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Risk Assessment,
Management, Communication
A Guide to Selected Sources
Volume 2, Number 2
COMMUNICATION
Office of Information
Resources Management
and .
Headquarters Library
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
October 1988
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INTRODUCTION.
CONTENTS |
iii
RISK ASSESSMENT • • i
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE - !
ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES '•• • 2
METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISK * ;. 3
HEALTH RISKS • • 10
GENERAL > • 10
CANCER 1:L
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS 19
NEUROTOXICITY 22
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT . .23
HAZARDOUS WASTE 32
RADIATION ! 35
ECOLOGICAL RISK. 39
CORPORATE RISK ASSESSMENT 43
POLICY 44
LEGAL ASPECTS *
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES 45
RISK MANAGEMENT ;
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 47
POLICY 49
LEGAL ASPECTS 50
HEALTH RISKS 52
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT 53
HAZARDOUS WASTE « 54
RADIATION *
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS : *
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT > 56
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES i *
RISK COMMUNICATION
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER { 67
INFORMING THE PUBLIC 70
INFORMING THE WORKER 75
* Includes Quantitative Risk Assessment and Pharmacokinetics.
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This issue of Risk Assessment, Management and communication:
A Guide to Selected Sources has been prepared and reviewed by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Due to the rapidly
expanding field or risk information, EPA cannot guarantee that
all relevant sources are cited. Publication does not signify
that the contents reflect the views of EPA or that EPA endorses
the coverage and scope of the subject matter as comprehensive,
complete and appropriate.
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INTRODUCTION
This issue of Risk Assessment, Management and
communication; A Guide to Selected Sources is the sixth
update in EPA's series of risk management bibliographies.
References were gathered from the environmental, medical and
scientific literature included in the following
databases: Medline, Conference Papers Index, ISnviroline, NTIS,
PAIS Public Affairs Information Service, ABI Inform, and Legal
Resource Index. The citations cover documents added to those
collections during the period from March 1988 through August
1988. The original Guide appeared in March 1987 and was followed
by quarterly updates. These earlier updates constitute volume
one of the current semiannual series.
Like its predecessors, this document is subdivided into
Risk Assessment, Risk Management and Risk Communication. The
Table of Contents lists further divisions of each of these
categories. Citations are arranged alphabetically by title,
with the exception of the chemical specific references.
These citations are grouped alphabetically by chemical
name. Abstracts in the Risk Assessment section have been
shortened or eliminated if the content of the article is
adequately reflected in the title.
j
The EPA library network can assist EPA staff members and
EPA contractors in obtaining materials cited in the
bibliography. Reference copies of the original Guide and
subsequent issues are available through NTIS at the
following address:
National Technical Information
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
703-487-4650
800-336-4700 (outside Virginia)
Service
Guide:
1st Update:
2nd Update:
3rd Update:
PB87-185500
PB87-203402/AS
PB88-100102
PB88-128178
Volume 2,N. l: PB88-210596
Questions or comments concerning Risk Assessment,
Management, communication: A Guide to Selected Sources may
be sent to:
EPA Headquarters Library PM-211A
Risk Management Bibliographies
401 M St. , S.W. i
Washington, B.C. 2046
* These four issues constitute volume 1
series.
of the current
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RISK
ASSESSMENT
.IS THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS THAT
EVALUATES THE POTENTIAL FOR
OCCURRENCE OF ADVERSE EFFECT.
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE... includes cross media approach, de minimis
risk, and uncertainty in assessment.
06551028 88196028
Symposium on Basic Research in Risk Assessment. March 9-12, 1987,
Research Triangle Park, NC.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 76 pl-229, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO !
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE) •
0193546 Enviroline Number: *88-051078
CHEMICAL EMERGENCIES: EVALUATION OF GUIDELINES FOR RISK IDENTIFICATION,
ASSESSMENT, AND MANAGEMENT.
MORRIS S. C. ; MOSKOWITZ P. D. ; FTHENAKIS V. M. ; HAMILTON L. D.
US BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, NY,
ENV INTL, 1987, V13, N4-5, P305(6)
JOURNAL ARTICLE TRAGIC CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS OCCURRING WORLDWIDE HAVE
INCREASED INTERNATIONAL CONCERN FOR THE RISK OF MAJOR, HAZARDS AT INDUSTRIA
FACILITIES. IN THE WAKE OF EVENTS AT SEVESO, ITALY, AND OTHER SITES, CEC,
EPA, THE WORLD BANK, AND THE INTL LABOUR ORG. HAVE EACH ISSUED GUIDELINES
FOR IDENTIFYING, ASSESSING, AND MANAGING RISKS FROM HAZARDS AT INDUSTRIAL
PLANTS. A COMPARISON OF THESE GUIDELINES SHOWS THEY ALL TREAT THE GENERAL
PROBLEM IN SIMILAR WAYS: PRESENCE OF A SPECIFIC COMPOUND EXCEEDING THAT
THOUGHT TO PRESENT A POTENTIAL HAZARD TO PUBLIC HEALTH TRIGGERS FURTHER
ACTION. HOWEVER, DIFFERENT THRESHOLD QUANTITIES EXIST AMONG THESE
GUIDELINES DUE TO DIFFERING INTERPRETATIONS ABOUT SUCH FACTORS AS TOXICITY
AND DISPERSIVE POTENTIAL. (21 REFERENCES, 6 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE)
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ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES
1289542 PB88-112958
Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Assessment Guidelines.
See also PB88-112933, and PB88-112941.
Available from Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental
Research Information, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
NTIS Prices: Not available NTIS
Preuss, P. W. ; Ehrlich, A. M.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287609
Sep 87 33p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: Not available NTIS Journal Announcement: GRAI8803
Country of Publication: United States
In recent years, the EPA has moved toward a risk assessment/risk
reduction framework for making regulatory decisions. The Agency has taken a
number of steps to assure the quality and consistency of the risk
assessment component -of those decisions. The first, and perhaps most
important of these steps, is the development of Agencywide risk assessment
guidelines. Five guidelines have been proposed and are nearing the
completion of the public- and peer-review process. They are:
carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, developmental toxicity, chemical mixtures,
and exposure. The provisions of the five guidelines are discussed in the
context of the four components of risk assessment. Other activities
designed to assure quality and consistency in risk assessments, reduce
uncertainty in risk assessment, ensure a more efficient information
exchange about risk and risk assessment, and develop the appropriate
oversight mechanisms are also discussed. These include additional
guidelines, the Risk Assessment Forum, risk assessment research, the
Integrated Risk Information System, the Hazard Assessment Notification
System, and the Risk Assessment Council. (NTIS)
06551037 88196037
Issues in biochemical applications to risk assessment: are short-term
tests predictive of in vivo tumorigenicity?
Tennant RW
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle
Park, NC 27709.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 76 p!63-7, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)
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METHODS FOR ESTIMATING RISK
06551054 88196054 . . ,„..._,_
High- to low-dose extrapolation: critical determinants involved xn the
dose response of carcinogenic substances.
Swenberg JA; Richardson FC; Boucheron JA; Deal: FH; Belinsky SA;
Charbonneau M; Short BG ., '».••• T ., *.
Department of Biochemical Toxicology and Pathobiology, Chemical Industry
Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 198'7, 76 p57-63, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO
Languages: ENGLISH
Recent investigations on mechanism of carcinogenesis have demonstrated
important quantitative relationships between the induction of neoplasia,
the molecular dose of promutagenic DNA adducts and their efficiency for
causing base-pair mismatch, and the extent of cell proliferation in target
organ. These factors are involved in the multistage process of
carcinogenesis, including initiation, promotion, and progression._ The
molecular dose of DNA adducts can exhibit supralinear, linear, or sublinear
relationships to external dose due to differences in absorption,
biotransformation, and DNA repair at high versus low doses. In_contrast,
increased cell proliferation is a common phenomena that is associated with
exposures to relatively high doses of toxic chemicals. As such, it enhances
the carcinogenic response at high doses, but has little effect at low
doses. Since data on cell proliferation can be obtained for any exposure
scenario and molecular dosimetry studies are beginning to emerge on
selected chemical carcinogens, methods are needed so that these critical
factors can be utilized in extrapolation from high to low doses and across
species. The use of such information may provide a scientific basis for
quantitative risk assessment. (MEDLINE)
06551060 88196060
Implications of pharmacokinetic modeling in risk assessment analysis.
Lutz RJ; Dedrick RL
Chemical Engineering Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
20892.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 76 p97-106, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO |
Languages: ENGLISH
Physiologic pharmacokinetic models are a useful interface between
exposure models and risk assessment models by providing a means to estimate
tissue concentrations of reactive chemical species at the site of action.
The models utilize numerous parameters that can foe characterized as
anatomical, such as body size or tissue volume; physiological, such_as
tissue blood perfusion rates, clearances, and metabolism; thermodynamic,
such as partition coefficients; and transport, such as membrane
permeabilities. The models provide a format to investigate how these
parameters can influence the disposition of chemicals throughout the body,
which is an important consideration in interpreting toxicity studies.
Physiologic models can take into account nonlinear effects related to
clearance, metabolism, or transport. They allow for extrapolation of tissue
-------
concentration from high dose to low dose experiments and from species to
species and can account for temporal variations in dose.
(MEDLINE)
06532366 88177366
Integrating uncertainty and interindividual variability in environmental
risk assessment.
Bogen KT; Spear RC
Environmental Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
California 94550.
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 7 (4) p427-36, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Languages: ENGLISH
An integrated, quantitative approach to incorporating both uncertainty
and interindividual variability into risk prediction models is described.
Individual risk R is treated as a variable distributed in both an
uncertainty dimension and a variability dimension, whereas population risk
I (the number of additional cases caused by R) is purely uncertain. I is
shown to follow a compound Poisson-binomial distribution, which in
low-level risk contexts can often be approximated well by a corresponding
compound Poisson distribution. The proposed analytic framework is
illustrated with an application to cancer risk assessment for a California
population exposed to l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane from ground water.
(MEDLINE)
06551041 88196041
Issues in biochemical applications to risk assessment: how do we predict
toxicity of complex mixtures?
Albert RE
Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical
Center, OH 45267.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 76 p!85-6, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)
06551042 88196042
Issues in biochemical applications to risk assessment: when can
lymphocytes be used as surrogate markers?
Lucier GW; Thompson CL
Laboratory of Biochemical Risk Analysis, National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 76 p!87-91, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)
1288097 DE87013043/XAB
Methodology and Parameters for Assessing Human Health Effects for Waste
Sites at the Savannah River Plant: Environmental Information Document
Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
NTIS Prices: PC A17
King, C. M. ; Marter, W. L. ; Looney, B. B. ; Pickett, J. B.
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Savannah River Lab., Aiken, SC.
Corp. Source Codes: 087640000; 9520932
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC. :
Report No.: DPST-86-298 |
Mar 87 390p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A17 Journal Announcement: GRAI8803; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC09-76SR00001
This report provides a summary of the components of risk assessment and
presents the technical basis for application of the risk evaluation process
to the principal pollutants at SRP: radionuclides, toxic chemicals, and
carcinogenic compounds. An extensive technical data base from the_fields of
radiation health physics, toxicology, and environmental sciences is
required to accomplish this task. The origin and meaning of this data base
is summarized for each class of contaminant and parameter values provided
for use in numerical analysis of risk. The process of risk assessment is
associated with uncertainties, a fact which is frequently stated in the
technical literature addressing this subject. A review of risk assessment
uncertainties and the limitations of predictive risk assessment are
summarized. Risk estimators for each class of contaminants at the SRP have
been tabulated for radionuclides, toxic chemicals, and carcinogens from the
technical literature. Estimation of human health risk is not an additive
process for radiation effects and chemical carcinogenesis since their
respective dosimetric models are distinctly different even though the
induction of cancer is reported to be the common end result. It is
recommended in this report that risk estimation for radionuclides and
chemical carcinogens should be tabulated separately and this recommendation
has been applied in all environmental information documentation published
by the Savannah River Laboratory. Impacts due to toxic chemicals in the
biosphere should also be estimated as a separate entity since toxic
chemical risk estimators are uniquely different and do not reflect the
probability of a detrimental health effect. 23 refs., 4 figs., 13 tabs.
(ERA citation 12:041974) (NTIS)
j
06412403 88057403
Molecular dosimetry of DNA alkylation during chronic exposure to
carcinogens.
Swenberg JA; Boucheron JA; Deal FH; Richardson FC; Tyeryar LA
Department of Biochemical Toxicology and Pathobiology, Chemical Industry
Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
IARC Sci Publ (FRANCE) 1987, (84) p59-63, ISSN P300-5038
Journal Code: GKU
Languages: ENGLISH
Incorporation of the molecular dosimetry of DNA adducts is being proposed
as a means for placing quantitative risk assessment on a stronger
scientific basis. While this is likely to be an improvement over straight
mathematical extrapolation, we believe that a more holistic approach that
incorporates even more biology is needed. Therefore, we have begun_to
quantify the dose-response relationships for N-nitrosodiethylamine
(NDEA)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by characterizing the major
promutagenic DNA adduct, O4-ethyldeoxythymidine (O4-etdT) ; hepatocyte
proliferation; and hepatocyte initiation in rats continually exposed to
drinking-water containing NDEA. The results show that O4-etdT accumulates
-------
to apparent steady-state concentrations that are proportional to dose at
all but the highest exposures, at which less than linear amounts are found.
This appears to be due to excessive cytotoxicity, since hepatocyte
proliferation is markedly increased at high but not at low exposures.
Hepatocyte initiation, as determined by the presence of gamma -glut amyl
transferase-positive foci, appears to have limitations in sensitivity that
preclude investigations at low exposures. These methods may provide
valuable insight into mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis at moderate
exposures. Collecting these data should help to identify endpoints that may
be relevant for human risk assessment. (MEDLINE)
1289552 PB88-113188/XAB
National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse: Qualitative and
Quantitative Carcinogenic Risk Assessment.
(Final rept.)
See also PB87-125779. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Strategies and Air Standards Div.
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
Cote, I. ; Bayard, S.
Radian Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Corp. Source Codes: 076365000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Strategies and Air Standards Div.
Report No.: DCN-87-239-001-13-12; EPA/450/5-87/003
Jun 87 174p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8803
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-4330
The document describes the basic principles and assumptions associated
with a qualitative and quantitative carcinogenic risk assessment and
illustrates these features using several examples of quantitative risk
assessment done by State and local agencies. The report is intended to help
readers better understand and interpret a risk assessment rather than to
provide instructions that would enable them to conduct a risk assessment.
The report is aimed at managers and staff members in State and local
agencies who are concerned with the use of qualitative and quantitative
carcinogenic risk assessment for evaluating emissions of toxic air
pollutants.^ The report discusses the four steps of risk assessment: hazard
identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk
characterization, focusing primarily on the dose-response assessment.
(NTIS)
0194154 Enviroline Number: *88-061195
PHARMACOKINETICS AND EXPERT SYSTEMS AS AIDS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY.
MATTISON DONALD R. ; JELOVSEK FREDERICK R.
UNIV OF ARKANSAS,
ENV HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, DEC 87, V76, P107(13)
JOURNAL ARTICLE FOUR COMPONENTS FOR THE BASIS OF A MINIMAL APPROACH TO
RISK ASSESSMENT IN REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY: HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, HAZARD
CHARACTERIZATION, EXPOSURE CHARACTERIZATION, AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION.
RISK ASSESSMENT IN REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY HAS BEEN REDUCED TO ARBITRARY
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SAFETY FACTORS OR MATHEMATIC MODELS OF THE DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP WHICH
OBSCURE BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES ACROSS SPECIES. PHARMACOKINETICS AND EXPERT
SYSTEM SHELLS ARE TWO APPROACHES THAT ARE FORMALLY CAPABLE OF USING
BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT INFORMATION AND CAN BE USED AS AIDS TO RISK
ASSESSMENT IN REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY. (3 DIAGRAMS, 3 GRAPHS, 25
REFERENCES, 21 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE)
06441332 DATABASE: MI File 47
Quantitative Risk Assessment: Bionedical Ethics Reviews - 1986. (book
reviews)
Veatch, Robert M.
JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association V259 p3629(l) June
24, 1988
ARTICLE TYPE: review
GRADE: B
REVIEWEE: Humber, James M.; Almeder, Robert F. j
DESCRIPTORS: Books—reviews, etc. (MAGAZINE INDEX)
0192199 Enviroline Number: *88-021207
QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS IFOR CARCINOGENS AT
EPA: A CRITIQUE.
PERERA FREDERICA P.
J PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY, SUMMER 87, V8, N2, P202(20)
JOURNAL ARTICLE RECENT ACTIONS AND POLICY INITIATIVES OF THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY INVOLVING RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK
MANAGEMENT OF CARCINOGENS ARE EVALUATED. EPA'S USE OP THE MAJOR TOOLS IN
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT SHOW THAT ADEQUATE TOXICITY
TESTING DATA FOR MOST CHEMICALS IS NOW BEING OBTAINED. THE INCREASING
RELIANCE ON QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT COUPLED WITH COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
IS INAPPROPRIATE DUE TO THEIR LIMITATIONS AND THE GOAL OF CANCER
PREVENTION. (66 REFERENCES, 5 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE) {
1299281 DE88002301/XAB
Rapid Screening of Hazard (RASH) Based on Maximum Use of Biological Data
and Minimum Use of Extrapolation Models
Oak Ridge model conference on waste problems, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 13 Oct
1987.
Portions of this document are illegible in microficheiproducts.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Jones, T. D. ; Glass, L. R. ; Easterly, C. E. ; Owen, B. A.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN. j
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-871075-27
1987 16p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8807; NSA1300
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
Traditional methods for evaluation of human health eiffects are based on
identification of the toxic agent, selection of a toxicological study
judged to be a suitable analogue for man, analysis of the experimental dose
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response, incorporation of safety factors, and scaling of the dose and
response values to be predictive for humans exposed to untested pollutants
or under untested conditions. This method of absolute decision making
derives from expert committees and regulatory standards for protection of
human health. This work will describe how new relative methods can be used
to supplement absolute methods used by the Environmental_Protection Agency
(EPA) to set regulatory standards and performance guidelines. Relative
decision making uses many potency comparisons between various biological
tests and minimizes the use of mathematical models commonly used to
extrapolate dose and response metrics from past experience to future
concerns. 10 refs., 2 figs., 5 tabs. (ERA citation 13:006548)
(NTIS)
06563987 88208987
Risk assessment: extrapolation to individual risk.
Kimbrough RD; Grandjean PA
Centers for Disease Control, U. S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333.
Basic Life Sci (UNITED STATES) 1988, 43 p245-53, ISSN 0090-5542
Journal Code: 9KO
Languages: ENGLISH "(MEDLINE)
06501874 88146874
Significance of pharmacokinetio variables in reproductive and
developmental toxicity.
Neubert D
Institut fur Toxikologie und Embryopharmakologie, Freie Universitat
Berlin, FR Germany.
Xenobiotica (ENGLAND) Jan 1988, 18 Suppl 1 p45-58, ISSN 0049-8254
Journal Code: XQU
Languages: ENGLISH
1. As in other fields of toxicology, pharmacokinetic variables are of
considerable significance for the assessment of reproductive or
developmental toxicity. 2. When assessing the possibility of an adverse
effect of a chemical on male or female fertility, in the majority of the
cases no information on the concentration at the target is available. This
may cause problems in the case of a 'negative' finding. 3. Prenatal
toxicity takes place within a complex 'two-compartment' system (mother:
conceptus); pharmacokinetic variables in both systems determine the
concentration at the target (the conceptus) . These variables may be
expected to vary greatly during the different stages of development. While
the contribution of maternal pharmacokinetics can easily be assessed, the
pharmacokinetics within the embryo/foetus will remain largely unknown in
man. 4. While it is quite feasible in animal experiments to study the
transfer of a given chemical to the conceptus in vivo at various stages of
pregnancy it is almost impossible to obtain such information for most
developmental stages in man, except at the perinatal period (by sampling
cord blood). For this reason during most risk assessments exposure of the
embryo or fetus can only be roughly assumed from maternal plasma
concentrations. 5. A significant capacity of foetal tissues (including
liver) for metabolic transformation of many chemicals (e.g. via
cytochrorae-P-450-dependent monooxygenases) develops only perinatally in the
usual rodent animal species. But in primates (including man) the activity
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of several such monooxygenases is substantial in liver already at early
foetal stages. Much less information is available on the metabolic capacity
for xenobiotics in extrahepatic tissues of primate embryos and foetuses. 6.
Since pharmacokinetic variables (e.g. half-life) often'differ considerably
in laboratory rodents and in man a risk assessment for1 man on the basis of
doses is often greatly misleading. It seems more justified to predict toxic
effects on the basis of plasma levels. This aspect is of great significance
and ^must be taken into consideration since the results of many routine
studies are not suitable for risk assessments because pharmacokinetic
variables were not considered when planning experimental studies. 7.
Factors affecting the transfer of chemicals via mothers milk to the neonate
are largely known today. But solid data on the pharmacokinetics of
xenobiotics with respect to transfer to the milk and ensuing concentrations
in the neonate are still lacking for the majority of relevant
chemicals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) (53 Refs )
(MEDLINE) ' V ' ^i-*'*
1289269 PB88-106174/XAB
Strategies for Using Bioassay Methods for the Identification of Hazardous
Components and Comparative Risk Assessment of Complex Mixtures
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Lewtas, J.
Tox^cSl Effe?ts Research Lab-> Research Triangle Park, NC. Genetic
Corp. Source Codes: 048097011
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/271
Sep 87 41p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8803
Country of Publication: United States
Two strategies particularly useful for approaching the toxicology of
complex mixtures are: (1) bioassay-directed chemical characterization; and
(2) Comparative bioassay studies. Bioassay-directed fractionation and
chemical characterization is a strategy for identifying biologically active
compounds or compound classes in complex mixtures. The identification and
assessment of mutagens and carcinogens in complex mixtures has been
significantly advanced by the use of short-term genetic bioassays
Bioassay-directed fractionation coupled with new organic characterization
methods has provided the tools needed to more efficiently identify
potential carcinogens in complex mixtures. A comparative potency strategy
forDevaluating the relative toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of a
series of different mixtures has been used to provide comparative potency
data for risk assessment. The comparative mutagenicity and carcinogenicity
°5 j? series of combustion emissions has been assessed using dose-response
studies in bacteria, mammalian cells and rodents. (NTIS)
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HEALTH RISKS
GENERRI.
Risk Assessment. Proceedings of a Symposium Held
May 14-16, 1985, Columbia, Maryland
Sponsored by National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health,
Cincinnati, OH.
NTIS Prices: PC A23/MF A01
Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, MD. School of Hygiene and Public Health.
Corp. Source Codes: 001934076 .
Sponsor: National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati,
OH.
16 May 85 54 6p
Languages: English „„,.„„«<-
NTIS Prices: PC A23/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
Country of Publication: United States
The 28 contributions to this symposium dealt with various aspects of
epidemiology as it relates to the assessment of various risks to the health
of workers arising out of hazardous materials or conditions at the
workplace. The symposium began with an overview of health risk assessment
considering epidemiology and environmental hazards, the scientific basis
for policy decisions, epidemiology and risk assessment, and toxicology and
epidemiology. Contributions of epidemiology to health risk assessment were
considered including estimation of risk and inferring causality in
epidemiology, developmental risks, asbestos (1332214) and cancer, genetic
susceptibility and the estimation of risk. The quantitative expression or
risk was considered including quantitative expression of dose responses,
statistical modeling of dose response relationships, and > quantification of
risk in defined populations. In the papers evaluating epidemiologic
information, methods for combining animal and human data were considered
alona with papers on saccharin and bladder cancer, estrogens and breast
cancer, leukemia risks in relation to benzene (71432) exposure, the
influence of theoretical and experimental radiobiology on the epidemiology
of radiation carcinogenesis, soft water and hardening of the arteries, and
the circumstances of exposure and reproductive consequences.
(NTIS)
1298869 DE88001439/XAB
Space-Time Clusters of Adverse Health Events as a Means of Early
Detection of Departure from Planned Containment.
Oak Ridge model conference on waste problems, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 13 Oct
1987.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Aldrich, T. E. ; Easterly, C. E.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-871075-13
10
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1987 13p j
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeiding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8807; NSA1300
Country of Publication: United States [
Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400 j
Studies of rare health events offer a novel means for; assessing community
health impacts from excursions of hazardous contaminants into the ambient
environment. Clusters of these infrequent, adverse health occurrences
provide sentinel phenomena to epidemiologists for the purpose of
formulating preventive strategies and decision rules. The goal of early
identification and interpretation of these case clusters has led to the
development of a variety of statistical methods. This presentation provides
an overview of these techniques, many of which assume infectious disease
processes that may reasonably be translated as a common source exposure.
Population-based disease registries are substantial sources of data for
conducting studies of small area case clusters near contaminated waste
sites. The strategy of population surveillance has found initial acceptance
as a means of directing environmental health actions and providing a
safeguard for public health. The methods discussed are possible choices for
analyses directed to cancer or birth defect data in order to identify
possible case clusters of rare events. Suggestions are offered for
interpreting case clusters of disease and a model, semiquantitative
decision process is proposed for use in determining public health action or
policy. 26 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab. (ERA citation 13:006519) (NTIS)
CANCER.. .includes carcinogens, carcinogenesis,carcinogenicity,genetics,
epidemiology, and multi-media exposure.
88030593 V16N04
Cancer risk assessment and government regulation to protect public
health: An overview
Scroggin, D.G.
AAAS Annual Meeting 8810011 Boston, MA (USA) 11-15 Feb 1988
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) , 1333 H Street
N.W., Washington, DC 20005 (USA)
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H Street N.W.,
Washington, DC 20005 (USA), AAAS Publication 87-31 contains abstracts o
papers presented at the meeting
Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX) I
06537375 88182375
An approach to environmental risk assessment using avian toxicity tests.
Shirazi MA; Bennett RS; Lowrie L
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol (UNITED STATES) Mar 1988, 17 (2) p263-71,
ISSN 0090-4341 Journal Code: 6YD
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)
88030595 V16N04
Cancer risk from diesel exhaust exposure: A case study in risk
assessment. '
McClellan, R.O.
11
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Inhalation Toxicol. Res. Inst., Lovelace Biomed. and Environ. Res. Inst.,
Inc.t Albuquerque, NM
AAAS Annual Meeting 8810011 Boston, MA (USA) 11-15 Feb 1988
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) , 1333 H Street
N.W., Washington, DC 20005 (USA)
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H Street N.W.,
Washington, DC 20005 (USA), AAAS Publication 87-31 contains abstracts o
papers presented at the meeting
Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)
06535505 88180505
Carcinogen risk assessment.
Hazelwood RN
International Technology Corporation, Irvine, California 92714.
Adv Food Res (UNITED STATES) 1987, 31 pl-51, ISSN 0065-2628
Journal Code: 2M8
Languages: ENGLISH
(64 Refs.) (MEDLINE)
06734203 DATABASE: MI File 47
Carcinogenic risk estimation, (includes response)
Epstein, Samuel S.; Swartz, Joel B.; Ames, Bruce N.; Gold, Lois Swirsky
Science v240 p!043(5) May 20, 1988
AVAILABILITY: FULL TEXT Online LINE COUNT: 00353
(MAGAZINE INDEX)
06551055 88196055
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of multistep carcinogenesis: relevance
to carcinogen risk assessment.
Barrett JC; Wiseman RW
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Traingle
Park, NC 27709.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 76 p65-70, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO
Languages: ENGLISH
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving alterations in at least
two distinct classes of genes. Protooncogenes are activated qualitatively
or quantitatively in certain tumors, and they appear to act as positive
proliferative signals for neoplastic growth. In contrast, tumor suppressor
genes are normal genes that must be inactivated or lost for tumor
development. When active, tumor suppressor genes control neoplastic growth
in a negative manner. Chemicals may influence the carcinogenic process by
mutational activation of protooncogenes and/or inactivation of tumor
suppressor genes. The types of genetic alterations involved in'these
mutational events are diverse, and their dose-response curves may be
varied. In addition, chemical carcinogens may act on nonmutational
processes such as the clonal expansion of premalignant cells. The
carcinogenic risk of a specific chemical is a composite of its effects on
multiple genetic and epigenetic processes. (MEDLINE)
12
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Changing concepts in cancer prevention: limitations and implications for
future research in environmental carcinogenesis.
liltitutJ Jfor Health Policy Analysis, Georgetown University Medical
Center, Washington, DC 20007. „,,«-, Q T<;<;N
Cancer Res (UNITED STATES) Mar 15 1988, 48 (6) p!381-9, ISSN
0008-5472 Journal Code: CNF
Lanouaaes: ENGLISH , , .... .. .
While the cause and nature of certain human cancers are known, definitive
preventative guidelines still cannot be offered for many types of tumors.
This is partly due to the inherent biostatistical and epidemiological
limitations involved in the identification and interpretation of complex
carcinogenic risk factors and potential low-risk hazards. Two divergent
control strategies have emerged: (a) regulatory programs designed to
control or eliminate minute quantities of pollut
-------
USE THE MOST SCIENTIFICALLY APPROPRIATE INTERPRETATION. THE REQUIREMENT FOR
ADOPTION OF THIS MOST SCIENTIFICALLY APPROPRIATE INTERPRETATION REFLECTS
EPA'S CURRENT PRIORITY ON ATTAINING '"'GOOD SCIENCE" IN RISK ASSESSMENT
PROCEEDINGS. HOWEVER, THE CONVENTIONAL VIEW THAT SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVES
SHOULD DOMINATE THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS IS CHALLENGED. SOCIAL POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS MUST PLAY AS PROMINENT A ROLE IN THE CHOICE OF RISK
ESTIMATES AS IN THE ULTIMATE DETERMINATION OF WHICH PREDICTED RISK SHOULD
BE DEEMED UNACCEPTABLE. (NUMEROUS REFERENCES) (ENVIROLINE)
06551034 88196034
Human hypervariable sequences in risk assessment: rare Ha-ras alleles in
cancer patients.
Krontiris TG; DiMartino NA; Mitcheson HD; Lonergan JA; Begg C; Parkinson
Hematology/Oncology, Tufts-New England Medical
STATES) Dec 1987, 76 D147-53 ISSN
'
Department of Medicine,
Center, Boston, MA 02111.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO
Contract/Grant No .: CA45052
Languages: ENGLISH
1 ^ . variable tandem repeat (VTR) is responsible for the hyperallelism one
kilobase 3' to the human c-Ha-ras-1 (Ha-ras) gene. Thirty-two distinct
restriction fragments, comprising 3 allelic classes by frequency of
occurrence, have thus far been detected in a sample size of approximately
800 Caucasians. Rare Ha-ras alleles, 21 in all, are almost exclusively
confined to the genomes of cancer patients (p less than 0.001). From our
data we have computed the relative cancer risk associated with possession
££• a £are Ha~ras allele to be 27. To understand the molecular basis for
tmis phenomenon, we have begun to clone Ha-ras fragments from nontumor DNA
of cancer patients. We report here the weak activation, as detected bv
transfection and transformation of NIH 3T3 mouse cells, of two Ha-ras genes
which were obtained from lymphocyte DNA of a melanoma patient. We have
J£S£!;?«*S!e +.£eg\°^ ^at C°nfer this transforming activity to the fragment
containing the VTR in one Ha-ras clone and the fragment containing gene
coding sequences in the other. (MEDLINE)
1297459 PB88-127097/XAB
Investigation of Cancer Risk Assessment Methods.
includes PB88-127105 through PB88-127139. Sponsored by Environmental
ngen^' Was*ln9ton, DC. Office of Health and Environmenta
' ??Partment of Defense, Washington, DC., Electric Power Researc
Science Inst" Washington, DC.
Clement Associates, Inc., Ruston, LA.
Corp. Source Codes: 090303000
nvi;ronmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Env£ronmental Assessment.; Department of Defense, Washington
DC. * Research Inst« ' Pal° Alto< CA- ' Risk Science Inst.
Sep 87 841p-in 4v
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC E99 Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
Country of Publication: United States
14
-------
No abstract available. (NTIS)
Hogg, M. L.
1297460 PB88-127105/XAB
investigation of Cancer Risk assessment Methods. Summary
Allen, B. C. ; Shipp, A. M. ; Crump, K. S. ; Kilian, B.
Clement Associates, Inc., Ruston, LA.
UrEnv?ronmen?af °Pro?ection Agency, Washing, DC. Office of
and Environmental Assessment.; Department of Defense, Washington
DC ; Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA.; Risk Science Inst.
Washington, DC.
Report No.: EPA/600/6-87/007A
Sep 87 68p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
See also Volume 1,
Agency, Washington,
PB88-127113. Sponsored by Environmental Protection
Agency, wasning^n, DC. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Department of Defense, Washington, DC., Electric Power Research Inst., Pal
Alto, CA., and Risk Science Inst., Washington, DC.
Also available in set of 4 reports PC E99, PB88-127097.
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 \
Country of Publication: United States
The^major0* focus of the study is upon making quantitative comparisons of
carcinogenic potency in animals and humans for 23.chemicals for which
suitabll animL and human data exists. These comparisons are based upon
Estimates of risk related doses (RRDs) obtained from I>oth animal and human
date. An RRD represents the average daily dose Pe:^bodv.^^ht of a
chemical that would result in an extra cancer risk of 25%. Animal data on
SS and 21 other chemicals of interest to the EPA and the DOD are coded
into an animal data base that permits evaluation by computer of many risk
assessment approaches. The report is the result of a two-year study to
SSSTSh. aSumptions, other tLn those involving low dose extrapolation
used in quantitative cancer risk assessment. The study was funded by the
Department of Defense (through an interagency transfer of funds to the
E^ronSntaf Protection Agency (EPA)), the EPA the Electric Power
Research Institute and, in its latter stages, by the Risk Science
Institute. (NTIS)
Risk Assessment Methods. Vol'lime 1.
and Epidemiology „ T
Allen, B. C. ; Shipp, A. M. ; Crump, K. S. ; Kilian, B. ; Hogg, M. L.
Clement Associates, Inc., Ruston, LA.
Corp. Source Codes: 090303000 ' ««,•„« «-F
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office or
Health and Environmental Assessment.; Department pf Defense Washington
DC.; Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA.; Risk Science Inst.
Washington, DC.
Report No.: EPA/600/6-87/007B
Sep 87 326p
Languages: English
15
-------
Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
See also PB88-127105, and Volume 2, PB88-127121. Sponsored by
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health an
Environmental Assessment, Department of Defense, Washington, DC., Electri
Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA., and Risk Science Inst., Washington
DC.
Also available in set of 4 reports PC E99, PB88-127097.
NTIS Prices: PC A15/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-01-6807
The major focus of the study is upon making quantitative comparisons of
carcinogenic$ potency in animals and humans for 23 chemicals for which
suitable animal and human data exists. These comparisons are based upon
estimates of risk related doses (RRDs) obtained from both animal and human
data. An RRD represents the average daily dose per body weight of a
chemical that would result in an extra cancer risk of 25%. Animal data on
these and 21 other chemicals of interest to the EPA and the DOD are coded
into an animal data base that permits evaluation by computer of many risk
assessment approaches. The report is the result of a two-year study to
examine the assumptions, other than those involving low dose extrapolation
used in quantitative cancer risk assessment. The study was funded by the
Department of Defense- (through an interagency transfer of funds to the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)), the EPA, the Electric Power
Research Institute and, in its latter stages, by the Risk Science
Institute. (NTIS)
1297462 PB88-127121/XAB
Investigation of Cancer Risk Assessment Methods. Volume 2. Bioassav Data
Base
Allen, B. C. ; Shipp, A. M. ; Crump, K. S. ; Kilian, B. ; Hogg, M. L.
Clement Associates, Inc., Ruston, LA.
Corp. Source Codes: 090303000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Health and Environmental Assessment. ; Department of Defense, Washington
DC.; Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA. ; Risk Science Inst.
Washington, DC.
Report No.: EPA/600/6-87/007C
Sep 87 251p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
See also Volume 1, PB88-127113, and Volume 3, PB88-127139.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC.
Sponsored by
Office of Health an
, . ^ ^^^ ail
Environmental Assessment, Department of Defense, Washington, DC., Electri
Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA. , and Risk Science Inst., Washington
XJw *
Also available in set of 4 reports PC E99, PB88-127097
NTIS Prices: PC A12/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No. : EPA-68-01-6807
The major focus of the study is upon making quantitative comparisons of
carcinogenic potency in animals and humans for 23 chemicals for which
suitable animal and human data exists. These comparisons are based upon
estimates of risk related doses (RRDs) obtained from both animal and human
16
-------
data. An RRD represents the average daily dose per body weight of a
chemical that would result in an extra cancer risk of 25%. Animal data on
these and 21 other chemicals of interest to the EPA and the DOD are coded
into an animal data base that permits evaluation by computer of many risk
assessment approaches. The report is the result of a two-year study to
examine the assumptions, other than those involving low dose extrapolation,
used in quantitative cancer risk assessment. The study was funded by the
Department of Defense (through an interagency transfer of funds to the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)), the EPA, the Electric Power
Research Institute and, in its latter stages, by the Risk Science
Institute. (NTIS)
1297463 PB88-127139/XAB
Investigation of Cancer Risk Assessment Methods. Volume 3., Analyses
Allen, B. C. ; Shipp, A. M. ; Crump, K. S. ; Kilian, B. ; Hogg, M. L.
Clement Associates, Inc., Huston, LA. >
Corp. Source Codes: 090303000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Health and Environmental Assessment.; Department of Defense,^Washington
DC.; Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA.; Risk Science Inst.
Washington, DC.
Report No.: EPA/600/6-87/007D !
Sep 87 196p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
See also Volume 2, PB88-127121. Sponsored by Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Department of Defense, Washington, DC., Electric Power Research Inst., Pal
Alto, CA., and Risk Science Inst., Washington, DC.
Also available in set of 4 reports PC E99, PB88-127097.
NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-01-6807
The major focus of the study is upon making quantitative comparisons of
carcinogenic potency in animals and humans for 23 chemicals for which
suitable animal and human data exists. These comparisons are based upon
estimates of risk related doses (RRDs) obtained from- both animal and human
data. An RRD represents the average daily dose per body_weight of a
chemical that would result in an extra cancer risk of 25%. Animal data on
these and 21 other chemicals of interest to the EPA and the DOD are coded
into an animal data base that permits evaluation by computer of many risk
assessment approaches. The report is the result of a two-year study to
examine the assumptions, other than those involving low dose extrapolation,
used in quantitative cancer risk assessment. The study was funded by the
Department of Defense (through an interagency transfer of funds to the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)), the EPA, the Electric Power
Research Institute and, in its latter stages, by toe Risk Science
Institute. (NTIS)
i
06551033 88196033
The potential usefulness of biological markers in risk assessment.
Perera F
Columbia University School of Public Health, Division of Environmental
Sciences, New York, NY 10032.
Environ Health Perspect Dec 1987, 76 p!41-5, ISSN 0091-6765
17
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Journal Code: EIO
Languages: ENGLISH
Substantial data have been generated during the last 5 years in
experimental systems and human populations which shed light on the
potential usefulness of biological markers in human cancer risk assessment.
Following a brief review of overall progress to date in the biomonitoring
of human populations, this paper turns to the growing body of data
regarding carcinogen-DNA and protein adducts as illustrative markers of
biologically effective dose of carcinogens. The data base illustrates
considerable human inter-individual variation in binding and the presence
of significant "background" levels of adducts—both of which support the
absence of human population thresholds for exposure to carcinogens. The
contribution of adduct data to our understanding of the shape of low
dose-response curve and the reliability of inter-species extrapolation, as
well as the relevance of adducts to cancer risk, are also discussed. Even
though adducts can now be useful in hazard identification or qualitative
risk assessment, more research is needed before they can serve as
quantitative predictors of human cancer risk. (MEDLINE)
06551059 88196059
Preferential DNA repair in expressed genes.
Hanawalt PC
Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 76 p9-14, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO
Languages: ENGLISH
Potentially deleterious alterations to DNA occur nonrandomly within the
mammalian genome. These alterations include the adducts produced by many
chemical carcinogens, but not the UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer,
which may be an exception. Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that
the excision repair of pyrimidine dimers and certain other lesions is
nonrandom in the mammalian genome, exhibiting a distinct preference for
actively transcribed DNA sequences. An important consequence of this fact
is that mutagenesis and carcinogenesis may be determined in part by the
activities of the relevant genes. Repair may also be processive, and a
model is proposed in which excision repair is coupled to transcription at
the nuclear matrix. Similar but freely diffusing repair complexes may
account for the lower overall repair efficiencies in the silent domains of
the genome. Risk assessment in relation to chemical carcinogenesis requires
assays that determine effective levels of DNA damage for producing
malignancy. The existence of nonrandom repair in the genome casts into
doubt the reliability of overall indicators of DNA binding and lesion
repair for such determinations. Furthermore, some apparent differences
between the intragenomic repair heterogeneity in rodent cells and that in
human cells mandate a reevaluation of rodent test systems for human risk
assessment. Tissue-specific and cell-specific differences in the coordinate
regulation of gene expression and DNA repair may account for corresponding
differences in the carcinogenic response. (MEDLINE)
06511346 88156346
Quantifying risk and accuracy in cancer risk assessment: the process and
its role in risk management problem-solving.
18
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Turturro A; Hart RW . . .
National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration,
1987, 4 (3-4) pl25-32, ISSN 0736-0118
Journal Code: LSP :
Languages : ENGLISH ^ :
A°bette"r understanding of chemical-induced cancer has led to appreciation
of similarities to problems addressed by risk management of
radiation-induced toxicity. Techniques developed for cancer risk assessment
of toxic substances can be generalized to toxic agents. A recent
problem-solving approach for risk management of toxic substances developed
for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the role of risk
assessment and how uncertainty should be treated within the context _ of this
approach, is discussed. Finally, two different methods, research into the
assumptions underlying risk assessment, and the modification of risk
assessment/risk management documents, are used to illustrate how the
technique can be applied. (3 Refs.) (MEDLINE)
0194155 Enviroline Number: *88-061196 j „„--,« „„
RANKING THE POTENTIAL CARCINOGENIC HAZARDS TO WORKERS FROM EXPOSURES TO
CHEMICALS THAT ARE TDMORIGENIC IN RATS. ;
GOLD LOIS S. ; BACKMAN GEORGANNE M. ; HOOPER N. K. ;; PETO RICHARD
LBNL,
ENV HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, DEC 87, V76, P211(9) !
JOURNAL ARTICLE BOTH REASONABLE DATA ON CARCINOGENIC POTENCY IN
EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND A DEFINED PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVEL (PEL) EXIST
FOR 41 CHEMICALS. THE PEL DENOTES THE UPPER LIMIT OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
FOR US WORKERS. THESE 41 AGENTS ARE RANKED BY AN INDEX THAT COMPARES THE
PERMITTED HUMAN EXPOSURE TO THE CHRONIC DOSE RATE THAT INDUCES TUMORS IN
50% OF LABORATORY ANIMALS. THE PERMITTED EXPOSURE/RODENT POTENCY INDEX
SUGGESTS THE RELATIVE HAZARDS THAT SUCH SUBSTANCES MAY POSE. INDEX VALUES
FOR THE 41 SUBSTANCES DIFFER BY MORE THAN 100,000-FOLD FROM EACH OTHER.
PRIORITY ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE REDUCTION OF ALLOWABLE WORKER
EXPOSURES TO SUBSTANCES THAT APPEAR MOST HAZARDOUS BY THIS INDEX. THESE
INCLUDE ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE, ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE,
CHLOROFORM, AND FORMALDEHYDE. (1 GRAPH, 27 REFERENCES,
(ENVIROLINE)
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE,
4 TABLES)
06499872 88144872
Risk assessment problems in chemical oacogenesis.
Hottendorf GH
Prog Drug Res (SWITZERLAND) 1987, 31 p257-72,
Journal Code: QOS
Languages: ENGLISH
Document Type: Review
(51 Refs.) (MEDLINE)
ISSN 0071-786X
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS
19
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06571674 88216674
Evolution of testing strategies for genetic toxicity.
Brusick D
Department of Genetics, Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc., Kensinaton
MD 20895. ^ '
Mutat Res (NETHERLANDS) May-Aug 1988, 205 (1-4) P69-78 ISSN
0027-5107 Journal Code: NNA
Languages: ENGLISH
Document Type: Historical Article; Review
Shortly following the inception of genetic toxicology as a distinct
discipline within toxicology, questions arose regarding the type and number
of tests needed to classify a chemical as a mutagenic hazard or as a
potential carcinogen. To some degree the discipline separated into two
sub-specialties, (1) genetic risk assessment and (2) cancer prediction
since data from experimental oncology also supports the existence of a
genotoxic step in tumor initiation. The issue of which and how many tests
continued to be debated, but is now focused more tightly around two
independent phenomena. Tier or sequential testing was initially proposed as
a logical and cost-effective method, but was discarded on the basis that
the lower tier tests appeared to have too many false responses to force or
exclude further testing of the test agent. Matrix (battery) testing was
proposed for screening on the hypothesis that combinations of endpoints and
multiple ^phylogenetic target organisms were needed to achieve satisfactory
predictability. As the results from short-term test 'validation1 studies
for carcinogen prediction and evaluations of EPA's Gene-Tox data
accumulated, _it became obvious that qualitative differences remained
between predictive and definitive tests and by assembling different
combinations of short-term assays investigators did not appear to resolve
the lack of concordance. Recent trends in genetic toxicology testing have
focused on mathematical models for test selection, and standardized systems
for multi-test data assessment. (29 Refs.) (MEDLINE)
06563995 88208995
Human genetic individuality and risk assessment.
Motulsky AG
Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
Basic Life Sci (UNITED STATES) 1988, 43 p7-9, ISSN 0090-5542
Journal Code: 9KO
Languages: ENGLISH
(MEDLINE)
1300067 PB88-132253/XAB
Impaired Gamete Function: Implications for Reproductive Toxicoloov
Perreault, S. D. yjf
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Corp. Source Codes: 048097000
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/346
Nov 87 3Ip
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8807
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
The invited symposium chapter reviews methods for evaluating sperm
20
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function in laboratory rodents and humans, and presents strategies for
incorporating both in vivo and in vitro fertilization assessments into
reproductive toxicology studies. The EPA Program Offices may encounter the
type of data, especially as it appears in mechanistic studies, and the
chapter provides information which is-helpful in the interpretation of the
data and its application in risk assessment. (NTIS)
06563971 88208971 ,.'•,. 4.
Phenotypic variation in populations. Relevance to risk assessment.
Proceedings of a symposium. December 7-10, 1986, Upton, New York. Dedicate
to Alexander Hollaender.
Basic Life Sci (UNITED STATES) 1988, 43 pl-305, ISSN 0090-5542
Journal Code: 9KO
Languages: ENGLISH
$MEDIi£N£)Type: Current Biog-Obit; Historical Article
I
06551058 88196058
Role of protein kinase C in regulation of gene expression and relevance
to tumor promotion.
Johnson MD; Housey GM; O1Brian CA; Kirschmeier PT; Weinstein IB
Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University,
New York, NY 10032.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 76 p89-95, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO
Contract/Grant No.: CA 02656; CA 07870
Languages: ENGLISH
The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) has highly
pleiotropic effects on cells in culture and on tissues in vivo, including
effects on protein kinase C (PKC) activation and gene expression. In order
to determine the mechanism of activation of gene transcription by TPA, DNA
sequences whose transcription is modulated in cells undergoing a mitogenic
response to TPA were isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library
from TPA-treated cells. TPA-S1 corresponds to an mRNA species whose
abundance is increased within 1 hr of exposure of quiescent C3H 10T1/2
mouse embryo fibroblasts. TPA-R1 corresponds to ' an mRNA species whose
abundance is decreased in TPA-treated cells. The induction of TPA-S1 is
blocked by actinomycin D and is specific for phorbol esters with
tumor-promoting activity. The transcription of this sequence is not induced
by cycloheximide, nor is there an enhancement of the TPA response. Several
lines of evidence demonstrate that PKC activation plays a critical role in
the regulation of TPA-S1 expression. The nucleotide and predicted amino
acid sequence of TPA-S1 exhibits homology with sequences representing a
peptide with erythroid-potentiating activity, a metalloproteinase inhibitor
protein, and a murine protein with beta-interferon-like activity. The role
of TPA-S1 in tumor promotion is suggested by the expression of this
sequence in mouse skin carcinomas induced by dimethyl-benzanthracene-TPA
treatment, but not in papillomas or in control tissue. The consideration_of
signal transduction pathways may be useful in the design of short-term risk
assessment assays for agents that act as tumor promoters.
(MEDLINE)
1289578 PB88-113642/XAB
21
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Guidelines for Mutagenicity Risk
Assessment and Some Comments on Aneuploidy
Dellarco, V. L. ; Jacobson-Kram, D.
DC.
Agency, Washington,
Journal article
Office of Health and
Environmental Protection
Environmental Assessment.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287609
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/312
Sep 87 18p
Languages: English Document Type:
Journal Announcement: GRAI8803
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
The paper describes the risk assessment strategy used by the U S
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to evaluate mutagenic risk. The
Agency considers all endpoints relevant to genetic risk. Evaluating and
quantifying risk is not a straightforward process and requires many
assumptions. The U.S. EPA mutagenicity guidelines should not be regarded as
comprehensive or complete, but rather providing a reasonable guide for
using toxicological data in assessing genetic risk. Because of the dynamic
nature of the area, as new information is gained, the 'Guidelines' will be
updated and modified if necessary. (NTIS)
KEPROTOXICITY
06551036 88196036
Risk assessment for neurobehavioral toxicity.
McMillan DE
Department of Pharmacology and Interdisciplinary Toxicology. University
of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72201.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 76 pl55-61, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO /•«.*«
Languages: ENGLISH
/«£«./™U?y J*Y the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council
(NAS/NRC) found neurobehavioral toxicity to be one of the areas where
almost no data are available for the assessment of toxicity. Using the
NAS/NRC ^ report and a data base from the American Conference of Government
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), an estimate of the number of neurobehavioral
toxins in commercial chemicals can be made. Although the assumption made in
making such a calculation may be invalid, the exercise suggests that the
number of neurobehavioral toxins may be quite large. There does seem to be
general agreement as to what type of neurobehavioral test procedures are
appropriate for regulatory purposes. Select committees have consistently
recommended the use_ of test batteries that include schedule-controlled
Zr'f ™° activity, and neuropathological examination following in
Perfusion, for regulatory purposes. Alkyltin data developed from such
.I ii7 Were aPPlied to the risk assessment model employed by the United
a^^fnVir^ent^\ *rotec*i°n Agency (EPA) in their calculations of
SSS S J ^ intake. Using this test battery and the EPA risk
assessment model, the acceptable daily intake calculated is of the same
™»5 * magnitude as the total limit values established by the ACGIH. A
?!S? £• J!peSla}- .lssues ln neurobehavioral toxicity also are discussed,
including the definition of adverse neurobehavioral toxic effects, species
22
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extrapolation, correlation of behavior and neuropathology, alternative
methods, and quality of life issues. (MEDLINE)
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
ACRYLAMIDE
1294996 PB88-124086/XAB
Assessment of Airborne Exposure and Dermal Contact 1;o Acrylamide during
Chemical Grouting Operations
(Final rept.)
McHugh, J. M.
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, MO.
Corp. Source Codes: 018262000 '
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Toxic
Substances. '
Report No.: MRI-8850-A(01); EPA/560/5-87/009
22 Jul 87 130p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Toxic Substances. ,
NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01 !
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-4252
Acrylamide exposure may occur by inhalation, ingestion and skin
absorption; Acrylamide is a neurotoxin and an irritarit. The report details
the results of field studies to assess airborne exposure and dermal contact
to acrylamide during chemical grouting operations. Occupational exposures
to acrylamide were characterized for sewer mainline, lateral line and
manhole maintenance operations. The objective of the study was to collect
exposure data based on observations and measurements to be used as an
integral part of a quantitative risk assessment by theJJ.S.
Protection Agency's Office of Toxic Substances. (NTIS)
Environmental
06449468 88094468
Acrylamide: its metabolism, developmental and reproductive effects,
genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity.
Dearfield KL; Abernathy CO; Ottley MS; Brantner JH; Hayes PF
Health and Environmental Review Division, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC 20460.
Mutat Res Jan 1988, 195 (1) p45-77, ISSN 0027J-5107 Journal Code:
NNA
Languages: ENGLISH
Document Type: Review
Monomeric acrylamide is an important industrial chemical primarily used
in the production of polymers and copolymers. It is also used for producing
grouts and soil stabilizers. Acrylamide"s neurotoxic properties have been
well documented. This review will focus on pertinent information concerning
other, non-neurotoxic, effects observed after exposure to acrylamide,
23
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including: its genotoxic, carcinogenic, reproductive, and developmental
effects. It will also cover its absorption, metabolism, and distribution.
The data show that acrylamide is capable of inducing genotoxic,
carcinogenic, developmental, and reproductive effects in tested organisms.
Thus, acrylamide may pose more than a neurotoxic health hazard to exposed
humans. Acrylamide is a small organic molecule with very high water
solubility. These properties probably facilitate its rapid absorption and
distribution throughout the body. After absorption, acrylamide is rapidly
metabolized, primarily by glutathione conjugation, and the majority of
applied material is excreted within 24 h. Preferential bioconcentration of
acrylamide and/or its metabolites is not observed although it appears to
persist in tests and skin. Acrylamide can bind to DNA, presumably via a
Michael addition-type reaction, which has implications for its genotoxic
and carcinogenic potential. The available evidence suggests that acrylamide
does not produce detectable gene mutations, but that the major concern for
its genotoxicity is its clastogenic activity. This clastogenic activity has
been observed in germinal tissues which suggest the possible heritability
of acrylamide-induced DNA alterations. Since there is 'sufficient evidence1
of carcinogenicity in experimental animals as outlined under the U.S. EPA
proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment, acrylamide should be
categorized as a 'B21 carcinogen and therefore be considered a 'probable
human carcinogen.' The very limited human epidemiological data do not
provide sufficient evidence to enable one to judge the actual carcinogenic
risk to humans. Acrylamide is able to cross the placenta, reach significant
concentrations in the conceptus and produce direct developmental and
post-natal effects in rodent offspring. It appears that acrylamide may
produce neurotoxic effects in neonates from exposures not overtly toxic to
the mothers. Acrylamide has an adverse effect on reproduction as evidenced
by dominant lethal effects, degeneration of testicular epithelial tissue,
and sperm-head abnormalities. (74 Refs.) (MEDLINE)
V.J.; Hajjar, N.
DC. Office of Health and
1302624 PB88-139951/XAB
Carcinogenicity Assessment of Aldrin and Dieldrin
Cavender, F.L.; Cook, B.T.; Page, N.P.; Cogliano
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
Environmental Assessment.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287609;
Sponsor: Dynamac Corp., Rockville, MD.
Report No.: EPA/600/6-87/006
Aug 87 177p
Languages: English
Prepared in cooperation with Dynamac Corp., Rockville, MD.
NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Evidence pertaining to the carcinogenicity of aldrin/dieldrin is reviewed
and evaluated. The report covers studies completed before 1985. Case
reports and epidemiologic studies of pesticide applicators and pesticide
manufacturing workers are reviewed, but because of methodologic
limitations, these studies established neither a positive nor a negative
association between cancer and aldrin/dieldrin exposure. A number of
independent studies of laboratory animals, however, demonstrated that
24
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aldrin/dieldrin cause liver cancer in mice and rats. Based on the
accumulated evidence, aldrin/dieldrin are classified as probable human
carSnoaens Group B2, using EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk
o^sas«-
^
Assessment Group. (NTIS)
SBESTOS
88008660 . ^
Assessing and Prioritizing Asbestos Risks
Crumrine, Kenneth Z.; Ouellette, Robert P.
Jrnl of Property Mgmt v53nl PP: 26-29 Jan/Feb 19IB8
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
In about 80% of the cases in which asbestos is discovered in a building,
it is removed. Now, however, the alternative of managing the asbestos in
place il being offered. The smart approach to this alternative is to look
for I cost-effective solution that is tailored to each Jj;^1^^^:
A vital step in a long-term management approach is; the development of a
versatile, reliable, field-tested risk assessment and hazard prioritization
mlSodt A complete physical survey of the building should be undertaken
supported by air and material samples. Levels of risk are calculated by
matching the locations of the asbestos with groups that have access to the
areas. The hazard potential presented by asbestos materials involves many
SSors, some of the most significant of which are the material's overall
condition and friability. An asbestos exposure risk assessment/evaluation
form is used to record and process data for an exposure risk
assessment/hazard prioritization model. Tables. Graphs.
(ABI/INFORM)
Projections8of7cancer risks attributable to future exposure to asbestos.
CenSrPffor Economics Research, Research Triangle Institute, Research
a7lirp477°l6, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA
Languages : ENGLISH ^ , , . ,.
To assess the maximum possible impact of further government regulation of
asbestos exposure, projections were made of the use of asbestos in nine
proSuc? categorie4 for the years 1985-2000. A life table risk assessment
model was then developed to estimate the excess cases of cancer and lost
person-years of life likely to occur among those occupationally and
nonoccupationally exposed to the nine asbestos product categories
manufactured in 1985-2000. These estimates were made under the assumption
that government regulation remains at its 1985 level. Use of asbestos in
the nine product categories was predicted to decline in all cases except
for friction products. The risk assessment results show that, although the
cancer risks from future exposure to asbestos are significantly less than
those from past exposures, in the absence of more stringent regulations, a
health risk remains. (MEDLINE) j
25
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BENZENE
06485969 88130969
Benzene and leukemia. A review of the literature and a risk assessment
Austin H; Delzell E; Cole P
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of
Alabama at Birmingham 35294.
Am J Epidemiol (UNITED STATES?) Mar 1988, 127 (3) D419-39 ISSN
0002-9262 Journal Code: 3H3 '
Contract/Grant No . : CA2 9968
Languages: ENGLISH
Document Type: Review
Benzene is widely recognized as a leukemogen, and the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration is currently attempting to limit exposure to it
more strictly. The proposed new regulation is a limit of an eight-hour
time-weighted average of 1 ppm in place of the current limit of 10 ppm The
fundamental ^ rationale for the change is a perception that the current
standard is associated with an inordinate excess of leukemia. The
epidemiologic literature on benzene and leukemia supports the inference
•Chat benzene causes acute myelocytic leukemia. However, the available data
are too sparse, or suffer other limitations, to substantiate the idea that
SnlUT1 association applies at low levels (i.e., 1-10 ppm) of benzene.
Nonetheless, under the assumption that causation does apply at such low
levels, a number of authors, including ourselves, have performed risk
assessments using similar data but different methodologies. The assessments
that we consider acceptable suggest that, among 1,000 men exposed to
benzene at 10 ppm for a working lifetime of 30 years, there would occur
about 50 excess deaths due to leukemia in addition to the baseline
e£Pfftation of seven deaths. However, this estimate is speculative and
whether or not enough confidence can be placed in it to justify a lower
occupational benzene standard remains a decision for policy makers. (64
Refs.) (MEDLINE) v
1298825 DE88000985/XAB
Water Quality Criteria for 2,4-Dinitrotoluene and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene-
Final Report
Etnier, E. L.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No. : ORNL-6312
Aug 87 149p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8807; NSA1300
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. Original
copy available until stock is exhausted. original
NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
Based on the evidence of an increased incidence of hepatic carcinomas and
26
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hepatic neoplastic nodules in male rats, the recommended criteria to
achieve a human health risk of 10 sup -5 , 10 sup -6 , or 10 sup -7 for
2,4-dinitrotoluene are 1.7, 0.17, and 0.017 mu g/L, respectively. It_should
be noted that the 2,4-DNT used in the bioassay from which the criteria were
calculated was 98% pure, with the remaining 2% comprised of predominantly
2 6-DNT. The possible influence of 2,6-DNT on the results of this study
should not be overlooked. Results from a tumor bioassay suggest that pure
2 4-DNT is not carcinogenic, but limitations of the study preclude a
definitive statement regarding the carcinogenicity of 2,4-DNT. There are no
studies available documenting the systemic toxicity of pure 2,4-DNT, and
thus no acceptable daily intake can be calculated The water quality
criterion for 2,6-DNT is derived from the data : showing an increased
incidence of hepatic carcinomas in male Fischer 344 rats. It should be
noted that exogenous factors in the diet can affect the carcinogenicity of
the DNT isomers, enhancing the metabolism and hepatic covalent binding of
2 6-DNT in particular. However, 2,6-DNT is unquestionably a potent
hepatocarcinogen, and criteria based on this study will give a conservative
estimate of the acceptable cancer risk. The recommended criteria to achieve
a risk of 10 sup -5 , 10 sup -6 , or 10 sup -7 for 2,6-dinitrotoluene are
68.3, 6.8, and 0.68 ng/L, respectively. 158 refs., 2 figs., 23 tabs. (ERA
citation 13:006554) (NTIS) ;
ETHYLENE OXIDE
06554696 88199696 ;
Issues in assessing the carcinogenic hazards of ethylejue oxide.
Austin SG; Sielken RL Jr
Austin Health Consultants, Inc, Fort Collins, CO 80525.
J Occup Med Mar 1988, 30 (3) p236-45, ISSN 0096-1736 Journal Code:
JFR
Languages: ENGLISH ,
Document Type: Review
Journal Announcement: 8808
Subfile: INDEX MEDICUS
Tags: Animal; Human
Descriptors: *Carcinogens, Environmental; *Ethylene Oxide —Adverse
Effects—AE; Brain Neoplasms—Chemically Induced—CI; Environmenta
Exposure; Ethylene Oxide—Toxicity—TO; Leukemia, Monocytic, Chroni
—Chemically Induced—CI; Life Expectancy; Mesothelioma—Chemically Induce
—CI; Peritoneal Neoplasms—Chemically Induced—CI; Review, Tutorial; Risk
CAS Registry No.: 75-21-8 (Ethylene Oxide) (MEDLINE)
HEXACHLOROETHANE I
1300964 AD-A187 238/1/XAB
Revised Health Risk Assessment for the Use of Hexachloroethane Smoke on
an Army Training Area
(Final rept.)
Novak, E. W. ; Lave, L. B. ; Stukel, J. J. ; Schaeffer, D. J.
Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), Champaign, IL.
Corp. Source Codes: 054831000; 405279
Report No.: CERL-TR-N-87/26
Sep 87 59p
27
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Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8808
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: 3E162720A835; AA
Hexachloroethane (HC) smoke in pots, grenades, and artillery rounds has
been used in military training exercises since the Second World War.
Chamber tests generating HC smoke with scaled-down smoke pots consistently
show the presence of perchloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride,
hexachloroethane, hexachlorobenzene, cadmium, and arsenic, all of which
have been determined to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals or in humans.
The objective of this study was to develop a worst-practicable-case
scenario of Army troop exposure in training and then to calculate to total
absorbed dosage and attendant cancer risk from a feasible number of
repetitive exposures at the site. Risk estimates were also made for
civilian populations surrounding the installation. This study recommends
(1) the Army enforce its directive to mask in the presence of HC smoke, (2)
the Army closely regulate the deployment of HC and other smokes on all of
its installations, (3) studies should be conducted on Army installations to
determine the risk from HC smokes to which the soldier and local populace
are exposed, (4) an annual HC smoke risk of cancer to soldiers of greater
than 1 in 10,000 should be reduced where perceived, and (5) the Army should
adopt a safety principle- as low as reasonably achievable -for both troop
and civilian exposure to HC-smokes. (NTIS)
y-NITROSO COMPOUNDS
06412348 88057348
Model risk analysis of nitrosatable compounds in the diet as precursors
of potential endogenous carcinogens.
Shephard SE; Schlatter C; Lutz WK
Institute of Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Schwerzenbach.
IARC Sci Publ (FRANCE) 1987, (84) p328-32, ISSN 0300-5038
Journal Code: GKO
Languages: ENGLISH
The potential health risk posed by the endogenous formation of N-nitroso
compounds (NOG) from nitrosation of dietary ureas, guanidines, amides,
amino acids and amines (primary, secondary and aromatic) was estimated
according to the model: Risk = [daily intake of precursor] X [gastric
concentration of nitrite]n X [nitrosatability rate constant] X
[carcinogenicity of derivative]. The daily intakes of these compound
classes span five orders of magnitude (100 g/day amides, top; 1-10 mg/day
secondary amines, ureas, bottom); the nitrosation rate constants span seven
orders of magnitude (aryl amines, ureas, top; amides, secondary amines,
bottom); and the carcinogenicity estimates span a 10,000-fold range from
•very strong1 to 'virtually noncarcinogenic'. The resulting risk estimates
likewise span an enormous range (nine orders of magnitude): dietary ureas
and aromatic amines combined with high nitrite concentration could pose as
great a risk as the intake of preformed N-nitrosodimethylamine in the diet.
In contrast, _ the risk posed by the in-vivo nitrosation of primary and
secondary amines is probably negligible. The risk contributed by amides
(including protein), guanidines and primary amino acids is intermediate
between these two extremes. (MEDLINE)
28
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HILK lOOO.; »»
FROM WASTE INCINERATION EMISSIONS.
SMITH ALLAN H.
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY,
clT "' SkSSSUsD DIBENZO-P-blOXINS (PCDDS, AND
SENZOFURANS (PCDFS) HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN HUMAN MILK
OBTAINED IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES. A FORMULA IS PRESENTED FOR
TOT INFANT DAILY DOSE OF DIOXIN EQUIVALENTS FROM BREAST MILK ON
oTraE MATERNAL DAILY INTAKE. DIOXIN AND FURAN EMISSIONS FROM A
InURCE CALCULATED TO RESULT IN WORST-CASE LIFETIME CANCER RISKS OF THE
ORMR OF 1IS lOoVHoO ARE ONLY LIKELY TO INCREASE BREAST MILK
CONCENTRATIONS BY AROUND 1-10% OF THE LEVELS THAT HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN
THESE COUNTRIES. (17 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE) (ENVIROLINE)
Niosl (National Institute for Occupational Safety and »«ltt> »«-tl»o»y
to Department of Labor on the Mine Safety and Health Administrate
Proposed Rule: Ionizing Radiation Standards for Metal and Nonmetal Mines
Aucrast 13, 1987 by R. Niemeier
National inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
Corp. Source Codes: 052678000
13 Aug 87 22p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8806 •
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 •
Country of Publication: United States .
Recommendations were offered for protecting workers against the health
effects of ionizing radiation in metal and nonmetal mines. Available data
demonstrating such health effects was reviewed and *Yidence ^PP^1!;? Jrjj
technical feasibility of reducing the current Mine Safety and Health
Administration (MSHA) standard was presented. Five recent studies indicated
a significant increase in lung cancer rates associated with radon progeny
exposure in underground mines. Additional studies indicated an
exposure/response relationship in uranium miners. The influence °fn!mfwn?
on the association between radon progeny exposure and lung cancer was
cited. Evidence has indicated that exposure to radon progeny carries a
potential risk of developing occupationally induced lung cancer. Risk
assessment data supported the conclusion that miners with the ^same
characteristics as the United States Public Health Service uranium miners
cohort and who accrue a cumulative occupational esqposure of 120 working
level months, would have a lung cancer excess lifetime risk of about 35 to
40 lung cancer deaths per 1000 exposed miners. Modern mining methods using
dilution ventilation as well as bulkheading and backfilling techniques make
it possible to achieve substantial reductions in the cumulative exposure to
radon progeny. Information was provided on sampling strategy, control
29
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technology, ventilation systems, respirators, and medical surveillance
programs. (NTIS)
SENNOSIDES
06573054 88218054
Toxic effects of sennosides in laboratory animals and in vitro.
Mengs U
Department of Toxicology and Experimental Pathology, Dr. Madaus GmbH £
Co., Cologne, FRG.
Pharmacology (SWITZERLAND) 1988, 36 Suppl 1 pl80-7, ISSN 0031-7012
Journal Code: P43
Languages: ENGLISH
^Sennosides were tested in a wide range of toxicity studies to evaluate
risk assessment. From acute studies, sennosides could be classified as only
slightly toxic in rats and mice after a single oral dose. The LD50 values
were about 5,000 mg/kg in both species. The cause of death was probably due
to an extensive loss of water and electrolytes following massive diarrhoea.
In subacute studies with rats (max. 20 mg/kg) and dogs (max. 500 mg/kg),
sennosides caused no specific local or systemic toxicity. Minor increase in
kidney weight in rats was toxicologically not relevant. In a 6-month study
with rats, sennosides were tolerated without specific toxic effects in
doses up to 100 mg/kg. Effects on food consumption, body weight gain and
some biochemical parameters as well as slight renal lesions can be
interpreted as secondary effects following chronic diarrhoea. Mutagenicity
tests and reproduction toxicity studies showed no abnormal
results. (MEDLINE)
TCDD
06551056 88196056
Xh receptor: relevance of mechanistic studies to human risk assessment.
Cook JC; Gaido KW; Greenlee WF
Department of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Chemical Industry
Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 76 D71-7, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO
Languages: ENGLISH
Studies of the toxic actions of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD) in numerous animal models and in human and animal cells in culture
have established that the most characteristic pathologic lesions produced
b?..thls compound result from events initiated by the interaction of TCDD
with a specific intracellular receptor protein, the Ah receptor. Although
most research on the interaction of TCDD with the Ah receptor has focused
on establishing involvement of this receptor complex in specific toxic
responses, recent application of modern cell and molecular biology
techniques is yielding new insights into the mechanism(s) of signal
transduction. Elucidation of these mechanisms is essential for
understanding the molecular basis of the cell and species specificity which
is a hallmark of TCDD toxicity. This knowledge should provide the framework
for development of a more toxicologically relevant risk assessment model.
30
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(MEDLINE)
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
06453439 88098439
Trichloroethylene: water contamination and health risk assessment.
Fan AM
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol (UNITED STATES) 1988, 101 p55-92,
0179-5953 Journal Code: REG
Languages: ENGLISH
Document Type: Review ;
(173 Refs.) (MEDLINE)
ISSN
31
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HAZARDOUS WAS1]
88018053 V16N3
Enteric virus: Risk assessment of ocean disposal of sewage
sludge.
Gerba, C.P.; Goyal, S.M.
Water and Wastewater Microbiology,, International Conference 8810178
Newport Beach, CA (USA) 8-11 Feb 1988
International Association of Water Pollution Research & Control; American
Society for Microbiology; American Waterworks Association Researc
Foundation; National Science Foundation; University of California at Irvin
J.B. Neethling, 4532D Boelter Hall, University of California, Los
Angeles, CA 90024 (USA), Proceedings available
Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)
1292143 PB88-115670/XAB
Computerized Site Characterization System, Phase 1, Feasibility
Research.
(Final rept.)
Smith, A. D. ; Gifford, D. G.
Haley and Aldrich, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
Corp. Source Codes: 011861000
Sponsor: National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Div. of Industrial
Science and Technological Innovation.
Report No.: NSF/CEE-85008
Aug 85 42p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8804
Sponsored by National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Div. of
Industrial Science and Technological Innovation.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: NSF-CEE84-60480
The objective of the research was to evaluate the technical feasibility
of a microcomputer based site characterization system. The research
involved an assessment of the present practice of site characterization and
the application of analytical techniques to site characterization, and an
evaluation of the feasibility of a microcomputer site characterization
system. The research conclusion is that a computerized site
characterization system is technically feasible and should be developed to
facilitate the implementation of regulated risk assessment for large civil
engineering projects, including waste disposal. (NTIS)
0193557 Enviroline Number: 88-051089
AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE CLEANUP, PART I.
SHIH CHIA SHUN ; BERNARD HAL
(UNIV OF TEXAS) AND ; (HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CONTROL RESEARCH INST, MD) ,
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CONTROL, JAN-FEB 88, VI, Nl, P19(15)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE HAZARDOUS WASTES & MANAGEMENT EXPERT SYSTEM,
HAWAMAX, IS BEING DEVELOPED AT THE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CONTROL RESEARCH
INST., MD. THE SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO GIVE SITE PLANNERS AND MANAGERS THE
32
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BEST ADVICE QUICKLY ON HOW TO MAKE A DISPOSAL SITE AND ITS AFFECTED
ENVIRONMENT SAFE. THE ELEMENTS OF HAWAMAX ARE DISCUSSED, FOCUSING ON ITS
PRIMARY COMPONENT, THE RISK/DECISION ANALYSIS MODULE. ALL FIELD AND
SBORATORY DATA, AS WELL AS SOCIOECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS, ARE INCORPORATED
WV TOE USER INTO THIS MODULE. IT PERFORMS RISK ASSESSMENT AND DECISION
ANALYSIS BASED ON SCIENTIFIC INFERENCES AND DECISION MAKERS' JUDGMENTS. (9
DIAGRAMS, 6 GRAPHS, 5 REFERENCES, 12 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE)
1300037 PB88-131511/XAB
Health Risk Comparison between Groundwater Transport Models and Field
Data (Journal article)
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287609 i
Report No.: EPA/600/J-86/424 \
1986 9p
Languages: English Document Type: Journal article
Journal Announcement: GRAI8807
Pub. in Environmental Progress, v5 nl p66-70 Feb 86.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
The potential of ground water contamination is one of the ma] or concerns
over land disposal of hazardous waste. Risk assessment: requires information
on ground water concentrations of contaminants at the exposure location.
Results are presented of case studies comparing health risk assessment and
plume delineation based on state-of-the-modeling and monitoring data.
(NTIS)
1288173 DE87014201/XAB .
Performance Assessment Methods for Mixed Waste Sa.tes at the Savannah
River Plant. .,.,_,_ ^. « m*ii -r
King, C. M. ; Marter, W. L. ; Looney, B. B. ; Pickett, J. B. ; Till, J.
E.
Savannah River Lab., Aiken, SC. !
Corp. Source Codes: 087640000; 9520932 i
Sponsor: Du Pont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Aiken, SC. Savannah River
Plant.; Radiological Assessments Corp., Neeses, SC.;; Rogers and Associate
Engineering Corp., Salt Lake City, UT.; JBF Associates, Knoxville, TN.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. I
Report No.: DP-MS-87-80; CONF-870859-9
1987 26p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8803; NSA1200
Annual low-level radioactive waste management progrsim conference, Denver,
CO, USA, 25 Aug 1987.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States |
Contract No.: AC09-76SR00001
Risk assessment techniques were applied to Savannah River Plant (SRP)
waste facilities as part of a program on waste site cleanup and groundwater
protection. The components of risk assessment and the technical basis for
application of the risk evaluation process to the principal pollutants at
33
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SRP (radionuclides, toxic chemicals, and carcinogenic compounds) are given
An extensive technical data base from the fields of radiation health
physics, toxicology, and environmental sciences is required. Data are
summarized for each class of contaminant and parameter values are provided
for use in numerical analysis of risk. A review of risk assessment
uncertainties and the limitations of predictive risk assessment are
summarized. Risk estimators for each class of contaminants at the SRP were
tabulated for radionuclides, toxic chemicals, and carcinogens from the
technical literature. Estimation of human health risk is not an additive
process for radiation effects and chemical carcinogensis since their
respective dosimetric models are distinctly different - even though the
induction of cancer is reported to be the common end result. Risk
estimation for radionuclides and chemical carcinogens should be tabulated
separately. Impacts due to toxic chemicals in the biosphere should also be
estimated as a separate entity because toxic chemical risk estimators are
uniquely different and do not reflect the probability of a detrimental
health effect. 29 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs. (ERA citation
12:045120) (NTIS)
8S028360 V16N04
Use of risk assessment technique, in managing hazardous waste liability at
mining sites
Van Zyl, D.; Cobb, W.E.; Bluck, W.V.
CH2M Hill, Denver, CO
Society of Mining Engineers Annual Meeting 8810159 Phoenix, AZ (USA)
25-28 Jan 1988
Society of Mining Engineers (SHE); The Metallurgical Society (TMS);
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME)
Society of Mining Engineers, P.O. Box 625002, Littleton, CO 80162-5002
(USA), Publication availability uncertain
Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)
34
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RADIATION
1298893 DE88001528/XAB
Age-Specific Models for Evaluating Dose and Risk from Internal Exposures
to Radionuclides: Report of Current Work of the Metabolism and Dosimetr
Research Group, July 1, 1985-June 30, 1987 ;
Leggett, R. W. ; Warren, B. P.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: ORNL/TM-10080
Sep 87 168p . i
Languages: English ;
Journal Announcement: GRAI8807; NSA1300
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. Original
copy available until stock is exhausted. I
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01 |
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
A projection of the health risk to a population internally exposed to a
radionuclide requires explicit or implicit use of demographic, biokinetic,
dosimetric, and dose-response models. Exposure guidelines have been based
on models for a reference adult with a fixed life span. In this report, we
describe recent efforts to develop a comprehensive methodology for
estimation of radiogenic risk to individuals and to heterogeneous
populations. Emphasis is on age-dependent biokinetics and dosimetry for
internal emitters, but consideration also is given to conversion of
age-specific doses to estimates of risk using realistic, site-specific
demographic models and best available age-specific dose-response functions.
We discuss how the methods described here may also improve estimates for
the reference adult usually considered in radiation protection. 159 refs.
(ERA citation 13:006534) (NTIS)
06551040 88196040 ;
Issues in biochemical applications to risk assessment: can in vitro
studies assist us in species extrapolation?
Strom SC
Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
27710.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1937, 76 pl81-4, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO ;
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)
j
1290337 DE87014195/XAB
Pathway Analysis Models Used for Assessment of Forty-Five Waste Site
Areas at the Savannah River Plant
Looney, B. B. ; Stephenson, D. E. ; King, C. M. ; Fjeld, R. A. ; Sill, B.
L.
Savannah River Lab., Aiken, SC.
35
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Rogers and Associates Engineering Corp., Salt Lake City, UT.; Department o
Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DP-MS-87-79; CONF-870859-8
1987 17p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8804; NSA1200
Annual low-level radioactive waste management program conference, Denver,
CO, USA/ 25 Aug 1987.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC09-76SR00001
The technical staff at Savannah River Plant (SRP) has identified
forty-five locations that received (or may have received) a variety of
radioactive and nonradioactive constituents during the past 35 years.^These
locations include surface impoundments and shallow land burial facilities.
Detailed environmental assessments of existing waste disposal areas have
been completed to aid in an evaluation of the hazardous, low-level
radioactive, and mixed waste management activities at SRP. These
assessments result in estimation of risk, or residual risk, posed by each
disposal area to various receptors as a function of waste management
alternative. The closure actions evaluated for existing waste sites were
waste removal and closure, no waste removal and closure, and no action;
several pathways/receptors were considered, including groundwater to river,
groundwater to well, atmospheric transport, occupational exposure, direct
exposure, and contamination followed by ingest ion of crops and meat. 32
refs., 4 figs., 1 tab. (ERA citation 12:049392) (NTIS)
1294250 DE87780119/XAB
Proceedings of the NIRS (National Institute of Radiological Sciences)
Symposium on Radiation-Induced Genetic Damage and Rick Assessment (15th
Held at Chiba, Japan on 15 March 1984: Biomedical Approaches
Nakai, S. ; Sato, K. ; Tobari, I. ; Yasuda, N. ; Tanaka, A.
National Inst. of Radiological Sciences, Chiba (Japan).
Corp. Source Codes: 019346000; 4485000
Report No.: NIRS-M-54; CONF-8403252-
1985 329p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8805; NSA1300
15. NIRS symposium on radiation-induced genetic damage and risk
assessment: biomedical approaches, Chiba, Japan, 15 Mar 1984.
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A15/MF A01
Country of Publication: Japan
Separate papers are processed for inclusion in the appropriate data
bases. (ERA citation 13:001938) (NTIS)
1298664 DE87013317/XAB
Risk Equivalent of Exposure Versus Dose of Radiation.
Bond, V. P.
Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY.
Corp. Source Codes: 004545000; 0936000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
36
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Report No.: BNL-40090; CONF-861li89-l
Languages? English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
T-LS
fer^ ' k is a c°mposita
of both systems. (ERA citation 13:004512) (NTIS)
ISSN 0020-7616
06469323 88114323 ^ . |
What is a «low dose1 of radxatxon?
Bond VP; Feinendegen LE; Booz J I
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY -f- I
Int J Radiat Biol (ENGLAND) Jan 1988, 53 (1) pl-12,
Journal Code: CSV
S'^a^ ?ffi?^f1?Is^SS
VTF -ranae In either risk assessment or the lication of radiation as a
37
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pretreatment, minimal consequences can be assured only if very low-level
eKposure is employed in order that P will be small, and if the exposur^is
™ *M i, 2 - radiatlon of ve^y low ^T so that 21 will be as small as
possible.f That is to say, exposure conditions with low consequences cannot
be specified in terms of any single quantity. (MEDLINE)
38
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ECOLOGICAL RISKS
0194090 Enviroline Number: *88-061131
COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY FOR RISK ASSESSMENT OP MARINE FISHES AND
CRUSTACEANS.
SUTER GLENN W. ; ROSEN AARON E.
ORNL, !
ENV SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, MAY 88, V22, N5, P548(9)
RESEARCH ARTICLE DATA ON THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS ON MARINE FISHES AND
CRUSTACEANS WERE COLLECTED, AND THE PREDICTIVE POWER OF THE AMASSED DATA
FOR ASSESSING RISKS TO MARINE RESOURCES WAS EVALUATED. THE DATA SETS
CONSISTED OF ACUTE MEDIAN LC50S AND CHRONIC MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE TOXICANT
CONCENTRATIONS. THE VARIABILITY FOUND IN THE MARINE DATA WAS FOUND TO BE
COMPARABLE TO THAT FOUND IN FRESHWATER DATA. THE STANDARD MARINE TEST FISH,
CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS, APPEARS TO BE REPRESENTATIVE OF MARINE FISHES.
HOWEVER, THE RESPONSES OF MARINE CRUSTACEANS ARE SO HIGHLY DIVERSE THAT THE
CONCEPT OF A REPRESENTATIVE CRUSTACEAN IS QUESTIONABLE. IN GENERAL, TOXIC
EFFECTS CAN BE PREDICTED WITH +- 1-2 ORDER OF MAGNITUDE PRECISION. (4
GRAPHS, 53 REFERENCES, 7 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE) ;
0193491 Enviroline Number: *88-051023
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
MALPAS ROBERT i
BP CHEMICALS, UK,
CHEMISTRY & INDUSTRY-UK, SEP 21, 87, N18, P643(4)
JOURNAL ARTICLE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS MAKE AN ENORMOUS CONTRIBUTION TO THE
QUALITY OF LIFE ENJOYED TODAY, BUT AT SOME COST TO THE ENVIRONMENT. A
DISTINCTION IS MADE BETWEEN THE POTENTIAL SAFETY HAZARDS OF CHEMICALS AND
THE RISK OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE. SAFETY IS A PRIME CONSIDERATION
THROUGHOUT THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WHICH RECOGNIZES THE IMPORTANCE OF
ACCEPTABLE RISK. 'A DEGREE OF INDUSTRIAL IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT IS
UNAVOIDABLE IF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TECHNOLOGICAL
REALIZED. A SURVEY OF CONSTRAINTS AND CONTROLS
ADVANCE ARE TO BE
ON CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
OPERATIONS WITHIN THE EEC SHOWS THAT THIS SECTOR IS WELL REGULATED AND
AWARE OF EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.
(ENVIROLINE)
88030672 V16N04 .
Ecology of genetically engineered organisms into soil and rxsk assessment
Procedures/regulations in the Netherlands.
van Veen, J.A. i
Dep. Soil Biol., ITAL, Wageningen, Netherlands !
AAAS Annual Meeting 8810011 Boston, MA (USA) 11-15 Feb 1988
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) , 1333 H Street
N.W., Washington, DC 20005 (USA)
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H Street N.W.,
Washington, DC 20005 (USA), AAAS Publication 87-31.contains abstracts o
papers presented at the meeting
Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX) ;
39
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06573283 88218283
Environmental risk assessment of surfactants: fate and environmental
effects in Lake Biwa basin.
Sueishi T; Morioka T; Kaneko H; Kusaka M; Yagi S; Chikami S
Department of Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol Mar 1988, 8 (1) p4-21, ISSN 0273-2300
Journal Code: RBH
Languages: ENGLISH
Environmental risk incurred with the use of synthetic surfactants is
dealt with in this paper. The background and necessity of risk management
related to surfactant usage in the Lake Biwa basin are introduced, as well
as a research scheme that acknowledges risks in three
sub-processes—consumption and discharge, fate in aquatic environment, and
ecotoxicological response of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). The ayu
(Plecoglossus altivelis) has been selected as the significant biological
target in the basin. Results of a field survey of the behavior of LAS along
streams flowing down to the lake are presented. Included are the estimation
and verification of an original unit of surfactant consumption per capita
per day based on LAS and MBAS concentrations observed in diurnal
monitoring. A simulation model representing the flowdown process of LAS
dynamically is formulated, with which longitudinal dispersion, settling,
and modified biodegradation of LAS are evaluated in the field survey. On
the basis of the research scheme described above, ecotoxicological
laboratory tests on ayu have been carried out. The special significance of
acute and subchronic effects on ayu in various life stages exposed to low
concentrations of LAS can be recognized. It has been concluded that the
LC50 of young ayu is not greater than 0.1 ppm under the disadvantageous
condition of high temperature or extreme hardness even in normal ranges of
environmental indicators. An advanced plan of risk management for
surfactant usage is proposed based on methods of elevated risk, comparative
risk, risk—benefit, and balanced risk. The occurrence and magnitude of
risk phenomena in each subdivided basin adjacent to the lake are
identified, taking into consideration features such as (1) the spawning
place of ayu and aquafarms, (2) COD and MBAS concentrations and their
tolerable levels in current regulation of stream pollution, (3)
socioeconomic perspectives including recreational activities and voluntary
actions to improve the neighborhood environment, and (4) future preparation
of measures for resolving technological risk including sewerage
construction. Because LAS concentrations in several rivers exceed the
tolerable level of the most delicate life stage of ayu, latent
environmental effects can be suggested. It is concluded therefore that it
is necessary to establish a water quality goal related to surfactants that
takes patterns of water use and conservation of the ecosystem in the local
environment into consideration. These judgments are followed by formulation
of the "requirement" for environmental management practice for the Lake
Biwa administration. (MEDLINE)
1302669 PB88-140512/XAB
Fish Acute Toxicity Syndromes and Their Use in the QSAR (Quantitative
Structure Activity Relationship) Approach to Hazard Assessment)
(Journal article)
McKim, J. M. ; Bradbury, S. P. ; Niemi, G. J.
Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MN.
Corp. Source Codes: 049474000;
40
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Prepared
Sponsor: Minnesota Univ.-Duluth.
Report No.: EPA/600/J-87/113
Snguages:PEnglish Document Type: Journal article
5STS "Sal ^^Perspectives, v71 P171-186 Apr 87.
in cooperation with Minnesota Unxv.-Duluth. ;
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
^2££ti£li3tiSi U;ox!c ISsSnces Control Act of 1977 creates the
3 JF 2g-tJL.-S5
tST?2S
Perspectives, Vol. 71, pp. 171-186, April, 1987.) (NTIS)
?ssues3of bloch^ical applications to risk assessment: how should the MTD
be selected for chronic bioassays?
and Environmental Toxicology, Dow Chemical Company, Midland,MI
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 76 P169-74, ISSN
0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)
88030607 V16N04
Risk assessment in biotechnology in the regulatory agencies.
Kamely, D.
A^S A^ua!aMee??ngn' SSlOOll Boston, MA (USA) U street
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) , 1333 H Street
N.W., Washington, DC 20005 (USA) 'mi w qt-reet N W. ,
' '
41
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papers presented at the meeting
Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)
0194047 Enviroline' Number: *88-061088
I0 PSTHEM>
JARVINEN ALFRED W. ; TANNER DANNY K. ; KLINE EDWARD R
ECOTOXICOLOGY & ENV SAFETY, FEB 88, V15, HI, P78(18)
"SS,
E^
EXPOSURE CHRONIC EFFECT CONCENTRATIONS WERE CHLORPYRIFOS
;^S fS^SQ. &5S%.
42
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CORPORATE RISK ASSESSMENT
v92nl6 PP:
88017147
Pollution Risk Assessment: Hard Choices.
Tiller, Michael H. : ..,. ,
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
52-53 Apr 18, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The assessment of pollution risk involves hard choices. More money is
being spent on litigation than on on-site cleanup. Yet another agency, the
xComprehensive Environmental Response Authority, is being proposed to
provide cleanup costs more efficiently than has the current governmental
infrastructure. Consumers, who are both unwilling and unwitting, need to
become more aware of pollution hazards. Environmental loss control is
becoming more sophisticated; qualitative risk assessments are conducted to
identify areas of concern, while a quantitative assessment attempts to
assign a dollar value to losses caused by scenarios selected for further
analysis. Risk assessments do not eliminate risks, but they do provide
realistic and practical guidance in a complex environment. The threat of
worldwide environmental change indicates the need for a "top-down" look at
environmental problems. (ABI/INFORM) !
43
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POLICY
06563988 88208988
Differential susceptibility: implications for epidemiology, risk
assessment, and public policy.
Brown SL
Environ Corporation, Washington, DC.
Basic Life Sci 1988, 43 p255-69, ISSN 0090-5542 Journal Code: 9KO
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)
88030596 V16N04
EPA's approach to risk assessment and risk management.
Preuss, P.W.
Off. Health and Environ. Assess., U.S. EPA, Washington, DC
AAAS Annual Meeting 8810011 Boston, MA (USA) 11-15 Feb 1988
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1333 H Street
N.W., Washington, DC 20005 (USA)
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H Street N.W.,
Washington, DC 20005 (USA), AAAS Publication 87-31 contains abstracts o
papers presented at the meeting
Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)
06563976 88208976
Risk assessment, regulation, and the limits of science.
Weinberg AM
Institute for Energy Analysis, Oak Ridge Associated Universities,
Tennessee.
Basic Life Sci 1988, 43 p!21-8, ISSN 0090-5542 Journal Code: 9KO
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)
44
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES AKD OTHER SOURCES
1289564 PB88-113428/XAB
National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse: NATICH Datzi Base Report on
State, Local and EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Air Toxic
Activities, July 1987
(Final rept)
Radian Corp., Austin, TX.
Corp. Source Codes: 029117000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Strategies and Air Standards Div.
Report No.: DCN-87-239-001-31-06; EPA/450/5-87/006
Jul 87 358p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8803
See also PB87-125779. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Strategies and Air Standards; Div.
NTIS Prices: PC A16/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-8-02-4330
The report disseminates information provided to the National Air Toxics
Information Clearinghouse (NATICH) data base by State and local air
agencies on their air toxics activities. The computer-generated report
supersedes manually- and computer-prepared reports published in September
1984, March 1985, September 1985, and July 1986. The report includes a
listing of State and local agencies that have provided information to the
clearinghouse, air toxics contacts, regulatory program information,
acceptable ambient concentration guidelines or standards; and the bases of
those guidelines/standards, pollutant research information, methods
development activities, permitting information, source testing information,
ambient monitoring information, emissions inventory information, and risk
assessment information. Because of the large volume of data that now
resides in the data base, the document reports only a subset of the
permitting and source testing information. (NTIS)
Communication: A Guide to Selected Sources.
1292487 PB88-128178/XAB
Risk Assessment, Management,
Third Update
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Information Management
and Services Div.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287613
Report No.: EPA/IMSD-87/002C
Oct 87 27p
Languages: English (
Journal Announcement: GRAI8804 I
See also PB88-100102. I
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
This is the third update to the March 1987 publication entitled Risk
45
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Assessment, Management, Communication: A Guide to Selected Sources. The
risk update series is divided into three major sections: Assessment,
Management and Communications. The Update includes citations published in
July 1987. Beginning in January 1988 updates to the Guide will be published
twice a year. (NTIS)
46
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RISK
MANAGEMENT
.DESCRIBES REGULATORY DECISION-MAKING
PROCESSES TO CONTROL AND MANAGE RISK
GENERAL PERSPECTIVES
0193140 Enviroline Number: *88-041169
ETHICS/ SCIENCE/ AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION,
BROWN DONALD A. :
DEFT ENV RESOURCES, PA,
ENV ETHICS, WINTER 87, V9, N4, P331(19) «WTr,^,mWr. m«
JOURNAL ARTICLE BECAUSE COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ARE RELEGATED TO
SCIENTIFIC EXPERTS, THE ETHICAL QUESTIONS THAT ARE EMBEDDED IN THESE
PROBLEMS ARE OFTEN HIDDEN OR DISTORTED IN SCIENTIFIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE
METHODOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION. CALLS FOR REGULATORY REFORM CREATE
ADDITIONAL PRESSURES ON ANALYSTS THAT ENCOURAGE ! THEM TO FOCUS ON
QUANTITATIVE QUESTIONS AT THE EXPENSE OF QUALITATIVE ONES. DISTORTION CAN
RESULT FROM USE OF STANDARD RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES AND FROM THE
IMPROPER PLACEMENT OF BURDEN OF PROOF ON GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. THE GREATEST
PROBLEM IS THE NARROW SCIENTIFIC TRAINING OF TECHNICAL EXPERTS WHICH
FREQUENTLY LEAVES THEM UNPREPARED TO DEAL WITH THE ETHICAL AND VALUE ISSUES
IN ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC POLICY. (21 REFERENCES) (ENVIRQLINE_)
1289603 PB88-114301/XAB
Regulating Chemical Hazards in Japan/ West^Germany
Kingdom, and the European Community: A Comparative Examination
(Final rept.)
Sponsored by Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, New York.
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Coppock, R.
National Research Council, Washington, DC. Commission
France/ the United
on Life Sciences.
Corp. Source Codes: 019026419
Sponsor: Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, New York.
1986 109p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8803
Country of Publication: United States
The report is an outgrowth of a National Research Council program
initiative to gain a cross-national perspective on the role scientific
information has played in hazardous chemical regulation. Although this
study is not meant to be evaluative, it is designed to help assess by
comparison the decision-making and regulatory mechanisms in U.S. hazard
assessment. The chapters on the individual countries are divided into three
components: (1) relevant political and administrative, traditions which
influence expectations about and mechanisms of hazard regulation; (2) a
47
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compilation of the relevant statuatory instruments; and (3) the scope of
the regulatory jurisdiction. The last category divides the laws into those
which ^govern industrial plants, emmissions and discharges, worker
protection, industrial substances, poisons, agricultural chemicals, food
additives, and contaminants, consumer products, transport, chemical waste
and victim compensation. The study concludes with a discussion of ways in
which such multinational perspectives might be used to strengthen the
regulatory process of the U.S. (NTIS)
88019211 V16N3
Role of benefit-cost and risk analysis in government decision-
making
Morrall, J.F.,III
Off. Manage, and Budget, Washington, DC
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 108th Winter Annual Meeting
8745007 Boston, MA (USA) 13-18 Dec 1987
ASMS
ASME, 22 Law Drive, P.O. Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2900 (USA), Papers
and proceedings volumes available airfield, NJ 07007-2900 (USA)
Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX)
0193644 Enviroline Number: 88-051179
SETTING ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS: GUIDELINES FOR DECISION-
MAKING,
WHO REPORT, 1987 (106)
ASSN REPORT A FRAMEWORK IS PRESENTED FOR THE FORMULATION OF PUBLIC
POLICY DECISIONS TO PROTECT HEALTH AND WELFARE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS.
THE SCIENTIFIC STAGE ENTAILS KNOWLEDGE OF THE HAZARD, EVALUATION OF THE
RISK, AND ASSESSMENT. THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAGE INVOLVES
DETERMINATION OF ACCEPTABLE RISK, CHOICE OF CONTROL TECHNOLOGY, AND
ENACTMENT OF LEGISLATION OR STANDARDS. GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE
POLICY FOR DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS AND PROBLEMS ARE COMPILED
THESE COVER: IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY POLLUTION ISSUES; INFORMATION ON
HEALTH EFFECTS; ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE; SOURCE- AND MEDIUM-ORIENTED CONTROL
MEASURES; LEGAL FRAMEWORKS; AND DECISION MAKING PROCESSES. (1 DIAGRAM 6
GRAPHS, 75 REFERENCES, 5 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE)
48
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POLICY... includes federal, state and local policy, science,
public and regulatory policy. ',
06563988 88208988 ' . . ,
Differential susceptibility: implications for epidemiology, risk
assessment/ and public policy. ;
Brown SL
Environ Corporation, Washington, DC. !
Basic Life Sci (UNITED STATES) 1988, 43 p255-69, ISSN 0090-5542
Journal Code: 9KO
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE) I
88030593 V16N04 1
Cancer risk assessment and government regulation to protect public
health: An overview
Scroggin, D.G.
AAAS Annual Meeting 8810011 Boston, MA (USA) 1,1-15 Feb 1988
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) , 1333 H Street
N.W., Washington, DC 20005 (USA)
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H Street N.W.,
Washington, DC 20005 (USA), AAAS Publication 87-31 contains abstracts of
papers presented at the meeting
Languages: ENGLISH (CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX) ;
49
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LEGAL ASPECTS
1298813 DE88000947/XAB
Implementation of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act
Oak Ridge model conference on waste problems, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 13 Oct
1987.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Sherrod, J. D.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-871075-6
1987 9p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8807; NSA1300
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
The Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 is in
reality _an extension of the Comprehensive Environmental Response
Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 commonly known as Superfund enacted
for cleanup of hazardous waste sites and response to releases of hazardous
substances. SARA, which was born in the aftermath of the accident in
Bhopal, India, and the incident at Institute, West Virginia, creates new
directions for community right-to-know reporting and emergency planning and
preparedness. Title III of SARA has the specific objectives: increase
community knowledge and access to information on presence of hazardous
chemicals ^in their communities, and to prepare states and communities for
dealing with potential chemical accidents. The enactment of SARA has
significantly impacted industry, employees, and the public. The narrative
represents the authors interpretations of the laws as derived from federal
and state publications, discussions with EPA representatives, and a variety
of independent sources. 5 refs. (ERA citation 13:005854) (NTIS)
0192020 Enviroline Number: *88-021028
KEEPING THE LID ON HAZARDOUS WASTE COMPLIANCE.
TRUNIK PERRY A.
RECYCLING TODAY, MAR 87, V25, N3 , P46(4)
JOURNAL ARTICLE SCRAP PROCESSORS ARE COMING UNDER THE CAREFUL SCRUTINY
OF THE PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN AN ATTEMPT TO LEGISLATE SAFE
HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES. EPA REGULATIONS COVER
»?£?£TAT10M/ STORAGE' AND DISPOSAL OF THESE WASTES. OSHA IS ENFORCING ITS
HAZARD COMMUNICATION REGULATIONS DESCRIBING EMPLOYEE RIGHT-TO-KNOW AND
REQUIRING EMPLOYERS TO PROVIDE NOTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN THE
SP3^02' THE INST- OF SCRAP IRON & STEEL AND THE NATL ASSN OF RECYCLING
INDUSTRIES ARE LOBBYING TO EXCLUDE RECYCLERS FROM THESE REGULATIONS. THE
COMPLICATIONS AND COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLIANCE WITH THESE FEDERAL
HAZARDOUS WASTE PROVISIONS ARE DISCUSSED. (2 PHOTOS) (ENVIROLINE)
50
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88020067
Pollution Liability Insurance and Catastrophic Environmental
Risk :
Katzman, Martin T.
Jrnl of Risk & Insurance v55nl PP: 75-100 Mar 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
Public concern with catastrophic consequences of cheoaical releases into
the environment prompted the passage of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act and Superfund legislation (the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act), which establish financial
responsibility requirements. These acts encouraged the creation of a market
in pollution liability insurance for purposes of risk spreading, safety
regulation, and victim compensation, but by the end of 1984, the
pollution-insurance initiative lay in ruins. The collapse of the pollution
liability insurance initiative raises fundamental questions about the
insurability of chemical technologies. Changing tort rules have undermined
the conventional commercial general liability policy as the basis for
insuring pollution, and the widespread assignment of joint and several
liability has caused moral hazard and premium-setting problems. The most
promising approach to chemical risk management is to develop statutory
regulation, tort law, and insurance as a mutually reinforcing tripod.
Tables. References. (ABI/INFORM)
0192052 Enviroline Number: 88-021060
SUPERFUND HANDBOOK,
ERT INC/SIDLEY & AUSTIN REPORT, 1987 (122)
CORPORATE REPORT A BRIEF GUIDE AND GENERAL OVERVIEW ARE PRESENTED OF
THE COMPREHENSIVE ENV. RESPONSE, COMPENSATION & LIABILITY ACT OF 1980 AND
THE SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS & REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1986. THE SEPARATE BUT
RELATED EMERGENCY PLANNING & COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT OF 1986 IS ALSO
COVERED EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON FEDERAL SUPERFUND LEGISLATION AND ITS
POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON THOSE POTENTIALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR KITES WHERE RELEASES
OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES HAVE OCCURRED OR MAY OCCUR. PROVISIONS OF THE
STATUTES ARE DELINEATED, AS IS THE PROCESS EPA USES TO IDENTIFY NATL
PRIORITY LIST SITES AND SELECT A REMEDY. THE AGENCY'S EVOLVING ENFORCEMENT
AND SETTLEMENT POLICY IS INTERPRETED, AND UNDERLYING LEGAL ISSUES OF
INTEREST TO POTENTIALLY RESPONSIBLE PARTIES ARE ADDRESSED. (1 MAP, 15
PHOTOS) (ENVIROLINE)
51
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HEALTH RISKS
06554667 88199667
Evaluating the benefits of uncertainty reduction in environmental health
risk management.
Finkel AM; Evans JS
JAPCA (UNITED STATES) Oct 1987, 37 (10) p!164-71, ISSN 0894-0630
Journal Code: JCA
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)
52
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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT
DINOSEB
I
0193572 Enviroline Number: *88-051104
RISK MANAGEMENT: FIFRA AND THE DINOSEB CASE, '
FLAGSTAD KAREN
EPA J, NOV 87, V13, N9, P16(4)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE & RODENTICIDE ACT OF
1972 REQUIRES EPA TO WEIGH THE RISKS OF PESTICIDES AGAINST THEIR ECONOMIC
AND SOCIAL BENEFITS WHEN MAKING REGULATORY DECISIONS. THERE ARE CASES UNDER
THIS STATUTE WHERE EPA OPTS TO CANCEL A PESTICIDE, AS WAS THE RECENT CASE
WITH DINOSEB. IN OCTOBER 1986, THE AGENCY ISSUED A FORMAL NOTICE OF INTENT
TO CANCEL AND DENY ANY REGISTRATIONS FOR PESTICIDE PRODUCTS CONTAINING
DINOSEB, CITING EVIDENCE THAT IT MAY CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS IN CHILDREN BORN
TO WOMEN EXPOSED TO THE CHEMICAL DURING PREGNANCY, AND MAY ALSO CAUSE OTHER
ADVERSE EFFECTS. THE EMERGENCY SUSPENSION OF DINOSEB IS CONSIDERED IN THE
CONTEXT OF EPA'S PESTICIDE RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK-BENEFIT BALANCING
PROCESS. (1 PHOTO) (ENVIROLINE)
0193571 Enviroline Number; 88-051103 ;
1987 EPRI PCB SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS,
EPRI REPORT EA/EL-5612, JAN 88 (416)
CONF PROCEEDINGS EPRI SPONSORED A FORUM DURING OCTOBER 6-9, 1987, IN
KANSAS CITY, MO, FOR DISCUSSING EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR PCB MANAGEMENT BY
ELECTRIC UTILITIES. PRESENTATIONS SUMMARIZED RESEARCH IN SUCH AREAS AS PCB
DESTRUCTION, ANALYSIS, SPILL CLEANUP, RISK ANALYSIS,, AND FIRES. PCB
DESTRUCTION DISCUSSIONS FOCUSED ON THERMAL TREATMENT, AND PROCESSES FOR
REMOVING PCB FROM CONTAMINATED TRANSFORMER OIL AND COOLANTS WERE ALSO
HIGHLIGHTED. RETROFILLING TECHNOLOGY, IN WHICH PCB-CONTAMINATED OIL IS
REPLACED WITH FRESH OIL TO REDUCE PCB CONTENT IN TRANSFORMERS, IS
DESCRIBED. OTHER TOPICS ADDRESSED INCLUDE PYROLYSIS AND COMBUSTION OF
PCB-CONTAMINATED TRANSFORMER FLUIDS, AND EQUIPMENT FOR TESTING PCB-LADEN
SOILS. (ENVIROLINE)
53
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
1294274 DE88000037/XAB
Ecological Research Needs at Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. Original
copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Auerbach, S. I.
Oak Ridge National Lab./ TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: ORNL/TM-10368
Aug 87 37p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8805; NSA1300
The Super fund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 includes
sections calling for new efforts in ecological research specifically
related to assessing threats to ecosystems from exposures to hazardous
wastes. This report describes some new and developing areas of ecological
research applicable to the assessment of hazards associated with chemically
contaminated sites, to various cleanup approaches and their potential
consequences, and to biological monitoring programs established for
surveillance after remedial actions have been taken. The application of
biological markers (biochemical indicators) offers a promising method for
monitoring and predicting the long-term effects of contaminants at the
population level. Research is needed to develop a quantitative relationship
between the chemical contaminants and changes in the suites of biological
markers. There is a need to determine the impact of wastes on the naturally
occurring microbial flora and the potential for in situ biodegradation as
well. Research is needed to develop improved exposure models for both
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems that can be used in routine assessments.
Dealing with the potentially disruptive effects of toxic substances on
ecosystems requires a knowledge of the flows of energy and matter and of
the related ecological food web. The prediction of possible disruptive
effects on a whole food web requires a detailed knowledge of the structure
of the web and of the many dynamic feedback effects in the total ecosystem.
(ERA citation 13:001765) (NTIS)
0193047 Enviroline Number: *88-041076
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY PLANNING GUIDE,
US NATL RESPONSE TEAM REPORT, MAR 87 (130)
FED GOVT REPORT EMERGENCY PLANNING GUIDELINES FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
SPILLS AND CONTAMINATION COMPILED BY THE 14 FEDERAL AGENCIES CONSTITUTING
THE U.S. NATL RESPONSE TEAM PRESENT A FEDERAL CONSENSUS UPON WHICH FUTURE
GUIDANCE AND TRAINING WILL BE BASED. THIS GUIDANCE CAN BE USED BOTH BY
LOCAL COMMUNITIES DEVELOPING THEIR OWN PLAN, AND BY LOCAL EMERGENCY
PLANNING COMMITTEES FORMED IN ACCORD WITH THE EMERGENCY PLANNING &
COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT OF 1986. PRACTICAL INFORMATION IS PRESENTED FOR
SELECTING AND ORGANIZING A PLANNING TEAM. THE TASKS OF THIS TEAM, HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS PLANNING ELEMENTS, AND PLAN APPRAISAL AND CONTINUING PLANNING
ASPECTS ARE COVERED. (ENVIROLINE)
54
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1297337 PB88-125257/XAB
Recent Advances in Hazardous Materials Transportation Research: An
international Exchange. State of the Art Report 3, Addendum
Library of Congress catalog card no. 86-18145.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 I
Hills, P. ; Geysen, W. J. ; Tomacheysky, E. G. ; Ringot, C. ; Pages, P.
Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Corp. Source Codes: 044780000
Report No.: TRB/TRR/SOAR-3-ADD; ISBN-0-309-03973-8
1986 40p i
Languages: English „„,,.„„«-
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
Country of Publication: United States
The 4 papers in the report deal with the following areas: the transport
of non-nuclear toxic and dangerous wastes in the United Kingdom; the
transport system of dangerous products as a risk factor for the future: the
computer aided information program on hazardous materials; a valifation
study of the INTERTRAN model for assessing risks of transportation
accidents: road transport of uranium hexafluoride; modifying the regulation
for small radioactive package transit through the Mont Blanc
tunnel-assessment of the health and economic impact. (NTIS)
0194174 Enviroline Number: *88-061215
RISK MANAGEMENT OF MANUFACTURED GAS PLANT WASTE SITES,,
COHAN DAVID ; RUNKE KURT D. ; WILSON DONALD S. |
INTLSI°CONGOTSENVC'PROFS/TVA HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT (PUDVAN) ,
MANU^CT^RED FROM COAL AND OIL WAS WIDELY USED UNTIL
LESS EXPENSIVE NATURAL GAS FROM PIPELINES RENDERED THIS TECHNOLOGY
OBSOLETE. THE GAS MANUFACTURING PROCESS GENERATED OILY TARS AND THICK
SLUDGES AS BY-PRODUCTS WHICH WERE OFTEN DISPOSED OF AT THE GAS PLANT SITE
AND EVENTUALLY ABANDONED. A METHODOLOGY FOR RISK MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS OF
SUCH HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES IS PROPOSED, AS DEVELOPED BY EPRI. THE SCOPE OF
THE ANALYSIS COVERS DIFFERENT TREATMENT AND REMEDIAL, ACTION OPTIONS,
EXPOSURE PATHWAYS, AND NEAR-SITE CANCER RISKS. THE ANALYTICAL APPROACH AND
DECISION TRADE-OFFS ARE ILLUSTRATED FOR AN ACTUAL GAS PLANT SITE. (1
DIAGRAM, 8 GRAPHS, 2 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE)
55
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CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT
88026216
Asbestos, Pollution Heighten Risk Focus
Katz, David M.
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
9-10 Jun 20, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
V92n25 PP:
Burgeoning exposures, such as those that emerge when asbestos is
revealed in office or home remodeling or when hazardous wastes are dug up
on a site, are combining with business changes to force construction risk
management to new levels of sophistication. Construction contractors are
facing new liabilities and opportunities for growth in asbestos abatement
and hazardous waste removal. Some contractors are moving into
government-privatization projects that require them to manage risks over
much longer time frames than they have been used to envisioning. Sometimes,
they must develop insurance plans for as long as 20 years into the future,
which is no easy task, considering the volatility of the market. William S.
Mclntyre, IV, chairman of the board of American Risk Transfer, says that
the tight market shocked many contractors into action in risk management,
inducing them to go into retrospective rating and other loss-sensitive
plans and to increase their loss control efforts. (ABI/INFORM)
Business Activity and the Environment:
Corporation and Thallium Sulphate
Singh, Jang B.
Jrnl of Business Ethics (Netherlands) v7n5
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The Case of Guyana Sugar
PP: 397-400 May 1988
The Guyana Sugar Corp.'s (GUYSUCO) importation of the lethal chemical,
thallium sulphate, led to acute and chronic poisoning of a large number of
Guyanese and untold damage to the environment that first became public in
1985. The basic ethical issue concerns the purchase of the chemical by
GUYSUCO for use as a rodenticide, despite warnings in 1973 from the World
Health Organization. The company's decision was influenced by the profit
motive — after the World Health Organization recommendation, the
subsequent drop in price made thallium sulphate economically attractive.
However, the chemical placed the lives of many at'risk, which was not
justified by an economic motive. Neither GUYSUCO nor the Guyanese
government disclosed the selling party, but since Guyana only now is
introducing dangerous-chemical legislation, neither the exporter nor
importer was acting illegally. Legality and morality do not necessarily
coincide ^in every case. Ethical implications also concern the right to a
safe environment and a worker's right to know about unsafe chemicals.
References. (ABI/INFORM)
56
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88010972
A Credible Philosophy to End Environmental Acrimony
Keller, George M.
Financier v!2n2 PP: 39-44 Feb 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The public dialogue on environmental issues is deteriorating, having
become more heated, more acrimonious, and more polarized. Industry must not
yield to frustration and must not make the mistake of accepting
polarization. A practical environmental policy is needed. A first step
would be to look objectively at the history of environmental issues.
Industry must accept responsibility for the problems that can be
legitimately attributed to it and must acknowledge that regulation to
protect the environment has been necessary. Nevertheless, industry deserves
a large share of the credit for developing the technology to reduce wastes
and - control pollution. Potential environmental problems: include: 1. the
shrinkage of forests, 2. the growth of deserts, and 3. depletion of the
ozone layer. Industry must set priorities using a systematic approach,
represented by the relatively new discipline of risk assessment. Lawmakers
should set objectives, but specific directives for achieving the objectives
must be set by experts at regulatory agencies, using state-of-the-art
technology. (ABI/INFORM)
88018766
EC Pollution Liability: Despite Slow Start, Europe Getting Tough with
Polluters
Karter, Jerome
Business Insurance v22n!8 PP: 43 May 2, 1988 |
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
Johnson & Higgins recently held a series of seminars about European
Economic Community (EEC) developments concerning pollution liability and a
directive on strict product liability. Jean Russotto of Oppenheimer, Wolff
& Donnelly noted that, since 1973, the EEC has adopted over 100 legislative
measures concerning environmental policy. A recent campaign sought to
improve public awareness and promote the use of nonpolluting technologies.
The EEC has amended the Treaty of Rome to assure that Europeans understand
the need for a communitywide environmental policy. A recent draft
legislative proposal seeks to impose a single, communitywide strict
liability regime covering all sources of environmental damage. The draft
would make environmental protection an essential element of all EEC
economic and social policies. Patricia Casey of Johnson & Higgins1 National
Casualty Office outlined 10 measures to prepare risk managers of US
multinationals for increasing environmental liability
legislation.(ABI/INFORM)
57
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88018753
EIL Claims Require Cooperation: Experts
Shalowitz, Deborah
Business Insurance v22n!8 PP: 18 May 2, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
Speaking at a recent conference of the Risk & Insurance Management
Society, Michael J. Murphy of Environmental Strategies Corp. suggested that
only a matrix approach will be helpful in handling environmental claims.
Many people are involved in handling an environmental claim, and managing
them is a monumental effort. Scott K. Lange of The Boeing Co._recommended
establishing an internal management team consisting of the risk manager,
the corporate counsel, a public relations person, and a respresentative of
senior management to handle an environmental claim. It is to the company's
advantage to have the insurer aware of and involved in the claims
management process. Lynne M. Miller of ESC warned risk managers to manage
their consultants effectively and said that estimating an end point on
environmental claims is crucial. (ABI/INFORM)
v92n24 PP:
88024943
Ethics — A First Lesson
Head, George
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
35-36 Jun 13, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
Just doing what is right or ethically proper may not be_ enough. It is
important to know why one's actions are right. Ethical considerations are
essential to every risk manager's decisions and actions. Corporate risk
managers routinely try to behave ethically in: 1. negotiating with
underwriters, agents and brokers, and claimants alleging injury,_ 2.
advocating passage of laws to enhance public safety, 3. financing physical
and vocational rehabilitation of injured parties, and 4. allocating risk
management costs within their organizations. However, most risk managers
may not know why this conduct is ethically sound. Definitions of ethical
behavior have been broadened to include an obligation to protect the
environment against pollution and to avoid harming fellow members of the
community. Most people now consider their ethical families to include all
humans and domesticated animals. A growing number of ethicists include all
living animals and plants, all animate and inanimate things in nature, and
future generations of humans. (ABI/INFORM)
88018752
Few Methods Available to Control EIL Costs
Shalowitz, Deborah
Business Insurance v22n!8 PP: 16 May 2, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
According to pollution experts speaking at the recent Risk & Insurance
Management Society conference, devising an effective risk management
program and purchasing adequate insurance can help control environmental
impairment liability (EIL) costs. Jeffery Telego of Risk Management
58
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Technologies Inc. noted that problems with hazardous waste will threaten
the profitability of many companies for years to come. Employing a
well-structured risk-financing and loss-control program will protect a
company's net income and corporate assets. Presently, there are 3
standalone US environmental impairment liability markets, each offering
claims-made, third-party liability coverage for sudden, accidental, and
gradual pollution on a per-site basis. Mark Vuono of Environmental
Compliance Services Inc. suggested that purchasers of EIL insurance
evaluate insurers carefully. It is crucial that senior management recognize
environmental risks, according to Carl A. Mattia of The PQ Corp.
(ABI/INFORM)
88017662
Gillette's Dr. No Guards Company Against Liability
Mclntyre, Kathryn J.
Business Insurance v22n!6 PP: 157-158 Apr 18, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The Gillette Co.'s first line of defense against product liability
claims is a vice-president of product integrity, Robert Giovacchini, known
as "Dr. No." He has the power to reject new product formulas, pull products
off the store shelves, and insist on warning labels. Giovacchini says the
company has a good system in which everyone is very safety-conscious, and
product ingredients are looked at long before the manufacturing stage.
Gillette Risk Management Administrator William L. Mather says that Gillette
exercises good control over product design and formulation, despite the
diversity and the volume of the 850 products it produces;. Giovacchini also
is involved in controlling the company's environmental liability exposure
and observing the waste products of its manufacturing processes.
(ABI/INFORM)
88018755
Honesty, Speed Curb Pollution Liability
Shalowitz, Deborah
Business Insurance v22n!8 PP: 21-22 May 2, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
At the recent Risk & Insurance Management Society conference, pollution
and insurance experts noted that all kinds of businesses can face pollution
liability problems, but those liabilities can be managed,. Helen B. Terry of
The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the US warned that service
industries particularly may be unprepared for the pollution liabilities
that can arise. Kenneth Z. Crumrine of Versar Inc. said that companies have
some maneuverability if they face environmental problems quickly and
openly. Pollution liability experts discussed actual sittiations experienced
by nonmanufacturers with pollution liability problems; that involved: 1.
contamination of a downtown office building, 2. a company that, after
purchasing an industrial part with intentions of developing the land, found
hazardous material on the property, 3. contamination of real estate
previously owned by a utility company, and 4. asbestos contamination.
(ABI/INFORM)
59
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88018754
Liability Never Ends for Waste Generators
Collins, Linda J.
Business Insurance v22n!8 PP: 20 Hay 2, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
Panelists at the recent Risk & Insurance Management Society conference
said that companies that generate hazardous chemical wastes face
significant risk management challenges when contracting with waste
transportation and disposal services. They may find out later that the
hazardous materials were not disposed of properly. The generator then can
be held liable by the government or the courts for cleanup costs under the
doctrine of joint and several liability. J. Stephen Buchanan of Chemical &
Environmental Conservation Systems advised making sure waste disposal
contractors operate with high quality control in all aspects of their
business. Companies should track the disposal process from start to finish.
Luis M. Nido of Bracewell & Patterson recommended that a company generating
chemical wastes should determine if the vendor actually performs all the
contractual obligations or if it subcontracts work, in which case the
subcontractor's credentials should be checked. (ABI/INFORM)
88024178
Loss Control Urged at PRIMA
Howard, Lisa S.
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
6,92-93 Jun 6, 1988
'AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
V92n23 PP:
Thomas L. Vance, president of the Public Risk and Insurance Management
Association (PRIMA), said many cities are lax about the risk management
aspects of the purchasing department. The purchasing order process is used
by many departments to circumvent the contractual process. Defective
products or getting the wrong product for the job are just 2 of the ways
the purchasing area can expose an organization to loss. Risk managers need
to develop a loss prevention program to reduce, prevent, or transfer risk.
Organizations need guidelines on when a purchasing order can be used or
when to enter into a services contract. The city of Anaheim, California,
for example, faced a substantial loss following the death of a window
washer^ because the city had used a purchase order instead of a contract.
The disposal of surplus and used material, some of which may contain a
hazardous substance, is an area of concern for a city. A review of all
safety equipment purchased by someone in risk management or safety is an
important area for preventing or reducing losses. (ABI/INFORM)
88007550
Outlook "88: Management fi Labor — Economic, Social Issues May Limit the
Industry's Ability to Compete
Krizan, William G.
ENR V220n3 PP: 104-107 Jan 21, 1988
60
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AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
In August 1987, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
expanded the "hazard communication" rule from chemical firms to all
industries. How employers cope with the rule may be the greatest challenge
for the construction industry this year. All firms will be required to keep
written information about hazardous substances in the workplace and display
warnings for their employees. However, OSHA may have to scrap part of the
rule due to a fight between OSHA and the Office of Management and Budget
over record-keeping requirements. The regulation already has been
challenged by 2 lawsuits. In 1988, one main focus of the union-nonunion
struggle that has been escalating for more than a decade will be
union-backed anti-doublebreasting legislation that, among other things,
would apply a union contractor's collective-bargaining agreement to
nonunion affiliates. Meanwhile, manpower availability will prove to be
another critical area where economic and social issues will collide.
(ABI/INFORM)
88024941
Managing Waste: Why the Feds Should Keep Out |
Baram, Michael .
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) v92n24 PP:
31-32 Jun 13, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
A variety of firms produces or uses toxic chemicals that produce
hazardous waste. These firms may include small companies lacking expertise
in waste management. Whatever the method of disposal, hazardous wastes pose
risks to the health of workers and community residents and threaten
property and natural resources. Waste generators face ;a legal environment
in which federal, state, and local officials are setting increasingly
stringent regulations on waste disposal, and the costs of regulatory
compliance are escalating. At a recent conference on risk management
strategies for problems involving hazardous waste storage and disposal,
participants agreed that regulatory requirements and liability
considerations had caused large chemical producers to increase on-site
storage and treatment. Rather than increasing federal regulations,
integrated waste management should be left to industry. Encouragement,
training, and technical assistance should be provided by state agencies for
small companies. (ABI/INFORM) j
1297340 PB88-125307/XAB
Regulating Industrial Risks. An Executive Summary of a Workshop.
Executive Report 8
Sponsored by International Inst. for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg
(Austria), and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, Paris (France). Man and the Biosphere Programme.
Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office
for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 2985,
Luxembourg.
NTIS Prices: PC E03/MF E03
Maini, J. S. ; Peltu, M. ; Otway, H.
Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
61
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Corp. Source Codes: 048489000
Sponsor: International Inst. for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg
(Austria).; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, Paris (France). Man and the Biosphere Programme.
Report No.: EUR-10300-EN
C1986 24p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC E03/MF E03 Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
Country of Publication: Other
The report is an executive summary of a workshop held at Ispra in October
1984, sponsored by the JRC; the International Institute for Applied Systems
Analysis (IIASA); and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO), It describes the background of the
industrial risk program and summarizes the main points to be considered in
risk management activities. (Copyright (c) ECSC-EEC-EAEC,
Brussels-Luxembourg, 1986.) (NTIS)
88017137
RIMS Agenda Projects the Future
Roskopf, John F.
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
25-27 Apr 18, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
V92nl6 PP:
In an effort to identify underlying trends in the Risk & Insurance
Management Society's (RIMS) industry, a comparison was made between 1978
and 1988. For example, in 1978, there were 2,976 corporate members, and
today, there are 4,063 members. By using the RIMS' annual conference agenda
as a barometer, some observations can be made about the industry. First,
the 4 major issues continue to be employee benefits, loss control,
captives, and workers compensation, with added emphasis on employee
benefits. Also, a major trend highlighted in seminars and the trade press
is environmental impairment. The biggest change from within the discipline
of risk management is the growth of risk management information systems.
Communication continues to be an important issue for many risk managers,
and insurer solvency is a growing concern. The newest and fastest growing
occupational hazard is workers compensation claims related to the use of
video display terminals. These issues formulate the basis for future
expectations. (ABI/INFORM)
RISK MANAGERS RANK TORT REFORM HIGH
Aschkenasy, Janet
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
9,38 May 9, 1988 '
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
V92nl9 PP:
According to a survey conducted by Alexander & Alexander of 340 large
corporate insurance buyers, risk managers rank civil justice reform as
their highest congressional priority. Some 46% of respondents accorded
Civil justice reform their highest rating, while another 30% indicated the
issue was of "above average" importance. In a smaller sampling of senior
insurance company executives, 97% ranked civil justice reform as their
highest priority. Other areas of primary federal concern noted by the risk
62
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managers were: 1. expansion of the workers compensation system, 2.
workplace safety, 3. directors' and officers' liability, 4. the
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 5. health care for the
uninsured, and 6. retirement or pension income liability. A majority of
those surveyed did not rate environmental impairment as a significant
issue. (ABI/INFORM)
88028107
Risky Business
Cassidy, Kevin A.
Security Mgmt v32n5 PP:
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
45-46 May 1988
Hazardous materials usually are given little consideration by company
management until a crisis arises. Since the security department must cope
with safely storing and transporting these materials and is called upon
first when a crisis occurs, a program for handling hazardous materials and
dealing with adverse situations should be established. The Factory Mutual
System Approval Guide suggests that the first step involves carrying out a
risk analysis audit (RAA) to measure the scope of the. management problem
and make recommendations. This RAA should involve an investigation of
storage and transportation of the materials, a record of the materials and
their effects, and an estimation of possible monetary loss; in the event of
a crisis. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) standards also
should be met. Finally, a fire precautions system should be established
along with a strategic plan for handling a catastrophe. References.
(ABI/INFORM)
63
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88009762
So Many Cooks: Risk Information Programs Grow
Baram, Michael
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) v92n7 PP:
15,54 Feb 15, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
An Environment Protection Agency (EPA) study has found that, nationally,
6,900 chemical accidents have occurred in the last 5 years. A new federal
law and many state and local laws require companies and agencies to share
risk information and develop emergency response plans. Some states are
enacting programs to require firms to prevent the accidents by forcing them
to evaluate their accident potential and take steps to prevent these
occurrences. Consultants and industry managers are focusing on 3 problem
areas: 1. evaluating accident potential, 2. reducing accident potential,
and 3. responding effectively after an accident. The Federal Emergency
Management Agency and the EPA are developing criteria for reviewing whether
local emergency response planning is adequate. Moreover, the agencies are
developing guidelines for local community emergency planners to use when
evaluating computerized emergency planning and response systems.
(ABI/INFORM)
88015528
Spin Control: No Substitute for Risk Control
Katz, David M.
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
vso should be met. Finally, a fire precautions system should be
flowed from an act of solid risk management. However, problems are created
when companies rely on adroit public relations to compensate for weaknesses
in their approach to risk management. This is demonstrated by Ashland Oil's
handling of the diesel-fuel spill on the Monongahela River on January 2,
1988. The initial response was an excellent example of spin control, but
the public's need to prevent another crisis soon overrode its appreciation
of Ashland's gestures. Environmental Protection Agency reports made it
clear that Ashland had only reactive contingency plans and undertook no
prevention control measures. (ABI/INFORM)
88015994
The Tangled Web of Chemical Haaard Regulations
Diekemper, Roman F.
Risk Mgmt v35n3 PP: 26-30 Mar 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
One of the biggest challenges facing corporate management is the
regulation and control of chemical hazards. The best way to meet this
challenge is with a systematic risk management process that identifies,
evaluates, and controls the risk. The importance of audits or evaluations
of the management of chemical hazards cannot be overstated. The evaluation
process should probe all aspects of hazard control — from management
policy to all phases of operations. The beginning of the process should
address whether hazardous chemicals are used or stored, how they are
managed, and the state of compliance with regulatory requirements. The
trend of letting chemical-involved fires burn themselves out raises
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questions about property damage and business interruption. The evaluation
of the management of hazardous materials should cover all aspects of hazard
control, including: 1. employee attitude, 2. safety coordination, 3. safety
activities, and 4. emergency plans. A systematic approach to the control of
hazardous materials then should be developed. (ABI/INFORM)
88017130
Underground Tank Regs Loom
Miller, Lynne M.
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
9,11-13 Apr 18, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
v92n!6 PP:
A year ago, federal standards for underground storage tanks (UST) were
proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Final regulations
on USTs are due to be published in about 12 weeks. For the first time, a
comprehensive federal program on USTs will include: 1. technical standards,
2. standards for operation and maintenance, and 3. tank-testing and
financial-responsibility requirements. Risk managers must become familiar
with UST regulations, become actively involved in their company's tank
management plan, and • determine areas of exposure to third parties and
property. Although the new regulations will be phased in over a 10-year
period, prudent risk managers will develop a strong tank management program
that deals with financial responsibility, leak detection, and tank
upgrading. Allowable financial assurance mechanisms include: 1. insurance,
2. indemnity contract, 3. surety bond, and 4. risk retention group
coverage. The EPA is aware that insurance is not available to meet all
financial responsibility requirements for underground tanks.
(ABI/INFORM) !
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66
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Risk
COMMUNICATION
...THE PROCESS OP EDUCATING AND
INFORMING AN AUDIENCE TO MAKE
BETTER PERSONAL AND SOCIETAL
DECISIONS REGARDING RISK
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER
88020745
The Expanded Hazard Communication Standard: New Compliance Burdens for
Nonmanufacturing Employers
Goldsmith, Willis J.
Employee Relations Law Jrnl v!3n4 PP: 695-705 Spring 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has published
its revised Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), which requires
nonmanufacturing employers to establish hazard communications programs by
May 22, 1988. The revised HCS is designed to protect employees from
hazardous chemicals by means of a program consisting of 4 parts: 1. written
hazard communication programs for each work site, 2. labels and other forms
of warning, 3. material safety data sheets, and 4. employee instruction and
training. The new HCS already has been challenged in 4 different lawsuits,
2 of them involving the construction industry. Expansion of HCS to the
nonmanufacturing sector is likely to result in increased compliance
problems for OSHA. The Office of Management and Budget and the private
sector have urged OSHA to develop a model generic hazard communication
program to help employers develop programs which comply with the new HCS.
References. (ABI/INFORM)
88021076
A Hazardous Mix: Discretion to Disclose and Incentives) to Suppress Under
OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard
Carle, Susan D.
Yale Law Jrnl v97n4 PP: 581-601 Mar 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
After years of delay, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) has promulgated the Hazard Communication Standa.rd (HCS) requiring
chemical manufacturers to provide warnings with products they deem to be
dangerous. However, it is argued that the wide discretion given
manufacturers in performing hazard evaluation under HCS renders the
standard ineffective. Although there are market incentives against hazard
information disclosure, weak incentives to comply with the standard are
greatly outweighed. Thus, the HCS does not significantly alleviate these
market failure problems. The tort system has difficulty in imposing the
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costs of chemical injuries on manufacturers, and recent studies show
extensive noncompliance with HCS. Manufacturers do not conduct careful
hazard evaluations under HCS because the standard does not require
disclosure of product ingredients evaluated as nonhazardous. An effective
standard must allow independent evaluations by interested parties by
requiring chemical manufacturers to disclose product ingredients. Congress
should direct OSHA to add an ingredient disclosure rule to HCS. References.
88010794
Industry Prepares for Title III
MacKerron, Conrad B.
Chemical Week v!42n9 PP: 40-41 Mar 2, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
Title III of the Superfund Law — the Emergency Planning and Community
Right-To-Know Law requires companies involved with chemicals to comply with
March 1, 1988, and July 1, 1988, disclosure deadlines. Although the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has many educational programs, most
agencies remain confused about the law's meaning. According to EPA
officials, the majority of facilities failed to submit the required data
regarding hazardous chemicals by the October 1987 deadline. By Marcl^l,
1988, companies are required to file, with local emergency planning
officials, a list of hazardous substances located in the workplace.
Facilities that use 10,000 pounds per year of any of 309 toxic chemicals
listed in Title III must report to EPA by July 1, 1988. As the data are
released in 1989, EPA officials will try to interpret the information
properly and eliminate potential public upset. Data will be audited and
cross-checked for veracity. As local officials learn to interpret the data,
they can design emergency evacuation and other contingency plans.
(ABI/INFORM)
88013561
Industry Tries to Decipher Hazard Rules
Rich, Laurie A.; Bradford, Hazel
Chemical Week vl42n!2 PP: 34-35,39 Mar 23, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
Representatives of the chemical process industries (CPI) have tried for
years to convince legislators to make all industries, not just the CPI,
bear the brunt of federal environmental laws. Starting May 23rd, the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) will make most
employers and workers subject to OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard
(HCS). Although employers are willing to comply with the HCS and provide a
hazard communication program, many small business owners are unsure of how
to do so. To prepare for the May deadline, John J. Whittelsey, a former
counsel to Union Carbide, suggests the following steps: 1. Have documented
proof of attempts to gain information. 2. Take inventory of all compounds
on company premises and determine if any are on OSHA's hazardous-substance
list. 3. Prepare material safety data sheets on any hazardous chemical
found. A development and training package is available from S. C. Johnson &
Son. The package is intended to assist the company's customers and product
distributors in understanding and complying with the new regulations.
(ABI/INFORM)
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88023434
New OSHA Recordkeeping Requirements
Parliman, Gregoiry C.
Small Business Report Vl3n5 PP: 64
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
May 1988
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has increased
its enforcement activity in the areas of injury and illnesss record keeping
and compliance with the new Hazard Communication Standard. The
record-keeping requirements are relatively simple and straightforward. OSHA
requires all companies to maintain a log of every occupational injury or
illness at each business site. In addition, a year-to-date summary of any
occupational injuries and illnessess must be kept by most firms. These
records must be kept by the company for 5 years and must be available for
inspection and copying by representatives of the Secretary of Labor. In
addition, all accidents involving deaths and all hospitalizations of 5 or
more employees must be reported to the nearest office of the OSHA area
director within 48 hours of their occurrence. The Hazard^Communication
Standard, which applies to manufacturing and nonmanufacturing companies,
involves container labeling, employee training, and the use of
material-safety data sheets. (ABI/INFORM) ;
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...TEE PROCESS OF EDUCATING AND INFORMING
AND AUDIENCE TO HAKE BETTER PERSONAL
AND SOCIETAL DECISION REGARDING RISK
INFORMING THE PUBLIC
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SI2EWELL B PUBLIC INQUIRY IN FACILITATING
COMMUNICATION ABOUT THE RISKS OF NUCLEAR POWER,
DAVIES RICHARD
OTA, DC,
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN VALUES, SUMMER-FALL 87, V12, N3-4, P102(9)
JOURNAL ARTICLE A PUBLIC INQUIRY TO CONSIDER PUBLIC VIEWS AND
OPPOSITION TO THE PROPOSED SIZEWELL B NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN THE U.K. WAS
CONDUCTED DURING 1982-85. ITS APPROVAL OF THE PROJECT CAME DESPITE
CONSIDERABLE PUBLIC OPPOSITION TO NUCLEAR POWER BUT HAD BEEN WIDELY
ANTICIPATED SINCE THE INQUIRY WAS FIRST ANNOUNCED IN 1979. MANY MEMBERS OF
THE PUBLIC DID NOT HAVE CONFIDENCE THAT THE INQUIRY WOULD BE SUFFICIENTLY
INDEPENDENT FROM EITHER THE INFLUENCE OR THE VALUES OF THE RULING
CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENT, THE U.K. DEPT. OF ENERGY, OR THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY
TO YIELD A FAIR OUTCOME. THE WAYS IN WHICH THE INQUIRY'S APPROACH INHIBITED
RISK COMMUNICATION ARE REVEALED. (25 REFERENCES) (ENVIROLINE)
454844 861002954
Elites in conflict: nuclear energy, ideology, and the perception
of risk.
Rothman, Stanley and S. Robert Lichter.
J Contemporary Studies 8:23-44 Summer/Fall '85, tables
LANGUAGE: Engl
DOC TYPE: P
How mass opinion on nuclear energy is formed; U.S.
(PAIS)
0193144 Enviroline Number: *88-041173
THE EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT: AN EXPLANATION OF
TITLE III OF SARA,
BURCAT JOEL R. ; HOFFMAN ARTHUR K.
(RHOADS & SINON, PA) AND, ; (DUANE, MORRIS & HECKSCHER, PA) ,
ENV LAW REPORTER, JAN 88, VIS, Nl, P10007(21)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT
(EPCRA) WAS ENACTED IN OCTOBER 1986 AS TITLE III OF THE 1986 SUPERFUND
AMENDMENTS. RATHER THAN PREEMPTING STATE OR LOCAL LAWS, EPCRA SUPPORTS
STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN THEIR EFFORTS TO DEAL WITH HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCES, REQUIRING THEM TO HAVE EMERGENCY PLANS AND CREATING THE MEANS
FOR THEM AND THE PUBLIC TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT POTENTIAL DANGERS. EACH
SECTION OF THE ACT IS ANALYZED, AND EPA'S REGULATORY IMPLEMENTATION OF IT
IS DISCUSSED, AS IS THE LAW'S RELATIONSHIP TO OSHA. ALTHOUGH EPCRA IS A
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SIGNIFICANT ADVANCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, ITS FAILURE TO PREEMPT STATE
AND LOCAL REGULATIONS WILL PREVENT DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAR AND UNIFORM RIGHTS
AND RESPONSIBILITIES, AND ITS REQUIREMENT THAT REGULATED BUSINESSES
DISCLOSE TRADE SECRETS TO EPA IMPOSES BURDENS ON TKEK THAT MAY BE
EXCESSIVE. (NUMEROUS REFERENCES) (ENVIROLINE)
484692 880908351
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) J 13:2-46 N '87, bibl il map
LANGUAGE: Engl
DOC TYPE: P . . . ,
Whether a risk management approach to environmental problems is viable; 16
articles. , :
Partial contents: Environmental decision-making today; Risk communication:
getting ready for "right-to-know," by Charles L. Elkins; Risk
communication: getting out the message about radon, lay .Ann Fisher; From
the outside: an industry view, by Robert C. Barnard; Protecting Cape
Cod's ground water, by Greg Supernovich. (PAIS)
06532363 88177363
Environmental risk. Health risk communication at the Agency for Toxic Subs
Registry.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia 3O333.
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Dec 1987, 7 (4) p409-12, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Languages: ENGLISH .,:,.,. ^ ^
I have described areas for which ATSDR has responsibilities that we see
as involving risk communication. I conclude by indicating, based on our
professional experience and from meetings with the public where we have
presented health information, what we consider to be five elements required
of successful risk communication. The first element we suggest is the
credibility of the source. If you have no credibility, no matter how
accurate, how truthful, how up-to-date, how important, how dramatic your
message is, you are not going to be heard. So you start with credibility.
The quality of the message is the second building block of successful risk
communication. By quality of the message, I mean whether it is accurate,
truthful, up-to-date, and based on current scientific knowledge. The^third
element is the degree of involvement of the receiver of the message in the
shaping of the message. If the receiver has not been involved in the
process, then the likelihood of successful risk communication is going to
be diminished. Get the receivers involved up front. That means, in the case
of community health studies, get those persons involved in the community
who have been most concerned about the health issues. To the extent
possible, involve community leaders, citizen groups, physicians, the news
media, and concerned individual citizens in the design, conduct, and
evaluation of community health surveys and studies. The fourth element is
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1
the quality of the delivery. If you present the message in government
jargon and do not speak with, but to, the audience, you are going to find
difficulties in successful communication. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
(MEDLINE)
06775391 DATABASE: MI File 47
How do risk perceptions respond to information? The case of
radon.
Smith, V. Kerry; Johnson, F. Reed
Review of Economics and Statistics v70 pi(8) Feb, 1988
CODEN: RECSA
illustration; table
SIC CODE: 8231
CAPTIONS: Characteristics of sample respondents.; Risk perception models.
DESCRIPTORS: Risk assessment—mathematical models; Information services—
mathematical models; Decision-making—Mathematical models
(MAGAZINE INDEX)
88022661
PRIMA Report: RHs Ponder Right-to-Know Laws
Howard, Lisa S.
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
3,54 May 30, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
V92n22 PP:
According to consultant Thomas L. Zera, risk managers must determine if
they comply with the newly expanded right-to-know regulation developed by
the federal Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA). On May 23,
1988, the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard was expanded to include all
private employers in all states, and it now preempts state right-to-know
laws. The communication standard was designed to make sure that the
hazardous chemicals are adequately identified and that the information is
transmitted and communicated to everyone in the workplace who may be
exposed. Employers should take the following steps to comply with the
standard: 1. Undertake a chemical inventory. 2. Produce or obtain material
safety data sheets, detailing the chemical's contents, properties, and
hazards. 3. Put together a chemical list of hazardous substances. 4. Use
adequate labeling. 5. Set up chemical control procedures. 6. Establish a
written hazard communication program. (ABI/INFORM)
479091 880307547
Public perception of technological risk.
Pilisuk, Marc and others.
Social Science J (Fort Worth) 24:403-13 no 4 '87, tables
LANGUAGE: Engl
DOC TYPE: P
Public concerns about dangers to their health and safety f^om contaminated
drxnking water, cancer causing chemicals, pesticide residues, nuclear
war, and other hazardous ' risks; based on a public opinion survey of
three California cities.
Different levels of concern for potential risk; gender differences;
sources of information and trust in information. (PAIS)
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0192297 Enviroline Number: 88-021308
RADON RISK INFORMATION AND VOLUNTARY PROTECTION: EVIDENCE FROM A NATURAL
EXPERIMENT,
JOHNSON F. REED ; LUKEN RALPH A.
EPA,
RISK ANALYSIS, 1987, V7, Nl, P97(ll)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THIS STUDY EXAMINES THE PERCEIVED RISKS AND MITIGATING
BEHAVIOR OF MAINE HOUSEHOLDS WHO RECEIVED NEW INFORMATION ON THEIR
EXPOSURES TO SIGNIFICANT HEALTH RISKS FROM INDOOR RADON. THE OBSERVED
RESPONSES OF THESE HOUSEHOLDS ILLUSTRATE CONCEPTUAL ISSUES RELATED TO
DESIGNING AN EFFECTIVE RISK INFORMATION PROGRAM. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE
RISK INFORMATION APPROACH USED IN MAINE FAILED TO INDUCE VOLUNTARY
PROTECTION. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE FORMATION OF RISK PERCEPTIONS
AND SUBSEQUENT BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENTS INVOLVE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS AMONG
INFORMATIONAL, CONTEXTUAL, SOCIOECONOMIC, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES. (26
REFERENCES, 4 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE)
0192595 Enviroline Number: *88-031109
SUPERFUND 1987: SARA'S SLOW START,
RANDEL SUSAN :
CHEMICAL BUSINESS, AUG 87, V9, N8, P10(3)
JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH THE PASSAGE OF THE SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS &
REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1986, $8.5 BILLION IS NOW AVAILABLE FOR CLEANING UP
TOXIC WASTE SITES OVER THE NEXT FIVE YEARS. EPA'S SLOW IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE ACT IS ATTRIBUTED TO WRANGLING BETWEEN THE AGENCY AND OMB OVER EPA'S
NEW REGULATIONS AND OTHER FACTORS. THE NEW SUPERFUND PROVISIONS CONTAINED
IN THE ACT, SUCH AS TITLE III, OR THE EMERGENCY PLANNING/COMMUNITY
RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT OF 1986, WILL SLOW DOWN CLEANUP EFFORTS. HOWEVER, THE NEW
LAWS WILL STREAMLINE THE TOXIC WASTE SITE CLEANUP SETTLEMENT PROCESS, BY
ENABLING EPA TO SET NEGOTIATION DEADLINES AND MAKE CASH SETTLEMENTS WITH
THE SMALLER CONTRIBUTORS TO DEFRAY THE CLEANUP COSTS AT POLLUTED SITES. (4
PHOTOS) (ENVIORLINE)
I
0194145 Enviroline Number: *88-061186
SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS OFFER HOPE FOR PLAINTIFFS IN TOXIC TORT
ACTIONS,
CHADD CHARLES M. ; O'MALLEY JOHN J.
POPE BALLARD SHEPARD & FOWLE LTD, IL,
NATL LAW J, MAR 21, 88, V10, N28, P16(4)
JOURNAL ARTICLE TITLE III OF THE SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS AND
REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1986, THE EMERGENCY PLANNING & COMMUNITY
RIGHT-TO-KNOW LAW, HAS THE POTENTIAL FOR BRINGING GOVERNMENT REGULATORY
STANDARDS AND PRIVATE PERSONAL INJURY ACTIONS INTO A MUCH CLOSER
RELATIONSHIP THAN BEFORE. LOCAL COMMUNITY EMERGENCY PLANNING APPLIES TO
THOSE COMPANIES THAT MAINTAIN THRESHOLD PLANNING QUANTITIES OF CERTAIN
CHEMICALS; IMMEDIATE REPORTING OF CHEMICAL RELEASES APPLIES WHEN HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCES ARE RELEASED IN REPORTABLE QUANTITIES. THE COMMUNITY'S RIGHT TO
KNOW WHAT CHEMICALS ARE BEING USED IN LOCAL PLANTS APPLIES TO ALL COMPANIES
SUBJECT TO THE OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD. EACH STATE WAS REQUIRED
BY EARLY 1987 TO DEVELOP AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE COMMISSION. THE
RAMIFICATIONS OF THE STATUTE'S PROVISIONS FOR FUTURE TOXIC TORT SUITS ARE
CONSIDERED. (ENVIROLINE)
i
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88024640
Title III Compliance: CPI Managers Hustle to Meet the Deadline
MacKerron, Conrad B.; Rich, Laurie A.
Chemical Week v!42n25 PP: 22-24 Jun 22, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
On July 1, 1988, to comply with the 1986 Community Right-To-Know Act
(Title III of the Superfund law), scores of firms will, for the first time,
have to inform communities about hazardous chemicals used in or emitted
from their facilities. Executives feel that information disclosed about
hazardous substances will attract much attention and test the abilities of
their companies to interact with the public. Data will have to be reported
on a special form developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
According to Bruce Karrh of Du Pont, meeting the reporting requirements for
the first time has involved a lot of scrambling by companies. He said that
Du Pont spent about $2 million to prepare the necessary data. The EPA's
Charles L. Elkins says that the agency will use company-supplied
information as a database to justify more regulation where necessary.
(ABI/INFORM)
0193543 Enviroline Number: *88-051075
TRUTH AND CONSEQUENCES: HEALTH AGENCY RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
PROBLEMS,
OZONOFF DAVID ; BODEN LESLIE I.
BOSTON UNIV,
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN VALUES, SUMMER-FALL 87, V12, N3-4, P70(8)
JOURNAL ARTICLE CONCERNS ABOUT HEALTH PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH TOXIC
EXPOSURES IN COMMUNITIES ARE NOT BEING ADEQUATELY ADDRESSED BY DEPARTMENTS
OF PUBLIC HEALTH. CASE STUDIES OF TOXIC EXPOSURES IN LOVE CANAL, NY, AND
PLYMOUTH, MA, PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF INADEQUATE COMMUNICATION OF RISK
INFORMATION BY HEALTH DEPARTMENTS. AS THESE CASE HISTORIES SHOW, THERE WAS
A CLEAR ATTEMPT TO DENY THE EXISTENCE OF THE PROBLEM. ACCURATE AND TIMELY
COMMUNICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK INFORMATION IS ESSENTIAL TO THE MISSION
OF PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCIES. HOWEVER, OFFICIALS HAVE SUBSTANTIAL INCENTIVES
TO MINIMIZE SUCH RISKS OR NOT TO COMMUNICATE THEM AT ALL. THE COMMUNITY
TOXICS MOVEMENT, A RELATIVELY NEW PHENOMENON, IS BRINGING PRESSURE TO BEAR
ON PUBLIC OFFICIALS. THE MOST CONSTRUCTIVE RESPONSE TO SUCH PRESSURE IS FOR
OFFICIALS TO INVOLVE LOCAL CITIZENS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES FROM THE
DESIGN STAGE ONWARD. (1 DIAGRAM, 23 REFERENCES) (ENVIROLINE)
06574246 88219246
Your right-to-know [editorial]
Van Scotter DE
Wis Dent Assoc J (UNITED STATES)
Journal Code: WIS
Languages: ENGLISH
(MEDLINE)
Feb 1988, 64 (2) p75, ISSN 0887-9699
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INFORMING THE WORKER
I
06565844 88210844
Focus on: your right to know.
Koester K
Dent Assist (Waco Tx) (UNITED STATES) Mar-Apr 1988, 7 (4) p29-31,
ISSN 0744-012X Journal Code: DAS
Languages: ENGLISH (MEDLINE)
88007972
Hazard Communication Standard Guidelines
Dave, Niru
Professional Safety v33nl PP: 21-26 Jan 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM :
The hazard communication standard of the Occupational Safety & Health
Administration is intended to reduce risk to workers by requiring hazard
evaluation of chemicals. Since the standard applies to all employers,
guidelines are presented to assist organizations using hazardous chemicals
in complying with it. The guidelines provide a practical step-by-step
approach for reviewing a firm's need for compliance and suggestions^on
steps to take. The areas covered are: 1. preparation, 2. utilizing
information labels, 3. acquiring materials safety data sheets, 4. informing
and training employees, 5. informing other employers within multiemployer
work sites, 6. informing commercial customers (retail stores), and 7.
implementing a written hazard communication program. Illustrations.
(ABI/INFORM)
06534424 88179424
Hazardous Substance Center: a poison center's workers right to know
program.
Krenzelok EP; Dean BS
Pittsburgh Poison Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA.
Vet Hum Toxicol (UNITED STATES) Feb 1988, 30 (1) pl8-20, ISSN
0145-6296 Journal Code: XBV ;
Languages: ENGLISH
Workers Right To Know (WRTK) legislation has been enacted in several
states. It is landmark advocacy legislation for employees and communities
who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals, but it is also a complex and
costly problem for business, industry, and nonprofit organizations. The
Hazardous Substance Center (HSC), a division of the Pittsburgh Poison
Center, was created to develop and implement programs to enable^the
business community to comply with the requirements of WRTK legislation.
Specifically, the HSC provides the client with a 24-hour toxicology
resource which objectively assists employees in the interpretation of the
health-related effects information on material safety data sheets (MSDS)
and assists them and medical professionals in the management of acute_and
chronic exposures. A variety of online databases and reference materials
are utilized to respond to these inquiries. Each case is documented using
the AAPCC Report Form. Data is analyzed to identify trends which can be
used to assist the client in complying with the educational component. The
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HSC also provides a labeling program to the client to identify and classify
hazardous substances. The service is provided for an annual contractual fee
and creates an additional source of poison center revenue.
(MEDLINE)
New Regs Highlight Risk Communication
Helsing, Lyse D.
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
13,29-30 Jul 4, 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
V92n27 PP:
Risk analysis, a major new environmental management tool, is evolving to
include risk communication as part of the total risk management process.
There is a need to better understand the effect of environmental
regulations on business operations, and the public is more aware of
environmental pollution and its; potentially adverse health effects. The
public needs a better understanding of factors that influence environmental
risk management decisions. Environment risk analysis is a multistep process
that involves: 1. chemical-release identification, 2. pollutants' pathways
of migration, 3. exposure assessment, and 4. risk characterization. A risk
communication program may include: 1. determination of the objective, 2.
translation of raw data into nontechnical language, 3. the use of
understandable graphics, 4. preparation of answers to likely questions from
citizens, and 5. development of printed material for the media.
(ABI/INFORM)
06704809 DATABASE: MI File 47
Projects demonstrate how to involve physicians in care of workers at risk
of health impairment. (Workers' institute for Safety and
Health)
Raymond, Chris Anne
JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association v259 p2350(l) April
22, 1988
SIC CODE: 8011
DESCRIPTORS: Occupational diseases—surveys; Hazardous substances—Health
aspects; Physicians—practice; Health risk assessment—surveys
(MAGAZINE INDEX)
88028109
SARA and the Security Professional
Hoover, David H.
Security Mgmt v32n5 PP: 53-55 May 1988
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III of
1986 promotes emergency planning and notification to the public when
hazardous chemicals are released, in addition, the Act promotes information
involving the use, storage, or manufacturing of hazardous chemicals within
a community and training of people who are first on the scene when
incidents occur. The Occupational Safety & Health Administration's (OSHA)
Hazard Communication Standard extends SARA to all businesses in the US
having a chemical that must be reported under Environmental Protection
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Agency rules or covered by OSHA. When the states adopted SARA in 1987,
State Emergency Response Commissions (SERC) were established to create
local planning districts, appoint emergency planning committees, and set
district boundaries. Thus, security personnel must: 1. be aware of the
hazardous materials at business facilities, 2. aid in the development of an
internal emergency plan, and 3. participate in the two 12-hour training
courses required by SARA Title III for all first response people.
(ABI/INFORM)
[
0508095 DATABASE: LRI File 150
Toxic tort groups formed; organizations work to pass legislation to protect
employees.
Moss, Debra Cassens
ABA Journal 73 31(1) Oct 1, 1987 1
illustration; photograph
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUS
JURISDICTION: United States
DESCRIPTORS: Right to know (Hazardous substances)—law and legislation/-
Toxic Victims Association—aims and objectives; Occupations, Dangerous
—law and legislation (LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
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