- ,-... - Case Studies held; by
The Research Library for RCRA
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1
by J. T. Newton.
edited by Fred Friedman
Contractors (Labat-Anderson, Inc.)
The following annotations are for case studies held at the
Research Library for RCRA. Entries in bold type are the subject
locations at the Research Library. This; list is not
comprehensive. Pollution Prevention studies consist of half of .
the studies listed. Some case studies exist as parts of larger
documents, few of which are included here. For further
information about an individual case study, call us at
(617) 573-9687. An index is provided at the back.
Subtitle D;
APARTMENT BUILDINGS
1. Challenge of Multi-Feimily Recycling
Written by James Wood, the Director of recycling at Vital
Visions Corp. in Freeport, Florida. Discusses the
challenges of a recycling program in multi-family housing.
Studies how Okaloosa and Clearwaterc Florida and Allentown,
Pennsylvania approeiched tti£; problem^':" The physical structure
and management of multi-family complexes requires varying
systems and approaches to waste management. (June 1991)
APARTMENT BUILDINGS-MASSACHUSETTS :
2. Apartment Building Recycling: A Manual for Apartment Owners
and Managers i
Prepared by Resources Integration Systems Ltd. for the
Division of Solid Waste Management DEQE of Massachusetts.
The manual is a general guide for ihunicipal DPW officials to
explain how to overcome the barriers and implement workable
apartment building recycling programs in Massachusetts. (May
1988)
ASH-ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND '.
3. Environmental Defense Fund vs. City=6f~Chicagb
Environmental Defense Fund sued the city of Chicago saying
that ash generated from incinerators of municipal resource
recovery facilities was subject -toiregulation as hazardous
waste. The Court.of Appeals held that the ash generated
from such incinerators is subject to regulations as
hazardous waste.under Subtitle C or RCRA. (1991)
[BOOKSHELF] :
4. Making Less Garbage: A Planning Guide For- Communities
Written and published by INFORM, a Nonprofit research
organization, looked around the cotintry for successful
....... source reduction ef forts-. - The guid4 describes dozens of
specific activities to reduce the amount and/or toxicity of
solid waste that are being carried,.out in the states.
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These activities include: government source reduction
programs'[procurement and operations], institutional
source reduction programs [in prisons, hospitals, and
schools], government programs to stimulate source reduction
action, business source reduction programs, education [for
consumers and in schools], economic incentives and
disincentives, regulatory measures, and programs aimed
specifically at reducing toxics in the waste streams. (1992)
BUSINESS-WASTE
5. Waste Prevention Pays Off: Companies Cut Waste in the
Workplace
By the US EPA. The booklet describes the successful waste
prevention efforts of a large computer firm, a defense
contractor, and ice cream company, and a variety of other
businesses. While a program would be tailored to a specific
company's needs, a great deal can be learned from other
businesses experiences. (September 1993)
CFCS ;
6. Protecting the Ozone Layer: Safe Disposal of Home Appliances
Containing Ozone Depleting Substances
The booklet, by the US EPA, is designed to serve as a
practical tool for understanding the issue bf safe disposal
of ozone depleting substances arid..creating a national
network for sharing ideas, solutions and resources. It
includes an outline of the Clean Air Act requirements for
disposal of appliances containing refrigerants, case
studies highlighting existing or developing programs
. throughout the country, and an overview of the technical
issues associated with refrigerant recovery. (July 1993)
CALIFORNIA-TEMECULA-RECYCLING-CASE STUDIES
7. City Responds to Recycling Mandate
Written by the Solid Waste Program Manager and City Manager
of the city of Temecula, CA. It tells of the city's
compliance with the California Assembly Bill [AB] 939 which
mandated a 25% reduction in the amount of solid waste
deposited in landfills by 1995 and 50% by the year 2000.
(October 1992) ' \ .-.- - -
COMPOSTING-CASE STUDIES
8. US Solid Waste Composting Facility Profiles
Sponsored by the United States Conference of Mayors; the
profile make Cities aware of who is doing what in solid
waste composting. The profile provides information about
all operating facilities in the United States. (May 1992)
9. Proceedings National Extension Compost Utilization. Conference,
June 1993 ~~"
Proceedings of a composting conference held in Minnesota.
The,topics discussed all aspects,of, composting, its use, and
markets. Includes case studies on municipal & regional
programs, facility design, on farm,' yard waste, and
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industrial.waste composting.
COMPOSTING-FOOD PRODUCTION
10. Application of the Aerated Pile Method for Composting >
Municipal Organic Refuse 1980 edition
The composting program was conceived as a means of
generating needed topsoil for a large scale "greening"
effort without the cost and adverseienvironmental effects of
importing topsoil. The program was:conducted in the South
Bronx with grants from the National Center for Appropriate
Technology, the Fund for the City of New York, the Jesse
Smith Noyes Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation.
COMPOSTING-MASSACHUSETTS
11. Bidding Procedures and Conflicting State Policies
The town of Nantucket, MA developed:a privatized solid waste
composting facility. But the town had violated the state
procurement laws in selecting the developer of the project
and the service contract if entered'[ into by the Town would
be null and void. (November 1989)
COMPOSTING-SEWAGE SLUDGE
12. Philadelphia's Composting Experiences
Written by the Philadelphia Water Department,~ the paper
describes the steps taken by the City to end ocean dumping
of sludge. The paper describes the plants used to compost
the sludge and the process used to distribute the end
product. (1980)
13. Overview of Compost Research Conducted by the Los Angeles
County Sanitation District
The objective of this study, done by the Los Angeles County
Sanitation Districts, was to improve the existing windrow
composting system. The study also evaluated the aerated
static pile process, and two mechanical systems: one
enclosed and one not. (1980)
COMPOSTING-YARD WASTE
14. Leaf Composting Program -' -
Describes the procedure used by Falls Township, Pennsylvania
for leaf composting. It describes the collection methods,
compost facility operations, processing and safety at the
facility. (January 1990)
15. Yard Waste Composting: A Study of Eight Programs (EPA 1989)
Discusses high tech, mid tech, and low tech, programs in CA,
MI, MO, MA, NB, WA, NJ, and MM.
16. Designing Yard Waste Composting Program
Summary of the report above. An EPA funded study
characterizing- eight yard waste .composting programs in the
U.S. to provide design options for -these programs. The .
information provided represents a cross section of many
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available ..options for designing yard waste composting
programs~ (Oct 1990, Waste Age)
CONTRACTS . ;
17. Solid Waste Contract Negotiation Handbook
Prepared "for the US EPA by the Bureau of Governmental
Research at the University of Oregon. The case studies
illustrate some of the diversity in solid waste agreements.
The information in the studies is almost entirely from
contract documents and can be used as a useful guideline.
The cases are Benton County, Oregon issued a long-term
franchise to the owner-operator of ia landfill; Pierce
County, Washington is similar to Benton County with special
attention to tort liability matters in 1987 amendments;
Bade County, Florida has a contract: with a private firm for
collection of recyclable materials.1 (May 1992)
CURBSIDE COLLECTION-MASSACHUSETTS :
18. Curbside Collection of Recyclables: JA Planning Guide
Written by Ferrand & Scheinberg Associates for Mass. Bureau-
of Solid Waste Disposal in 1985. The document provides
assistance to Mass,, municipalities .interested in planning
cUrbside recycling collection programs. The fourteen
programs reviewed were selected because .each illustrated- the
use of a different kind of vehicle "collection system.
(December 1985)
FINANCE-RESOURCE RECOVERY AND RECYCLING
19. Analysis and Financing of Recycling;Based Businesses: Case
Study Manual
Written by the National Development Council, the manual
offers hypothetical scenarios withquestions for the reader
to answer to determine the best course of action. (June
1993)
HOSPITALS-WASTE ;
20. Hospital Pollution Prevention Case Study
In this study, the US EPA investigated the disposable used
in.patient care at the US Department of Veterans Affairs
Cincinnati Hospital and Fort Thomas Medical Center to
identify future opportunities for minimizing solid waste,.
Since some hospital waste is similar for each hospital in
the country, this report's findings are all reproducible.
(August 1991)
HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE-COLLECTION
21. Household Hazardous Waste Management: A Manual for One-Day
Community Collection Programs j - .
Published by the EPA, the booklet includes two case studies.
The first is of the Public Utilities Department in Raleigh,
North Carolina. The Department began a program to-educate
the citizens of Raleigh about household hazardous waste and
proper HHW management methods, and:to collect HHW from the
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residents...and. recycle some of the collected wastes. It did
this thrSugh a one day Household Hazardous Waste collection
day. The case discusses the publicity, type of waste
collected, and funding and costs involved in the program.
The second study is similar except for the location:
Rochester, New York. (August 1993)
HOUSING
22. HUD Case Study: Phoenix, Arizona
Study of cost cutting measures in an Affordable Housing
Demonstration project. Costs saved through changes in
processing procedures and other requirements and using some
building practices not normally followed. Not completely
reproducible due to differing building codes in each
community in the country. (1983)
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT-SOLID WASTE
23. Systematic Approach for Landfill Siting: A Case Study
A short abstract on the guidelines (also included)
in a systematic approach to screening and evaluating a
suitable Class 1 landfill site. (January 1988)
INVESTMENT ALTERNATIVES . _ ! _1
24. Resources From Waste and.Self-Reliant investment
Written in a book called Doing It OurselvesT ^by 'Larry r
Martin, the case studies give examples of private and public
initiatives to recover and to recycle the resource value of
waste. """;; ' "":'~ " ' : -.--.
The first study is of Jay Eaton, a recycling entrepreneur.
He operates the Portage Recycling Center in Portage,
Michigan. Eaton recycles newspaper, glass, cans, engine
parts, motors, flowerpots, metals, cameras, books, wood,
appliances, furniture, toys, tires,i tools, and more. He
has added seven years to the city's dump and the dump now
salvages 20% of the trash brought to it.
The next group of studies briefly describe how recycling in
Palo Alto, Cal., Peterborough, N.H., and all of New Jersey
has saved the towns or state money on disposal costs.
A third group of cases tells of how Midwest Plastics,
Eaglebrook Plastics, St. Jude Polymer, Inc. and
Recycloplast, Inc. all have recycled plastics to make new
products. - , -
LANDFILLS-GENERAL
25.- Geological Considerations in the Siting of a Sanitary
Landfill, Ulster County, New York
Discusses the geological considerations to the proposed
landfill site in Ulster County. The site was determined to
be unacceptable as a landfill. The authors are geologists
from a community college and state college in neighboring
towns of the proposed landfill. (September 1985)
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LANDFILLS-LINERS
26. Municipal Landfills Using Double Liners: Seven Case Studies
Studies of municipalities using double-lined
landfilling. Each case tells the location, size, type of
waste and" method of double lining of each landfill. The
study was done by the magazine Waste Age. Since double
lining is becoming the standard each case is reproducible.
(October 1985)
LAWS AND LEGisiATioN-GENERAL-ENViRONMENTAL PERMITS
27. Environmental Permitting For A Source Recovery Facility: A
Strategic Overview and Case Study Analysis
Illustrates the variability of permitting scenarios that are
encountered for resource recovery facilities. Three
regulatory frameworks are used: [1] Coordinated
Environmental Impact Statement [EIS] and Permit Review with
Provision for Scoping, [2] Coordinated EIS and Permit Review
with Blanket Application of Regulations, and [3] Operating
Permit Format with No EIS Requirement. Since each state '
has its own regulations regarding Source Recovery
Facilities, the case study is more a guideline for in-state
permitting in CT, MA, and PA. Study was done by ERT - A
Resource Engineering" Company. v ^v :^ . v,, ^
LEAD-BATTERIES
28. Automobile Workers vss. Johnson Controls, March 20, 1991
A summary of a court case against Johnson Controls for their
policy that no women capable of child bearing could have
a job where the level from exposed lead in the woman's blood
was above the OSHA limit. Automobile Workers said it was
discriminatory. Initially the courts sided for Johnson
Controls but the decision was overturned.
MINIMIZATION, WASTE
29. Case for Stopping Wastes at Their Sotirce
An article from Environment magazine telling what companies,
states, and peoplei can do to reduce" waster The case study
involves a plumbing product company^ Stanadyne, and how it
reduced waste generation by 46% with $20,000 per year cost
savings. (April, 1986)
30. Waste Reduction Through Material and!Process Substitutions:
Progress and Problems Encountered -±n Industrial Implement-
ation. ;
Published in Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, Vol. 4,
#1, 1987 by Lisa Gardner, et. al., this article presents
a case of the .minimization of chlorinated caustic-or .acidic-
cleaners and degreasers in industry. Also presents cases
of substituting for toxic metals and replacement of inks
paints, and solvents with aqueous-substitutes. National,
and local, large and small firms were surveyed.
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MUNICIPAL WASTE-ECONOMICS-CHICAGO
31. Economics of Municipal Solid Waste Management: The Chicago
Case ;
Using Chicago as an example, the US EPA tried to determine
those factors affecting residential1 solid waste. Though
somewhat dated, the study surveyed race, household size,
income, and solid waste distribution. (August, 1978)
OIL SPILLS-CONTAMINATION
32. .Oil and Water Don't Mix ,
Written by a commercial firm, the report describes the
problem of organic contaminants in groundwater from oil
dumping, the solution used, and a list of 11 sites that have
organic contamination in groundwater. (1990)
PACKAGING-SOURCE REDUCTION-ECONOMICS
33. Factoring the Value of Source Reduction into Packaging Use/
Post Use Economics ;
Using 9 communities of varied size and demography an
analysis was made to determine the total cost of packaging
of a product (including recycling) using aluminum, glass,
plastics, and steel. Conducted by the American Plastic
r_. ; Council. (1990) - - ; ; O: v
PAINT :
3A.: Paint Recycling: .A Case Study ~-:
Arnold Hoffman, employed by Major Paint Co., describes
how the firm converted its wash water residue and plant
call-backs into a new product thereby declassifying the
company as a hazardous waste generator. Also describes a
program for communities in California to collect latex
paint and incorporate used paint into new product.
(November, 1990)
PLASTICS-CASE STUDIES ',
35. The Borough of the Bronx, NY !
36. Town of Islip, Suffolk County, NY : - 7-
37... Town of North Hempstead, Nassau County, NY
.38. :City of Philadelphia, PA ... . ; .. .
39. Hilton Head Island, SC
40. Chicago Park District, IL \
41. Hennepin County, MN '
42. USS Lexington (ATV-16)-, -Pensaeola, -FL- ^ ,_... ......
43. East Rockaway Public Schools, Nassau County, NY
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44. Walnut CreTsk, CA
i
Each case study above, conducted by!The Council for
Solid Waste Solutions (i.e. the plastics industry)
discusses how each community dealt with the issue of
plastic recycling and the action that the Council
took to accomplish the program. End results reported.
PLASTICS-RECYCLING-FILM-ECONOMICS :
45. Closing The Loop
Written by Rubbermaid, describes how the company uses
post-consumer plastic waste in the production of its
products. Tells how the firm is able to compete with virgin
plastic when using LDPE stretch wrap as the raw material.
(1992) : .
PLASTICS-RECYCLING-HOW TO
46. Plastics in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream
Case studies of strategies communities and firms and
associations have used to reduce an
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These are ..some specific holdings. However, should you
require a Pollution Prevention subject or industry case
study not listed, do contact us. We are aware of many
held by the Pollution Prevention Section of US EPA
Region 1, by the Northeast Waste Management Officials
Association (NEWMOA), and by the Pollution Prevention
and toxic's reduction divisions of many Northeast states
environmental agencies. |
48. Profits From Pollution Prevention
Written by the Pollution Probe Foundation, and sponsored
by Ontario Ministry of the Environment and other
Canadian agencies and firms, this is a book length guide
describing how a company can develop a program for waste
reduction. It also describes a variety of technologies
used in waste reduction in metals plating, photography
supplies manufacturing, metals cleaning, the newspaper
industry, and chemicals industry. j(1990)
49. Pollution Prevention Research Branch: Current Projects
Briefly describes the 41 Pollution Prevention projects
that were supported by the US EPA in FY 1991.
POLLUTION PREVENTION - 1,1,1 TRICHLOROETHANE BY AQUEOUS SUB-
STITUTE' -*;'--.-*-*- "... '-..- : ' . ;.,,-.- ;,--,^:>.. ., - - , ,
50. Toxics Use Reduction Case Study
Conducted by a Massachusetts agency's technical assist-
: ance staff, two firms implemented chemical substitutions
and process changes which completely eliminated the
need for this highly toxic material:.
POLLUTION PREVENTION-CASE STUDIES
Ohio Pollution Prevention Case Studies for Non-Hazardous
Industrial and Commercial Waste
The 25 case studies published by the Ohio EPA were all
voluntarily provided by facility contacts. The studies
document the efforts of Ohio companies to overcome barriers
in implementing non-hazardous Pollution Prevention programs.
"Each study provides the following standarddescriptors:""
Project Name SIC Code Products Manufactured
Name of Firm Location Contact Person
-# Employees Clean Technology Category
Proj ect -Summary Economics Benefits
-Obstacles Problems . pate
Contacts Citations keywords
The cases studied [all in Ohio]:
51-] OvM. Scott & sons Co, Marysville, reduced..ammonia
emissions in their fertilizer manufacturing plant by 67%
since 1987. They manufactured products without phosphorus
as was possible/ using it as an additive after drying which
generated 33-80% less ammonia.
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52] Omega- Pultrusions, Aurora, manufacturer of reinforced
plastic parts reduced plastic scrap by 28% in a single year
by implementing management controls over production and
empowering employee decision-making.
53] Neo-Wood Products, Tiffin, turned byproducts from wood
machining into raw materials for a new division.
54] Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District conducted a pol-
lution prevention seminar for the radiator repair industry.
55] The Garber Co., Ashland, converted from an internal
laundry service to an outside contractor eliminating
pollutants previously discharged into sewers from laundering
rags.
56] Franklin Boxboard Corp., Franklin, reduced the amount of
waste water it produced and fresh water used in production.
Results achieved by modifying the process and equipment in -
the pretreatment area. ;
57] American Electric Power, Columbus, promoted the .use of
coal ash with-a marketing and business plan that identified
new applications for the ash.
58 ] Mercy Medical; Center, - Springfield,, started -a recycling
program for paper, corrugated, tin,,steel, aluminum, and
glass. As pollution prevention this is questionable.
59] Summa Health System, Akron, implemented a program that
decreased biomedical wastes, recycled items from x-ray
processes, and reused medical equipment.
60] Miami Mill, West Carollton, developed and applied deink-
ing technology to produce 210 tons per day of recovered
paper utilized in the remanufacture of specialty printing
products and-paper products. The drinking facility was
upgraded three times: 1975, 1990, and 1992.
61] Terramat Corp;, Youngstown, developed and patented a
method of recycling scrap truck tires into portable road
mats used in-the-logging, mining, construction, railroad
transportation, oil, and gas industries.
62] Union Spring & Manufacturing Corp., Chillicothe,
implemented a system for collecting;nonhazardous waste for
remanufacturing. The- wastes collected from,r steel-making
processes included dusts, scales, and scrap.
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63] Campbell Soup Company, Napoleon> created a new reclam-
ation system for condemned products including tin, glass,
aluminum, and vegetables. The vegetables are dried and
sold as an animal feed supplement. ;
64] Columbia Gas Distribution Companies, Columbus, started
a recycling program.
65] PMI Food Equipment Group, Hillsboro, recycles raw
material scrap cardboard, wood skids, coolant, cutting oil,
oil filters, banding material, and empty drums.
66] F. E. Myers Company, Ashland, has an ongoing pollution
prevention program that has so far focused on recycling and
energy conservation. A compactor separates and compacts
corrugated. Myers remanufactures time cards, data process-
ing paper, white paper. Myers separates and sells materials
for recycling including steel, brass chips, aluminum chips.
Wood skids are returned for reuse; cast iron scrap is melted
for reuse in the company foundry. Myers is looking for a "
use for foundry sand, 95% of which is nonhazardous.
67]_Dow Chemical, Findley, started a waste reduction program
for scrap cores, scrap metal, film,'steel bands," eridplates,
and packaging materials. ;
68] Hedjstrbm'"CbrpV7"Ashland7" starte^r^waste -reduction in
maintenance operations, housekeeping, and training.
The firm also improved manufacturing processes in the manu-
facture of vinyl, rubber, and latex,
69] Ohio Electric Control, Ashland, saves corrugated cartons
it receives for reuse and recycles packaging materials. It
also salvages metal wastes for recycling.
70] Monsanto Corp., Addyston, began a plant-wide program to
segregate_pallets, plastics, metals for recycling and reuse
"in manufacturing.Employee "involvement programs recycle
household items from domestic use: kven if the waste is
generated at home, employees bring it to Monsanto for reuse
"or "recycling. -
71] Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District, Cleveland,
~impTemented a comprehensive Trecyciing program for all of the
most common contents of municipal solid waste, as well as
for lead-acid batteries, wood, used oil which were generated
both in company facilities and in employees homes.
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72] Stone" Container Corp, Coshocton* recovered all paper at
its plant for recycling. The firm used all wood waste for
fuel in an energy recovery boiler, collected scrap metal and
sold it to local scrap dealers. Waste water sludge (mainly
wood fiber and biomass) was utilized as fuel as well.
Wood-ash -from the boiler is marketed to farms as an
agricultural supplement.
73] GE Superabrasives, Worthington initiated a recycling
program for glass, aluminum, corrugated, plastics, aluminum,
steel, and paper. Additionally, graphite dust, is sold for
reuse after processing from ceramic Lake- Eriel Basin
Using the same format as the document above, this document
studies 31 cases. (September, 1992). The cases are:
76]^Adelphia, Inc., Cleveland, implemented a paint process
modification to change from solvent; based to vrater based
paint, reducing air emissions, and a nonhazardous water-
based cleaner for degreasing.
77] Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.,:Cleveland, changed the
direction of batch process seal pot water used in vinyl
acetate-polymerization from a local;, publicly owned treat-
ment works to "a continuous process for raw material feed
stocks where the vinyl acetate is converted to a saleable
product. .-!..--
78] Automatic Welding and Manufacturing, Ashland, a 'job-
shop7 fabricatori:updated their paint guns to airless guns
and substituted,high solids paints to reduce hazardous
waste generation. They.also recycle and reuse all paint
thinners onsite. ;
79] BP Chemicals, Inc., Lima, replacedan old facility with
a new one to reduce air emissions by approximately 2,000
tons per year of NOx, and recovered: nitrogen oxides, -
turning them into a saleable product in its nitric acid
production process.
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80] CityMachine and Wheel Co., Stow, changed a conventional
wet paint coating operation to a dry powder and a state-
of-the-art coating system, eliminating hazardous waste of
85,100 Ibs per year. The majority of operations in which
this was done were in welding, painting, and tire mounting
on wheels- for lawn/garden and recreational vehicles.
81] Cleveland Wood Products, Cleveland, makers of brushes
for the vacuum cleaner industry, reduced volatile organic
compound (VOC) emissions from their painting operations by
changing from an electrostatic lacquer system that was
mixed on-site to an enamel pre-mixed spray system. The firm
later used water-based paint, reducing emissions in other
processes.
82] Copeland Corporation, Wapakoneta, replaced 1,1,1, tri-
chloroethane cleaning solvent with a petroleum-based product
and also_replaced xylene-based paint with powder coating,
eliminating liability from handling!, storage, and disposal
of paint-related wastes. Fumes, top have been eliminated. -
The waste from the petroleum product is reused in the
manufacture of new fuel. This firm1 remanufactures and
assembles compressors for residential air-conditioning.
83] Crown Equipment Corp., New Bremen, replaced 1,1,1 tri-
chloroethane with an aqueous cleaning solution in its cold
cleaning degreasing and-vaporrdegreasing operations.
84] Diebold, Inc., Canton, reduced the use of solvents
through paint substitution. They participated in US EPA's
33/50 program.
85] Dietrich Industries, Inc., Warren, a metal fabricating
and steel processing facility, mechanically modified a
washer and now uses ultrafiltration, technology to decrease
hazardous wastes and chemicals.
-86]- Eveready Battery Company, Fremont," implemented process
-and equipment modifications to reduce the amount of solvents
used and eliminated 1,1,1 trichloroethane from a labeling
adhesive with a water-based adhesive.
87] General Metals Powder Co., Akron, installed ion exchange
columns and-modified their regenerating process so as to
* concentrate and reuse copper laden rinse waters. The new
process requires more water and chemicals,to de-ionize
water. It also requires more electricity than the older
process, but the firm:is now in compliance with its sewer
use permit and does not generate any hazardous waste.
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88] GerrCy-Schultz Corp., Toledo, substituted synthetic oil
for soluble oil in its quench pits. The synthetic oil is
used.in zinc die-casting resulting in a large reduction of
disposable waste. ;
89] Gerity-Schultz Corp., Toledo had another project which
substituted ethylene glycol (the. major component of anti-
freeze) with diethylene glycol as a hydraulic fluid for a
reduction in the production of toxic materials.
90] Guardian Automotive Products, Upper Sandusky, replaced
1,1,1, trichloroethane with a solvent which has a lower
evaporation rate and is more environmentally friendly in
manufacturing laminated windshields.
91] Kovatch Casting Sompany, Uniontown, reduced the use and
emissions of 1,1,1 trichloroethane through improved house-
keeping. The solvent still in use is reclaimed off-site and
reused by a ferrous and non-ferrous investment foundry.
92] The Lincoln Electric Company, Cleveland, manufacturers
of arc welding products and industrial motors, reduced the
quantity of 1,1,1 trichloroethane used in paints, coatings,
and metal cleaning operations through material "-'-
substitutions. It has also reduced the releases of barium
compounds. Modification of processing allowed the capture
and reuse of manganese lore. Also"an ion-exchanger "strips _'"
copper from plating streams for sale to a copper reclaimer.
93] Luke Engineering & Manufacturing Company, Wadsworth, is
reducing and eventually will eliminate the use of 1,1,1
trichloroethane by replacing it with biodegradable, water-
based alkaline cleaners in its aluminium finishing plant.
94] Manufacturers Enameling Corp., Toledo, converted all
painting jobs from liquid to powder paint.
95](Neo-Wood Products, Tiffin,~a wobd~furniture "manufacturer
redissolves-nitrocellulose lacquer bverspray dust on a
lacquer thinner solvent blend for reclamation and reuse.
This enhances housekeeping and fire safety.
96] Perfection ^Finishers, inc., Wauseon, eliminated the use
of 1,1 ri trichliDrtDethahe as a degreaser, changing to a
citrus-based cleaning compound made from orange peels in
its plating, painting, finishing, and decorating of glass
plastic, and metal.
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97] Plas^icolors, Inc., Ashtabula, manufacturer of disper-
sions, additives, and colorants, implemented a waste
minimization program that reduced waste generation by 43%
during its first year. The reduced wastes were chiefly
resins. The firm additionally participated in' recycling
office paper and corrugated.
98] PPG Industries, Cleveland, uses an ultrafiltration/
reverse osmosis process water reclamation unit to reclaim
cleaning water for reuse in production cleaning of
automotive coatings. The firm also has installed water-
based topcoats and primers for solvent based topcoats.
99] Premix, Inc., North Kingsville, created a solvent
replacement task force to make substitutions that are less
hazardous. It also investigated substitutions for its
thermoset molding compounds.
100] Republic Engineered Steels, Inc., Canton eliminated
waste streams containing 1,1,1 trichloroethane by modify-
ing processes and equipment in manufacturing high quality
bar steel and specialty steels.
101] TextiTeather Corp., Toledo, makers of vinyl coated
fabrics and film* analyzed excessi cleaning oil, reducing
its solids level. The processed oil is filtered and
sold -to a client> "' -.-.- ----: ":"-.-^^^^*^'-^^:^^-::~^=:,-;:^~^. -.;
102] Ultra Forge, Inc., Cuyahoga Falls, completely removed
1,1,1 trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene from its
manufacturing facilities by installing spray wash equipment
and by using alkaline-based solutions in .its production
of aluminum wheels and hubs for trucks.
103] Van Dorn Plastic Machinery Company, Strongsville,
eliminated the use of clorinated solvents for a cleaning
operation by substituting an alkaline soap solution that
is applied by a 'stream" cleaner "for" cleaning" of ~
plastic injection molding" machines.
~104] Walbridge Coating Company, Walbridge, implemented a
metal recovery and sludge recycling plan to reduce the
amount of hazardous waste generated. An electro-
galvanizing- facility recovered~zinc arid nickel sulfate from
waste waterstreams and generated a commercially useable
by-product for modifying equipment, and processes.
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105] Whirlpool Corp, Marion Division, Marion, a metal
finishing* appliance manufacturing facility implemented a
variety of source reduction activities to reduce emissions,
avoid disposal costs and create safer working environments.
It installed new paint guns to reduce paint and emissions,
a cleaner regeneration system to reduce the amount of
cleaners used, and changing to cathbdic paint from anodic
electrostatic painting to eliminate1ketones.
106] York Internation Corp., Elyria reduced emissions by
90% over 4 years through process modifications and materials
substitutions to its heating and air conditioning
manufacturing operations.
POLLUTION PREVENTION-DIRECTORIES
107. Waste Minimization Issues and Options
Study by Versar, Inc. and Jacobs Engineering Group for the
US EPA's Waste'Treatment Branch lists 115 companies, the
product the company makes, a description of the waste
minimization method used, the percent and quantity of waste
reduction, SIC Code, number of employees, project objective-,
capital investment, annual cost savings, and payback
period for each entry. (October, 1&86)
POLLUTION -PREVENTION-EPA~PUBLIC INFORMATION
108. Three Case Studies: An Introduction
In EPA Journal, July/September, 1993 the entire issue is
devoted in --Pollution Prevention.... These:--casve studies discuss
the results at 3 companies, Xerox Corporation, Borden
Chemical Company, and Hyde Manufacturing Company. Rather
than simply complying with environmental regulations each
firm took steps to reduce pollution at the source.
POLLUTION PREVENTION-PREON BY NITROGEN
109. Toxics Use Reduction Case Study: VOC and Freon Reduction at
Galileo Electro-Optics Corp.
A study by the State of Massachusetts describes how the
Sturbridge, MA firm substituted chemicals in its production
and quality inspection areas to -reduce VOCs. Trichloro-
ethylene usage and emissions were reduced by 95% by
recycling freon in-process, and emissions were reduced by
60%.: .. _..... ... _ ,-.;.'
POLLUTION PREVENTION-LABORATORIES
110. Laboratory-Waste^pisposal: -Five-Cases of Model Practices
This study is in an article in Pollution Engineering by a
consultant to laboratories which characterizes 5. success-
ful lab waste management programs that can be used as
models for other-facilities. Covers a variety of lab
situations. .(April, 1985)
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POLLUTION PREVENTION-SOLVENTS
111. Toxics Use Reduction: Case Study
Done by the Office of Technical Assistance in the Executive
Office of Environmental Affairs for the State of
Massachusetts. It is a summary of Kilmartin Tool Go. -'The
company devised a method for minimizing CFC losses. The
change permitted the company to.reduce it use of CFC by 80%.
PROCUREMENT-BIDS
112. BidTRAX Best Buys R.eport and User Guide for Sample City,
California :
. The package five Best Buys Reports :is custom designed to
each municipality. These reports tell how well the
municipality is doing and how the municipality can
potentially do better. The five reptorts are: [1]
Municipality Overview: Price, [2] Municipality Overview:
Volume, [3] National Category Detail, [4] Regional Category
Detail and List of Participating Cities in Your Region, and
[5] Peer Category Detail. The reports present data for six-
product categories: copy and bond paper, computer paper,
-.- paper towels, film, auto and van tires, water/waste water
treatment chemicals:.
PUBLICATIONS ;
113. About Recycling: Case Studies from Europe
=.-=.-.-:_ -^Case--studies concerning the -.industrial remanuf acture of
- - municipal solid wastes from the previous issues of the
WARMER Bulletin. (UK) The document is of especial interest
since it talks about cases of recycling throughout Europe
for nonferrous metals, glass, paper, plastics, as well as
tires, industrial chemicals, industrial wastes, and toxic
materials. (1992)
114. Austria Recycles ' j
The case of utilizing an optical scanning system for
separating plastics in an MRF in Austria, utilizing a
- --Swedish company's technology, results in a 93% separated
waste stream.- ' -
115. Assessment of Wet Systems for Residential Refuse Collection
An jolder document by US EPA evaluates the potential applic-
ations of-wet system for residential refuse collection in
--: a case study of Springfield', MAr~;(August, 1974)
116. Charging Housholds for Waste Collection and Disposal: The
Effects of Weight- or Volume-Based Pricing on Solid Waste
-Management.-..-..-.-..;-_,. --. ...: .--_ -_~^_ . ..-.-.-.
Prepared for the US EPA, three case studies were conducted
to determine the role of unit pricing in municipal solid
waste generation and .disposal. The three towns were
Perkasie, Pennsylvania; Ilion, New York (both small suburban
communities), and Seattle, Washington. All three
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communities,, had to have a mandatory unit pricing program,
available existing data, a recyclirig program, and community
and program variations to be considered for the case
studies. (September 1990)
117. Foreign Practices in Hazardous Waste Minimization. (1986)
In a-report to the US EPA, three faculty members of a Tufts
University Center for Environmental Management provide case
studies of hazardous waste minimization. The report looks
at both policy-creation, government support for waste
minimization in the form of grants, loans, tax breaks, and
technical assistance to industry and municipal government in
Japan, Canada, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, and
Denmark. It also goes into how the most troublesome waste
streams in the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden have'been
minimized or have planned to minimize. The report considers
industrial waste streams, agricultural waste streams,
mining, fishing, construction, wholesale and retail trade &
MSW. Hazardous wastes that were given particular attention
were:
oil
_.. solvents ., ._
paints
- adhesives
acidic/alkaline wastes
cadmium, mercury antimony, arsenic,, barium, beryllium, lead,
<.---. -- *: colbalt, .copper,, - chromium-> nickel,, selen-ium> silver,
thallium, tin, vanadium, and zinc; -
cyanide containing waste
PCB containing wastes
Pesticide containing wastes :
Chemicals !
Laboratory wastes
118. Public Private Partnership:' Case Studies: Profiles of
Success in Providing Environmental Services
The report, done by the US EPA, examines 23 case studies
-- --of-public-private partnerships throughout the US;~ They are
organized into three areas: solid waste, wastewater '
treatment, and drinking water. Topics covered in each study
included characteristics of the community and the project,
public decision-making process_in the selection of a private
partner, financing responsibilities of the private partner
-,"- and the: public,- procurement arrangement used to'secure
private involvement, division of responsibilities for
project implementation, description of how project was
implemented, evaluation of project success, lessons learned,
- and contact informcition. (September^ 1989)
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119. Industrial Waste and Pretreatment in the Buffalo Municipal
System
The objectives of the study done by! the US EPA were to
establish an industrial waste control program, to establish
an equitable cost recovery and user charge system, and: to
evaluate the effects of the local, state and federal
requirements on the industrial users of Buffalo's sewage
system. (January 1977)
120. Resource Recovery Planning Model: A New Tool For Solid Waste
Management
Published by the US Department of Commerce/National Bureau
of Standards. A case study of a. hypothetical region is used
to carefully illustrate the types of analysis which can be
preformed by RRPLAN (Resource Recovery Planning Model).
Once the user has worked through the study , they should be
able to handle a variety of solid waste management problems.
(July 1983)
*[The following "Guides" were commissioned by the California
Department of Health Services and published by the US EPA]*
121. Guide to Pollution Prevention: The Commercial Printing
^-"-Industry .-...--
~:~~ The waste minimization assessment studies used two printing
plants. Plant A was a medium sized commercial printer'
- --- -^ ^handling- a-=wide range of- commercial: printing /including
T> advertising inserts/ business forms, brochures, pamphlets,
and circular. Plant B was a large scale printing
operation with several plants printing circular and
advertising inserts for nany major and minor newspapers in
Southern California. (August 1990)
122. Guide to Pollution Prevention: The Fabricated Metal Products
Industry - ;
Plant selection emphasized small businesses which generally
lack the financial and/or internal technical resources to
perform a-waste reduction audit. One relatively large plant
was selected to offer the opportunity to evaluate a wide
variety of operations, as well as a number of in-place waste
reduction measures. Plant,A manufactured metal laboratory
furniture. Its operations included sheet metal cutting,
«--shearingy notching, punching, forming, cleaning, welding,
-.and painting. Plan.t=-B (the" linger plant) performed contract
work'for aerospace companies, computer firms and other
businesses. The shop specialized in high quality, close
tolerance work, using all types of metal. Plant C was a
decorative chrome electroplating shop. (July 1990)
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123. Guide tcT"Pollution Prevention: The Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing Industry
The waste minimization assessment for all three plants
followed the same protocol which included: planning and
organization, assessment phase, and feasibility analysis
phase-. All three plants were prototype circuit board
manufacturers that specialized in jobs involving limited
production and fast turnaround. Manufacturing operations
included drilling and routing, layering, photoresist
printing, plating, etching, and stripping. (June 1990)
124. Guide to Pollution Prevention: The Paint Manufacturing
Industry
The waste minimization assessments were concerned with waste
generated with the plant boundaries and not with waste
derived from paint application or disposal of painted parts
or stripped paint. Plant A.produced water-based
architectural coating and Plant B produced solvent-based
industrial coatings. (June 1990}
125. Guide to Pollution Prevention: The Pesticide Formulating
..... industry
The objectives of these studies were to gather site-specific
? "- information concerning the generation, handling, storage,
treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste, evaluate
existing waste reduction practices,: develop recommendations
----for waste ^reduction through ^source--control/treatment,, and
recycling techniques, and assess costs/benefits of existing
and recommended waste reduction techniques. The two plants
studied were [1] a plant mainly formulating granule and dust
fertilizers, as well as, three herbicide/fertilizer mixtures
in dust/granule form and [2] a plant mainly engaging in the
formulation and distribution of solid fertilizer, as well
as, formulating small quantities of liquid fertilizers.
(February 1990)
126. Guide to Pollution Prevention: Metal Casting and Heat
""Treating Industry ~ ~~" "
-- The three studies summarize not only waste reduction
alternatives, but also treatment alternatives that would
lead to sludge and waste water reduction, the three plants
were ~[A] a brass foundry that manufactures cast brass
plumbing fixtures. The raw materials for the brass
-"operations come -mainly froTS recycled automobile radiators.
"Plant B is"a commercial heat treating plant designed for
handling ferrous and non ferrous metal workpieces. And plant
C is an iron foundry that manufactures gray, ductile, and
."alloy iron castings from scrap iron including scrap engines.
(September 1992)
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127. Guide to"~Pollution Prevention: The Metal Finishing Industry
The comprehensive study views the finishing plant as a
single system and identifies the relationships between
material usage, production processes, and waste generation.
The three shops studied were: [A] aimanufacturing operation
which included plating, anodizing, stripping, etching,"
cleaning, tooling, and other finishing processes using both
manual and automated process lines operating 8 hours a day,
[B] same as plant A but that all processes are manual
operating 24 hours a day, and [C] specializes in zinc
plating and anodizing operating 2 and sometimes 3 eight
hour shifts per day. (October 1992)
128. Guide to Pollution Prevention: The Mechanical Equipment
Repair Industry
The guide provides the mechanical equipment repair industry
with waste minimization options. The 12 studies conduct
assessments to determine waste minimization alternatives.
The shops studied were two boiler repair shops, an appliance
repair shop, a lawnmover repair shop, two air conditioning "
repair shop, two electric motor repair shops, a tool repair
- shop, a millright repair shop and a rental repair shop.
(September 1992)
129." Guide to Pollution Prevention: The Marine Maintenance and
Repair Industry i
₯'-:"--"The guide~ is"-\Ie^^ and
"repair yards with waste minimization options appropriate for
the industry. The case studies are, summary results of the
assessments of three marineyards and the:potentially useful
waste minimization options identified through the
assessments. (October 1991)
130. WARMER Bulletin, November 1993
Articles throughout .the magazine on a variety of topics.
An Italian city Prato tries alternative collection method
for recyclables, the Body Shop sets standards for
environmental management and" sustainable development,
recycling "in Bangalore, India managed by ragpickers, and
composting in Britain and America and new facility in
., v-;_. Germany. ... - ,.; .-.,. -...
PROCEEDINGS FOR FIRST UKITED STATES CONFERENCE ON HSW MANAGEMENT
-\ JUne 19 90) - -- - "---T^- -- :-.-,-,-:., --.-.-: . -.. . . ~'
"1317"Seattle: A Case.Study in Integrated Planning
Three years earlier, the Seattle Solid Waste Utility was in
chaos and economic crisis. By 1990, it was leading the
-- .;.-.: nation in~~recyclingr "The study tells how-garbage became
one of the top four public issues in the Puget Sound region
and how the experience can be duplicated by other cities.
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132. Municipal" Solid Waste: Composting in West Germany: Three
Case Studies ;
The paper is a presentation of a fact finding tour in 1989
by Camp Dresser & McKee Inc. of three municipal solid waste
composting plants in West Germany [puisburg, Aurich, and Bad
Kreuznach-]. The plants produced three basic output streams:
compost, recyclables, and residue. It points out a number
of important factors to consider when evaluating a solid
waste composting plant: composition of incoming waste,
recovery of non-compostable recyclables, end uses of the
compost product, and residue and reject disposal.
133. Urban Landfill Siting Studies: A Case History
The Department of Environmental Protection for Montgomery
(County) Maryland discusses the process the county went
through in choosing a site for a new landfill to serve its
700,000+ residents.
PYROLYSIS-C&SES :
134. San Diego County Demonstrates Pyrolysis of Solid Waste
Sponsored mainly by the US EPA and Garrett Research and
Development Company of LaVerne, California, this paper
describes the process Garrett developed for pyrolysis of
solid waste. (1975)
135. Scrap Tire Pyrolysis
Describes theprocess of tire -pyrolysis-us
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138. Kinetic Studies of Primary Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid
Waste in a Pyroprobe 1000
This paper is about the quantity of: products yielded by
municipal solid waste at incremental temperature changes.
(1992)
RECYCLING-CONNECTICUT-PUBLIC INFORMATION
139. Recycling in East Lyme, Connecticut;: A Program That Works
Written by the Department of Environmental Protection of
Connecticut. East Lyme was the first town in the State to
reach the state's goal of 25% reclamation of the waste
stream through recycling. The paper describes the steps
taken by the town to reach its goal. (1988)
RECYCLING-ENERGY-SAVINGS
140. Municipal Solid Waste and Energy Recovery
Presented by the Institute for Recyplable Materials at
Louisiana State University funded by the Petroleum
Violation Escrow account funds approved by the Department of
Energy. In all there are nine case scenarios. The reference
case assumes 100% recycling of all MSW material that can be
recycled; the Most Likely case assumes a 25% across the
" ~ ~" board recycling and 100% exclusion of yard wastes from
-;_ landfills? the Maximum Btu Recovery case assumes a 25%
reduction in landfill utilization: : components were then
chosen based upon relative energy savings to maximize total
._.-.- : energy-recovery through -recycling; -a -Minimize! Landfill
'Utilization case also assumes a 25% reduction for the first
year: components were chosen based upon volume to weight
ratio to minimize landfill utilization rates. Another group
of scenarios was made similar to the those above but
included the potential impact of plastic incineration. And
the last case scenario is where yard waste is excluded,
aluminum is 100% recovered and a large percentage of plastic
is incinerated. (April 1991)
RECYCLING-HOW-TO-PUBLIC INFORMATION
141. Promo ting" A Municipal Recycling Program, '~'[
- - Compiled by International City Manager's Association (ICMA)
Environmental Programs, the packet shows how Seattle, WA,
Takoma Park, MD, Modesto, CA,Dakota County, MN, Prairie -,
Village, KS, and Homewood, IL promoted and educated their
residents about recycling. (January, 1990)
142. Recycling Solid Waste
MIS Report by ICMA introduces the idea of an integrated
approach to waste management and describes the components of
--- a successful recycling program-. The towns discussed are
Newark, NJ, South Berwick, ME, and San Jose, CA. (June 1989)
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RECYCLING-MASSACHUSETTS-CASE STUDIES
143. Longmeadow, Massachusetts Recycling;Program
144. Suggested Reading
A Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
publication listing to assist in planning and implementing
composting and recycling in a community and region includes.
case studies.
RECYCLING-MASSACHUSETTS-MUNICIPALITIES
145. Phase One Needs Analysis for the Millis Consortium
Sponsored by the Mass DEP and prepared by Alternative
Resources, Inc. The report describes the results of the
Phase One Needs Analysis with the purpose being to assess
collection and processing options, and'to determine the most
cost-effective and appropriate mix of recycling facilities
and services needed for the implementation of recycling.
(February 1991)
RECYCLING-NEW YORK
146. Intensive Recycling Feasibility Study for the City of
Buffalo, 1988
Under contract by the Common Council of the City of Buffalo
and Citizen Action-New York, the Center for the Biology of
Natural Systems (CANS) studied the feasibility of applying ,
the CANS Intensive Recycling System to the disposal of
Buffalo's household trash. Currently, Buffalo's trash
disposal system ;is riased-.-on collection -ofriunseparated,Jbrash _
from households and brought to a transfer station. The
proposed plan is to provide four containers; three for
recyclables and one for non-recyclables. (April 1988)
RECYCLING-RHODE ISLAND-COMMERCIAL SOLID WASTE
147. Mandatory Commercial Solid Waste Recycling: Rhode Island
Case Study
The study was conducted by Brown University's Center for
Environmental Studies and the Rhode; Island Department of
Environmental Management with funding provided by the US EPA
and DEM. The report discusses the; findings"of Rhode
Island's mandatory commercial recycling program~and makes -
recommendations for improving on it. (September 1992)
RECYCLING-RURAL ,
148. Case Studies in Rurarl Solid Waste Recycling: The Minnesota
Project, November; 1987 -.-- .---T.---:,.
Prepared by'the Ford Foundation for the Minnesota Project.
Cases include collection, and creating economic incentives
to recycle from WI, MI, CA, NH, and ME.(November 1987)
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149. A Case Study of a Rural Recycling Marketing Cooperative
Sponsored by the Tennessee Valley Authority Regional Waste
Management Department and the EPA Region VI Office of
Municipal Solid Waste. By pooling recovered materials
processed to market specifications, rural recyclers can
compete for better markets and higher prices for their
materials". This report describes such a project formed by
the Recycling Services Institute, Inc. over a three year
period. The study discusses the development, community
interest, legal structure, service area,, start-up,
Operation, collection, processing, labor, marketing,
finances, communications and lessons learned of the project.
(June 1993)
150. Rural and Small Town Recycling: Annotated Bibliography
A publication of the National Recycling Coalition in
cooperation with the National Soft Drink Association. An
annotated bibliography of case studies, reports and papers
on rural and small"town recycling. (September 1991)
RECYCLING-VERMONT
151. Vermont Pilot Recycling: Collection; Programs
Prepared by the Vermont-Department bf Environmental
Conservation to show the results of the pilot recycling
collection programs sponsored by the Vermont Agency of
Natural Resources. The purpose of the programs were to
assess the relative merits of various recycling collection
--. systems and techniques.^-The report :T3ummar±ZHS^those w: '-.-
results. (December 1990)
RESOURCE RECOVERY-SOLID WASTE-GENERAL
152. Dade County, Florida: A Resource Recovery Success Story
Written by The senior vice president of Resource Recovery
(Dade County) Inc. about the successes of the solid waste
TMRF that the company built in Dade! County Florida.
RURAL-AREAS-SOLID WASTE
153. Solid Waste Management For Rural Coimmunities/ Special
"Program" """ . ~ "~ ' """?":."
Presented at the ASTSWMO 1989 National Solid-Waste Forum on
Integrated Municipal Waste Management by SCS Engineers.
With the changes to the regulations, regarding waste
disposal, Charles City County, Virginia sought an
alternative"to their past solid waste practice. The paper
describes the new regulations for the rural town and the
alternatives accessible to the town' concluding with the
final decision made by the County.. (July 1989)
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SLUDGE-REUSE^EGULATIONS
154. 1992 EPA*"kational Excellence in Wastewater Treatment Awards
Awards given to individuals, municipalities, and companies
concerned with maintaining overall environmental quality in
the fields of O&M programs, improved plants, industrial
pretreatment and beneficial use of bio-solids programs, and
substantial efforts in stormwater and combined sewer
overflow control. The listing provides the name of the
winner in each category and the steps taken to win the
award. (October 1992)
SOLID WASTE-EMPLOYMENT j'
Economic Development through Scrap Biased Manufacturing
This study, written by the Institute for Local Self-Reliance
and funded in part by the US EPA, presents 25 case studies
of successful state-of-the-art scrap-based manufacturers.
Analysis of waste-based production containing a summary of
scrap-based manufacturing's benefits, as well as overview
of the major industries involved, ajnd a survey of public
policy approaches to aid manufacturers, precedes each case.
The studies cover the most common materials of the waste
stream, and detail each venture's background, feedstock
-need's"/ process-, products, financial^ "sltu-ation"; a~nci~' ~
reproducability. (1992) The cases studied are:
155] Cyclean, Inc., Los Angeles use;s reclaimed asphalt
pavement to make asphalt concrete 'hot mix.
156] Reclaim of New Jersey, Inc. usjes asphalt roofing debris
to produce asphalt paving material,; pothole patch material
and hot-mix asphalt modifier. ;
157] Optimum Art Glass, Inc. of Eaton, Colorado uses
container cullet and plate cullet to make colored sheet
glass.
158] Owens-Brockway, Portland, Oregon uses container cullets
in the production of glass containers.
-159] Stoneware Tile Co. in Richmond, Virg±n~±a"uses furnace
ready plate glass, windshield glass, and industrial scrap
glass to make glassi-bonded ceramic tiles.
160]: AMG Resources Corp. of St. Paul^, ^Minnesota uses source-
separated ferrous cans and-magnetically-separated ferrous
material to make steel, tin and non-ferrous metals.
161] American Cellulose Manufacturing, Inc. located in .
Minonk, I11.-uses newspapers/corrugated containers,
magazines, office waste paper, and phone books in the
production of cellulose building insulation, animal bedding,
hydro-mulch, and cellulose absorbent.
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162] American Environmental Products, Elkwood, Virginia uses
newspapea*,""phone books, and corrugated containers to make
cellulose building containers, hydro-mulch, and cellulose
fiber asbestos replacement. i
163] The Chesapeake Paperboard Co. in Baltimore uses mixed
paper., corrugated containers, and newspaper to make .""
boxboard.
164] Fibreform Containers, Inc of Germantown, Wisconsin uses
.newspaper, mixed paper, and corrugated container to produce
protective packaging products and molded nursery products.
165] Garden State Paper Company, Inc in Garfield, New Jersey
use newspaper to make newsprint.
166] Homasote Co., West Trenton, NJ use newspaper in the
production of structural fiberboard, roofing insulation, and
packaging material.
167] Marcal Paper Mills, Inc. in Elmwood Park, NJ uses mixed
paper to make bath tissue, facial tissue, paper towels, and
.,napkins,,;,.., ,,..._. ...,, , .^.. ; _._ .......=........ ..;
168] Ohio Pulp Mills, Inc., Cincinnati uses poly-coated
paper to make market pulp.
169] Pager.. Service ^.Limited., of Ashuelot,. NH reuse mixed" paper
to produce packaging paper, toilet tissue arid napkins.
170] Patriot Paper Corp. In Hyde Park, MA use high-grade
office paper to make printing arid writing paper.
171] Somerset Fiber, Recycling £>yst;ems Corp., Cowpens, SC
resuses corrugated containers to produce linerboard,
corrugated medium, and bag paper. '
172-Coon Manufacturing located in Spickard, MO uses
natural high-density polyethylene in the production of
plastic-sheet and related products -as-well as rotational
molded plastic products. :
173] Landfill Alternatives'^" Inc,,", Elburn, 111. reuses
polystyrene fabrications to make polystyrene granules and
174] Polly-Anna Plastics. Products, Inc. located in Milwaukee
recycles polyethylene terephthalate, high-density
.polyethylene, high-impact -polyethylene, polycarbonate,
acfilbntrile butadiene styrene, and acrylic in the
production of high-density polyethylene recycling bins and
flakes and pellets of other resins.1
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175] Turtle" Plastic Co. in Cleveland reuses polyvinyl
chloride, high-density polyethylene, and polyethylene
terephthalate to make floor mats, urinal screens, and resin
pellets.
176]-Webster Industries of Montgomery, Alabama recycles low-
density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene and
high-density polyethylene to produce trash bags.
177] Aquapore Moisture Systems, Phoenix, Arizona uses- ground
rubber to make soaker hose.
178] Process Fuels, Inc. in Spokane, Washington uses scrap
tires to produce polymer oil, fuel gas, and scrap metal.
179] Evanite Fiber Corp. of Corvallis, Oregon uses wood
chips from pallets, shakes and utility spools and industrial
plywood scrap to make hardboard.
180. Elwyn Recycling Venture Study
Written by the,Institute for Local Self-Reliance and funded
with a grant from Region III US EPA> the eighteen studies
outline companies from across the country that hire" people
with disabilities to work in the facilities. The facilities
are catagorized by the work that is done there (six
companies in,each):-: collection/processing, ^processing .;....;;;-.
centers, arid manufacturing/remanufacturing. ("April 1993)
SOLID WASTE-FACILITIES-ENERGY RECOVERY
181. A Report on Construction of a Solid; Waste Energy Recovery
Facility: New England Regulatory Guide
By the New England Federal Regional: Council Energy,
Resource Development Task Force and! Energy Recovery Work
Group, this dated report tries to identify planning,
environmnetal, and regulatory requirements that must be
satified during the planning, design, and construction, and
operation of a solid-waste recovery project. The types of
facilities that are assumed in: the, report are dry-fuel
processing plants, waterwall incinerators producing steam
and electricity, and pyrolysis facilities. Although
important, requirements concerning solid waste storage,
collection,. Jiaul-; transfer, and land disposal are not
discussed.'""
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SOLID WASTE-GENERAL
182. Privatizing Municipal Waste Services: Saving Dollars and
Making Sense
Published by the National Solid Wastes Management
Association, the paper praises the benefits of privatizing
waste- collection, recycling, disposal, and street cleaning.
Short case studies summaries for each of the topics shbw the
benefits of private contracting for these services over
being preformed by municipalities. [Street sweeping case
studies: Southern California, Newark, NJ; Recycling case
studies: Chesapeake, VA, Seattle, WA.; Disposal case
studies: Knoxville, TN, .Tampa, FL., Halifax, Nova Scotia.]
(1991)
SOLID WASTE-REGIONAL APPROACHES
183. Teaming Up on Trash: Cost Savings Through Reorganization of
Landfill and Transfer Systems
Published by Arthur Andersen.and Malcolm Pirnie, the report
is a 40+ page packet showing the benefits of regionalizing
landfill and transfer systems using realistic,
hypothetical scenarios.
SOLID WASTE-STUDIES
184. Long Island Town Takes Integrated Approach: "Babyion, NY
Written by Shirley Hawk/'a former consultant to GBB, the
consultant to Babylon, NY on this piroject, the article
describes thesteps taken~by^^th^'tpwnto^coinply/with the new
"Long Island landfill laws and the New York State
Environmental Conservation Law. The steps taken were the
creation of a commercial and residential recycling facility
and a WEE plant. (Waste Acre. April 1992)
SOLID WASTE STUDIES-VIRGINIA
185. Economic Feasibility Study of Alternative Solid Waste
Disposal Methods
The report was done by ICF Technology, Inc. for the City of
Charlottesville, Virginia. It presents a financial
-- '.feasibility study of alternative disposal methods for solid
waste generated in Charlottesville
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SORTING ~
187. Evaluation of an Automated Sorting Process For Postconsumer
Mixed Plastic Waste
The study done by Rutgers University Center for Plastics
Recycling Research for the US EPA, qualifies the system's
ability t£> identify and separately recover five types of
plastic containers representative of those found in plastics
recycling programs. It also discusses the system's.
potential for full-scale commercialapplication. (September
1993)
SOURCE SEPARATION-AUSTRALIA
188. Source Separation Recycling: A Case Study
In this paper, written by David Clouser of Tasmanian College
of Advanced Education, an overview is given of resource
recovery projects in Sydney, Melbourne, and Perth in South
Australia. Finally a source separation recycling case study
using the city of Glenorchy. (1982)
THIRD WORLD-WASTE PROGRAM
189. Simulation Model For Reuse Collection
Published in the 2nd World Congress on Engineering &
Environment by the University of the Philippines, the paper
attempts to use simulation models in the management of solid
waste collection of a typical city in the Philippines. The
city used is Iloilo City. The study tries to examine the
socio-economic impacts- or responses 'of a refuis'e c~ollect;ion
system. (November '.1985)
3?IRES-ASPHALT [TIRES-CRUMB RUBBER]
190. Demonstration Project For Utilizing'Crumb Rubber, Glass, and
Plastic in Cold Mix Asphalt
Conducted by Asphalt Materials, Inc. and Heritage Research
Group, this case study shows the feasibility of cold-mixing
asphalt pavements with glass, plastics and rubber to reduce
landfilling the waste and overcoming the performance related
issues found in hot-mix asphalt when using these waste.
(September 1992)
WASTELESS PRODUCTION -~ .._,___ .,
*[A11 of the WASTELESS PRODUCTION case studies were published in
Non-waste Technology and Production; A Seminar of the United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe by Pergamon Press for the
United Nations in 1978. The "Case Studies" are summaries of each
industry or process with no specific example used to show how it
works.]* i
191. Iron and Steel Industry: Pollution Control and Recycling
A summary of the various processes in the iron and steel',
industry. It compares the old processes to a new one where
pollution controls were added. (France)
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192. The Outlook for Progress and Technological Methods in a
Paper Industry Confronted with Environmental Problems
Summaries where pollution originates in the paper and pulp
(mainly) production. Looks at waste-treatment problems and
possible economically viable solutions. (France)
193.. Non-waste Production of Bleached Kraft Pulp "*
Discusses the four main areas in which pollution occurs in
the production of bleached kraft pulp [from the wood room,
from spent cooking liquor left in the partially washed
unbleached pulp, from the spent cooking liquor evaporator
condensates, and the bleach effluent], and then discusses
the steps involved in eliminating the waste streams from the
production. (Canada)
194. Displacement Bleaching ;
First discusses the conventional technique for. bleaching
paper and then a new process called: displacement or dynamic
bleaching which drastically reduces the amount of bleach
plant effluent and without the need1 for treatment.
(Finland)
195. Pollution Prevention in Groundwater Using. Sulfate
bisplaceitient Bleaching " ' "". ' " " j , -;-t ..
[IN French]
196. Biological ;Methba--:for~Purifying Krajet"Pulp Mill Condensates
Describes the Enso-Gutzeit's Research Centre's development
. of treating condensates from kraft pulp production by
biological means. (Finland)
197. Packaging Alternatives For Wine
With the increase in the consumption of wine in Holland, and
the wine being packed in non-returnable bottles, a paper-
aluminum laminate substitute foi: the glass bottle has been
proposed. Since both are non-returnable, an energy/resource
consumption and the environmenteil impact of the two packages
are compared. (Holland) "
198. The Recovery of Glass in Switzerland
"From the point of view of the protection of the environment
against pollution and degradation, a system of production
without waste holds no advantage if it_.automatically entails
a system of consumption with a high level of waste." In
this context, the paper discusses the pros and cons of using
postconsumer glass as the raw material in the glass
industry. (Switzerland)
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199. The Status of Non-waste Technology in The United States
Steel Industry
Reports on the non-waste technology;[NWT] efforts in the
major phases of steel and steel-product manufacture, use,
and discard. Summarizes NWT applications in basic steel-
producing process, material design, product design and use,
. and product disposal and reuse. (USA)
200. The Status of Non-waste Technology in The United States
Packaging Industry
The paper provides some examples of significant trends and
developments in the US packaging industry with regards to
waste reduction and resource recovery. (USA)
201. Nonwaste Technology: The Case of Tyres in the United States
The paper is devoted to an explanation of how engineering
and economic efficiency are of use in understanding and
correcting the scrap tire problem in the market ecomonies,
and a brief review of past, present, and future research on-
the problem that has been conducting in the US. (USA)
202. Two Examples of Low Emission Technologies in The Pulp and
Paper Industries. . ."....,, ,.i. . -. -,--. A- ., ^ , ,.
This report describes the importance of production,
structure and emissions of the pulp;and paper industry in
Germany. Lpw-emissio^ma^uf-aptu^ing,--meth"ods- for-each ..-------
industry in Germany are'briefly"explained. (West Germany)
203. The Applications of Material-saving;and Low-waste
Technologies in the Metal Container Industry With Special
Reference to Drawn and Wall-Ironed Beverage Cans
As the title suggests, the paper discusses various ways of
material saving and low waste technologies in the metal
container industry. The primary use of the research and
development of the metal container industry is directed at
an economical use of raw materials. (West Germany)
204. Disposal Of Ironworks Waste --. .
The report shows how Mannesmann AG Huttenwerke approached
the methodical re-use or recycling of waste products
according to"their typesl,,.volume, and place or occurrence.
(West Germany) "'!:..; .../""".'.-.-.. ,..: " , '-" " " ~'"
205. The Heye-EPB Process, A Low-waste Technology
Discusses the Heye-EPB process for glass blowing. The
process allows for less material to be used than convential
glass blowing production. (West Germany)
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WOOD-RECYCLING
206. Wood Waste Recovery Case Study (Augiist 1991)
Published in Resource Recyclingf this short article
describes the Fibre Fuel Products, Inc. of California-
processing of waste wood [not treated with creosote or
copper naphthalene] for use as fuel; in wood energy plants,
Subtitle C;
C POLLUTION PREVENTION-JEWELRY MANUFACTURING
207. Toxic Use Reduction Case Study:
Wastewater Treatment and Metal Recovery at the Robbins Co.
Written by the Office of Technical Assistance, Executive
Office of Environmental Affairs of Massachusetts. The
Robbins Co. installed a new wastewater treatment and metal
recovery system to create a closed looped plating process.
The company now produces very little hazardous waste and
discharges nothing but domestic waste and non-contact
'cooling water from its annealing furnaces.
C POLLUTION7 PREVENTION-METALS MANUFACTURING
208. Finding Green in Clean: Progressive' Pollution Prevention at
"
. _. ....- .. ..... _ _ ,-, .,.-... .. , - .-., .. ...-."., ...... .
'- Published "in Total Quality Environmental Management by
Joseph Paluzzi of Massachusetts Office of Technical
Assistance and Timothy Greiner, an MIT graduate student. It
discribes how Hyde Tools Inc., of Sputhbridge,
Massachusetts, makers of industrial' and -trade blades and
knives, eliminated the use of 1,1,1 trichloroethane,
eliminated wastewater discharges, recycled all quench oil
used, and ended the use of kerosene for removing polishing
compounds from their products. It also implemented other
improvements, e.g. replacement of flourescent lighting with
metal halide lighting. (Spring 1993)
C POLLUTION PREVENTION- PRINTING
209. Case Studies from the Pollution Prevention -.. Information
Clearinghouse ,..";..: \
Published by the US EPA Off ice of Environmental Engineering
and Technical Demonstation and the Office of Pollution
Prevention. Fifteen case study summaries, from around the
country, describe how printing companies eliminated waste by
-- adding recovery units r ink substutitions, and recycling
spent ink. (November 1989)
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C PUBLICATIONS'
210. Data User's Guide to the United States EPA Long-term
Monitoring Project: Quality Assurance Plan and Data
Dictionary
Describes the proces;s for sampling and analytical
procedures, quality assurance, and quality control
procedures with specific procedures and methods added for
the Maine, Vermont, Adirondack, Upper Midwest, Colorado, and
Catskill regions. (December 1991)
210 1/2. Design and Construction Issues At Hazardous Waste Sites:
Conference Proceedings
The two volumes were published by the US EPA and contain 17
case studies dealing with hazardous waste. Other papers on
community relations construction management issues,
groundwater remediation, health and safety,
policy/management issues, pre-design issues, design issues,
and treatment technologies were also presented. (May 1991)
211] Tom Ambalam of Kaiser Engineers talks about use of
composite concrete liners for radioactive wastes.
212] R. Tom Clark and Diane Gow of Camp Dresser & McKee Inc.
- and Jon- Bornholm of Region IV US EPl^ discuss fast-
tracking remedial design at the Cape Fear Wood Preserving
Site. :
^213] Bruce Dumdei and Nancy Bryant of ENSR Consulting and
Engineering, Ted Davis of French Limited Task Group, Inc.
and Judith Black at US EPA Region Vi report on ambient air
quality management at French Limited Superfund Site.
214] Santanu Ghose and Garret Bondy,from the US EPA wrote
about remedial construction at the industrial waste control
site in Fort Smith, Arkansas. ;
215] Robert Griswold and Stephen Gilrein from Region VI of
the US EPA presented a paper on Bayou Bonfouca^Superfund
Site in Slidell, Louisiana.
216], Edward Hagarty.of C.C. Johnson & Malhqtra, Inc. and
others introduce sp;i.l remediation in the New Jersey
Pinelands.
~217] Bryon Heineman from Region VI of the US EPA writes
about when is a superfund remedial action complete and uses
as a case study the Crystal City Airport remedial action
-implementation and ^transition to operations and maintenance.
218] Tinka Hyde from Region V and William Dudley of B&V
Waste Science and Technology Corp. describe WEDZEB
Enterprises remedial action.
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219] Victor... Janosik of the US EPA tells of Lansdowne
Radiation Site and how it was a successful cleanup in a
residential setting.
220] Kevin Klink and Jeffrey Obert of CH2M Hill writes about
remedial design approach and design investigations at the
Bayou Borifouca Superfund Site.
221] Amy Monti and Vern Singh of URS Consultants, Inc.
describe value engineering studies ,of the Helen Kramer
Landfill Superfund Site. :
222] Timothy Rehder and Erna Acheson, both from US EPA
Region VIII tell of remedial action in and around light
industrial activity at the Denver Radium Superfund Site.
223] Debbie Richardson and Harry Perry of Chem-Nuclear
Geotech Inc and J.E. Virgona of the US EPA introduce
streamlining remedial design activities at the Department of
Energy's Monticello Mill Tailings NPL Site.
224] Cliff Schexnayder of Nello L. ;Teer Co. and Harvey Wahls
of North Carolina State University :Dept. of Civil
Engineering describe the construction of a kaolin clay cap
"for buried nuclear waste. '.,
225] Vern Singh and James Lanzo of 'URS Consultants, Inc.
; - tell of the lessons learned from remedial design of the
HeTen KramerLandfill Superfund Site.
226] James Steed of IT Corp. and Earl Hendrick of US EPA
Region VI discusses contract security in Superfund and the
need for an open dialogue between government and the
remedial construction industry. '
227] Robert Zaruba from the US Army Corps of Engineers and
David Dickerson from Region I US EPA write about remedial
design and construction at the Charles George Landfill
"Superfund Site. '-".. ;""'" "" : ""' "~
228. Guidelines for Delineation of Wellhead Protection Areas
The document was prepared by the US EPA to furnish technical
, guidance-to-states to protect areas surrounding wells in
their.jurisdiction against contaminants that may effect
human health. It provides state examples, specifically in
~ Florida, Massachusetts, and Vermont, European examples in
the Netherlands and West Germany, .and comparative analysis
of Cape Cod, Southern Florida, Central Colorado, and
"~~Southwestern Connecticut. The comparative analysis include
hydrology of the study area, method application, data
requirements, and comparision of resulting Wellhead
Protection Areas (WHPA's). (June 1987)
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229. RCRA Fac-il-ity-Assessment (RFA) Training Course
Done by the US EPA, the three case studies in the manual are
outlines to follow in a facility assessment. The first is a
preliminary review, the second a visual site inspection, and
the third is a sampling visit. (198$)
RCRA Public Involvement Manual
This manual, published by the US EPA, provides instruction
on how to plan and carry out successful public involvment in
RCRA permitting and corrective action programs. Two case
studies are included.
230] Chemical Manufacturer in the Northeast
The case illustrates how the EPA might have avoided a
fustrating permitting process by anticipating problems,
educating the public about the other agencies involved in
regulating the facility, and focusing on problems/workload
adj ustments.
231] The Ensco Hazardous Waste ManafcreinejnJLJELacjiJLji.tv in
Mobile, Arizona
This case shows a facility permitting effort that would have
benefitted from the implementation of a concerted public
involvment program early on in the process. It also points
to the jyalue of taking advantage of; what other EPA and state
personnel have learned from meeting with the community on
similar1permitting prbjectsf (1993)
C
232. Reclamation arid Redevelopment of Contaminated Land: Volume 2
European Case Studies.
Published by the US EPA, the report highlights programs
dealing with reclamation and redevelopment of contaminated
land in England, Wales, Sweden, the. Netherlands, and West
Germany. The studies addresses site assessment and
reclamation programs, available funding sources, and
guidelines established to assist in the reclamation. Each
study describes the land use history and redevelopment
objectives, ^remediation activities, site reuse, and criteria
for cleanup. (April" 1992)
- - ".". '-- --:_-*:..-..:,&. * -.*' - - .. '. ..... -' . .-. ..-...-..;., -r .1 ' ": '
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Supplement #l~(January, 1994)
RECYCLING-MUNICIPALITIESi-UNITED STATES
233. Recycling In America: Profiles of the Nation's Resourceful
Cities
Compiled by the U.S. Conference of Mayors and sponsored by
the H.J. Heinz Foundation, this document provides
brief documentation of the recycling programs of over-100
cities and towns, large and small. ! The document tells you
what the population served is, what materials are collected,
what type of recycling system is used and whether it is
voluntary or mandatory. Of special note is a contact
address and the waste disposal cost per ton. Some entries
tell what percentages of waste are landfilled and incin-
erated, participation rates and special features of the
program. (June, 1991)
Capturing the Local "Economic Benefit of Recycling: A
Strategy Manual for Local Governments (1993)
Published by the Local Government Commission, with inputs
by the National Recycling Coalition and the National
- -League of Cities this document provides strategies for
the milestones that cities must attain to integrate
recycling to waste management on a profitable basis.
The 43 case studies revolve around central issues:
-:-'---:;-~I«sue.y:4:--Lpcalizing-eollection..and_:Processing-
234. Boulder, CO gives the curbside collection and processing
contract to a for-profit hauler and a nonprofit recycler.
235. Seattle, WA creates a self-funded solid waste utility to
administer garbage and recyclable collections.
236. Pittsburgh, PA uses unionized city workers to collect
recyclables.
237. Minneapolisy MN gives a hauling contract to an 'umbrella'
"corporation.-- '
238. Portland, OR awards collection franchises to numerous
small and J.arge_ private companies.
239. New York City's" sanitation department contracts with a
for-profit enterprise of a local development corporation.
240. Broome County, NY owns and operates its own MRF.
Issue 2: Recycling as a Tool for Employment Development
241. Santa Clara County,, CA helps to start a community-based
youth recycling program. '
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