Hazardous Waste Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN)
r| On-line Remediation Databases
FACT SHEET
This fact sheet briefly describes eight on-line remediation
databases available on the Hazardous Waste Clean-Up
Information (CLU-IN) Web site (www.cluin.org) sponsored by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Superfund
Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI), Technology
Innovation and Field Services Division (TIFSD). These databases
provide timely information about selected pilot- and full-scale
applications of innovative treatment and site characterization
technologies for EPA remedial project managers (RPM), other
federal and state personnel, consulting engineers, technology
developers and vendors, remediation contractors, researchers,
community groups, and individual citizens. They have recently
been updated, reformatted, and made available through a
Universal Search Engine. They facilitate and encourage the
hazardous waste remediation community to share their knowledge
and experiences about innovative technologies. This fact sheet
also describes how to submit new information or update existing
information in these databases.
EIGHT ON-LINE REMEDIATION DATABASES (Maintained by TIFSD)
Five technology specific databases - Alternative Landfil
Covers (ALC), In Situ Thermal (1ST) Treatment, In Situ
Chemical Oxidation (ISCO), In Situ Flushing (ISF), and
Phytotechnology — provide useful information about pilot-
and full-scale applications of these technologies;
One contaminant specific database for methyl tert-butyl
ether (MtBE) provides stakeholders with site-specific data to
help select treatment approaches at remediation sites,
including drinking water contaminated with MtBE;
One media-specific database - the Fractured Bedrock
Focus Area — provides brief profiles of characterization
and remediation processes at fractured bedrock sites; and
One scale specific database - the Remediation
Technology Demonstrations Project Profiles — describes
pilot-scale remediation projects to address soil and ground
Information in each database is typically provided as project
profiles that include background information on the site (name,
location, and type), project information (scale, status, project
dates, technology description, and contaminants and media
treated), performance and cost data, points of contact, and
references. EPA obtained data from site managers, regulatory
officials, and technology providers, as well as from published
reports, conference proceedings, and other available reference
materials to prepare the project profiles in each database.
The on-line remediation databases can be searched by either
using a pick list for selected parameters for each database or by
using key words. Search results are listed alphabetically by site
or project name.
For additional related information, visit the database Web sites
described in this fact sheet.
Alternative Landfill Covers
VAVW.cluin.org/products/altcovers/
ALC systems are increasingly considered for
use at waste disposal sites when equivalent
performance to conventional final cover
systems can be demonstrated or where some
moisture is required to sustain biological processes. They have
been considered at sites such as municipal solid waste (MSW)
landfills, hazardous waste landfills, and radioactive waste sites.
Unlike conventional covers that use materials with low hydraulic
permeability, ACLs are designed to manage hydrological
processes at an area, which include precipitation, soil water
storage, surface runoff, evapotranspiration (ET), and infiltration to
minimize percolation.
As of August 2006, the on-line ALC database contains 93
profiles (some sites involve multiple projects, and some projects
encompass multiple covers or cover types), based on four types
of ALC. These four types include monolithic ET covers (63
profiles); capillary barrier ET covers (23 profiles); asphalt covers
(7 profiles); and bioengineering management covers (4 profiles).
Of these, 47 profiles describe pilot-scale and 45 profiles address
full-scale applications.
For more information about the ALC database, contact Kelly
Madalinski, EPA, by telephone at (703) 603-9901 or by e-mail at
madalinski.kelly@epa.gov.
In Situ Thermal Treatment
VAVW.cluin.org/products/thermal/
1ST treatment includes technologies that
involve steam injection, electrical resistance
heating (ERH), conductive heating, radio-
frequency (RF) heating, and hot air injection.
These technologies treat chlorinated solvents, non-chlorinated
volatile organic compounds (VOC), semivolatile VOCs (SVOC),
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), oils and petroleum
products, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and wood preserving
compounds in ground water and soil. 1ST technologies heat the
subsurface and destroy or enhance the removal of contaminants,
including those present as non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL).
As of August 2006, the on-line 1ST treatment database includes
98 profiles, describing 40 pilot- and 52 full-scale applications of
1ST treatment. The profiles cover five types of 1ST treatment
technologies (some profiles describe more than one technology).
They include steam heating (37 profiles); ERH (34 profiles);
conductive heating (17 profiles); RF heating (6 profiles); and hot
air injection (3 profiles).
For more information about the 1ST treatment database, contact
Jim Cummings, EPA, by telephone at (703) 603-7197 or
by e-mail at cummings.james@epa.gov.
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In Situ Chemical Oxidation
VAVW.cluin.org/products/
chemox/
ISCO is the process of injecting oxidants
and coamendments into the subsurface to
chemically convert hazardous
contaminants to nonhazardous or less
toxic compounds that are more stable,
less mobile, or inert. ISCO is especially useful in treating NAPLs
and can be applied to contaminants that include chlorinated
solvents, non-chlorinated VOCs, SVOCs, petroleum products,
PAHs, PCBs, explosives and propellants, and pesticides.
Commonly used oxidizing agents include permanganate (either
sodium or potassium), Fenton's reagent (hydrogen peroxide and
iron catalyst), hydrogen peroxide, and ozone.
As of August 2006, the on-line ISCO database contains 45
profiles that describe completed, full-scale applications using
four oxidants. (Some profiles involve more than one oxidant and
information about the type of oxidant was not provided for some
profiles.) Oxidants include permanganate (16 profiles); Fenton's
reagent (15 profiles); hydrogen peroxide (3 profiles); and ozone
(2 profiles).
For more information about the ISCO database, contact Jim
Cummings, EPA, by telephone at (703) 603-7197 or by e-mail at
cummings.james@epa.gov.
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In Situ Flushing
www.cluin.org/products/isf
ISF involves injecting or infiltrating an
aqueous solution into a zone of
contaminated soil or ground water, followed
by extraction and above ground treatment of
the elutriate (the flushing solution mixed with
contaminants). In some rare cases, the
flushing solution and treated contaminants may be left in place. The
solutions used for ISF may consist of surfactants, cosolvents, acids,
bases, oxidants, chelants, solvents, or water. Recent applications
have also documented the use of cyclodextrin, a non-toxic, modified
sugar, as a flushing agent. These flushing solutions typically
increase the mobility or solubility (or both) of the contaminants.
Many organic and inorganic contaminants can be treated using ISF,
including NAPLs, VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, pesticides, non-volatile
metals, cyanides, and radioactive contaminants.
As of August 2006, the on-line ISF database includes information
on 23 ISF profiles, of which 11 are pilot- and 12 are full-scale
projects. Water is the most frequently used flushing agent (14
profiles), followed by Dowfax™, ethanol, Ivey-sol nonionic
surfactant (SPG), n-pentanol, and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate
(2 profiles each). Other flushing agents used include aerosol OT,
Brij 97, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, tert butanol, and
Tween 80. Some projects used more than one flushing agent.
For more information about the ISF database, contact John
Quander, EPA, by telephone at (703) 603-7198, or by
e-mail at quander.john@epa.gov.
Phytotechnology
www.cluin.org/products/phyto/
Phytotechnology is an emerging
technology that uses various types of
plants to degrade, extract, contain, or
immobilize contaminants in soil, ground
water, surface water, and sediments.
Phytotechnology has been used to treat various contaminants,
such as chlorinated solvents, metals, explosives and propellants,
pesticides, PAHs, radionuclides, and petroleum hydrocarbon
compounds.
As of August 2006, the on-line Phytotechnology database
includes 113 profiles, of which 64 are pilot-scale, 44 are full-
scale, and 5 are large greenhouse-scale applications. The on-
line database addresses mainly six phytomechanisms (more
than one phytomechanism may apply to some projects). They
include phytoextraction (47 profiles); rhizodegradation
(31 profiles); hydraulic control (31 profiles); phytostabilization
(16 profiles); phytovolatilization (11 profiles); and
rhizofiltration (1 profile).
For more information about the Phytotechnology database,
contact Ellen Rubin, EPA, by telephone at (703) 603-0141 or by
e-mail at rubin.ellen@epa.gov.
OT)
MtBE Treatment
VAVW.cluin.org/products/mtbe/
Fuel oxygenates such as MtBE have been
widely used for the past several decades
in the U.S. as gasoline additives to boost
octane ratings and to reduce air pollution.
Leaking above ground or underground
storage tanks or accidents that involve
transport vehicles have contaminated soil and ground water with
MtBE in many locations. In some cases, concentrations of MtBE
have reached sources of drinking water. Several in situ and ex
situ technologies are used to treat MtBE in ground water, soil,
and drinking water.
As of August 2006, the on-line MtBE treatment database
includes 420 profiles, of which 358 address full-scale
applications, 51 address pilot-scale applications, and 11 are
bench-scale applications. The MtBE treatment technologies
described in the profiles include 15 drinking water treatment
profiles and 12 remediation technologies (some projects used
more than one technology). They include soil vapor extraction
(SVE) (182 profiles); air sparging (168 profiles); in situ
bioremediation (ISB) (104 profiles); pump-and-treat (P&T) (99
profiles); excavation (41 profiles); ISCO (33 profiles); multi-phase
extraction (MPE) (31 profiles); ex situ bioremediation (12
profiles); phytoremediation (9 profiles); thermal desorption (4
profiles); biosparging (2 profiles); and 1ST (1 profile).
For more information about the on-line MtBE treatment
database, contact John Quander, EPA, by telephone at (703)
603-7198, or by e-mail at quander.john@epa.gov.
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Fractured Bedrock
VAVW.cluin.org/fracrock/
Characterization and remediation of
contaminated ground water at fractured
bedrock sites are hampered by the
complex geology, the heterogeneous
distribution and orientation of the fractures,
and the movement of contaminants and
fluids in fracture networks and rock matrices. Several
characterization and remediation technologies are currently
being used both at pilot- and full-scale levels to improve the
understanding of these sites. The on-line database provides
information on the characterization and remediation technologies
used at fractured bedrock sites.
As of August 2006, the on-line fractured bedrock database
includes 92 profiles, addressing 8 remediation and 12
characterization technologies. The remediation technologies
include ISB (33 profiles); ISCO (23 profiles); P&T (24 profiles);
SVE (15 profiles); fracturing (12 profiles); MPE (8 profiles); 1ST (4
profiles); and ISF (2 profiles). The characterization technologies
include vertical chemical profiling (28 profiles); borehole
geophysics (26 profiles); coring (23 profiles); fluid logging (20
profiles); flow (14 profiles); pumping tests (12 profiles); fracture
trace analysis (10 profiles); tracer (dye) test (11 profiles); surface
seismic surveys (4 profiles); surface conductivity surveys (3
profiles); ground-penetrating radar surveys (4 profiles); and
downhole seismic surveys (2 profiles). Some profiles involve
more than one technology.
For more information about the fractured bedrock database,
contact Rich Steimle, EPA, by telephone at
(703) 603-7195, or by e-mail at steimle.richard@epa.gov.
Remediation Technology
Demonstrations
VAVW.cluin.org/products/demos/
Prior to use in full-scale clean up
applications, new technologies or new
applications of existing technologies are
often tested in pilot-scale demonstrations.
EPA has developed this on-line database to summarize timely
information about selected pilot-scale demonstration projects.
Projects address soil and ground water remediation technology
demonstrations, completed and ongoing, which have been
performed in the North America. Characterization technologies
and modeling are not addressed in these profiles.
As of August 2006, the on-line database includes 151 profiles.
These include 15 remediation demonstration technologies (some
profiles involve more than one technology), as follows: ISB (84
profiles); phytoremediation (13 profiles); ISCO (9 profiles); 1ST (9
profiles); permeable reactive barriers (7 profiles); fracturing (4
profiles); ISF, ex situ bioremediation (3 profiles each);
composting, electrochemical treatment, land treatment (2 profiles
each); and biosparging, chemical immobilization, electrokinetic
separation, and vitrification (1 profile each).
For more information about the Remediation Technology
Demonstration database, contact John Quander, EPA,
by telephone at (703) 603-7198, or by e-mail at
quander.john @epa.gov.
How to Submit New Profiles or Update
Existing Profiles
EPA encourages project managers, site owners, and technology
vendors to add new profiles to the databases or to update
existing profiles, especially for sites where work is undertaken
with participation of federal or state project managers. All data
submitted must be based on published literature.
A user may select the "Update an Existing Profile" button on the
home page to add more recent data, add data for more fields, or
correct errors in existing data for databases that address ALC,
1ST treatment, ISCO, fractured bedrock, and MtBE treatment. A
user may also submit a new profile by selecting the "Submit a
New Profile" button on the home page.
A user may download and fill out a form to either provide
information about a new profile or update an existing profile for
databases that address ISF and phytotechnology. The form can
then be e-mailed to EPA.
A user can send comments about an existing project for the
Remediation Technology Demonstrations database. A user may
directly contact EPA to submit a new project.
EPA will review all information submitted before it is made
available to the public.
Contact Us
If you have any questions or comments about the information
provided in this fact sheet, please contact:
John Quander
U.S. EPA Headquarters
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Mail Code: 5102P
Washington, DC 20460
(703)603-7198
quander.john @epa.gov
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September 2006
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