FOR  WATKR  POLLUTION C'ONTROI
                   U. S.      OF THE

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A         FOR


       I

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        Man is destroying Lake Erie, Although the accelerating destruction process has been inadvertent,
it is as positive as if he had put all his energies into devising and implementing the means, After two gener-
ations  the process has gained a momentum which now requires a monumental effort to retard. The effort must
not. only be basin-wide  and highly coordinated; it  must be immediate. Every moment lost in allowing the
destruction to continue will require a longer, more difficult, and more expensive corrective action.

         Fortunately, although Lake Erie  is the most sensitive of the Great, Lakes to waste inputs, it is also
the most amenable to  corrective measures because  of its relatively small volume.,  rapid ftashout time,  and
the high volume input  of excellent quality Lake Huron water. Lake  Erie's total response to cleanup, begin-
ning now, will thus he measured in years or tens of years  while the  other lakes might require hundreds of
years.

         The cleanup of Lake  Erie is less  a problem  of engineering than it is a problem of diverse, inade-
quate,  and unwieldy changing  governmental  policies,  funding, and  management.  The technical  engineering
methods of waste control are known or close at hand with the  main  requirement being only their coordinated
application.  As  an  international, and an interstate body of water, management  involves two national govern-
ments, five  state  governments,, one  provincial government,  and a multitude  of local governments, Primary
responsibility for pollution  control lies at  the stale and provincial level.

         The overall Great Lakes pollution problem was  ackowledged in 1960 when funds mere appropriated,
under  authorization of the Federal Water Pollution  Control  Act  of  1956,  for  a comprehensive study of the
Great Lakes, The  study was undertaken by the Division of  Water Supply and Pollution Control  of the U. S,
Public Health  Service.  1 he  Lake Erie portion  of the study began  in  1963,  The Water Quality Act of 1965
transferred responsibility for the studies  to the newly formed Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
which a short time later was transferred to the Department of the Interior,

         fr ederal involvement in the Great Lakes  pollution control  effort  led  to several significant actions
concerning Lake Erie,  In 1962 at the request of the Governor of Michigan, a Federal Enforcement Conference
convened to identify actions  needed to abate serious pollution  in Michigan's waters  of the basin. In 1965, at
the request of the  Governor of Ohio, another Federal, Enforcement Conference  was held, with all  five states
of the  basin represented, to make recommendations and adopt schedules for abatement of waste discharges to
the United States portion of the basin,  The recommendations were approved by the  Secretary of the Interior,

         The Water Quality Act of 1965 gave new urgency and support to the cooperative work already under-
way.  The establishment of interstate water quality  standards  was required  by the Act, These standards,  a
joint effort by  the  States and the federal government, constitute a focal point for even greater effort. The
1.966 Clean  Water Restoration amendments invited the  Stales to adopt the  same policy of standards to  intra-
stale waters  and all Lake  Erie Stales are doing so, Jhese amendments also called for much larger federal
expenditures in pollution control.

         Pollution  control programs in the Lake  Erie basin must  be  directed, in the  years ahead,  to the
achievement of these standards and to the fulfillment of the agreements of the two enforcement conferences,
In addition, programs should be directed to even further measures needed for the cleanup ofintrastate streams,
reduction of nutrients,  consolidation of waste water treatment plants, and strengthening of State participation
as outlined in this  report.  Success in these efforts will  require strong  public support and continuing overall
direction and coordination of the vast array of pollution abatement machinery by the Federal government.

         This report recommends a plan of action, combining immediate and long-range needs. It describes
the pollution problem and the ominous threat of continued pollution. If also describes what must be done to
save Lake Erie, who will  fake these  actions, and how  much  it will cost. It remains for the citizens of the
basin to act quickly, decisively, and wholeheartedly.
                                                                                              /)
                                                                                              ^r;
                                                                                               •v
                                                      /                                    f,
                                                      I  JOT f  MO
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FOREWORD
CONCLUSIONS,	 .  . . .   I

RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................  11

CHAPTER I  -  THE BASIN AND ITS FEATURES ..................  17
          General Description. ...............................  17
          Hydrology ......................................  21

CHAPTER 2  -  THE DEMAND FOR WATER ......................  27
          Population .....................................  27
          Industry .......................................  27
          Agriculture .....................................  28
          Tourism and Recreation .............................  28
          Fish and Wildlife .................................  29
          Commercial Shipping ...............................  30

CHAPTER 3  -  THE POLLUTION PROBLEM. ....................  31
          Lake Problems ...................................  31
          Tributary Problems ..,.,.....,........,,..,.,.,,,,,  37
                   Southeast Michigan Area, ....................  37
                   Maumee River Basin .......................  40
                   North Central Ohio Area .....................  43
                   Greater Cleveland-Akron Area .................  45
                   Northeast Ohio Area .......................  48
                   Pennsylvania Area ,..,,,...,.....,.,,,.,,,  48
                   New York Area ...........................  50

CHAPTER 4  -  THE CAUSE OF POLLUTION, ....................  53
          Waste Sources ...................................  5.3
          Constituents in Wastes. .............................  59

CHAPTER 5  -  WATER POLLUTION CONTROL NEEDS  .............  67
          Enforcement. ....................................  67
          Water Quality Standards ..,,...,.,,....,,...,.,.,....  71
          Municipal and Industrial Waste Treatment Needs .............  72
          Other Needs  ....................................  79

CHAPTER 6  -  THE COST OF POLLUTION CONTROL ..............  83
          Municipal Waste Treatment Costs, ......................  83
          Industrial Waste Treatment Costs. ......................  86

APPENDIX .............................................  87

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                          LIST  OF


Figure                                                                    Page

  1        Population Projection for Lake Erie Basin ................      I

  2        Projected Phosphorus Waste Within Lake Erie Basin  ..........      2

  3        Polluted  Beach Areas in Lake Erie .....................      3

  4        Rise in Lake Erie Chloride Content since lc)00 .............      4

  5        Areas of  Pr.im.ary Responsibility for Pollution of Lake Erie .....      4

  6        Heavily Polluted Tributaries to Lake Erie ................      6

  7        Ten Largest: Sources of Municipal Wastes in IJ. S. Portion, of
                         Lake Erie Basin ........................      7
  8        Twenty Major U. S. Industrial Water Users in Lake Erie Basin ...     8

  1-1       Lake Erie Basin.................................     18

  1-2       Lake Erie Bottom Topography ........................     1.9

  1-3       Bottom Deposits in Lake Erie ........................     19

  1-4       Dominant Summer Surface Flow Pattern in Lake Erie  .........     20

  1-5       Dominant Summer Bottom. Flow  Pattern in Lake Erie  .........     20

  1-6       Precipitation in Lake Erie Basin .......................     22

  1-7       Comparative Water Inputs of Important Tributaries to Lake Erie  . .     23

  1-8       Monthly Tributary Flows to Lake Erie from St. Clair, Maumee,
                      and Cuyahoga Rivers ...,,,,.,..,,....,,,,.    "24

  1-9       Lake Erie Basin Ground Water Availability. ...............     24

  1-10      Lake Erie Basin Ground Water  Quality. ..................     25

  2-1       Population Projection .............................     27

  2-2       Projected Municipal Water Use. .......................     28

  2-3       Projected Industrial Water Use. ........................     28

  2-4       Recreation Areas in Lake Erie  Basin ...................     29

  3-1       Hypothetical Rates of Aging .........................     32

  3-2       .Aging Indicators..................................     32

  3-3       Phytoplankton Abundance at Cleveland Water Intake  .........     33

  3-4       Changes in Chemical Characteristics of Lake  Erie. ..........     33

  3-5       Decline of Desirable Fish in Lake Erie (5 Year Running Averages)    33

  3-6       Sludgeworms-Western Basin Lake Erie. ..................     34

  3-7       Lake Erie Dissolved Oxygen Bottom Water — August  1964. .....     34

  3-8       Lake Erie Bathing Beach. Water Quality Situation  ...........     36

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Figure                                                                     Page

 3-9       Southeast Michigan Area Water Quality Situation .............   38

 3-10      Maumee River Basin Water Quality Situation ................   41

 3-11      North Central Ohio Area Water Quality Situation  ..,,,....,...   44

 3-12      Greater Cleveland-Akron Area Water Quality Situation, .........   46

 3-13      Northeastern Ohio Area Water Quality Situation. .............   49

 3-1.4      New York Area Water Quality Situation ...................   51

 4-1       I960 Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant Data by Subbasin .......   54

 4-2       I960 Industrial Discharges by Subbasin ...................   54

 4-3       Lake Erie Basin  Total Projected Daily BOD Load and Effect of
                       Reduction-Industrial and Municipal Sources  ........   60

 4-4       Present and Projected. BOD Load Discharged in  the Lake Erie Basin  61

 4-5       Present and Projected Chloride Discharges- in the Lake Erie Basin
                       Without Additional Controls  ..................   62
            Present and Projected Phosphorus Discharges In the Lake Erie
                       Basin without Additional Control ...............   64

  4-8        Projected Phosphorus Load to Lake Erie by Source-Cumulative ...   64

  5-1        Southeast Michigan Area Proposed Interceptors. .............   7.3

  5-2        Southeast Michigan Area. Major Municipal and Industrial Waste
                       Treatment Needs  .........................   74

  5-3        Maumee Rivet Basin and North Central Ohio Area Major Municipal
                       and Industrial Waste Treatment Needs .............   76

  5-4        Greater Cleveland-Akron and Northeastern Ohio Areas Major
                       Municipal and Industrial Waste Treatment Needs  ......   78

  5-5        Perm sylvan via and New York Areas Major Municipal and
                       Industrial Waste Treatment Needs. ...............   80

  6-1        Noncumulative Annual. 1'reatment Costs through  1989 ..........   84

  6-2
  6-1

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'Table                                                                     Page

    1       Waste Discharges to Tributaries in Lake Erie Basin  .........     5

  1-1       Estimated Water Balance in Lake Erie ..................    22

  1-2       Runoff Statistics for Tributaries of the Lake  Erie Basin .......    23

  3-1       Water Quality of Lake Erie Bathing Beaches  ..............    3?

  4-1       Percent Waste Contribution of Major Source Areas
                      in Lake Erie Basin .......,.,........,..,,    53
  4-2
  4-3       Municipal Treatment Plant Waste Discharges in Population
                      Equivalents............................    55

  4-4       Industrial Waste Source Classification.  ..................    55

  4-5       Twenty Largest U. S, Producers of Industrial Waste Water
                      in Lake Erie Drainage Basin .................    56

  4-6       Projected BOD in Ibs/day from. Storm Water Overflows
                      Assuming no Further Control Measures or
                      Separation of Existing Sewers ................    57
  4-7       Projected BOD Ibs/day Storm Water Overflow Assuming
                      Separate Sewer Systems Throughout .,....,,,.,,    57

  4-8       1967 Estimated Harbor Dredging Spoil Damped in Lake Erie, ....    58

  4-9       Waste Loads to Lake Erie Basin Waters, .................    60

  4-10      Present Untreated Municipal and Industrial BOD Loads by
                      Subbasin..............................    61

  4-11      Present and Projected Phosphorus Discharges to Lake Erie
                      Exclusive of Lake Huron Input. ...............    63

  5-1       Summary of Water Pollution Control Needs ................    67

  A-l       Southeast Michigan Area Major Municipal Waste Problems ......    87

  A-2       Southeast Michigan Area Major Industrial Waste Problems ......    89

  A-3
  \-4       Maumee River and North Central Ohio Area Major Industrial
                      Waste Problems  ....................
 A-5       Greater Cleveland-Akron and Northeast Ohio Areas Major
                      Municipal Waste Problems. ............
 A-6       Greater Cleveland-Akron and Northeast Ohio Areas Major
                      Industrial Waste Problems. ..................   101

 A-7       Pennsylvania and New York Areas Major Municipal Waste Problems   104

 A-8       Pennsylvania and New York Areas Major Industrial Waste Problems   106

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    1.  Lolif-  Erie is the economic lifc-blood of over
13  million persons,  a  priceless  national  heritage
whose quality must  be maintained  and enhanced
and passed on to future generations  in  a condition
of unlimited  usefulness,

    2.  The U.S. population in the Lake Erie basin
stands at 11.5 million.  Another 1.5 million persons
live on the  Canadian side of the lake. The total
population  is  expected  to  swell   to  18 million
persons by 1990 (Figure 1), increasing the  need for
        '"'(!! !  V a .! v '  i'i ,, i',  hldli  (is  " , ',  ,i*
         Figure  1  —  Population Projection
              for the Lake Erie
    3.  The major water uses  of Lake Erie are as
follows:

       a.  Water  Supply 	Municipalities  use  1,5
           billion gallons  per  day  with  44%  being
           taken  directly from  the  lake,  38% from
           the  Detroit River,  and 18% from inland
           sources.  Industries   use   9.6  billion
           gallons per day withdrawing 46% of this
           from the  lake, 44%  from  the Detroit and
           St.  Clair  Rivers,  and 10% from inland
           sources,

       b.  Recreation — Recreation  in the form of
           swimming,  water  skiing,  boating, and
          sport fishing is a major industry, and the
          lake itself is the main attraction.  During
          1963, 75 million visits were made  to the
          170 federal, state,  and local parks in the
          basin.

       c. Commercial.  Fishing  —   The  value  of
          commercial fish caught: in Lake Erie has
          rapidly  declined because of the absence
          of the high quality fish in recent  years,
          but the  total poundage of fish caught has
          remained   relatively   steady,  averaging
          approximately 50 million pounds annually
          through  1966,

       d. Commercial Shipping  — In  1965  trade  at
          major ports was 141 million tons of  cargo.
                                                       omission by the people and the governments in the
                                                       Lake Erie basin as guardians of its water resources,
                                                       which have placed those resources in their present
                                                       condition. It is equally true that Lake Erie can be
                                                       restored to its one-time health  and usefulness only
Algae produced  by  Lake Erie's  overenrichment with
nutrients  clog the  basin's benches,  produce taste
and odors  in  domestic  water supplies, and  deplete
the lake's lower wafers of oxygen.

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                                                                        "Toledo  area beaches,  Century
                                                                        Park, Sheffield Lake Park, Avon
                                                                        Lake Park,  Rocky  River  Park,
                                                                        Perkins Beach, Edgewater Park,
                                                                        White City,  Euclid, Wildwood,
                                                                        and Lloyd Road

                                                                           1  ii  i   .   ' ,  ,;que Isle and
    6,  Phosphorus, because it is the one essential
nutrient for which control measures are best known,
is easily singled out as the key to control of over-
fertilization  arid premature  aging  of  Lake  Iitie.
The; phosphorus  contribution  of  137,000 Ibs/day
from sources within  the Lake Erie basin is composed
of 72% from municipal wastes, 17% from rural runoff,
4% from industrial wastes, and 7% from urban runoff.
In municipal wastes, 66%  comes from detergents.
If the  total phosphorus  discharges continue  un-
checked,  the  phosphorus  load is  expected, to in-
crease to 227,000 Ibs/day by 1990 (Figure 2).
                 ' V  r t  > '<  t' 'i,  , ''  i  '
           Within the Lake Erie Basin
Many bathing beaches ore  now closed temporarily
or permanently. Combined sewers,  storm water over*
flows,     inadequately  treated sewage have
the main source of pollution.

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     SLING ST. I
         DETR '
          CEt> I  :     l"1
          SHI-1 ' '   '
          AVC" ,   '»  '  .
          ROCKY RIVER PK.	''" /
          PERKINS  BEACH	'*           ,„'.,
                     TOLEDO AREA.  BEACHE!
                               Figure
AH^US  in  Luke  Lilt:
Millions  of  tons of  silt yearly  are wasted to  the
lake by shore erosion.

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  Figure 4  —  Rise in Lake Efio Chloride Content
                   Since 1906
beginning of this century.  At that time a noticeable
increase began,  and  in  60 years the concentration
has  more than  tripled.  Industrial  wastes  account
for 43% of the chloride load to Lake Erie, the Lake;
Huron  input 26%, municipal wastes 7%, and street
deicing 12%. .Another 12% Is derived from undifferen-
tinted Ca.na.dlao  sources,

   12.  Three  geographical  areas   are  primarily
responsible for  the  present  polluted condition  of
Lake  Erie  (Figure  5)»   These  areas  in  order  of
decreasing  effect on the overall  quality  of Lake
Erie water  are  (1) Detroit, Michigan, and  its sur-
.";tuncling municipalities, (2) tht-  Gre.iter ClovehuiJ-
Akroo  nre.i, and (5) the Muurneo River bas-in .iiea.
          "  r .             .  *%

Mouth  of         Rivei,  Oil slicks, iron,  and  in«
adequately        sewage.
   13- Host of the tributaries are polluted to the
extent that many uses of the water are inhibited or
nonexistent. The primary pollution  problem in the
tributaries  is lack of dissolved  oxygen caused by
the  discharge  of  inadequately  treated  municipal
wastes and certain industrial wastes.
       The  heavily  polluted  tributaries  (Figure  6)
,(«:• listec? in Table'  I aton^ with the major sources
                                             Lfi.xt
                                                               NCMf: NUMBERS  INPSCATC DECREASING  ORDER Of
                                                                    POLLUTION RESPONSIBILITY.
                         5  —        of                       for Pollution of

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                       1  -                      TO               IN
TRIBUTARY
                                                     MAJOR POLUH I  < .  •*«(>(,,
                                               Municipal
                                                 Industrial
Ml chigan
      Clinton R.
Pontiac, Utica, Rochester,
Me. Clemens, Warren, Fraser,
Sterling Twp., Harrison Twp.
      Rooge R.
       Detroit R.
Detroit
Ford, Scott Paper
Detroit, Wyanclotte, Riverview,
Trenton, Grosse He, Wayne
County
Great Lakes Ste* I,  Vic ' >.  hemical,
McLouth Steel, Ir-emisak cJuemical,
Wyandotte Chemical, Mobil  Oil,
Monsanto Chemical, Firestone
Rubber, Revere Copper & Brass
       Huron R.
Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti,
Ypsilanti Twp.. Flat Rock
Ford, General Motors
       Raisin R,
Monroe
Consolidated Packaging,'
Time Container, Union Bag-Camp,
Ford
Indiana
       Upper Maumee R.
       Buffalo R.
Ft, Wayne
Ohio
Lower Maumee R,
Auglaize R.
Portage R.
Sandusky R.
Lower Black R.
Rocky R.
Upper Cuyahoga R,
Lower Cuyahoga R,
Lower Grand R.
Lower Ashtabula R.
Pennsylvania
None
New York
Cattaraugus Cr.
Toledo
Lima, Findlay Soliio
Bowling Green, Fostoria
Bucyrus, Upper Sandusky,
Tiffin, Fremont
Elyria, Lorain U.S. Steel, Republic Steel
Berea, North Olmsted, Lakewood
Akron Goodyear, B.F. Goodrich, Firestone
Cleveland U.S. Steel, Republic Steel,
Jones and Laugh Lin Steel
Paine sville Diamond Shamrock
Cabot Titania, Detrex Chemical,
Olio Mathieson, Reactive Metals

Moendi Tannery, Peter Cooper Glue
Buffalo, West Seneca, Depew,
Lancaster
Allied Chemical, Conner Hanna
Coke, Republic Steel, Mobil Oil

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                                      If,
Figure 6 -  Heavily Pollul  >'  < "t utaries to Lake Erie
   14.  About  9  million  people  are  served  by
sewers and  sewage treatment  in the U.S. portion of
the Lake Erie basin,  discharging wastes amounting
to 1.5 billion gallons per day. Fifty-seven percent
of these are served by only primary  treatment while
about  2  million  people  live  in  areas  which are
unsewered.  After  treatment  the;  waste  from  the
sewered population is reduced to an amount equiva-
lent to  the  oxygen demand of raw  sewage  from a
population  of  4.7 million, resulting in a.  treatment
efficiency  of  50%  for  the five Lake  Erie  basin
states.

   15.  The  ten  largest  sources of United Stales
municipal wastes (Figure 7) based upon strength of
waste  discharged  and in  decreasing  order  are  as
follows:

              Detroit, Michigan
              Cleveland, Ohio
              Toledo, Ohio
              Wayne  County, Michigan
              Akron, Ohio
              Euclid, Ohio
              Lorain, Ohio
              Sandiisky, Ohio
              Ene, Pennsylvania.
              Ft. Wayne, Indiana
                             Few  of the basin's municipal  plants presently pro*
                             vide adequate treatment.
                               16. Large 'quant!lies of municipal wastes  milk-
                             out  any treatment enter the streams in  the  Lake
                             Erie  basin  via  combined sanitary and storm  water
                             sewers.  The amount is  estimated at  40 billion
                             gallons yearly,   file yearly average  strength of the
                             wastes discharged  from these  sewer  systems  is
                             estimated to be equivalent to the oxygen demand of
                             raw sewage from a population of 615,000,  This raw

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estimated $5 hill ion.
   18.  The   20  largest  producers  of  industrial
waste  water (Figure 8) in decreasing order are as
follows:  (Excluding    steam-electric   generating
plants)
                                                          Industry
                            Location
Combined  sewer overflows contribute large qoon*
titles of raw sewage during heavy rainfalls.
   17.  Approximately 360  industrial concerns dis-
charge direct,  to  the  basin's  waters a total of 9.6
billion gallons per day of waste:' water. The steam-
electric  generating plants  contribute 72% of this
                            Dearborn and
                             Monroe, Michigan
                            Lorain and Cleveland,
                             Ohio and. Buffalo,
                             New York
                            Lackawanna, N.Y.
                            Ecorse and River
                             Rouge, Michigan
    Jones & Laughlin Steel   Cleveland, Ohio
                                                          Republic Steel
                                                          Bethlehem .Steel
                                                          Great Lakes Steel
Wy an do 11 e Ch e m i c a 1.
Pennsalt Chemical
Gulf Oil
,..T . , ....  O,,,, t ,
        1  " , al
                            Wyandotte, Michigan
                            Riverview, Michigan
                            Toledo, Ohio
                            Trenton, Michigan
                            Detroit, Michigan,
                             and Buffalo, N.Y,
                            Toledo, Ohio
                            Detroit, Michigan
                            Toledo and Lima. Ohio

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   Mobil Oil

   Hammermill P aper
   M o n s an to Ch em I c a 1
   Diamond Shamrock
   Consolidated Paper
Painesville, Ohio
Cleveland and Lorain,
 Ohio
Trenton, Michigan, and
 Buffalo, New York
Erie, Pennsylvania
Trenton, Michigan
Painesville, Ohio
Man ro e, MI cfalgan


Aim'ost  ten  billion gallons  of  process and cooling
waters containing  various pollytanfs are discharged
daily by the  area's industries,
                                                      waters with both oil and brine.
                              19.  Oil  and gas  drilling  and  exploitation  "is
                           expected  in  the  U.S.  waters  of  Lake Erie, It Is
                           now being done  in  Canadian  waters.  A  potential
                           for oil and brine contamination  is apparent,

                              20,  Two  enforcement  conferences  have been
                           called in the Lake Erie basin,  one in 1962 covering
                           just the;  Michigan waters  and then  one  in  1965
                           covering the  entire lake, Through  this  procedure
                           in the  Federal Water Pollution  Control  Law  and
                           state programs, remedial schedules have  been set

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for  146  industrial  polluters  and  118  municipal
polluters In  the  basin  with  construction  of all
facilities to be  completed by  1972,  The; remedial
schedules developed by the Lake Erie Enforcement
Conference   are  for  secondary  treatment with an
unspecified level of phosphorus  removal for muni-
cipal  wastes.  Additional  remedial  schedules  are
needed to achieve the necessaryphosphorus control.
for construction of certain remedial works by ll)72.)
If the needs specified in  the standards submissions
are fully and rapidly  implemented by the  five states,
water quality  in the interstate tributaries and near*
shore  lake waters  should greatly improve  to  the
extent that the intended,  uses of these  waters will.
be met.  The  improvement will  be rapid once  the
facilities  are  installed  and effectively  operated.
If similar  requirements are; adopted  for  Intrastate
•waters, then a, commensurate degree of improvement
will be achieved for these; streams;.
Rep,  Vanik, Stanley Spisiak,  Secretory  Uelall, and
former Cleveland Mayor Locher Inspect the Cuyahoga
Ki¥er at the time of the second Lake Erie Enforce-
      Conference.
   21.  Successful and total clean-up of Lake Erie's
present pollution  and effective  management of its
future  water  quality  will require  U.S.—Canadian
agreements and cooperation.  Indications  that such
will be forthcoming are available  in  Canadian and
United  States assent  to  arid participation in an
investigation  of pollution  In Lake Erie now under-
way by the International  Joint  Commission (IJC).
This investigation, requested jointly by the Govern-
ments  of Canada and  the '{Jolted States in  1964,
will culminate in  a report from the IJC which will
include   recommendations  for  aeeded  remedial.
measures in both countries.

       Acceptance  and  adoption   of the  report,
which  is  scheduled for  completion in 1969 by the
two nations, thus  would launch a joint coordinated
and  'unprecedented  U.S.  and Canadian program  to
manage Lake  Erie's water  quality,

   22.  The cost of  sewerage and treatment for the
next five  years sufficient  to meet  the  requirements
for municipal and industrial wastes  specified in
this  report  is estimated  at $1.1 billion  for muni-
cipalities  and $285 million  for industry.  Of the
municipal costs,  $400 million is for treatment and
$700 million is for sewer construction.

   23.  Under  the  provisions  of the Water  Quality
Act of 1965, water quality standards have been set
by the five slates bordering Lake Erie  and these
have  been approved with  a few qualifications by
the Secretary of  the Interior, (The  standards  call
       Perhaps most  important, the  remedial  pro-
gram  calls  for  arresting the accelerated eutrophi-
cation  which is  gradually  destroying  Lake  Erie.
Accordingly  the  report recommends  the  drastic
reduction of nutrient: inputs. The  input levels  are
based upon the best available  information relating
inputs, algal, production, and the ability of the lake
to purge itself of nutrients. The goal is to reduce
algal  production throughout  the western, basin, of the
lake  and  along all shores  to  approximately  the
productive levels now existing  in midlake, central,
.and eastern  basin  waters.  Thus nuisance growths
will be greatly reduced in frequency and extent, and
probably within two or three years  after inputs  are
under  control.  It  is  quite likely,  however,  that
nuisance algal  growths  will  continue  to  occur
occasionally with blooms of proportions something
less  than  at  present  for  some years  to come —
perhaps   ten  or   more,  Hypolimnetic   dissolved
oxygen depletion, directly  related  to  algal produc-
tivity, will continue for at least the same length of
time.   This  is  because  of  the  existing  very large
nutrient   storage   in   bottom   sediments. These
nutrients are  released under  naturally  occurring
conditions,   largely  uncontrollable   at  present.


       It is uncertain that  Lake Erie can feasibly
be returned  to  its pre-existing state of aging,  that
condition which existed prior to man's appearance,
or even to the condition  which existed at the turn of
the century.  It can be  reliably  predicted that  the
lake will return to some  intermediate state of aging,
but the exact state cannot  be predicted.  Probably
more  important  is  that the rate  of  aging,  now
accelerating  rapidly, can be brought  back to near
the natural  rate.  Most  important  is  that  these
changes wild result in  a major improvement in water
qu.al.ity and the sustaining of that quality.
                                                                                                      9

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    The five Lake Erie basin states have agreed to
the recommendations  arising from the  Detroit and
Lake  Erie  Enforcement  conferences  and  have
instituted  programs designed to  achieve the aims
of  the  conferees.  In  accordance with the Water
Quality Act of 1965, the five states also established
interstate  water quality  standards and submitted
plans to  implement these  standards  for the  Lake
Erie  basin  to  the  Secretary  of the  Interior  for
Federal  approval and promulgation.   Each of  the
States*  standards have been approved, subject to a
few conditions,  and adopted by  the Secretary of  the
Interior,

    The   Federal-State   watei   quality  standards
implementation  plans  are of primary  significance
since they  describe in general  what must be done
to meet  the water quality  criteria.
    5.
    6,  General recognition and incorporation of the
       recommendations of  the  Detroit  River and
       Lake  Erie  enforcement  conferences  along
       with  the  results of  the evaluation by the
       latter's  technical  committee  on  nutrients
       and their effects,
    Some  of  the  elements  incorporated  in these
plans, and to  which the states as a consequence of
the standards*setting process are committed, include:

    1,  The  identification of significant sources of
       municipal and industrial waste water and an
       estimate of the general  level of  treatment
       now  practiced by  the  principal  treatment
       facilities.

    2.  A time schedule  for completion of remedial
       facilities which will  provide for the abate-
       ment  of substantial  existing conventional
       municipal and industrial pollution  by mid-
       1972.

    3.  The  establishment of  secondary  treatment
       as a minimum treatment level for all signi-
       ficant   municipal   wastes   and  equivalent
       treatment as a minimum for industrial wastes,

    4.  Recognition of the need before   1972  for
       treatment greater  than  secondary at specific
       installations. Also provided  is an expression
       of intent on the part of- the state agencies to
       require   nutrient  removal   to  the   greatest
       extent  possible  consistent with  available
       technology.
been,  affirmatively demonstrated  by the  state water
pollution control agency and the Department of the
Interior that  such change is justifiable  as a result
of necessary  economic or  social  development and
will  not interfere with or  become  injurious to any
assigned uses made of, or presently possible in,
such  waters.  This will require; that any industrial,
public  or  private  project or development  which
would constitute a.  new source  of pollution or an
increased source of pollution to high quality waters
will  be required,  as part of the initial  project de-
sign,  to provide  the  highest  and  best, degree of
waste treatment available under existing technology;
and since these are also Federal  standards, these
waste treatment requirements will  be  developed
cooperatively," *

    As  of May 1, 1968,  only Michigan has adopted
such,  a clause,

    In  some  cases  the water  quality standards
include requirements  in addition  to  the  above or
include other expressions of intent.  As an example,
Ohio  standards recognize and  support the elements
                                                                                                     11

-------
of  the  Northwest  Ohio  Water Development  Plan
developed  by  the  Ohio  Water Commission.  This
Ohio  plan  emphasizes  among  other requirements
the need within  the  next decade  for establishing
sewer   systems  and   advanced  waste  treatment
systems in most of the municipalities in Northwest
Ohio.

    The water  quality standards were not intended
to be the final answer in all phases of water pollution
control  for  all time to come. By its own nature the
standards setting process precluded certain actions
and  discussions necessary for the total  task of
saving  Lake  Erie.  This  report  presents  a  total
unified  water pollution, control  program for the lake
which brings together the requirements  of each of
the states" individual water quality standards and
outlines additional needs that  go beyond those not
specified or intended in. the standards. It  is a plan
for control of pollution based  upon, the  best know-
ledge existing  today.  It: is expected that as condi-
tions and needs change; that actions to  meet these
new needs will change accordingly.  Furthermore it
must be kept  in mind that  detailed, engineering
analyses  of individual  municipal  and  industrial
waste treatment needs by state and local units of
government  may .indicate  alternative  but equally
good means of reducing waste loads.
    Some of the elements that were not incorporated
in water quality standards  that ate incorporated, to
this document on Lake Erie include:

    1,  The need for defining  long-range  pollution
       control, programs necessary  to maintain high
       quality  water  in Lake  Erie alter standards
       have been iniplera.eo.ted.

    2.  International  cooperation from  the Canadian
       Province  of  Ontario  and  its role  in the
       remedial pollution, control program  for Lake
       Erie.

    3.  Recognition of certain problems such, as oil
       and gas well drilling in the lake.

    4.  Numerous areas where large scale research
       and development is  needed  to  aid  in the
       restoration of  the lake.

    5.  Programs  to  bring  about the centralization
       of sewerage systems to  control water pollu-
       tion on  a metropolitan  or  area-wide basis.

    6.  Requirements  for control   of  intrastate in
       addition to interstate pollution,

    In the  standards  setting process,, a number of
agreements  and  requirements  were  specified  in
general  terms.  This  document spells out  in detail,
these  requirements   especially  in regard  to  the
following:

    1,  Those communities needing advanced waste
       treatment  and  certain communitie? needing
       secondary  treatment  that  were  not named
       specifically  in.   water   quality  standards
       .reports,

    2.  The  specific level of treatment necessary to
       limit the discharge of nutrients  and oxygen-
       demanding  substances  in  municipal  and
       certain, industrial wastes in order to meet the
       established water quality  criteria  for Lake
       Erie and its tributaries,

    3,  Individual requirements for control of pollution
       from combined sewers,

    4.  Treatment requirements  and control  methods
       needed  for certain   Federal  programs  and
       installations on Lake Erie.

    The recommendations which follow are designed
to achieve the established  water quality standards
for the Lake Erie basin.

    In  regard to the interstate  •waters of the basin,
recommendations  1, "j,  6, 8, 9,  10,  1.1, and 17 are
covered  in  some way  or pertain to the remedial
measures specified in the water  quality standards
and implementation plans.
    1.  Michigan,  Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania,  and
New York should pursue diligently and expeditiously
fa) the requirements of the enforcement conference,
(b) their plans of implementation designed to achieve
the water quality' standards for Lake Erie, and (c)
the  additional recommendations  specified in  this
report.

    2,  Michigan,  Ohio  and Pennsylvania  should
adopt water quality standards for intrastate streams
and these should be consistent with those adopted.
for interstate  waters.  New York and Indiana have
already  adopted,  intrastate standards;  others  are
presently holding or have completed hearings  pur-
suant  to  the adoption  of intrastate   standards.

    3.  Each of the five Lake Erie  basin states
should have the necessary financial support to  con-
struct  the  waste  treatment facilities  to meet the
established water  quality standards for  the Lake
Erie basin. The  five states either haYe  or are ob-
taining legislation  and bonding authority to secure
the financial support, but in some; cases the amount
of money is  insufficient.

    4.  Each of the five Lake Erie  basin stales
should obtain the necessary public  and legislative
support  to  strengthen its water  pollution  control,
programs in  the areas  of operator training,  and
optimal maintenance and operation  of waste treat-
ment plants.  Surveillance, enforcement,  and water
quality   management  activities   also   should   be
increased.
12

-------
Algae  (cladophora)  along the Ohio  shoreline  near
Sanelusky,
       No  cities presently treat to this level in the
Lake Erie  watershed although it Is recognized that
the  states are;  embarking on  a program to require
treatment.
authorities  to  control water  pollution on  a metro-
politan  basis.  Such master planning  and expanded
arfia-wi.de; control  is currently needed in the metro-
politan  areas of Detroit, Michigan; Toledo,  Akron,
and Cleveland, Ohio; and  Buffalo,, New York.  It is
recognized  that most  major cities  already provide
some  sewer service to other communities  arid, that
many  areas  including the; Detroit, Cleveland, and
.Buffalo metropolitan areas  are  embarking on pro-
grams  to  pro¥ide much  greater  area-wide control.
Those  communities in Ohio within the metropolitan
Indiana.

   A til) tiro
   Decatur

Ohio

   Akron
   Amherst
   .Archbold
   Attica
   Bellevue
   B ere a
   Bloomdale
   Bloomville
   Bowling Green
   Brook Park

-------
 New York

   East Aurora
   Eden Twp.
   Hamburg Village
Gowanda (if industrial wastes
         ate included)
Holland Twp.
North Collins
       By  1990,  in order to  protect  the  oxygen
 resources  of  the  basin,  treatment  of municipal
 wastes at a degree greater than  secondary  will be
 necessary throughout the basin.
         Michigan
           Ford Motor Co.  Rouge Plant, Dearborn
           Great Lakes Steel Corp., Detroit, Elver
               Rouge, and Ecorse
           McLouth Steel Corp., Trenton and
               Gibraltar
    9.  Immediate  measures  must he  instituted by
the states to  provide for bathing conditions  which
meet  health  standards.  Since the major  cause; of
the public health problem, at bathing beaches  is the
discharge of fecal matter from combined storm and
sanitary  sewers and inadequately treated  sewage,
the immediate measures should  take  the form of
disinfection at the outlets in the vicinity of bathing
areas  and  diversion   of  troublesome  outlets to
remote areas  away  from beaches. Existing public
beaches  should be  opened  for bathing  as  soon as
adequate  emergency control measures  are taken,
Local  water   pollution control  agencies  should
establish  surveillance  of  the  sewer outlets  that
have  been designated  as  affecting  bathing  beach
areas  to  see  that  all  discharges  are  adequately
disinfected. In addition  the beaches  themselves
should be continuously monitored to assure maximum
protection to public health,
         New York
           Republic Steel, Buffalo
           Bethlehem Steel Corp., Lackawanna
           Donner Hanna Coke,  Buffalo
   10.  The  five Lake  Erie  basin  stales  should
begin or accelerate programs  to  devise methods to
cleat  with the  problems  of  storm  and combined
sewer  overflows.  By  1980 all  cities  should  have
eliminated pollution (including nutrients) caused by
urban  runoff and combined sewer overflows. All
outlets to surface waters should then be disinfected
and directed away from recreational areas.
   11.  Many industries in. the Lake Erie basin need
treatment facilities to abate pollution  and to meet
established water quality standards. It: is recognized
that many of the industries named below may already
have  substantial abatement programs underway or
may  have   completed  the necessary   treatment
facilities.

            rf               ti          '
            he                   '     "  ''
          ope; ',' ,    i
          crec
          effe, ,  •  I
          due:'      'i
          acic1              i             '  i
          that  • 'i"
          stre '..'i          '          '           *
          the  ' , 11    i  i.,'        !  •
          Erie  .«'•<.!
          but   , •   i  i   .  , i '      i
          industries:
Oils,  iron, solids,  phenols, oxygen demanding  mo*
terials, etc,      discharged  by the iron     steel
producing industries.
          The petroleum  industry  should install,
          operate,  and  maintain  or otherwise  in-
          crease   waste  reduction  facilities  to
          reduce phenolic discharges to the extent
          that taste and odors  ate  eliminated, and
          to reduce oil  wastes to  the extent that
          no oil films are visible in the receiving
          stream. This  includes but is not limited
          to the following industries:


          .Michigan

            Mobil Oil, Detroit

          Ohio

            Sun Oil, Toledo
            Pure Oil, Toledo
            Standard Oil, Toledo and Lima
            Ashland Oil, Findlay

          New York

            Mobil Oil, Buffalo
14

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           •  ' in ; i
Ohlc
                                             Waste reduction facilities  for  solids  and oxyger
                                             demanding materials are  needed for paper and foot
                                             processing plants,

-------
   12.  State   and  Federal  agricultural  agencies
should  begin  or  accelerate programs to  control
sediment  loss, oxygen-demanding  substances,  and
fertilizing agents  from animal feed lots and farm-
land runoff,

   13.  Discussions  are now underway for  gas and
oil  exploration in  Lake Erie.  Should such drilling
proceed, the  oil and gas producing industry should
install and operate waste elimination equipment on
rigs to  be used in the U.S. waters of Lake Erie to
the extent that oil or other substances do not pollute
the ivaters of the lake.

   14.  The Corps of Engineers should find suitable
methods  of  disposal  of  polluted harbor dredging
spoils other than open lake dumping.

   15.  Each municipality, port authority, or industry
containing a  harbor  should  establish procedures to
prevent and  control oil spillage  in  harbor waters.

   16.  Interstate and Federal mobilization machinery
to handle potential  large oil spillages  in the lake
proper  should be strengthened,

   17.  Recommendations which have been  specified
by  the  states in  their  plans to  implement water
quality stan.da.tds which bear repeating are as follows;

       a.  Control  of 'vessel pollution.

       b.  Controls  prohibiting open  dumping  of
          garbage,  trash,   and  other  deleterious
          refuse along the shores of Lake Erie and
          its tributaries.

       c.  Disinfection  of all municipal  treatment
          plant wastes,

       d.  Establishment   and  im,piem,entation  of
          soil erosion control programs,

   18.  Research should be  undertaken or continued
on the  following aspects:

       a.  Control of  nutrient input to Lake Erie
          through  better treatment methods, reduc-
          tion  of   nutrient input  in  agricultural
          runoff,  and developniei.it  of a  suitable
          product  solution for phosphorus contained
          in  detergents.

       b.  Effective  means to prevent the formation
          of  oxygen-deficient zones  in mid-Lake
          Erie,

       c.  Determination of the exact role  of Lake
          Erie  bottom, sediments  in the overall
          chemistry  of Lake Erie,
                                                             d. Effective means to reduce pollution from
                                                                rural runoff.

                                                             e. Effective means to restore the Lake hrie
                                                             f.  Determination of the role of pesticides in
                                                                Lake Erie pollution.
                                                             h.  Determination of the  effects of potential
                                                                increased thermal pollution in Lake Erie,
                                                                                 ItT
                                                      Water for all uses is        for future generations.
                                                         19.  The Great Lakes Basin  Commission should
                                                      utilize the findings of this report as a basis for the
                                                      pollution control porticos of their multiple-purpose
                                                      planning efforts on Lake Erie.  This report should
                                                      also provide a base  of  data  and recommendations
                                                      for consideration by  the International Joint Com-
                                                      mission  in its  "Report on the  Pollution  of Lake
                                                      Erie, Lake Ontario, and the International Section of
                                                      the St. Lawrence River", scheduled  for completion
                                                      in  1969.
                                                         20.  Municipal  and industrial,  plant  inspection,
                                                      data  gathering,  and  monitoring  activities of  the
                                                      Lake  Erie  states  and the FWPCA  should he  co-
                                                      ordinated and expanded to  maintain  intimate know-
                                                      ledge  of waste loadings, bypasses, treatment  plant
                                                      efficiencies,  and illegal, discharges in order that
                                                      such  information may be; used  in  day-to-day  water
                                                      quality management.
16

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                                                            I


    The Great Lakes are similar in their origin and
 history but Lake  Erie  stands apart  in  its physical
 characteristics. These  characteristics make it more
 susceptible to the manifestations of water pollution,
 as will be seen in Chapter 3— The Pollution  Problem.,

    The Lake Erie  basin  (Figure  1-1)  is  40,000
 square miles  of generally low-level,  flat,  clay-rich
 land,  formed  by  glacial  abrasion  and deposition,
 The  topography  in  the  southeastern  part  of the
 basin  is  hilly and more  rocky.  Streams throughout
 are  characteristically  sluggish  and  winding  and
 carry high silt loads, especially in the western part
 of the  basin.  Most streams also carry huge  waste
 loads.

    Lake  Erie proper, occupying 9,940 square miles,
 lies for the most part in  the east half of  the  drain-
 age  basin.  The lake deepens toward the  east to a
 maximum  depth of 216 feet, but the  average  depth
 for the entire lake  is  only  60 feet. The  bottom. Is
 very  flat (Figure 1-2)  and  is comprised  mainly of
 dark  sludge-like  mud  (Figure  1-3).  The  lake Is
 divided into  three  subbasins: the  western basin,
 central basin, and eastern basin. The rocky island
 chain  separates the shallow western basin from the
 central basin,  and a. low, wide, submerged  sand and
 gravel  ridge separates  the deep eastern basin from
 the central basin. The physical character of each of
 these  basins  has great bearing on their responses
 to waste inputs,



    The western basin (1,200 square  miles) is shal-
low, flat, and  sludge-covered  with interruptions  by
a few reefs and rocky islands. The  shores are non-
resistant  clays except  for rock in the Island area.

    The water of  the western basin  is  more turbid
than in the remainder of  the lake because of large
silt input, wave stirring, and.  high algal productivity.
It is subject to large, short-period changes in  water
level.  Natural circulation (Figures  1-4 and 1/5) is
controlled by the large Detroit, River inflow and pre-
vailing winds.  The  Detroit River  penetrates  far
southward  Into the  basin and  then  drains for the
most part  through the northern island channels. The
Maumee River, generally silt-laden,  is the largest
tributary  originating In the  Lake  Erie  watershed,
and flows into the west: eod  of the basin.  The dis-
persion of its discharge and that  of  the  Michigan
shore  streams is  retarded somewhat by  the Detroit
River  flow, resultlo.g in high  concentrations "of pol-
lutants along  the western, shore.

    The water of  the western basin is usually uni-
form  in temperature,  top  to  bottom,  but  responds
more quickly (because of its shallowness) to atmos-
pheric  temperature  changes  than the  remainder of
the  lake. Occa.slona.lly  in  summer  the water  strat-
ifies  thermally for  short  periods  leading  to  rapid
oxygen   depletion  near  the  bottom,  drastically
affecting  bottom organisms,


    The central basin  of  Lake  Erie is  by far  the
largest of the three  basins;, covering approximately
6,300  square  miles. Its average water depth  is 60
feet with  a maximum of about 80 feet. The shores
are generally  high clay banks with narrow beaches.
The bottom is, for the most part, remarkably flat and
comprised of  mud- with  high  organic content.  Sand
and gravel with shallower water depths,  exist near
shore  and In  a.  broad  submerged  ridge extending
south-southeastward from Point Pelee,  Ontario.

    Although the central basin receives more than
90  percent  of its water supply  from  the western
basin  drainage, the  water  is  considerably less tur-
bid  and  less  biologically  productive.  However,
productivity is high along the  south  shore.

    Water  temperatures  in  the  central  basin  are
uniform top  to  bottom from fall, until late spring. In
winter the entire basin, is occasionally ice-covered.
From  June  until  September  it  is  temperature-
stratified  with a thermocline 50 to 60 feet below  the
surface. The  thermocline  is  usually so  sharp that
75°F water Is essentially floating  on  55°F water.
During stratification the relatively thin bottom cold
water  layer (hypolimnion) may lose all  of its dis-
solved oxygen while the upper warm water (epili'in-
nion) remains  at or above  saturation.  The loss of
dissolved oxygen  in the hypolimnion is progressive
and  the minimum is usually  recorded late in  the
stratification  period, in August  or  September. The
hypolimnion  begins  to  thin  when  the lake  starts
cooling in August, and disappears in late September
                                                                                                      17

-------
                       *
-.
 ft
X  if*
•« '•s.c^

1 2L-"5
                                SCALE IN Ml  "

-------
                         LAKE ERIE
                        1 OM6ITUDINAI
                        l OSS  SECTIO'
                                          CANADA
DETRCi
                                            ' I I  .  (- I , I
                                                                                         19

-------
                                                                                    •r1
             <  >~"\  \"<
                          l».f  - Oominaitt &»mm«t Surface Flow Potter in Loke Erie
                   Figoie l»ri                           Flow        in
20

-------
or early October, Then an oxygen-deficient zone no
longer exists.
 and  deepening rapidly  to  40 to 50 feet below  the
 surface.  The depth to the  thermocline increases as
 summer progresses and  reaches 120 feet or more by
 the time  it breaks up in November.

     Dissolved oxygen content declines in the east-
 em basin hypolimnion in summer, but rarely to less
 than 50 percent oj  saturation mainly because  of its
 large volume, slow movement, and low temperature".
 The eastern  basin hypolimnion  is effectively  sepa-
 rated from  the central  basin  hypolimnion  by  the
 sand and gravel bar crossing the lake between Long
 Point, Ontario and Erie, Pennsylvania.


     Currents  in the eastern basin (Figures 1-4 and
 1-5) are  similar in gross pattern, to  those  of  the
 central basin except that those in bottom waters  are
 always  very slow. Near  the thermocline they  are
 confused  by thernioclinal  waves causing  vertical
 and  horizontal dispersion.  The nearshore  flow is
 similar to that of the central basin,  but  confined to
 a narrower zone because  of  relatively deep water.
 Here again shore inputs are largely confined to this
 zone.  Materials escaping  this  zone may  disperse
 widelv.
    Materials  suspended  in  central,  basin  water
appear  to  accumulate on,  the  bottom on  the  north
side  of the lake near  the  west end  of  the basin.
This  is a result of the  westward bottom flow which
both  upwells  and  becomes a large  clockwise eddy
in  that area. Materials escaping  the south shore
eastward  flow can  actually  cross  the  lake  when
caught in this bottom flow.

    Water  levels generally do not fluctuate greatly
with the wind in the central basin. Wave  activity in
the central basin  during storms  is often violent, a
dancer to boating, and  causes rapid shore erosion.
Wave activity  also causes faster longshore currents
and  more  rapid  and   widespread  dispersion  of
contaminants.
                     1ERI
    The  eastern  basin of Lake Erie contains  the
deepest water (maximum 216 feet)  and the  cleanest
water  of the three basins. The area of  the  basin,
2,400 square" miles, is intermediate between that of
the western and the central basins.  In genera],  the
water  is  clear  and is the least  biologically  pro-
ductive,  although productivity  is  substantial near
the south  shore. This basin is  generally considered
less eutrophic than the remainder of the lake.

   The eastern basin receives  more than 90 percent
of its water  supply from the  central basin.  The
temperature  structure  of  eastern  basin  water  is
similar to that of the deeper Great Lakes,  It rarely
freezes over although it maybe covered by drift ice.
In summer  it stratifies but the hypolimnion remains
at a  low  temperature, about 40 F.  The thermocline
is thick,  25 feet  or more, forming in early  summer,
    Precipitation averages about 34 inches annually
 over the Erie basin, but varies somewhat from place
 to place (Figure 1-6). It is fairly evenly distributed
 throughout the year.  About one-third of the  precipi-
 tation  is lost in runoff.
    The  water balance  in  Lake  Erie is  shown in
Table 1-1.  The important tributary inputs to Lake
Erie  are shown in  Figure  1-7. Only five tributaries
to Lake  Erie exceed ae  average flow of 1,000 cubic
feet per second (cfs).  These; are, in order of de-
creasing  contribution,  the  Detroit-St.  Clait:  River
system, the Maumee River, the Grand River(C)ntario),
the Thames River, and the  Sandusky River. Pertinent
hydrologic factors on tributaries are given  in Table
1-2, All  tributaries, except the St. Clair River, are
characterized by  very  low  flows  in  summer (Fig.
1-8).

    Ground  water  in  the basin varies considerably
in  quantity and quality. These  are  summarized in
Figures  1-9 and  I-10.  In general, the basin  is  a
rather poor producer of ground water.


    Basin water resources  are for the  most part not
managed for flow regulation and flood  control. Some
reservoirs  mainly  lor  water supply  storage have
been  built or are  being built on the  Maumee,  San-
dusky, Cuyahoga,  Rocky River, Grand River (Ohio),
and on Canadaway,  Silver, Chatauqua, Clear Lake,
and  Slippery  Rock  Creeks.  Flow  regulation  for
waste  assimilation  is being  considered  on the
Buffalo,   Cuyahoga,  Sandusky,   Maumee,  Huron
(Mich,), and Raisin Rivers,
                                                                                                     21

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                          ESTI

                                                                                        AS
January
February
March

-------
                                                                                     SIZE OF  SRROWS  ARE
                                                                                     PROPORTIONAL TO  THE
                                                                                     AMOUNT Of FLOW.
                                    TO
                                   ROCKV R
                                          §90
                                        CUYftHOGA
                               )inparatl
                                                                    ',1
.Mow, 10 yr.
 Recurrence
         (cfs
Average  Average
  Flow     Yield
  (cfs)   (e£s/mi.2)  (cfs/mi.^) at mouth)  (percent)
1877450"  .......       "
                                                                                                  Runoff
                                                                                                  Precip.
Huron Kiver {(Jti
Vermilion River
Black River
Rocky  River
Cuyahoga River
Chagrin River
Grand River (Ohio)
Aslitabula River
(. ion neau.t Creek
Cattaraugu s Cre ek
Buffalo River
Grand River (Ont.)
Big Creek
Otter Creek
Kettle  Creek
Thames River
* monthly average
740
467
h.) 890
1,125
6,586
587
1,421
no) 403
272
467
294
8 1 3
267
io) 712
: 137
191
•ek 436
565
it.) 2,614
281
316
2001
2,0001
31
35
19
28
40
33
39
15
15
21
34
34
36
40
34
28
25
25
24
7
13
—
7
21.200
13>000
5,840
12,900
94,000
11,500
28,000
25,800
20,500
24,000
21,400
24,800
28,000
21,100
1 1 ,600
17,000
35,900
35,000
47,800
3,060
4,140
2,4002,
38,5002

-------
      Figui" !-8 -  Mjo-hiy fributarv  Flowt, t
-------

-------

-------
    As the population grows in the Lake: Erie basin,
the demand for high  quality water for all purposes
will increase; accordingly.  As mote and more; leisure
time  becom.es  available,  the  demand by  the  res-
idents of  the  basin for high  quality recreational
water  will grow even  more.  Coupled  with  the  de-
mand for cleaner water and rising with the popula-
tion will be  the need for  disposal of  waste water.
The problem  that must be faced will be to change
the mounting waste water  to forms and amounts  not
detrimental to water quality.
ti
'   (
    In  I960 nearly ten    [   i  i      s lived in the
United. States portion of the Lake  Erie basin and
1.2 million in the Canadian portion. The total is
expected  to increase to more  than 27  million, by
2020,  Figure 2-1.  The  largest  increases are ex-
pected  to  be  in  those  areas  which  are  already
densely populated: Detroit,  Cleveland-Akron, Fort
Wayne,  Buffalo,  Lorain-Elyria,  Toledo, and  Erie.
The basin population is now 85 percent urban, and
the  percentage  will  increase.  Since  municipal
wastes are the greatest degradants to water quality1,
the population increase alone  is a real threat to
Lake Erie's survival.
    Lake Erie and its headwaters, trie Detroit River,
 now  supply 82 percent or  1,190 million gallons per
 day  (mgd) of the  population's water  needs (mun-
 icipal  water  supply). Figure 2-2 shows the  present
 and  projected demand for the entire  basin. High
 municipal   usage   is   projected to continue to in-
 crease with Lake  Erie supplying an ever-increasing
 percentage. The  rate of consumption  will increase
 faster  than  the  population  growth rate. The per
 capita  consumption  will be accompanied by a com-
 mensurate  increase  in waste volume.   The  existing
 interference to water supply  by wastes will  become
 ever more critical.

                                                         Industrial growth in. the Lake Erie basin is out-
                                                      stripping the population growth arid is expected to
                                                      increase by five times by 2020. About 25 percent of
                                                      the total production of the five states is within the
                                                      basin,  Total value added by  manufacture  is more
                                                      than  $17 billion annually.
                                                                                                     27

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                           e  of
                           ilUSt
 i                M ,   i   I    Erie
                r   >l,   ' '  iQost
   . , i       i  '  i  j  .»-  ,( '   die
 i  i     in )     i' '   I'll1 i ,ti i i 5  of
n   1    n       .,,-,.,  ,)tny.
                '.  ,   „ ,nl  sky,
      .  i     i i    ,i  a *•     •  are
        h     i   i  x<  , >  ,ni'i  the
   ii       I  • '    < -      i'i! pro-
      >l ^c parks and attendance
    '•<  : the importance of  rec-
 I  • •   i-asln. Swimming is the
 •  ,    ' recreation,  but  boating,
 "• ,-,',.  ire also very important.
  i   ,   se but whole-body con-
 i    ,   :ted, most: seriously by

-------
The  few major bathing beaches  on Lake Erie re«
ceivc extensive use.
    Recreational activity and the demand for It  are
increasing  greatly and  the  increase  is  far greater
than the population growth rate.  This is Illustrated,
for example, by the number of pleasure boats on  the
lake now compared to a  few  years ago, A warm sum-
mer weekend brings over 20,000 boats to  Lake Erie.
    Commercial  fishing in Lake Erie was once  a
thriving industry with some of the largest freshwater
fishing ports in the world. Within the last 20 years,
correlative with large increases in waste inputs to
the lake, commercial  fishing has suffered an almost
disastrous decline". Prized species such as walleye,
blue pike,  and  whitefish  have essentially disap-
peared,  Canadian commercial fishing has offset the
decline, in. volume, of the U. S,  industry by adapting
to  less  desirable  species,  primarily  smelt  and
yellow perch.

    Total catch in pounds is tenuously holding its
own,  but  dollar value  is  decreasing.  Price  per
pound has  been cut in half in the  last ten years.
Projecting  the  economic  future in  impossible,  but
                                    JV
                                                                             --.......-,
          1,  f"
                        .,
                                                             I ''
                                                             ** y
                                                       "V«-"   *  J'v
                                                    '•*•'  *  ":   4   «• 1
                                                 »>',.>*.     J
                                                    01 *
                                            * *  *\ >..J ^,
! t
v ,
r - . '
/.".
...*''"\
r-v " "
/ ' ~*' - 5i«lC H Kltt'/
jpqp-jMt ~p?, ;t

                                2*4  —  Recreation       in Lake Erie Basin
                              L F G F: N 0
                              to   rui- N ai  »w*
                                                                                                    29

-------
the  demand  will  parallel  population  growth. It
appears  that the future  is not bright,  because?  res-
toration  of fish populations  will  take more  than
pollution control, although this will be the proper
beginning.
    The basin has eleven major U. S. ports: Detroit,
Toledo, Sandusky,  Huron, Lorain, Cleveland, Fair-
port, Ashtabula,  Conneaut, Erie,  and Buffalo, Coal
and  iron  ore  ate the largest:  volume  commodities,
but foreign package trade is also becoming large in
tonnage.
                                                       h «»F.J': <
    li'iU!  '.>'!il  , ! I , i"! II! t..i'l;' •) ', '    l'i',. i.'i  •,  Hr'i
    variety a¥ciiioi>le is limited to a less desirable
type.
    Wildlife,    especially   waterfowl,   is   water-
dependent. The marshes in the western  part of the
basin are important parts of flyways. Most marshes
are  dependent  on  the level  of  Lake  Erie.  Water
quality  has not been a. serious problem  in marshes
but it has been in  some tributiiii.es where, for ex-
ample, pollution has killed waterfowl.
                            Shipping

    The  Lake  Erie basin  is  near the commercial
center of one  of the most, industrially productive
areas  in  the world.  The  availability  of  the lakes
and the St.  Lawrence  Seaway  for waterborne traffic
and the restrictive effect of the lake" on land routes;
have made the  basin a major distribution  center for
both raw materials and finished products.
    Lake Erie accounts for 13  percent of the annual
ton-miles  of shipping out of a total  of  nearly  100
billion on the Great Lakes,

    Shipping is  dependent  upon quantity  or  lake
depth. Varying water levels have an economic  im-
pact  by  controlling maxiniu.ni  cargo  tonnage. Ships
use  lake water  for  cooling,  ballast, and potable
supply. The potable water use is now equivalent to
that of 1,200 persons for  eight months of the year.
Tills  usage will  increase to  perhaps  double this
amount by  the year  2020, but this Is  difficult to
predict because of increasing size and efficiency of
ships,

    Pollution is affecting the  potable  water use of
commercial  ships. For example, they have been pro-
hibited by  the  U. S.  Public  Health  Service  from
taking water in  several  areas of the lake unless
full  treatment  is  provided.  Also,  problems have
been   reported   from  using  highly  contaminated
harbor waters for ballast.
30

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    Lake Erie is noi  :  •
 lerns exist — they c  •  .
 worsening.  The evide  >   '
 to everyone, in the st.'" >">
 the  ground water, Ui!.»., ,
 actions to abate this  ... H.1
 are and have been slow ami
    This  cfaaj  k
 which  exist  r
 attempts  to  j. -.
 the situation.  '
 viding  an In:  -
 continue at 01
water supply,

-------
                            .>**"''
               **»*
&^^                                            jM>
                                                         AWtt^^
                                                                                            t,>. (*#» ! ••„ "¥ IP"


-------
                                                      Dissolved  solids are building  up in the lake at
                                                   a very rapid rate (Figure  3~4), having increased by
                                                   30 percent  In  the past  40 years.  Chlorides  and
                                                   sulfates  have  accounted  for most  of the increase.
           Cleveland Water Intake
    Bottom organisms  in  ever-widening places arc
changing or have changed from  a wide variety with
relatively few  numbers to  a narrow hardy  variety
with very high populations. Tremendous numbers of
sludgeworms (up to 30,000 or more  per  square yard)
now inhabit bottom areas which not  long  ago were
dominated by mayflies and other pollution-sensitive
invertebrates in numbers two  orders  of magnitude
lower.  In  the: western  basin the area  dominated by
sludgeworms has  increased  more  than  10 tunes
since 1930 (Figure 3-6).

    Siltation  in Lake Erie  is much greater  than in
the other Great Lakes, but this  is of little con-
sequence; compared to bther'destructive factors,

    Studies made 40  years ago of the lake  by Buck-
holder recorded no bottom areas seriously depleted
of  oxygen  but  recent investigations  reveal that
severe  oxygen  deficiencies  now  clearly  'occur.
Nearly  one-fourth  o£ the total  lake area now be-
comes  nearly devoid  of oxygen  in bottom water
                   >&*«
$WS,»'W^m«W<4»»W«                         ?
                                                       f
                                                     ««
                                                      w


-------
  TOLEDO (I1*'
   r
during summer thermal stratification and this situa-
tion  is increasing  both in extent and duration of
occurrence (Figure 3-7). Oxygen  deficiencies  also
occur intermittently for short periods In the weste.ro
basin bottom waters.

   Some  of the oxygen loss In.  Lake Erie results
from   the  fact that efforts to reduce pollution, by
means of modern sewage treatment plants have been
ineffective;  in alleviating  one part of the  pollution
problem, another has  gone unabated. Sewage treat-
ment plants, by microbial oxidation, convert organic
waste  matter to inorganic  substance. It has been
assumed that these inorganic products  of sewage
ideally relieved   of  biochemical  oxygen  demand
(BOD) or organic wastes could be released to Lake
Erie;  without causing  any  drain  on  the  oxygen re-
sources of  the  lake.  Experience? has proven  this
assumption  to be  incorrect. Adequate treatment of
organic wastes, however,  does  eliminate  most of
the immediate oxygen demand which if not removed
would be: even more destructive.

   The total mass of  organic waste that reaches
Lake  Erie each, year requires for its conversion  to
inorganic  substances  the consumption of about  540
million pounds of oxygen. The recent oxygen losses
in the!' laker  can only  be partially explained by the
action involved in  oxidizing organic wastes du.fn.pec3
into the lake. For example, now  the oxygen deficit
in the bottom waters of the central basin (only  1/9
of the  total lake  volume)  amounts  to  some  670
million pounds during  the summer  months. If  the
organic wastes  reaching  the lake  in a  year  can
34

-------
account  for  an
million pounds i
a much larger  s
in the lake.
renders  ineffective  their  conversion  of  waste
organic  matter  to  inorganic  products,  The fateful
conclusion  Is  that  sewage;  treatment  plants being
built today which  do not remove substantial  nut-
rients  are accomplishing little to save the lake:,
    Phosphorus  and other nutrient  and organic mat-
ter added to the lake eventually end up on the sedi-
ments. Instead of Lake-? Erie forming a waterway for
sending  wastes to  the sea,  it has become  a trap
that  is  gradually   storing  much  of  the  material
dumped into it over the years. The nutrients testing
in  the  sediments  are relatively  innocuous until
summer stratification and deoxygenation, when they
can  come rapidly back into the  water to be  useful
as  a plant nutrient  again.  Therefore  it  is possible
that in  a relatively short time the overproductivity
of Lake Erie can  become  self-sustaining  because
of this  ever-increasing reserve. It  is  also possible
that if this alarming process  grows, Lake Erie may
face  a  sudden  biological  cataclysm  that  will  ex-
haust, for a time, most of the oxygen  in the greater
part of the lake. Such a. catastrophe would make  the
lake's present difficulties seem mild by comparison.
To prevent  such a grim fate, it is imperative that
the  waste input of phosp.hon.is  be controlled  im-
mediately.  Even the  present reserve  may  cause
problems for several years.

    The ramifications of overenrichment are already
well known to most people  in the Lake  Erie  basin.
The important  point is that they  ate serious and
have the  potential  of becoming  overwhelming with
explosive suddenness, 'Ilie  most, critical ramification
is the effect, on, domestic water supply by chemical
and  biological taste, odors, and colors along with
    The  correction of bacterial  problems  in Lake
Erie is relatively  straightforward  compared to the
nutrient  problem.  Disinfection  of  wastes  is  the
proper beginning and  once this  is done, the con-
tamination  wjll subside. However, disinfection does
not  replace  the need for adequate  treatment of
sewage and  control of storm  and  combined  sewer
overflows.

-------
36

-------
                                                                                     Cedar Poi
                                            PEl-
                        Presque Isle State
                         (Beach No, 11)
                        Waldameer
                                      'e State
                                      '• 1)
                                              NEW
Westfield
Sliver Creek
Hamburg Town
Ripley
Lake  Erie State
Point Gratiot
Wright
Sheridan Bay
Hanover Beach
 & Sunset Bay
Beaver Island State
Insufficient data available to evaluate water quality  at the following beacli.es: South Bass Island State, Port.
Clinton City,  Kelleys Island State,  Huron City,  Vermilion City,  Saybrook Township,  Ashtabula Township,
Conneaut Township in Ohio arid Lake City Community  in Pennsylvania.
    Potential  threats  to  the         '   I
waters  are  the effects of ai>    i  II   i  '   i n  <
from anticipated power plants    i        i   <
oil  from spills  and from proposed  drilling  in the
lake, brine from drilling, and additional exotic chem-
icals and toxic metals from industry.

    Last but  not  least,  the  very  waste  treatment
processes  themselves  have  a pollution potential
which  must be  reckoned with,,  and that is  the  ul-
timate   disposal,  of  the  materials  removed from
waste wafer.
                                  The- 
-------
                       •\
(':, i'

-------
 condition of the waters is mirrored in the adjacent
 property  with the  exclusive  mansions  located at
 the headwaters where the water is cleanest. Masses
 of rotting algae wash ashore  along with industrial
 wastes, further fouling the shoreline,

    Lake Huron  is quite  low  in nutrients, but the
 Detroit River is  the single most important source of
 nutrients and other harmful materials  causing the
 eutrophication   of   Lake  Erie, Two-thirds of all
 phosphorus which  enters Lake Erie originates from
 this area,

    The City of Detroit and Wayne County sewerage
 systems  are the major source  of phosphorus and
 oxygen-demanding  wastes  poisoning Lake trie in.
 addition to causing local defilement.  This area by
 t'lf t-mptifs MKh fren.t c Ion*-  qinnfifii    >f r '>n
 t.iininants utfo tht  late thif  th< -H-  d< -  na(s;<\ !•>',
 iheinsfl v>s  if iHiihated  \\iiuld  >,
-------
UPPER MAUMEE RIVER

    TheMaumeeRiver is polluted at its very source,
the confluence of St. Marys  and  St. Joseph Rivers
In Indiana. Septic tank  and raw sewage  discharges
from  Waynesdale  and  other suburban  Fort Wayne
communities  produce bacterial contamination and
oxygen depletion affecting both the St. Marys and
Mauinee Rivers. This defilement is soon compound-
ed  by the inadequately treated effluent from  Fort
Wayne's sewerage system. In the past,  high phenol
concentrations  have been discharged by industries
to  the river  directly   and  through  Fort  Wayne's
sewage plant. In winter months these phenols have
persisted  for  many miles  downstream,  producing
tastes and odors in municipal water supplies.

    Algae are abundant in the St. Marys and Maumee
Rivers throughout the year, and the St. Joseph RiYer
downstream  from  municipalities.  Increasing algal
growth, associated with  taste and  odor problems,
has  beeo recorded throughout this  area.  Plating
wastes have caused fish kills in  Cedar  Creek,  a
tributary  to the St.  Joseph River. The Kitchen-Quip
Company  at  times still  discharges toxic  concen-
trations of heavy metals. The  Tiffin and upper St..
Joseph Rivers generally maintain good water quality
except below several  small  cities  and  industries.
AUGLA1ZE

    At Wapakoneta,  Ohio, the  Auglaize  River re-
ceives  the effluents  from  the  sewage  treatment
plant, two  packing companies,  and  a bottling plant.
The stream bottom, scoured clean of silt and organic-
deposits during the spring,  is  covered  with  black,
septic,  foul-smelling sludge  by July. The Auglaize
River is again degraded below its confluence with
the Ottawa and Blanchard Rivers. Low or negligible
oxygen  concentrations exist, while large quantities
of   ammonia,   acrylonitriles,  and  other   oxygen-
demanding  wastes  are present. Extensive  algae,
other nuisance aquatic plants, and oxygen-demand-
ing  wastes are present throughout these areas. Sub-
stantial  fish kills occur, especially in  winter when
wastes  are not readily broken down.

    During  low flow periods the Ottawa River, below
Lima,  Ohio, is composed entirely of  the  effluent
from Lima's  sewage  plant  and  Sohio's  refinery,
chemical, and petrochemical  plants. The entire flow
above these waste discharges is  diverted to aug-
ment Lima's water supply. The Ottawa  River shows
little signs  of recovery after leaving Lima,  and
severe chemical and bacterial pollution  exists along
the remainder of its course.

     On  the Blanchard  River below  Findlay,  Ohio
only pollution-tolerant  aquatic organisms were found
to  exist.  Downstream  from  Ottawa's  inadequately
treated sewage discharge, the  Buckeye Sugar  Com-
pany has in the past discharged large  quantities of
oxygen-demanding sugar beet wastes. These wastes
have produced complete anaerobic  conditions  in the
Blanchard   River  and  caused homes  and fences
painted with, lead-based paint to turn black.
                 „ fltt
Anaerobic  conditions  in  the  Auglaize  River  pro*
                 sulfide  which produced  a block
stain on this house,




    ID  the  City  of  Defiance,  Ohio,  the  Mauniee  is
farther degraded by the addition of  the  highly pol-
luted  Aiiglaize  River  water,  the  raw sewage dis-
charge  of  large  numbers of  unsewered or faulty
sewered areas, and the inadequately treated sewage
from the Defiance plant.  Due  to faulty design, the
Defiance sewage treatment plant is closed whenever
                                      ', *.
   Interfake Steel outfall to lower Maumee River,
42

-------
the river rises above a certain  stage, thus bypass-
ing1 raw sewage between 30 and 60 days each  year.
In addition,  large  concentrations  of  phenols from
industrial sources  are  continuously  discharged by
this plant.

    Cities  situated  on  or near  ike  Mauntee River
draw their raw water supply from the highly polluted
waters of this stream. Taste and. odor problems are
prevalent throughout  much of the year In  the water
supplies at  Defiance,  Napoleon,  Bowling Green,
and, at times,  Toledo.  At: Defiance,  during periods
of low  temperature  and Ice cover, taste  and odor
problems  are  encountered due  to phenolic  com-
pounds.  The finished water has a medicinal  taste
and odor. During  the period of spring  runoff, the
water has an intense earthy or musty  taste. In late
spring  the  water has  beeo  described as musty,
moldy, earthy, fishy, and rotten.

    The  taste  and  odor problems  at  Napoleon are
similar  to those at Defiance, however larger doses
of chlorine  are  required  due to  ammonia  wastes
from the Auglaize  River,  Campbell Soup  Company
ha.s reported excessive taste and odor problems at
times but it is able to  remove them with extensive
treatment. Large concentrations  of ammonia at the
plant  have created peak  chlorine demands as high
as 150  mg/1.  The company reports that  the quality
of its raw water supply  has continued  to deteriorate
in recent years,

    Toledo's sewage treatment plant  and partially
combined sewer system are both overloaded. Raw
sewage and  settled  sewage  sludge  are  frequently
bypassed to the Matimee Rrver. As a  result, water-
oriented recreation in. the  Toledo area  is hazardous,
Adequate recreational facilities are lacking because
of these  contaminated waters,   Wastes,  storm by-
passes,  and runoff degrade  Toledo's  raw water
supply tinder certain  adverse conditions ever} though
the intake  Is  in Lake Erie,  several miles from the
City.  In addition  to the  wastes from the City of
Toledo  itself,  Industrial  wastes  are  discharged
which  contain  oil,  phenols, solids,  color,  BOD,
and  chemical oxygen demand. (COD), The  follow-
ing contribute oil or phenols: Standard, Pare,  Gulf,
and Sun Oil  Companies,  and. Interlake Steel,  Lake
level flurnmtions nffVct the Maumee Riv^r ft1! fsr as
!'i  iiiilfs  upstrtMiTr,  then f ire,   pollution  wln> h
               Toledo STP effluent.
 enters the Matimee River  at one point in the lake-
 affected  area  may  degra.de the  water quality for
 some distance upstream as well as downstream,



    Nutrients  and low  dissolved oxygen concen-
 trations  are the major causes of water quality prob-
 lems within the  North  Central  Ohio  Area.  Phos-
 phates,  nitrates,  and  other  nutrients  cause  the
 luxuriant growths  of floating and  attached  algae
 which in places  produce taste and  odors In raw
 water supplies,  combine with  debris  to  choke
 streams, and along with sewage  form  septic sludge
 deposits  along  the  water  courses  aod beaches.
 Fish kills are prevalent,  and  waterfowl kills  from
 oils  continue.  Dissolved oxygen  depletions  are
 common  below  many waste outfalls.  Figure  3" 11
 shows the  present  water quality  during low  flow
 periods.

 SANDUSKY

    With  the present  inadequate  treatment provided
 municipal, agricultural.,  and industrial wastes, and.
 the  lack of treatment of storm runoff from  urban
 areas,  the  Sanduslcy River  never completely re-
 covers before it is again degraded by further waste
 loadings. It suffers  from pollution or enrichment
 from  its  headwaters  at Crestline to its mouth at
 Sandusky Bay. Trash  and garbage dumps are common,
 along the banks and  flood plains, and In places the
 channel  is completely clogged  with logs and debris.
 Oil  slicks  and  depressed oxygen  levels   below
 Crestline and Fremont are  caused in part by Northern
 Ohio Sugar, Pioneer  Rubber, aod the  Pennsylvania
 Railroad. Fish are  killed by agricultural arid in-
 dustrial  toxicants, and a. lack  of dissolved oxygen.

    An  excellent  example of  control  of pollution
 from  agricultural sources  exists in the Celeryville
 area  on  the Sandusky  River. In  this  area where
 severe  sheet erosion and flooding previously  oc-
 cured, the waters are now retained  for later use in
 Irrigation or are conveyed  by subsurface drainage to
 nearby water courses.
BLACK

    Toxic materials such  as cyanide and chromium,
in addition to oil,  solids, etc.  discharged  by Gen-
eral. Motors  and. Republic  Steel  divest  the  Black
River  in  Elyrla of its  life-sustaining properties.
Elyris,  Oberlin,  arid  the  numerous  surrounding
developing urban areas plague the river with raw or
Inadequately  treated sewage. Between Oberlin and
Lorain only  the most pollution-tolerant  organisms
are found  and  numerous  fish  kills occur. Below
Elyria the river is often depleted of oxygen, covered.
with oil  slicks, and multi-colored  from industrial
and other wastes during low flow.  Upstream, the
river is green with algae and covered with the  scum
of aquatic plants. In the lower  section, the wastes
from the  City of Lorain  and U. S. Steel's  Tubular
Operations add to the already polluted conditions of
the river.  In  the upper reaches  brines from  oil well
                                                                                                    43

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-                     ..-
        -'




-------
operations  produce high dissolved  solids  concen-
trations and oils have been spilled to the river from
breaks in the Buckeye Pipeline  Company's  trans-
mission line.



    Profuse  floating and attached  algal growths fed
by phosphorus and  nitrates from agricultural runoff,
and  municipal treatment plant and  septic  tank ef-
fluents  trouble  the Portage  River  waters. These
nuisance  algal  conditions  and  dissolved oxygen
deficits interfere with use of the Portage River as a
raw water supply and for recreation.  Duck kills from
oils  have been reported. Below I"ostoria the river is
often an oily, turbid white or rust  color from wastes
discharged by Seneca Wire, and Swift and Company.
Foster Duck Farm and Hirzel  Canning  di.scha.rge
high  oxygen-eon siitninf wastes.  Numerous  small
cities a.re loc  J  1,1 f.binaries  which have virtual-
ly no flow h iK il i  i  ti.  Therefore, little capacity
exists for ass  i i <
-------
                    '- fteL*»«i,¥
          •:f'4 i:*;;,- v-" .
46
                    Figure ^'12 ~  Grratt-r CIcvHond-Akron Arco Waier Qoolity Situation

-------
Highly  discolored                        ore dis*
charged to Lake Erie by the Cuyahoga River.
    These domestic  wastes are joined by the  dis-
charges from  the  major industrial complex in the
Cleveland  area. Republic Steel,  U.  S. Steel,  and
Jones  and  Laughlin  discharge  solids,  iron,  oil,
sulfates,  ammonia,  acids,  and other deleterious
materials. Harshaw  Chemical  Company discharges
solids, nickel, fluorides, and acids.

    In the upper Cuyahoga River,  little if any  dilu-
tion water is available to assimilate the waste dis-
charged by Akron, Kent, Ravenna, and the Industrial
complex located within this area,  since the City of
Akron diverts  the  entire low flow of the  river. The
effluent aed bypassing of Ravenna's sewage treat-
ment plant,  and  particularly  the numerous busi-
nesses, motels, and homes along Breakneck Creek,
pollute this waterway.  Below where this creek en-
ters the Cuyahoga  River, the river  is gray-brown
with  an  abundance  of  aquatic  plants  along  the
shoreline and  floating algae  on the  surface. Down-
stream the discharges  from  Lamson and Sessions
and  Soeoco Products yield  a reddish tinge,  high
oxygen demand, and oils. Gross pollution exists at
all  seasoos of the year from this area of the  river
to the mouth.

    Firestone,   B.   F.  Goodrich,  Goodyear  Tire
Division,  Goodyear  Aerospace  Division,  and  Dia-
mond Salt all  discharge  wastes to the  Little Cuya-
hoga River in Akron, seriously degrading  its water
quality. During low flow the odor and oxygen demand
imparted to the receiving waters can be detected as
far  downstream on  the Cuyahoga River as Peninsula,
Ohio. The rubber plants*  wastes contain color, odor,
oils, solids,  complex  organics, high temperatures,
and  oxygen-demanding materials.  Goodyear  Aero-
space effluent contains heavy metals, cyanides, and
other toxic materials. Diamond Salt discharges chlo-
rides to the Ohio Canal and to the  Akron  treatment
plant which cannot treat  this  waste.


    In its headwaters,  the Cuyahoga  River is rel-
atively unpolluted  and is used as a water  supply for
the City of Akron and surrounding areas. Although
this area is now relatively undeveloped, it is pro-
jected that within  the next 10 to  20 years this area
will become urbanized. With  increased urbanization
                                                      water quality  degradation will occur unless active
                                                      measures are taken to maintain a pure supply. Even
                                                      now wastes from the Smallwood  Packing Company,
                                                      the City of Middlefield, and other developing areas
                                                      at  times depress the river's  oxygen  content  and.
                                                      produce algal growths.
    Numerous small inadequate treatment plants dot
Rocky River's watershed and severely  degrade its
water  quality.  There is no area-wide collection or
treatment system within the  basin and this relatively
continuous  urban  area  is  served  by many major
treatment plants which provide inadequate treatment.
The main stem, the East Branch, and the lower West
Branch support prolific  algal growths. In the sum-
mer,  much  of  the stream  bottom,  is covered with
rotting masses of unsightly algae  which,  at times,
produce  foul odors. .Most  of this area, with  foul
water  quality is  within  the  Cleveland Metropolitan
Park system and the offensive state of the waters
interferes with park uses. This Is particularly evid-
dent below Berea. Dumps  aloog the  stream banks
and  flood plains  In the Columbia  Station and other
areas, as well as  numerous septic tank effluents and
misused  storm  drains, pollute the waters in  the un-
sewered  areas. Near the yacht clubs and marinas
floating sludge and sewer gas bubbles are evident.

    The  City  of  Berea presently  depends upon
Baldwin and Coe Reservoirs for its municipal water
supply. These  waters are generally highly enriched
and  contain high algal,  sediment, and iron concen-
trations.  At  times, during low flow periods, Berea
diverts the total flow of the  East Branch.

    Sediments also interfere with water uses in this
area. These sediments  originate  mainly from sub-
division  and highway construction.  Ordinances to
control sediment from subdivision  construction art*
either  lacking or  not  enforced.  In  new contracts
being  let by the  Ohio  Department of Highways,  a
stipulation  has been included which requires the
prevention,  control,  and active  abatement  of pol-
lution  during construction.  The  Cleveland Metro-
politan Park Board has had to dredge extensively
to maintain adequate depth  in several of its recre-
ational reservoirs.

LAKEFRONT

    Bacteria,   color,  debris,  suspended   solids,
oxygen-consuming materials, dead fish, etc., all are
found along Cleveland's front door — the Lake Erie
shoreline. Unlike many  cities, which are able to rid
themselves  of  garbage  and  wastes by discharging
them to  a oearby river  for someone  else to worry
about, Cleveland's wastes  fester in front of them.

    Along with inadequately treated wastes from, all
Cleveland,  area,  treatment plants,  combined sewer
and  storm water  overflows pour bacterial  contam-
ination onto the  shore. Even during dry weather,
raw sewage  continuously overflows from Cleveland's
                                                                                                    47

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overloaded combined  sewer system. This raw sew-
age  and other  wastes all  are  found in  the  exces-
sively polluted local  bathing beaches. A Cleveland
.resident must travel 60 to 100 miles to fiiid lakefront
beaches unquestionably suitable for swimming.

    Severe chemical pollution  exists  in  the lamer
reaches of both the Grand and Ashtabula Rivers and
in places along the lakeshore.  Locally  the  waters
are stained green, yellow, milky white,  and brown.
Several »aw  or inadequately treated discharges of
mun.ic.ipal wastes  also degrade the streams" water
quality.  Water quality  at  most lakefront bathing
areas  remains relatively good  except after  rains.
Figure 3-13 depicts the present  water quality In the
Northeast Ohio Area.



    The Grand River in its lower reach is one of the
most chemically polluted waterways within the Lake
Erie watershed.  The  ..Diamond  Shamrock  Company
discharges  over   3,000 tons of  dissolved solids
daily to the river which flows to  Lake  Erie,  The
Painesville  and   Fairport  sewerage  systems  dis-
charge  poorly treated .wastes  which, .along with
septic  tank effluents from Grand River and Paines-
ville Northeast, produce heavy bacterial pollution
within  this sector.

    At   times the  lower  river  is  brightly colored,
ranging from  bright green to yellow which  results
from chemical discharges. Untreated  sewage has
also' been observed floating on the surface.  Three
other  industries,  Calhio Chemical,  Uniroyal,  and
A.  E.  Staley, discharge significant  wastes within
the area.

    The upper Grand "River generally maintains good
water quality.

                   • • ••   •-   - ••	

    Algal growths and bacterial, pollution are found
in  the vicinities  of Conneautville and  Springboro,
Pennsylvania  from  raw untreated  discharges in
Conneautville  and  inadequately  operated  septic-
tanks in Springboro. The Corps of Engineers,  in  a
flood control,  study, reports the discharge of raw
sewage from sewer pipes in Conneautville. Putrid
sludge deposits are found below Springboro and  in
an unnamed creek  which receives septic tank ef-
fluents and the treated, wastes of the Albro Packing
Company. Conneaut Creek is of good water quality
as it crosses the Ohio-Pennsylvania state boundary.
In Conneaut the creek  receives  the poorly treated
wastes from the municipal treatment plant.

   The  Pennsylvania   Fish  Commission  stocks
Conneaut Creek with trout in several, upper portions
where excellent water quality exists.



   Strong chemical and, medicinal odors accompany
the ever-present milky white or brown discoloration
of Fields; Brook, a  tributary of the  lower Ashtabula
River. These  coalitions are caused by a large in-
dustrial  complex  comprised  of  Cabot  Titania,
Reactive Metals, Detrex Chemical, Olin Mathiesoo.
General  Tire,   and  Diamond Shamrock,  Semi-Works,
which  discharge organic and inorganic  wastes  to
the  river with Fields  Brook as  an  intermediary
stream,.  Within  the  Ashtabula area  bacterial pol-
lution  exists from onsewered residential areas and
from raw sewage discharged by  dock activities and
vessels.

    Above the Ashtabula complex, the river exhibits
good water quality and supports good fishing.


             PENNSYLVANIA AiEA

   Foam, foul odor, and black-brown discoloration
are much in evidence for ten miles dojvnshore from
Hammermill  Paper  Company's  discharge  to  Lake
Erie under  the prevailing  westerly  winds. These
wastes  inhibit the  development  of this area. With
prolonged winds from the east, extensive treatment
must be provided to Erie's raw water supply to pre-
vent severe-finished water taste  and odor problems
caused by these wastes. Under these same meteor-
ological  conditions the color, foam, and objection-
able odors make the beaches  at  Presque Isle State
Park esthetically offensive.

   The water quality at Presque Isle State Park is
generally excellent with mediae coliform  concen-
trations  -on  Beaches  2-10 of under 100 organisms
per  100  ml. However,  Beach 11 and occasionally
Bench 1 have  water quality problems.  Beach 11  is
polluted from  sewage  treatment plant  bypasses,
combined and  storm sewer overflows, a  bird sanctu-
ary,       Hammermill's  discharge. Lower coliform
concentrations  in the summer of  1967 may have re-
sulted  from the increased chlorination of Erie's
effluent. An unsewered  area  west  of Presque Isle
pollutes  Beach 1,  and  Beachcomber-Kelso Beach
area. Algal problems  are • prevalent in  the  shore
areas both east and west of Presque Isle, 'and'to  an
extent on Presque  Isle itself. Several  of the  small,
beaches  east  of Erie are contaminated, and others
axe of unknown  quality.
48

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                                                                                                                                                                 if>U't «rtK»iHH( \AWtf
                                                            >

                                                           {'

JM
                 7k
                   '*>,.
      w^^^^^^^^^^^,,,^^,^^^

                            	_J

-------
    The Pennsylvania  streams within the Lake Erie
watershed  are  relatively  small.  The most polluted
of the streams  are  Cascade Creek,  Garrison  Run,
and Mill  Creek. These streams flow through Erie to
the harbor  and receive the combined sewer overflow
and storm water discharges from the Erie collection
system. Bottom deposits In the harbor at the mouth
of these  creeks  are a brownish-black combination of
mud,  silt, and detritus. Sewage  and chemical odors
emanate  from sediments taken from the  bottom in-
side  and outside the harbor.  The City of Girard
discharges poorly treated wastes to Elk Creek. The
Lake City plant has  previously discharged inade-
quately treated  wastes to  Elk  Creek but the Penn-
sylvania Health Department  reports  that required
improvements have  been.  made.  Gunnison Brothers
Tannery  degrades the  water quality of Brandy Run
and a section of Elk Creek with its waste discharges.

    The  remainder of the streams within the Penn-
sylvania area generally are of good water quality.
    The  waters of this  atea  vary  from essentially
concentrated industrial and municipal wastes in one
river which is  devoid  of all biological life, to sev-
eral small  streams which support  stocked trout.
Bathing  beaches must be  cleaned  daily to prevent
masses of  rotting, foul smelling algae from accumu-
lating.  Bacterial,  contamination also  exists  in  a
number of the bathing areas, although  several fairly
good swimming beaches exist.  Figure  3" 14 depicts
the present water  quality  of the major streams in
the New York area,

BUFFALO

    The  Buffalo River is a repulsive holding basin
for industrial and municipal wastes under the  pre-
valent  sluggish  flow  conditions.  It  Is  devoid of
oxygen,  and almost  sterile.  Oil,  phenols,  color,
oxygen-demanding  materials, Iron, acid, sewage,
and exotic  organic compounds axe  present in large
amounts. Residents who live along its backwaters
have vociferously complained of the odors emanat-
ing from the  river and  of  the heavy  oil  films. In
places the  river's surface is a boundless mosaic of
color   and  patterns resulting from, the mixture of
organic dyes, steel mill and oil  refinery wastes, raw
sewage,  and garbage. Thick films of oil are present
on  the Buffalo River at all  times except during flood
conditions. In  addition to  upstream sources,  oil Is
discharged  directly  to  the  river  by  Mobil Oil,
Republic  Steel,  and  Dormer-Banna  Coke,  During
times of high  flow, these oils, along with  the other
contaminants  are flushed  into  the Niagara  River
where  they interfere with water intakes, and  recre-
ational and wildlife uses.

    The effect  of Lake Erie on the  level and  flow of
the river extends upstream for over six and one-half
miles.  As  a  result,  during  periods  of  low flow,
wastes which enter this sector  may travel both up-
stream and downstream from the point of discharge.
      ,. ^	 '£/?  f »


        >* ,U' ',/',: '**' X (  , "•
Waste  outfall  of  Allied  Chemical,  Buffalo Dye
Division.
                Cayuga,  and  Buffalo  Creeks,  all
tributary to the Buffalo River, are rapidly defiled as
they enter the metropolitan area. However, In their
upper  reaches they retain good  water  quality, and
support trout and other fish populations. Enrichment
is prevalent  in outlying areas as evidenced by the
copious  mats  of  aquatic  plant  and algal growth.
Resulting  decomposing sludge  banks, in places,
choke  stream flow.  Phosphorus and. other nutrients
which  promote these growths are provided by  septic
tank and small inadequate  treatment: plant  effluents,
raw  sewage  discharges,  and  agricultural  runoff.
Stream degradation Is  particularly evidenced In and
below   East  Aurora,   West  Seneca,  Gardenville,
Lancaster, and Depew. Garbage dumps,  such  as the
Village of Depew's, are abundant along the  water-
courses. Oil  wastes which originate from the Penn-
sylvania  Railroad  shops  are  flushed to Buffalo
Creek  during  heavy rains.  These oils 'contribute  to
the major slicks and films  which  are present on both
the Buffalo and Niagara Rivers.

    The five  major industries on the Buffalo  River
have recently completed a cooling water supply In-
take into Lake Erie which will  also provide  some-
what   increased    flow   In  the lower  sector  of the
Buffalo River. This additional flow, along with  the
many other corrective  measures presently underway,
should reduce the gross pollution which now exists.
But much mote  will  be  needed to  accomplish ef-
fective abatement.

CATTARAUGUS

    Cattaraugus  Creek resembles  an  open  sewer
after  receiving wastes from  Peter Cooper  Corpor-
ation  and Moench Tanning  Company  in  Gowanda.
Besides  containing  oils;, toxicants,   and  solids,
these  wastes exert an oxygen demand  equal to  the
raw sewage  from  a city of 200,000.  In  spite of the
high  reaeration rate of the  stream,  only  pollution-
tolerant sewage bacteria,  blue-green algae,  sludge-
worms, and bloodworms are found. At one time these
waters were  capable  of supporting trout  and other
desirable fish as  well  as  having an excellent water
contact  sport potential.  Now the water  is  highly
turbid and dirty gray in color. Foul smelling  sludge
50

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banks  exist  throughout the  twenty miles to Lake
Erie.  These conditions • are further  aggravated by
cannery wastes discharged by Gowanda State Hos-
nital and the Silver Creek Preserving Company.
    An  oil  film and rust-red  discoloration  of two
square miles out into Lake Erie is created by Beth-
lehem Steel as a result of its discharge to Blasdell
and  Smoke  Creeks.  A  continuous oil  discharge of
over 30,000 pounds per day  is  held immediately
against the shore  by ice during the winter. During
spring   thaws  the  entrapped oil  is  liberated, and
joins the  oils released simultaneously  from, the
Buffalo River and  other sources to cause the major
oil slicks which occur OD the Niagara River.
     wind from the east, the eifhi/'ttt r«>>m Ht>tliMit?t;i
Steel  hangs along shoreline *es»f of Smoke Creek.
    Eighteenmile Creek becomes anaerobic  during
low  flow periods  below the  Tillage  of- Hamburg,
Moderate  to  heavy enrichment Is apparent  in up-
stream  areas below  a number of villages and in
some agricultural areas.

    Most other small tributaries suffer from  degrada-
tion and  enrichment  particularly  in their lower
sectors.  The problems from  domestic  wastes to
these  tributaries  ate  compounded by  grape; pro-
cessing plants and vegetable canneries which dis-
charge high seasonal, loadings to sewage  plants or
directly to the  stream's. This is particularly notice-
able in Westfield, North Collins,  Brocton, Fredonia,
and Silver Creek. Sludge banks, slime, and low dis-
solved  oxygen  concentrations  are  commonplace
below  these outfalls.  Canadaway,  Slippery  Rock,
Walnut, Silver,  and Ca.ttaratt.giis Creeks are particu-
larly affected by these cannery and grape-processing
wastes, in places  the  waters  are  turned  purple to
black, have; heavy masses  of putrid sewage bacteria,
and produce sickening odors,

LAKEFRONT

    Unfortunately much of the Ne.'io York  shoreline
with, its  rocky base is ideally .suited for the pro-
duction of continual crops of attached algae which
are caused  by  phosphorus carried' to the New }" orlc
shoreline  by Lake Erie.  An  aerial observation of
the  shoreline gives view to  endless windrows of
decomposing algae which have -been  washed upon
the  beaches.   To  a person wading through these
masses toward the  cleaner  offshore  waters, the
slime and stench are almost unmanageable. Several
water  recreation  areas,  such  a;;  Hvangola  State
Park,  maintain beaches  relatively  free  of these
decomposing materials  and dead'fish only through
twice daily  combing the area  by  machine and hand.
Others, such as Lake Erie State Park, Silver Creek,
and  Wright Park beaches  have maintained  very poor
conditions with rotting algae commonplace.

    Defilement of the area's beaches by raw sewage?,
septic tank effluent, sewage treatment plant effluent
and  bypassing and  storm  waters  from,  municipal
areas  is  common  in  places.  These   wastes are
carried to the beach  areas by  nearshore currents
a.nd  by streams  such as Chautauqua, Canadaway,
Silver, Cattaraugus, Big  Sister,  Kighteenmile,  etc,
While some bathing areas are affected continuously,
the*  majority are  primarily  affected, for  one or two
days directly  after a summer  storm.  Studies by the
Erie  County  Health  Department have  shown  that
the  storm need not be  severe  to cause  appreciable
contamination by the flushing of raw or inadequately
treated sewage into streams or directly to Lake Erie.
52

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                                                          4

                            f Hi              OF
                WAS1F. SOURCES

    Municipal tva&ii. i,,s M>,, principal cause of pollu-
tion in Lake Erie and its tributaries.  Another major
cause of pollution,  especially  in  tributaries  and
harbors,  is  industrial  wastes.   These  wastes con-
sist not only of continuous, direct  entreated dis-
charges, but also  combined sewer  overflows  and
treatment plant effluents.   Agricultural  mnoff Is
also  a significant, but harder  to  define, source of
pollution.   Other  sources of pollution,  are  wastes
from commercial and pleasure -craft, spoil  from har-
bor dredging, urban runoff, and shore erosion.  All
of these  combined are  now potentially disastrous to
Lake Erie water quality.

    Three geographical areas are primarily respon-
sible for the present condition of Lake  Erie  (Table
4-1).  These areas, in  order of decreasing  effect on
the  overall   quality of Lake Erie water, are:  (1)
Detroit, Michigan and its surrounding municipalities,
(2) the Cleveland-Cuyahoga River basin, and (3) the
Matimee  River basin.  The Buffalo area  has  high
waste inputs, but  these wastes affect  the Niagara
River more  than Lake  Erie.  Many other areas have
problems which are primarily local;  but cumulatively,
they also have a profound effect on the general water
quality.
   TABLE 4- 1  -  Percent                   of
       Major Source       In Lake Erie Basin



Phosphorus
Biochemical
Detroit and
Southeast
Michigan
40.0 • '
Oxygen Demand 60.3
Chloride 51.0'
Cleveland-
Akron-
Cuyahoga
• 18.6
11.0
10.6
Toleclo-
Maemee
River
15.3
15.5
47
    Approximately  9 million people inhabit commu-
nities  within  the  U.S. portion of the  Lake Erie
basin,  discharging partially treated wastes directly
into Lake Erie or  into  its tributaries. Nearly  2
million  more people are  served  by  septic tanks.
Sixty-three  municipal  primary  treatment    plants
serve approximately 5 million  people,  discharging
879 rngd of wastes; aod  155 municipal secondary
treatment''  plants  serve  approximately  4 million
people, discharging  591 mgd of wastes.  Figure 4-1
shows the municipal treatment plant data  by sub-
areas. The ten largest sources of municipal  waste
based on strength  of waste discharged are  shown in
Table  4-2.  It is  easily  seen  from  the table that
Detroit is the largest municipal polluter in the basin,
and in  fact contributes  more  wastes than, all  the
other cities combined.
           4-2 -  Ten         U.S.         of
           Waste in the       Erie
%
U.S.
Location

of Total
Municipal
Waste
BOD
Discharged
Detroit, Michigan
Cleveland, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Wayne County, Michigan
Akron, Ohio
Euclid, Ohio
Lorain, Ohio
San dusky, Ohio
Erie, Pennsylvania
Ft. 'Wayne, Indiana
64,4
9.0
3.5
3.1
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.5
% of Total
U.S. Municipal
Waste
Phosphorus
Load
46.5
20.3
5,0
2.8
4.5
1.0
1.2
0.6
2.2
2,6
    The  remarkably  degrading  effect  which  the
Detroit, Cleveland, and Mauniee areas have on Lake
Eric can be  shown by  subtracting  their discharges
of  almost  any constituent  from the total input of
that constituent to the lake.
 A  settling process which  removes  about 35%  of
 organic pollutants from sewage water.

*-A biological process  which removes up to 90%  of
 organic pollutants from sewage water.
                                                                                                    53

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                                               LAKE


                                              MUR OH
                    	g3O,000	x

                  \
                                    .     -~» /

                                     "•-,_.''  V


                                    '        ^
 ,;


*
                                                              \i
                                                  _  .,
                                           ^  ,--•'   7 '          /
                            /
      NCLK.iffiMMy_PkA!i!!ji2!ijy^

      H$^JLIS^.£AfiIJifiiI^^
                   Figure 4- 1  -  1960 Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant Data by Subbasin
                                               LAKE,


                                             Ht/ROM
                          x
                       fftf
                           S
                           ^
                                                      /  "
                                                       '
                                    -r !'.-:""r;"^r~"''>k<1''  \ J^"
                                                                           -^
                ,

               /
               ^!
            LJ.vtL'VJU

                            flgyre 4-2 -  1960 Industrial  Discharges by Subbasin
54

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TAFU (" 4 •
                          (Vl'inieipcil  Treatment Plant Waste Discharges in Population  Equivalents
Sub are a
Southeast Michigan
Maumee
North Central Ohio
Cleveland-Akron
Northeast Ohio
Pennsylvania
New York
Total Lake Erie basin (U.S.)
Before
Tre atm en t
4,750,000
1,100,000
430,000
2,400,000
100,000
360,000
220,000
9,360,000
After
Treatment:
3,420,000
240,000
170,000
630,000
60,000
42,000
90,000
4,652,000
Treatment
Efficiency—"
28
78
60
74
40
88
59
50
 -Equivalent to the oxygen  demand of raw sewage from that number of people (0.1.7 pounds of BOD per capita
 per day).
    Almost  the  entire population of the Southeast
Michigan area is in and around Detroit. The Detroit
primary  sewage treatment plant  serves  about 2.8
million people. While 85  percent  of  the South-
eastern Michigan  population  discharges  wastes to
sewers,  the wastes  from only  10 percent of the
total  population   receive   secondary   treatment,
Southeast Michigan accounts for  58  percent of the
entire municipal waste flow to the Lake  Erie basin.

    About  79 percent  of the  Indiana  Lake  Erie
basin  population  is  served by  secondary sewage
treatment plants,  and the rest, which is basically
rural, is served by septic tanks.

    About 64 percent of the  total population in the
Ohio portion of the Lake Erie basin is  served by
secondary treatment.  About  16 percent of the popu-
lation is not served by sewer systems.  The Greater
Cleveland-Akron  area accounts  for  25  percent of
the municipal waste flow  to the lake.

    The wastes from almost 70 percent of the popu-
lation in Pennsylvania portion of the basin receive
secondary treatment.  The city of Erie, the largest
city in Pennsylvania whose discharge reaches Lake
Erie, provides secondary treatment.

    In the New York area of the Lake Erie basin, the
wastes from only 39 percent  of the total population
receive secondary treatment,

    Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the main
municipal clegrculant discharged to tributary waters.
The most hannjid municipal contribution  to the  lake
is in the form of nutrients — primarily nitrogen and
phosphorus  —  although   locally  bacteria,  cause
serious problems,

    The total BOD discharged to municipal, sewage
treatment plants in the basin  is  equivalent to the
raw  sewage from a population of 9.4  million.  After
treatment, this is reduced to a load, on, the receiving
waters equivalent  to the raw sewage from a popula-
tion of 4,7 million, or a treatment efficiency, basin-
wide, of 50 percent.
                                               Municipal waste treatment plant discharges and
                                            treatment  plant efficiencies  summarized  by  sub-
                                            basins are shown in Table 4- 3.



                                               Industrial wastes are those; spent process waters
                                            associated  with  industrial  operations  which are
                                            discharged separately and not  in combination, with
                                            municipal   wastes.  Industries  discharge  oxygen-
                                            consuming substances equivalent to the raw sewage
                                            discharge  from a  population  of  nearly 3 million.
                                            The major industries are listed  below  with pollution
                                            substances common to each:

                                               Power    — Heat,  Solids
                                               Steel     - COD,  Acids, Iron, Solids, Phenols,
                                                           Oils, Color, Heat, Toxicants
                                               Chemical — COD,  Solids, Organics, pH,  Toxi-
                                                           cants, Color
                                               Oil       - Oil, COD, Solids, Phenols
                                               Paper     - BOD,   Solids,   Color,  Coliform
                                               Rubber   - Organics, Oil, COD, Solids
                                               Plating,  Machinery,  Manufacturing — Cyanide,
                                                           Chrome,    Cadmium,   Copper,   and
                                                           other  heavy  metals,   pH,  Solids;
                                               Food  Processing  -  BOD, Oil,   Solids,  Color

                                               Lake Erie and its tributaries receive industrial,
                                            wastes  from 360  known  sources,  A  summary of
                                            these, by states, is given  in Table 4-4, along with
                                            their  treatment adequacy. Slightly  more  than  50
                                            percent  of the  industries  are  classified as having
                                            inadequate treatment facilities.

                                            TABLE  4*4 — Industrial Woste Source Classification
                                           State
     TREATMENT
Adequate     Inadequate
                                           Ohio
                                           Indiana
                                           Michigan
                                           Pennsylvania
                                           New York
                                           Total
119
9
24
15
4
17 1
92
6
68
5
18
189

-------
    Industries  are responsible for 87 percent of the
 total waste  flow discharged to Lake  Erie and its
 tributaries.  The total  waste; volume from Industry
 equals  9,600  rngd  with  electric power production
 accounting  for  72 'percent  and  steel production
 accounting for 19  percent  of the flow.  Figure 4-2
 shows the industrial waste flow data  by subareas.
    The  20  largest Industrial   water  users based
 upon volume  of  waste discharged   exclusive  of
 electric  power production arc* .shown  in "fable 4-5.
 It is easily seen from, the table that  steel, chemical,
 oil,  and paper industries predominate  in the basin.,
 These  20  industries  discharge 86  percent of the
 total industrial  waste  water if the electric power
 industry Is excluded,
    About  47 percent  of the total industrial waste
 discharges in  the  basin  flows  directly to the  lake
 or  to  lake-affected  portions  of  the tributaries;
 another 44 percent is discharged to the Detroit and
 St. Clair Rivers,

    Industries   discharge   millions   of  pounds  of
 dissolved  solids daily to Lake Erie;  for  example,
 they discharge 11 million pounds of chlorides dally
 and  a  similar  quantity of  sulfates.   The chloride
 input is  expected to double by  1990 unless restric-
 tions are placed upon inputs.

        4-5 -  Twenty largest U  \  I'l.-ducers  of
             Industrial       Watei  l
         In the Lake Erie Drainage  Bosin
Name and Location
   % of Total
Industrial Waste
  Discharge
Ford; Dearborn and Monroe, Mich.
Republic Steel; Lorain and
  Cleveland, Ohio and Buffalo, N.Y.
Bethlehem Steel; Lackawanna, N.Y.
Great Lakes Steel;  Ecorse and
  River Rouge, Michigan
Jones&Laughlin Steel; Cleveland, Ohio
Wyandotte Chemical;  Wyandotte, Mich,
Pennsalt Chemical; Riverview, Mich.
Gulf Oil;  Toledo, Ohio
McLouth Steel; Trenton and
  Gibraltar, Michigan
Allied Chemical; Detroit, Michigan
  and  Buffalo, New York
Interlake Steel; Toledo, Ohio
Scott Paper;  Detroit,  Michigan
Standard Oil; Toledo  and  Lima, Ohio
Midland Ross; Painesville, Ohio
U.S. Steel; Cleveland and Lorain, Ohio
Mobil Oil; Trenton, Michigan
  and  Buffalo, New York
Hamniermi.il Paper Co.;  Erie, Penn.
Monsanto  Chemical; Trenton, Mich.
Diamond Shamrock; Painesville, Ohio
Consolidated Paper; Monroe, Mich.
      19.7
      14.9

      13,0
       8.7

       4.8
       4.1
       3.6
       2.5
       2.4

       1.7

       1.6
       1.6
       1.5
       1.1
       0.9
       0.9

       0.7
       0,7
       0.6
       0.5
 1
  Based on volume of waste water discharged.
 "Exclusive of electric power production.
                        Agricultural runoff is a major source of nutrient
                     and  sill pollution to  Lake  Erie,  The pollution
                     results  largely  from  surface  erosion,  of  sparsely
                     covered,  intensely cultivated,  fine-grained soils,
                     While silt covers much of the bottom  of the lake and
                     this, along with pesticide's, may  be influential in
                     the   fisheries  problem,  the nutrient  Input is of
                     greater  immediate  concern.  Increasingly  larger
                     quantities of  nitrogen  and phosphorus fertilizers
                     are being applied to the land, and  these  substances
                     find  their way to the  lake during  runoff. Nutrients
                     are  also  contributed in significant  quantities  from
                     animal wastes,

                        If an estimated rate; of 250 pounds  of   total,
                     phosphorus per  square mile per  year is used to
                     calculate the  agricultural  contribution,  almost six
                     million pounds  are contributed to  Lake  Erie per
                     year  from this source.  The nitrogen  input from run-
                     off is at least  ten times this amount.

                        At least eight million tons of silt are discharged
                     to  Lake  Erie from agricultural runoff  each year.
                     Nearly half  of this  is discharged  to  the  western
                     basin..
    The Matimee River Is the greatest contributor to
rural runoff pollution, in both nutrients  and silt,  In
the Erie basin.  About two million tons per year of
nutrient-laden silt enter  the lake from this  drainage
basin.

    It Is not likely that: the rate  of  silt input from
rural runoff will increase by any significant amount
in the future because of Improved soil conservation
practices.  In fact,, it appears that the present rate
is less  than it has been in  the past.  The Inputs  of
nutrients  from rural,  runoff are likely  to  Increase
however, because of the  rapidly  increasing  usage of
fertilizers.



    Combined  sewer  systems  are  recognized   as
very  significant  sources  of  pollutants  both   to
tributaries  and to Lake Erie.   The more important
materials contributed  are  BOD,  bacteria,  and the
nutrients,  nitrogen  and phosphorus.  Beaches are
closed  in many  places because  of  the  bacterial
loadings.

    Many  large cities in the Lake Erie basin have
combined sewer systems carrying both  sewage and
surface  drainage water. During  dry  weather the
sewer   systems  supposedly direct  all  flow to a
sewage  treatment  plant.  During  periods  of pre-
cipitation the; excess flow bypasses  the treatment
plant and goes directly to  the nearest watercourse.
Many of the systems are in such poor  condition that
sewage  is  continuously   bypassed;  Cleveland's
system  is a prime example.
 56

-------
    At present: the largest contributors to Lake Erie
pollution from combined sewers  are  the cities of
Detroit,  Cleveland,  and Toledo,  These have  an
immediate detrimental effect, particularly at bathing
beaches in  the vicinity.  Combined sewers are the
main reason that the entire shoreline: in the Cleveland
metropolitan  area is unsafe  for swimming.

    Approximately 40  billion gallons per year flow
from  combined sewers directly  to the basin's water-
ways. About  half of this flow is untreated municipal
waste; i.e., sewage bypassed to the overflow during
rainstorms.  Sewer overflows, on an annual average,
contribute  wastes equivalent to the oxygen demand
of raw sewage from  approximately 600,000 persons,
The. wastes from combined  sewer  overflows will be
muck  greater in  the  future  if  controls  are not,
instituted  now. Tables 4-6 and  4-7, for example,
show the projected contribution  of oxygen-demanding
substances from  storm water  overflows  in  2020.
  TABLE 4-6  - Projected BOD in Lbs/Day from
       Water Overflow Assuming No Further Control
     Measures or Separation of Existing Sewers
Subarea
Southeast Michigan
Maumee
North Central Ohio
Greater Cleveland- Akron
Northeast Ohio
Pennsylvania
New York
Total
1967
43,000
11,000
4,000
30,000
500
2,000
12,000
102,500
2020
90,000
23,000
8,000
65,000
2,000
8,000
25,000
221,000
           4- '               iOD          from
        W>»»p«  Ovjif'uw* Assuming Seporote Sewer
               Systems Throughout
Subarea
Southeast Michigan
Maumee
North Central Ohio
Greater Cleveland-Akron
Northeast Ohio
Pennsylvania
New York
Total
 2020

38,000
 9,000
 3,000
26,000
 2,000
 2,900
12,000
92,900
*These tables  show that  the combined sewer over-
 flow  in  2020  would amount  to   221,000  Ibs/day
 BOD  — more   than  twice the  present  discharge.
 But,  if sewers  are  separated this discharge will.
 amount to only 92,900 Ibs/day in 2020, less than
 the present discharge of  102,500 Ibs/day.
           VESSEL WASTES

               Vessel   discharges  are   locally  damaging,
           especially in harbor areas,  although they are not  a
           significant factor in the overall  water quality of the
           lake. The  bacterial,  and  nutrient  pollution  load
           from commercial vessels on  Lake Erie is equivalent
           to the raw sewage of 1,200 persons for eight months
           of the year or a permanent population  of 800.  The
           pollution  contribution from  pleasure craft  is equi-
           valent to  the raw sewage of a permanent population
           of 5,500.  Areas of particular concern  from  vessel
           wastes  are around  Detroit,   Toledo,  San dusky,
           Vermilion,  Rocky  River,  Cleveland,   Ash tabula,
           Erie, and  Buffalo.

           SHCi
-------
                1 AliLfc 4-
                                1967                                        in Loke
Harbor
Monroe (Raisin River)
Bolles Harbor
Toledo (Maumee River)
Sandusky
Huron
Lorain (Black River)
Rocky River
Cleveland (Cuyahoga River)
Fairport (Grand River)
Ashtabula
Conneant
Erie
Dunkirk
Buffalo
Total
                                                  Volume cu. yds.

                                                       250,000
                                                       186,000
                                                     1,000,000
                                                       600,000
                                                       180,000
                                                       500,000
                                                        60,000
                                                     1,300,000
                                                       360,000
                                                       350,000
                                                       400,000
                                                       200,000
                                                        26,000
                                                       620,000
                                                                                Principal sludge source
industrial
rural
rural
rural
rural
Industrial, municipal, rural
municipal, rural
industrial, municipal, rural
Industrial, rural, municipal
Industrial, rural
rural
municipal.
industrial
industrial
                                                     6,032,000
    In  many  cases  dredging wastes harm water
quality by the addition of BOD and nutrients.  It has
been  the policy  to  dump the dredged materials in
the lake within a few miles of the dredging sites,
which maybe transferring highly polluted substances
to relatively unpolluted areas.
                        -
HIGHWAY AND

    Pollution from construction  sites is mainly silt
and  is  similar to agricultural runoff,  but  the  rate
per  unit  area  is  much higher.  The problem is
becoming   increasingly  serious  because   of  the
recent  intensification   of  highway  arid  housing
programs in the Erie basin covering large  areas of
land. There  apparently  has  been  no  adequate
program  of  reseeding,  catch-basins,  etc.  during
construction;  and the land is left  barren  for long
periods, especially over winter.

                                                             AND

                                                          The  waterways  of the  Lake  Erie basin  are
                                                      being used,  in  many  places,  for  the  disposal of
                                                      solid  wastes.  Municipal   and  industrial  dumps
                                                      presently  exist  along  the  banks  of  most  major
                                                      streams. These dumps are eyesores and contribute
                                                      oils,  oxygen  demand,  trash,   and other  wastes.

                                                          Fallen  trees  and  stomps  choke   rivers  and
                                                      streams at many places, blocking flow an
-------
Recreation.  The  persistence  of  oil, being,  for  the
most  part,  nondegradabie  naturally,  makes  this
problem a difficult one to overcome. The possibility
of  a major  cargo spillage within the lake proper is
real and poses a disastrous threat to the entire lake,

    Methods of  coping  with oil pollution  after a
discharge, either locally or basin-wide, are not now
adequate, but efforts are being made; to correct this
situation, especially by the Coast Guard andFWPCA.
POTENTIAL
                        POLLUTION
    Offshore drilling in  the lake proper for oil and
 gas is now being contemplated by several companies
 on  bottom land to be leased from the states of Ohio,
 Pennsylvania,  and New York.  This is a potential
 source of pollution, mainly from oil spillage, brine,
 and drilling muds.  If considerable quantities of oil
 are encountered in  drilling, the risk of oil pollution
 will, be  of  the highest degree and could  lead  to
 disaster,

    Reactor plants for power sources  seem to be
 inevitable.  These  represent  potential  sources  of
 radioactive  pollution substances.  Their main  con-
 tribution to the degradation of Lake Erie is and will
 be  thermal,  pollution because of  the  necessarily
 great amount of cooling water used.

    Very important  potential   sources  of pollution
 are the ultimate  disposal,  sites of  the  residue  from
 waste treatment plants. This is especially important
 in regard to nutrients.  Nutrients removed at a treat-
 ment plant can have little  effect on improving Lake
 Erie water  quality  if the nutrients still  are  dis-
 charged to the  drainage system.
          ACTIVITIES

    In  the Lake  Erie basin  there  are  15 Federal
installations  that   discharge  directly   to  public
waters. Of  these, five are considered not to  have
adequate facilities:

    1.  The  Selfridge Air Force Base in Southeast
Michigan  operates a secondary waste water treat-
ment plant which discharges  a chlorinated effluent
into  the  Clinton  River. There   are  some  base
facilities  served  by  septic tanks  followed by  sand
filters that occasionally overflow  to the river  with-
out disinfection. Plans  are  underway  to connect
the base's  system  to the Detroit Metro System,

    2.  The Naval. Air Station at Grosse He, Michigan
has been  responsible  for significant  quantities of
oil  in Frenchmen's  Creek attributable  to aircraft
washings  and dumps of  engine oil.  This can ser-
iously interfere with  wildlife and boating recreation.
The Navy plans to move its air facility to Selfridge
Air Force  Base by July 1, 1969.
    3.  The Lewis Research  Center (NASA) Plum
Brook   Facility,  located  near  San dusky  has a
complement  of  approximately  700.  A  secondary
treatment plant with trickling filter and final coagu-
lation  for phosphorus removal has been  constructed
for treating all wastes. Tests  are presently being
conducted to  establish  maximum removal,  of  all
constituents, including phosphorus.

    4.  The Michigan Army Missile Plant at Warren,
Michigan   provides  the  equivalent  of  secondary
treatment  for all. domestic  and, industrial  wastes
which  have a combined volume of 0,8 mgd  and an
average  BOD  removal  of  94%.  Consideration  is
presently being given to connecting  to  the  Detroit
Metro  System  to  comply  with   additional State
requirements.

    5.  The Detroit  Arsenal  in Warren,  Michigan
presently discharges its municipal wastes  to  the
Warren Sewerage  System,  Additional  treatment  is
required   for  some  industrial   and   coal storage
drainage waters for the removal of oil and control of
PH.

    For these five Federal installations,  adequate
treatment facilities  (complete  secondary  treatment
with phosphorus removal for all  domestic wastes is
considered the minimum treatment necessary) should
be provided by  1968.  It is recognized that programs
are in  effect by the Air  Force, Navy,  and NASA to
correct these inadequacies.
                                                         The waste substances that are discharged to the
                                                      lake from municipal and industrial outfall, s, tributaries,
                                                      and land drainage  are many;  and their effects on
                                                      water  uses  are  varied.  Many  substances have-
                                                      severe effects on water uses in the localities of the
                                                      discharges.  The more important of these are acid,
                                                      oil, cyanide,  iron, coliform  bacteria, phenol, and
                                                      oxygen-consuming materials.

                                                         The most  damaging  substances  affecting the
                                                      total  waters of Lake  Erie  are nutrients.  Nutrients
                                                      given the most attention are nitrogen andphosphorus,
                                                      because, following carbon.,  they  are required in the
                                                      greatest  amounts  for the  production  of  aquatic
                                                      plants.  Controlling one  of  these substances would
                                                      control  the  rate  of overenrichment  in  Lake Erie.
                                                      Phosphorus is singled out  in the discussion which
                                                      follows because it is the one nutrient most amenable
                                                      to treatment and control...  Oilier substances  having
                                                      damaging effects on the total waters of the lake are
                                                      suspended  solids  (sediment),  and  carbonaceous
                                                      oxygen-consumingmaterials. Chlorides and dissolved
                                                      solids have  not  reached damaging concentrations,
                                                      but their dramatic  increases  indicate  the  rate at •
                                                      which water  quality has been degraded.  Summaries
                                                      of the major  known sources and loads of suspended
                                                      find dissolved solids, chlorides, BOD, andphosphorus
                                                      to Lake  Erie are  presented in  Table 4-9 •
                                                                                                     59

-------
              I" mil: 4
Waste Hoods to Lake Erie       Waters —       (Pounds per day)
 Source
 Industrial
 Municipal
 Rural Runoff
 Urban Runoff
 Lake Huron Outfi
 U.S.  Und
 Canada
   Undiff*
 Total

BOD
480,000
900,000

f
Outflow 950,000
rentiated

tiated 100,000 est.
2,430,000

Chlorides
10,980,000
1,830,000
| 3,120,000
)
6,500,000


2,900,000
25,330,000
Total
Phosphorus
5,900
86,400
18,220
8,760
< 20, 000


18,000
157,280
Suspended
Solids1




3,800,000
73,000,000

57,100,000
133,900,000
Dissolved
Solids




116,000,000
1
> 84,000,000
1
200,000,000
  Over two-thirds of this comes from shore; erosion. Exclusive of solids (9 million tons annually) deposited in
  the lake in dredging operations.
               SUSPENDED SOLIDS

    Damage to Lake  Erie from suspended matter is
dependent on  the nature of the material.  Suspended
matter  from  municipal  discharges  is  primarily
organic and oxygen-consuming,  and its  deposition
results in enriched bottom muds or sludge banks.
Effects of these wastes are  largely local and can
be corrected by proper treatment.  Suspended matter
from  certain, industries  and  the  material  from land
erosion  are  largely inorganic  and  serve  to fill
harbors, embayments, ship  channels,  arid the  Jake,
Over 24 million tons of  sediment washes  into  Lake
Erie  annually; two-thirds of this comes  from  shore?
erosion.  Another 9 million  tons  annually  is carried
to the lake in dredging operations,

    Principal sources of suspended solids discharged
to Lake  Erie are the Detroit, Maumee,  Cuyahoga,
and  Grand  Rivets  which represent more than  40
million pounds  per day.  About  1,5 million pounds
per  day of  suspended  solids of the  Detroit  River
are  from industrial  and  municipal  sources.  Ihe
Maumee discharges are largely silt from land runoff.
The greatest  quantities  are released during periods
of heavy rain  and  high runoff;  therefore,  control
must be instituted through improvements of land use
practices  ie  the  watershed. The Cuyahoga and
Grand Rivers" (Ohio) discharges are believed  to be
largely from  land  runoff  and from  industrial, and
municipal   wastes.  The load  in  the  Cleveland
harbor results in severe discoloration and the need
for frequent dredging.

                CARBONACEOUS


    Carbonaceous   oxygen-consuming   materials,
usually measured by the 5-day biochemical,  oxygen
demand (BOD), are  pollutants to streams  in that
they   depress   dissolved    oxygen  levels.  This
immediate  effect  is not  as pronounced in  lake?;
such  as Lake  Erie because of its tremendous oxi-
dation  capacity. However,  BOD is a measure of
wastes that are used by bacteria in cell, growth and

60
                          reproduction, thereby creating  sludge which settles
                          to  the lake bottom.  Carbonaceous  BOD of wastes
                          is most effectively removed by secondary or tertiary
                          treatment.

                             The  present and projected daily  BOD  loading
                          for the entire  basin  is  shown in Figure  4-3 along
                          with the loading after various  degrees of reduction.
                                              1  cRIE BASIN
                                                PORTION!
                                              t!'1; ' A1\r< w fTTTC""
                                            tftKE ERIE BASIN
                                             {U.S. PORTION)
                              TOT/ll PBnir-rrcn PA'"' P"n I o/"1 1*)t> F"rrFCT "F
                                           'a l\  ! II  ' ii' f t
                        Figure 4-3  —  Lake Erie Basin Total Projected Daily
                           BOD Load and Effect of Reduction — industrial
                                       and Municipal Sources

-------
 Figure  4-4  shows projected municipal loadings for
 each of the subbasins.  As  this  figure indicates,
 the Detroit  area contributes more  BOD to Lake Erie
 than all. other known  sources combined. Table 4-10
 shows present industrial and municipal BOD  loads
 by  subbasins of  both  the untreated waste and with
 treatment levels recommended in this report.
            M    (  ujseiit Untreated Municipal and
            w '<* t   '  aadis by  Subbosln Lbs/day
Area.
Un t re at e d
   BOD
Southeast Michigan
Maiimee — Indiana.
Maumee — Ohio
North Central Ohio
Cleveland- Akron
Northeast Ohio
Pennsylvania
New York
Total
     With
R e co m m en tie d
  Treatment
                   CHLORIDES

    Lake  Huron  discharges  6.5 million  pounds of
chlorides per day,  accounting for 26 percent of the
total,  chloride load  to Lake  Erie,  The  Detroit-
Windsor area discharges 9.5  million pounds per day
or  38  percent.  Thus,  nearly  two-tliinla  of tin:
chloride  loud to  Lake Erie  enters  at, llic mouth nf
the  Detroit  River,  The  Grand  River (Ohio) con-
tributes  another  3.9 million  pounds, or  15 percent;
and  the Cuyahoga and Ma.ii.rnee  Rivers  contribute
1.5 million pounds per day or about  6 percent of the
total, to  Lake; Erie.

    Table  4-9  lists  the  known chloride loads to
Lake Erie from  various  kinds of contributors.  In
addition to the Lake  Huron  input,  contributing  26
percent, industry  accounts for 43 percent, municipal
wastes  7  percent, a.nd street  deicirig  (runoff)  1*2
percent.  The remaining 12 percent  is derived from
undifferentiated Canadian sources.

    Figure 4-5 shows the projected chloride loadings
by subbasin, and Figure 4-6 shows  projected total
lake loading and the effects of various degrees of
reduction.
            Figure 4-4  - Present     Projected      Lucid Dc.<'!iiuq>-d in th-- t nk*1 EIM Bo.,ir
                                                                                                    61

-------
                                              .' A * r
                                                                                                 iF'1'
                                                                              "CNN,
                                                                                 LEGEND
                                                                    DI^GHAFWtO '
                                                                     BY CMtfRS !
                                                                    DISCHARGED
                                                                    BY INOUSTX
                                                                                             THOUSANDS
                                                                                                 ,",F
                                                                                              IBS /DA>
  Figure 4-5 — Present     Projected Chloride Discharges in the Lake Erie Bos in Without Additional Controls
     Dissolved solids concentrations at the head of
 the St.  Clair  River average  110  tng/1, at the head
 of the Detroit River  126 mg/1,  and Lake Erie at
 Buffalo   180  mg/1. These  levels  represent daily
 inputs of 116 million pounds per day from  the water-
 shed  above  Detroit and  a discharge of almost  200
 million  pounds per day  to the Niagara  River from
 Lake  Erie.  Most of the  increase within  Lake Erie
 actually is derived from the Detroit  area.




Figure 4-6 - Projected Chloride Lood to Lake Erie
 and Loads with Various tn-Basin Load Reductions
                  PHOSPHORUS

    The principal  in-basin  sources of phosphorus
are  municipal  wastes  (72  percent),  agricultural
runoff  (17  percent), urban runoff (7 percent),  and
industrial  wastes  (4  percent), Table 4-11.  These
               along shore of Kelieys Island.
62

-------
                TABLE 4-11
 lvtesent end Projected Phosphorus Discharges to Lake Erie
t > <:lusive of Lake Huron Input — Ibs/day
 Subbasins
                Municipal
                 Waste
 Southeast Michigan.
 Maumee River Basin
 North Central Ohio
 Greater Clevelsmd-Akron area
 Northeast: Ohio
 Pennsylvania
 Western New York
 Ontario
                                                  98,200
Industrial
  Waste
 Urban
Runoff
                             6,000
              9,310
 Rural
Runoff
46,000
9,000
3,800
22,000
1,100
.1,400
3,000
11,900
3,000
1,000
500
800
100
100
500
unknown
3,000
1,000
1,600
2,000
500
110
650
450
3,000
10,000
2,600
700
750
220
1,000
5,500
            23,770
Total
                                                                 55,000
                                                                 21,000
                                                                  8,500
                                                                 25,500
                                                                  2,450
                                                                  1,830
                                                                  5,150
                                                                 17,850
          -
 Southeast Michigan
 Maumee River Basin
 North Central Ohio
 Greater Cleveland- Akron area
 Northeast Ohio
 Pennsylvania
 Western. New York
 Ontario
85,000
12,000
8,000
40,000
3,700
3, 100
6, 100
21,400
179,300
4,500
1,500
750
1,200
200
180
750
- -
9,080
                                         4,500
                                         2,000
                                         2,400
                                         3,000
                                           700
                                           160
                                         1,000
                                           810
                                        14,570
                         3,000
                        10,000
                         2,600
                           700
                           700
                           210
                         1,000
                         6,500
                        24,710
                         97,000
                         25,500
                         13,750
                         44,900
                          5,300
                          3,650
                          8,850
                         28,710
inputs  total.  137 thousand  pounds  per  day and
exclude  the Lake  Huron input of somewhat  less
than  20  thousand  pounds  per day.  In  municipal
wastes about  one  pound  per capita per  year  is
contributed  by human  excreta  and 2.5  pounds per
capita pet  year by  detergents. "Phosphorus  from
agricultural  runoff  amounts  to about 250  pounds
per square mile per year. Urban runoff contributes
phosphorus  at the  rate of  about 530  pounds per
square mile  per year.
    Figure 4-7 shows the contributions of phosphorus
for each of  the subbasins and  the projected contri-
butions for  the years  1990  and 2020. Phosphorus
loadings  to  Lake  hrie will  increase nearly 2,5
times  by  2020 if the  present  rates  continue  un-
checked. Figure 4-8 shows total projectedphosphorus
Inputs from various sources,
    The Detroit area contributes by far the largest
amount  (40  percent) of phosphorus to Lake Erie,
more than twice as much as either the Cleveland or
the Maumee areas,  the next  two  major  sources.


    The content in Lake Erie of radioactive wastes
is increasing,  primarily from  atmospheric  fallout,
nuclear power plants, and from medical uses. Limits
for discharge are set  by the Atomic Energy Com-
mission.  The levels in Lake  Erie and in tributaries
are low and are  not known  to  be harmful,  but the
substances  are cumulative  and lost  only by  long
natural decay.  Increasing conversion  of the energy
for electric  power production  from  fossil  to  nuclear
fuels  indicates that radioactive waste  levels  will
continue to rise.
                         Many substances toxic to aquatic life and even
                      to  human  life are discharged to  the  waters  of the
                      Lake Erie  basin. Fortunately all are either degraded
                      or diluted  to acceptable levels quickly upon reaching
                      the lake proper.

                         Toxic  metals such as copper, cadmium, chromium,
                      lead,  nickel,  zinc, and  iron are  discharged In
                      significant quantities by primary  metals  and  metal-
                      fabricating industries.  Areas of  concern are near
                      the  mouths  of  the Rouge,  Black, Cuyahoga,  and
                      Buffalo Rivers.

                         Some  toxic metals,  such as copper,  may  be
                      accumulated and  stored  by algae and cause diffi-
                      culties  in the  life forms which  consume  these
                      organisms.

                         Many organic chemicals are toxic,  or near toxic,
                      such   as  the  multitude  of insecticides,  and the
                      organic  compounds  discharged  by  the  plastics
                      industries. Phenols  are waste products of the iron
                      and  oil   industries.  The  Detroit-Maumee  basin,
                      Lorain, Cleveland-Akron, and Buffalo areas, produce
                      large quantities of organic chemical wastes.

                                           ACIDS

                         Acids, products of many industries, are indirectly
                      toxic in  that they may reduce the pH of the receiving
                      waters to  levels  interfering  with  fish and aquatic
                      life.  Detroit, Cleveland, and  'Buffalo are areas of
                      large acid  discharges,
                                                                                                    63

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                                                                                   LEGOiP
     f 1  7 -• Present     Projected Phosphorus Discharges in the Lake Erie Basin Without Additional Controls
         It**
    Figure 4-8 —  Projected Phosphorus Load
        to Lake      by Soui-ce-Cymulative
                                                                            OIL
    Oil  is persistent  and difficult to decompose In
water and has serious effects on all forms of water
uses. Large quantities are discharged continuously
by  the  steel and oil  industries in Detroit,  Toledo,
Cleveland,  and  Buffalo,  Oil  is also  contained in
municipal wastes in significant quantities.

    Oil,  as  a heavy floating scum, is continuously
present  in  many harbor areas, particularly in the
Rouge at Detroit, the Cuyahoga at  Cleveland, and
in the Buffalo River.

                      HEAT

    Heat or  thermal pollution is a waste product of
many industries.  It is significant ie electric power
production.  The  increase in  temperature  may  be
20°F or more with one pass through a power plant.
This would  be significant in small bodies of water
64

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where the water is recycled. It can affect teaperatnre-
sensitiv-e organisms In  the lake in  the immediate
vicinity of the discharges, but It does not cause a
measurable  temperature  increase In  the lake as a
whole.   It  is  possible,  though  Dot likely, that
Increased power  production  from nuclear energy
will cause a measurable increase.
    Steel  industries   also  cause local  rises in
temperature  with cooling water and slag discharges.
This source of heat is not likely to increase signi-
ficantly  except  locally  in  tributaries.  It  is in
tributaries that temperature  problems      now of
concern,
                *<4
Detroit Edison stecim electric generating plant,
                                           65

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                                                         5
    This chapter  discusses Immediate  and  long-
range needs  for  pollution abatement  and control,
Needed  current actions are based primarily on  the
requirements  to meet  the  interstate  water quality
standards established  by  the basin  states, similar
requirements  on intrastate waters, and the require-
ments of  the Lake  Erie  enforcement  conferences.
Needed   actions  are  summarized  in  Table  5 - !•

    The remedy for the problems of Lake Erie must
be gin with the recognition  that (ineffective pollution
abatement program or plan must involve action and
cooperation  at every  level of  government — local,
state,, and federal.

    The tools are  available for doing the job.  The
basic legislation,  the technical  competence;,  and
equipment, are now at  hand.

    The  first and second steps to  save  the lake
have  been  reached,  First the  live  states  have
agreed to a set of requirements established by the
enforcement conferences an Lake Erie; and second,
the  five  states  have  submitted  interstate  water
                    quality standards to the  Secretary of the Interior
                    which  set  forth  goals  and  ways  to  reach them,

                       Now  the  work  agreed to  in  the  enforcement,
                    conferences and water quality standards implemen-
                    tation plans must be carried out.
                                    ENFORCEMENT

                       In 1961  the  Governor of Michigan requested a
                    State-Federal intrastate enforcement conference on
                    the  Michigan waters  of  the Lake  Erie basin..  At
                    this conference,  binding pollution abatement agree-
                    ments and remedial schedules were established for
                    11  units of municipal,  government and. 25 industries
                    in Michigan.

                       In 1965 the Governor of Ohio requested an inter-
                    state enforcement  conference for all of Lake  Erie,
                    At   this  conference,  a  set of requirements  was
                    established  and  agreed upon by  each of the states.
                    The requirements are  contained  in the conclusions
                    of that conference as follows:
                       TABLE 5-1  —  Summary of Water Pollution Control
Category
Implementation of water quality
standards and enforcement
conference requirements
Intrastate Control
Institutions
Surveillance
            Need
          Responsibility
Sewer construction,
Secondary treatment,
Tertiary treatment,
Phosphorus control,
Equivalent
industrial waste treatment

Area-wide development plans,
Regional authorites,
Intrastate water quality  standards

Development of data base in
areas of greatest water
pollution control needs
Municipalities,
Industries, States, and FWPC.A
States and Metropolitan areas
States, FWPCA, IJSGS

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                  TABLE 5  i  -  Summary of Water Pollution  Control Needs  (continued)
Category
         Need
        Responsibility
Evaluation
Dredging Control
Oil and Gas Well Drilling
Research and Development
Erosion Control
Training
 Strengthen State Pollution
 Control Program
 Financial,
 Coordination with Garrad'a
 A Look  Ahead
Review progress of
municipalities and industries'
in abating pollution.

Develop and implement
alternatives to lake disposal
of dredged materials

Prevent any wastes from these
operations from getting into
waters of the ba.sin

Research, into —
1. Methods of tertiary treatment
2. Phosphorus control
3. Sludge disposal
4. Cause of fish mortalities
5. Role of bottom  sediments
   in lake pollution
6.- Ways to prevent formation
   of oxygen deficient zones
   in. lake
7c Control of soil  runoff
8.. Eutrophication  studies

Reduce urban and  agricultural
soil  erosion
 Better and more training for
 all phases of water pollution
 control'including treatment
 plant operation

 Increased
 1.  Enforcement
 2.  Training
 3.  Technical, assistance
 4. • Research •
 5.  'Direction •    •
 6.  Supervision of treatment
    performance
 7.  Planning for water quality
    management

 Increased financial  aid for
 areas needing pollution
 abatement facilities

 Pollution^ abatement for
 entire lake

 New authorities and water
 quality managefnent institutions
 for organized and efficient
 pollution control
States
U.S. Corps of Engineers, FWPCA
States and drilling industries
Federal Government
States, Industries, Universities,
Local Government
Soil Conservation
Service, Bureau of Public Roads,
U.S. Corps of Engineers, Other
Federal, state, and local
construction agencies

State, Federal Government,
Industry, Institutions, Local
Government
 Governors and State legislatures
 increase manpower and financing
 of state pollution control programs
 Federal Government, States, Local
 Government, Industry
 States, Federal Government, IJC,
 Canada

 States
 Federal Government
 68

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REVISED CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    OF THE  CONFEREES* - AUGUST 12, 1965

    1.  The waters  of  Lake Erie within tire United
States are interstate waters within the meaning of
section 8 of the  Federal Water Pollution Control
Act.  The waters of Lake Erie and its tributaries
within the United States  are navigable waters  within
the  meaning  of  section 8  of the  Federal  Water
Pollution  Control Act.

    2.  Lake  Erie  and many of its  tributaries are
polluted. The main  bodvof the  lake has deteriorated
in  quality at a rate  many times  greater  than its
normal aging processes,  due to the inputs of wastes
resulting from the activities of man,

    3.  Identified pollutants contributing to damages
to water uses in Lake Erie are: sewage and industrial
wastes, oils, silts, sediment, floating'  solids  arid
nutrients  (phosphates  and nitrates).  Enrichment of
Lake  Erie,  caused by  man-made  contributions of
nutrient materials,  is proceeding  at  an  ala.0n.ing
rate.  Pollution  in  Lake  Erie  and  many  of its
tributaries causes significant damage to recreation,
commercial fishing,  sport fishing, navigation, water
supply, and esthetic values,

    4.  Eutrophication  or over-fertilization of Lake;
Erie is of major concern.  Problems are  occurring
along the lake shoreline  at- some water intakes and
throughout the lake from algal growths  stimulated
by nutrients. Reduction of one  or more of such
nutrients  will be  beneficial,  in  controlling algal
growths and  eutrophication.

    5.  Many  sources  of  waste discharge  reaching
Lake Erie have inadequate waste treatment facilities.
The delays in  controlling this pollution are caused
by the lack  of such adequate  facilities and the
complex municipal, industrial,  and  biological  nature
of the problem.

    6.  Interstate pollution of Lake  Erie exists.
Discharges into Lake Erie and its tributaries from
various  sources  ate endangering  the  health or
welfare of persons in states other than  those in
which  such  discharges originate.  In large measure
this pollution  is caused by  nutrients which over-
fertilize  the lake.  This  pollution  is subject to
abatement under the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act.

    7.  Municipal wastes  are to be given secondary
treatment  or treatment  of such nature as to effectuate
the maximum  reduction of BOD and  phosphates as
well as other deleterious substances.
^Representative of:  Indiana,  Michigan,  New York,
Ohio, Pennsylvania, and U, S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare.
    8.  Secondary  treatment plants  are  to  be  so
designed  and operated as to maximize the removal
of  phosphates.

    9-  Disinfection of municipal waste effluents is
to be practiced in a manner that will maintain coli-
form densities not in  excess of  5,000 organisms per
100 ml. at water  supply intakes, and not in excess
of 1,000 organisms per 100 ml.  where and when the
receiving  waters in proximity to the discharge point
are used for recreational purposes involving bodily
contact. It is recognized that bathing water quality
standards  are established by statute in  New York
State.
   10.  All new sewerage facilities are to be designed
to  prevent  the  necessity  of  bypassing untreated
waters.

   11.  Combined storm and sanitary sewers  are to
be  prohibited in all newly developed urban  areas,
and eliminated in existing areas wherever feasible.
Existing combined  systems are to be patrolled and
flow-regulating1  structures adjusted  to convey the
maximum  practicable amount  of  combined flows to-
arid through treatment plants,

   12.  Programs are to  be developed to prevent
accidental spills of waste materials  to Lake Erie
and its tributaries.  In-plant surveys  with the pur-
pose  of  preventing  accidents  are recommended.

   13.  Unusual  increases in  waste output  and
accidental spills are to be reported immediately to
the appropriate State agency.

   14.  Disposal of garbage, trash, and. other delete-
rious refuse in Lake Erie or its tributaries is to be
prohibited  and  existing  dumps  along river  banks
and shores of the lake are to be removed.
   15.  The  conferees  are to meet  with  representa-
tives of  Federal, State, .and local officials respon-
sible  for  agricultural,  highway,   and  community
development programs  for the purpose of supporting
satisfactory programs for the control of runoff which
de.leteriou.sly  affects  water  quality  in  Lake  Erie,


   .1.6.  Industrial plants ate  to improve practices for
the segregation and treatment of  waste to  effect
the maximum reductions of the following:

       a. Acids and alkali ens
       b. Oil and tarry substances
       c. Phenolic compounds and organic chemicals
          that contribute to  taste and odor problems
       d. Ammonia andothernitrogenous compounds
       e. Phosphorus  compounds
       f.  Suspended material
       g. Toxic and highly-colored wastes
                                                                                                     69

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       h.  Oxygen-demanding substances
       I.  Excessive heat
       j.  Foam-producing discharges
       k.  Other wastes  which detract  from recrea-
          tional uses, esthetic enjoyment, or other
          beneficial uses of the waters.

   17.  The Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
and New York water pollution control  agencies are
to undertake  action to insure that industrial plants
discharging wastes into the waters of Lake Erie and
its  tributaries within their  respective jurisdictions
institute programs of sampling their  effluents to
provide necessary information  about waste outputs.
Such sampling shall  be conducted at such locations
and  with  such frequency  as to yield  statistically
reliable values  of all waste outputs  and to  show
their variations.  Analyses  to be so reported  are to
include, where applicable:  pH, oil, tarty residues,
phenolics,  ammonia,  total nitrogen, cyanide, toxic
materials,  total  biochemical oxygen  demand,  and
all other substances listed in the preceding paragraph.

   18.  Waste results are  to be reported in terms of
both concentrations and load rates. Such information
will be maintained in open files by the State agencies
for  all  those having  a legitimate  interest: in the
information.

   19.  The U.S.  Department of Health, Education,
and  Welfare  is to  establish  water pollution  sur-
veillance  stations at appropriate locations on Lake
Erie. Surveillance of the  tributaries  will  be the
primary responsibility of  the States.   The Depart-
ment of Health, Education and Welfare will  assist
the States at such times as requested.

   20.  The U.S.  Department  of Health, Education,
and Welfare will be responsible for developing up-
to-date   information   and  experience  concerning
effective  phosphate  removal  and  the control of
combined  sewer systems.  This information will be
reported to the conferees regularly.

   21.  Regional planning is often  the  most logical
and economical approach  toward  meeting pollution
problems. The water pollution control agencies of
Michigan, Indiana,  Ohio, Pennsylvania,  and New
York, and the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare  will  encourage  such  regional  planning
activities,

   22.  Within six  months after the issuance of this
Summary,  the State water pollution control agencies
concerned  are to present  a schedule of remedial
action to  the Conferees for their  consideration and
evaluation.

   23.  The Federal Conferee recommends the follow-
ing  for the  consideration  of the State agencies:

       a.  Recommended municipal treatment:  Com-
          pletion   of  plans  and  specifications,
          August, 1966;  completion  of  financing,
          February,  196?;  construction   started,
          August,  196"';   construction  completed,
          January 1,  1969; chlorination of effluents,
          May  15,  1966; provision of stand-by and
          emergency  equipment  to  prevent  inter-
          ruptions  in operation of municipal  treat-
          ment plants,  August, 1966; patrolling of
          combined sewer systems,  immediately,
       b.  Discontinuance  of  garbage  and  trash
          dumping   into   waters:     Immediately.
       c.  Industrial  waste   treatment facilities:
          Completed  and in operation" by January 1,
          1969.

   24,  Federal  installations:   Waste  treatment
facilities  are  to  be completed, and in operation by
August of 1966.

   25.  Representatives  of the  U.S. Army  Corps of
Engineers are to meet with the Conferees, develop
and put into action  a program, for disposal of dredged
material in Lake  Erie and its tributaries which  will
satisfactorily protect  water quality.  Such a program
is to  be developed  within  six months  after the
Issuance of this Summary  and effectuated as soon
as possible thereafter.

   26,  The  conferees will establish  a Technical
Committee as  soon  as possible which will evaluate
water  quality  problems  in Lake   Erie  relating to
nutrients and make  recommendations to the conferees
within six months afterthe issuance of this Summary.

   27.  The  conference  may  be reconvened on the
call  of  the Chairman,

    At the conclusion of the Cleveland session of
the conference, the following  was included among
the  conclusions   and   recommendations  of  the
conference:

    "Pollution  of navigable waters  subject to abate-
ment under the Federal  Water Pollution Control Act
is occurring in the Ohio  waters of Lake  Erie and
its tributaries.  The  discharges  causing  and con-
tributing to the pollution come from various municipal
and  industrial  sources,  from garbage, debris, and
land runoff.

    "Pollution  of the Ohio waters of  Lake Erie and
its tributaries  within the  State of Ohio  endangers
health and welfare:."

    Binding  pollution  abatement  agreements  and
remedial schedules were  established  for 118 units
of municipal  government  and  146  industries for
compliance by  1971. All municipal schedules called
for a minimum of secondary treatment and disinfec-
tion  and in  Michigan  an  additional binding require-
ment for 80 percent phosphate removal was included,

    The Lake  Erie  enforcement  conferees  also
established  a technical committee to  delve into the
nutrient problem in  Lake Erie,  From this committee
70

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came a set of recommendations,  summarized below,
which were agreed to by each of  the states.

    1. Establishment: of nutrient water quality objec-
       tives  for Lake Erie.

    2. Promotion and encouragement of accelerated
       research  and  development  of  a  suitable
       product solution to  the detergent-phosphate
       problem.

    3. Control of phosphates in sewage treatment.

    4. Standardization   of  analytical   techniques.

    5. Research into  factors affecting the  Lake
       Erie fishery, municipal water supplies, and
       recreational uses.
    Passage In  1965 of the water quality  standards
provisions of the Federal  Water Pollution  Control
Act created  an  effective new force for the control
of water pollution. The standards, once established,
bring into focus the actions needed  both  to abate
existing pollution and  to prevent further pollution.
    The  plans  to   implement  the water  quality
 standards  are  of primary  significance, since they
 describe  what  must  be done,  by  whom,  and by
 what date to meet the quality criteria.  These plans
 are  based on present and  anticipated uses of  the
 waters, and on  criteria associated with such uses.
 A major consideration in developing and evaluating
 the standards is the realistic proposition  that what
'is needed is not  the highest possible  standard but
 the highest standard possible at this time.  Without
 exception, this characterizes the standards proposed
 by the five states in the Lake Erie basin.

    The implementation  plans  cover  many areas
 which are basic to any pollution abatement program,
 whether of a long-range  blueprint type  or a shorter-
 range plan for correcting current needs.  Some of the
 elements  incorporated in these  plans, and to which
 the States as a consequence of the standards-setting
 process are committed, include:

    1.  The identification of significant sources of
       municipal and industrial waste water and an
       estimate of  the  general level  of  treatment
       now practiced by  the  principal,  treatment
       facilities.

    2. A  time  schedule  for completion  of remedial
       facilities which  will provide for the abate-
       ment  of  substantial existing  conventional
       municipal  and industrial  pollution by mid-
        1972. In  some cases, the time schedule is
       provided against which  compliance  can be
       measured.
   3.  The establishment of secondary waste treat-
       ment as  a  minimum  treatment level  for all,
       significant municipal wastes, and equivalent
       treatment  as  the  minimum for  industrial
       wastes.

   4.  Recognition of the  need,  before  1977, for
       treatment greater  than secondary at specific
       installations. Also provided is an expression
       of intent on the part of the State agencies to
       require  nutrient  removal  to the greatest
       extent  possible,  consistent with  available
       technology.

   5.  The   establishment  of  more  satisfactory
       bacteriological quality  for  body   contact
       sports —  so  that  this water use  within the
       basin can expand, consistent with  long-range
       goals.

   6.  General recognition  and  acceptance of the
       'recommendations  of the  Detroit   River and
       Lake Erie  enforcement  conferences  along
       with the results   of the  evaluation  by the
       tatter's technical  committee on nutrients and
       their effects.  This  evaluation provides the
       baseline  for determining the total allowable
       loading of phosphorus  to the lake itself,  a
       level toward which all efforts must be directed.

   In  some cases,  the water  quality  standards
proposed  by  the  States include  requirements in
addition to the above, or include other expressions
of intent.  As an example,  the standards proposed
by the Ohio Water Pollution  Control Board recognize
and  support the elements  of  the Northwest  Ohio
Water  Development  Plan  developed by  the  Ohio
Water  Commission.   This  Ohio   plan,  recognizes,
among other requirements, the  need within the next
decade for establishing sewer systems and advanced
wastetreatment systems in mostof themunicipalities
in northwest Ohio.

   For intrastate waters in the basin, water quality
standards  are not  a direct requirement  tinder the
Federal  Water  .Pollution  Control  Act.  The  Act,
however,  does  contain  provisions  which  make it
advantageous  to  the States  to  also promulgate
standards for these waters. All of the Lake Erie
States  recognize  these  advantages — i.e.,  the
re stilting larger contributions of Federal construction
grant funds — and are in  the process of establishing
enforceable  standards   for   intrastate   streams.

   New York has had a  system of  standards for all
of its waters and is now pledged to a  continuing
program of upgrading and  improving the classification
system and  associated criteria,

   Pennsylvania, in  1.944 adopted a classification
system for  all  of  its streams.  These  have  been
subjected to periodic review and upgrading,  where
necessary.  The State has  indicated that this up-
dating will  continue,   with priority  on  updating

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streams which at present are adversely affected by
pollution.

    Michigan has adopted Int.rasta.te standards which
are similar to the  interstate:? standards and is now
in the process  of  establishing water .uses for the
streams.
    MUl'

    To catch up with the backlog of needed, sewage
treatment plants 287 municipalities need to upgrade
treatment.  To  cope  with  the expected  population
growth, many new,  enlarged and  consolidated treat-
ment  schemes must be devised. The  Lake Lrie
basin should be  served now  by  treatment resulting
in a minimum of 80 percent  removal  of  ROD, sub-
stantially  complete removal  oj  suspended solids,
and 92  percent  removal  of  total phosphorus.  By
1990 tertiary treatment   should be a general basin-
wide requirement.

    One  hundred  eighty-nine industries in, the  Lake
Erie basin need to install  treatment facilities  to
meet  water quality  standards, the requirements  of
the enforcement conferences,  and the needs of this
report.
    The industries that discharge significant waste
products into the Lake Erie basin  are  the heavy
chemical, steel, paper, and oil industries,  l/niform
industrial  pollution  control objectives  should he
established by each  of the basin stales  for indus-
tries  discharging  directly to the lake or  to  lafce-
affected backwaters.  Unlike a flowing stream,, it is
impossible  to  establish  direct  cause  and.  effect
relationships  for  each waste effluent though the
cumulative effect on  the lake is  obvious.  The lake
and its  backwaters should thus be  considered as
mixing, but non-flowing, bodies of  water  with addi-
tive causes and effects throughout,

    Furthermore,  uniform  control requirements  will
provide a nor/discriminaf.ory and sound basis for the
designof waste treatment facilities by each industry.
acids, taste  and odor producing  substances, and
other deleterious materials  should  be reduced  to
the lowest practicable levels.

    It  is therefore  proposed  that  the Lake  Erie
basin states  establish uniform effluent objectives
applicable  to  each  industrial  waste outfall  dis-
charging directly to the lake or lake-affected back-
waters.
                                                4
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ftpM*
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       1%; •
M my Diuim:ipn! ticot'ieiif  pirsnc,  jjresitrtfiy  pi'.wuic
treatment for industrial process wastes.
    Wherever feasible, industries  are encouraged to
connect to municipal plants after they have provided
suitable pretreatment of waste.  In this way," overall
waste treatment can be improved and financial, gains
will result because  the  city  could, qualify for  an,
increased federal, construction grant.

    Perhaps  the  best may  to  control   industrial
discharges is by inplant process changes to prevent
or  lessen  the  original waste products.  Industrial
incentives are  needed to  encourage  this type  of
abatement.
 A process which removes in excess of 95 percent
 of the organic pollutants from sewage water.
    Dissolved solids are not covered in the preceding
proposal because information is limited on practical,
methods to  control them.  Their concentrations  are
increasing  in Lake  Erie,  however,  arid unless
something is done to halt: their increase,  the levels
will continue to rise as cities and industries expand.
With this in  mind,  industries should be required to
maintain  the flow of  dissolved solids  from  their
factories  at  the.  present  level  of  discharge,  or to
decrease this discharge where practical.

    The balance of this subsection  will be devoted
to  a  discussion  of  the  municipal  and  industrial
waste" treatment needs  for various  subareas around
the Lake  Erie  basin.  Waste  treatment  needs  for
each city and industry are tabulated  in the Appendix,
             SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN
    Southeast Mi
entire lake, must: h
sibility  for  the ;
two-thirds  of tlv
  whose wastes affect  the
>e major share of the respon-
 on  of  Lake Erie,  Almost
 municipal  waste load  and
nearly half of the  total industrial  waste load to
Lake Erie originate in southeast Michigan, Elimina-
tion of both  industrial and municipal wastes  is of
the utmost importance to  the lake's preservation.

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        oj St.. (.Hair, Sanilac, and Lapcer, with waste
        treatment  being provided  near  the City of
        Algonac   i the St. Clair River,  This portion
        of the I  ..ireeptor system  would be  needed
        by the year 2000,
  «
   \\ «• ,*'
(          ttstr
                                                          /I  'watershed nian.ageincnt system,  must, exist to
                                                       implement this  overall program.  Such an organiza-
                                                       tion does  exist in  southeast Michigan In  the newly
                                                       named  Southeastern  Michigan  Council of Govern-
                                                       ments—A  Regional  Planning  Commission.  This
                                                       group has  adopted the above plan and is the agency
                                                       given primary responsibility for its implementation.
                                                        Mt, Clemens and Warren have been given a choice
                                                        by the Michigan Water Resources Commission of
                                                        connecting   to  die*  metro  system  or providing
                                                        advanced waste treatment.

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74





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    Attention  must  be  given  to  the  problem of
combined sewers  in  providing  connections to the
.regional  interceptor.  The  present:  policy  of the
Michigan  regulatory  agencies  is not  to approve
future   construction  of  combined  systems,  but  a
careful  evaluation of  older  systems  must also be
made,  Where part of  a system is combined and the
area is scheduled for redevelopment, separation of
sewers, or other techniques which can be applied to
control  this pollution,  should be considered as an
immediate  need.  Extensive  existing   combined
sewers  should  not be  interconnected  with separate
sewer systems. Instead they should be isolated and
their flow should  enter the interceptor as an entity
with provision  for separate handling  and  treatment
of   overflows. The   ever-increasing  quantity of
separate  sanitary sewage  could then  be handled
without overflow interference.

    The construction  of needed additional  recrea-
tional   areas  in  the upper  reaches  of  tributaries
should  include water  .storage for low-flow augmen-
tation.  Site  selection must  be  made with multiple
use: in mind, so that,  for example, augmentation of
flow does not reduce the reservoir to  a level which
prohibits  bo ating,

    In  addition  to  the massive  effort requited for
adequate  municipal  sewerage  systems  and treat-
ment, similar efforts  are requited of industries in
southeast Michigan.  Most of the  major industrial
polluters  have been cited  as a  result of the state-
federal  enforcement  conference in  Michigan  and
have agreed to necessary remedial measures.  Con-
struction  of facilities is already underway and some
have completed remedial facilities.

    Table A-2 on page 89   is  a summary of the
industrial  waste  treatment  needs  for  southeast
Michigan. The  cost of construction of these facili-
ties is  estimated at $110 million.
                                  AND


    Wastes from this area, particularly those from
the  Mauniee River  basin, also  affect  the  entire
lake. Although, the quantity is  somewhat less than.
from  southeast  Michigan,  the  effect on the lake,
especially from nutrients, is serious.

    Expansion to secondary waste treatment  facil-
ities, plus installation  of  tertiary treatment at 47
locations, including Toledo,  Ft. Wayne, Lima, and
Elyria,  are the major needs for this portion  of the
Lake Erie watershed.

    The Toledo  area and, to  a certain extent, the
Lorain-Elyria and  Sandusky   areas  need  master
planning and consolidation and  integration of muni-
cipal treatment plants and interceptor systems,.  The
remainder of the area is predominantly rural, negating
a need for basin-wide interceptor systems.
    Since   this  area  presently  needs  no  farther
development plans, the States of Ohio and Indiana
now have sufficient  programs  to  implement the
suggested  controls.  .Already Ohio  has taken steps
to  implement  recommendations  in  the Northwest
Ohio Water Development Plan,

    Industrial  wastes require  a very high degree of
treatment  in this region. Most industries are aware
of the acute  problems caused by their  wastes and
have  programs  which,  when  put into effect,  will
nearly eliminate; their waste problems. For example,
Sohio at Lima is spending more than a million dollars
a year for operating costs of its treatment facilities.

    The industrial problems are  caused mainly by
BOD,  oils,  phenols,   ammonia,  and solids.  The
waste  discharge loadings from  several industries
are  small, but  due to  the  extremely  low stream.
flows  in many areas,  these  loadings  may be detri-
mental.

    The  cost  of  industrial   waste   abatement is
estimated at |15 million for each basin. Table A-4
on  page  96   lists the immediate industrial waste:
treatment  needs for the area.

         G* > , , >  i -
          /.'. !!„..' M!,  I'.;

    The  intensity  of  pollution  from  the Greater
Cleveland-Akron  area  ranks   second  only  to  that
from  Southeast  Michigan — heavily populated and
industrialized and in great need of a  master,  area-
wide plan for pollution  abatement.  However, unlike
Southeast Michigan, this area has no such plan nor

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does any local agency exist to implement a regional
plan.

    The  State of  Ohio should  develop a plan  for
this area using the approach  taken  In the develop-
ment of  the plan  for Northwest Ohio.  In addition,
the following  immediate steps  should be taken to
control pollution;


    1.  The Cleveland and Akron areas should form
       metropolitan  authorities and by  1990, when
       the areas  merge, the two authorities should
       consolidate.

    2.  Proliferous construction of small  sewage
       plants  should be halted. With this in mind
       all  sewage plants in the Rocky and Chagrin
       Rivers should be phased out and the munici-
       palities connected to metropolitan treatment
       plants  and regional Interceptors in accordance
       with the  treatment needs shown graphically
       in Figure  5-4, and  listed In Table  A-5 on
       page  99.   As an alternate but less desirable
       approach,   the  cities  on  the  Rocky  and
       Chagrin  Rivers  could  expand  to tertiary
       treatment.

    3.  To control pollution from overloaded combined-
       sewers, treatment methods must be devised
       that will fit  within  the financial,  means of
       the area.  At this time  construction of large?
       offshore retention basins to store and treat
       the urban runoff seems to be the  most feasible
       approach.   A  study is underway, financed by
       the  FWPCA,   to  determine  precisely   the
       engineering  and  economic  feasibility  of
       such a proposal.  .Precise costs  of  such a
       proposal  are  not known  but  are believed to
       be over $100  million for Cleveland,

    4.  Sewer  discharges, especially those directly
       to Lake Erie, should be disinfected, beginning
       immediately,  to  reduce the  bacterial  hazard
       to recreational uses,

    5.  Cleveland also needs  extensive repairs and
       maintenance of its  sewer system  to prevent
       bypassing  of  raw sewage,  even  during  dry
       weather,  especially  in  the  Do an  Brook  and
       Dugway Creek areas.  To partially  relieve
       the overloaded sewers, the city's consultants
       have proposed the  construction  of express
       sewers (estimated cost |20  million) directly
       to the treatment plants from areas served by
       separate  sewers.


    Major pollution in Northeast Ohio  occurs at  the
mouths of the  tributaries when1; Industry and munici-
palities   are  located.  Chemical  pollution  from
industry  is part.tcula.rly severe at Fairport, Paines-
viile, and Ashtabula.  There are also small isolated
problems upstream in  the larger tributaries.
    Sewer systems and treatment plants should be
consolidated into one collection system with secon-
dary treatment discharging directly  to  the lake, for
the  cities  of  Fairport,  Painesville,  Painesville
East,  and  Grand River. An  alternate  but  less
desirable approach would, be for  each city to con-
struct its own secondary treatment facilities. Treat-
ment  needs  in other areas  primarily  include  ex-
panding to secondary  treatment, providing collection
systems, and disinfecting municipal plant effluents.

    The immediate municipal  pollution control needs
for the Greater Cleveland-Akron arid Northeast  Ohio
Areas  are given in  Table A-5, page  99,  and  are;
shown  graphically in  Figure  5-4.  The  cost to  meet
these needs is estimated  to  be $220 million for  the
Greater Cleveland-Akron  area and  $22 million  for
Northeast Ohio.
    The Northeast: Ohio  area does not  need, in the
near future, metropolitan aotl.iorltl.es or master plans
such  as  those  for  Southeast  Michigan  and the
Greater Cleveland-Akron area.
    The principal areas of industrial pollution are
the Cuyahoga River in the. vicinity of Akron caused
by  the rubber  industry  and the  lower Cuyahoga
River  at  Cleveland caused  by  ike steel industry,
The waste discharges from, several, of the industries
ate  small, but are Important due to extremely low
stream   flows.    The  major Industrial  pollution
materials  which enter the area's waters are: solids,
toxic  materials,  nitrogen   compounds,  refractory
organic compounds,  iron,  acid, oil, heat,  and color.
    The principal industrial waste problem of North-
east Ohio  is  the  disposition of soluble chemicals
from the chemical industries  at  Fairport, Paines-
ville,  and  Ashtabula. These  chemicals  are not
removed  by the  usual biological  waste  treatment
methods.  The   most  logical   methods   for  their
removal include evaporation, recovery and utilization
in the form of some marketable product, deep-well
disposal,   and  in-plant  control  through  process
change,  conservation   of  materials,  good  house-
keeping,    and  source  control.  Other  industrial
waste  problems  involve  settleable  materials and.
organic waste loads, and are amenable to  treatment
by established methods using equipment and proce-
dures that are readily available.
    Industrial waste treatment needs for the Greater
Cleveland-Akron  and Northeast  Ohio  Areas  are
given  in Table  A-6 on  page  101.  Expenditures
necessary to abate  industrial pollution in Northeast
Ohio will depend upon control  measures adopted by
the industries.  The cost of construction for Indus-
trial facilities  in the Greater Clevelan.d-A.kron area.
is  estimated  at  |90  million  and $15  million for
Northeast Ohio,

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    The  greatest need  is in the Buj  >            <
lone-range,  area-wide  fnastsr  sewer   >   >      >
plan.  This  plan should  cover the  \, n>   s  ,  
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stration and other Federal agencies share respon-
sibilities  with  the states for  surveillance  on the
lake,


   Review  of Progress and  Updating.  To  give
meaning to surveillance action, the  Federal Water
Pollution  Control  Administration  and the affected
interstate,  State,  and  local  agencies must  review
progress, assess its adequacy,  and make necessary
revisions in the implementation plans. In particular,
attention must be directed toward progress  in South-
east Michigan, the fireater  Cleveland-Akron area,
and  the  Maumee River  basin  where  problems are
most  significant.  A continuously updated plan is
necessary  for attaining  the  goal,  of a clean Lake
Erie basin.

   Dredged Spoils and Erosion Control, The dredging
of ports and waterways for the maintenance of navi-
gation requires the disposal of large quantities of
dredged spoils.  Current disposal practices in Lake
Erie result in pollution of large areas of the lake by
redistribution  of  dredged sludges  and silt.  The
Corps of Engineers and the Federal  Water  Pollution
Control Administration should continue joint efforts
in determining ways  and means for curbing  this
pollution. The solution to this problem may  require
huge lakefront developments.

    Control of soil erosion would aid measurably in
reducing the need  for dredging.  The Soil Conser-
vation Service should  concentrate  and expand its
activities in this field and support research directed
to preventing  silt deposits in  the  lake and its
tributaries.  A tool for areas such as the Maumee
basin with soil  erosion problems is the Watershed
Protection and Flood  Prevention  Act, Public Law
566. .For the purpose of this act the Maumee basin
has  been  divided  into  27 small  watersheds, each
with needs for controlling soil runoff.  To      only
one of the drainage areas, the Little Auglaize River
basin,  has been project-funded by Congress,  There
is  an  urgent need to  accelerate  the  funding of
these projects to  minimize  silt pollution  .from the
Maumee and to extend  these  projects to  other areas
of need. The cost of  the 27 small watershed  pro-
tection projects in the Maumee basin is estimated at
$180 million.  These projects would reduce the silt
load by 80 percent.  Similarly all agencies — Federal,
State,  and local — involved  in construction  should
invoke measures to prevent erosion  at construction
projects. This problem has recently been recognized
by the Bureau of Public  Roads in connection with
highway construction in  the Cleveland metropolitan
area.

   Oil  and Gas  Well  Drilling in Lake Erie,   The
States  of  Ohio,  Pennsylvania, and  New  York are
currently  considering leasing underwater  lands in
Lake Erie for oil and gas exploration. No deleterious
wastes from these operations should be allowed in
the lake.  All wastes  should be  barged ashore for
disposal using State-approved sites and procedures.
If considerable quantities of-oil  are encountered in
drilling,  the risk of oil polltitioa  will  be of the
highest degree  with the potential  existing for  a
disaster.  The  guaranteed   protection  from  such
happenings  is  absolutely   mandatory.  Therefore,
the States and  drilling companies  should provide
controls that guarantee the complete absence of oil
from the lake.

    Research   and   Development.  Research   and
development  programs on more efficient,  and more
economical methods of tertiary treatment and nutrient
removal,  especially phosphorus,  are  needed now.
The water quality  standards implementation plans
call for  maximum practicable phosphorus removal
consistent "with   available  technology.  Although
some advances through modifications  of  secondary
treatment  plants  and use of chemicals to achieve
better phosphorus removal have been made in recent
years,  much more attention needs to be focused on
this problem if  the aging  of Lake Erie  is to be
substantially  slowed.  The  Federal  responsibility
for  this work rests with the Federal  Water Pollution
Control  Administration.  In   the  private  sector,
industry in concert with government must accelerate
the search for a solution to the phosphorus problem
associated with detergents.

    A research responsibility of the Federal Water
Pollution  Control Administration is to define more
clearly the relationship of bottom sediments  to the
lake pollution problem.

    Research should be carried out to define more
exactly the causes of  fish mortalities  in  Lake Erie
manifested in both  sudden and dramatic  fish kills
and in  the  slow   unperceived  disappearance of
desirable  species.   The Federal responsibility for
this rests with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

    Research is needed to find methods to  eliminate
pollution from storm and combined sewer overflows.

    The Federal.  Water Pollution Control  Adminis-
tration should consider in its research needs a final,
solution  to  the  disposal of  sewage and industrial
sludges that will result from the more refined and
advanced  treatment  systems.

    Another                 is  to  find  effective
means to  prevent the formation of oxygen-deficient
zones in mid-Lake  Erie,

    Training,  The construction of waste  treatment
facilities  alone  does not insure the  elimination of
pollution.  Satisfactory operation of  these sophis-
ticated plants consistent with design specifications
requires  trained  personnel.  Failure to provide the
required manpower  could delay the entire pollution
control, effort in the basin,

    The Federal  Water Pollution Control Adminis-
tration recently reported to Congress  on  the  "Man-
power  find  Training   Needs  in  Water  Pollution

                                               81

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Control,"  This  report  outlines  the  assistance
available from the  Federal government for training
personnel. This  assistance  ranges; from, utilization
of on-going training programs  at various locations
throughout the country to utilization of state program
grant foods for training purposes. The States are
encouraged to participate in these training programs
to the maximum extent possible.
    Strengthening of Stale Regulatory Programs. The
high stakes at issue in Lake Erie, the .requirements
of  the  water quality  standards  program,  and the
growing  Federal  and State rn.oneta.iy investment in
local, waste treatment  facilities (and  in  private
facilities, through tax  write-offs and other financial
inducements) all  combine  to underscore  the  urgent
need  for increased  enforcement,  operator training,
technical assistance,  research,  direction,  closer
supervision of  the performance of waste treatment
at the local level,  and  better planning for overall
water quality management.  This  will come only  if
the States  greatly  strengthen their own will  and.
ability to cany  out these functions.
    To do  so, the staff and monetary resources of
the State  water  pollii.ti.on control agency  in  each
State  must be greatly  expanded.. Ohio particularly
must strengthen the support given its water pollution
control agency.
    Coordination  with Canada, Successful, clean-up
of  Lake  Erie's  present  pollution  and  effective
management of its future water quality will require
U.S.—Canadian  agreements and  cooperation.  Indi-
cations that such will be forthcoming axe  available
in Canadian and United States assent to and partici-
pation in an investigation of pollution in Lake Erie
now underway by the International Joint Commission,
This investigation, requested jointly by the Govern-
ment  of Canada  and the Government of the United
States in  1964, will culminate in a report  from the
IJC which will include recommendations for needed
remedial  measures in  pollution  control  in both
countries.
    Acceptance" and adoption of the report, which is
scheduled  for completion  in  1969»  by  ^e  two
countries,  thus  would  launch a  joint coordinated
U.S. and Canadian program to manage Lake Erie's
water quality.

    To further improve coordination  with Canada in
controlling  pollution in  Lake  Erie, the  Federal.
Water Pollution Control'Administ.ta.tion suggests to
the Department of  State that the  present report be
transmitted as soon as possible to the International
Joint Commission  and  Canadian water pollution
control  agencies  for  information and appropriate
consideration,

    The Future®  Beyond the urgent steps previously
mentioned  awaits  an equally  important challenge —
that is to  devise the new  institutions  and  new
technical  controls  which an  emerging eta  of more
intensive   and  complex  water quality management
will require.  The  states  have  the  responsibility
and the authority now  to  accomplish the  job, but
they lack  manpower and finances.  However, a look
ahead is needed  to develop  a single  sophisticated
water quality  management  and technological  entity
to  replace  the;  present division' among  five U.S.
states,   a.  Canadian-   province,  several.  Federal
agencies,  and literally hundreds of  local govern-
mental agencies and private interests.

    Dredging  Lake Erie.   A  possible step to the
immediate  improvement  of Lake  Erie,  in addition to
the previous recommendations, .is the dredging of
the  lake  bottom.  This;  would be the ultimate in
refinement of water quality in the lake,

    The cost,  to dredge the  top 'three feel  of sedi-
ments would be many billions of  dollars and would
take many decades to accomplish.  Because  of the
complete absence of knowledge about actual bene-
fits of such an undertaking and the great expense,
this is  considered impractical.  The  FWPCA does
not  believe  that  it will  be necessary to  remove
bottom  sediments  in  order  to  restore  Lake  Erie
water quality.  Even if such  a project were under-
taken,  the disposition of   the  dredged  material
would be a major problem.
82

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    The  price of water pollution  control Is high —
very  high.  The;  more  treatment  required  and  the
more  sewers that are: needed, the higher the cost,
The cost for controlling water pollution Is Indirectly
associated  with  desired water quality and directly
associated with the treatment required to  obtain this
quality,

    In addition  to   the  capital  expenditures  for
present treatment facilities,  some  $40 million  are
spent  annually  to  maintain  and  operate  these
sewerage; systems.  With increase; in. population  and
per capita water use and the corresponding increase
in nutrient and oxygen-demanding loads, the.  present
plants, sneers and associated operating costs will
soon  become  grossly inadequate  to maintain even
the existing  water  quality.  Without improvern.en.ts
arid expansions,  Lake Erie would quickly become a
'virtual   cesspool  and  its   tributaries  something
worse. It should be  noted at the start that,  due to
increasing  costs, the longer such  construction is
delayed the greater the expense will be,



    The Lake Erie  Enforcement Conference  in 1965
required  that secondary treatment  be provided at all
municipalities.   This   requirement,   necessitates
marked improvements in present treatment facilities
and requires the  construction of many new treatment
plants and sewer  systems.   The  cost for llris  in-
creased  treatment 'will be the minimum expenditure
that will bring  at  least  temporary  improvement to
the lake,  and. tributary water c/iutlit.j.
    Figure 6-1  and  the  explanations that follow
indicate  water  quality improvements  and  costs that
can be expected for increasing levels of treatment

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   too
    1970
Figure 6- I — Noncumolative Annual Treatment Costs
                   Through 1989
 A,  SECONDARY TREATMENT AT ALL

    As mentioned earlier secondary treatment  at all
plants is  the  minimum  program that would  show
improvement in water quality in the. Lake brie basin,

    Construction cost for providing  adequate secon-
dary  treatment  and sewers at all municipalities in
the  Lake Erie basin is $1 billion.  Another  $1.41
billion will be required to expand  the facilities in
1990,  After initial construction  is completed,  the
capital  expenditures paid  over thirty  years  and
operating  cost  will  increase  present annual  per
capita expenditures by  $5-6, which includes  up to
$1  per  capita per year to maximize phosphorus
removal.

    With  secondary treatment and ptiospharus removal
at all plants,  most tributaries  and certainly Lake
Erie  will  have improved  water  quality.  The per-
sisting problems will be the oxygen demand from
organic discharges  near the headwaters of tributaries
and.  in those streams which have low  flow during
the  summer. Under these  circumstances there; is
very  little  water in the  stream to  dilute  the  waste
discharge  and, as  a result, otherwise insignificant
loads  may cause  degraded  conditions.  Higher
removal  rates  must be required  to minimize  these
loads as  much  as possible.  To   alleviate  these
problems,  tertiary  treatment (advanced waste  treat-
ment) should be provided at some locations,

         B.

     The    FWPCA   recommendation   is   basically
secondary treatment with the addition of  advanced
waste treatment at  67 treatment plants. The addition
of advanced waste treatment (which can remove in
 excess  of 95 percent of  the BOD  and phosphorus)
is recommended  bv the  FWPCA  at those  locations
where greater removal ofoxygen-demandingmaterials
is  immediately  necessary.  The   FWPCA  further
recommends that by 1990  in order to meet population
growth,  all  municipalities  in  the  Lake  Erie basin
should  provide  advanced  waste  treatment,  The
individual immediate recommendations are discussed
in  the  recommendations  chapter  of  this  report,

    1 his program  in providing control for increasing
waste loads as population, grows will  provide sub-
stantial improvements to  both  lake  and tributary
w-at.crs.  With this, swimming and fishing	which
are now restricted  activities	will  increase to
near their full potential. More important, however,
is that the destructive pollution pace will, be greatly
diminished,   giving  the  natural   self-purification
phenomena a chance to bring  Lake Erie  to  a much
more desirable  state.

    The immediate  construction costs for carrying
out  this program  will  be $1.10  billion,  with an
additional $1.70  billion  for the improvements  and
expansion required  by  1990.  This represents an
approximate increase in  present annual  per capita
expenditures of $7,   Figure 6-2 shows the construc-
tion  cost by state for  the  immediate treatment  and
sewer needs of  municipalities in the  Lake Erie
basin,

      C, ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT
               AT ALL  PLANTS

    This would be the same as the FWPCA recommen-
dations with the  addition of advanced waste treat-
ment at the  remaining treatment: plants. The approxi-
mate cost for advanced  waste  treatment throughout
the basin would be  $1.24  billion for present needs
and  $L>6 billion  additional for expansions by 1990«

    This will provide basically the same benefits
as in B since the additional treatment will remove
more oxygen-demanding material in  areas where this
is not an immediate need.

    Since  the end result for  both  />'  and C is the
same, namely advanced waste treatment basin-wide,
the  total  construction  cost   will be essentially
equal.  However,  average per capita  costs  will be
lower in R because the increased operation cost for
advanced  waste treatment  will not be needed until
1990.  Advanced  waste treatment at all  plants  will
increase the present expenditures by $10 per capita
per  year (compared to $.7  increase per  capita per
year for FWPCA recommendation).
      D,                     TREATMENT,
             OF AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND
                   OF                     TO
              SEPARATE

    In  addition  to  C, this program  will  increase
construction  costs to $5 billion.  On the whole this
project is more idealistic than practical.  However,

-------

s
                              I  o

                               11 s:\ 000,000
                                tt ('( ill > HP ia t- ),,( /« Una •? ««• Js*v, n< ^/fij
                                                                        '  y

-------
    One  such  recommendation  is  the  control  of
agricultural runoff.  In  order  to  control silt loads
from agricultural lands, It is estimated that some
$400  million must be;  spent  on projects such  as
underdrains,  check  dams,  channel  improvements,
and grassing slopes; of waterways.  Such a long-term
project  will have an annual per  capita cost: of $2-."5
(similar  to  present  per capita   expenditures   for
operation of sewage  treatment plants,}

    This investment for agricultural ninofj  control
is probably as necessary  as  any of the  municipal
and industrial treatment  recommendations since such
runoff contains large amounts of nutrients, oxygen-
demanding  material  and possibly  toxic substances
such  as pesticides,  insetcticid.es,  and herbicides.

    It  should be  noted that maximum  control  of
agricultural runoff is not solely  a need for improve-
ments  through  construction,  but  also a  need for
improvements  through  education.  Improved prac-
tices in fertilizer application, ground cover, contour
fanning  and  other  erosion  controls  should  be
implemented  through   this   educational  program,

    It is estimated that some  $3 billion would have
to be spent to convert present combined systems to
separate systems, which is equivalent to an increase
of $10*20 per capita per year.  This cost does not
reflect  the  time  and  inconvenience  involved  in
detouring traffic  away  from downtown areas where
most larger cities have  combined sewers,
recommended  by  PWPC.A in area;; where feasible,
such  as  in  redevelopment projects.  It  is further
recommended  for areas where it is not feasible to
remove   combined  sewers;  that,  for  the  present,
effluents  from, overflows should  be at least dis-
infected before  discharging to  a  watercourse and,
in the  future some form of storage and  treatment
should  be; provided.

    The cost  for this recommended project has not
been  determined  but it  would, be substantially less
than the billions of dollars required for basin-wide
separation.  The  cost of such a project will depend
on the  method which each  municipality determines
is best  suited for its specific problems  and location.



   The estimate of construction  costs for control.
of industrial  waste discharge is difficult to  deter-
mine  due to  the  many  processes involved  with
such  a  diversity  of industries  located within the
Lake  Erie basin. Treatment needs may  vary from
improving  in-plant operations  to  the  addition  of
complex and  elaborate  equipment.  The solution to
many  industrial  pollution  problems  may  be the
connection to municipal treatment plants  which may
or may not require pretreatment.

   It has been found in  some instances that indus-
tries  can recover a portion of the  cost  for improved
control  due to the economic value of  some  of the
by-products of the treatment process and/or improved
efficiency.

    Based  on area-wide industrial waste pollution
problems  and industrial  activity,  it  is  estimated
that  the immediate needs for control  of industrial
waste discharges will cost $285 million (Figure 6*3«)

-------

                                                                                 K* I04
                                          KEV 7Y.) TABLES

Status of "Control Measures Needed" and "Abatement Schedule" as of January 1, 1968, Waste data may not
reflect recent additions to treatment facilities.  The data were obtained during the period 1964-1966.  In  a few
cases the data were obtained in 1967.  In all cases the data are the most recent that has been supplied by the
state water pollution control agency.
                                                             Silica Dioxide
                                                             Sul fate
                                                             Total Solids
Type Sewerage System
    S = Separate sewer system
    C :-~ Combined sewer system
 S—C = Separate and combined sewer system
                                                        SO
W a s t e Con s ti tu en t s

   In pounds per day except tenipe.rat.ure
Fahrenheit and pH
   AI     Aluminum
   BOD  Biochemical Oxygen Demand
   Ca    Calcium.
   Cd    Cadmium
   C.I     Chlorides
   CN    Cyanide
   COD  Chemical Oxygen Demand
   C.r    Chrome
   Cu    Copper
   D     Total Dissolved Solids
   F     Fluoride
   Fe    Iron
   Mg    Magnesium
   Mn    Manganese
   NH^   Ammonia
   Ni "   Nickel
   Pb    Lead
   pH    Hydrogen  Ion Concentration
   8     Total Suspended Solids
                  T
                  Temp Te nipe ra tu re
                  X     Insufficent data
                  Zn    Zinc
               Control Measures Needed
in degrees         j = Covered by interstate water quality standards
                     and plan of implementation of State,
                  E ~ Covered by  Federal-State enforcement confer-
                      ence for secondary treatment only,
                  L -" May substitute secondary  treatment if  dis-
                      charged to Lake  Erie,
               Abatement Schedule Established by State

                  NS = Unaware of any schedule
                  UN '- Schedule under negotiation
                   A = For secondary treatment only
                   B = For additional treatment only
                                                                                           December,
                                                       H = Contains Pure Oil  Company*;-, effluent until
                                                            January 1, 1970, when  Pure Oil will discon-
                                                            tinue refining operations in Toledo,
                                                        j =  Cubic feet per day
                                                   A-l
                                   SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN AREA
                              MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE PROBLEMS
Municipality
St. Clait River
Yale
Peck
Deckerville
Port Huron
Port Huton Twp.

Marysville
St. Clait
St. Glair Twp,
Kimball Twp,
Emmett
East China Twp,
Imlay City
Marine City
Cottrelville Twp.
Clay Twp.
Type Sewerage
System.

Lagoons— C
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Primary— C
Septic Tanks

Primary— S
Primary— C
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Primary
Secondary— S
Primary— C
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Flow
(mgd)

0,24


11.70


1,14
0.48



0,15
0.14
0,65


BOD (Ibs./day) r~ , „ M , ,
	 ^_ — '„ 	 —2-i- Control Measures Needed
Raw Final

x x. Improvements
Sewers and lagoon
Sewers and lagoon
x. x Secondary (I)
Connect to Port: Huron sewer
system (1)
x x Secondary (I)
x x Secondary (I)
Sewers and Secondary (I)
Sewers and Secondary (I)
Sewers and lagoon
x x Secondary
x x Additional sewers
x x Secondary (I)
Additional sewers & Secondary (I)
Additional, sewers & Secondary (I)
Abatement
Schedule

NS
NS
NS
MS
UN

MS
NS
UN
UN
NS
NS
.NS
NS
UN
UN
loci tiding Algonac
                                                                                                  87

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                                     UbU A 1

                         SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN AREA  (Continued)
                          MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE PROBLEMS
Municipality
Lake St. Clair
Harrison Twp.
Ira Twp,
Clinton River Basin
Mt, Clemens
Clinton Twp, #1
Clinton Twp, #2
Fraser
Warren
Sterling Twp. si
Utica
Rochester
Pontiac si
Poritiac #2
Washington
Oxford Village
Leonard
Detroit River Basin
Detroit
Wayne County
(2 plants)
Riverview
Trenton
Grosse He Twp.
Huron River Basin
Rockwood
South Rockwood

Flat Rock
Ypsilanti Twp.
Superior Twp,

Pittsfield Twp.

Huron Twp.

Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor Twp.
Dexter
Pinckney
Stockbridge
Wixom
River Raisin Basin
Monroe
Ash Twp.
Dundee
Petersburg
Deerfield
Blissfield
Palmyra Twp.
Madison Twp.
Type Sewerage
System

Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks

Secondary— C
Secondary— S
Secondary— S
Septic Tanks
Secondary— C
Secondary— S
Secondary— C
Secondary— S
Secondary— C
Secondary— C
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks

Primary— C
Primary— C

Primary— C
Primary— C
Primary— C

Primary— C
Septic Tanks

Primary— C
Secondary— S
Septic Tanks

Septic Tanks

Septic Tanks

Secondary— S
Septic Tanks
Primary— S
Septic Tanks
Lagoons
Septic Tanks

Primary— S
Septic Tanks
Primary— C
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Primary — C
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
F low
(mgd)




3.72
2.34
2,03

23.70
2,20
0.39
0.5)7
9.8
11.4




686.9
49.3

1.6
4.1
0.4

0.32


0.34
3.65






10.31

0.12

0.13


2.93

0,20


0.49


BOD (Ibs./day) _ ... M , , Abatement
„ " ' — ~7.~ : -~* Control Measures .Needed ^ . , .
Raw Final Schedule

Connect to Metro (I)
Stabilization lagoon. (I)

x x Connect to Metro.
x .x Connect to Metro,
.x x Connect to Metro.
Sewers & connect to Metro.
x x Connect to Metro.
x x Connect to Metro.
x x Connect to Metro.
x x Connect to Metro.
x x Connect to Metro.
x x Connect to Metro.
Sewers and Secondary
Sewers and Secondary
Sewers and lagoon

603,600 501,000 Secondary (IE)
36,660 23,880 Secondary (IE)

x x Secondary (IE)
x x Secondary (IE)
150 100 Secondary (IE)

x x Additional sewers & Secondary (I)
Sewers & Secondary or connect to
Wayne County (I)
x x Additional sewers & Secondary (I)
x x Connect to Metro.
Additional sewers & Connect
to Metro
Additional sewers & Connect
to Metro.
Additional sewers & Connect
to Metro. (I)
x x Expansion (Metropolitan System)
Additional sewers & Connect to M€*tro,
x x Secondary
Sewers and lagoon.
x x Additional sewers and improvements
Sewers and Secondary

3,365 1,380 Secondary (IE)
Additional sewers & connect to Metro.
x x Secondary
Sewers and lagoon
Sewers and lagoon
x x Secondary
Additional sewers & Secondary
Additional sewers & Secondary

UN
UN

UN
UN
UN
UN
UN
TIN
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS

11/70
11/70

11/70
11/70
1.1/70

UN
6/69

UN
NS
NS

NS

6/69

NS
, NS
NS
NS
NS
NS

5769
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
88

-------
                                                  A-l

                             SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN AREA  (Continued)
                              MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE PROBLEMS
   Municipality
Type Sewerage   Flow
   System       (mgd)
River Raisin Bjasin^Cont'cL)
 Clayton           Septic Tanks
 Ousted            Septic Tanks
 Tecumseh         Secondary—S
 Britton            Septic Tanks
 Brooklyn          Septic Tanks
 Cement City       Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
S_m a 1          ,-
 Maybee
 Bedford Twp.
 Erie Twp.

Direct_to jLak_eJErie_
 Luna Pier
 Estral Beach
 Berlin Twp.
 Frenchtown Twp.
 Monroe Twp.
BOD (Ibs./day)
Raw     Final
 Control Measures Needed
                 0,71
                 Sewers and lagoon
                 Sewers and-lagoon
                 Additional sewers and expansion
                 Sewers and lagoon
                 Sewers and lagoon
                 Sewers and. lagoon
                 Sewers and lagoon (1)
                 Additional sewers & lagoon (I)
                 Additional sewers & lagoon (I)
                 Sewers and Secondary (IE)
                 Sewers and Secondary (IE)
                 Sewers and Secondary (IE)
                 Sewers and Secondary (IE)
                 Sewers and Secondary (IE)
Abatement
 Schedule

   MS
   NS
   NS
   NS
   NS
   NS
                                UN
                                UN
                                UN
                                                   A-2

                                    SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN AREA
                               MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE PROBLEMS
           Industry
 Michigan Milk
   Producers Assn.
   (Peck1 )
 Port Huron Paper
 Via sic Food Products
 Croswell Pickle Co.
 Ray Weeks Packing Co,
   (Richmond)
 Detroit  Edison Co.
   (Port Huron)
   RW4fichigan Div.
 Superior Metal Products
   (Auburn Hts.)
 Ford Motor

Chrysler—Michigan
   Missile
             Flow
             (mgd)
Waste Constituents
    (IBs/day)
  Control Measures Needed
              0,01
              7.10
              0.10
               X
               x
BOD x
Establish Treatment
Abatement
 Schedule
Solids xS; BOD x    Establish adequacy of treatment   MS
BOD x; Chlorides x  Establish adequacy of treatment   NS
BOD x; Chlorides x  Establish adequacy of treatment   NS
BOD x              Additional Treatment             NS

                   Establish adequacy of treatment   NS
              0,10     Oil x              Improve reliability of treatment    NS
                                          of oil wastes - establish
                                          adequacy of treatment
                                          (sanitary wastes)
               x      x                 Establish adequacy of treatment   NS

              1.5      Solids xS; Oil x     Establish adequacy of treatment   NS
                                          (oil and sanitary waste)
              0,55     Oil x; CN x; Heavy
                       metals x          Establish adequacy of treatment   NS
                                          (lagoons)

-------
                              SOUTHEAST iv«l»	iiiujix, n,\.LA (Continued)
                               MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE PROBLEMS
Industry
Clinton River Basin (G
Flow
(ingd)
orit'cl)
W a s t e C o n s t i t u e n t s
(Ibs./day)

Control Measures Needed

Abatement
Schedule

  Brlggs Manufacturing
  National Machine
   Products Co.
     (Utica)
  National Twist Drill &Tool Co.
     (Rochester)
                              Establi sh adequacy of treatment    NS
                              Establish adequacy of treatment    NS
                              Establish adequacy of treatment    NS
Detroit_River_ jJastri
  Revere Copper & Brass
  Great Lakes Steel-
   Blast Furnace Div.
  Great Lakes Steel-
   Not Strip Mill
  Great Lakes Steel-
   Ecorse Mill
  Wyandotte Chemicals
   North Side Works
  Wyandotte Chemicals
   South Side Works
  Pennsalt Chemical
   East Plant
  Pennsalt Chemical
   West Plant

  Firestone Tire and Rubber

  Chrysler Corp,
   (Trenton)
  Dana Corp.

  E. I, duPont
  McLouth Steel
   (Trenton)
90,0
72,0
72,0
57,0
 P
97,0

 6,8


 1,0
 x
65.7
Solids 2,1665; BOD
570; Oil 2,628; Fe
3.5; Cu 100; Ni 0,4;
Zn  66; Pb 0,9; Chro-
mium 29
Solids 100,0005;
BOD 3,700; Oil
2,482; Phenols 370;
Fe  5,146;NH 2,900;
CN  10; Cu 108; Zn
750; Pb 123; Chlor-
ides 17,959
Phenols 1.65; Fe 1,
500; Oil 2,738; NH3
86;  Zn 42; BOD 350;
Pb  280; Chlorides
1,000
Solids 8,4008; Oil
7,884; Phenols 1,67;
Fe  49,000; Acid  158,
000; Cu 137; Ni 4; Zn
12;  Pb 34; Chromium
8; Chlorides 1,800
Solids 300,0005; BOD
2,200; Phenols 34.13;
Cu.  59; Zn 7  P 14;
Chlorides 1,300,300
Solids 69,7455; BOD
3,000; Cu 35; Ni 1;
Zn  10; Pb 7; Chro-
mium 6; Chlorides
550,000
Solids 93,3705;
Chlorides 500,000
Solids 6,500S;
Chlorides 8,779;
Oil  290; Phenols 60
Solids 296S; BOD 70;
Phenols 0,19
                              Suspended solids, Oil (IE)
Suspended solids, Oil,
  Phenols (IE)
Suspended solids, Oil (IE)
Suspended solids, Fe, Oil
  pH (IE)
Suspended solids, Chlorides,
  Oil (IE)
                              Suspended solids, Chlorides
                                Oil (IE)
4/68
                                4/68
Suspended solids, Chlorides (IE)   4/68

Suspended solids, Chlorides,      4/68
  Oil (IE)

Iron (IE)                        ii'/67

Establi sh adequacy of treatment    MS

Establish adequacy of treatment    NS '
90
Solids xS;Oil x;
Phenols x; pH x
pH x                   Additional treatment
Solids 15,588S; BOD     Suspended solids, Iron., Oil (IE)
5,000; Oil 270; Phenols
9.04; Fel,990;NH3250;
CN 119; Cu 63; NI 
-------
                             SOUTH I
                              MAJOR
                           (Continued)
                          PROBLEMS
           Industry
                               Control Measures Needed
                                                              Abatement
                                                              Schedule
     .—
 MoblT'OlT
 Monsanto Chemical
   Plastic Products & Resins

 M o a s a n t o Ch e m 1 c a 1
   Inorganic Chemicals
 Scott Paper
American Cement Corp.
 Associated Spring Corp,

 .Ha Her Corp.

 Ford Motor-Rouge
   (Rouge and Wayne Auto
   Assembly Plant)
 Darling & Co.
 Seaway Cartage
 Trilex
 Evans Products
 Burroughs Corp.
     --
 Huron Valley Steel
 General Motors

 Moynaban-Stearns

 Peninsular P ap e r
 Longworth Plating
      1.1  Solids 1,588S; BOD    Suspended solids,  Oil (IE)
          1,000; Oil 719: Phenols
          117; Fe 2; Cu 0,7; Zn
          0,5; Pb 3; Chromium
          0.8; Chlorides 12,989
     18.0  Solids 6,500S; Fe6;     Oxygen consuming substances
Div.      Cu3.5;Ni 0.8;Zn0.4;     (IK)
          P 10.000
      x   Solids xS; p x         Soluble Phosphate (IE)
 15.2  Solids 10,QOOS; Phenols Suspended solids, Chlorides
       •17.6;Cu3.6;Zn2.8;Pb   (IE)
 • '      1.5; Chromium 0.4; Chlor-
       ides 2,800,000
 43,8  Solids 31,3005; BOD   Suspended solids, Oxygen.
       135,000; Phenols 26;    consuming substances (IE)
       Cu 114;Zn 230;
       Chlorides 33,600
   x   x                    Establish adequacy of treatment
  0,17 BOD 60; Solids I50S;  Establish adequacy of treatment
       Oil  37
  0,09 Solids 15S; Chlorides  Establish adequacy of treatment
       33;  Oil
400.C  Solids 62,OOOS; BOD •  Suspended solids, Iron,
       2,930; Oil 6,570;        Phenols, Oil (IE)
       Phenols 750;  Fel9,000;
       NH3 5,000; CN 900; Ac id
       50,000; Cu 1,500;  Ni 36;
       Zn  275; Pb 50; Chromium
       260; Chlorides 32,000
  1.1  Solids 168S; BOD7.100;  Oxygen consuming substances.
       Oil  158; Phenols 0.24;     Coliform (IK)
       NH3 135; pb  i.O;  P5.5;
       Chlorides 14
   x   Solids; pH            Additional Treatment
   x   Heavy Metals; Oil     Additional Treatment
   x   Oil                   Establish adequacy of treatment
   x   Oil; Solids; Chlorides Establish adequacy of treatment
 51.1   Sol ids xS             Solids
  0.7   Solids xS; BOD x;     Establish adequacy of treatment
       Chromium x             (Coagulation & Lagoon)
   -x   Aluminum x; Chromate Additional treatment
       x
  1.6   Solids xS             Improvements
  0,1   pH x; Toxic  metals x; Establish adequacy of treatment
       Oil x
 .0,9   Temp x               Additional Treatment
   x   x                    Additional Treatment
                                                            11769
                                       Oil
                            .Establish adequacy.of treatment    INS

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                                                  A-2

                            SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN AREA  (Continued)
                             MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE PROBLEMS
             Industry
 Flow   Waste Constituents
,(mgd)__  ^  jibs./day)
                           Control Measures Needed
                                                         Abatement
                                                          Schedule
             _-
  Federal Screw Works
   (Chelsea)
  Ford (Ypsilanti)
  Lithocrafters
 Ford Motor
  Union Bag —
   Camp Paper

  Consolidated Packaging
   South Side Div.

  Consolidated Packaging
   North Side Div.

  Time Container
   Monroe Div,
  Home Canning
  Hoover Ball & Bearing
   Universal Die Casting Div,
  Revco
  Tecumseh  Products
  Buckeye Products
  Simplex Paper
  Stauffer Chemical
      Oil
  x
  x   Oil
  x   Toxicants; pH
                        Establish adequacy of
                          treatment
                        Additional treatment
                        Establish adequacy of
                          treatment
130   Solids 8S;      48; Oil
      6,351; Phenols 3.8; NH3
      160; CN 1,075; Cu 700; "
      Ni 120; Zn 125; Chrom-
      ium 136; P 1,046; Chlor-
      ides 1.6,000
  4.57 Solids 3,5875;BOD 11,770
      Oil 672; Phenols 5.9; Fe
      20; NH3 12
  7.0 Solids 10,6008; BOD7.000; Suspended Solids, Oxygen
      Oil 263; Phenols 0,5; NH.3  consuming substances,
      2; Zn 15; P9               Coliform (IE)
  7.50Solids 7,823S; BOD 17,204;Suspended Solids, Oxygen
                              Cyanide, Soluble Phosphate,
                               Oil, Coliferra (IE)
                             ; Suspended Solids, Oxygen
                                consuming substances,
                                Coliform (IE)
 2,21
  X
 0.57

 0,3
 1,44
Oil 898; Phenols 11,0

Solids 1,4755; BOD 1,900;
Oil 36,5; Phenols 0,6;
Fe 15; NH,3; Cu 3;  Zn
93; Chlorides 120
BOD x
Temp x
Heavy Metals; pH
BOD; Solids; Color
Chlorides
                                consuming substances
                                Coliform (IE)
                              Suspended Solids, Oxygen
                                consuming substances
                                Coliform (IE)

                              Addi tional Treatment
                              Additional Treatment

                              Additional Treatment
                              Additional Treatment
                              Additional Treatment
                              Additional Treatment
                              Establish adequacy of
                                treatment
                                                            NS

                                                            NS
                                                            NS
                                                     12/68
1/69

1/69


1/69

1/69
NS
NS

NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
                                                   A-3

                        MAUMEE RIVER AND NORTH CENTRAL OHIO AREA
                                MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE
., . . ,. Type Sewerage Flow BOD(lbs/day) .- , ,. A1 , , Abatement
Municipality i/i:v- ^ e _ <• . J Control rvteasutes Needed
System (mgd) Raw Final Schedule
MAUMEE AREA - St. Joseph River
Garrett, Ind.


Auburn, Ind.


Waterloo, Ind.
Grabill, Ind.
St. Joe, Ind.
Avilla, Ind.
Secondary


Secondary


Secondary
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Lagoon
0.3 225 22 Provisions of adequate dilu-
tion water or installation of
advanced waste treatment (I)
2,0 915 100 Provision of adequate dilu-
tion water or installation of
advanced waste treatment (I)
0.13 95 10 Disinfection (IE)
Sewers & treatment facilities(IE)
Sewers & treatment .facilities (I)
0.05 x x Disinfection (IE)
1977


1977


1968
1977
1977
1968
92

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                          UKLE A  ''•

MAUMEE RIVER AND NORTH CENTRAL OHIO AREAS (Continued)
             MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE PROBLEMS

Municipality
St. Joseph Riv« s i > o
Butler, Ind.
Edgerton, 0.
Montpelier, O.
Reading, Mich,
Camden, Mich.
St. Marys River
Decatur, Ind.
Berne, Ind.
Rockford, 0.
St. Marys, 0.
New Bremen, 0.
Upper Maumee River
Sherwood, (3.
Hicksville, O.
Antwerp, O.
Woodburn, Ind,
New Haven, Ind.
Fort Wayne, Ind.
Diversified
Utilities, Inc.
Tiffin River
Archbold, O.
Bryan, O,
Stryker, O.
West Unity, 0.
Fayette, O,
Hudson, Mich.
Addison, Mich.
Auglaize River
Paulding, O.
Payne, O.
Continental, O.
Van Weft, 0.
Ohio City, O.
Ottawa, O.
Bluffton, O.
Typf? Sewerage
System
nt'd.)
Secondary
Septic Tanks
Primary— C
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks

Secondary
Lagoon
Primary— C
Secondary— S
Secondary— C 	

Septic Tanks
Secondary— C
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Secondary
Secondary— S—C
Secondary


S e co n d a ry — C
Secondary— C
Lagoons— S
Septic Tanks
.Lagoon— S—C
Secondary
Septic Tanks

Lagoon— C
Septic Tanks
Secondary— C
Secondary— S—C
Septic Tanks
Secondary— C
Seconda ry — C
Flow
(mgd)

0.25

1.28



0,97
0.15
0.18
0.91
0.18


0.35


0.34
21.29
0.50


1,13
0.92
0.07

X
X


0.23

0.11
1.63

0.51
0,57
BOD
Raw

187

1,870



445
112
160
1,460
170


420


257
35,400
530


4,935
2,390
X

X
X


X

155
3,250

840
190
(Ibs./day)
Final.

37

1,590



65
16
125
160
12


35


52
3,540
107


145
70
X

X
X


X

15
380

440
15
                                                                       Abatement
                                              Control Measures Needed   Schedule
                                             Advanced waste treatment
                                              (IE)
                                             Sewers and Secondary
                                             Secondary (IE)
                                             Sewers and Secondary
                                             Sewers & Stabilization
                                              lagoon (I)
                                             Provision of adequate
                                              dilution or installation of
                                              advanced  waste treatment
                                              _(I)
                                             Disinfection (IE)
                                             Secondary (IE)
                                             Advanced waste treatment
                                              (IE)
                                             Advanced waste treatment
                                             Sewers & Secondary (IE)
                                             Advanced waste treatment
                                             Sewers & Secondary (IE)
                                             Sewers & Treatment
                                               facilities (I)
                                             Additional sewers (E)
                                             Disinfection (IE)
                                               Provision of adequate dilu-
                                               tion water or installation of
                                               advanced waste treatment (I)
                                             Expansion (IE)
1968(B)

NS
12/69
NS
UN
1968
8/69
6/69(B)

NS
6/69
NS
12/69
1977

UN
1968
1977
UN
                                             Advanced waste treatment      NS
                                             Advanced waste treatment      MS
                                             Disinfection                  NS
                                             Sewers & Advanced waste    12/69/(A)
                                              treatment  (IE)
                                             Disinfection                  NS
                                             Expansion                    NS
                                             Sewers & Stabilization         UN
                                              lagoon (I)
                                             Disinfection                  NS
                                             Sewers and Secondary (IE)     1968
                                             Advanced waste treatment      NS
                                             Advanced waste treatment    12/69(B)
                                               (IE)
                                             Sewers & Advanced waste    12/68(A)
                                               treatment (IE)
                                             Expansion (IE)                UN
                                             Advanced waste treatment      NS
                                                                               93

-------
                                                 A-3

                MAUMEE RIVER AND NORTH CENTRAL OHIO AREAS (Continued)
                             MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE PROBLEMS
Municipality
Auglaize River (Cent
Pandora, O.
Findlay, O,
Dunkirk, O.
Columbus Grove, O,
Cridersville, O.
Lima, O.
Ada, 0.
Delphos, O.
Spencerville, O.
Wapakoneta, O.
Lower Maiiiiiee River
Trilby, 0.
Sylvania, O.
Toledo, O.
Oregon, O,
Northwood, O.
Walbridge, O.
Metropolitan SI)
(Holland Sub, O.)
Swan ton, O.
Perrysburg, O,
Haskins, O.
Waterville, O.
Western, O.
Lelpslc, O.
West Leipsic, O.
Delta, O.
Liberty Center, O.

Hamler, O.
Holgate, O.
Wauseon, O,
Defiance, O.
Direct to Lake Erie
Harbor View, O.
Type Sewerage Flow
System (mgd)
'
-------
                 MAUMEE RIVER AND NORTH CENTRAL OHIO AREAS  (Continued)
                              MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE PROBLEMS
   Municipality
                    Type Sewerage
                       System
                Flow    BOD  (Ibs./day)
                (tngd)    Raw      Final
             Basin (Cont'd.)
                   Septic Tanks
 Woodville
 Pemberville
 Bowling Green
 Fostoria
 North Baltimore
 McCoirib
 Bloom dale
                   Control Measures Needed
                                  Abatement
                                   Schedule
                                          Sewers & Advanced waste
                                           treatment-
                                          Sewers & Secondary (E)
                                          Sewers & Secondary (E)
                                          Advanced waste treatment:
                                          Advanced waste treatment
                                          Advanced waste treatment
                                          Advanced waste treattnent(E)
                                          Sewers & Advanced waste
                                           treatment (E)
  ii  '   I   or Basin
 i i  m  ii            Secondary—C
 Bellville          Septic Tanks

 Sandusky Co. SD 1 Septic Tanks

 Clinton  Twp.      Septic Tanks
 Tiffin             Primary—C
 Bloomville         None

 Sycamore          Septic Tanks

 Carey             Secondary—S
 UpperSandusky    Secondary—S
                 3.09  5,580
 Nevada

 Bucyrus
 Crestline
 Attica
Septic Tanks-

Secondary—C
Secondary	-S—C
None
                 2,18  3,015
                 0,41    780
                 0,77  1,700
                                     2,34   3,180
                                     0,48    710
                                                     1,780
                                                       88
                                                      450
          350
           30'
 New Washington    Septic Tanks
       Advanced waste treatment
       Sewers & Advanced waste*
        treatment
       Sewers & Connect to
        Fremont(E)
       Sewers &: Connect to Tiffin (E)
       Advanced waste treatment (It)
       Sewers & Advanced waste
        treatment (E)
       Sewers & Advanced waste
        treatment
       Advanced waste treatment
       Advanced waste treatment (E)
       Sewers &. Advanced waste
        treatment
       Advanced waste treatment
       Advanced waste treatment
       Sewers & Advanced waste
        treatment (E)
       Sewers & Advanced waste
        treatment
Huron !' p • i 
-------
                                                A-3

                MAUMEE RIVER AND NORTH CENTRAL OHIO AREAS  (Continued)
                             MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE PROBLEMS
Municipality
Type Sewerage
System
Flow
(mgd)
BOD (Ibs./day)
Raw Final.
,-. , », », j j Abatement
Control Measures .Needed
Schedule
Black River Basin (Cont'd.)
North Ridgeville
Elyria
Oberlin
Graf ton
Lagrange
Wellington
Lodi
Small Tributaries
Green Springs
Clyde
Castalia

Bellevue
Ohio Soldiers &
Secondary— S
S e c o ndary— S— C
Secondary— S
Secondary— S
Secondary— S
Secondary— S
Secondary— S

Primary— S— C
Secondary— S
Septic Tanks

None
Secondary
0,09
6,28
0. 70
0.14
X
0.18
0.17

X
0.59



X
130
9,260
1,535
310
X
280
620

X
1,215



X
10
1,200
100
16
X
32
90

X
125



X
Advanced waste treatment
Advanced waste treatment
Advanced waste treatment
Advanced waste treatment
Advanced waste treatment
Advanced waste treatment
Advanced waste treatment

Advanced waste treatment (IE)
Advanced waste treatment
Sewers & Advanced waste
treatment
Advanced waste treatment (IE)
Connect to San dusky
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS

12/68(A)
NS
NS

9/69CA)
3/68
   Sailors Home
 Perkins — Margaretta
 Amherst           Secondary—S
 South Amherst     Septic Tanks

Direct to Lake Erie
              0.34
       590
Port Clinton.
Lakeside
Marblehead
Kelleys Island
Put-in-Bay
Bay View
Sandusky
E. Erie Co. SD
Ruggles Beach —
MIttiwanga
L. drain
Sheffield Lake
Avon Lake
Intermediate— S-
Intermediate
Septic Tanks
None
None
Septic Tanks
Primary— S— C
Primary— S
Primary— S
Septic Tanks
Intermediate— C
                                 •C  1,45   2,435
5.2
0.03
                                         11,270
                  65
                               975
                                x
                              ?,450
                                X
                                   10,95 16,430
                                    1.9   3,300
Sandusky Metro. (IE)
Advanced waste treatment (IE)  6/70(B)
Sewers & Connect to Amherst   NS
                        Secondary (IE)                 4/69
                        Secondary                     NS
                        Sewers & Connect to La.kesi.de   NS
                        Sewers and Secondary           NS
                        Sewers and Secondary           NS
                        Sewers and Secondary           NS
                        Secondary (IE)               11/70
                        Secondary (IE)               12/69
                                      Secondary (IE)                12/70
                                      Sewers & Connect to Metro (I)   UN
                                      Secondary (IE)             '    1970
                                                 A-4

                       MAUMEE RIVER AND NORTH CENTRAL OHIO AREA.
                             MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE PROBLEMS
       Industry
 St. Joseph River
  Kitchen Quip


 Upper Maumee River
  Weatherhead
Flow
(mgd.)
Waste Constituents
    (Ibs./day)
                          Control Measures Needed
                           Abatement
                            Schedule
 0.14     Solids xS; BOD 12.1; Phenols x;  Suspended Solids, Heavy       12/68
         Oil x; Ni 7.2; Zn  1.5             metals (IE)
 0.28     Solids x.S; BOD 33; COD 31;     Metals, Solids (IE)             9/68
         Phenols x;CN 2.6; Heavy metals x
96

-------
                                           I ABU A -I

                  MAUMEE RIVER AND NORTH CENTRAL OHIO AREAS  (Continued)
                              MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE PROBLEMS
Industry
Upper Maumee River
Parrot Packing
International
Harvester
Franke Plating
Flow
(ingd)
(Cont'd.)
0.09
X
0,12
Waste Constituents
(Ibs./day)
Solids xS; BOD 884; COD 730;
Oil 136
Solids xS; BOD x; Cyanide x
Solids xS; BOD 7.1; -CN 38,0
Control Measures Needed
BOD, Grease, Suspended
Solids (IE)
BOD, Suspended Solids (IE)
Cyanide, Heavy metals
Abatement
Schedule
12/68
12/68
1968
 General Plating         x

 Universal Tool          x
COD 117; Zn 0,7; Cu 1.7;
Ni 2,0; Cd 4.6
Solids xS; Heavy metals x;
Cyanide x
Zn. x
 Suspended Solids (IE)

Cyanide, Heavy metals
 Suspended Solids (IE)
Zn (IE)
 Hudson Plating         x
 Rinia Mfg.              x
 M &  S Mfg.             x
 Hudson Metal Products  x

Auglalze River
~Rusco     ~          ' 0,06

 Sohio Chemical Co.      1,93
   (Now Vistron)
 Sohio Chemical —       0,85
   Petrochemicals

 Republic Creosote      0.01

 Pepsi-Cola Bottling     x
 Walter  & Son           x
Lower Maumee River
 Interlake Steel
 Libby -Owens-Ford       0.25
 Doehler-Jarvis —        x
   Div. National Lead
 Toledo Scale           x

 Hirzel Canning          x
 Standard Oil (H)         39.8
 Gulf Oil                68.4

 Sun Oil                1.8
 Clevite, Harris Div.     x
   Napoleon
 Elite Plating Div.       x
   Dynavest
 Campbell Soup          0.3
x
X
X
Solids xS; Oil 16.8; COD 30.9;
Mg 13.5; Si 36.8; pH x
Solids 14,6001'; BOD 140;
NH3 400; COD 1,300;
Solids xT; BOD 70; Phenols
440; KB 3 1,800; COD 1,050;
CN 75
BOD 26; Phenols 7.7; Oil 19;
COD 12.7
BOD x
BOD x
Solids xS; BOD x; COD x;
Phenols x; Temp, x
Solids xS
Solids xS; Heavy metals x:;
Cyanide x
Solids xS; Heavy metals x;
Oilx
BOD x
Solids 184,0001; pH 6.9-9.1;
Solids 151,GOOD; BOD 8,810;
COD 25,000; Phenols 270; NH3
1,100; Oil 10,600; Temp. 78
COD 8,200; BOD 4,300; Phenols
35; Oil 1,260
COD 4,400; BOD 1,000; Oil 440
Oil x; Solids xS;  pH x; Heavy
Metals x
Oil x; Solids xS;  CN x;  Heavy
Metals x
Solids 180S; COD 1,600;
Boron 280; BOD 1,230; Oil x;
Temp, x
Additional treatment            NS
BOD                          NS
Additional, treatment            NS
Establish adequacy of treatment NS
Neutralization, Solids (IE)

Nitrogen compounds (IE)

Nitrogen compounds, Oxygen
 Demand (IE)
                             1/69

                             1/68
                              UN
Phenols, Oil

Oxygen Demand (IE)
Evaluate existing facilities
  (IE)
Solids (IE)

Solids (IE)
Metals, Solids, Cyanide (IE)
Connect to city sewers (IE)    7/68
BOD
Oil, Solids, Phenols, Oxygen
 Demand (IE)
COD, Oils, Phenols

COD, Oils
Solids, Metals, pH (IE)

Metals, Cyanide, pH (E)

Solids, Oxygen. Demand (IE)
                                                                                               97

-------
             MAUMEE RIVER AND
                        MAJOR
.- i . OHIO AREAS (Continued)
 \ -"I PROBLEMS
Industry
Lower Maumee River (Cc
Central Foundry — GM(

S. K. Wayne Tool
NORTH CENTRAL OBIC
Portage River Basin
Hirzel Canning
Foster Duck Farm
Swift
Seneca Wire

Sandusky River Basin
Northern Ohio Sugar
Pioneer Rubber

Pennsylvania RR.
Huron River Basin
Clevite — Harris Div.
Baltimore & Ohio RR
Black River Basin
U. S. Steel -
Tubular Operations
General Motors —
Tprnstedt Div.
Republic Steel —
Steel & Tubes Div.
Baldwin Producing
Berea Oil
C & B Oil
Chatham Operating
Dymo Oil
Preston Oil
Small Tributaries
Norfolk & Western RR
Bechtel-McLaughlin

G. E. Lamp Plant #242
Central Soya
Direct to Lake Erie
U. S, Gypsum

Ohio Edison • ' ••.
Cleveland Electric
Flow
(ingd)
jnt'd.)
:; 4.0

• ' x
) AREA

X
X
' X
I


X
:,(B
(est)
X

X
X

170

2

5.
(est) •
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
,06

X
X

0.9

121
350
Waste Constituents
(Ibs./day)

BODx; COD x; Phenols x;Oil x;-
Temp, x
Oil x; pH x; Heavy metals'x


BODx; Solids xS
BOD x
BOD x; Solids xS; Oil x
Fe l,470;pH 2.0-7.0;
Solids xS

BOD 870; pH 7.3-8.5
COD x

Oil x

Solids ' >)»,,- i *
Oil x

Oil 11 01' I !>,] "! (hid-
,. Phenol ni, , C ' •"•
Chrorn " '']> ^ 1 < i i !<
pH x

Oil x
Oil x
Oil x
Oil x
-Oilx
."01,1 x

Oil x
pH 3.1-5.6; Cu 5; Zn 6;
Cr 27; CN 2; Solids x
BODx
Oilx

BOD x; pH 4,1-7,9; Temp, x;
Solids 3300S
pH 6.3-8.6; Solids xS - :
Solids 17,0005
f
Control Measures Needed

Solids

Metals, neutralization (IE)


Improve operations (IE)
BOD
Oil, Color, BOD (E) . .
Iron, Acids, Solids (E)


BOD (E)
COD

Oil

Chrome, Solids (E)
Oil (E)

Solids, Oil, Phenols, Fe (E)

Metals (E)

.Acid (E)

Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil

Oil (IE)
Acid, Chrome, Solids (IE)

BOD (IE)
Oil (IE)

Solids and BOD (IE)

Solids (I)
Solids (IE) ;
ibatement
Schedule

7/67

1/68


8/67
NS
6/67
' 1/69


12/69
UN

NS

7/68
' 7/68

12769

11/67

12/69

NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS

6/68
2/68

9769
6/68

12/69

UN
7/68
111 urn. in at ing

-------
                    'lit, '

GREATER CLEVELAND-AKRON AND NORTHEAST OHIO AREAS
         MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE PROBLEMS
Municipality
GREATER CLEVEI
Rocky River Basin
Lakewood
Westlake

Brook Park
North 0 1ms ted
Olmsted Falls

I3crc2

Westvlew


Sttongsville

North Royalton
County Dists.
Breezewood

Middleburg Hts.

Brunswick SD 100
Medina Sd 5
Medina SD 100
Medina
Type Sewerage
System
Flow BOD (Ibs./day)
(mgd) Raw Final
, Abatement
Schedule
.AND-AKRON AREA

Secondary— S—C
Septic Tanks

Secondary— S
Secondary— S
Septic Tanks

Seconds ty~S

Septic Tanks


Secondary— S

Secondary— S

Secondary

Secondary— S

Secondary— S
Secondary
Secondary
Se co ndary— S

15.0 14,500


0,86 1,430
2.69 6,270


2.40 2,740




X X

X X

X X

0.4 550- .

0.80 x
0.13 230
0.92 1,380
1.25 2,900

1,500


140
520


620




X

X

X

430

53
20
40
380

.
.'.
1 \
> , ' anced NS
1 i • i !' '. • i anced NS
" ! ' ' ietro UN(A)
' > ' , i ' .- ' itment-
>, , 'iixi..~ ",,- , j.'-i.anred 6/69CB)
Waste Treatment (E)
Sewers and connect to Metro 12/68(A)
or Advanced Waste Treatment
(E)
Connect to Metro or Advanced NS
Waste Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced UN(B)
Waste Treatment (E)
Connect to Metro or Advanced NS
Waste Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced 12/68(B)
Waste Treatment (E)
Advanced Waste Treatment . NS
Advanced Waste Treatment NS
Advanced Waste Treatment MS
Advanced Waste Treatment NS
Cuyahoga River Baslo
Cleveland
Southerly
Maple Heights

Independence

Valley View

Bedford

Bedford Heights

Solon

Oakwood


Broadview
Heights
Twinsburg

Northfield

Secondary— S—C

Secondary— S

Septic Tanks

Septic Tanks

Secondary— S—C

Secondary— S—C .

Secondary— S

Secondary— S


Septic Tanks

Secondary— S

Secondary— S

62.6 49,600

0,7 2,800





2.17 3,040

1.50 1,690

0.71 1,400

X X




0,39 670

0.37 790

4,000

1,050





560

710

120

X




50

60

Advanced Waste Treatment (IE) 12/69(13)

Connect to Metro or Advanced NS
Waste Treatment
Sewers & connect to Metro or I2/69(A)
Advanced "Waste Treatment (E) • ;
Sewers and connect to Metro NS
or Advanced Waste Treatment
Connect to .Metro or Advanced NS
Waste Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced NS
Waste Treatment;
Connect to Metro or Advanced NS
Waste Treatment
Additional sewers and connect NS
to Metro or Advanced .
Waste Treatment • • •
Sewers and connect to Metro or NS
Advanced Waste Treatment ' '
Connect to Metro or Advanced -NS
Waste Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced .. NS
Waste Treatment

-------
                                          A-5

           GREATER CLEVELAND-AKRON AND NORTHEAST      AREAS (Continued)
                         MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE
Municipality
Type Sewerage
System
Flow
(mgd)
BOD (Ibs./day)
Raw Final
_ ... „ , , Abatement
Control Measures weeded ._ , , .
Schedule
•Cuyahoga River Basin (Cont'd.)
Sagamore Hills

Akroo

Hudson
Cuyahoga Falls

Sawyerwood

Munroe Falls
Tallmadge

Kent

Ravenna

Middiefleld
County Districts
Seven Hills
SD 2
Walton Hills
SD 20
Brecksville
SD 13
Northeast SD 1

Northeast SD 6

Northeast SD 15

Stow Twp. SD 4


•Chagrin River Basio
Gates Mills-

Pepper Pike

Aurora
Chagrin Falls
County Districts
Chester Twp.
SD 1 & 2
Direct to Lake Erie
Rocky River SD 6
Cleveland Westerly
Cleveland Easterly
Euclid
Willoughby —
Eastlake
Septic Tanks

Secondary— S—C

Secondary— S
Secondary— S

Septic Tanks

Septic Tanks
Secondary— S

Secondary— S

Secondary— S

Primary— C

Secondary

Secondary— S

Secondary— S—C

Secondary— S

Secondary— S

Secondary— S

Primary— S



Septic Tanks

Secondary— S

Secondary— S
Secondary— S

Secondary


Intermediate— S
Primary— S—C
Secondary— S—C
Intermediate— S
.Intermediate— S



68.6

0.45
0,04




0.13

1.30

1.03

0.33

0.03

0.24

0.7?

0.07

0.43

1.04

1.10





X

0.32
0.42

X


4,76
34.1
122.0
14.60
2.90



75,700

980
140




X

2,960

1,450

X

354

250

1,450

120

630

890

1,870





500

330
590

100


6,190
46,830
109,000
23,900
2,290



27,500

1.90
4




14

180

200

180

20

40

130

10

150

140

1,360





50

30
70

10


4,080
38,330
23,400
10,100
1,535

Sewers and connect to Metro
or Advanced Waste Treatment
Advanced Waste Treatment (E)
including nitrogen removal
Advanced ¥/aste Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment
Sewers & connect to Metro or
Advanced Waste Treatment
Sewers & conaect to Metro (E)
Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment
Secondary (E)

Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment
Connect to Metro or Ad¥anced
Waste Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced
WaSte Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment
Additional Sewers and Connect
to Metro or Advanced Waste
Treatment (E)

Sewers & Advanced Waste
Treatment
Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment
Advanced Waste Treatment (E)
Advanced Waste Treatment

Advanced Waste Treatment


Secondary (IE)
Secondary (IE)
Expansion (IE)
Secondary (IE)
Secondary (IE)

NS

1970CB)

NS
NS

NS

UN
NS

NS

NS

8/68

NS

NS

'UN

NS

NS

NS

'UN(A)



NS

NS

10/69(8)
NS

NS


9/69
12/71
9/70
6/70
7/70

100

-------
                                            A-5

         GREATER CLEVELAND-AKRON AND NORTHEAST OHIO AREAS (Continued)
                          MAJOR riJNICIPAL WASTE PROBLEMS
Municipality
Type Sewerage
System
Flow BOD (Ibs./day)
, ,,. _ ,, - , Control Measures Needed
(mgd) Raw i- lira I
Abatement
Schedule
NORTHEAST OHIO AREA
Grand River Basin
Fairport Harbor
Grand River

Painesville
Chardon
Jefferson
Orwell
Conneaut Creek Basin
Conneaut


Springboro, Pa.
Conneautville, Pa.
Small Tributaries
North Kingsvllle
Direct to Lake Erie-
Lake County SD
Willoughby—
Mentor
Lake County SD 1
Madison
Geneva-on-the-Lake
Ashtabula


Intermediate— S
Septic Tanks

Primary— S
Secondary— S
Secondary— S
Septic Tanks

Intermediate— S


None
None

Septic Tanks

Intermediate— S


Primary— S

Primary— S
Intermediate— S

GREATER CLEVEL

Industry
Rocky River Basin
Farm Packt Pickle
jQurjwihojjaJRiver Basin
MAJOR
Flow
(mgd)

x BOD


0,32 450


2.51 4,320 2
0.49 510
0.5? 600


2.4 2,360 1







1.82 2,520


1.14 540

X X
5.0 5,845 4
A-6
AND-AKRON AND
INDUSTRIAL WAS!
Waste Constituents
(Ibs./day)

x; Cl x; Solids xS


320 Secondary (IE)
Sewers & Connect to Metro
(IE)
,050 Connect to Metro (IE)
100 Expansion Si. Disinfection
130 Expansion & Disinfection
Sewers & Secondary (E)

,640 Secondary & additional
sewers (in area formerly
known as Lakeville) (IE)
Sewers and Secondary (I)
Sewers and Secondary (I)

Sewers and Secondary

810 Secondary (IE)


540 Secondary (IE)

x Secondary (IE)
,010 Secondary (IE)

NORTHEAST OHIO AREAS
'E PROBLEMS
Control Measures Needed

Solids, BOD, Chlorides


10/70
12/69CA)

12/70(A)
NS
NS
11/68



10/69
UN
UN

NS

1/71


1/71

12/69
10/70



Abatement
Schedule

UN

Republic Steel
290     Solids xT; Solids 180,0005;
        S04 120,000(G); Cl 32,000
        (G); Phenol 280; CN 400; NH3
        4,100; Mg 1,000; Fe 12,000;
        Temp. 10° F; pH x; COD x;
        Oil x; Heavy metals x
Solids, Iron, Oil, Ammonia
 Acid, Phenols, Cyanides,
 Heavy metals (E)
12/69
                                                                                      101

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                                                A-6

             GREATER CLEVELAND-AKRON AND NORTHEAST OHIO AREAS (Continued )
                             .MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE PROBLEMS
T , F low
Industry . , ,,
(nigd) ,
Cuy_ahoga River Basin (Cont'd.)
U, S, Steel 23.5

Jones & Laughlin 130
Harsh aw Chemical 1,4
Research Refining x
Astoria Plating x
Cuyahoga Meat x:
Ford Motor - 0.9
Engine Plant
Modern Tool <& Die x
Bedford Gear x
Morce x
Tecumseh Corrugated x
Box, Jaite Mill Div.
Ohio Edison x
Gorge Plant
Consolidated x
Freight-ways
Lerkis Asphalt x
B. F. Goodrich x
Firestone Tire & x
Rubber
Diamond Crystal. Salt x
Goodyear Tire x
Waste Constituents
(Ibs./day)
Solids 84,OOOT; Solids 30,0005;
Oil 510; Temp, x; SO 4 50,000;
Cl 1,000; Fe 15,000, pH x
Solids xT; Solids 10,400S; pH x;
COD x; Oil 1,200; Temp, x;
SO 4 12,200; Fe 6,600; C1'4, 900
pH 1,0-8,7; F 5 50; Nil 60; Ca x;
SO 4 x; Cl 3,100; .Mo 30; Solids x
Oil x
Oil x; CN x; Cu x; C..T x; Cd x;
Ni x; Solids xT; pH x; COD x
Solids xS; BOD x
Solids xT; Solids 6.2S; pH 6.5-
9.5; Oil 62; Teinp, x
Oil x; Grease x
Oil x
Oil x
Solids x; BOD x
Solids xS; Temp x
Solids x.S; pH x; Oil x;
Organics x
Solids xS; pH x; Fe x
Solids xT; COD x; Temp, x;
Organics; Oil x
Solids xT; COD x; Temp, x;
Organics; Oil x
Temp, x; Cl x; Solids: xT
Solids xT; COD x; Oil x;
_ , , , Abatement
Control Measures Needed _ . , .
Schedule
Solids, Iron., Oil, Acids (E)

So lids, 'Iron, Oil (E)
Solids, Fluorides, Nickel (E)
Oil
Cyanides, Oil, pH,
Heavy metals, Color (E)
BOD (E)
Oil
Oil, Grease
Oil
Oil
Solids, BOD
Temperature
Solids, Oils, Organics
Solids, Acid, Iron
Solids, Organics, COD, Oil (E)
Solids, Organics, COD,
Oil (E)
Solids, Chlorides (E)
Solids, Organics, COD,
12/69

12/69
12/68
NS
1/68
6/68
NS
9/69
UN
10/69
7/68
NS
UN
4/63
1/69
1/69
1/68
1/69
  Goodyear Aerospace     x
Organics x; Temp, x

Solids xT; CN x; Cr x; Cu, x;
Zn x; SO4 x; Cd x; pH x;
COD x; Oil x
Oil (E)

Solids, heavy metals,
Cyanides (E)
6/68
102

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                                                  A-6

            GREATER CLEVELAND-AKRON AND NORTHEAST OHIO AREAS  (Continued)
                              MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE PROBLEMS
T j Flow
Industry
(mgd)
C liyahoga River Basin (Cont'd.)
M & M Sand & Grave] x
Cornwell Tools .01
Sonoco Products ,57
Waste Constituents
(Ibs./day)

Solids xS
Solids xT; Cr x; Zn x
Solids 300S; BOD 782; Temp.
Control Measures Needed

Solids
Heavy metals
Solids, BOD (E)
Abatement
Schedule

UN
NS
1/69
  Larnson & Sessions

Chagrin River Basin
  Chase Bag
 Custom Beverage Packers 2

 Mulberry Sand & Gravel   x

Direct to Lake Erie
                                  F
.03    Solids 8.5CJ); Oil x; S04 x
                              Solids, Oil
      Solids xT; Solids 770S; pH      Color, Solids, BOD (E)
      5.9-7.6; BOD x; COD x; Temp,
      62° F
      Solids x- BOD x               BOD
 Cleveland Electric
   Illuminating Co,
   Eastlake Plant
   Lake shore Plant
TRW
 520
 450
      Solids xS
Solids 35,0008; Temp, x
Solids 5,300S; Temp, x
Solids x; Metals x
                              Solids
                              Solids (IE)
                              Solids (IE)
                              Improve  treatment facilities
                               for all  constituents (IE)
     HIE AST OHIO AREA
                        0.2
 A. E. Staley
 Diamond Shamrock (dis-  5.3
   charging also direct
   to Lake Erie)

 U. S. Rubber-Uniroyal   0.3
 Allied Chemical
 •  Plastics Div.
   Pamesville Plant

 Chardon Rubber, Div.
   Ball Bros. Co. Inc.
      Solids 36,OOOT; Solids xD;      Solids, Chlorides
      Cl 11,000; pH x

      Solids xT; Solids xD;  pH x;     Connect to Metro
      BOD x- Oil x

      Solids 6,500,GOOD; Cl 3,900,000; Chlorides, Solids  (IE)
      Solids 160,0005; NH3  3,400;
      Phenols 21

      Solids I.880T; Solids  518S;     Solids, pB, COD (IE)
      COD x; pH x; Cl x
      Solids xS; COD x
      Oil x; Solids xS
                              Solids
                              Oil, Solids
                                                              NS
                                                              NS
 Glenn Sand & Gravel
 Welded Tubes, Inc.

k§l? I'll*? 1§ JLiyj^Lfifllill
 Detrex Chemical —
  Chlorinated Solvents
  Div.
Solids xS

BOD x


Solids 1,8001; Solids 1,700D
Chlorides 2,400; Fe 41
                                    Solids

                                    Connect to Metro


                                    Odor, Color (IE)
                                                              UN

                                                              NS


                                                              UN
                                                                                                103

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                                                  A-6

            GREATER CLEVELAND-AKRON AND NORTHEAST OHIO AREAS  (Continued)
                             MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE PROBLEMS
    Industry
                  Flow
                  (mgd )
                Waste Constituents
                    (ibs./day)
Control Measures Needed
Ashtabula River Basin (Cont'd.)
 General Tire & Rubber- 0.1     Solids 680T; Solids .125;       Improved neutralization and
   Chemical Div,
 Olln Mathieson —
   TDI Plant
 Reactive Metals -
   Metals Reduction

 Diamond Alkali —
   Semi-Works
                            Chlorides 250; pH 6.9—8.3       solids removel; control of
                                                          spills  (IE)

                      4     Data not available for public   Improved neutralization and
                            release                        solids control; in-plant
                                                          controls arid acid recovery;
                                                          Color (IE)

                    1.3     Data not available for public   Suspended and dissolved
                            release                        solids (IE)
    0,6
                            COD 425; Solids xT; Organics Needs evaluation
Abatement
Schedule
                                                                                        1/69
                                                                         UN
                                                                       12/68
                              NS
 In addition to the above individual needs, all Industries in the Ashtabula complex that discharge to Fields
 Brook should jointly develop a  solution to treat the combined wastes after discharge.
IDhrect to
 Diamond Shamrock
   (discharge also
    to Grand River)

 Midland Ross —
   IRC Fibers
  Cleveland Electric
   Illuminating
   Ashtabula Plant
                     10     Solids 37,GOOD; Solids 6,2005 Settling (IE)
                            Chlorides 26,000; Ammonia 710;
                            Phenols 17

                     29     Solids 274,OOOT; Chlorides   Terminal treatment (IE)
                            40,000; Solids 254,00011;
                            pH 2.8-3.8;      8,700;
                            Oil 4,300; Zn 6,700

                      3     Solids 1,2005; Temp, x       Solids (IE)
                                                                        6/68
                                                                        1/69
                                                                        12/68
                                                  A  /

                             PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK AREAS
                              MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE PROBLEMS
Municipality       Type Sewerage"   Flow     BOD (Ibs./day)
                         System      (mgd)    Raw
 Small Tributaries
   Lake City
   Giratd

 Direct to Lake Erie
Secondary—S        0.4
Intermediate — S     0.5
                                                    Final
                                                                   ,          „  . ,
                                                             Control Measures .Needed
                                                                                          Abatement
                                                                                          Schedule
                                             868      227   Extend outfall to Lake Erie      NS
                                           1,135      138   Secondary (E)                 8/68
                   Secondary-S-C  40       57,450    6,680   Expansion
                                                                                         12/70
104

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                      A-7

PENNSYLVANIA AND     YORK AREAS  (Continued)
     MAJOR MUNICIPAL WASTE PROBLEMS
Municipality
YORK AREA
Buffalo River Basin
West Seneca SD 6

Cheektowaga SD 3

Depew (V) SD 1

Lancaster


East Aurora (V)
Holland (T)

Eighteenmile Creek
Erie Co. SD 2
North Plant
Eden

Hamburg (V)
Gowanda State
Hospital
Gowanda
Springville
Arcade
Small Tributaries
Lackawanna
Blasdell
Woodlawn
Derby

Angola

Erie Co. SD 2
South Plant
North Collins (V)
Silver Creek
Fredooia (V)

B roc ton

Westfield

Direct to 'Lake Erie
Mt. Vernon
Wariakafa
Hamburg (T)
Dunkirk
Ripley SD
Type Sewerage
System


Primary — S

Secondary — S

Primary— S

Secondary— S


Secondary— S
Septic Tanks

Flow (Ibs./day)
(mgd) Raw Final


0,2

1.4

1.8

0.9


1.1


and Cattaraugus Creek
Primary— S

Septic Tanks

Secondary— S
Primary— S

Primary— S
Primary— S
Secondary— S

Primary— S—C
Secondary— S
Secondary— S
Septic Tanks

Septic Tanks

Primary— S

Secondary— S
Secondary— S
Secondary— S—C

Septic Tanks

Secondary— S


Primary— S
Primary— S
Primary— S
Primary— S—C
Primary— S
0.3



1.0
0.4

0.7
0,5
0.3

3.1
0.8
0,4




0.6

0.2
X
2,0



0.9


0.3
0,25
1.9
4,3
0,1


194

2,770

2,880

X


1,180


Basins
100



1,320
X

690
745
443

4,500
2,040
X




140

242
X
3,870



1,800


390
475
1,490
8,070
3,100


137

864

720

X


220



60



275
X

560
370
60

2,450
160
X




90

117
X
1,000



1 ,090


247
258
411
4,520
940
, ,. ._ , , Abatement
Control Measures .Needed
Schedule


Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment (I)
Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment (I)
Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment (IE)
Connect to Metro or Advanced
Waste Treatment (E)
„ w
Advanced Waste Treatment
Sewers and Advanced Waste
Treatment

Advanced Waste Treatment

Sewers & Advanced Waste
Treatment
Advanced Waste Treatment
Secondary

Advanced Waste Treatment
Secondary
Advanced Waste Treatment

Connect to Metro or Secondary
'Connect to .Metro
Connect to Metro (1)
Sewers & Secondary with
Outfall to Lake Erie
Sewers & Advanced Waste
Treatment (L)
Secondary

Advanced Waste Treatment (E]
Extend Outfall to Lake Erie



8/7 1 (A)

4/7 2(B)

1/1/70CA)

6"/l/68(B)
6/l/69(B)
NS

NS

NS

NS

NS
NS

NS
NS
NS

(1)4/72(A)
NS
4/72(A)

NS
%
NS
NS

) 3/70(8)
NS
Connect to Dunkirk or Advanced
Waste Treatment (IE)
Sewers & Advanced Waste
Treatment (L) (IE)
Advanced Waste Treatment
(L) (IE)

Secondary (I)
Secondary (I)
Secondary (I)
Secondary (IE)
Secondary (IE)
1/71(B)

6/69CA)

12/69(8)

1/71
4/72
4/72
12/69
4/72
                                                           105

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                                                   A-8
                        Flow
                       (mgd)
                  1REA
                       0.002
   Brown Slaughter        x
  -Specialty Valve ao.d    x
    Control
                              PENNSYLVANIA AND            AREAS
                               MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE PROBLEMS
                                     Waste Constituents
                                        (Ibs./day)
                                Control Measures Needed
                               BOD 6; Solids 100T;          Secondary
                               Solids 20S
                               BOD x; Grease x; Solids xS   Secondary
                               Oil x                        Oil
                             Abatement
                              Schedule
                                                            5/68

                                                            NS
                                                            NS
 Ha in me mill          20

 Erie Reduction        0.2

NEW/YORK  AREA
Buffalo Rivet tiasin
 General Mil!.1-           x
 Pillsbury Mills         x
 Perot Malting           x
 Allied Chemical      14.8
   Buffalo Dye


 Republic Steel       26.5


 Donner Hanna Coke:     6.0

 Mobil Oil            22.5
   Symington Wayne       x
   Pennsylvania          x
    Railroad Shops

 •CattaraugusCreek Basin
   Silver Creek
  ' • Preserving
   Peter Cooper          3.6
    Eastern Tanners
    and Glue
   Moencfa Tannery        1.7
Small Tributaries
  Welch Grape Juice
   (Westfield)
•  Growers Coop. Grape
   (Westfield)
                         0,5
                               BOD 62,000; Solids 530,0001';
                               Solids 84,0005; SO4 51,000
                               BOD 10; Solids x
                                                            BOD, Color, Odor (IE)

                                                            BOD (E)
                               BOD x; Solids xS
                               BOD x; Solids xS
                               BOD x; Solids x
                               BOD 31,500; Solids  14,0005;
                               pH 2.5-4.0; COD 80,000;
                               Chlorides 96,000; Cyanide 12;
                               Iron 7,400; Phenol 150
                               Solids 16,OOOS; pH 3.7-9-5;
                               •COD 73,000; Oil 9,900;
                               Iron 16,000
                               COD 2,300; Oil 780; Phenols
                               120
                               BOD 3,700; Solids 25,0001,
                               Solids 2,6005; pH 7,4-8.0;
                               COD 4,700; Oil 1,500; Chloride
                               2,500; Phenol 380
                                    x; pH x; Oil x
                               Oils x; pH x
                                                            Connect: to Metro or Secondary
                                                            Connect to Metro or Secondary
                                                            Connect to Metro or Secondary
                                                            Color, Solids, BOD, Acid,
                                                              Phenols  (IE)
                                                             Oils, Solids, Color, Acid,
                                                              Iron (IE)

                                                             Oil,  Phenols, BOD (IE)

                                                             Oil,  Phenols (IE)
                            Oil  BOD, Color
                            Oil
                                                            12/70

                                                            3/68
                                                             NS
                                                             NS
                                                             NS
                                                             1/71
                                                            7/71
                                12/69

                                12/69
                              Plans to;
                            discontinue
                            refinery 6/68
                                 NS
                                1/68
                                                           Solids, Color, Oil & Connect
                                                           to Silver Creek (E)
                               BOD 26,000; Solids 131.000X, Advanced Waste Treatment,
                               Solids 9,600S                Ammonia, Grease,  Chrome (IE)
                                    8,700; Solids 90.000T,
                               Solid's 7,600S
     x; Solids xS

BOD x; Solids xS
                            Advanced Waste Treatment,
                            Ammonia, Grease, Chrome
                                UN

                                1/70

                                1/71
'Connect to city sewers (IE)       12/69

Connect to city sewers (IE)  .     12/69
 Direct to_ jLake_Erie_
   Hanna Furnace       26
   Bethlehem Steel     350
                               Solids xS; Oil x
                                    5,200; Solids 350,0005;
                               pH 4.0-7.0; COD 11,000; Oil
                               31,000; Phenols 680; Cyanide
                               950
                            Solids (IE)    .                   4/72
                            Oil, Phenols, Solids, Color,
                            Cyanides, Ammonia, Acid,
                            Iron (IE)                         1/70
106

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                                         MlHLtr 4-8

                      PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK AREAS (Concluded)
                            MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE  PROBLEMS
                     Flow        Waste; Constituents                                   Abatement
    Industrv          /   ,-,            /,,   /,   •,              Control Measures .Needed       ,  ,  ,
                     (ingd)            ( IDS./day)                                        Schedule
Direct to Lake Erie (Cont'd.)
 Allegheny-Ludlum    1.3      Solids xS; pH x; Oil x; Temp.   Solids, Oil, Acid (IE)           1/69
                              x; Iron x

 Seneca Westfield      0,5      BOD x; Solids xS              Connect to city sewers (IE)      12/69
   Maid
                                                                                             107
 .S.Government Printing Office: 1972— 750-894

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Mother deca1 may I go out  to  swim.
Yes my darling daughter.
Hang your clothes on a,  hickory  "linibt
But don't go neap the water.
                         Anonymous

-------