'Risk
                 fMarapmerO
                      •-
          to Selected
                         pv.^k;
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Risk Assessment,
Management, Communication

A Guide to Selected Sources
Volume 2, Number 2
       COMMUNICATION
         Office of Information
        Resources Management
             and .
         Headquarters Library
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

           October 1988

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INTRODUCTION.
                            CONTENTS            |


                              	iii
RISK ASSESSMENT	• •	i
     GENERAL PERSPECTIVE	 -	!
     ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES	'•• •	2
     METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISK  *	;.	3
     HEALTH RISKS	• •	10
            GENERAL	> •	10
            CANCER	1:L
            GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE  EFFECTS	19
            NEUROTOXICITY	22

     CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT	. .23
     HAZARDOUS WASTE	32
     RADIATION	!	35
     ECOLOGICAL RISK.	39
     CORPORATE RISK ASSESSMENT	43
     POLICY	44
     LEGAL ASPECTS	*
     BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER  SOURCES	45

RISK MANAGEMENT                                 ;

     GENERAL PERSPECTIVE	47
     POLICY	49
     LEGAL ASPECTS	50
     HEALTH RISKS	52
     CHEMICAL  SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT	53
     HAZARDOUS WASTE	«	54
     RADIATION	   *
     ECONOMIC  ANALYSIS	:	*
     CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT	>	56
     BIBLIOGRAPHIES  AND  OTHER SOURCES	i	*

RISK COMMUNICATION

     INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER	{	67
     INFORMING THE PUBLIC	70
     INFORMING THE WORKER	75
 * Includes Quantitative Risk Assessment and Pharmacokinetics.

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     This issue of Risk Assessment,  Management and communication:
A Guide to Selected Sources has been prepared and reviewed by the
Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA).   Due  to  the  rapidly
expanding field  or risk information, EPA  cannot  guarantee that
all relevant  sources are  cited.   Publication does  not signify
that the contents  reflect  the  views of  EPA or that EPA  endorses
the coverage  and scope of  the subject  matter as comprehensive,
complete and appropriate.

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INTRODUCTION
   This   issue  of   Risk  Assessment,  Management  and
communication; A Guide to  Selected  Sources   is  the  sixth
update in EPA's series  of risk management  bibliographies.
References were gathered from the environmental,  medical  and
scientific    literature    included    in    the    following
databases: Medline,  Conference  Papers Index, ISnviroline, NTIS,
PAIS  Public  Affairs  Information Service, ABI  Inform,  and Legal
Resource  Index.  The  citations  cover  documents  added  to those
collections during the period from March 1988 through August
1988. The original Guide appeared in March  1987  and  was  followed
by quarterly  updates.  These  earlier updates constitute    volume
one of the current semiannual series.

   Like   its predecessors, this document is subdivided   into
Risk  Assessment, Risk Management and Risk Communication.  The
Table of  Contents lists further divisions of each of   these
categories. Citations are  arranged alphabetically by  title,
with  the exception  of the  chemical  specific  references.
These citations  are grouped  alphabetically   by  chemical
name.  Abstracts  in  the Risk Assessment section  have  been
shortened or eliminated  if the content of the  article  is
adequately reflected  in the title.
                                               j
   The EPA library network can assist EPA staff members  and
EPA   contractors  in obtaining materials  cited  in   the
bibliography.  Reference   copies of the original  Guide  and
subsequent    issues   are   available  through  NTIS  at   the
following address:
            National    Technical    Information
            5285 Port Royal Road
            Springfield, Virginia 22161
            703-487-4650
            800-336-4700  (outside Virginia)
                                                     Service
           Guide:
           1st Update:
           2nd Update:
           3rd Update:
                            PB87-185500
                            PB87-203402/AS
                            PB88-100102
                            PB88-128178
             Volume 2,N.  l:  PB88-210596

 Questions   or   comments   concerning   Risk   Assessment,
 Management, communication: A Guide  to  Selected Sources may
 be sent to:

                 EPA Headquarters Library  PM-211A
                 Risk Management Bibliographies
                 401 M St. , S.W.                i
                 Washington, B.C. 2046
 * These  four issues  constitute volume  1
series.
                                              of  the  current

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                                                            RISK
                                              ASSESSMENT
                                .IS  THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS THAT
                                 EVALUATES  THE  POTENTIAL  FOR
                                 OCCURRENCE OF ADVERSE EFFECT.
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE... includes cross media approach,  de minimis
risk, and uncertainty in assessment.
06551028   88196028
Symposium  on  Basic  Research  in  Risk  Assessment.  March  9-12, 1987,
  Research Triangle Park,  NC.
  Environ  Health  Perspect (UNITED  STATES)    Dec  1987,  76 pl-229,  ISSN
  0091-6765   Journal Code: EIO                       !
  Languages: ENGLISH  (MEDLINE)                       •


0193546   Enviroline Number:  *88-051078
CHEMICAL  EMERGENCIES:  EVALUATION OF GUIDELINES FOR RISK IDENTIFICATION,
  ASSESSMENT, AND MANAGEMENT.
  MORRIS S. C.  ; MOSKOWITZ P. D. ; FTHENAKIS V. M. ; HAMILTON L. D.
  US BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,  NY,
  ENV INTL, 1987, V13, N4-5,  P305(6)
  JOURNAL  ARTICLE     TRAGIC CHEMICAL  ACCIDENTS OCCURRING WORLDWIDE HAVE
  INCREASED INTERNATIONAL  CONCERN FOR THE RISK  OF MAJOR, HAZARDS AT INDUSTRIA
FACILITIES.  IN  THE WAKE  OF EVENTS AT SEVESO,  ITALY, AND OTHER SITES, CEC,
EPA,  THE  WORLD BANK, AND THE INTL LABOUR ORG. HAVE EACH ISSUED GUIDELINES
FOR  IDENTIFYING,  ASSESSING, AND MANAGING RISKS FROM HAZARDS AT INDUSTRIAL
PLANTS.  A  COMPARISON OF  THESE  GUIDELINES SHOWS THEY ALL TREAT THE GENERAL
PROBLEM  IN  SIMILAR  WAYS:  PRESENCE OF A SPECIFIC COMPOUND EXCEEDING THAT
THOUGHT  TO  PRESENT  A POTENTIAL HAZARD TO PUBLIC HEALTH TRIGGERS FURTHER
ACTION.   HOWEVER,    DIFFERENT   THRESHOLD QUANTITIES  EXIST  AMONG  THESE
GUIDELINES  DUE TO DIFFERING INTERPRETATIONS ABOUT SUCH FACTORS AS TOXICITY
AND DISPERSIVE POTENTIAL.  (21 REFERENCES, 6 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE)

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 ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES
 1289542  PB88-112958
 Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Assessment Guidelines.
   See also PB88-112933, and PB88-112941.
   Available  from Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental
   Research Information, Cincinnati,  OH 45268.
   NTIS Prices: Not available NTIS
   Preuss,  P.  W. ; Ehrlich, A. M.
   Environmental  Protection  Agency,   Washington,  DC. Office of Health and
   Environmental Assessment.
   Corp.  Source Codes:  031287609
   Sep 87   33p
   Languages:  English
   NTIS Prices: Not available NTIS    Journal Announcement: GRAI8803
   Country  of  Publication:  United States
   In   recent   years,   the  EPA  has   moved  toward  a  risk assessment/risk
 reduction  framework for making regulatory decisions. The Agency has taken a
 number  of steps  to   assure  the quality  and  consistency  of  the risk
 assessment component   -of  those  decisions.  The  first,  and perhaps most
 important   of these steps, is the development of Agencywide risk assessment
 guidelines.   Five  guidelines  have   been  proposed  and  are  nearing  the
 completion   of   the    public-   and  peer-review   process.   They  are:
 carcinogenicity,   mutagenicity,   developmental toxicity,  chemical mixtures,
 and   exposure.  The provisions of the  five guidelines are discussed in the
 context  of  the  four  components of  risk  assessment.  Other activities
 designed  to   assure   quality  and consistency in risk assessments, reduce
 uncertainty  in  risk   assessment,  ensure  a  more  efficient  information
 exchange  about  risk   and  risk  assessment,  and  develop the appropriate
 oversight   mechanisms  are   also   discussed.  These  include  additional
 guidelines,   the   Risk  Assessment Forum,  risk  assessment  research, the
 Integrated Risk   Information  System,  the  Hazard Assessment Notification
 System,  and the Risk Assessment  Council. (NTIS)
06551037   88196037
Issues  in  biochemical  applications  to risk assessment:  are short-term
  tests predictive of in vivo tumorigenicity?
  Tennant RW
  National  Institute  of  Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle
  Park, NC 27709.
  Environ  Health  Perspect  (UNITED  STATES)    Dec  1987,   76  p!63-7,   ISSN
  0091-6765   Journal Code: EIO
  Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)

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METHODS FOR ESTIMATING RISK


06551054   88196054                                .       .    ,„..._,_
High-  to  low-dose  extrapolation: critical determinants involved xn the
  dose response of carcinogenic substances.
  Swenberg   JA;  Richardson  FC;  Boucheron  JA;  Deal:  FH;  Belinsky  SA;
  Charbonneau M; Short BG                         .,  '».••• T .,  *.
  Department  of Biochemical Toxicology and Pathobiology, Chemical Industry
  Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
  Environ  Health  Perspect  (UNITED  STATES)   Dec  198'7,  76 p57-63,  ISSN
  0091-6765   Journal Code: EIO
  Languages: ENGLISH
  Recent  investigations  on  mechanism of carcinogenesis have demonstrated
important  quantitative  relationships  between the induction of neoplasia,
the  molecular  dose  of  promutagenic DNA adducts and their efficiency for
causing  base-pair mismatch, and the extent of cell proliferation in target
organ.   These   factors   are   involved  in  the  multistage  process  of
carcinogenesis,  including  initiation,  promotion,  and  progression._  The
molecular dose of DNA adducts can exhibit supralinear, linear, or sublinear
relationships   to   external   dose  due  to  differences  in  absorption,
biotransformation,  and  DNA  repair at high versus low doses. In_contrast,
increased  cell proliferation is a common phenomena that is associated with
exposures to relatively high doses of toxic chemicals. As such,  it enhances
the  carcinogenic  response  at  high  doses,  but has little effect at low
doses.  Since  data  on cell proliferation can be obtained for any exposure
scenario  and  molecular  dosimetry  studies  are  beginning  to  emerge on
selected  chemical  carcinogens,  methods are needed so that these critical
factors  can be utilized in extrapolation from high to low doses and across
species.  The  use  of  such information may provide a scientific basis for
quantitative risk assessment. (MEDLINE)


06551060   88196060
Implications of pharmacokinetic modeling in risk assessment analysis.
  Lutz RJ; Dedrick RL
  Chemical Engineering Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
  20892.
  Environ  Health  Perspect  (UNITED  STATES)   Dec 1987,  76 p97-106,  ISSN
  0091-6765   Journal Code: EIO                        |
  Languages: ENGLISH
  Physiologic   pharmacokinetic  models  are  a  useful  interface  between
exposure models and risk assessment models by providing a means to estimate
tissue  concentrations  of reactive chemical species at the site of action.
The  models  utilize  numerous  parameters  that  can  foe  characterized as
anatomical,  such  as  body  size  or tissue volume;  physiological, such_as
tissue  blood  perfusion  rates, clearances, and metabolism; thermodynamic,
such   as   partition   coefficients;   and  transport,  such  as  membrane
permeabilities.  The  models  provide  a  format  to  investigate how these
parameters  can influence the disposition of chemicals throughout the body,
which  is  an  important  consideration  in  interpreting toxicity studies.
Physiologic  models  can  take  into  account  nonlinear effects related to
clearance, metabolism, or transport. They allow for extrapolation of tissue

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  concentration  from  high  dose to low dose  experiments and from species to
  species  and  can  account  for  temporal  variations  in  dose.
  (MEDLINE)
  06532366   88177366
  Integrating  uncertainty and interindividual variability in environmental
    risk assessment.
    Bogen KT; Spear RC
    Environmental  Sciences Division,  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
    California 94550.
    Risk Anal (UNITED STATES)    Dec  1987,  7  (4) p427-36,  ISSN 0272-4332
    Journal  Code:  RIA
    Languages:  ENGLISH
    An   integrated,   quantitative  approach to incorporating both uncertainty
  and  interindividual variability  into risk prediction models is described.
  Individual  risk R  is   treated   as  a  variable  distributed  in  both an
  uncertainty  dimension and a variability dimension, whereas population risk
  I  (the number  of additional cases caused by R) is purely uncertain. I is
  shown    to  follow   a compound  Poisson-binomial  distribution,  which  in
  low-level   risk  contexts can often be approximated well by a corresponding
  compound   Poisson    distribution.   The  proposed  analytic  framework  is
  illustrated  with an application to cancer risk assessment for a California
 population exposed  to l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane from ground water.
  (MEDLINE)
 06551041   88196041
 Issues  in biochemical applications to risk assessment:  how do we predict
   toxicity of complex mixtures?
   Albert RE
   Department  of  Environmental  Health,   University  of Cincinnati Medical
   Center, OH 45267.
   Environ  Health  Perspect (UNITED  STATES)    Dec   1987,   76 p!85-6,  ISSN
   0091-6765   Journal Code: EIO
   Languages:  ENGLISH (MEDLINE)


 06551042   88196042
 Issues   in   biochemical  applications  to  risk  assessment:  when  can
   lymphocytes be used as surrogate markers?
   Lucier GW;  Thompson CL
   Laboratory    of   Biochemical   Risk  Analysis,  National  Institute  of
   Environmental Health Sciences,  Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
   Environ  Health  Perspect (UNITED STATES)   Dec 1987,  76 p!87-91,  ISSN
   0091-6765   Journal Code:  EIO
   Languages:  ENGLISH (MEDLINE)
1288097  DE87013043/XAB
Methodology  and  Parameters for Assessing Human Health Effects for Waste
 Sites at the Savannah River Plant: Environmental Information Document
  Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
  NTIS Prices: PC A17
  King, C. M. ; Marter, W. L. ; Looney, B. B.  ; Pickett,  J.  B.

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  Savannah River Lab., Aiken, SC.
  Corp. Source Codes: 087640000; 9520932
  Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.      :
  Report No.: DPST-86-298                             |
  Mar 87   390p
  Languages: English
  NTIS Prices: PC A17    Journal Announcement: GRAI8803; NSA1200
  Country of Publication: United States
  Contract No.: AC09-76SR00001
  This  report  provides a summary of the components of risk assessment and
presents the technical basis for application of the risk evaluation process
to  the  principal  pollutants  at SRP: radionuclides, toxic chemicals, and
carcinogenic compounds. An extensive technical data base from the_fields of
radiation   health  physics,  toxicology,  and  environmental  sciences  is
required  to accomplish this task. The origin and meaning of this data base
is  summarized  for each class of contaminant and parameter values provided
for  use  in  numerical analysis of risk. The process of risk assessment is
associated  with  uncertainties,  a  fact which is frequently stated in the
technical  literature  addressing this subject. A review of risk assessment
uncertainties  and  the  limitations  of  predictive  risk  assessment  are
summarized.  Risk estimators for each class of contaminants at the SRP have
been tabulated for radionuclides, toxic chemicals, and carcinogens from the
technical  literature.  Estimation  of human health risk is not an additive
process  for  radiation  effects  and  chemical  carcinogenesis since their
respective  dosimetric  models  are  distinctly  different  even though the
induction  of  cancer  is  reported  to  be  the  common  end result. It is
recommended  in  this  report  that  risk  estimation for radionuclides and
chemical carcinogens should be tabulated separately and this recommendation
has  been  applied in all environmental information documentation published
by  the  Savannah  River  Laboratory. Impacts due to toxic chemicals in the
biosphere  should  also  be  estimated  as  a  separate  entity since toxic
chemical  risk  estimators  are  uniquely  different and do not reflect the
probability  of  a  detrimental  health effect. 23 refs., 4 figs.,  13 tabs.
(ERA citation 12:041974) (NTIS)

                                                      j
06412403   88057403
Molecular   dosimetry  of  DNA  alkylation  during  chronic  exposure  to
  carcinogens.
  Swenberg JA; Boucheron JA; Deal FH; Richardson FC; Tyeryar LA
  Department  of Biochemical Toxicology and Pathobiology, Chemical Industry
  Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
  IARC Sci Publ (FRANCE)   1987,   (84) p59-63,  ISSN P300-5038
  Journal Code: GKU
  Languages: ENGLISH
  Incorporation of the molecular dosimetry of DNA adducts is being proposed
as  a  means  for  placing  quantitative  risk  assessment  on  a  stronger
scientific  basis.  While this is likely to be an improvement over straight
mathematical  extrapolation,  we believe that a more holistic approach that
incorporates  even  more  biology  is  needed.  Therefore, we have begun_to
quantify   the   dose-response   relationships   for  N-nitrosodiethylamine
(NDEA)-induced    hepatocarcinogenesis    by   characterizing   the   major
promutagenic   DNA  adduct,  O4-ethyldeoxythymidine  (O4-etdT) ;  hepatocyte
proliferation;  and  hepatocyte  initiation  in rats continually exposed to
drinking-water  containing  NDEA. The results show that O4-etdT accumulates

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 to   apparent  steady-state  concentrations that are proportional to dose  at
 all  but the highest exposures,  at which  less than linear amounts are  found.
 This  appears  to  be  due  to   excessive  cytotoxicity,  since  hepatocyte
 proliferation  is  markedly  increased   at  high  but not at low exposures.
 Hepatocyte  initiation,   as  determined  by  the presence of gamma -glut amyl
 transferase-positive  foci, appears  to have limitations in sensitivity that
 preclude  investigations  at low exposures.  These  methods  may  provide
 valuable  insight  into  mechanisms  of  hepatocarcinogenesis  at  moderate
 exposures.  Collecting these data should  help to identify endpoints that may
 be relevant for human risk assessment. (MEDLINE)


 1289552  PB88-113188/XAB
 National   Air    Toxics    Information    Clearinghouse:   Qualitative  and
   Quantitative  Carcinogenic Risk Assessment.
   (Final rept.)
   See  also   PB87-125779.    Sponsored  by  Environmental Protection Agency,
   Research Triangle  Park,  NC. Strategies and Air Standards Div.
   NTIS Prices:  PC A08/MF A01
   Cote, I.  ;  Bayard,  S.
   Radian Corp., Research Triangle Park,  NC.
   Corp. Source  Codes:  076365000
   Sponsor:  Environmental   Protection  Agency,   Research Triangle  Park,  NC.
   Strategies and Air Standards Div.
   Report No.: DCN-87-239-001-13-12; EPA/450/5-87/003
   Jun 87   174p
   Languages: English
   NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01    Journal Announcement:  GRAI8803
   Country of Publication: United States
   Contract No.: EPA-68-02-4330
   The  document  describes  the basic principles and assumptions associated
 with  a  qualitative  and  quantitative   carcinogenic  risk  assessment and
 illustrates  these  features  using  several  examples of quantitative risk
 assessment done by State and local agencies. The report  is intended to help
 readers  better  understand  and interpret a risk assessment rather than to
 provide  instructions  that would enable  them to conduct a risk assessment.
 The   report  is  aimed  at  managers   and staff members in State and  local
 agencies  who  are  concerned with the use of qualitative and  quantitative
 carcinogenic   risk  assessment   for   evaluating  emissions  of toxic air
 pollutants.^  The report discusses the four steps of risk assessment: hazard
 identification,   dose-response  assessment,  exposure  assessment, and risk
 characterization,  focusing primarily  on the dose-response assessment.
 (NTIS)
0194154   Enviroline Number:  *88-061195
PHARMACOKINETICS  AND  EXPERT  SYSTEMS  AS  AIDS  FOR  RISK ASSESSMENT IN
  REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY.
  MATTISON DONALD R.  ;  JELOVSEK FREDERICK R.
  UNIV OF ARKANSAS,
  ENV HEALTH PERSPECTIVES,  DEC  87, V76, P107(13)
  JOURNAL  ARTICLE    FOUR COMPONENTS FOR THE BASIS OF A MINIMAL APPROACH TO
RISK  ASSESSMENT  IN REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY: HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, HAZARD
CHARACTERIZATION,  EXPOSURE   CHARACTERIZATION,  AND  RISK CHARACTERIZATION.
RISK  ASSESSMENT  IN REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY HAS BEEN REDUCED TO ARBITRARY

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 SAFETY FACTORS OR MATHEMATIC MODELS OF THE DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP WHICH
 OBSCURE  BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES ACROSS SPECIES.  PHARMACOKINETICS AND EXPERT
 SYSTEM  SHELLS  ARE  TWO  APPROACHES  THAT  ARE   FORMALLY  CAPABLE OF USING
 BIOLOGICALLY  RELEVANT  INFORMATION  AND  CAN  BE  USED  AS  AIDS  TO  RISK
 ASSESSMENT   IN   REPRODUCTIVE   TOXICOLOGY.  (3  DIAGRAMS,  3  GRAPHS,  25
 REFERENCES, 21 TABLES)  (ENVIROLINE)
 06441332  DATABASE: MI File 47
 Quantitative  Risk  Assessment:  Bionedical  Ethics  Reviews  - 1986. (book
   reviews)
   Veatch,  Robert M.
   JAMA,   The Journal of the American Medical Association  V259 p3629(l)  June
   24,  1988
   ARTICLE TYPE: review
   GRADE: B
   REVIEWEE:  Humber, James M.; Almeder,  Robert F.        j
   DESCRIPTORS:  Books—reviews, etc.   (MAGAZINE INDEX)
 0192199   Enviroline Number: *88-021207
 QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS  IFOR CARCINOGENS AT
   EPA:  A CRITIQUE.
   PERERA FREDERICA P.
   J  PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY,  SUMMER 87,  V8,  N2, P202(20)
   JOURNAL   ARTICLE      RECENT  ACTIONS  AND  POLICY   INITIATIVES  OF  THE
 ENVIRONMENTAL   PROTECTION   AGENCY  INVOLVING  RISK  ASSESSMENT  AND   RISK
 MANAGEMENT  OF  CARCINOGENS  ARE EVALUATED. EPA'S USE OP THE MAJOR TOOLS IN
 QUALITATIVE  AND  QUANTITATIVE  RISK  ASSESSMENT SHOW THAT  ADEQUATE TOXICITY
 TESTING  DATA  FOR  MOST  CHEMICALS  IS  NOW BEING OBTAINED. THE INCREASING
 RELIANCE ON QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT  COUPLED WITH COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
 IS   INAPPROPRIATE  DUE  TO  THEIR LIMITATIONS  AND  THE   GOAL  OF  CANCER
 PREVENTION.  (66 REFERENCES, 5 TABLES)  (ENVIROLINE)      {
1299281   DE88002301/XAB
Rapid  Screening of Hazard (RASH)  Based on Maximum Use of Biological Data
  and Minimum  Use of Extrapolation Models
  Oak  Ridge model conference on waste problems, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 13 Oct
  1987.
  Portions of  this document are illegible in microficheiproducts.
  NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF  A01
  Jones,  T. D.  ;  Glass, L.  R.  ; Easterly, C. E. ; Owen, B. A.
  Oak Ridge National Lab.,  TN.                          j
  Corp. Source Codes:  021310000; 4832000
  Sponsor: Department of  Energy, Washington, DC.
  Report  No.:  CONF-871075-27
  1987    16p
  Languages: English   Document Type: Conference proceeding
  NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF  A01    Journal Announcement: GRAI8807; NSA1300
  Country of Publication: United States
  Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
  Traditional   methods  for evaluation of human health eiffects are based on
identification of  the   toxic   agent,  selection  of a toxicological study
judged to be a  suitable analogue for man, analysis of the experimental dose

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 response,   incorporation  of  safety  factors,  and scaling of the dose and
 response  values to be predictive for humans exposed to untested pollutants
 or  under  untested  conditions.   This method  of absolute decision making
 derives  from  expert committees  and regulatory standards for protection of
 human  health.  This work will describe how new relative methods can be used
 to  supplement absolute methods used by the Environmental_Protection Agency
 (EPA)   to  set  regulatory  standards and performance guidelines. Relative
 decision  making  uses  many potency comparisons between various biological
 tests  and  minimizes  the  use  of  mathematical  models  commonly used to
 extrapolate  dose  and  response   metrics  from  past  experience to future
 concerns.  10 refs.,  2  figs.,  5  tabs. (ERA  citation 13:006548)
 (NTIS)


 06563987   88208987
 Risk assessment:  extrapolation to individual risk.
   Kimbrough RD;  Grandjean PA
   Centers   for   Disease  Control,   U.  S.  Department  of  Health and Human
   Services,  Atlanta,  Georgia 30333.
   Basic Life Sci (UNITED STATES)    1988,  43 p245-53,  ISSN 0090-5542
   Journal  Code:  9KO
   Languages:  ENGLISH   "(MEDLINE)
06501874    88146874
Significance    of   pharmacokinetio   variables   in   reproductive   and
  developmental toxicity.
  Neubert D
  Institut  fur  Toxikologie  und  Embryopharmakologie,  Freie  Universitat
  Berlin, FR Germany.
  Xenobiotica  (ENGLAND)    Jan 1988,  18 Suppl 1 p45-58,  ISSN 0049-8254
  Journal Code:  XQU
  Languages: ENGLISH
  1.  As  in   other  fields  of toxicology, pharmacokinetic variables are of
considerable    significance    for   the   assessment   of  reproductive  or
developmental   toxicity.   2.   When  assessing the possibility of an adverse
effect  of  a   chemical on male or female fertility, in the majority of the
cases  no information  on the concentration at the target is available. This
may  cause  problems  in   the  case  of  a  'negative' finding.  3. Prenatal
toxicity  takes  place within  a complex 'two-compartment' system (mother:
conceptus);    pharmacokinetic  variables  in  both  systems  determine  the
concentration   at the target  (the  conceptus) .  These  variables  may be
expected  to vary greatly  during the different stages of development. While
the  contribution of  maternal pharmacokinetics can easily be assessed, the
pharmacokinetics within   the  embryo/foetus will remain largely unknown in
man.  4.  While  it  is  quite  feasible in animal experiments to study the
transfer  of a given chemical to the conceptus in vivo at various stages of
pregnancy   it   is almost  impossible  to  obtain such information for most
developmental   stages  in  man,  except at the perinatal period (by sampling
cord  blood).   For this reason during most risk assessments exposure of the
embryo   or fetus   can  only  be  roughly  assumed  from  maternal  plasma
concentrations.   5.  A significant  capacity  of foetal tissues (including
liver)   for   metabolic   transformation   of  many  chemicals   (e.g.  via
cytochrorae-P-450-dependent monooxygenases) develops only perinatally in the
usual  rodent   animal  species.  But in primates (including man) the activity

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  of  several  such  monooxygenases  is substantial  in liver already at early
  foetal  stages.  Much less information is  available  on the metabolic capacity
  for xenobiotics in extrahepatic tissues  of primate embryos and foetuses. 6.
  Since   pharmacokinetic variables (e.g. half-life)  often'differ considerably
  in  laboratory  rodents and in man a risk assessment for1 man on the basis of
  doses is  often  greatly misleading.  It seems more justified to predict toxic
  effects on  the  basis of plasma levels. This aspect is of great significance
  and ^must  be  taken  into  consideration since the results of many routine
  studies  are  not  suitable  for  risk  assessments because pharmacokinetic
  variables  were  not  considered  when  planning   experimental  studies. 7.
  Factors affecting the transfer of chemicals via mothers milk to the neonate
  are largely  known  today.   But  solid  data  on  the  pharmacokinetics of
  xenobiotics with  respect to transfer  to  the milk and ensuing concentrations
  in   the    neonate   are   still  lacking  for  the  majority  of  relevant
  chemicals.(ABSTRACT  TRUNCATED AT  400  WORDS)    (53  Refs  )
  (MEDLINE)                                         '    V  '  ^i-*'*
 1289269  PB88-106174/XAB
 Strategies for Using Bioassay Methods for the Identification of Hazardous
   Components and Comparative Risk Assessment of Complex Mixtures
   NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
   Lewtas, J.

   Tox^cSl Effe?ts  Research  Lab->  Research  Triangle   Park,   NC.   Genetic

   Corp.  Source Codes: 048097011
   Report No.:  EPA/600/D-87/271
   Sep 87   41p
   Languages: English
   NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01    Journal Announcement: GRAI8803
   Country of Publication:  United States
   Two  strategies  particularly  useful   for  approaching the toxicology of
 complex  mixtures  are:  (1)  bioassay-directed  chemical characterization; and
 (2)  Comparative   bioassay  studies.   Bioassay-directed  fractionation  and
 chemical characterization  is a strategy for  identifying biologically active
 compounds  or   compound  classes in complex mixtures. The identification and
 assessment   of  mutagens  and  carcinogens   in  complex  mixtures  has been
 significantly   advanced  by  the  use  of   short-term  genetic  bioassays
 Bioassay-directed  fractionation  coupled with new organic characterization
 methods   has  provided   the   tools  needed  to  more  efficiently  identify
 potential   carcinogens   in complex  mixtures. A comparative potency strategy
 forDevaluating the  relative  toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of a
 series   of  different mixtures has  been used to provide comparative potency
data  for risk assessment. The comparative mutagenicity and carcinogenicity
°5 j?  series of  combustion  emissions has been assessed using dose-response
studies  in bacteria, mammalian cells and rodents.  (NTIS)

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HEALTH RISKS

GENERRI.
                         Risk Assessment. Proceedings of a Symposium Held
  May 14-16, 1985, Columbia, Maryland
  Sponsored   by   National  Inst.  for  Occupational  Safety  and  Health,
  Cincinnati, OH.
  NTIS Prices: PC A23/MF A01
  Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, MD. School of Hygiene and Public Health.
  Corp. Source Codes: 001934076                                  .
  Sponsor:  National  Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati,
  OH.
  16 May 85   54 6p
  Languages: English                                   „„,.„„«<-
  NTIS Prices: PC A23/MF A01    Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
  Country of Publication: United States
  The  28  contributions  to  this  symposium dealt with various aspects of
epidemiology as it relates to the assessment of various risks to the health
of  workers  arising  out  of  hazardous  materials  or  conditions  at the
workplace.  The  symposium began with an overview of health risk assessment
considering  epidemiology  and  environmental hazards, the scientific basis
for  policy decisions, epidemiology and risk assessment, and toxicology and
epidemiology.  Contributions of epidemiology to health risk assessment were
considered   including  estimation  of  risk  and  inferring  causality  in
epidemiology,  developmental  risks, asbestos (1332214) and cancer, genetic
susceptibility  and   the estimation of risk. The quantitative expression or
risk  was  considered including quantitative expression of dose responses,
statistical  modeling of dose response relationships, and > quantification of
risk  in  defined  populations.  In  the  papers  evaluating  epidemiologic
information,  methods for  combining animal and human data were considered
alona  with  papers   on  saccharin and bladder cancer, estrogens and breast
cancer,  leukemia  risks  in  relation  to  benzene  (71432)  exposure, the
influence  of theoretical and experimental radiobiology on the epidemiology
of  radiation carcinogenesis, soft water and hardening of the arteries, and
the  circumstances of exposure and reproductive consequences.
(NTIS)
1298869  DE88001439/XAB
Space-Time   Clusters   of  Adverse  Health  Events  as  a  Means  of Early
  Detection of  Departure from Planned Containment.
  Oak  Ridge model  conference on waste problems, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 13 Oct
  1987.
  Portions  of this  document are illegible in microfiche products.
  NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
  Aldrich,  T. E.  ;  Easterly,  C. E.
  Oak Ridge National  Lab.,  TN.
  Corp.  Source  Codes:  021310000; 4832000
  Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
  Report No.: CONF-871075-13
                            10

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   1987   13p                                          j
   Languages: English   Document Type: Conference proceeiding
   NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01    Journal Announcement:  GRAI8807;  NSA1300
   Country of Publication: United States               [
   Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400                        j
   Studies of rare health events offer a novel  means  for;  assessing community
 health  impacts  from excursions of hazardous  contaminants  into  the  ambient
 environment.  Clusters  of  these  infrequent,   adverse  health  occurrences
 provide   sentinel   phenomena   to  epidemiologists  for   the   purpose  of
 formulating  preventive  strategies  and  decision rules. The goal of early
 identification  and  interpretation  of  these case  clusters has led to the
 development of a variety of statistical methods.  This  presentation provides
 an  overview  of  these techniques, many of which assume infectious  disease
 processes  that  may  reasonably be translated as a  common  source exposure.
 Population-based  disease  registries  are substantial  sources  of data for
 conducting  studies  of  small  area  case clusters  near contaminated waste
 sites.  The strategy of population surveillance  has found initial acceptance
 as  a   means  of  directing  environmental health   actions and  providing a
 safeguard for public health.  The methods discussed are possible  choices for
 analyses  directed  to  cancer  or  birth defect data in order  to identify
 possible  case  clusters  of  rare  events.  Suggestions are  offered  for
 interpreting  case  clusters  of  disease and  a model,  semiquantitative
 decision process is proposed for use in determining public health action or
 policy.  26 refs.,  1 fig.,  1 tab.  (ERA citation  13:006519) (NTIS)
CANCER.. .includes  carcinogens,  carcinogenesis,carcinogenicity,genetics,
 epidemiology,  and multi-media  exposure.
88030593   V16N04
Cancer  risk   assessment   and  government  regulation  to  protect public
  health: An overview
  Scroggin, D.G.
   AAAS Annual Meeting    8810011   Boston, MA (USA)   11-15 Feb 1988
  American Association  for the  Advancement of Science (AAAS) ,  1333 H Street
  N.W., Washington, DC  20005  (USA)
  American  Association for the Advancement of Science,  1333 H Street N.W.,
  Washington,  DC  20005   (USA), AAAS Publication 87-31 contains abstracts o
  papers presented at the meeting
  Languages: ENGLISH  (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)         I
06537375   88182375
An approach to environmental risk assessment using avian toxicity tests.
  Shirazi MA; Bennett RS; Lowrie L
  Arch Environ Contam Toxicol  (UNITED STATES)    Mar 1988,   17 (2)  p263-71,
  ISSN 0090-4341   Journal Code: 6YD
  Languages: ENGLISH  (MEDLINE)
88030595   V16N04
Cancer risk  from diesel exhaust exposure: A  case study in  risk
  assessment.                                          '
  McClellan, R.O.
                           11

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   Inhalation Toxicol. Res. Inst., Lovelace  Biomed. and Environ. Res.  Inst.,
   Inc.t  Albuquerque, NM
   AAAS  Annual Meeting   8810011   Boston, MA  (USA)   11-15 Feb 1988
   American Association for the Advancement  of Science  (AAAS) , 1333 H  Street
   N.W.,  Washington,  DC 20005 (USA)
   American  Association for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H Street N.W.,
   Washington,  DC  20005  (USA), AAAS Publication 87-31 contains abstracts o
   papers presented at the meeting
   Languages: ENGLISH  (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)


 06535505   88180505
 Carcinogen risk assessment.
   Hazelwood RN
   International Technology Corporation, Irvine, California 92714.
   Adv Food Res (UNITED STATES)    1987,  31  pl-51,  ISSN 0065-2628
   Journal Code: 2M8
   Languages: ENGLISH
   (64 Refs.)   (MEDLINE)


 06734203  DATABASE:  MI File  47
 Carcinogenic risk estimation,  (includes response)
   Epstein,  Samuel S.; Swartz,  Joel B.; Ames, Bruce N.; Gold, Lois Swirsky
   Science  v240 p!043(5)  May 20,  1988
   AVAILABILITY: FULL TEXT Online  LINE COUNT: 00353
    (MAGAZINE INDEX)


 06551055   88196055
 Cellular  and molecular mechanisms  of multistep carcinogenesis: relevance
   to  carcinogen risk assessment.
   Barrett JC; Wiseman RW
   National  Institute  of Environmental Health Sciences,  Research Traingle
   Park,  NC 27709.
   Environ  Health Perspect  (UNITED  STATES)   Dec  1987,   76 p65-70,  ISSN
   0091-6765    Journal Code:  EIO
   Languages:  ENGLISH
   Carcinogenesis  is  a multistep process involving alterations in at least
 two   distinct  classes of genes. Protooncogenes are activated qualitatively
 or quantitatively  in certain tumors, and they appear to act as positive
 proliferative  signals for neoplastic growth.  In contrast, tumor suppressor
 genes are  normal  genes that must be  inactivated  or  lost  for tumor
 development.   When active, tumor suppressor genes control  neoplastic growth
 in a negative manner. Chemicals may influence the carcinogenic process by
mutational  activation of  protooncogenes  and/or  inactivation  of  tumor
 suppressor  genes.   The  types   of   genetic  alterations  involved in'these
mutational  events  are  diverse,   and  their  dose-response  curves may be
varied.    In  addition,   chemical   carcinogens  may  act  on  nonmutational
processes    such  as  the  clonal   expansion  of  premalignant  cells.  The
carcinogenic  risk  of a  specific chemical is a composite  of its effects on
multiple genetic and epigenetic processes.  (MEDLINE)
                           12

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Changing  concepts in cancer prevention: limitations and implications for
  future research in environmental carcinogenesis.

  liltitutJ Jfor  Health  Policy  Analysis,  Georgetown  University Medical
  Center, Washington, DC 20007.                              „,,«-, Q   T<;<;N
  Cancer   Res  (UNITED   STATES)   Mar   15  1988,  48  (6)  p!381-9,  ISSN
  0008-5472   Journal Code: CNF
  Lanouaaes: ENGLISH                                      ,       , .... .. .
  While the cause and nature of certain human cancers are known, definitive
preventative  guidelines  still cannot be offered for many types of tumors.
This  is  partly  due  to  the  inherent biostatistical and epidemiological
limitations  involved  in  the identification and interpretation of complex
carcinogenic  risk  factors  and  potential low-risk hazards. Two divergent
control  strategies  have  emerged:   (a)  regulatory  programs  designed to
control  or  eliminate  minute  quantities  of  pollut
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  USE THE MOST SCIENTIFICALLY APPROPRIATE INTERPRETATION.  THE  REQUIREMENT FOR
  ADOPTION  OF  THIS  MOST SCIENTIFICALLY APPROPRIATE INTERPRETATION REFLECTS
  EPA'S  CURRENT  PRIORITY  ON  ATTAINING '"'GOOD SCIENCE"  IN  RISK ASSESSMENT
  PROCEEDINGS.  HOWEVER,   THE  CONVENTIONAL VIEW THAT SCIENTIFIC  PERSPECTIVES
  SHOULD  DOMINATE  THE  RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS IS  CHALLENGED. SOCIAL  POLICY
  CONSIDERATIONS  MUST PLAY  AS  PROMINENT  A  ROLE  IN  THE  CHOICE OF  RISK
  ESTIMATES  AS  IN THE ULTIMATE DETERMINATION OF WHICH PREDICTED RISK  SHOULD
  BE  DEEMED UNACCEPTABLE.  (NUMEROUS REFERENCES)   (ENVIROLINE)
 06551034    88196034
 Human  hypervariable sequences  in risk assessment: rare Ha-ras alleles in
   cancer patients.
   Krontiris  TG; DiMartino NA;  Mitcheson HD; Lonergan JA; Begg C; Parkinson
Hematology/Oncology, Tufts-New England Medical

        STATES)    Dec 1987,   76 D147-53   ISSN
                                       '
   Department  of  Medicine,
   Center, Boston, MA 02111.
   Environ  Health  Perspect  (UNITED
   0091-6765   Journal Code: EIO
   Contract/Grant No .: CA45052
   Languages: ENGLISH
 1 ^ . variable  tandem repeat (VTR) is responsible for the hyperallelism one
 kilobase  3'  to  the  human  c-Ha-ras-1 (Ha-ras) gene.  Thirty-two distinct
 restriction  fragments,  comprising  3  allelic  classes  by  frequency  of
 occurrence,   have  thus far been detected in a sample size of approximately
 800  Caucasians.  Rare  Ha-ras  alleles,  21 in all,  are almost exclusively
 confined  to  the  genomes of cancer patients (p less than 0.001).  From our
 data  we  have computed the relative cancer risk associated with possession
 ££•  a  £are   Ha~ras  allele to be 27.  To understand the  molecular  basis for
 tmis  phenomenon,  we  have begun to clone Ha-ras fragments  from nontumor DNA
 of  cancer  patients.   We  report  here the weak activation,  as detected bv
 transfection and transformation of NIH 3T3  mouse cells,  of two Ha-ras genes
 which  were   obtained  from  lymphocyte  DNA of a melanoma patient. We  have
 J£S£!;?«*S!e  +.£eg\°^  ^at C°nfer this  transforming  activity to the  fragment
 containing  the  VTR  in  one Ha-ras clone  and  the  fragment containing  gene
 coding sequences in the  other.  (MEDLINE)
1297459  PB88-127097/XAB
Investigation of Cancer Risk Assessment Methods.
      includes PB88-127105 through PB88-127139.  Sponsored by Environmental
              ngen^'  Was*ln9ton,  DC.  Office  of  Health and Environmenta
            ' ??Partment of Defense, Washington, DC., Electric Power Researc
                                  Science Inst" Washington,  DC.
  Clement Associates, Inc., Ruston, LA.
  Corp.  Source Codes: 090303000
             nvi;ronmental  Protection  Agency,   Washington,   DC.   Office of
               Env£ronmental  Assessment.; Department of Defense,  Washington
              DC.      *  Research  Inst« '  Pal°  Alto<  CA- '  Risk Science Inst.
  Sep  87   841p-in 4v
  Languages:  English
  NTIS Prices:  PC  E99    Journal Announcement:  GRAI8806
  Country of  Publication: United States
                           14

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No abstract available.  (NTIS)
                                                          Hogg, M. L.
1297460  PB88-127105/XAB
investigation of Cancer Risk assessment Methods. Summary
  Allen, B. C. ; Shipp, A. M.  ; Crump, K. S. ; Kilian, B.
  Clement Associates, Inc., Ruston, LA.

          UrEnv?ronmen?af °Pro?ection  Agency,  Washing,  DC.  Office of
          and  Environmental  Assessment.; Department of Defense, Washington
  DC ;  Electric  Power  Research  Inst., Palo Alto, CA.; Risk Science Inst.
  Washington, DC.
  Report No.: EPA/600/6-87/007A
  Sep 87   68p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
See  also  Volume   1,
Agency,  Washington,
                        PB88-127113.  Sponsored by Environmental Protection
  Agency,  wasning^n,  DC.  Office  of  Health and Environmental Assessment
  Department of Defense, Washington, DC., Electric Power Research Inst., Pal
  Alto, CA., and Risk Science  Inst., Washington, DC.
  Also available in set of  4 reports PC E99, PB88-127097.
  NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01                           \
  Country of Publication: United States

  The^major0* focus of the  study is upon making quantitative comparisons of
carcinogenic   potency  in   animals and  humans  for 23.chemicals for which
suitabll  animL  and  human   data exists. These comparisons are based upon
Estimates  of  risk related  doses (RRDs) obtained from I>oth animal and human
date.  An  RRD represents  the  average  daily  dose  Pe:^bodv.^^ht of a
chemical  that would result in an extra cancer risk of 25%. Animal data on
SS  and  21 other chemicals of interest to the EPA and the DOD are coded
into  an  animal data base  that permits evaluation by computer of many risk
assessment  approaches.  The   report  is  the result of a two-year study to
SSSTSh. aSumptions, other tLn those involving low dose extrapolation
used  in  quantitative  cancer risk assessment. The study was funded by the
Department  of Defense   (through an  interagency transfer of funds to the
E^ronSntaf Protection   Agency  (EPA)),  the  EPA   the  Electric  Power
Research  Institute  and,   in   its latter  stages,  by  the  Risk  Science
Institute.  (NTIS)
                         Risk Assessment Methods.  Vol'lime 1.
 and Epidemiology                                                „  T
 Allen, B. C. ; Shipp, A. M. ; Crump, K. S.  ;  Kilian,  B. ;  Hogg,  M.  L.
 Clement Associates, Inc., Ruston, LA.
 Corp. Source Codes: 090303000                       '            ««,•„« «-F
 Sponsor:  Environmental  Protection  Agency,   Washington,   DC.   Office or
 Health  and  Environmental  Assessment.; Department pf Defense   Washington
 DC.;  Electric  Power  Research  Inst., Palo  Alto,  CA.; Risk Science Inst.

 Washington, DC.
 Report No.: EPA/600/6-87/007B
 Sep 87   326p
 Languages: English
                          15

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    Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
    See   also   PB88-127105,   and  Volume  2,   PB88-127121.    Sponsored   by
    Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Washington,   DC.   Office of Health an
    Environmental  Assessment, Department of Defense, Washington, DC., Electri
    Power  Research  Inst., Palo Alto, CA.,  and Risk  Science Inst., Washington
    DC.
    Also available in set of 4 reports PC E99, PB88-127097.
    NTIS Prices: PC A15/MF A01
    Country of Publication: United States
    Contract No.: EPA-68-01-6807
    The   major  focus of the study is upon making quantitative comparisons of
 carcinogenic$  potency  in  animals  and humans  for 23 chemicals for which
 suitable  animal  and  human  data exists. These comparisons are based upon
 estimates  of  risk related doses (RRDs) obtained from both animal and human
 data.   An  RRD  represents  the  average  daily  dose  per body weight of a
 chemical  that  would result in an extra cancer risk of 25%.  Animal data on
 these   and  21 other chemicals of interest to the EPA and the DOD are coded
 into   an  animal data base that permits evaluation by computer of many risk
 assessment  approaches.   The  report  is  the result of a two-year study to
 examine the assumptions,  other than those involving low dose  extrapolation
 used   in  quantitative  cancer risk assessment.  The study was funded by the
 Department  of  Defense-  (through  an  interagency transfer of funds to the
 Environmental   Protection  Agency  (EPA)),  the   EPA,   the Electric  Power
 Research  Institute   and,  in   its  latter  stages,   by  the   Risk  Science
 Institute.  (NTIS)
1297462  PB88-127121/XAB
Investigation  of Cancer Risk Assessment Methods.  Volume 2.  Bioassav Data
  Base
  Allen, B. C. ; Shipp, A. M. ; Crump, K. S.  ;  Kilian,  B.  ;  Hogg, M.  L.
  Clement Associates, Inc., Ruston, LA.
  Corp. Source Codes: 090303000
  Sponsor:  Environmental  Protection  Agency,   Washington,   DC.  Office  of
  Health  and  Environmental  Assessment. ;  Department of Defense, Washington
  DC.;  Electric  Power  Research  Inst., Palo  Alto, CA. ; Risk Science Inst.
  Washington,  DC.
  Report No.:  EPA/600/6-87/007C
  Sep 87   251p
  Languages:  English
  Journal Announcement:  GRAI8806
  See  also Volume 1, PB88-127113,  and Volume 3, PB88-127139.
  Environmental  Protection  Agency,   Washington,
                                                   DC.
       Sponsored by
Office  of Health an
                                                ,    .          ^ ^^^ ail
  Environmental  Assessment,  Department of Defense, Washington, DC., Electri
  Power  Research   Inst.,  Palo Alto, CA. , and Risk Science Inst., Washington
  XJw *
  Also available in set  of 4  reports PC E99, PB88-127097
  NTIS Prices: PC A12/MF A01
  Country of Publication:  United States
  Contract No. : EPA-68-01-6807
  The  major   focus of the study is upon making quantitative comparisons of
carcinogenic  potency  in   animals  and  humans  for 23 chemicals for which
suitable  animal  and  human  data exists. These comparisons are based upon
estimates  of risk  related doses (RRDs) obtained from both animal and human
                           16

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data.  An  RRD  represents  the  average  daily  dose  per body weight of a
chemical  that  would result in an extra cancer risk of 25%.  Animal data on
these  and  21 other chemicals of interest to the EPA and the DOD are coded
into  an  animal data base that permits evaluation by computer of many risk
assessment  approaches.  The  report  is  the result of a two-year study to
examine the assumptions, other than those involving low dose extrapolation,
used  in  quantitative  cancer risk assessment. The study was funded by the
Department  of  Defense  (through  an  interagency transfer of funds to the
Environmental  Protection  Agency  (EPA)),  the  EPA,  the  Electric  Power
Research  Institute  and,  in  its  latter  stages,  by  the  Risk  Science
Institute. (NTIS)

1297463  PB88-127139/XAB
Investigation of Cancer Risk Assessment Methods. Volume 3., Analyses
  Allen, B. C. ; Shipp, A. M. ; Crump, K. S. ; Kilian, B. ; Hogg, M. L.
  Clement Associates, Inc., Huston, LA.                >
  Corp. Source Codes: 090303000
  Sponsor:  Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Washington,  DC.  Office of
  Health  and  Environmental  Assessment.; Department of Defense,^Washington
  DC.;  Electric  Power  Research  Inst., Palo Alto, CA.; Risk Science Inst.
  Washington, DC.
  Report No.: EPA/600/6-87/007D                        !
  Sep 87   196p
  Languages: English
  Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
  See  also  Volume  2, PB88-127121.  Sponsored by Environmental Protection
  Agency,  Washington,  DC.  Office  of  Health and Environmental Assessment
  Department of Defense, Washington, DC., Electric Power Research Inst., Pal
  Alto, CA., and Risk Science Inst., Washington, DC.
  Also available in set of 4 reports PC E99, PB88-127097.
  NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A01
  Country of Publication: United States
  Contract No.: EPA-68-01-6807
  The  major  focus of the study is upon making quantitative comparisons of
carcinogenic  potency  in  animals  and  humans  for 23 chemicals for which
suitable  animal  and  human  data exists. These comparisons are based upon
estimates  of risk related doses (RRDs) obtained from- both animal and human
data.  An  RRD  represents  the  average  daily  dose  per body_weight of a
chemical  that  would result in an extra cancer risk of 25%.  Animal data on
these  and  21 other chemicals of interest to the EPA and the DOD are coded
into  an  animal data base that permits evaluation by computer of many risk
assessment  approaches.  The  report  is  the result of a two-year study to
examine the assumptions, other than those involving low dose extrapolation,
used  in  quantitative  cancer risk assessment. The study was funded by the
Department  of  Defense  (through  an  interagency transfer of funds to the
Environmental  Protection  Agency  (EPA)),  the  EPA,  the  Electric  Power
Research  Institute  and,  in  its  latter  stages,  by  toe  Risk  Science
Institute. (NTIS)
                                                       i
06551033   88196033
The potential usefulness of biological markers in risk assessment.
  Perera F
  Columbia  University  School  of Public Health, Division of Environmental
  Sciences, New York, NY 10032.
  Environ Health Perspect   Dec 1987,  76 p!41-5,  ISSN 0091-6765
                           17

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   Journal Code: EIO
   Languages: ENGLISH
   Substantial  data  have  been  generated  during  the  last  5   years  in
 experimental  systems  and  human  populations  which  shed  light  on  the
 potential usefulness of biological markers in human cancer risk assessment.
 Following  a  brief review of overall progress to date in the biomonitoring
 of  human  populations,  this  paper  turns  to  the  growing  body of data
 regarding  carcinogen-DNA  and  protein  adducts as illustrative markers of
 biologically  effective  dose  of  carcinogens.  The  data base illustrates
 considerable  human  inter-individual variation in binding and the presence
 of  significant  "background"  levels of adducts—both of which support the
 absence  of  human  population  thresholds for exposure to carcinogens.  The
 contribution  of  adduct  data  to  our  understanding  of the shape of low
 dose-response  curve and the reliability of inter-species extrapolation,  as
 well  as  the relevance of adducts to cancer risk,  are also discussed.  Even
 though  adducts  can  now be useful in hazard identification  or qualitative
 risk  assessment,   more  research  is  needed  before  they  can   serve  as
 quantitative predictors of human cancer risk.  (MEDLINE)


 06551059   88196059
 Preferential DNA repair in expressed genes.
   Hanawalt PC
   Department of Biological Sciences,  Stanford University,  CA  94305.
   Environ  Health  Perspect (UNITED  STATES)    Dec   1987,   76  p9-14,   ISSN
   0091-6765   Journal Code:  EIO
   Languages:  ENGLISH
   Potentially  deleterious  alterations to  DNA occur nonrandomly within the
 mammalian  genome.   These  alterations include the adducts produced by many
 chemical  carcinogens,  but not the UV-induced  cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer,
 which may be  an exception.  Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that
 the   excision  repair  of  pyrimidine  dimers   and certain other lesions is
 nonrandom  in  the   mammalian   genome,  exhibiting a  distinct preference for
 actively  transcribed  DNA sequences.  An important consequence of this fact
 is  that  mutagenesis  and  carcinogenesis may be determined in part by the
 activities of  the  relevant   genes.   Repair  may also be processive, and a
 model  is  proposed in  which excision repair is coupled to transcription at
 the   nuclear  matrix.   Similar but  freely  diffusing repair complexes may
 account  for  the lower  overall repair efficiencies in the silent domains of
 the  genome. Risk assessment  in relation to chemical carcinogenesis requires
 assays  that  determine  effective  levels  of  DNA  damage  for  producing
 malignancy.   The existence  of   nonrandom  repair in the genome casts into
 doubt  the reliability  of  overall   indicators  of DNA binding and lesion
 repair  for  such   determinations.  Furthermore,  some apparent differences
 between  the  intragenomic repair heterogeneity in rodent cells and that in
 human  cells  mandate   a  reevaluation of rodent test systems for human risk
 assessment. Tissue-specific and cell-specific differences in the coordinate
 regulation  of gene expression and  DNA repair may account for corresponding
 differences in the carcinogenic response. (MEDLINE)
06511346   88156346
Quantifying  risk and accuracy in cancer risk assessment:  the process and
  its role in risk management problem-solving.
                           18

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  Turturro A; Hart RW                                          .  .       .
  National  Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration,
                                 1987,  4 (3-4) pl25-32,  ISSN 0736-0118
  Journal Code: LSP                                    :
  Languages : ENGLISH ^                                  :

  A°bette"r understanding of chemical-induced cancer has led to appreciation
of   similarities   to   problems   addressed   by   risk   management   of
radiation-induced toxicity. Techniques developed for cancer risk assessment
of   toxic  substances  can  be  generalized  to  toxic  agents.  A  recent
problem-solving  approach for risk management of toxic substances developed
for  the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the role of risk
assessment and how uncertainty should be treated within the context _ of this
approach,  is  discussed. Finally, two different methods, research into the
assumptions  underlying  risk  assessment,  and  the  modification  of  risk
assessment/risk  management  documents,  are  used  to  illustrate  how the
technique can be applied.   (3 Refs.)  (MEDLINE)
0194155   Enviroline Number:  *88-061196                j          „„--,« „„
RANKING  THE  POTENTIAL CARCINOGENIC HAZARDS TO WORKERS FROM EXPOSURES TO
 CHEMICALS THAT ARE TDMORIGENIC IN RATS.               ;
  GOLD LOIS S.  ; BACKMAN GEORGANNE M.  ; HOOPER N. K. ;; PETO RICHARD
  LBNL,
  ENV HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, DEC 87, V76, P211(9)        !
  JOURNAL  ARTICLE     BOTH   REASONABLE  DATA  ON  CARCINOGENIC  POTENCY IN
EXPERIMENTAL  ANIMALS  AND A  DEFINED PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVEL  (PEL) EXIST
FOR  41 CHEMICALS. THE PEL DENOTES THE UPPER LIMIT OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
FOR  US  WORKERS.  THESE 41 AGENTS ARE RANKED BY AN INDEX THAT COMPARES THE
PERMITTED  HUMAN  EXPOSURE  TO THE CHRONIC DOSE RATE THAT INDUCES TUMORS IN
50%  OF  LABORATORY  ANIMALS.  THE  PERMITTED EXPOSURE/RODENT POTENCY INDEX
SUGGESTS  THE  RELATIVE HAZARDS THAT SUCH SUBSTANCES MAY POSE. INDEX VALUES
FOR  THE  41  SUBSTANCES  DIFFER BY MORE THAN 100,000-FOLD FROM EACH OTHER.
PRIORITY  ATTENTION  SHOULD   BE  GIVEN TO THE REDUCTION OF ALLOWABLE WORKER
EXPOSURES  TO  SUBSTANCES  THAT  APPEAR MOST HAZARDOUS BY THIS INDEX. THESE
INCLUDE   ETHYLENE  DIBROMIDE,  ETHYLENE  DICHLORIDE,
CHLOROFORM, AND  FORMALDEHYDE.  (1  GRAPH,  27  REFERENCES,
(ENVIROLINE)
   TETRACHLOROETHYLENE,
    4 TABLES)
06499872   88144872
Risk assessment problems  in  chemical oacogenesis.
  Hottendorf GH
  Prog Drug Res  (SWITZERLAND)    1987,  31 p257-72,
  Journal Code: QOS
  Languages: ENGLISH
  Document Type: Review
  (51 Refs.) (MEDLINE)
ISSN 0071-786X
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE  EFFECTS
                            19

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 06571674    88216674
 Evolution of testing strategies  for genetic toxicity.
   Brusick D
   Department  of Genetics,  Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc., Kensinaton
   MD 20895.                                                           ^   '
   Mutat     Res (NETHERLANDS)   May-Aug   1988,  205   (1-4)    P69-78   ISSN
   0027-5107    Journal Code: NNA
   Languages:  ENGLISH
   Document Type:  Historical Article; Review
   Shortly following the   inception  of  genetic  toxicology as a distinct
 discipline within toxicology, questions arose regarding the  type and number
 of  tests  needed to  classify  a  chemical  as a mutagenic hazard or as a
 potential  carcinogen.  To  some  degree  the discipline separated into two
 sub-specialties,  (1)  genetic  risk  assessment  and (2)  cancer prediction
 since  data   from experimental  oncology  also supports the existence of a
 genotoxic  step   in tumor initiation.  The issue of which and how many tests
 continued  to  be  debated,  but  is  now  focused  more tightly around two
 independent phenomena. Tier or sequential testing was initially proposed as
 a   logical  and  cost-effective method,  but was discarded on the basis that
 the  lower tier tests appeared to have too many false responses to force or
 exclude  further  testing  of  the test agent.  Matrix (battery)  testing was
 proposed for screening on the hypothesis that  combinations of endpoints and
 multiple  ^phylogenetic target organisms  were needed to achieve  satisfactory
 predictability.  As   the  results from short-term test 'validation1 studies
 for   carcinogen  prediction   and evaluations   of  EPA's   Gene-Tox  data
 accumulated, _it  became  obvious  that   qualitative  differences   remained
 between predictive   and  definitive   tests  and   by  assembling  different
 combinations  of  short-term assays investigators  did  not  appear to resolve
 the   lack   of concordance.  Recent trends  in genetic  toxicology  testing have
 focused on mathematical  models for test selection, and standardized systems
 for multi-test data assessment.   (29 Refs.)  (MEDLINE)


 06563995    88208995
 Human genetic individuality and risk assessment.
  Motulsky AG
  Department  of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
  Basic Life  Sci  (UNITED STATES)   1988,  43 p7-9,  ISSN 0090-5542
  Journal  Code: 9KO
  Languages:  ENGLISH
  (MEDLINE)

1300067  PB88-132253/XAB
Impaired Gamete Function: Implications  for Reproductive Toxicoloov
  Perreault, S. D.                                              yjf
 Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC.
  Corp. Source Codes:  048097000
 Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/346
 Nov 87   3Ip
 Languages: English
 Journal Announcement: GRAI8807
 NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
 Country of Publication:  United States
 The   invited  symposium  chapter  reviews  methods   for   evaluating  sperm
                           20

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function  in  laboratory  rodents  and  humans, and presents strategies for
incorporating  both  in  vivo  and  in vitro fertilization assessments into
reproductive  toxicology studies. The EPA Program Offices may encounter the
type  of  data,  especially  as  it appears in mechanistic studies, and the
chapter  provides information which is-helpful in the interpretation of the
data and its application in risk assessment. (NTIS)


06563971   88208971                                 ,.'•,.           4.
Phenotypic  variation  in  populations.   Relevance  to  risk  assessment.
  Proceedings of a symposium. December 7-10, 1986, Upton, New York. Dedicate
  to Alexander Hollaender.
  Basic Life Sci (UNITED STATES)   1988,  43 pl-305,  ISSN 0090-5542
  Journal Code: 9KO
  Languages: ENGLISH
  $MEDIi£N£)Type: Current Biog-Obit; Historical Article

                                                      I
06551058   88196058
Role  of  protein kinase C in regulation of gene expression and relevance
  to tumor promotion.
  Johnson MD; Housey GM; O1Brian CA; Kirschmeier PT; Weinstein IB
  Cancer  Center,  College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University,
  New York, NY 10032.
  Environ  Health  Perspect (UNITED  STATES)   Dec  1987,  76 p89-95,   ISSN
  0091-6765   Journal Code: EIO
  Contract/Grant No.: CA 02656; CA 07870
  Languages: ENGLISH
  The  tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)  has highly
pleiotropic  effects  on cells in culture and on tissues in vivo, including
effects  on protein kinase C (PKC) activation and gene expression. In order
to  determine the mechanism of activation of gene transcription by TPA, DNA
sequences  whose transcription is modulated in cells undergoing a mitogenic
response  to  TPA were isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library
from  TPA-treated  cells.  TPA-S1  corresponds  to  an  mRNA  species whose
abundance  is  increased  within  1  hr of exposure of quiescent C3H 10T1/2
mouse  embryo  fibroblasts.  TPA-R1  corresponds  to ' an mRNA species whose
abundance  is  decreased  in  TPA-treated cells. The induction of TPA-S1 is
blocked   by  actinomycin  D  and  is  specific  for  phorbol  esters  with
tumor-promoting activity. The transcription of this sequence is not induced
by  cycloheximide, nor is there an enhancement of the TPA response. Several
lines  of evidence demonstrate that PKC activation plays a critical role in
the  regulation  of  TPA-S1  expression. The nucleotide and predicted amino
acid  sequence  of  TPA-S1  exhibits homology with sequences representing a
peptide with erythroid-potentiating activity, a metalloproteinase inhibitor
protein,  and a murine protein with beta-interferon-like activity. The role
of  TPA-S1  in  tumor  promotion  is  suggested  by  the expression of this
sequence  in  mouse  skin carcinomas induced by dimethyl-benzanthracene-TPA
treatment, but not in papillomas or in control tissue. The consideration_of
signal transduction pathways may be useful in the design of short-term risk
assessment assays  for agents that  act  as  tumor promoters.
(MEDLINE)
1289578  PB88-113642/XAB
                           21

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  U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency's Guidelines for Mutagenicity Risk
    Assessment and Some Comments on Aneuploidy
    Dellarco, V. L. ; Jacobson-Kram, D.
                                                     DC.
Agency,  Washington,
                                        Journal article
Office of Health and
   Environmental  Protection
   Environmental Assessment.
   Corp.  Source Codes: 031287609
   Report No.:  EPA/600/D-87/312
   Sep 87   18p
   Languages: English   Document Type:
   Journal Announcement:  GRAI8803
   NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
   Country of Publication:  United States
   The paper   describes   the  risk  assessment  strategy  used  by the U S
Environmental   Protection  Agency  (EPA)  to  evaluate  mutagenic risk. The
Agency  considers  all   endpoints  relevant to genetic risk. Evaluating and
quantifying risk  is not  a   straightforward  process  and  requires many
assumptions. The  U.S. EPA mutagenicity guidelines should not be regarded as
comprehensive   or  complete,   but  rather  providing a reasonable guide for
using toxicological  data  in assessing genetic risk. Because of the dynamic
nature  of  the  area,  as  new information is gained, the 'Guidelines' will be
updated and modified  if  necessary.  (NTIS)
 KEPROTOXICITY
 06551036   88196036
 Risk assessment for neurobehavioral toxicity.
   McMillan DE
   Department  of  Pharmacology and Interdisciplinary Toxicology.  University
   of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72201.
   Environ  Health  Perspect (UNITED  STATES)    Dec 1987,   76 pl55-61,   ISSN
   0091-6765   Journal Code: EIO                                     /•«.*«
   Languages:  ENGLISH
 /«£«./™U?y J*Y  the  National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council
 (NAS/NRC)   found  neurobehavioral  toxicity  to  be  one  of the areas  where
 almost  no  data  are  available  for the assessment of toxicity.  Using the
 NAS/NRC ^  report  and a data base from the American Conference of  Government
 Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH),  an estimate of the number  of neurobehavioral
 toxins in commercial chemicals  can be made. Although the  assumption made in
 making  such   a  calculation may be invalid,  the  exercise suggests that the
 number  of neurobehavioral toxins may be quite  large. There  does  seem  to be
 general  agreement  as  to what type of  neurobehavioral test procedures are
 appropriate  for  regulatory purposes.  Select  committees have consistently
 recommended  the  use_  of  test  batteries that include schedule-controlled
      Zr'f ™°     activity,   and neuropathological examination following in
      Perfusion, for regulatory purposes. Alkyltin data developed  from  such
  .I    ii7 Were  aPPlied to the  risk assessment model employed by the United
a^^fnVir^ent^\  *rotec*i°n  Agency  (EPA)  in  their calculations  of
SSS S  J   ^  intake.   Using  this  test  battery  and  the  EPA   risk
assessment model,  the  acceptable daily intake calculated is of the  same
™»5     * magnitude  as  the total  limit values established by the ACGIH. A
?!S? £•    J!peSla}-  .lssues  ln neurobehavioral toxicity also are discussed,
including  the definition of adverse neurobehavioral toxic effects, species
                           22

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extrapolation,  correlation  of  behavior  and  neuropathology, alternative
methods, and quality of life issues. (MEDLINE)
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
ACRYLAMIDE
1294996  PB88-124086/XAB
Assessment  of  Airborne Exposure and Dermal Contact 1;o Acrylamide during
  Chemical Grouting Operations
  (Final rept.)
  McHugh, J. M.
  Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, MO.
  Corp. Source Codes: 018262000                       '
  Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Toxic
  Substances.                                         '
  Report No.: MRI-8850-A(01); EPA/560/5-87/009
  22 Jul 87   130p
  Languages: English
  Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
  Sponsored  by  Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
  Toxic Substances.                                   ,
  NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01                          !
  Country of Publication: United States
  Contract No.: EPA-68-02-4252
  Acrylamide   exposure   may  occur  by  inhalation,  ingestion  and  skin
absorption;  Acrylamide is a neurotoxin and an irritarit. The report details
the results of field studies to assess airborne exposure and dermal contact
to  acrylamide  during chemical grouting operations. Occupational exposures
to  acrylamide  were  characterized  for  sewer  mainline, lateral line and
manhole  maintenance  operations. The objective of the study was to collect
exposure  data  based  on  observations  and  measurements to be used as an
integral  part  of a quantitative risk assessment by theJJ.S.
Protection Agency's Office of Toxic Substances. (NTIS)
Environmental
06449468   88094468
Acrylamide:  its  metabolism,  developmental  and  reproductive  effects,
  genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity.
  Dearfield KL; Abernathy CO; Ottley MS; Brantner JH; Hayes PF
  Health  and  Environmental Review Division,  U.S. Environmental Protection
  Agency, Washington, DC 20460.
  Mutat  Res   Jan  1988,  195  (1) p45-77,  ISSN 0027J-5107   Journal Code:
  NNA
  Languages: ENGLISH
  Document Type: Review
  Monomeric  acrylamide  is an important industrial chemical primarily used
in the production of polymers and copolymers.  It is also used for producing
grouts  and  soil stabilizers. Acrylamide"s neurotoxic properties have been
well documented. This review will focus on pertinent information concerning
other,  non-neurotoxic,  effects  observed  after  exposure  to acrylamide,
                           23

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 including:  its  genotoxic,  carcinogenic,   reproductive,  and developmental
 effects.   It  will also cover its absorption,  metabolism,  and distribution.
 The   data   show   that  acrylamide  is capable   of   inducing  genotoxic,
 carcinogenic,  developmental, and reproductive effects  in  tested organisms.
 Thus,   acrylamide  may pose more than a neurotoxic  health  hazard to exposed
 humans.   Acrylamide  is  a  small  organic   molecule  with very high water
 solubility.   These  properties probably facilitate  its  rapid absorption and
 distribution  throughout  the body.  After absorption, acrylamide is rapidly
 metabolized,  primarily  by  glutathione conjugation,  and the majority of
 applied  material is excreted within 24 h. Preferential bioconcentration of
 acrylamide  and/or  its  metabolites is not  observed although it appears to
 persist  in   tests  and  skin.  Acrylamide can  bind  to DNA, presumably via a
 Michael   addition-type  reaction,  which has implications  for its genotoxic
 and carcinogenic  potential. The available evidence  suggests that acrylamide
 does   not produce detectable gene mutations, but that the major concern for
 its genotoxicity  is its clastogenic  activity.  This  clastogenic activity has
 been   observed in germinal tissues  which suggest the possible heritability
 of  acrylamide-induced DNA alterations.  Since there  is 'sufficient evidence1
 of  carcinogenicity  in experimental animals as outlined under the U.S. EPA
 proposed   guidelines   for  carcinogen risk assessment,  acrylamide should be
 categorized   as   a  'B21  carcinogen  and therefore be considered a 'probable
 human  carcinogen.'   The  very   limited human  epidemiological data do not
 provide   sufficient evidence to enable  one to judge the actual carcinogenic
 risk to humans. Acrylamide is able to cross the placenta,  reach significant
 concentrations  in the  conceptus   and produce  direct  developmental and
post-natal   effects   in  rodent offspring.   It appears that acrylamide may
produce  neurotoxic effects in  neonates from exposures not overtly toxic to
the  mothers. Acrylamide  has  an adverse effect on reproduction as evidenced
by  dominant lethal  effects, degeneration of testicular epithelial tissue,
and sperm-head abnormalities.   (74 Refs.) (MEDLINE)
                                                    V.J.;  Hajjar, N.
                                                   DC.  Office  of Health  and
 1302624  PB88-139951/XAB
 Carcinogenicity Assessment of Aldrin and Dieldrin
   Cavender,  F.L.;  Cook,  B.T.; Page,  N.P.;  Cogliano
   Environmental Protection  Agency,  Washington,
   Environmental Assessment.
   Corp.  Source Codes:  031287609;
   Sponsor: Dynamac Corp.,  Rockville,  MD.
   Report No.:  EPA/600/6-87/006
   Aug  87  177p
   Languages: English
   Prepared in  cooperation  with Dynamac Corp., Rockville, MD.
   NTIS Prices:  PC  A09/MF A01
   Country of Publication:  United States
   Evidence pertaining  to the  carcinogenicity of aldrin/dieldrin is reviewed
and  evaluated.  The   report   covers  studies  completed  before 1985. Case
reports   and   epidemiologic  studies  of pesticide applicators and pesticide
manufacturing   workers    are  reviewed,   but   because  of  methodologic
limitations,   these  studies   established neither a positive nor a negative
association  between   cancer   and  aldrin/dieldrin  exposure.  A  number of
independent  studies   of   laboratory  animals,   however,  demonstrated that
                          24

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aldrin/dieldrin  cause  liver  cancer  in mice   and  rats.  Based  on  the
accumulated  evidence,  aldrin/dieldrin  are  classified  as probable human
carSnoaens    Group   B2,  using  EPA's  Guidelines  for  Carcinogen  Risk
                                       o^sas«-
                                   ^
Assessment Group. (NTIS)

 SBESTOS
88008660                             .  ^
Assessing and Prioritizing Asbestos Risks
   Crumrine, Kenneth Z.; Ouellette, Robert P.
   Jrnl of Property Mgmt  v53nl  PP: 26-29  Jan/Feb 19IB8
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   In about 80% of the cases in which asbestos is discovered in a building,
it  is  removed.  Now, however, the alternative of managing  the asbestos  in
place  il  being offered. The smart approach to this alternative is  to  look
for I cost-effective solution that is tailored to each Jj;^1^^^:
A  vital  step  in  a long-term management approach is; the development  of a
versatile, reliable, field-tested risk assessment and hazard prioritization
mlSodt  A  complete  physical survey of the building should be undertaken
supported  by  air  and  material samples. Levels of risk are calculated  by
matching  the locations of the asbestos with groups that  have access to the
areas.  The  hazard potential presented by asbestos materials involves  many
SSors,  some  of the most significant of which are the  material's  overall
condition  and  friability. An asbestos exposure risk assessment/evaluation
form   is   used   to   record  and  process  data  for  an   exposure  risk
assessment/hazard  prioritization  model.   Tables.   Graphs.
 (ABI/INFORM)
 Projections8of7cancer risks attributable to future exposure to asbestos.

   CenSrPffor  Economics  Research,  Research  Triangle Institute,  Research

                        a7lirp477°l6,  ISSN 0272-4332   Journal Code:  RIA
   Languages :  ENGLISH                                        ^     , , .     ,.
   To assess the maximum possible impact of further government regulation of
 asbestos  exposure,  projections  were  made of the use of asbestos in nine
 proSuc?  categorie4  for  the years 1985-2000. A life table risk assessment
 model  was then  developed to  estimate the excess cases of cancer and lost
 person-years   of  life  likely  to  occur  among  those  occupationally and
 nonoccupationally  exposed   to   the  nine  asbestos  product  categories
 manufactured   in  1985-2000. These estimates were made under the assumption
 that  government  regulation  remains at its 1985 level. Use of asbestos in
 the  nine product categories  was predicted to decline in all cases except
 for  friction products. The risk assessment results show that, although the
 cancer  risks  from future exposure to asbestos are significantly less than
 those  from past exposures, in  the absence of more stringent regulations, a
 health risk remains.  (MEDLINE)                        j
                            25

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 BENZENE
 06485969    88130969
 Benzene and leukemia. A review of the literature and a risk assessment
   Austin H; Delzell E; Cole P
   Department  of  Epidemiology,  School  of  Public  Health,  University of
   Alabama at Birmingham 35294.
   Am   J  Epidemiol (UNITED  STATES?)   Mar  1988,  127  (3)  D419-39   ISSN
   0002-9262   Journal Code: 3H3                                     '
   Contract/Grant No . : CA2 9968
   Languages: ENGLISH
   Document Type: Review
   Benzene is widely recognized as a leukemogen,  and the Occupational Safety
 and  Health  Administration is currently attempting to limit exposure  to it
 more  strictly.   The  proposed  new  regulation  is  a limit of an eight-hour
 time-weighted average of 1 ppm in place of the current limit of 10  ppm  The
 fundamental ^ rationale  for  the  change  is  a  perception that the current
 standard   is  associated  with  an  inordinate   excess of  leukemia.   The
 epidemiologic  literature  on  benzene   and leukemia supports  the inference
 •Chat  benzene causes acute myelocytic leukemia.  However, the available data
 are  too sparse,  or suffer other limitations, to substantiate  the idea that
 SnlUT1    association  applies at  low  levels (i.e.,  1-10  ppm)  of benzene.
 Nonetheless,   under the   assumption that  causation does apply at such  low
 levels,   a   number   of authors,  including ourselves, have performed risk
 assessments  using similar  data  but different methodologies. The  assessments
 that  we  consider   acceptable   suggest  that,   among  1,000 men exposed to
 benzene  at  10  ppm  for  a working  lifetime of  30 years, there would occur
 about  50  excess  deaths   due   to   leukemia  in  addition  to the baseline
 e£Pfftation  of  seven deaths.  However,  this estimate is speculative and
 whether  or  not  enough  confidence can be placed in it to justify a lower
 occupational  benzene  standard remains a decision for policy makers.    (64
 Refs.) (MEDLINE)                                                        v
1298825  DE88000985/XAB
Water  Quality  Criteria  for  2,4-Dinitrotoluene and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene-
  Final Report
  Etnier, E. L.
  Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
  Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
  Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington,  DC.
  Report No. :  ORNL-6312
  Aug 87   149p
  Languages: English
  Journal Announcement: GRAI8807; NSA1300
  Portions   of this document are illegible in microfiche products. Original
  copy available until stock is exhausted.                         original
  NTIS Prices:  PC A07/MF A01
  Country of Publication:  United States
  Contract  No.:  AC05-84OR21400
  Based on  the  evidence of an increased  incidence of hepatic carcinomas and
                          26

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hepatic  neoplastic  nodules  in  male  rats,  the  recommended criteria to
achieve  a  human  health  risk of 10 sup -5 , 10 sup -6 , or 10 sup -7 for
2,4-dinitrotoluene are 1.7, 0.17, and 0.017 mu g/L, respectively. It_should
be noted that the 2,4-DNT used in the bioassay from which the criteria were
calculated  was  98% pure, with the remaining 2% comprised of predominantly
2 6-DNT.  The  possible  influence  of 2,6-DNT on the results of this study
should  not  be overlooked. Results from a tumor bioassay suggest that pure
2 4-DNT  is  not  carcinogenic,  but  limitations  of  the study preclude a
definitive statement regarding the carcinogenicity of 2,4-DNT. There are no
studies  available  documenting  the systemic toxicity of pure 2,4-DNT, and
thus  no  acceptable  daily  intake  can  be  calculated  The water quality
criterion  for  2,6-DNT  is  derived  from  the  data : showing an increased
incidence  of  hepatic  carcinomas  in  male Fischer 344 rats. It should be
noted  that exogenous factors in the diet can affect the carcinogenicity of
the  DNT  isomers, enhancing the metabolism and hepatic covalent binding of
2 6-DNT   in  particular.  However,  2,6-DNT  is  unquestionably  a  potent
hepatocarcinogen, and criteria based on this study will give a conservative
estimate of the acceptable cancer risk. The recommended criteria to achieve
a  risk  of 10 sup -5 , 10 sup -6 , or 10 sup -7 for 2,6-dinitrotoluene are
68.3,  6.8,  and 0.68 ng/L, respectively. 158 refs., 2 figs., 23 tabs. (ERA
citation 13:006554)  (NTIS)                            ;

ETHYLENE OXIDE


06554696   88199696                                   ;
Issues in assessing the carcinogenic hazards of ethylejue oxide.
  Austin SG; Sielken RL Jr
  Austin Health Consultants, Inc, Fort Collins, CO 80525.
  J  Occup Med   Mar 1988,  30  (3) p236-45,  ISSN 0096-1736   Journal Code:
  JFR
  Languages: ENGLISH                                  ,
  Document Type: Review
  Journal Announcement: 8808
  Subfile:   INDEX MEDICUS
  Tags: Animal; Human
  Descriptors:   *Carcinogens,   Environmental;  *Ethylene  Oxide —Adverse
  Effects—AE;   Brain   Neoplasms—Chemically   Induced—CI;   Environmenta
  Exposure;   Ethylene   Oxide—Toxicity—TO;  Leukemia,  Monocytic,  Chroni
  —Chemically Induced—CI; Life Expectancy; Mesothelioma—Chemically Induce
  —CI; Peritoneal Neoplasms—Chemically Induced—CI; Review, Tutorial; Risk
  CAS Registry No.: 75-21-8    (Ethylene Oxide) (MEDLINE)

HEXACHLOROETHANE                                      I


1300964  AD-A187 238/1/XAB
Revised  Health  Risk Assessment for the Use of Hexachloroethane Smoke on
  an Army Training Area
  (Final rept.)
  Novak, E. W. ; Lave, L. B.  ; Stukel, J. J. ; Schaeffer, D. J.
  Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), Champaign, IL.
  Corp. Source Codes: 054831000; 405279
  Report No.: CERL-TR-N-87/26
  Sep 87   59p


                           27

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    Languages: English
    Journal Announcement: GRAI8808
    NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
    Country of Publication: United States
    Contract No.: 3E162720A835;  AA
    Hexachloroethane  (HC)   smoke in pots, grenades, and artillery rounds has
 been  used  in  military  training  exercises  since  the Second World War.
 Chamber  tests generating HC smoke with scaled-down smoke pots consistently
 show    the    presence   of   perchloroethylene,   carbon   tetrachloride,
 hexachloroethane,   hexachlorobenzene,  cadmium,  and  arsenic, all of which
 have been determined to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals or in humans.
 The  objective  of  this  study  was to  develop  a worst-practicable-case
 scenario  of Army  troop exposure in training and then to calculate to total
 absorbed  dosage  and  attendant  cancer  risk  from  a  feasible number of
 repetitive  exposures  at  the  site.  Risk  estimates  were  also made for
 civilian  populations  surrounding  the installation. This study recommends
 (1)  the  Army enforce its  directive to mask in the presence of HC smoke, (2)
 the  Army  closely regulate the deployment of HC and other smokes on all of
 its  installations,  (3)  studies should be conducted on Army installations to
 determine  the  risk from HC smokes to which the soldier and local populace
 are  exposed,   (4)  an annual HC smoke risk of cancer to soldiers of greater
 than 1 in 10,000 should be  reduced where perceived, and (5)  the Army should
 adopt  a   safety principle- as  low as reasonably achievable -for both troop
 and  civilian  exposure to HC-smokes.  (NTIS)

 y-NITROSO  COMPOUNDS


 06412348   88057348
 Model  risk  analysis of nitrosatable compounds in  the  diet  as precursors
   of potential endogenous carcinogens.
   Shephard SE; Schlatter C; Lutz WK
   Institute   of   Toxicology,    Swiss  Federal  Institute   of  Technology,
   Schwerzenbach.
   IARC Sci Publ (FRANCE)   1987,   (84) p328-32,  ISSN  0300-5038
   Journal Code: GKO
   Languages: ENGLISH
   The  potential health risk posed by the endogenous formation of N-nitroso
 compounds  (NOG)  from  nitrosation  of  dietary ureas, guanidines, amides,
 amino  acids  and  amines  (primary, secondary and aromatic) was estimated
 according  to  the   model:  Risk  =  [daily intake of precursor] X [gastric
 concentration   of    nitrite]n    X   [nitrosatability   rate   constant]  X
 [carcinogenicity of  derivative].   The  daily  intakes  of  these compound
 classes  span  five orders of magnitude (100 g/day amides, top; 1-10 mg/day
 secondary amines, ureas,  bottom); the nitrosation rate constants span seven
 orders   of  magnitude  (aryl amines, ureas, top; amides, secondary amines,
 bottom);   and  the   carcinogenicity estimates span a 10,000-fold range from
 •very  strong1  to 'virtually noncarcinogenic'. The resulting risk estimates
 likewise   span  an  enormous  range (nine orders of magnitude): dietary ureas
 and   aromatic amines combined with  high nitrite concentration could pose as
 great a risk as the intake of preformed N-nitrosodimethylamine in the diet.
 In  contrast, _  the   risk  posed  by the in-vivo nitrosation of primary and
 secondary  amines   is  probably  negligible. The risk contributed by amides
 (including protein),  guanidines   and  primary amino acids  is intermediate
between these  two extremes.  (MEDLINE)
                           28

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                                          HILK lOOO.; »»
  FROM WASTE INCINERATION EMISSIONS.
  SMITH ALLAN H.
  UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY,

                 clT "' SkSSSUsD  DIBENZO-P-blOXINS  (PCDDS,  AND
                 SENZOFURANS   (PCDFS)  HAVE  BEEN  DETECTED IN HUMAN MILK
          OBTAINED  IN  SEVERAL  COUNTRIES.  A  FORMULA  IS  PRESENTED  FOR
            TOT INFANT DAILY DOSE OF DIOXIN EQUIVALENTS FROM BREAST MILK ON
            oTraE MATERNAL DAILY INTAKE. DIOXIN AND FURAN EMISSIONS FROM A
InURCE  CALCULATED  TO  RESULT   IN  WORST-CASE LIFETIME CANCER RISKS OF THE
ORMR   OF   1IS  lOoVHoO  ARE  ONLY  LIKELY  TO  INCREASE  BREAST  MILK
CONCENTRATIONS  BY  AROUND  1-10%  OF THE LEVELS THAT HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN
THESE COUNTRIES. (17 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE)  (ENVIROLINE)
Niosl   (National  Institute for Occupational Safety and »«ltt> »«-tl»o»y
  to  Department  of  Labor  on  the  Mine  Safety  and Health Administrate
  Proposed  Rule:  Ionizing Radiation Standards for Metal and Nonmetal Mines
  Aucrast 13, 1987 by R. Niemeier
  National inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
  Corp. Source Codes: 052678000
  13 Aug 87   22p
  Languages: English
  Journal Announcement: GRAI8806                      •
  NTIS  Prices: PC A03/MF A01                          •
  Country of Publication: United States                      .
  Recommendations  were  offered  for protecting workers against the health
effects of  ionizing radiation in metal and nonmetal mines. Available data
demonstrating  such health effects was reviewed and *Yidence ^PP^1!;? Jrjj
technical  feasibility  of  reducing  the  current  Mine  Safety and Health
Administration  (MSHA) standard was presented. Five recent studies indicated
a  significant  increase in lung cancer rates associated with radon progeny
exposure   in   underground    mines.   Additional   studies   indicated  an
exposure/response  relationship in uranium miners. The influence °fn!mfwn?
on  the association  between  radon  progeny  exposure and  lung cancer was
cited.  Evidence  has  indicated  that  exposure to radon progeny carries a
potential  risk  of  developing  occupationally  induced  lung cancer. Risk
assessment  data  supported  the  conclusion  that  miners  with  the  ^same
characteristics  as  the United States Public Health Service uranium miners
cohort  and  who  accrue  a cumulative occupational esqposure of 120 working
level   months, would have a lung cancer excess lifetime risk of about  35 to
40  lung cancer deaths per 1000 exposed miners. Modern mining methods  using
dilution ventilation as well as bulkheading and backfilling  techniques make
it possible to achieve substantial reductions in the cumulative exposure to
radon   progeny.  Information   was  provided  on  sampling strategy, control
                            29

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  technology,  ventilation  systems,  respirators,  and  medical surveillance
  programs.  (NTIS)
  SENNOSIDES
  06573054    88218054
  Toxic  effects of sennosides in laboratory animals and in vitro.
   Mengs U
   Department  of  Toxicology  and Experimental Pathology, Dr. Madaus GmbH £
   Co., Cologne,  FRG.
   Pharmacology (SWITZERLAND)    1988,  36 Suppl 1 pl80-7,  ISSN 0031-7012
   Journal Code:  P43
   Languages:  ENGLISH
   ^Sennosides   were tested  in a  wide range of toxicity studies to evaluate
 risk assessment.  From  acute studies, sennosides could be classified as only
 slightly  toxic   in rats  and mice after a single oral dose.  The LD50 values
 were about  5,000  mg/kg in both species. The cause of death was probably due
 to an extensive loss of water  and electrolytes following massive diarrhoea.
 In  subacute   studies   with rats  (max. 20 mg/kg)  and dogs (max.  500 mg/kg),
 sennosides  caused no specific  local or systemic toxicity.  Minor increase in
 kidney  weight in rats was toxicologically not relevant.  In  a 6-month study
 with  rats,   sennosides  were   tolerated  without specific toxic effects in
 doses  up  to  100 mg/kg.  Effects  on food consumption,  body  weight gain and
 some  biochemical  parameters   as  well  as  slight   renal  lesions  can be
 interpreted  as secondary effects  following chronic  diarrhoea. Mutagenicity
 tests  and  reproduction  toxicity studies  showed  no  abnormal
 results.   (MEDLINE)


 TCDD


 06551056    88196056
 Xh receptor: relevance of mechanistic studies to human risk  assessment.
   Cook  JC; Gaido KW; Greenlee WF
   Department  of  Cellular  and  Molecular  Toxicology,  Chemical   Industry
   Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
   Environ   Health  Perspect (UNITED  STATES)   Dec  1987,  76  D71-7,  ISSN
   0091-6765    Journal  Code: EIO
   Languages: ENGLISH
   Studies   of  the  toxic   actions  of  2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
 (TCDD)  in  numerous animal models and in human and animal cells in culture
 have  established  that the most characteristic pathologic lesions produced
 b?..thls   compound  result from events initiated by the interaction of TCDD
 with  a  specific  intracellular receptor protein, the Ah receptor. Although
 most  research on the  interaction of TCDD with the Ah receptor has focused
 on  establishing   involvement  of   this  receptor complex in  specific toxic
 responses,   recent application  of  modern  cell  and  molecular  biology
 techniques   is yielding  new  insights  into  the  mechanism(s)   of signal
 transduction.   Elucidation  of   these   mechanisms   is   essential  for
understanding  the molecular basis  of the cell and species specificity which
 is a hallmark  of TCDD toxicity.  This knowledge should provide the framework
 for development of  a more  toxicologically relevant risk assessment model.
                           30

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(MEDLINE)

TRICHLOROETHYLENE
06453439   88098439
Trichloroethylene: water contamination and health risk assessment.
  Fan AM
  Rev  Environ  Contam  Toxicol (UNITED  STATES)    1988,   101 p55-92,
  0179-5953   Journal Code: REG
  Languages: ENGLISH
  Document Type: Review                               ;
  (173 Refs.) (MEDLINE)
ISSN
                           31

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HAZARDOUS WAS1]
 88018053   V16N3
 Enteric  virus: Risk assessment of  ocean disposal of  sewage
   sludge.
   Gerba, C.P.;  Goyal, S.M.
   Water and Wastewater Microbiology,, International Conference   8810178
   Newport Beach, CA (USA)    8-11 Feb 1988
   International Association of Water Pollution Research & Control; American
   Society   for   Microbiology;   American  Waterworks  Association  Researc
   Foundation; National Science Foundation; University of California at Irvin
   J.B.   Neethling,  4532D  Boelter Hall,  University  of  California,  Los
   Angeles,  CA 90024 (USA),  Proceedings available
   Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)


 1292143  PB88-115670/XAB
 Computerized Site  Characterization System, Phase  1,  Feasibility
   Research.
   (Final rept.)
   Smith,  A.  D.  ; Gifford, D.  G.
   Haley and Aldrich,  Inc.,  Cambridge,  MA.
   Corp.  Source  Codes: 011861000
   Sponsor:   National  Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Div. of Industrial
   Science and Technological Innovation.
   Report No.: NSF/CEE-85008
   Aug 85   42p
   Languages: English
   Journal Announcement:  GRAI8804
   Sponsored by National   Science Foundation,  Washington,  DC.  Div.  of
   Industrial Science  and Technological Innovation.
   NTIS  Prices:  PC  A03/MF A01
   Country of Publication: United States
   Contract No.:  NSF-CEE84-60480
   The   objective  of  the research was  to evaluate the technical feasibility
 of a   microcomputer   based  site characterization  system.  The  research
 involved an  assessment of the present  practice of site characterization and
 the  application  of  analytical techniques to site characterization,  and an
 evaluation   of   the  feasibility  of   a microcomputer site characterization
 system.   The    research   conclusion   is   that   a   computerized   site
 characterization  system is technically feasible and should be developed to
 facilitate  the  implementation of regulated risk assessment for large civil
 engineering projects,  including waste  disposal. (NTIS)


 0193557   Enviroline  Number:  88-051089
AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR  HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE CLEANUP,  PART I.
   SHIH  CHIA SHUN ;  BERNARD  HAL
   (UNIV OF TEXAS)  AND ;  (HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CONTROL RESEARCH INST,  MD) ,
  HAZARDOUS MATERIALS  CONTROL,  JAN-FEB 88, VI,  Nl,  P19(15)
  JOURNAL ARTICLE    THE  HAZARDOUS  WASTES   & MANAGEMENT EXPERT  SYSTEM,
HAWAMAX,  IS  BEING  DEVELOPED  AT THE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS  CONTROL RESEARCH
INST.,  MD.  THE  SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO GIVE SITE PLANNERS  AND MANAGERS THE
                           32

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BEST  ADVICE  QUICKLY  ON  HOW  TO  MAKE  A  DISPOSAL SITE AND ITS AFFECTED
ENVIRONMENT  SAFE.  THE  ELEMENTS OF HAWAMAX ARE DISCUSSED, FOCUSING ON ITS
PRIMARY  COMPONENT,  THE  RISK/DECISION  ANALYSIS  MODULE.  ALL  FIELD  AND
SBORATORY  DATA, AS WELL AS SOCIOECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS, ARE INCORPORATED
WV  TOE  USER  INTO  THIS  MODULE. IT PERFORMS RISK ASSESSMENT AND DECISION
ANALYSIS  BASED ON SCIENTIFIC INFERENCES AND DECISION MAKERS' JUDGMENTS.  (9
DIAGRAMS, 6 GRAPHS, 5 REFERENCES, 12 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE)

1300037  PB88-131511/XAB
Health  Risk  Comparison  between  Groundwater Transport Models and Field
  Data  (Journal article)

  Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Washington,  DC. Office of Health and
  Environmental Assessment.
  Corp. Source Codes: 031287609                       i
  Report No.: EPA/600/J-86/424                        \
  1986   9p
  Languages: English   Document Type: Journal article
  Journal Announcement: GRAI8807
  Pub. in Environmental Progress, v5 nl p66-70 Feb 86.
  NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
  Country of Publication: United States
  The  potential of ground water contamination is one of the ma] or concerns
over land disposal of hazardous waste. Risk assessment: requires information
on  ground  water  concentrations of contaminants at the exposure location.
Results  are presented of case studies comparing health risk assessment and
plume delineation based on state-of-the-modeling and monitoring data.
(NTIS)
1288173  DE87014201/XAB                               .
Performance  Assessment  Methods  for  Mixed  Waste Sa.tes at the Savannah
  River Plant.                                     .,.,_,_  ^.  «    m*ii  -r
  King,  C.  M.  ; Marter, W.  L. ; Looney, B. B. ; Pickett, J. B. ; Till, J.
  E.
  Savannah River Lab., Aiken,  SC.                     !
  Corp. Source Codes:  087640000; 9520932              i
  Sponsor:   Du   Pont  de  Nemours  (E.I.) and Co., Aiken, SC. Savannah River
  Plant.;  Radiological Assessments Corp., Neeses, SC.;; Rogers and Associate
  Engineering  Corp.,  Salt   Lake  City, UT.; JBF Associates, Knoxville, TN.
  Department of  Energy, Washington, DC.               I
  Report No.: DP-MS-87-80; CONF-870859-9
  1987   26p
  Languages: English  Document Type: Conference proceeding
  Journal Announcement: GRAI8803; NSA1200
  Annual low-level  radioactive waste management progrsim conference, Denver,
  CO, USA, 25 Aug 1987.
  Portions of this  document  are illegible in microfiche products.
  NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
  Country of Publication: United States               |
  Contract No.:  AC09-76SR00001
  Risk  assessment   techniques were  applied to Savannah River Plant  (SRP)
waste facilities as part of  a program on waste site cleanup and groundwater
protection.  The components of risk assessment and the technical basis  for
application  of  the risk evaluation process to the principal pollutants at
                            33

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 SRP (radionuclides, toxic chemicals, and carcinogenic  compounds) are given
 An  extensive  technical  data  base  from  the   fields of radiation health
 physics,  toxicology,  and  environmental  sciences  is  required. Data are
 summarized  for each class of contaminant and parameter values are provided
 for  use  in  numerical  analysis  of  risk.  A   review  of risk assessment
 uncertainties  and  the  limitations  of  predictive   risk  assessment  are
 summarized.   Risk estimators for each class  of contaminants at the SRP were
 tabulated  for  radionuclides,  toxic  chemicals,  and carcinogens from the
 technical  literature.   Estimation  of human health risk is not an additive
 process  for  radiation  effects  and  chemical   carcinogensis  since their
 respective  dosimetric   models  are  distinctly different - even though the
 induction of  cancer  is  reported  to be  the  common  end  result.  Risk
 estimation  for  radionuclides and chemical carcinogens should be tabulated
 separately.   Impacts  due to toxic  chemicals in the biosphere should also be
 estimated as  a separate entity because toxic chemical risk estimators are
 uniquely  different  and  do  not   reflect the probability of a detrimental
 health  effect.  29  refs.,  3  figs.,  2  tabs.   (ERA citation
 12:045120)  (NTIS)


8S028360   V16N04
Use of risk assessment technique, in managing hazardous  waste  liability  at
  mining sites
  Van Zyl, D.; Cobb, W.E.; Bluck, W.V.
  CH2M Hill, Denver, CO
  Society of Mining Engineers Annual Meeting   8810159   Phoenix, AZ  (USA)
  25-28 Jan 1988
  Society  of  Mining  Engineers  (SHE);  The Metallurgical Society  (TMS);
  American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and  Petroleum Engineers (AIME)
  Society  of  Mining  Engineers, P.O. Box 625002,  Littleton, CO 80162-5002
  (USA), Publication availability uncertain
  Languages:  ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)
                          34

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 RADIATION
 1298893  DE88001528/XAB
 Age-Specific  Models for Evaluating Dose  and Risk  from Internal Exposures
   to  Radionuclides:  Report  of Current  Work of the Metabolism and Dosimetr
   Research Group,  July 1, 1985-June 30, 1987          ;
   Leggett,  R.  W.  ; Warren,  B.  P.
   Oak Ridge National Lab.,  TN.
   Corp.  Source Codes:  021310000; 4832000
   Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
   Report No.:  ORNL/TM-10080
   Sep 87   168p         .                             i
   Languages: English                                 ;
   Journal Announcement:  GRAI8807;  NSA1300
   Portions  of this document are illegible in microfiche products. Original
   copy available until stock is exhausted.            I
   NTIS Prices:  PC  A08/MF A01                         |
   Country of Publication: United States
   Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
   A   projection of the  health  risk to a population internally exposed to a
 radionuclide  requires explicit or implicit use of demographic, biokinetic,
 dosimetric,  and   dose-response models. Exposure guidelines have been based
 on  models  for a reference  adult with a fixed life span. In this report, we
 describe   recent   efforts   to   develop  a  comprehensive  methodology  for
 estimation   of   radiogenic risk  to  individuals  and  to  heterogeneous
 populations.   Emphasis  is   on   age-dependent biokinetics and dosimetry for
 internal  emitters,  but consideration  also  is  given  to  conversion of
 age-specific   doses to   estimates  of  risk using realistic, site-specific
 demographic models and best available age-specific dose-response functions.
 We  discuss how   the  methods described here may also improve estimates for
 the   reference  adult  usually considered in radiation protection.  159 refs.
 (ERA citation  13:006534)  (NTIS)


 06551040    88196040                                   ;
 Issues   in  biochemical   applications  to  risk  assessment: can in vitro
   studies assist us  in species  extrapolation?
   Strom  SC
   Department  of   Radiology,  Duke  University  Medical   Center,  Durham, NC
   27710.
  Environ  Health   Perspect (UNITED  STATES)    Dec  1937,   76 pl81-4,   ISSN
   0091-6765   Journal  Code:  EIO                       ;
  Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)

                                                      j
1290337  DE87014195/XAB
Pathway  Analysis  Models   Used  for  Assessment of Forty-Five Waste Site
  Areas at the Savannah River Plant
  Looney, B. B. ; Stephenson, D. E. ; King,  C. M.  ; Fjeld,  R.  A.  ;  Sill,  B.
  L.
  Savannah River Lab., Aiken, SC.
                           35

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   Rogers and Associates Engineering Corp., Salt Lake City, UT.; Department  o
   Energy,  Washington,  DC.
   Report No.: DP-MS-87-79; CONF-870859-8
   1987   17p
   Languages: English   Document Type:  Conference proceeding
   Journal Announcement: GRAI8804;  NSA1200
   Annual low-level radioactive waste management program conference, Denver,
   CO,  USA/ 25 Aug 1987.
   Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
   NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
   Country of Publication:  United States
   Contract No.:  AC09-76SR00001
   The   technical  staff at  Savannah  River  Plant  (SRP)  has  identified
forty-five  locations   that  received   (or  may have received) a variety of
radioactive and nonradioactive constituents during the past 35 years.^These
locations  include surface impoundments and shallow land burial facilities.
Detailed  environmental assessments  of existing waste disposal areas have
been   completed  to aid  in  an  evaluation  of  the  hazardous, low-level
radioactive,   and  mixed   waste  management  activities  at  SRP.  These
assessments  result in estimation of  risk, or residual risk, posed by each
disposal  area  to  various  receptors as  a  function of waste management
alternative.  The  closure  actions evaluated for existing waste sites were
waste   removal  and closure,   no  waste removal and closure, and no action;
several pathways/receptors were considered, including groundwater to river,
groundwater  to  well,  atmospheric transport, occupational exposure, direct
exposure,   and  contamination  followed  by ingest ion of crops and meat. 32
refs.,  4 figs.,  1 tab.  (ERA citation 12:049392) (NTIS)


1294250  DE87780119/XAB
Proceedings  of  the NIRS  (National  Institute of Radiological Sciences)
   Symposium  on  Radiation-Induced  Genetic Damage and Rick Assessment (15th
   Held at  Chiba,  Japan  on  15  March 1984: Biomedical Approaches
   Nakai, S.  ;  Sato,  K.  ; Tobari, I.  ;  Yasuda, N.  ; Tanaka, A.
   National Inst.  of Radiological Sciences, Chiba (Japan).
   Corp.  Source Codes: 019346000; 4485000
   Report No.:  NIRS-M-54; CONF-8403252-
   1985    329p
   Languages:  English   Document Type:  Conference proceeding
   Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8805;  NSA1300
   15.    NIRS   symposium  on   radiation-induced  genetic  damage  and  risk
   assessment:  biomedical approaches, Chiba,  Japan,  15 Mar 1984.
   U.S.  Sales Only.
   NTIS  Prices: PC A15/MF A01
   Country  of Publication:  Japan
   Separate  papers  are  processed  for  inclusion  in the appropriate data
bases.  (ERA citation 13:001938)  (NTIS)


1298664  DE87013317/XAB
Risk Equivalent of Exposure Versus Dose of Radiation.
   Bond, V.  P.
   Brookhaven National Lab., Upton,  NY.
   Corp. Source Codes: 004545000; 0936000
  Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington,  DC.
                           36

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 Report No.: BNL-40090; CONF-861li89-l


 Languages? English   Document Type: Conference proceeding





 NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
 Country of Publication: United States
                                     T-LS



                                     fer^ '  k  is a c°mposita
of both systems.  (ERA citation 13:004512) (NTIS)
                                                    ISSN 0020-7616
06469323   88114323        ^  .                      |
What is a «low dose1 of radxatxon?
  Bond VP; Feinendegen LE;  Booz J                   I
  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,  NY    -f-     I
  Int J Radiat Biol  (ENGLAND)   Jan 1988, 53 (1) pl-12,
  Journal Code: CSV



























                  S'^a^ ?ffi?^f1?Is^SS
 VTF -ranae   In either risk assessment or the   lication of radiation as a
                         37

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pretreatment,  minimal   consequences  can be assured only if very low-level
eKposure  is employed in order that P will be small, and if the exposur^is

™  *M    i, 2  - radiatlon  of ve^y low ^T so that 21 will be as small as
possible.f That is to say, exposure conditions with low consequences cannot
be specified in terms of any single quantity. (MEDLINE)
                         38

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ECOLOGICAL RISKS


0194090   Enviroline Number:  *88-061131
COMPARATIVE   TOXICOLOGY   FOR RISK  ASSESSMENT  OP  MARINE  FISHES  AND
  CRUSTACEANS.
  SUTER GLENN W.  ; ROSEN AARON E.
  ORNL,                                                 !
  ENV SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, MAY 88, V22, N5, P548(9)
  RESEARCH  ARTICLE   DATA ON THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS ON MARINE FISHES AND
CRUSTACEANS  WERE  COLLECTED,  AND THE PREDICTIVE POWER OF THE AMASSED DATA
FOR  ASSESSING  RISKS  TO  MARINE  RESOURCES  WAS  EVALUATED. THE DATA SETS
CONSISTED  OF  ACUTE  MEDIAN   LC50S AND CHRONIC MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE TOXICANT
CONCENTRATIONS.  THE  VARIABILITY  FOUND IN THE MARINE DATA WAS FOUND TO BE
COMPARABLE TO THAT FOUND IN FRESHWATER DATA. THE STANDARD MARINE TEST FISH,
CYPRINODON  VARIEGATUS,  APPEARS  TO  BE  REPRESENTATIVE  OF MARINE FISHES.
HOWEVER, THE RESPONSES OF MARINE CRUSTACEANS ARE SO HIGHLY DIVERSE THAT THE
CONCEPT  OF  A REPRESENTATIVE CRUSTACEAN IS QUESTIONABLE. IN GENERAL, TOXIC
EFFECTS  CAN  BE  PREDICTED   WITH  +-  1-2 ORDER OF MAGNITUDE PRECISION. (4
GRAPHS, 53 REFERENCES, 7 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE)           ;
0193491   Enviroline Number:  *88-051023
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
  MALPAS ROBERT                                         i
  BP CHEMICALS, UK,
  CHEMISTRY & INDUSTRY-UK, SEP  21, 87, N18, P643(4)
  JOURNAL  ARTICLE   CHEMICAL PRODUCTS MAKE AN ENORMOUS CONTRIBUTION TO THE
QUALITY  OF  LIFE  ENJOYED  TODAY,  BUT  AT SOME COST TO THE ENVIRONMENT. A
DISTINCTION  IS  MADE BETWEEN THE POTENTIAL SAFETY HAZARDS OF CHEMICALS AND
THE   RISK  OF  ENVIRONMENTAL  DAMAGE.  SAFETY  IS  A  PRIME  CONSIDERATION
THROUGHOUT  THE  CHEMICAL  INDUSTRY,  WHICH  RECOGNIZES  THE  IMPORTANCE OF
ACCEPTABLE  RISK.  'A  DEGREE  OF  INDUSTRIAL  IMPACT  ON THE ENVIRONMENT IS
UNAVOIDABLE  IF  ECONOMIC  GROWTH  AND  TECHNOLOGICAL
REALIZED.  A  SURVEY  OF  CONSTRAINTS  AND  CONTROLS
 ADVANCE  ARE  TO  BE
ON  CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
OPERATIONS  WITHIN  THE  EEC  SHOWS  THAT THIS SECTOR IS WELL REGULATED AND
AWARE   OF  EFFECTIVE   ENVIRONMENTAL  MANAGEMENT  PRACTICES.
(ENVIROLINE)
88030672   V16N04                                           .
Ecology of genetically engineered organisms into soil and rxsk assessment
  Procedures/regulations in the Netherlands.
  van Veen, J.A.                                        i
  Dep. Soil Biol., ITAL, Wageningen, Netherlands        !
  AAAS Annual Meeting   8810011   Boston, MA  (USA)   11-15 Feb 1988
  American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) , 1333 H Street
  N.W., Washington, DC 20005  (USA)
  American  Association for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H Street N.W.,
  Washington,  DC  20005  (USA), AAAS Publication 87-31.contains abstracts o
  papers presented at the meeting
  Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)          ;
                           39

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 06573283   88218283
 Environmental  risk  assessment  of  surfactants:  fate and environmental
   effects in Lake Biwa basin.
   Sueishi T; Morioka T; Kaneko H; Kusaka M; Yagi S; Chikami S
   Department of Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
   Regul Toxicol Pharmacol   Mar 1988,  8 (1)  p4-21,  ISSN 0273-2300
   Journal Code: RBH
   Languages: ENGLISH
   Environmental  risk  incurred  with  the  use of synthetic surfactants is
 dealt  with  in this paper. The background and necessity of risk management
 related  to surfactant usage in the Lake Biwa basin are introduced, as well
 as    a    research    scheme    that    acknowledges    risks   in   three
 sub-processes—consumption  and discharge,  fate in aquatic environment, and
 ecotoxicological  response  of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). The ayu
 (Plecoglossus  altivelis)   has  been selected as the significant biological
 target in the basin. Results of a field survey of the behavior of LAS along
 streams flowing down to the lake are presented.  Included are the estimation
 and  verification  of an original unit of surfactant consumption per capita
 per   day  based  on  LAS   and  MBAS  concentrations  observed  in  diurnal
 monitoring.   A  simulation  model  representing the flowdown process of LAS
 dynamically  is  formulated,  with which longitudinal dispersion,  settling,
 and  modified  biodegradation  of LAS are evaluated in the field survey.  On
 the   basis  of  the  research  scheme  described  above,   ecotoxicological
 laboratory  tests on ayu have been carried  out.  The special significance of
 acute  and  subchronic effects on ayu in various life stages exposed to low
 concentrations  of  LAS can  be recognized.  It  has been concluded  that the
 LC50   of  young  ayu  is not greater than 0.1 ppm under the disadvantageous
 condition  of high temperature or extreme hardness even in normal ranges  of
 environmental   indicators.    An  advanced  plan  of  risk  management   for
 surfactant usage is proposed based on methods of elevated risk,  comparative
 risk,   risk—benefit,   and  balanced  risk. The  occurrence and magnitude  of
 risk    phenomena  in  each  subdivided  basin adjacent  to  the lake  are
 identified,   taking  into   consideration features such as (1) the  spawning
 place  of ayu  and  aquafarms,   (2)   COD and MBAS concentrations and their
 tolerable  levels    in   current    regulation   of  stream  pollution,   (3)
 socioeconomic  perspectives  including recreational activities  and voluntary
 actions to improve  the  neighborhood  environment,  and  (4)  future  preparation
 of   measures   for  resolving    technological    risk   including   sewerage
 construction.   Because   LAS   concentrations   in   several   rivers exceed the
 tolerable  level    of   the most   delicate  life stage   of  ayu,  latent
 environmental   effects   can  be suggested. It  is concluded  therefore that  it
 is  necessary to establish a water quality goal related to  surfactants that
 takes   patterns of water use and conservation of the ecosystem in the local
 environment into consideration. These judgments are followed by  formulation
 of  the  "requirement"  for   environmental management practice for the Lake
 Biwa administration.  (MEDLINE)


 1302669  PB88-140512/XAB
Fish  Acute  Toxicity  Syndromes  and Their Use in the QSAR  (Quantitative
  Structure Activity Relationship) Approach to Hazard Assessment)
  (Journal article)
  McKim, J. M.  ; Bradbury,  S. P. ; Niemi, G. J.
  Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MN.
  Corp. Source  Codes: 049474000;
                           40

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Prepared
 Sponsor: Minnesota Univ.-Duluth.
 Report No.: EPA/600/J-87/113
 Snguages:PEnglish   Document Type: Journal  article
 5STS "Sal ^^Perspectives, v71 P171-186 Apr 87.
 in cooperation with Minnesota Unxv.-Duluth.          ;
 NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
 ^2££ti£li3tiSi U;ox!c ISsSnces Control Act of 1977  creates the












3 JF 2g-tJL.-S5
            tST?2S
Perspectives, Vol. 71,  pp.  171-186, April, 1987.)  (NTIS)
?ssues3of bloch^ical applications to risk assessment:  how should the MTD
  be selected for chronic bioassays?
             and Environmental Toxicology, Dow Chemical Company, Midland,MI

  Environ  Health  Perspect (UNITED  STATES)   Dec 1987,  76 P169-74,  ISSN
  0091-6765   Journal Code: EIO
  Languages: ENGLISH  (MEDLINE)
 88030607   V16N04
 Risk assessment in biotechnology in the regulatory agencies.
  Kamely, D.
  A^S A^ua!aMee??ngn' SSlOOll   Boston,  MA (USA)   U             street
  American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ,  1333 H Street
  N.W., Washington,  DC 20005 (USA)                   'mi w qt-reet N W. ,
                                                         '           '
                          41

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  papers presented at the meeting
  Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)
 0194047  Enviroline' Number: *88-061088
                                                I0 PSTHEM>
  JARVINEN ALFRED W.  ;  TANNER DANNY K. ; KLINE EDWARD R

  ECOTOXICOLOGY & ENV SAFETY, FEB 88, V15, HI, P78(18)
          "SS,
           E^
EXPOSURE   CHRONIC   EFFECT  CONCENTRATIONS WERE CHLORPYRIFOS
                      ;^S fS^SQ. &5S%.
                      42

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CORPORATE RISK ASSESSMENT
                                                                v92nl6  PP:
88017147
Pollution Risk Assessment: Hard Choices.
   Tiller, Michael H.                                  :  ..,. ,
   National  Underwriter  (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
   52-53  Apr 18, 1988
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   The  assessment  of  pollution risk involves hard choices. More money is
being  spent on litigation than on on-site cleanup. Yet another agency, the
xComprehensive  Environmental  Response  Authority,  is  being  proposed  to
provide  cleanup  costs  more efficiently than has the current governmental
infrastructure.  Consumers,  who  are both unwilling and unwitting, need to
become  more  aware  of  pollution  hazards.   Environmental loss control is
becoming  more sophisticated; qualitative risk assessments are conducted to
identify  areas  of  concern,  while  a quantitative assessment attempts to
assign  a  dollar  value to losses caused by scenarios selected for further
analysis.  Risk  assessments  do  not  eliminate risks, but they do provide
realistic  and  practical  guidance in a complex environment. The threat of
worldwide  environmental change indicates the need for a "top-down" look at
environmental problems. (ABI/INFORM)                   !
                           43

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 POLICY
 06563988   88208988
 Differential   susceptibility:   implications    for    epidemiology,  risk
   assessment, and public policy.
   Brown SL
   Environ Corporation, Washington,  DC.
   Basic Life Sci   1988,  43 p255-69,   ISSN 0090-5542   Journal Code: 9KO
   Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)


 88030596   V16N04
 EPA's  approach to risk assessment and risk management.
   Preuss,  P.W.
   Off.  Health and Environ.  Assess., U.S. EPA,  Washington, DC
   AAAS  Annual Meeting   8810011   Boston, MA (USA)   11-15 Feb 1988
   American Association for  the Advancement of Science  (AAAS), 1333 H Street
   N.W.,  Washington,  DC 20005 (USA)
   American  Association for the  Advancement of Science, 1333 H Street N.W.,
   Washington,   DC  20005  (USA),  AAAS Publication 87-31 contains abstracts o
   papers presented at the meeting
   Languages:  ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)


06563976    88208976
Risk assessment, regulation, and the limits of science.
  Weinberg AM
  Institute   for  Energy  Analysis,  Oak  Ridge  Associated  Universities,
  Tennessee.
  Basic Life Sci   1988,  43 p!21-8,  ISSN 0090-5542    Journal Code:  9KO
  Languages: ENGLISH  (MEDLINE)
                          44

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BIBLIOGRAPHIES AKD OTHER SOURCES
1289564  PB88-113428/XAB
National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse:  NATICH Datzi Base Report on
  State,   Local   and  EPA   (Environmental  Protection  Agency)  Air  Toxic
  Activities, July 1987
  (Final rept)
  Radian Corp., Austin, TX.
  Corp. Source Codes: 029117000
  Sponsor:  Environmental  Protection  Agency,   Research Triangle Park, NC.
  Strategies and Air Standards Div.
  Report No.: DCN-87-239-001-31-06; EPA/450/5-87/006
  Jul 87   358p
  Languages: English
  Journal Announcement: GRAI8803
  See  also  PB87-125779.   Sponsored  by  Environmental Protection Agency,
  Research Triangle Park, NC. Strategies and Air Standards; Div.
  NTIS Prices: PC A16/MF A01
  Country of Publication: United States
  Contract No.: EPA-8-02-4330
  The  report  disseminates information provided to the National Air Toxics
Information  Clearinghouse  (NATICH)  data  base  by  State  and  local air
agencies  on  their  air  toxics  activities. The computer-generated report
supersedes  manually-  and computer-prepared reports published in September
1984,  March  1985,  September  1985,  and July 1986. The report includes a
listing  of  State and local agencies that have provided information to the
clearinghouse,   air   toxics  contacts,  regulatory  program  information,
acceptable  ambient  concentration guidelines or standards; and the bases of
those   guidelines/standards,   pollutant   research  information,  methods
development activities, permitting information, source testing information,
ambient  monitoring  information, emissions inventory information, and risk
assessment  information.  Because  of  the  large  volume  of data that now
resides  in  the  data  base,  the  document reports  only a subset of the
permitting and source testing information. (NTIS)
                              Communication:  A Guide to Selected Sources.
1292487  PB88-128178/XAB
Risk  Assessment, Management,
  Third Update
  Environmental  Protection  Agency, Washington,  DC.  Information Management
  and Services Div.
  Corp. Source Codes: 031287613
  Report No.: EPA/IMSD-87/002C
  Oct 87   27p
  Languages: English                                   (
  Journal Announcement: GRAI8804                       I
  See also PB88-100102.                                I
  NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
  Country of Publication: United States
  This  is  the  third  update  to the March  1987 publication entitled Risk
                           45

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Assessment,  Management,  Communication:  A  Guide to Selected Sources. The
risk  update  series  is  divided  into  three  major sections: Assessment,
Management  and  Communications. The Update includes citations published in
July 1987. Beginning in January 1988 updates to the Guide will be published
twice a year. (NTIS)
                          46

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                                                                   RISK
                                                MANAGEMENT
                            .DESCRIBES REGULATORY DECISION-MAKING
                            PROCESSES TO CONTROL AND MANAGE RISK
GENERAL PERSPECTIVES
0193140   Enviroline Number:  *88-041169
  ETHICS/ SCIENCE/  AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION,
  BROWN DONALD A.                                     :
  DEFT ENV RESOURCES,  PA,
  ENV ETHICS, WINTER 87, V9,  N4, P331(19)                      «WTr,^,mWr. m«
  JOURNAL ARTICLE    BECAUSE COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ARE RELEGATED TO
SCIENTIFIC  EXPERTS,  THE  ETHICAL  QUESTIONS  THAT  ARE  EMBEDDED IN THESE
PROBLEMS  ARE  OFTEN  HIDDEN  OR DISTORTED IN SCIENTIFIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE
METHODOLOGY   AND    COMMUNICATION.   CALLS FOR  REGULATORY  REFORM  CREATE
ADDITIONAL   PRESSURES  ON   ANALYSTS  THAT ENCOURAGE ! THEM  TO  FOCUS   ON
QUANTITATIVE  QUESTIONS AT THE EXPENSE OF QUALITATIVE ONES. DISTORTION  CAN
RESULT  FROM  USE   OF  STANDARD  RISK  ASSESSMENT  PROCEDURES  AND FROM  THE
IMPROPER  PLACEMENT OF BURDEN OF PROOF ON  GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. THE GREATEST
PROBLEM  IS  THE  NARROW  SCIENTIFIC  TRAINING  OF  TECHNICAL EXPERTS WHICH
FREQUENTLY LEAVES  THEM UNPREPARED TO DEAL  WITH THE ETHICAL AND VALUE ISSUES
IN ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC POLICY. (21 REFERENCES)  (ENVIRQLINE_)
1289603  PB88-114301/XAB
  Regulating  Chemical  Hazards  in Japan/ West^Germany
Kingdom, and the European Community: A Comparative Examination
  (Final rept.)
  Sponsored by Andrew W.  Mellon Foundation, New York.
  NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF  A01
  Coppock, R.
  National Research Council, Washington,  DC. Commission
 France/  the United
on Life Sciences.
  Corp. Source Codes:  019026419
  Sponsor: Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, New York.
  1986   109p
  Languages: English
  NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01   Journal Announcement: GRAI8803
  Country of Publication: United States
  The  report  is  an   outgrowth  of  a  National  Research Council program
initiative  to  gain  a  cross-national  perspective on the role scientific
information  has  played  in hazardous  chemical regulation. Although this
study  is  not  meant   to  be  evaluative,  it is designed to help assess  by
comparison  the  decision-making  and  regulatory mechanisms in U.S.  hazard
assessment. The chapters on the individual  countries are divided into three
components:  (1)  relevant  political  and  administrative, traditions which
influence  expectations  about  and  mechanisms of hazard regulation; (2)  a
                           47

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  compilation  of  the  relevant statuatory instruments;  and  (3)  the  scope of
  the  regulatory jurisdiction.  The last category divides the  laws  into  those
  which  ^govern   industrial   plants,   emmissions  and  discharges,  worker
  protection,   industrial  substances,   poisons, agricultural  chemicals,  food
  additives,   and contaminants,  consumer products, transport,  chemical waste
  and  victim  compensation.  The study concludes with a discussion  of ways  in
  which such  multinational   perspectives  might  be  used to strengthen the
  regulatory  process  of  the U.S.  (NTIS)


  88019211   V16N3
   Role of benefit-cost and risk analysis  in government decision-
 making
   Morrall, J.F.,III
   Off. Manage, and Budget, Washington,  DC
    American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 108th Winter Annual Meeting
 8745007   Boston, MA (USA)   13-18 Dec 1987
   ASMS
   ASME,  22 Law Drive, P.O. Box 2900, Fairfield,  NJ 07007-2900 (USA), Papers
 and proceedings volumes available airfield,  NJ 07007-2900  (USA)
   Languages: ENGLISH  (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)


 0193644    Enviroline Number: 88-051179
   SETTING ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS:  GUIDELINES FOR  DECISION-
 MAKING,
   WHO  REPORT,  1987 (106)
   ASSN REPORT    A FRAMEWORK  IS PRESENTED  FOR THE FORMULATION  OF PUBLIC
 POLICY DECISIONS TO PROTECT HEALTH AND WELFARE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS.
 THE  SCIENTIFIC  STAGE   ENTAILS  KNOWLEDGE OF  THE HAZARD, EVALUATION OF THE
 RISK,  AND   ASSESSMENT.   THE POLITICAL AND  ADMINISTRATIVE  STAGE INVOLVES
 DETERMINATION   OF ACCEPTABLE  RISK,  CHOICE  OF  CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY,   AND
 ENACTMENT  OF  LEGISLATION OR STANDARDS.  GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING  EFFECTIVE
 POLICY FOR  DIVERSE  ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS  AND PROBLEMS ARE  COMPILED
 THESE  COVER:   IDENTIFICATION  OF PRIORITY POLLUTION ISSUES;  INFORMATION ON
 HEALTH EFFECTS; ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE;  SOURCE- AND MEDIUM-ORIENTED CONTROL
MEASURES;  LEGAL   FRAMEWORKS;  AND DECISION MAKING PROCESSES. (1 DIAGRAM  6
 GRAPHS, 75 REFERENCES, 5 TABLES)   (ENVIROLINE)
                           48

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POLICY...  includes  federal,  state  and  local  policy,  science,
public  and regulatory policy.                          ',


06563988   88208988                                    '   .    .  ,
  Differential   susceptibility:   implications   for   epidemiology,  risk
assessment/ and public policy.                         ;
  Brown SL
  Environ Corporation, Washington, DC.                 !
  Basic Life Sci (UNITED STATES)   1988,  43 p255-69,  ISSN 0090-5542
Journal Code: 9KO
  Languages: ENGLISH  (MEDLINE)                        I


88030593   V16N04                                      1
  Cancer  risk  assessment  and  government  regulation  to  protect public
health: An overview
  Scroggin, D.G.
   AAAS Annual Meeting   8810011   Boston, MA (USA)    1,1-15 Feb 1988
  American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) , 1333 H Street
N.W., Washington, DC 20005 (USA)
  American  Association for the Advancement of Science,  1333  H Street N.W.,
Washington,  DC  20005  (USA), AAAS Publication 87-31 contains abstracts of
papers  presented at the meeting
  Languages: ENGLISH   (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)        ;
                           49

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  LEGAL ASPECTS


  1298813  DE88000947/XAB
    Implementation of the  Superfund  Amendments  and Reauthorization
  Act
    Oak  Ridge model conference on waste problems,  Oak Ridge,  TN,  USA,  13 Oct
  1987.
    Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
    NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
    Sherrod, J. D.
    Oak Ridge National Lab.,  TN.
    Corp.  Source Codes:  021310000; 4832000
    Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
    Report No.: CONF-871075-6
    1987   9p
    Languages:  English   Document Type:  Conference  proceeding
    NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01    Journal Announcement: GRAI8807; NSA1300
    Country of  Publication: United States
    Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
    The  Superfund  Amendment  and Reauthorization  Act  (SARA) of 1986 is in
 reality   _an    extension    of  the  Comprehensive  Environmental  Response
 Compensation   and Liability Act of  1980 commonly known as Superfund enacted
 for  cleanup  of hazardous waste sites and response to releases of hazardous
 substances.   SARA,  which   was   born  in  the  aftermath of the accident in
 Bhopal,  India,  and  the incident  at Institute, West Virginia, creates new
 directions  for community right-to-know reporting and emergency planning and
 preparedness.  Title  III   of   SARA has  the specific objectives: increase
 community  knowledge  and   access   to  information on presence of hazardous
 chemicals  ^in  their communities, and to prepare states and communities for
 dealing  with  potential  chemical  accidents.   The  enactment  of SARA has
 significantly  impacted  industry, employees, and the public. The narrative
 represents  the authors interpretations of the laws as derived from federal
 and state publications, discussions with EPA representatives, and a variety
 of independent sources. 5 refs.   (ERA citation 13:005854)  (NTIS)
 0192020   Enviroline Number: *88-021028
   KEEPING THE LID ON HAZARDOUS WASTE COMPLIANCE.
   TRUNIK PERRY A.
   RECYCLING TODAY,  MAR 87,  V25, N3 ,  P46(4)
   JOURNAL  ARTICLE   SCRAP  PROCESSORS ARE COMING UNDER THE CAREFUL SCRUTINY
 OF THE  PUBLIC  AND  GOVERNMENT AGENCIES  IN AN ATTEMPT TO LEGISLATE SAFE
 HANDLING   AND   DISPOSAL   OF  HAZARDOUS  WASTES.  EPA  REGULATIONS  COVER
 »?£?£TAT10M/   STORAGE'   AND DISPOSAL OF THESE WASTES. OSHA IS ENFORCING ITS
 HAZARD   COMMUNICATION  REGULATIONS   DESCRIBING  EMPLOYEE  RIGHT-TO-KNOW AND
 REQUIRING  EMPLOYERS  TO PROVIDE NOTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN THE
 SP3^02'  THE  INST-  OF SCRAP IRON & STEEL AND THE NATL ASSN OF RECYCLING
 INDUSTRIES  ARE  LOBBYING  TO  EXCLUDE RECYCLERS FROM THESE REGULATIONS. THE
 COMPLICATIONS   AND   COSTS  ASSOCIATED  WITH  COMPLIANCE  WITH THESE FEDERAL
HAZARDOUS WASTE PROVISIONS  ARE DISCUSSED. (2 PHOTOS) (ENVIROLINE)
                           50

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88020067
 Pollution  Liability Insurance  and  Catastrophic Environmental
   Risk                                                 :
   Katzman, Martin T.
   Jrnl of Risk & Insurance  v55nl  PP: 75-100  Mar 1988
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   Public  concern with catastrophic consequences of cheoaical releases into
the  environment  prompted  the  passage  of  the Resource Conservation and
Recovery  Act  and  Superfund  legislation (the Comprehensive Environmental
Response,  Compensation,  and  Liability  Act),  which  establish financial
responsibility requirements. These acts encouraged the creation of a market
in  pollution  liability  insurance  for purposes of risk spreading, safety
regulation,   and  victim  compensation,  but  by  the  end  of  1984,  the
pollution-insurance  initiative  lay in ruins. The collapse of the pollution
liability  insurance  initiative raises  fundamental  questions  about the
insurability  of chemical technologies. Changing tort rules have undermined
the  conventional  commercial  general  liability  policy  as the basis for
insuring  pollution,  and  the   widespread  assignment of joint and several
liability  has  caused  moral hazard and premium-setting problems. The most
promising  approach  to  chemical  risk  management is to develop statutory
regulation,  tort  law,  and  insurance  as  a mutually reinforcing tripod.
Tables.  References.  (ABI/INFORM)
0192052   Enviroline Number: 88-021060
  SUPERFUND HANDBOOK,
  ERT INC/SIDLEY  & AUSTIN REPORT, 1987  (122)
  CORPORATE  REPORT     A BRIEF GUIDE AND GENERAL OVERVIEW ARE PRESENTED OF
THE  COMPREHENSIVE  ENV. RESPONSE, COMPENSATION & LIABILITY ACT OF 1980 AND
THE  SUPERFUND  AMENDMENTS  & REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1986. THE SEPARATE BUT
RELATED  EMERGENCY  PLANNING  & COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT OF 1986 IS ALSO
COVERED   EMPHASIS  IS  PLACED  ON  FEDERAL  SUPERFUND  LEGISLATION AND ITS
POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON THOSE  POTENTIALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR KITES WHERE RELEASES
OF  HAZARDOUS  SUBSTANCES   HAVE  OCCURRED  OR  MAY OCCUR. PROVISIONS OF THE
STATUTES  ARE  DELINEATED,  AS  IS  THE  PROCESS  EPA USES TO IDENTIFY NATL
PRIORITY  LIST SITES AND SELECT A REMEDY. THE AGENCY'S EVOLVING ENFORCEMENT
AND  SETTLEMENT   POLICY  IS INTERPRETED,  AND  UNDERLYING  LEGAL ISSUES OF
INTEREST  TO  POTENTIALLY   RESPONSIBLE  PARTIES  ARE  ADDRESSED. (1 MAP, 15
PHOTOS)  (ENVIROLINE)
                            51

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HEALTH RISKS

06554667   88199667
  Evaluating  the benefits of uncertainty reduction in environmental health
risk management.
  Finkel AM; Evans JS
  JAPCA (UNITED STATES)   Oct 1987,  37 (10)  p!164-71,   ISSN 0894-0630
Journal Code: JCA
  Languages: ENGLISH   (MEDLINE)
                          52

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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT
DINOSEB
                                                         I
0193572   Enviroline Number:  *88-051104
  RISK MANAGEMENT:  FIFRA AND THE DINOSEB CASE,           '
  FLAGSTAD KAREN
  EPA J, NOV 87,  V13,  N9,  P16(4)
  JOURNAL ARTICLE   THE FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE & RODENTICIDE ACT  OF
1972  REQUIRES   EPA TO WEIGH THE RISKS OF PESTICIDES AGAINST THEIR ECONOMIC
AND SOCIAL BENEFITS WHEN MAKING REGULATORY DECISIONS. THERE ARE  CASES UNDER
THIS  STATUTE WHERE EPA OPTS TO CANCEL A PESTICIDE, AS WAS THE  RECENT  CASE
WITH  DINOSEB. IN OCTOBER 1986,  THE AGENCY ISSUED A FORMAL NOTICE OF INTENT
TO  CANCEL   AND   DENY  ANY  REGISTRATIONS FOR PESTICIDE PRODUCTS CONTAINING
DINOSEB,  CITING EVIDENCE THAT IT MAY CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS IN CHILDREN  BORN
TO WOMEN EXPOSED TO THE CHEMICAL DURING PREGNANCY, AND MAY ALSO  CAUSE OTHER
ADVERSE  EFFECTS.   THE EMERGENCY SUSPENSION OF DINOSEB IS CONSIDERED IN THE
CONTEXT  OF   EPA'S   PESTICIDE  RISK  ASSESSMENT  AND RISK-BENEFIT BALANCING
PROCESS. (1  PHOTO)  (ENVIROLINE)


0193571   Enviroline Number;  88-051103                   ;
  1987 EPRI  PCB  SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS,
  EPRI REPORT EA/EL-5612,  JAN 88  (416)
  CONF  PROCEEDINGS     EPRI  SPONSORED A FORUM DURING OCTOBER 6-9, 1987,  IN
KANSAS CITY,  MO,  FOR DISCUSSING EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR PCB MANAGEMENT  BY
ELECTRIC  UTILITIES.  PRESENTATIONS SUMMARIZED RESEARCH IN SUCH AREAS AS PCB
DESTRUCTION,  ANALYSIS,   SPILL  CLEANUP,  RISK  ANALYSIS,,  AND   FIRES.  PCB
DESTRUCTION   DISCUSSIONS  FOCUSED ON  THERMAL TREATMENT, AND PROCESSES FOR
REMOVING  PCB FROM  CONTAMINATED TRANSFORMER  OIL  AND COOLANTS WERE ALSO
HIGHLIGHTED.  RETROFILLING TECHNOLOGY,  IN  WHICH  PCB-CONTAMINATED OIL  IS
REPLACED  WITH   FRESH  OIL TO REDUCE  PCB  CONTENT  IN  TRANSFORMERS,   IS
DESCRIBED.   OTHER  TOPICS   ADDRESSED  INCLUDE  PYROLYSIS  AND COMBUSTION  OF
PCB-CONTAMINATED TRANSFORMER  FLUIDS,  AND EQUIPMENT FOR TESTING PCB-LADEN
SOILS.  (ENVIROLINE)
                           53

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 HAZARDOUS WASTE
 1294274   DE88000037/XAB
   Ecological Research Needs  at Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites
   Portions  of this document are  illegible in microfiche products. Original
 copy available until stock is exhausted.
   NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
   Auerbach,  S.  I.
   Oak Ridge  National Lab./ TN.
   Corp. Source Codes:  021310000;  4832000
   Sponsor: Department of Energy,  Washington,  DC.
   Report  No.:  ORNL/TM-10368
   Aug 87   37p
   Languages: English
   NTIS Prices:  PC  A03/MF A01   Journal Announcement: GRAI8805; NSA1300
   The  Super fund   Amendments and Reauthorization  Act  of  1986  includes
 sections  calling   for  new   efforts  in  ecological  research specifically
 related   to  assessing  threats   to  ecosystems from exposures to hazardous
 wastes.   This   report  describes some new and  developing areas of ecological
 research  applicable  to the assessment of hazards associated with chemically
 contaminated sites,   to  various  cleanup approaches  and their potential
 consequences,   and  to  biological  monitoring  programs  established  for
 surveillance  after  remedial  actions  have  been taken.  The application of
 biological  markers   (biochemical indicators)  offers a promising method for
 monitoring  and  predicting  the  long-term  effects of contaminants at the
 population level. Research is needed to develop a quantitative relationship
 between  the  chemical contaminants and changes in the suites of biological
 markers.  There is a need to determine the impact of wastes  on the naturally
 occurring  microbial  flora and the potential  for in situ biodegradation as
 well.   Research  is  needed  to  develop  improved exposure models for both
 aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems that can be used in routine assessments.
 Dealing  with  the  potentially  disruptive effects of toxic substances on
 ecosystems  requires  a  knowledge of the flows of energy and matter and of
 the  related  ecological  food  web.   The prediction of possible disruptive
 effects  on a whole food web  requires a detailed knowledge  of the structure
 of the  web and of the many dynamic feedback effects in the  total ecosystem.
 (ERA citation 13:001765)  (NTIS)


 0193047    Enviroline Number:  *88-041076
   HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY PLANNING GUIDE,
   US NATL RESPONSE TEAM REPORT,  MAR 87  (130)
   FED  GOVT  REPORT   EMERGENCY PLANNING GUIDELINES  FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
 SPILLS  AND  CONTAMINATION  COMPILED BY THE  14 FEDERAL AGENCIES CONSTITUTING
 THE  U.S.   NATL RESPONSE  TEAM PRESENT A  FEDERAL CONSENSUS UPON WHICH  FUTURE
 GUIDANCE   AND  TRAINING  WILL  BE   BASED. THIS GUIDANCE CAN BE USED BOTH BY
 LOCAL  COMMUNITIES   DEVELOPING  THEIR OWN  PLAN,  AND  BY  LOCAL EMERGENCY
 PLANNING   COMMITTEES   FORMED   IN  ACCORD  WITH  THE  EMERGENCY   PLANNING  &
 COMMUNITY  RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT OF 1986.  PRACTICAL INFORMATION IS PRESENTED FOR
 SELECTING  AND ORGANIZING  A  PLANNING TEAM. THE TASKS OF THIS TEAM, HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS  PLANNING  ELEMENTS,  AND   PLAN APPRAISAL AND CONTINUING PLANNING
ASPECTS ARE COVERED.  (ENVIROLINE)
                           54

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1297337  PB88-125257/XAB
  Recent  Advances  in  Hazardous  Materials  Transportation  Research:  An
international Exchange. State of the Art Report 3, Addendum
  Library of Congress catalog card no. 86-18145.
  NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01                            I
  Hills, P. ; Geysen, W. J.  ; Tomacheysky, E. G. ; Ringot, C. ; Pages, P.
  Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
  Corp. Source Codes: 044780000
  Report No.: TRB/TRR/SOAR-3-ADD; ISBN-0-309-03973-8
  1986   40p                                            i
  Languages: English                                  „„,,.„„«-
  NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01    Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
  Country of Publication: United States
  The  4  papers in the report deal with the following areas: the transport
of  non-nuclear  toxic  and  dangerous  wastes  in  the United Kingdom; the
transport system of dangerous products as a risk factor for the future: the
computer  aided  information  program  on hazardous materials; a valifation
study  of  the  INTERTRAN  model  for  assessing  risks  of  transportation
accidents: road transport of uranium hexafluoride; modifying the regulation
for   small   radioactive   package   transit   through   the   Mont  Blanc
tunnel-assessment of the health and economic impact.  (NTIS)
0194174   Enviroline Number:  *88-061215
  RISK MANAGEMENT OF MANUFACTURED GAS PLANT WASTE SITES,,
  COHAN DAVID   ; RUNKE  KURT D.  ;  WILSON DONALD S.       |

  INTLSI°CONGOTSENVC'PROFS/TVA HAZARDOUS  MATERIALS  MANAGEMENT   (PUDVAN) ,

                        MANU^CT^RED FROM COAL AND OIL WAS WIDELY USED UNTIL
LESS   EXPENSIVE  NATURAL  GAS FROM  PIPELINES  RENDERED  THIS  TECHNOLOGY
OBSOLETE.  THE  GAS  MANUFACTURING  PROCESS  GENERATED  OILY TARS  AND THICK
SLUDGES  AS  BY-PRODUCTS WHICH WERE OFTEN DISPOSED OF AT THE GAS PLANT SITE
AND  EVENTUALLY ABANDONED.  A METHODOLOGY FOR RISK MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS OF
SUCH  HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES IS PROPOSED, AS DEVELOPED BY EPRI. THE SCOPE OF
THE  ANALYSIS   COVERS   DIFFERENT  TREATMENT  AND  REMEDIAL,  ACTION OPTIONS,
EXPOSURE  PATHWAYS, AND NEAR-SITE CANCER RISKS. THE ANALYTICAL APPROACH AND
DECISION  TRADE-OFFS  ARE  ILLUSTRATED  FOR  AN  ACTUAL GAS PLANT SITE.  (1
DIAGRAM, 8 GRAPHS, 2 TABLES)  (ENVIROLINE)
                            55

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 CORPORATE  RISK MANAGEMENT
 88026216
    Asbestos,  Pollution Heighten Risk Focus
    Katz, David M.
    National   Underwriter  (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
 9-10  Jun 20, 1988
    AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
                 V92n25   PP:
    Burgeoning  exposures,  such  as  those  that  emerge  when  asbestos is
 revealed  in  office or home remodeling or when hazardous wastes are dug up
 on  a  site, are combining with business changes to force construction risk
 management  to  new  levels of sophistication.  Construction contractors are
 facing  new  liabilities and opportunities for  growth in asbestos abatement
 and   hazardous   waste   removal.   Some   contractors   are  moving  into
 government-privatization  projects  that  require them to manage risks over
 much longer time frames than they have been used to envisioning.  Sometimes,
 they  must develop insurance plans for as long  as 20 years into the  future,
 which is no easy task, considering the volatility of the market.  William S.
 Mclntyre,  IV,  chairman  of the board of American Risk Transfer,  says that
 the  tight  market shocked many contractors into action in risk management,
 inducing  them  to  go  into  retrospective rating and other loss-sensitive
 plans and to increase their loss control efforts.  (ABI/INFORM)
    Business  Activity  and  the  Environment:
 Corporation and Thallium Sulphate
    Singh,  Jang B.
    Jrnl of Business Ethics (Netherlands)  v7n5
    AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The  Case  of  Guyana  Sugar
 PP: 397-400  May 1988
    The  Guyana  Sugar Corp.'s (GUYSUCO) importation of the lethal chemical,
thallium  sulphate,  led to acute  and chronic poisoning of a large number of
Guyanese  and  untold damage to the environment that first became public in
1985.   The  basic ethical  issue concerns the purchase of the chemical by
GUYSUCO  for  use as a rodenticide, despite warnings in 1973 from the World
Health  Organization.   The  company's decision was influenced by the profit
motive   —    after   the  World   Health  Organization  recommendation,  the
subsequent  drop  in  price made  thallium sulphate economically attractive.
However,   the  chemical placed   the  lives  of many at'risk, which was not
justified   by  an  economic motive.  Neither  GUYSUCO  nor  the  Guyanese
government  disclosed   the  selling  party,  but  since  Guyana only now is
introducing    dangerous-chemical  legislation,  neither  the  exporter  nor
importer  was  acting   illegally.  Legality and morality do not necessarily
coincide ^in  every  case.  Ethical implications also concern the right to a
safe   environment and  a   worker's  right  to know about unsafe chemicals.
References.  (ABI/INFORM)
                           56

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88010972
   A Credible Philosophy to End Environmental Acrimony
   Keller, George M.
   Financier  v!2n2  PP: 39-44  Feb 1988
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   The  public  dialogue  on  environmental issues is deteriorating, having
become more heated, more acrimonious, and more polarized. Industry must not
yield   to   frustration  and  must  not  make  the  mistake  of  accepting
polarization.  A  practical  environmental  policy  is needed. A first step
would  be  to  look  objectively  at  the  history of environmental issues.
Industry   must   accept  responsibility  for  the  problems  that  can  be
legitimately  attributed  to  it  and  must  acknowledge that regulation to
protect the environment has been necessary. Nevertheless, industry deserves
a  large share of the credit for developing the technology to reduce wastes
and - control  pollution.  Potential  environmental problems: include: 1. the
shrinkage  of  forests,  2.  the growth of deserts, and 3. depletion of the
ozone  layer.  Industry  must  set  priorities using a systematic approach,
represented  by the relatively new discipline of risk assessment. Lawmakers
should set objectives, but specific directives for achieving the objectives
must  be  set  by  experts  at  regulatory agencies, using state-of-the-art
technology. (ABI/INFORM)
88018766
   EC  Pollution  Liability:  Despite Slow Start,  Europe Getting Tough with
Polluters
   Karter, Jerome
   Business Insurance  v22n!8  PP: 43  May 2,  1988      |
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   Johnson  &  Higgins  recently  held  a series of seminars about European
Economic  Community (EEC) developments concerning pollution liability and a
directive  on strict product liability. Jean Russotto of Oppenheimer,  Wolff
& Donnelly noted that, since 1973, the EEC has adopted over 100  legislative
measures  concerning  environmental  policy.  A  recent  campaign sought to
improve  public awareness and promote the use  of nonpolluting technologies.
The  EEC has amended the Treaty of Rome to assure that Europeans understand
the   need  for  a  communitywide  environmental  policy.   A  recent  draft
legislative  proposal  seeks  to  impose  a single,   communitywide  strict
liability  regime  covering  all sources of environmental damage.  The draft
would  make  environmental  protection  an  essential  element  of  all EEC
economic and social policies. Patricia Casey of Johnson & Higgins1  National
Casualty  Office  outlined  10  measures  to  prepare  risk  managers of US
multinationals   for    increasing   environmental   liability
legislation.(ABI/INFORM)
                           57

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88018753
   EIL Claims Require Cooperation: Experts
   Shalowitz, Deborah
   Business Insurance  v22n!8  PP: 18  May 2, 1988
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   Speaking  at  a  recent  conference  of  the Risk & Insurance Management
Society, Michael J. Murphy of Environmental Strategies Corp.  suggested that
only  a  matrix  approach will be helpful in handling environmental claims.
Many  people  are involved in handling an environmental claim,  and managing
them  is  a monumental effort. Scott K. Lange of The Boeing Co._recommended
establishing  an  internal  management team consisting of the risk manager,
the  corporate counsel, a public relations person, and a respresentative of
senior  management to handle an environmental claim. It is to the company's
advantage  to  have  the  insurer  aware  of  and  involved  in  the claims
management  process.  Lynne M. Miller of ESC warned risk managers to manage
their  consultants  effectively  and  said  that estimating an end point on
environmental claims is crucial. (ABI/INFORM)
                                                                v92n24  PP:
88024943
   Ethics — A First Lesson
   Head,  George
   National  Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
35-36  Jun 13,  1988
   AVAILABILITY:  ABI/INFORM

   Just   doing what  is right or ethically proper may not be_ enough. It is
important  to  know  why one's  actions are right. Ethical considerations are
essential  to  every  risk manager's decisions and actions. Corporate risk
managers   routinely   try  to   behave  ethically  in:  1.  negotiating  with
underwriters,   agents  and brokers,  and  claimants  alleging  injury,_  2.
advocating  passage  of laws to enhance public safety, 3. financing physical
and  vocational  rehabilitation  of injured parties, and 4. allocating risk
management  costs within  their organizations. However, most risk managers
may  not   know why  this conduct is ethically sound. Definitions of ethical
behavior   have been  broadened  to  include  an  obligation to protect the
environment  against  pollution  and to avoid harming fellow members of the
community.   Most  people now consider their ethical families to include all
humans  and domesticated animals. A growing number of ethicists include all
living  animals and  plants, all animate and inanimate things in nature, and
future generations of humans.  (ABI/INFORM)


88018752
   Few Methods  Available to Control EIL Costs
   Shalowitz,  Deborah
   Business Insurance v22n!8   PP: 16  May 2, 1988
   AVAILABILITY:  ABI/INFORM

   According to  pollution experts speaking at the recent Risk & Insurance
Management   Society   conference,  devising  an  effective  risk  management
program   and purchasing  adequate insurance can help control environmental
impairment   liability  (EIL)   costs.  Jeffery  Telego  of  Risk  Management
                           58

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Technologies  Inc.  noted  that problems with hazardous waste will threaten
the  profitability  of  many  companies  for  years  to  come.  Employing a
well-structured  risk-financing  and  loss-control  program  will protect a
company's   net  income  and  corporate  assets.  Presently,  there  are  3
standalone  US  environmental  impairment  liability markets, each offering
claims-made,  third-party  liability  coverage  for sudden, accidental, and
gradual  pollution  on  a  per-site  basis.  Mark  Vuono  of  Environmental
Compliance  Services  Inc.  suggested  that  purchasers  of  EIL  insurance
evaluate insurers carefully. It is crucial that senior management recognize
environmental risks, according to Carl A.  Mattia of The PQ Corp.
(ABI/INFORM)
88017662
   Gillette's Dr. No Guards Company Against Liability
   Mclntyre, Kathryn J.
   Business Insurance  v22n!6  PP: 157-158  Apr 18, 1988
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   The  Gillette  Co.'s  first  line  of  defense against product liability
claims  is a vice-president of product integrity, Robert Giovacchini, known
as "Dr. No." He has the power to reject new product formulas, pull products
off  the  store shelves, and insist on warning labels. Giovacchini says the
company  has  a good system in which everyone is very safety-conscious, and
product  ingredients  are  looked  at  long before the manufacturing stage.
Gillette Risk Management Administrator William L. Mather says that Gillette
exercises  good  control  over  product design and formulation, despite the
diversity  and the volume of the 850 products it produces;. Giovacchini also
is  involved  in controlling the company's environmental liability exposure
and observing the waste products of its manufacturing processes.
(ABI/INFORM)


88018755
   Honesty, Speed Curb Pollution Liability
   Shalowitz, Deborah
   Business Insurance  v22n!8  PP: 21-22  May 2, 1988
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   At  the recent Risk & Insurance Management Society conference, pollution
and insurance experts noted that all kinds of businesses can face pollution
liability problems, but those liabilities can be managed,. Helen B. Terry of
The  Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society  of  the  US  warned  that service
industries  particularly  may  be  unprepared for the pollution liabilities
that can arise. Kenneth Z. Crumrine of Versar Inc. said that companies have
some  maneuverability  if  they  face  environmental  problems  quickly and
openly. Pollution liability experts discussed actual sittiations experienced
by  nonmanufacturers  with  pollution  liability problems; that involved: 1.
contamination  of  a  downtown  office  building,  2. a company that, after
purchasing an industrial part with intentions of developing the land, found
hazardous  material  on  the  property,  3.  contamination  of  real estate
previously owned by a utility company, and 4.  asbestos contamination.
(ABI/INFORM)
                           59

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 88018754
    Liability Never Ends for Waste Generators
    Collins, Linda J.
    Business Insurance  v22n!8  PP: 20  Hay 2,  1988
    AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

    Panelists  at  the recent Risk & Insurance  Management Society conference
 said   that   companies   that  generate  hazardous  chemical   wastes  face
 significant   risk   management  challenges when  contracting  with  waste
 transportation  and  disposal  services.  They  may find out later that the
 hazardous  materials  were not disposed of properly.  The generator then can
 be  held liable by the government or the courts  for cleanup costs under the
 doctrine  of joint and several liability.  J. Stephen Buchanan  of Chemical  &
 Environmental  Conservation  Systems  advised  making  sure  waste disposal
 contractors  operate  with  high  quality  control  in all aspects of their
 business. Companies should track the disposal  process from start to finish.
 Luis M. Nido of Bracewell & Patterson recommended that a company generating
 chemical  wastes  should  determine if the vendor actually performs all the
 contractual  obligations  or  if  it  subcontracts work, in which case the
 subcontractor's credentials should be checked. (ABI/INFORM)
 88024178
    Loss Control Urged at PRIMA
    Howard,  Lisa S.
    National  Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
 6,92-93  Jun 6, 1988
   'AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
V92n23  PP:
    Thomas  L.   Vance,  president of the Public Risk and Insurance Management
Association  (PRIMA),   said  many  cities are lax about the risk management
aspects   of the purchasing department. The purchasing order process is used
by many  departments   to  circumvent  the  contractual  process. Defective
products  or  getting   the wrong product for the job are just 2 of the ways
the purchasing area can expose an organization to loss. Risk managers need
to develop a  loss  prevention program to reduce, prevent, or transfer risk.
Organizations   need guidelines  on when a purchasing order can be used or
when  to  enter  into  a services contract. The city of Anaheim, California,
for example,   faced   a  substantial  loss  following the death of a window
washer^  because  the   city had used a purchase order instead of a contract.
The disposal   of  surplus and  used material,  some of which may contain a
hazardous   substance,   is  an  area of concern for a city.  A review of all
safety   equipment  purchased   by someone in risk management or safety is an
important  area  for  preventing or reducing losses. (ABI/INFORM)


88007550
   Outlook  "88: Management fi  Labor  — Economic,  Social Issues May Limit the
Industry's Ability  to Compete
   Krizan, William  G.
   ENR  V220n3  PP: 104-107  Jan  21, 1988
                           60

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   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   In August 1987, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
expanded  the  "hazard  communication"  rule  from  chemical  firms  to all
industries.  How employers cope with the rule may be the greatest challenge
for the construction industry this year. All firms will be required to keep
written information about hazardous substances in the workplace and display
warnings  for  their employees. However, OSHA may have to scrap part of the
rule  due  to  a fight between OSHA and the Office of Management and Budget
over   record-keeping   requirements.   The  regulation  already  has  been
challenged  by  2  lawsuits.  In 1988, one main focus of the union-nonunion
struggle  that  has  been  escalating  for  more  than  a  decade  will  be
union-backed  anti-doublebreasting  legislation  that,  among other things,
would   apply  a  union  contractor's  collective-bargaining  agreement  to
nonunion  affiliates.  Meanwhile,  manpower  availability  will prove to be
another critical area where economic and social issues will collide.
(ABI/INFORM)
88024941
   Managing Waste: Why the Feds Should Keep Out         |
   Baram, Michael                                         .
   National  Underwriter  (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)  v92n24  PP:
31-32  Jun 13,  1988
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   A  variety   of  firms  produces  or  uses  toxic  chemicals that produce
hazardous  waste. These firms may include small companies lacking expertise
in waste management. Whatever the method of disposal, hazardous wastes pose
risks  to  the  health  of  workers  and  community  residents and threaten
property  and   natural resources. Waste generators face ;a legal environment
in  which  federal,  state,  and  local  officials are setting increasingly
stringent  regulations  on  waste  disposal,  and  the  costs of regulatory
compliance  are escalating.  At  a  recent  conference  on risk management
strategies  for problems  involving  hazardous waste storage and disposal,
participants    agreed   that   regulatory   requirements   and   liability
considerations  had  caused  large  chemical  producers to increase on-site
storage   and   treatment.  Rather  than  increasing  federal  regulations,
integrated  waste  management  should  be  left to industry. Encouragement,
training, and technical assistance should be provided by state agencies for
small companies.  (ABI/INFORM)                           j
1297340  PB88-125307/XAB
  Regulating    Industrial  Risks.  An  Executive  Summary  of  a  Workshop.
Executive Report  8
  Sponsored  by International  Inst. for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg
(Austria),   and   United  Nations  Educational,  Scientific  and  Cultural
Organization,  Paris  (France).  Man and the Biosphere Programme.
  Customers  in the  European Community countries should apply to the Office
for   Official   Publications  of  the  European  Communities,  B.P.  2985,
Luxembourg.
  NTIS Prices:  PC E03/MF E03
  Maini, J. S.  ;  Peltu, M.  ; Otway, H.
  Commission of the  European Communities, Luxembourg.
                            61


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    Corp. Source Codes: 048489000
    Sponsor:  International  Inst.  for  Applied  Systems  Analysis,  Laxenburg
  (Austria).;   United   Nations   Educational,    Scientific    and    Cultural
  Organization, Paris (France). Man and the Biosphere  Programme.
    Report No.: EUR-10300-EN
    C1986   24p
    Languages: English
    NTIS Prices: PC E03/MF E03    Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
    Country of Publication: Other
    The report is an executive summary of a workshop held  at Ispra in October
  1984,  sponsored by the JRC;  the International  Institute  for Applied Systems
  Analysis  (IIASA);  and  the  United  Nations  Educational,  Scientific and
  Cultural   Organization  (UNESCO),   It describes  the   background  of  the
  industrial  risk program and summarizes the main points  to be considered in
  risk     management     activities.     (Copyright    (c)    ECSC-EEC-EAEC,
  Brussels-Luxembourg,  1986.)  (NTIS)
 88017137
    RIMS Agenda  Projects the Future
    Roskopf, John F.
    National  Underwriter  (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
 25-27  Apr 18,  1988
    AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
 V92nl6  PP:
    In  an  effort  to  identify  underlying  trends in the Risk & Insurance
 Management  Society's  (RIMS)  industry, a comparison was made between 1978
 and  1988.  For  example,  in 1978, there were 2,976 corporate members,  and
 today, there are 4,063 members. By using the RIMS'  annual conference agenda
 as  a  barometer,  some observations can be made about the industry.  First,
 the  4  major  issues  continue  to  be  employee  benefits,   loss control,
 captives,  and  workers  compensation,   with  added  emphasis   on  employee
 benefits.  Also,  a major trend highlighted in seminars and the trade press
 is  environmental impairment. The biggest change from within the discipline
 of  risk  management  is the growth of  risk management information systems.
 Communication  continues  to  be an important issue for many risk managers,
 and  insurer  solvency is a growing concern.  The newest and fastest growing
 occupational  hazard  is  workers compensation claims related  to the  use of
 video  display  terminals.  These  issues  formulate  the  basis for  future
 expectations.  (ABI/INFORM)
RISK MANAGERS RANK TORT REFORM HIGH
   Aschkenasy,  Janet
   National  Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
9,38  May 9,  1988                                            '
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
V92nl9  PP:
   According   to   a   survey  conducted by Alexander & Alexander of 340 large
corporate   insurance  buyers,  risk  managers  rank civil justice reform as
their  highest congressional  priority.  Some  46% of respondents accorded
Civil  justice reform their  highest rating, while another 30% indicated the
issue  was  of "above average" importance. In a smaller sampling of senior
insurance   company executives,  97%  ranked  civil justice reform as their
highest  priority. Other areas of primary federal concern noted by the risk
                           62

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managers   were:   1.   expansion  of  the  workers  compensation  system,  2.
workplace   safety,    3.    directors'   and  officers'  liability,  4.  the
Consolidated  Omnibus  Budget  Reconciliation  Act,  5. health care for the
uninsured,   and   6.   retirement  or pension income liability. A majority of
those   surveyed   did  not  rate  environmental  impairment as a significant
issue.  (ABI/INFORM)
88028107
   Risky Business
   Cassidy, Kevin A.
   Security Mgmt  v32n5  PP:
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
45-46  May 1988
   Hazardous  materials  usually  are given little consideration by company
management  until  a crisis arises. Since the security department must cope
with  safely  storing  and  transporting these materials and is called upon
first  when a crisis occurs, a program for handling hazardous materials and
dealing  with  adverse situations should be established. The Factory Mutual
System  Approval Guide suggests that the first step involves carrying out a
risk  analysis  audit  (RAA) to measure the scope of the. management problem
and  make  recommendations.  This  RAA  should  involve an investigation of
storage  and transportation of the materials,  a record of the materials and
their  effects, and an estimation of possible monetary loss; in the event of
a crisis. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)  standards also
should  be  met.  Finally,  a fire precautions system should be established
along with a strategic plan for handling a catastrophe.   References.
(ABI/INFORM)
                           63

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 88009762
    So Many Cooks: Risk Information Programs  Grow
    Baram, Michael
    National  Underwriter  (Property/Casualty/Employee  Benefits)  v92n7  PP:
 15,54  Feb 15, 1988
    AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

    An Environment Protection Agency (EPA)  study has  found that, nationally,
 6,900  chemical  accidents have occurred in  the last 5 years. A new federal
 law  and  many state and local laws require  companies  and agencies to share
 risk  information  and  develop  emergency  response plans. Some states are
 enacting programs to require firms to prevent the accidents by forcing them
 to   evaluate  their  accident  potential  and  take  steps to prevent these
 occurrences.  Consultants  and  industry managers are  focusing on 3 problem
 areas:   1.  evaluating  accident potential,  2. reducing accident potential,
 and  3.   responding  effectively  after  an  accident.  The Federal Emergency
 Management Agency and the EPA are developing criteria  for reviewing whether
 local  emergency  response planning is adequate. Moreover, the agencies are
 developing  guidelines  for  local community emergency planners to use when
 evaluating computerized emergency planning and response systems.
 (ABI/INFORM)

 88015528
    Spin Control: No Substitute for Risk Control
    Katz, David M.
    National   Underwriter  (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
 vso should be met. Finally,  a fire precautions  system should be
 flowed  from an act of solid risk management. However, problems are created
 when companies rely on adroit public relations to compensate for weaknesses
 in  their approach to risk management.  This is demonstrated by Ashland Oil's
 handling  of  the  diesel-fuel spill on the Monongahela River on January 2,
 1988.  The  initial  response was an excellent example of spin control, but
 the  public's need to prevent another crisis soon overrode its appreciation
 of   Ashland's  gestures.   Environmental Protection  Agency reports made it
 clear that  Ashland  had  only reactive contingency plans and undertook no
 prevention control measures.  (ABI/INFORM)


 88015994
    The Tangled Web of Chemical Haaard Regulations
    Diekemper,  Roman F.
    Risk  Mgmt  v35n3  PP:  26-30  Mar 1988
    AVAILABILITY:  ABI/INFORM

    One   of  the  biggest   challenges  facing  corporate  management  is the
 regulation  and  control   of   chemical   hazards.   The best way to meet this
 challenge  is  with  a  systematic risk management process that identifies,
 evaluates,   and  controls the risk.  The importance of audits or evaluations
 of   the  management of chemical hazards  cannot be overstated.  The evaluation
process   should  probe  all   aspects  of  hazard control — from management
policy   to  all   phases   of operations. The beginning of the process should
address   whether  hazardous   chemicals  are  used  or  stored,  how they are
managed,   and  the state of  compliance with regulatory requirements.  The
trend  of  letting chemical-involved   fires  burn  themselves  out  raises
                           64

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questions  about  property damage and business interruption. The evaluation
of the management of hazardous materials should cover all aspects of hazard
control, including: 1. employee attitude, 2. safety coordination, 3. safety
activities, and 4. emergency plans. A systematic approach to the control of
hazardous materials then should be developed. (ABI/INFORM)
88017130
   Underground Tank Regs Loom
   Miller, Lynne M.
   National  Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
9,11-13  Apr 18, 1988
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
v92n!6  PP:
   A  year  ago, federal standards for underground storage tanks (UST)  were
proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  Final regulations
on  USTs  are  due to be published in about 12 weeks. For the first time,  a
comprehensive federal program on USTs will include: 1. technical standards,
2.  standards  for  operation  and  maintenance,  and  3.   tank-testing and
financial-responsibility  requirements.  Risk managers must become familiar
with  UST  regulations,  become  actively  involved in their company's  tank
management  plan,  and • determine  areas  of  exposure to third parties and
property.  Although  the  new  regulations will be phased in over a 10-year
period, prudent risk managers will develop a strong tank management program
that   deals  with  financial  responsibility,  leak  detection,  and  tank
upgrading.  Allowable financial assurance mechanisms include:  1. insurance,
2.  indemnity  contract,  3.  surety  bond,  and  4.   risk  retention group
coverage.  The  EPA  is  aware  that insurance is not available to meet all
financial responsibility requirements for  underground tanks.
(ABI/INFORM)                                            !
                           65

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66

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                                                                Risk
                                          COMMUNICATION
                                 ...THE PROCESS OP EDUCATING  AND
                                 INFORMING AN AUDIENCE  TO MAKE
                                 BETTER PERSONAL AND  SOCIETAL
                                 DECISIONS REGARDING RISK
 INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER
 88020745
    The  Expanded  Hazard Communication Standard:  New Compliance Burdens for
 Nonmanufacturing Employers
    Goldsmith, Willis J.
    Employee Relations Law Jrnl  v!3n4  PP: 695-705   Spring 1988
    AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

    The  Occupational  Safety and Health Administration  (OSHA) has published
 its  revised   Hazard   Communication   Standard   (HCS),  which  requires
 nonmanufacturing  employers  to establish hazard  communications programs by
 May 22,  1988.  The  revised  HCS  is  designed  to protect employees  from
 hazardous chemicals by means of a program consisting of 4 parts: 1. written
 hazard communication programs for each work site, 2.  labels and other forms
 of  warning, 3. material safety data sheets, and 4. employee instruction and
 training.  The new HCS already has been challenged in 4 different lawsuits,
 2   of  them  involving  the  construction industry.  Expansion of HCS to the
 nonmanufacturing  sector  is  likely  to  result  in increased  compliance
 problems  for  OSHA.  The  Office  of Management  and Budget and the private
 sector  have  urged  OSHA  to  develop a model  generic hazard communication
 program  to  help employers develop programs which comply with the new  HCS.
 References. (ABI/INFORM)


 88021076
   A Hazardous Mix:  Discretion to Disclose and  Incentives) to Suppress Under
 OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard
   Carle, Susan D.
   Yale Law Jrnl  v97n4  PP:  581-601  Mar 1988
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   After  years of delay,  the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
 (OSHA)   has  promulgated   the Hazard Communication Standa.rd (HCS)  requiring
 chemical  manufacturers  to  provide warnings with products they deem to be
 dangerous.   However,   it   is  argued  that  the  wide  discretion  given
manufacturers  in  performing hazard  evaluation  under  HCS  renders  the
 standard  ineffective.  Although there are market incentives against hazard
 information  disclosure,   weak incentives  to comply with the  standard are
greatly  outweighed.   Thus,   the HCS does not significantly alleviate these
market  failure  problems.  The  tort system has difficulty in  imposing the
                          67

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 costs  of  chemical  injuries  on  manufacturers,  and  recent studies show
 extensive  noncompliance  with  HCS.  Manufacturers  do not conduct careful
 hazard  evaluations  under  HCS  because  the  standard  does  not  require
 disclosure  of  product ingredients evaluated as nonhazardous. An effective
 standard  must  allow  independent  evaluations  by  interested  parties by
 requiring  chemical manufacturers to disclose product ingredients. Congress
 should direct OSHA to add an ingredient disclosure rule to HCS. References.


 88010794
    Industry Prepares for Title III
    MacKerron, Conrad B.
    Chemical Week  v!42n9  PP: 40-41  Mar 2, 1988
    AVAILABILITY:  ABI/INFORM

    Title  III  of the Superfund Law — the Emergency Planning and Community
 Right-To-Know Law requires companies  involved with chemicals to comply with
 March  1,   1988,   and  July  1,   1988,  disclosure  deadlines. Although the
 Environmental  Protection  Agency (EPA) has many educational programs, most
 agencies  remain  confused  about  the  law's  meaning.  According  to  EPA
 officials,   the  majority  of facilities failed to submit the required data
 regarding  hazardous  chemicals  by  the October 1987 deadline. By Marcl^l,
 1988,   companies  are  required  to  file,  with  local  emergency planning
 officials,   a  list  of  hazardous  substances  located  in  the workplace.
 Facilities   that  use  10,000 pounds  per year of any of 309 toxic chemicals
 listed  in   Title  III  must report to EPA by July 1, 1988. As the data are
 released  in  1989,   EPA  officials  will  try to interpret the information
 properly and  eliminate  potential  public upset. Data will be audited and
 cross-checked for veracity.  As local  officials learn to interpret the data,
 they  can design emergency evacuation  and other contingency plans.
 (ABI/INFORM)


 88013561
    Industry Tries to Decipher Hazard  Rules
    Rich,  Laurie A.;  Bradford,  Hazel
    Chemical Week  vl42n!2  PP:  34-35,39  Mar 23,  1988
    AVAILABILITY:  ABI/INFORM

    Representatives  of the chemical process industries (CPI) have tried for
 years   to   convince  legislators   to  make all industries, not just the CPI,
 bear   the   brunt   of  federal  environmental  laws.  Starting May 23rd, the
 Occupational  Safety  and  Health  Administration  (OSHA)  will  make  most
 employers   and workers   subject   to  OSHA's  Hazard Communication Standard
 (HCS).   Although  employers are willing to comply with the HCS and provide a
hazard  communication program, many small business owners are unsure of how
to  do  so.   To  prepare for the  May  deadline,  John J.  Whittelsey, a former
counsel  to Union Carbide,  suggests the following steps:  1. Have documented
proof  of   attempts  to gain information. 2.  Take inventory of all compounds
on  company premises and determine if any are on OSHA's hazardous-substance
list.  3.   Prepare  material  safety  data sheets on any hazardous chemical
found. A development and training package is available from S.  C. Johnson &
Son.   The package is intended to  assist the company's customers and product
distributors  in understanding and complying with the new regulations.
 (ABI/INFORM)
                           68

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88023434
   New OSHA Recordkeeping Requirements
   Parliman, Gregoiry C.
   Small Business Report  Vl3n5  PP: 64
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
May 1988
   The  Occupational  Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has increased
its  enforcement activity in the areas of injury and illnesss record keeping
and   compliance   with   the   new   Hazard  Communication  Standard.  The
record-keeping requirements are relatively simple and straightforward. OSHA
requires  all  companies  to maintain a log of every occupational injury or
illness  at  each business site. In addition, a year-to-date summary of any
occupational  injuries  and  illnessess  must  be kept by most firms. These
records  must  be kept by the company for 5 years and must be available for
inspection  and  copying  by  representatives of the Secretary of Labor. In
addition,  all  accidents involving deaths and all hospitalizations of 5 or
more  employees  must  be  reported  to the nearest office of the OSHA area
director  within  48  hours  of  their occurrence. The Hazard^Communication
Standard,  which  applies  to manufacturing and nonmanufacturing companies,
involves   container   labeling,   employee   training,   and  the  use  of
material-safety data sheets. (ABI/INFORM)               ;
                           69

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                                   ...TEE PROCESS OF EDUCATING AND INFORMING
                                   AND AUDIENCE TO HAKE BETTER PERSONAL
                                   AND SOCIETAL DECISION REGARDING RISK
 INFORMING THE PUBLIC
   THE  EFFECTIVENESS  OF  THE  SI2EWELL  B  PUBLIC  INQUIRY IN FACILITATING
COMMUNICATION ABOUT THE RISKS OF NUCLEAR POWER,
   DAVIES RICHARD
   OTA,  DC,
   SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN VALUES,  SUMMER-FALL 87,  V12,  N3-4,  P102(9)
   JOURNAL  ARTICLE     A  PUBLIC  INQUIRY  TO CONSIDER  PUBLIC  VIEWS  AND
OPPOSITION   TO  THE PROPOSED SIZEWELL B NUCLEAR  POWER PLANT IN THE U.K.  WAS
CONDUCTED  DURING  1982-85.   ITS  APPROVAL  OF  THE  PROJECT  CAME  DESPITE
CONSIDERABLE  PUBLIC  OPPOSITION  TO   NUCLEAR POWER  BUT  HAD  BEEN WIDELY
ANTICIPATED  SINCE THE INQUIRY WAS FIRST ANNOUNCED IN 1979.  MANY MEMBERS OF
THE   PUBLIC  DID NOT HAVE CONFIDENCE  THAT THE INQUIRY WOULD BE SUFFICIENTLY
INDEPENDENT  FROM  EITHER THE  INFLUENCE  OR THE  VALUES  OF  THE  RULING
CONSERVATIVE  GOVERNMENT, THE U.K. DEPT.  OF ENERGY,  OR THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY
TO YIELD A  FAIR OUTCOME.  THE WAYS IN  WHICH THE INQUIRY'S APPROACH INHIBITED
RISK  COMMUNICATION ARE REVEALED. (25  REFERENCES)  (ENVIROLINE)


454844    861002954
Elites  in conflict:  nuclear  energy,   ideology, and the perception
of risk.
 Rothman, Stanley and S.  Robert Lichter.
 J Contemporary Studies  8:23-44 Summer/Fall  '85,  tables
 LANGUAGE:  Engl
 DOC  TYPE:  P
 How  mass opinion on nuclear energy is formed; U.S.
(PAIS)


0193144   Enviroline Number:  *88-041173
   THE EMERGENCY PLANNING  AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT: AN EXPLANATION OF
TITLE III OF SARA,
   BURCAT JOEL R.  ; HOFFMAN ARTHUR K.
   (RHOADS &  SINON, PA)  AND,  ;  (DUANE,  MORRIS  & HECKSCHER, PA) ,
   ENV LAW REPORTER,  JAN 88,  VIS,  Nl,  P10007(21)
   JOURNAL  ARTICLE   THE  EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT
(EPCRA)  WAS  ENACTED  IN OCTOBER 1986 AS TITLE  III OF THE 1986 SUPERFUND
AMENDMENTS.   RATHER   THAN PREEMPTING STATE  OR LOCAL LAWS, EPCRA SUPPORTS
STATE AND   LOCAL GOVERNMENTS   IN THEIR  EFFORTS  TO  DEAL WITH HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCES,   REQUIRING  THEM TO  HAVE  EMERGENCY PLANS AND CREATING THE MEANS
FOR THEM AND  THE  PUBLIC TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT POTENTIAL DANGERS. EACH
SECTION  OF   THE  ACT IS ANALYZED,  AND EPA'S REGULATORY IMPLEMENTATION OF IT
IS  DISCUSSED,  AS   IS  THE  LAW'S RELATIONSHIP TO OSHA. ALTHOUGH EPCRA IS A
                           70

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SIGNIFICANT  ADVANCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, ITS FAILURE TO PREEMPT STATE
AND  LOCAL REGULATIONS WILL PREVENT DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAR AND UNIFORM RIGHTS
AND   RESPONSIBILITIES,  AND  ITS  REQUIREMENT  THAT  REGULATED  BUSINESSES
DISCLOSE  TRADE  SECRETS  TO  EPA  IMPOSES  BURDENS  ON  TKEK  THAT  MAY BE
EXCESSIVE.  (NUMEROUS REFERENCES)  (ENVIROLINE)
484692   880908351

 EPA  (Environmental Protection Agency) J  13:2-46 N  '87, bibl il map
 LANGUAGE: Engl
 DOC TYPE: P                                                  .   . . ,
 Whether a risk management  approach to environmental problems is viable; 16
    articles.                                 ,           :
 Partial contents: Environmental  decision-making today; Risk communication:
    getting   ready    for   "right-to-know,"  by  Charles  L.  Elkins;  Risk
    communication: getting  out the message about radon, lay .Ann Fisher; From
    the  outside:  an   industry view, by Robert C. Barnard; Protecting Cape
    Cod's ground water, by  Greg Supernovich.  (PAIS)


06532363   88177363
Environmental risk.  Health  risk communication at the Agency for Toxic Subs
Registry.

  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia 3O333.
  Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES)   Dec 1987,  7  (4) p409-12,  ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
  Languages: ENGLISH                                   .,:,.,.   ^ ^
  I  have  described areas  for which ATSDR has responsibilities that we see
as  involving  risk  communication.  I conclude by indicating, based on our
professional  experience  and from  meetings with the public where we have
presented health information, what we consider to be five elements required
of  successful  risk   communication.  The  first  element we suggest is the
credibility  of  the   source. If you  have  no credibility, no matter how
accurate,  how  truthful,   how up-to-date, how important, how dramatic your
message  is,  you are  not going to be heard. So you  start with credibility.
The   quality of the message is the second building block of successful risk
communication.  By  quality  of the message, I mean whether it is accurate,
truthful,  up-to-date,  and  based  on current scientific knowledge. The^third
element  is the degree of involvement of the receiver of the message in the
shaping  of  the  message.   If  the  receiver  has not been involved in the
process,  then  the likelihood of successful risk communication is going to
be diminished. Get the receivers  involved up front. That means, in the case
of  community  health   studies, get those persons involved in the community
who   have  been  most   concerned  about  the  health  issues. To the extent
possible,   involve  community leaders, citizen groups, physicians, the news
media,  and  concerned individual  citizens  in  the  design, conduct, and
evaluation  of  community health  surveys and studies. The fourth element is


                            71

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                                                                                1
 the  quality  of  the   delivery.   If  you present the message in government
 jargon  and  do  not  speak with, but to, the audience, you are going to find
 difficulties in  successful  communication. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 (MEDLINE)


 06775391  DATABASE: MI  File 47
 How  do risk perceptions  respond to  information?  The case  of
 radon.
  Smith, V. Kerry; Johnson,  F. Reed
  Review of Economics and Statistics  v70 pi(8) Feb, 1988
  CODEN: RECSA
  illustration; table
  SIC CODE: 8231
  CAPTIONS: Characteristics of sample respondents.;  Risk perception models.
  DESCRIPTORS:  Risk assessment—mathematical  models;  Information services—
     mathematical models; Decision-making—Mathematical  models
 (MAGAZINE INDEX)
 88022661
    PRIMA Report: RHs Ponder Right-to-Know Laws
    Howard,  Lisa S.
    National  Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee  Benefits)
 3,54   May 30, 1988
    AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
V92n22  PP:
   According  to consultant Thomas L.  Zera, risk managers must determine if
they   comply  with the newly expanded  right-to-know regulation developed by
the   federal Occupational  Safety & Health Administration (OSHA). On May 23,
1988,  the  OSHA  Hazard Communication Standard was expanded to include all
private   employers  in all states,  and  it now preempts state right-to-know
laws.  The  communication   standard was designed  to  make  sure that the
hazardous  chemicals  are  adequately identified and that the information is
transmitted  and  communicated   to  everyone  in  the  workplace who may be
exposed.   Employers  should  take   the  following  steps to comply with the
standard:   1.  Undertake a  chemical inventory. 2. Produce or obtain material
safety  data  sheets,  detailing  the  chemical's contents, properties, and
hazards.   3.   Put  together a chemical list of hazardous substances. 4. Use
adequate   labeling.  5.  Set up  chemical control procedures. 6. Establish a
written hazard communication program.  (ABI/INFORM)

479091    880307547
Public perception of technological risk.
 Pilisuk, Marc and others.
 Social Science J  (Fort Worth)  24:403-13 no 4 '87,  tables
 LANGUAGE: Engl
 DOC TYPE: P
 Public concerns about dangers to their health and  safety f^om  contaminated
    drxnking  water,  cancer causing chemicals,  pesticide residues,  nuclear
    war,   and  other  hazardous ' risks; based  on a public opinion  survey  of
    three California cities.
 Different  levels  of  concern  for potential   risk;   gender  differences;
    sources of information  and trust in information.  (PAIS)
                           72

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0192297    Enviroline Number: 88-021308
  RADON   RISK INFORMATION AND VOLUNTARY PROTECTION:  EVIDENCE FROM A NATURAL
EXPERIMENT,
  JOHNSON F.  REED ;  LUKEN RALPH A.
  EPA,
  RISK ANALYSIS,  1987,  V7, Nl, P97(ll)
  JOURNAL ARTICLE   THIS STUDY EXAMINES THE PERCEIVED RISKS AND MITIGATING
BEHAVIOR  OF   MAINE   HOUSEHOLDS  WHO  RECEIVED  NEW   INFORMATION  ON  THEIR
EXPOSURES TO  SIGNIFICANT  HEALTH  RISKS  FROM  INDOOR RADON.  THE OBSERVED
RESPONSES OF  THESE  HOUSEHOLDS  ILLUSTRATE  CONCEPTUAL  ISSUES RELATED TO
DESIGNING AN  EFFECTIVE RISK INFORMATION PROGRAM. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE
RISK  INFORMATION APPROACH  USED  IN  MAINE  FAILED  TO  INDUCE  VOLUNTARY
PROTECTION.   THESE  RESULTS  SUGGEST THAT THE FORMATION OF RISK PERCEPTIONS
AND  SUBSEQUENT  BEHAVIORAL  ADJUSTMENTS INVOLVE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS AMONG
INFORMATIONAL,   CONTEXTUAL, SOCIOECONOMIC,  AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES.  (26
REFERENCES, 4 TABLES)  (ENVIROLINE)


0192595    Enviroline Number: *88-031109
  SUPERFUND 1987:  SARA'S SLOW START,
  RANDEL SUSAN                                          :
  CHEMICAL BUSINESS,  AUG 87, V9, N8, P10(3)
  JOURNAL ARTICLE     WITH  THE  PASSAGE  OF  THE   SUPERFUND  AMENDMENTS &
REAUTHORIZATION  ACT OF 1986, $8.5  BILLION IS NOW AVAILABLE FOR CLEANING UP
TOXIC  WASTE   SITES   OVER THE NEXT  FIVE YEARS.  EPA'S SLOW IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE  ACT  IS   ATTRIBUTED TO WRANGLING BETWEEN THE AGENCY AND OMB OVER EPA'S
NEW  REGULATIONS   AND OTHER FACTORS. THE NEW SUPERFUND PROVISIONS CONTAINED
IN  THE   ACT,   SUCH   AS  TITLE  III,  OR  THE  EMERGENCY PLANNING/COMMUNITY
RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT OF 1986, WILL SLOW DOWN CLEANUP EFFORTS.  HOWEVER,  THE  NEW
LAWS  WILL STREAMLINE   THE TOXIC WASTE SITE CLEANUP SETTLEMENT PROCESS,  BY
ENABLING  EPA  TO SET  NEGOTIATION  DEADLINES AND MAKE CASH SETTLEMENTS WITH
THE  SMALLER  CONTRIBUTORS TO DEFRAY THE CLEANUP COSTS AT POLLUTED SITES.  (4
PHOTOS)  (ENVIORLINE)
                                                         I

0194145    Enviroline Number: *88-061186
   SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS  OFFER HOPE  FOR  PLAINTIFFS  IN TOXIC  TORT
ACTIONS,
  CHADD  CHARLES M. ;  O'MALLEY JOHN  J.
  POPE BALLARD SHEPARD  & FOWLE LTD,  IL,
  NATL LAW J,  MAR 21,  88,  V10, N28,  P16(4)
  JOURNAL  ARTICLE        TITLE  III    OF   THE  SUPERFUND  AMENDMENTS  AND
REAUTHORIZATION   ACT   OF   1986,    THE EMERGENCY   PLANNING  &  COMMUNITY
RIGHT-TO-KNOW  LAW,   HAS  THE  POTENTIAL FOR BRINGING GOVERNMENT REGULATORY
STANDARDS   AND   PRIVATE  PERSONAL  INJURY  ACTIONS  INTO  A  MUCH   CLOSER
RELATIONSHIP   THAN  BEFORE.   LOCAL   COMMUNITY EMERGENCY  PLANNING APPLIES  TO
THOSE  COMPANIES   THAT   MAINTAIN THRESHOLD  PLANNING QUANTITIES OF  CERTAIN
CHEMICALS;  IMMEDIATE REPORTING OF  CHEMICAL RELEASES APPLIES WHEN HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCES  ARE RELEASED IN REPORTABLE  QUANTITIES. THE COMMUNITY'S RIGHT  TO
KNOW WHAT  CHEMICALS  ARE BEING USED  IN  LOCAL PLANTS APPLIES  TO ALL COMPANIES
SUBJECT  TO THE OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD.  EACH STATE  WAS REQUIRED
BY   EARLY    1987    TO    DEVELOP AN  EMERGENCY  RESPONSE  COMMISSION.  THE
RAMIFICATIONS   OF  THE  STATUTE'S PROVISIONS  FOR FUTURE TOXIC TORT SUITS ARE
CONSIDERED. (ENVIROLINE)
                                                         i

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 88024640
    Title III Compliance: CPI Managers Hustle to Meet the Deadline
    MacKerron, Conrad B.; Rich, Laurie A.
    Chemical Week  v!42n25  PP: 22-24  Jun 22,  1988
    AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

    On  July  1,  1988,  to comply with the 1986 Community Right-To-Know Act
 (Title III of the Superfund law), scores of firms will,  for the first time,
 have  to  inform  communities  about hazardous chemicals used in or emitted
 from  their  facilities.  Executives  feel that information disclosed about
 hazardous  substances will attract much attention and test the abilities of
 their  companies to interact with the public.  Data will  have to be reported
 on  a  special form developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
 According to Bruce Karrh of Du Pont, meeting the reporting requirements for
 the  first time has involved a lot of scrambling by companies.  He said that
 Du  Pont  spent  about  $2 million to prepare  the necessary data.  The EPA's
 Charles   L.   Elkins  says  that  the  agency  will  use  company-supplied
 information as a database to justify more regulation where necessary.
 (ABI/INFORM)


 0193543   Enviroline Number:  *88-051075
   TRUTH  AND  CONSEQUENCES: HEALTH AGENCY RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
 PROBLEMS,
   OZONOFF DAVID ;  BODEN LESLIE I.
   BOSTON UNIV,
   SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN VALUES, SUMMER-FALL 87,  V12,  N3-4,  P70(8)
   JOURNAL  ARTICLE     CONCERNS ABOUT HEALTH PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH TOXIC
 EXPOSURES  IN COMMUNITIES ARE NOT BEING ADEQUATELY ADDRESSED BY DEPARTMENTS
 OF  PUBLIC  HEALTH.   CASE STUDIES OF TOXIC EXPOSURES  IN  LOVE CANAL,  NY, AND
 PLYMOUTH,    MA,  PROVIDE  EVIDENCE  OF  INADEQUATE  COMMUNICATION  OF  RISK
 INFORMATION  BY HEALTH DEPARTMENTS.  AS THESE CASE HISTORIES SHOW,  THERE WAS
 A   CLEAR  ATTEMPT  TO DENY THE EXISTENCE OF THE  PROBLEM.  ACCURATE AND TIMELY
 COMMUNICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK INFORMATION IS ESSENTIAL TO THE  MISSION
 OF  PUBLIC  HEALTH AGENCIES.  HOWEVER,  OFFICIALS HAVE  SUBSTANTIAL INCENTIVES
 TO  MINIMIZE  SUCH  RISKS  OR NOT TO COMMUNICATE THEM AT ALL. THE  COMMUNITY
 TOXICS   MOVEMENT,  A  RELATIVELY NEW PHENOMENON,  IS  BRINGING PRESSURE  TO BEAR
 ON PUBLIC OFFICIALS.  THE  MOST CONSTRUCTIVE RESPONSE TO SUCH PRESSURE IS FOR
 OFFICIALS   TO  INVOLVE  LOCAL  CITIZENS  IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES FROM THE
 DESIGN  STAGE ONWARD.  (1 DIAGRAM,  23  REFERENCES)  (ENVIROLINE)
06574246   88219246
  Your right-to-know  [editorial]
  Van Scotter DE
  Wis Dent Assoc J  (UNITED STATES)
Journal Code: WIS
  Languages: ENGLISH
(MEDLINE)
Feb 1988,   64 (2)  p75,   ISSN 0887-9699
                           74

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INFORMING THE WORKER

                                                       I
06565844   88210844
  Focus on: your right to know.
  Koester K
  Dent Assist (Waco Tx)  (UNITED STATES)   Mar-Apr 1988,  7 (4) p29-31,
ISSN 0744-012X   Journal Code: DAS
  Languages: ENGLISH   (MEDLINE)


88007972
   Hazard Communication Standard Guidelines
   Dave, Niru
   Professional Safety  v33nl  PP: 21-26  Jan 1988
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM                            :

   The  hazard  communication  standard of the Occupational Safety & Health
Administration  is  intended  to reduce risk to workers by requiring hazard
evaluation  of  chemicals.  Since  the  standard  applies to all employers,
guidelines  are presented to assist organizations using hazardous chemicals
in  complying  with  it.  The  guidelines  provide a practical step-by-step
approach  for  reviewing  a  firm's  need for compliance and suggestions^on
steps  to  take.  The  areas  covered  are:  1.  preparation,  2. utilizing
information labels, 3. acquiring materials safety data sheets, 4. informing
and  training  employees, 5. informing other employers within multiemployer
work  sites,  6.  informing  commercial  customers  (retail stores), and 7.
implementing a written hazard communication program. Illustrations.
(ABI/INFORM)


06534424   88179424
  Hazardous  Substance  Center:  a  poison  center's  workers right to know
program.
  Krenzelok EP; Dean BS
  Pittsburgh Poison Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA.
  Vet   Hum   Toxicol  (UNITED  STATES)   Feb  1988,  30  (1)   pl8-20,  ISSN
0145-6296   Journal Code: XBV                          ;
  Languages: ENGLISH
  Workers  Right  To  Know  (WRTK)  legislation has been enacted in several
states.  It  is landmark advocacy legislation for employees and communities
who  may  be  exposed  to hazardous chemicals, but it is also a complex and
costly  problem  for  business,  industry, and nonprofit organizations. The
Hazardous  Substance  Center  (HSC),  a  division  of the Pittsburgh Poison
Center,  was  created  to  develop  and  implement  programs  to enable^the
business  community  to  comply  with the requirements of WRTK legislation.
Specifically,  the  HSC  provides  the  client  with  a  24-hour toxicology
resource  which  objectively assists employees in the interpretation of the
health-related  effects  information  on material safety data sheets (MSDS)
and  assists  them and medical professionals in the management of acute_and
chronic  exposures.  A  variety of online databases and reference materials
are  utilized  to respond to these inquiries. Each case is documented using
the  AAPCC  Report  Form.  Data is analyzed to identify trends which can be
used  to assist the client in complying with the educational component. The


                           75

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 HSC also provides a labeling program to  the  client to  identify and classify
 hazardous substances.  The service is provided  for an annual contractual fee
 and creates an additional source of poison center revenue.
  (MEDLINE)
    New  Regs Highlight  Risk Communication
    Helsing,  Lyse D.
    National  Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
 13,29-30  Jul 4,  1988
    AVAILABILITY:  ABI/INFORM
V92n27  PP:
    Risk analysis, a major new environmental management tool, is evolving to
 include  risk  communication  as part of the total risk management process.
 There   is  a  need  to  better  understand  the  effect  of  environmental
 regulations  on  business  operations,  and  the  public  is  more aware of
 environmental  pollution  and  its;  potentially adverse health effects. The
 public needs a better understanding of factors that influence environmental
 risk management decisions. Environment risk analysis is a multistep process
 that  involves: 1. chemical-release identification, 2. pollutants' pathways
 of  migration, 3. exposure assessment, and 4.  risk characterization. A risk
 communication  program  may  include: 1. determination of the objective,  2.
 translation  of  raw  data  into  nontechnical  language,  3.  the  use  of
 understandable graphics, 4. preparation of answers to likely questions from
 citizens,  and 5.  development of printed material for the media.
 (ABI/INFORM)


 06704809  DATABASE:  MI File 47
 Projects  demonstrate  how to involve physicians in care  of workers at risk
      of health  impairment.  (Workers'  institute  for  Safety  and
 Health)
  Raymond,  Chris Anne
  JAMA,  The Journal of the American Medical  Association v259 p2350(l)  April
     22,  1988
  SIC CODE:  8011
  DESCRIPTORS:   Occupational diseases—surveys; Hazardous  substances—Health
     aspects;  Physicians—practice;  Health risk assessment—surveys
 (MAGAZINE  INDEX)


 88028109
   SARA  and the  Security  Professional
   Hoover,  David H.
   Security Mgmt  v32n5   PP: 53-55  May 1988
   AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM

   The  Superfund  Amendments  and  Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III of
 1986  promotes  emergency  planning  and  notification  to  the public when
hazardous chemicals are released, in addition,  the Act promotes information
 involving  the use, storage, or manufacturing of hazardous chemicals within
a  community  and  training  of  people  who  are  first  on the scene when
incidents  occur.  The Occupational Safety & Health Administration's (OSHA)
Hazard  Communication  Standard  extends  SARA  to all businesses in the US
having  a  chemical  that  must  be reported under Environmental Protection
                           76

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Agency  rules  or  covered  by  OSHA. When the states adopted SARA in 1987,
State  Emergency  Response  Commissions  (SERC)  were established to create
local  planning  districts,  appoint emergency planning committees, and set
district  boundaries.  Thus,  security  personnel  must: 1. be aware of the
hazardous materials at business facilities, 2. aid in the development of an
internal  emergency  plan,  and  3. participate in the two 12-hour training
courses required by SARA Title III for all first response people.
(ABI/INFORM)
                                                        [

0508095  DATABASE: LRI File 150
Toxic tort groups formed; organizations work to pass legislation to protect
     employees.
 Moss, Debra Cassens
 ABA Journal  73 31(1) Oct 1, 1987                      1
 illustration; photograph
 GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUS
 JURISDICTION: United States
 DESCRIPTORS:  Right  to  know (Hazardous substances)—law and legislation/-
     Toxic Victims Association—aims and objectives; Occupations, Dangerous
    —law and legislation (LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
                           77

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