
this indicator will be analyzed in terms
of maquiladora and non-maquiladora
waste. By comparing overall generation
with return rates for hazardous waste,
the workgroup will be able to examine
levels of compliance with the Mexican
requirement that maquiladora waste be
returned to the country of origin of the
raw materials. This data will come
primarily from Haztraks, the bination-
al hazardous waste tracking system,
which will provide better cross-border
data as INE implements its new mani-
festing system.
Indicator in progress
Quantities of hazardous waste
exported to Mexico for
recycling.
This indicator will report on the quan-
tities of hazardous waste being shipped
into Mexico under Mexico's "recycling
exemption," which states that only
BAJA
Mexicali
Tijuana
COAHUILA
CiudadAcuna
Piedras Negras
CHIHUAHUA
Ciudad Juarez
SONORA
Agua Prieta
Nogales •
Sn Luis Rio Col.
TAMAULIPAS
Matamoros
Nvo. Laredo
Reynosa
719
Source: Secretaria de Comercio y Fomento Industrial
\ua
-------
wastes that are intended for recycling
may be imported into Mexico. This
indicator will provide important data
on how much the recycling exemption
is utilized. INE will be providing data
based on import permit information.
Indicator in progress
Permitted commercial disposal
capacity for hazardous waste in
the border region.
This indicator will measure capacity
for handling wastes generated in the
border region in order to determine
future needs for hazardous waste man-
agement infrastructure. The indicator
will need to be more precisely defined
in order to ensure that it is measured
in a way that is compatible with the
U.S. and Mexican systems. In addi-
tion, the issue of the most useful mea-
sure of capacity—lifetime available
capacity, annual disposal, or some
other measure—will need to be inves-
tigated.
Although data are currently available
for facilities in the United States, data
are captured in many different formats
and units of measure, and will have to
be adapted to give a comprehensive
picture of waste disposal capacity.
Over the course of the coming year,
the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Workgroup will refine this indicator
and put the data into a more compati-
ble format. The chart adjacent shows
the number of permitted commercial
disposal facilities in the border area of
the United States. There are currently
no permitted commercial hazardous
waste disposal facilities in the border
region in Mexico.
Commercial Treatment, Storage, and
Disposal Facilities in the 111 Border
Includes active facilities and those in the permit process
United States-Men Border Environmental Indicators
-------
Indicator in progress
Permitted disposal capacity for
solid waste in the border region.
This indicator will measure local
capacity for disposing of solid waste
generated in the border region. At this
time, data for this indicator are incom-
plete, and the measurement of capacity
needs to be defined. In 1998, the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Workgroup
will work with the U.S. and Mexican
border states to determine how to best
define capacity and to compile the nec-
essary data. The figures included here
give general information on existing
solid waste disposal infrastructure in
the border region in both counties.
Indicator in progress
Recycling capacity in the
border region.
This indicator will measure the capaci-
ty for recycling wastes in the border
region. This information is important
in targeting pro-active waste manage-
ment efforts in the region. As with the
other indicators dealing with capacity,
further definition of this indicator is
required. In refining this indicator, the
workgroup will address how best to
define capacity and what types of
waste are most useful and appropriate
to include in this measure.
flctive Solid Ulaste Landfills in the
U.S. Border Region
Source: EFflflBIS database, States
Includes active facilities and tee in the permit process
Volume of Ulaste Received at Solid Ulaste Disposal Sites io fee 1996
Tijuana*
Mexicali
Sn Luis Rio Col.
Nogales*
Ciudad Juarez*
Ciudad Acuna
Nvo. Laredo*
Reynosa
Matamoros
144
Thousands of tons of solid uiaste
Cities with a sanitary landfill.
-------
The 1996 Border XXI Implementation
Plan describes twenty-five Natural
Resources Workgroup projects and
activities in the U.S. and Mexico that
will have high priority over the next
two to three years. The objectives of
most of these initiatives are to estab-
lish communications and data
exchange among colleagues and part-
ners on both sides of the border in all
geographic regions.
Success will be measured in terms of
the common understanding of the
issues and the science, and achieved
through training and exchange pro-
grams, various formal and informal
agreements, and by starting to fill
identified data gaps. Consequently,
many of the initial Natural Resources
Workgroup indicators are performance
indicators. Some of the indicators
emphasize two pilot areas: the Big
Bend-Maderas del Carmen-Santa
Elena Canyon areas, and the Western
Sonoran Desert-Colorado Delta areas.
Baseline data, as well as additional
indicators, are being developed by the
workgroup and will be used in future
reports. Some of the indicators being
developed are summarized below.
Indicators io progress
Number of binational resource
management inventories and
assessments for soils, vegetation
and wildlife.
Percentage of full coverage of
soil surveys, inventories of soil
uses and vegetation, and water-
shed boundary mapping in
cross-border projects.
Number of courses and work-
shops in natural resource man-
agement, law enforcement for
protection of sensitive species,
and other environmental educa-
tion; number of participants.
Number of coordinated, bina-
tional responses to forest fires
and other wildland fires with the
potential to cross the interna-
tional border or to threaten sen-
sitive species habitat.
Indicators in progress
Number of sites and quantity of
habitat in projects, designations
and agreements that have
increased protection, restoration,
or improvement of native vege-
tation and wildlife species in
wetlands, riparian and aquatic
areas, forest lands, and desert
uplands and grasslands.
Number of projects implemented
from recovery plans, agreements,
and other recovery efforts for sen-
sitive flora and fauna species.
Number of instances of interdic-
tions of vegetation or wildlife
illicitly transported across the
international border per number
of inspections (regulated species).
United Slates denied Bonier Environmental Indicators
-------
Indicators of Species Health and Protection
These indicators will consider existing
databases of health, the condition of
specific wildlife and plant populations,
and the control of cross-border spread
of vegetation and wildlife diseases.
Indicators of Economically Sustainable
llatural Resource management
•-*• -f rt
These will be indicators of long-term
economic benefits in the management
of renewable natural resources, eco-
tourism, recreation, and other manage-
ment activities.
Boquillos
Canyon,
Big Bend
National
Park, Texas.
-------
Indicators in progress
Amounrof waste generated in the
border area in specific sectors or
industries after implementing pol-
lution prevention methods, nor-
malized for production.
Adjacent to the TRW tnaqttiladora in
Chihuahua, workers construct a
daycare facility for the children
of TRW employees using
entirely recycled
materials.
Investing resources to reduce or prevent
pollution is often a much more cost
effective means of improving the envi-
ronment and avoiding environmental
health problems than spending
resources on regulation, treatment, stor-
age, and disposal. Many of the objec-
tives of the Pollution Prevention
Workgroup thus entail increasing tech-
nical exchange at all levels of govern-
ment to enhance assistance and out-
reach to industry, federal, state, and
municipal authorities, and the public.
As a means of measuring the progress
of the Pollution Prevention
Workgroup's initiatives in accomplish-
ing its pollution goals, the following
indicators have been developed. Several
of these indicators will rely on
data that are normalized for production,
a calculation that distinguishes actual
reductions in waste generationfrom nor-
mal changes in production.
Amount of waste generated in
the border area, normalized for
production.
The first indicator in this pair of indi-
cators will measure specific waste gen-
eration amounts for certain sectors or
industries after pollution prevention
methods have been implemented
through training workshops, site assis-
tance visits, and capacity-building pro-
jects. The second indicator will mea-
sure the total amount of waste generat-
ed in the border area.
In 1998, the Pollution Prevention
Workgroup will begin measuring waste
generation amounts for certain sectors
that have implemented pollution preven-
tion methods. Data obtained through
Haztraks, a binational hazardous waste
tracking system, will be used as a base-
line to compare the growth of industrial
sectors to the amount of waste returning
to the United States from Mexico for
disposal. Data from U.S. Toxic Release
Inventory and the Mexico's Pollutant
Release and Transfer Register (Registro
de Emisiones y Transferencia de
Contaminantes), once the latter database
is available in 1998 or 1999, will also be
used for this indicator.
Indicator in progress
Amount of water consumed in
industrial processes, normalized
for production.
The Pollution Prevention Pollution
Prevention Workgroup's goal is to
optimize the consumption of water
used in industrial processes to reduce
hazardous waste and the use of toxic
products. Water conservation and pre-
vention of pollution to water will
ensure a clean and plentiful supply of
water for future generations of the
U.S.-Mexico border communities.
In 1998, the Pollution Prevention
Workgroup will begin collecting data
from site assistance visits, workshops,
and industry to measure project-spe-
cific water consumption amounts
before and after the implementation of
water conservation and pollution pre-
vention methods.
Indicator in progress
Amount of energy consumed,
normalized for production.
Optimizing the consumption of energy
in the industrial process conserves
energy for use by future generations.
United States-taw Border Environmental Indicators
-------
In 1998, using project-specific data '
collected from site assistance visits,
workshops, and industry, the Pollution
Prevention Workgroup will begin
tracking energy consumption before
and after pollution prevention princi-
ples have been applied.
Indicator in progress
icator in progress
Amount of volatile organic
compounds, nitrogen oxides,
and particulate matter emissions
in the El Paso-Suhland Park-
Ciudad Juarez area.
This indicator will be based on data
collected from air monitoring stations
already in place to measure changes in
air quality. Although changes may be
attributable to causes other than
pollution prevention efforts, the
Pollution Prevention Workgroup will
be able to use the information as a tool
to identify possible sources for pollu-
tion prevention assistance.
Amount of participation from
industry, all levels of govern-
ment, universities, and commu-
nities in workshops promoting
pollution prevention techniques
and recycling programs.
This indicator will measure how many
representatives from industry, govern-
ment, universities, and communities
have received training in pollution pre-
vention initiatives and methods. This
data will be collected beginning in 1998.
This indicator will measure the effec-
tiveness of the workshops and capacity-
building activities of the Pollution
Prevention Workgroup. Such capacity-
building activities have an indirect
effect on the environment as a result of
the implementation of pollution preven-
tion plans, which minimize waste. The
Pollution Prevention Workgroup has
some data from follow-up site assis-
tance visits, and will begin collecting
data from participants at workshops and
training sessions. This indicator may be
expanded to include other data, such as
the cost savings as a result of imple-
menting pollution prevention methods.
Data may be available for this indicator
beginning in 1998.
Indicator in progress _ Indicator in progress
Number of pollution prevention
practices that have been imple-
mented after a site assessment
visit, workshop, or training
session.
Amount of non-toxic chemicals
or materials substituted for toxic
chemicals or materials.
The substitution of non-toxic chemicals
for toxic chemicals in the industrial
process will result in the reduction of
hazardous waste. Beginning in 1998,
project-specific hazardous waste reduc-
tion data will be collected. In 1998 or
1999, the Pollution Prevention
Workgroup will use data that are collect-
ed regularly on the release and transfer
of chemicals, using the U.S. Toxics
Release Inventory and the Mexico's
Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
(Registro de Emisiones y Transferencia
de Contaminantes).
These wheelchairs were
made from recycled materi-
als at a TRW plant in
Chihuahua by disabled
individuals assisted by a
TRW engineer, at a cost
1/15 of the market price.
-------
Insufficient potable water systems and
water pollution resulting from inade-
quate wastewater infrastructure are
some of the principal environmental and
public health problems facing the border
area. In addition, both the growing
human population and the abundant and
diverse wildlife found in the border
region are dependent on a limited sup-
ply of water. As a result, the develop-
ment of an understanding of the quality
and quantity of water resources in the
border region is critical.
The Water Workgroup acts on binational
priorities for environmental infrastruc-
ture development, pollution prevention
and watershed planning, water quality
monitoring, environmental training, and
public education and involvement. The
indicators listed below measure progress
towards alleviating water pollution
problems through the development of
needed wastewater and potable water
infrastructure, and progress towards
improving surface and sub-surface
water quality. In addition, they provide
information on the sustainability of the
Water quality
sampling on the
Colorado
River,
water resources in the border region.
The indicators selected were also based
on the availability of data.
Nogales, Son
Ciudad Acuna
Piedras Negras
nn
-Ha
Matamoros
Sources: Comision Nacional deAgua,
Comision Municipal deAgua Potable y
Alcantarillado de la Ciudad de Reynosa,
Junta de Aguas y Drenaje de la Ciudad de
Matamoros,Sistema Municipal deAgua
Potable y Saneamiento de Piedras Negras,
Sistema Municipal deAgua Potable y
Saneamiento de Ciudad Acuna, Comision
Estacal de Servicios Publicos de Mexican,
Indicator
Percentage of population being
served potable water.
Having a safe, reliable source of drink-
ing water is critical to ensuring ade-
quate public health, because many dis-
ease-causing organisms live in contam-
inated water. Planning and construc-
tion of drinking water infrastructure in
the border area, to enable the safe, reli-
able delivery of drinking water,
is an important activity associated with
the Water Workgroup. This indicator
identifies the percentage of a city's
population that is served drinking
water from a central system, and is
United States-Itaico Border Environmental Indicators
-------
intended to help assess the effective-
ness of current and planned infrastruc-
ture projects.
In the U.S., essentially the entire popula-
tion of the major border cities has drink-
ing water service all of the time. This is
not true for all smaller border communi-
ties, but data for such communities were
not readily available for this report. Data
will be reported for select U.S. commu-
nities in future reports.
In Mexico, some border cities do not
have complete drinking water
distribution systems. In addition, suffi-
cient drinking water may not be available
at all times, even though a drinking water
distribution system is in place. For select
border cities, data are presented on the
population served and the amount of
water available per person. While it is
important for people to have access to a
sufficient amount of drinking water, the
Water Workgroup also recognizes that
water conservation is an important objec-
tive in some border communities.
Indicator
Percentage of population provid-
ed wastewater sewer service.
Wastewater contains chemicals and dis-
ease-causing organisms that can threaten
public health. Sewers are needed to col-
lect wastewater and minimize public
exposure to untreated wastewater. The
Water Workgroup is involved with the
planning and construction of wastewater
sewer infrastructure in the border area.
This indicator measures the percentage
of a community's population that has
sewer service, and is intended to help
assess the effectiveness of current and
planned infrastructure projects.
In the United States, essentially the entire
population of the major border cities has
sewer service. This is not true for all small-
er border communities, but data for these
communities were not readily available for
this report. Data will be reported for select
U.S. communities in future reports.
In Mexico, not all border cities have
complete sewer service, data are provid-
ed for select border cities.
Indicator
Percentage of wastewater col-
lected receiving wastewater
treatment.
Treatment of wastewater is necessary to
remove pollutants and disease-causing
organisms. Exposure to untreated waste-
water can jeopardize public health. The
Water Workgroup is involved in the
planning and construction of wastewater
treatment infrastructure in the border
area. This indicator is intended to help
assess the effectiveness of current and
planned infrastructure projects.
In the United States, during dry weather,
essentially all wastewater is treated in
major border cities. This is not true for
all smaller border communities, but data
for such communities were not readily
available for this report. Data will be
reported for select U.S. communities in
future updates.
In Mexico, not all border cities provide
treatment to all wastewater generated.
data are provided for select border cities.
Mexicali
Negates, Son*
Ciudad Acuna
Piedras Negras
Matamoros
Reynosa
fl
0
0
•
Sources: Comision Nacionai de Agua, Comision
Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantariilado de la
Ciudad de Reynosa, Junta deAguas y Drenaje de
Agua Potable y Saneamiento de Piedras Negras,
Siscema Municipal de Agua Potable y
Saneamiento de Ciudad Acuna, Comision de
Agua Potable y Alcantariilado del Estado de
Sonora-Unidad Nogales, Comision Estatal de
Servicios Publicos de Mexicali.
-------
Indicator
Percentage of total volume of
drinking water being disinfected
prior to delivery.
Drinking water can be contaminated
with disease-causing organisms. In order
to safeguard against such organisms,
communities can disinfect drinking
water prior to distribution to households.
In the United States, major border cities
disinfect their drinking water prior to
distribution to households, but exact data
were not available for this year's report.
Data will be reported for select
U.S. communities in future reports.
For Mexico, data are reported for select
border cities.
Percentage of DrinHing Illeter Disinfected
Prior to Delivery in [DeHico
Water quality
sampling on
the New River.
Mexicali
Nogales, Son*
Ciudad AcuKa f
Piedras Negras
Matamoros
Reynosa
Saurees; Conmion Municipal de Agua
Patable y Ateanrarrlfado de la Ciudad de
Reynosa, Junta deAguas y Drenaje de la
Gudad do Maramoros, Sistema Municipal de
Ajus Poubtc Y Sanoamienco de Piedras
Ncgras, Sistcma Municipal deAgua Potable
y Sasieamicara
-------
Indicator in progress
Water quality of transboundary
surface waters.
The adjacent box lists the surface water
watersheds that the Water Workgroup has
selected to develop surface water quality
indicators for.
Data will cover the period of 1987 to the
present, and will include latitude, longi-
tude, chloride, specific conductance,
hardness, phosphate, oil and grease,
nitrate, ammonia, turbidity, fecal col
iform, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved
solids, and methylene blue active sub-
stances (detergents). Data have been col-
lected from various Federal and state
agencies for these sites, and are being
converted into a form that can be plotted.
COLORADO RIVER
San Luis Colorado
Morelos Reservoir
U.S. Geological Survey
gaging stations
Welton-Mohawk Canal
NEW RIVER
Mexicali
Calexico
Westmoreland
Rio GRANDE
Matamoros-Brownsville
Reynosa-McAllen
Falcon Reservoir
Nuevo Laredo-Laredo
Piedras Negras-Eagle Pass
Ojinaga-Presidio
Cd. Juarez-El Paso
Elephant Butte Reservoir
SAN PEDRO RIVER
Border zone area
SANTA CRUZ RIVER
Border zone area
Indicator in progress
Water quality of transboundary
sub-surface waters.
The Water Workgroup is developing
sub-surface ground water quality indica-
tors for the sub-surface ground water
basins listed in the box below. Data will
cover the period of 1987 to the present,
and will include latitude, longitude, chlo-
ride, specific conductance, hardness,
phosphate, oil and grease, nitrate, ammo-
nia, turbidity, fecal coliform, dissolved
oxygen, total dissolved solids, and meth-
ylene blue active substances (deter-
gents). Data have been collected from
various Federal and state agencies for
these basins, and key wells are being
selected for inclusion as indicator wells.
The data are being converted into a form
that can be plotted.
EDWARDS AQUIFER AT
DEL Rio-CiUDAD ACUNA
HUECO BOLSON AT
EL PASO-CD. JUAREZ
MlMBRES BASIN
SAN PEDRO RIVER
GROUND WATER BASINS
IMPERIAL-MEXTCALI VALLEYS
GROUND WATER BASINS
-------
Conclusion
This report represents the first bination-
al effort to develop environmental indi-
cators for the U.S.-Mexico border
region. Despite the limitations
described earlier, this report is expected
to contribute significantly to the dis-
semination of environmental informa-
tion in the border zone by providing
the public with information about
important environmental issues. The
process of identifying and selecting
indicators is just beginning. This first
generation of indicators is the starting
point for developing and consolidating
a more complete system in the future.
The environmental indicators in this
report are the result of the efforts of the
nine Border XXI Workgroups, state,
tribal, and local agencies, and border
communities. The indicators were
selected taking into consideration the
complexity and availability of informa-
tion on environmental problems.
There are several challenges to address
as we move forward:
V Generally, the amount of environ-
mental information in the border area
is limited. When such information does
exist, it is often difficult to coUect
because many federal, state, and
municipal entities are responsible for
different aspects of it.
If The information provided by each
of the workgroups differs in terms of
quantity and complexity. Consequently,
we plan to further develop the method-
ology for gathering data and to
increase environmental monitoring.
•i The environmental information
being collected by various entities
sometimes overlaps. On both sides of
the border, efforts are being made to
collect environmental information by
governmental entities as well as acade-
mic institutions and non-governmental
organizations. In order to make signifi-
cant progress, it is essential that these
entities in the United States and
Mexico join forces to provide more
compatible data.
For future reports, we intend to inte-
grate the indicators to demonstrate the
relationship between pressure, state,
and response indicators and better
reflect the progress made toward reach-
ing the objectives of Border XXI. We
believe this approach will allow for a
more thorough evaluation of the effec-
tiveness of the environmental policies
in the border region.
As future reports are developed, we
plan to strengthen the participation of
the border communities, state, tribal,
and local agencies, interested organiza-
tions and citizens, and the private sec-
tor. We look forward to improving
future editions of this report, and wel-
come your comments.
United States IDeHJco Border Environmental Indicators
-------
American Lung Association. Danger
Zones: Ozone Air Pollution and Our
Children. New York: American Lung
Association, 1995.
Colegio de la Frontera Norte.
Estructura Socioecondmica de la
Frontera Norte. February 1995.
Ganster, Paul and Alan Sweedler.
"The United States-Mexican
Border Region: Security and
Interdependence," in David E.
Lorey, ed., United States-Mexico
Border Statistics Since 1900 (Los
Angeles: UCLA Latin American
Center Publications, 1993).
Instituto Nacional de Estadfstica,
Geografia e Informatica. Anuario
Estadfstico de los Estados Unidos
Mexicanos. 1984 and 1991.
Instituto Nacional de Estadfstica,
Geografia e Informatica. Informacion
Basica Tabulada de la Frontera Norte,
XI Censo General. 1990.
National Center for Health Statistics.
Report of the Public Advisory
Committee. State of the U.S.-Mexico
Border Environment. September 1993.
Suarez y Tpriello, Enrique and Octavio
Chavez Alzaga. Perfil de la Frontera
Mexico-Estados Unidos.
FEMAP, 1996.
Texas Water Development Board.
Colonias Needs Survey
(executive summary).
Twin Plant News. June 1996 and
January 1998.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
of the Census. Census of Population.
Washington, DC: Government Printing
Office, 1980 and 1990.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
of the Census. County and City Data
Book, 1994. Washington, DC:
Government Printing Office, 1994.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
and Florida Center for Public
Management. National Air and
Radiation Indicators Manual, 1997.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
and Lockheed. The U.S. Mexico
Border Environment Report—Surface
Water Quality (Draft).
United States-Mexico Statistics Since
1900, 1990 Update, Lorey, David E.,
ed. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin
American Center Publications, 1993.
Instituto Nacional de Estadfstica,
Geograffa e Informatica. Estadfsticas
Anuales para la Frontera Norte. 1994.
-------
-------
Number of organizations linked into
and using the Health Alert and Disease
Outbreak Information Exchange, and a
measurement of the effect of "alert" in
early intervention in suddenly emerging
health risks.
Fflir
Areas that have exceedances of ambient
air standards.
Number of exceedances of each ambi-
ent air standard.
Ambient air concentrations for the cri-
teria pollutants in each sister city.
Emissions of pollutants.
P Contingency Planning and
Emergency Response
Number and location of industries
along the border posing risk that have
coordinated emergency response plans.
Number of organizations capable of
responding to chemical emergencies
along the border, by state and locality
or municipality.
Number of sister cities with Local Joint
Plans.
Number of accidents of record per year,
classified by type, frequency, and haz-
ardous substance.
PCopperative Enforcement and
Compliance HsBurance
Number of inspections conducted.
Number of enforcement actions and
penalties.
Amount of money spent on injunctive
relief and Supplemental Environmental
Projects in the United States.
Amount of pollution reduced as a result
of enforcement.
P Environmental Health
Percent reduction in total pesticide
exposure and number of children
impacted.
Number of maps linking geographic
information (e.g., land use) to health
events or high risk groups.
Number of people receiving advanced
training and the number of projects ini-
tiated.
Number of Poison Control Centers in
operation and the number of people
who have received formal training
specifically for the U.S.-Mexico border
area.
Prevalence of specific health effects,
such as elevated blood lead levels on
neural tube defects, and number of
exposure sources or risk factors identi-
fied for intervention. '
P Environmental Information Resources
Number of hits to the U.S.-Mexico
Border Internet Homepage.
Amount of updated Geographic
Information Systems data.
P Hazardous and Solid UJaste
Total and unit generation of hazardous
waste in the border region.
Hazardous waste generation in
maquiladoras in the border region.
Quantities of hazardous waste sent to
the United States from Mexico for treat-
ment and/or disposal.
Quantities of hazardous waste exported
to Mexico for recycling.
Permitted commercial disposal capacity
for hazardous waste in the border
region.
Permitted disposal capacity for solid
waste in the border region.
Recycling capacity in the border region.
Note: Italics signify
indicators in
progress.
-------
P1 natural Resources
Number ofbinational resource man-
agement inventories and assessments
for soils, vegetation and wildlife.
Percentage of full coverage of soil sur-
veys, inventories of soil uses and vege-
tation, and watershed boundary map-
ping in cross-border projects.
Number of courses and workshops in
natural resource management, law
enforcement for protection of sensitive
species, and other environmental edu-
cation; number of participants.
Number of coordinated, binational
responses to forest fires and other wild-
land fires with the potential to cross the
international border or to threaten sen-
sitive species habitat.
Number of sites and quantity of habitat
in projects, designations and agree-
ments that have increased protection,
restoration, or improvement of native
vegetation and wildlife species in wet-
lands, riparian and aquatic areas, for-
est lands, and desert uplands and
grasslands.
Number of projects implemented from
recovery plans, agreements, and other
recovery efforts for sensitive flora and
fauna species.
Number of instances of interdictions of
vegetation or wildlife illicitly transport-
ed across the international border per
number of inspections (regulated
species).
'Pollution Prevention
Amount of waste generated in specific
sectors or industries after implementing
pollution prevention methods, normal-
ized for production.
Amount of waste generated in the bor-
der area, normalized for production.
Amount of water consumed in industri-
al processes, normalized for produc-
tion.
Amount of energy consumed, normal-
ized for production.
Amount of volatile organic compounds,
nitrogen oxides, and paniculate matter
emissions in the El Paso-Sunland Park-
Ciudad Juarez area.
Amount of participation from industry,
all levels of government, universities,
and communities in workshops promot-
ing pollution prevention techniques and
recycling programs.
Amount of non-toxic chemicals or mate-
rials substituted for toxic chemicals or
materials.
Number of pollution prevention prac-
tices that have been implemented after
a site assessment visit, workshop, or
training session.
r later
Percentage of population being served
potable water.
Percentage of population provided
wastewater sewer service.
Percentage of wastewater collected
receiving wastewater treatment.
Percentage of total volume of drinking
water being disinfected prior to delivery.
Water quality of transboundary
surface waters.
Water quality of transboundary
sub-surface waters.
Dotted States=(Itaf£Q Border Environmental Indicators
-------
The following Internet sites
contain information that
may be of interest:
U.S. GOVERNMENT
U.S.-Mexico Border XXI Program:
http://www.epa.gov/usmexicoborder
U.S.-Mexico Information Center on
Air Pollution:
http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/cica
U.S.-Mexico Border .Environmental
Health Program:
http:/www.epa.gov.orsearth
U.S.-Mexico HRSA Border Health:
http:/gateway.ncfh.org/border
Department of Health and Human
Services: http://www.us.dhhs.gov:80
Department of Justice:
http://www.doj .gov
Environmental Protection Agency:
http://www.epa.gov
Environmental Protection Agency
"Surf Your Watershed:"
http://www.epa.gov/surf
National Park Service U.S.-Mexico
Affairs Office:
http://www.nmsu.edu/~nps
U.S. Geological Survey:
http://www.usgs.gov
MEXICAN GOVERNMENT
Secretaria de Medio Ambiente,
Recursos Naturales y Pesca:
http://www.semarnap.gob.mx
Institute Nacional de Ecologfa:
http://www.ine.gob.mx
Procuraduria Federal de Protection al
Ambiente:
http://www.profepa.gob.mx
Comision Nacional del Agua:
http://www.cna.gob.mx
Comision Nacional para el
Conocimiento y Uso de la
Biodiversidad:
http://www.conabio.gob.mx
Instituto Nacional de Estadfstica,
Geografia e Informatica:
http://www.inegi.gob.mx
Secretaria de Salud:
http://cenids.ssa.gob.mx
BILATERAL/TRILATERAL
Commission for Environmental
Cooperation: http://www.cec.org
International Boundary and Water
Commission:
http://www.ibwc.state.gov
North American Development Bank:
http://www.quicklink.com/mexico/nad-
bank
OTHER
Border EcoWeb:
http://www.borderecoweb.sdsu.edu
California Environmental Protection
Agency: http://www.calepa.ca.gov
Texas Natural Resource Conservation
Commission:
http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us
Southwest Center for Environmental
Research and Policy:
http ://www.civil.utah.edu. scerp
Borderlands:
http://www.twinfinet.com/mader/eco-
travel/border
University of Texas at El Paso:
http://www.cerm.utep.edu
INFOMEXUS:
http://infomexus @ infolnk.net
Colonias:
http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/mexico/colo-
nias
Transboundary Resource
Inventory Project:
http://www.glo.tx.us/infosys/gis/trip
Udall Center: http://upr.admin.arizona
Environmental Protection Agency Border Environment Cooperation
Center for Environmental Information Commision:
and Statistics: http://www.ciesin.org http://cocef.interjuarez.com
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Border II Program national Coordinators:
William A. Nitze
Assistant Adminstrator, Office of International
Activities
U.S. EPA
Contact:
Pam Teel
Phone: (202)564-6424
Fax: (202) 564-2412
E-mail: teel.pam@epamail.epa.gov
Jose Luis Samaniego Leyva
Coordinador de Asuntos Internacionales
SEMARNAP
Contacts:
Abraham Nehmad
Phone: (525)628-0652
Fax: (525) 628-0653
E-mail: jsamaniego@buzon.semarnap.gob.mx
ucai@buzon.semarnap.gob.mx
Air
David Howekamp
Director, Air Division
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Contact:
Gerardo Rfos
U.S. EPA, Region 9 (A-5-1)
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone: (415)744-1283
Fax: (415) 744-1072
E-mail: rios.gerardo@epamail.epa.gov
Border HHI Ulorkgroiip Co-Chairs and Contacts:
Adrian Fernandez Bremauntz
Director General de Gestidn e Information Ambiental
INE-SEMARNAP
Contact:
Dr. Victor Hugo Paramo
Director de Administration de la Calidad de Aire
INE-SEMARNAP
Ave. Revolution 1425, Colonia Tlacopac, San Angel
Delegation Alvaro Obregon
Mexico, DF CP 01040
Phone: (525)624-3450
Fax: (525) 624-3584
E-mail: aferaand@ine.gob.mx
vparamo@ine.gob.mx
United Stales-ltaicQ Bonier Environmental Indicators
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Contingency Planning and Emergency Response
Jim Makris
U.S. EPA
Contact:
Kim Jennings
U.S. EPA (5101)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (202)260-5046
Fax: (202) 260-7906
E-mail: jennings.kim@epamail.epa.gov
Eduardo Jimenez Lopez
Director General de Planeacion y Coodinacion
PROFEPA
Contact:
Carlos Gonzalez Guzman
Director de Gasification de Zonas de Riesgo Ambiental
PROFEPA
Periferico Sur 5000, Piso 4
Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco
Mexico, DF CP 04530
Phone: (525)666-9450
Fax: (525)666-9452
E-mail: Auditam@correo.profepa.gob,mx
Cooperative Enforcement and Compliance
Michael Alushin
Director, International Enforcement and Compliance
Division
U.S. EPA
Contact:
Lawrence Sperling
U.S. EPA (MC-2254-A)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (202)564-7141
Fax: (202) 564-0073
Miguel Angel Cancino Aguilar
Jefe de la Unidad Juridica
PROFEPA-SEMARNAP
Boulevard El Pipila No. 1
Edif. Principal P. B.
Tecamachalco, Naucalpan de Juarez
E.M. C.P. 53950
Phone: (525) 589-0166
Contact:
Miriam Gonzalez
Phone: (525) 589-6505
Fax:(525)589-4011
E-mail: mgonzalez@buzon.semarnap.mx
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Environmental Health
Hal Zenick
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab.
U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park
Richard Walling
Director, Office of International and Refugee Health
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Contacts:
Dr. David Otto
NHEERL
U.S. EPA (MD-87)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Phone: (919)541-0479
Fax: (919) 541-4201
E-mail: anderson@herl45.herl.epa.gov
Liam O'Fallon
Office of International and Refugee Health
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Rockville.MD 20857
Phone: (301)443-4010
Fax: (301) 443-4549
Dr. Gustavo Olaiz Fernandez
Director General de Salud Ambiental
Secretaria de Salud
Adrian Fernandez Bremauntz
Director General de Gestion e Informacion Ambiental
INE-SEMARNAP
Contact:
Dra. Rosalba Rojas
Secretaria de Salud
San Luis Potosi No. 192, Piso 4
Colonia Roma
Mexico, DF CP 06700
Phone: (525)584-6160
Fax: (01-72) 71-10-86
E-mail: ecotol® mail.infoabc.com
Environmental Information Resources
Nora McGee
Assistant Regional Administrator
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Contact:
Carmen Maso
U.S. EPA, Region 9 (PMD-10)
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone: (415)744-1750
Fax: (415) 744-1474
E-mail: maso.carmen@epamail.epa.gov
Adrian Fernandez Bremauntz
Director General de Gestion e Informacion Ambiental
INE-SEMARNAP
Contact:
Rolando Rios Aguilar
Director de Informacidn Ambiental
INE-SEMARNAP
Ave. Revolution 1425, Colonia Tlacopac, San Angel
Delegation Alvaro Obregon
Mexico, DF CP 01040
Phone: (525)624-3454
Fax: (525) 624-3584
E-mail: rcrios@ine.gob.mx
United States-Mexico Border Environmental Indicators
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Hazardous and Solid Waste
Jeff Scott
Deputy Director, Waste Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Contact:
Heidi Hall
U.S. EPA, Region 9 (WSf-2-1)
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone: (415)744-1284
Fax: (415)744-1072
E-mail: hall.heidi@epamail.epa.gov
Dra. Cristina Cortinas de Nava
Directora General de Materiales, Residues
y Actividades Riesgosas
Contact:
Ing. Luis Wolf
INE-SEMARNAP
Ave. Revolucion 1425, Nivel 12
Colonia Campestre, San Angel
Delegacion Alvaro Obregon
Mexico, DF CP 01040
Phone: (525)624-3423
Fax: (525) 624-3586
E-mail: lwolf@ine.gob.mx
Natural Resources
Susan Lieberman
Department of the Interior
MIB4429
1849 C Street N.W.
Washington, DC 20240
Phone: (202) 208-5160
Javier de la Masa
Coordinador de Areas Naturales Protegidas
INE-SEMARNAP
Contacts:
Celia Pigueron or Pia Gallina
INE-SEMARNAP
Ave. Revolucion 1425, Colonia Tlacopac, San Angel
Delegacion Alvaro Obregdn
Mexico, DF CP 01040
Phone: (525) 624-3336 or 3338
Fax: (525) 624-3338
E-mail:cpigueron@ine.gob.mx
mgallina@ine.gob.mx
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Pollution Prevention
Sam Coleman
Director, Compliance Assurance and Enforcement Division
U.S.EPA, Region 6
Contact:
Joy Campbell
U.S.EPA, Region 6 (6EN-XP)
1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
Phone: (214)665-8036
Fax: (214) 665-7446
Adrian Fernandez Bremauntz
Director General de Gestion e Information Ambiental
INE-SEMARNAP
Contact:
Luis Sanchez Catano
Director de Gestion Ambiental
INE-SEMARNAP
Ave. Revoluci6n 1425, Colonia Tlacopac, San Angel
Delegaci6n Alvaro Obreg6n
Mexico, DF CP 01040
Phone: (525)624-3570
Fax: (525) 624-3584
E-mail: lsanchez@ine.gob.mx
Water
William Hathaway
Director, Water Quality Protection Division
U.S.EPA, Region 6
Contact:
Oscar Cabra
U.S.EPA - Region 6 (6-WQ)
1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
Phone: (214)665-2718
Fax: (214) 665-2191
E-mail: cabra.oscar@epamail.epa.gov
Ing. Prospero Ortega
Subdirector de Construction
Comision Nacional de Agua
Contact:
Ing. Jaime Tinoco Rubi
Coordinador de Asustos Fronterizos
Comision Nacional de Agua
Insurgentes Sur 1806, Mezzanine
Colonia Florida
Mexico, DF CP 01030
Phone: (525)229-8650
Fax: (525) 229-8353
E-mail: jtinoco@gsmn.cna.gob.mx
United Stales-Mexico Bonier Environmental Indicators
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For comments on or questions about this environmental indicators report,
please contact the U.S. or Mexican project coordinators.
U.S. - Mexico Border Environmental Indicators Coordinators:
DARRIN SWARTZ-LARSON
U.S. EPA, REGION 9 (PMD-1)
75 HAWTHORNE STREET
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105
TEL.: (415) 744-1638
FAX: (415) 744-1678
E-MAIL: SWARTZ-LARSON.DARRIN@EPAMAIL.EPA.GOV
ROLANDO C. RfOS AGUILAR
DIRECTOR DE INFORMACION AMBIENTAL
INE-SEMARNAP
Av. REVOLUCION 1425, COL. TLACOPAC, SAN ANGEL
DELEGACION ALVARO OBREGCN
MEXICO, D.F. C.P. 01040
TEL.: (525) 624-3454
FAX: (525) 624-3584
E-MAIL: RCRIOS@INE.GOB.MX
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