Federal
Environmental
Requirements  for
Construction
What Do You Need to Consider?
    Do you perform clearing, grading, or excavation activities?
    Do you build roads, golf courses, playing fields, homes, or
    buildings? Are you involved in demolition activities? Will you
discharge dredged or fill material to a waterway or wetland? Are you
involved in tunnel or pipeline projects?

If so, you may be responsible for ensuring that requirements in
federal environmental regulations are met. Depending on the regula-
tion, a violation can result in a civil penalty up to $27,500 per day
and a criminal penalty of up to $250,000 and 15 years in prison.

 lis guide provides information on federal environmental requirements
for construction projects. It is written primarily for owners of construc-
tion projects and for general contractors who supervise construction
projects. Subcontractors also may find the information useful.
EPA delegates authority to implement certain regulatory
programs to some states. A state may have requirements
that are more stringent than the federal requirements.
Therefore, be sure to check with your state and local
agencies before starting a construction project.

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STORM  WATER  RUNOFF
   Does your construction activity disturb one or more acres of land? If so, you may have to
   get Clean Water Act (CWA) permit coverage for discharge of storm water runoff from your
   construction site. Storm water general permits are issued through the U.S. Environmental
   Protection Agency's (EPA) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) pro-
   gram or the state NPDES permitting authority. To obtain  permit coverage, you will need to
   consider:

   •   Submitting a Notice of Intent (NOI) or permit application  as required by your permit-
       ting authority. The NOI requires you to certify that you will not harm federally-listed
       endangered species.

   •   Developing and implementing a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) that
       describes the  physical characteristics of the site, lists potential sources of pollutants,
       and identifies  erosion prevention, sediment control, and storm water management
       practices that you will implement at the site.

   •   Submitting a Notice of Termination (NOT), if required by your permitting authority,
       when you complete your construction activities or when someone else assumes con-
       trol of the site.

   You can get additional information on the storm water requirements at
   www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater. You also can obtain information about county and State
   stormwater requirements through the Storm Water Resource Locator at
   www.envcap.org/swrl/.

DREDGED AND  FILL  NATE RIAL/WATERS OF
THE  UNITED STATES, INCLUDING WETLANDS
•  Do you discharge dredged material (i.e.,  material that is dredged or excavated  from waters
   of the United States) or fill material (i.e, material that replaces an aquatic area with  dry
   land or changes the bottom elevation of a water body) to waters of the United States? If so,
   you need a permit  under Section 404 of the CWA. Section 404 permits are issued by
   either the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or, for certain waters, a state with an  approved
   Section 404 permitting program. Permit decisions are made using environmental  criteria
   developed by EPA,  and, in certain circumstances, EPA can prohibit or restrict the use of a
   site for the disposal of dredged or fill material. Certain activities with minimal adverse
   effects may qualify for coverage under a  general 404 permit. For more information,  includ-
   ing information on  wetlands, go to www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/regs/index.html.
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
•  Do you generate or handle hazardous wastes (i.e., waste that poses potential harm to
   human health and the environment)? Examples of materials at construction sites that may
   be classified as hazardous wastes include: spent cleaners (e.g., organic solvents), paints
   (including lead-based paint), used oil, paint thinners, wastes that contain ignitable and cor-
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rosive materials, and wastes that contain certain toxic pollutants. A list of hazardous
wastes and their allowed concentrations is in the regulations that implement the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). These regulations also contain requirements for
managing, treating, and disposing of hazardous wastes. For example, RCRA regulations
contains requirements for:

 •   Generators of hazardous wastes. The requirements for generators of hazardous
     wastes are based on the amount of hazardous wastes generated. Generators of large
     amounts of hazardous wastes are subject to more regulatory requirements than are
     generators of small amounts of hazardous wastes. The RCRA regulations list quanti-
     ties of hazardous wastes that determine whether a generator is large or small.

•    Storage of hazardous wastes. The RCRA regulations specify the time hazardous
     wastes can be stored at a site. If the storage time is exceeded, a  RCRA permit
     is required.

•    Transport, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes. To transport hazardous
     wastes, a transporter must  be  registered with either EPA or a state as a hazardous
     waste transporter. A generator is responsible for ensuring that a transporter is a reg-
     istered hazardous waste transporter and that the hazardous waste is delivered to a
     RCRA-permitted treatment or disposal facility. The generator also must sign the haz-
     ardous wastes manifest used to track the transport of a hazardous waste to a permit-
     ted treatment or disposal facility.

For more information on RCRA hazardous wastes and the hazardous wastes requirements,
contact EPA's Office of Solid Waste  Call Center at 800-424-9346 (TDD - 800-553-7672)
Monday - Friday between 9:00 a.m.  and 5:00  p.m. EST. You can also go to
www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/.

Do you generate lead-based paint (LBP) wastes during the remodeling or rehabilitation of
a residential building (e.g., a house  or college dormitory)? EPA considers this a household
waste, which can be disposed of as  municipal waste and managed according to state and
local requirements. For more information about LBP wastes, contact the RCRA Hotline
weekdays at 800-424-9346 (TDD 800-553-7672) between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m EST or
go to www.epa.gov/lead/fslbp.htm.  Contractors must notify residents about lead before
renovating pre-1978 housing; for information specific to remodeling activities, go to
www.epa.gov/opptintr/lead/leadinfo.htm#remodeling. In addition, EPA reports on lead  in
renovation and remodeling projects  can be found at www.epa.gov/opptintr/lead/
leadtpbf.htm#renovation.

Persons who are involved in  lead-abatement projects or who perform certain lead-based
paint activities have  to be certified to do the work under 40 CFR Part 745 or an authorized
state or tribal program, and the work has to be done in accordance with work practice
standards in 40 CFR Part 745. For more information on EPA's  lead-based paint program,
contact the National Lead Information Center at 800-424-LEAD (5323).

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   Are fluorescent lamps that contain mercury part of the wastes generated during your
   demolition operation? These wastes are treated as universal waste (i.e., items such  as bat-
   teries, thermostats, and obsolete pesticides commonly thrown into the trash by households
   and small businesses). Universal waste rules  are less stringent than are hazardous waste
   rules with respect to collecting, storing, and transporting the wastes as long as the RCRA
   requirements for recycling, treatment, or disposal of the wastes are met. For more infor-
   mation, call the RCRA Hotline weekdays at 800-424-9346 (TDD 800-553-7672) between
   9:00 a.m. and  5:00 p.m. EST.  You also can go to www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/.

   Do you generate construction/demolition (C&D) wastes such as wood,  roof material,
   insulation, plaster, or sheet rock at your site? Most C&D wastes end up in either a munici-
   pal solid waste landfill or a landfill devoted exclusively to C&D wastes. Municipal solid
   waste landfills are subject to EPA's landfill criteria, while state and local governments regu-
   late most of the C&D landfills.  EPA regulations do prohibit, however, hazardous wastes
   from being placed in a C&D landfill. EPA also regulates building materials that contain lead
   and asbestos. For more information on C&D wastes, go to www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-
   hw/debris/index.htm. Also, check with your local and state agencies for information on
   C&D landfills.

   Do you have storage tanks (either above ground or underground) for petroleum products
   such as gas or diesel fuel? If so, you may be subject to the requirements of either RCRA,
   the Comprehensive  Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CER-
   CLA), or the Oil Pollution Act, which dictate  how you store, label, and dispose of these
   materials, and  plan for spill prevention. For more information on the requirements for
   underground storage tanks, go to www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/.
SPILL  REPORTING
   There are emergency planning and reporting requirements for hazardous chemicals under
   the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) and for oil under
   the Oil Pollution Act. The exact requirements depend on the type of chemical handled.

   Each EPCRA hazardous chemical has an associated "reportable quantity." If you spill or
   release more than this quantity at your construction site, you are required to report the
   spill or release to a local authority. If you have hazardous chemicals on your site, you can
   identify the authority who should receive the reports by contacting your local fire depart-
   ment. EPCRA also requires that you maintain a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for all
   materials on your site that contain hazardous chemicals. You can obtain an MSDS from
   the chemical supplier. When purchasing chemicals, be sure to ask if they are hazardous.

   For more information, go to www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/.
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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES  (Superfund  Liability)
•  During your construction activity, do you excavate soil? If the excavated soils contain a haz-
   ardous substance (e.g.,  pesticides or petroleum), you may be responsible under CERCLA
   as an operator, arranger, or transporter. For example:

   •   You may be an operator if you spread soil that contains a hazardous substance on
       the land.

   •   You may be an arranger if you dispose of a hazardous substance or arrange to have it
       removed from a construction site. For example, if you excavate and spread soil that
       contains pollutants buried by a previous owner, you may be liable for disposal of a
       hazardous substance.

   •   You may be a transporter if you move a hazardous substance from one location to
       another. For example, you may be liable if you transport dioxin-contaminated soil
       even if you did not  know the soil contained dioxin.

   CERCLA requirements dictate how you handle a material that contains a  hazardous sub-
   stance (e.g., treat the material to remove the substance or remove the material from the
   site). Be careful to prevent contaminated soil or water from contact with storm water. For
   more information, call the EPA Office of Solid Waste Call Center at 800-424-9346 (TDD -
   800-553-7672) Monday  - Friday between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. EST. You also can go to
   www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/.

PCB WASTES
•  Do you generate  polychorinated biphenol (PCB)  wastes (e.g., fluorescent light ballasts con-
   taining PCBs in the potting material, old transformers that contain PCBs)  during your con-
   struction/demolition activity? If yes, you may have to meet requirements for storage and
   disposal of PCB waste under the Toxics Substances Control Act (TSCA). For more infor-
   mation, go to www.epa.gov/opptintr/pcb/.

AIR QUALITY
•  Have you considered Clean Air Act (CAA) requirements for mobile and stationary sources
   that apply to construction activities? CAA requirements are implemented primarily  by
   states through their State Implementation Plans (SIPs). Example requirements are:

   •   Standards for heavy-duty trucks such as those that may be used during construction
       activities.

   •   Regulation of dust emissions at a constructions site.

   For more information, go to www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/.

•  Do you have a shop/garage space heater fueled with used oil? If so, you may be subject to
   air permitting requirements depending on the rating of the heater. Contact your local air
   quality agency for additional information.

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   To reduce the pollution and black soot from the exhaust of trucks, buses, and construction
   equipment, EPA plans to publish emission standards for diesel engines that will be effec-
   tive in 2004 and to publish more stringent emission standards for these  engines in 2007.
   To address air pollution from diesel construction equipment and  heavy-duty vehicles prior
   to publication of the standards, EPA has developed a Voluntary Diesel Retrofit Program.
   For more information on this program, go to www.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/.

   Are you involved with federal road construction activities?  If so, CAA transportation con-
   formity requirements may affect your project.  These requirements coordinate transporta-
   tion and air quality planning to ensure that planning for a  transportation  system is consis-
   tent with the SIP for an area where one or more of EPA's air quality standards cannot be
   met (i.e., a non-attainment area), and that transportation  activities do not worsen air quali-
   ty or interfere with the implementation of the  SIP.  Metropolitan planning  organizations are
   responsible for developing a transportation improvement program (TIP) that is consistent
   with a SIP.  If the TIP and SIP are not consistent, the area  is out of conformity. While con-
   struction contractors are not typically responsible for developing a TIP, you should confirm
   that the TIP and SIP for the area where their road project is  located are  consistent.
   Funding and implementation of a federal highway project in a non-attainment area
   can be suspended when the TIP does not conform with the SIP.  For more information
   on the CAA transportation conformity requirements, go to www.epa.gov/oms/transp/traq-
   conf.htm or call EPA's Transportation and Air  Quality Center at 202-564-9147.

ASBESTOS
   Is there a release of a Regulated Asbestos-Containing Material (RACM) when you demolish
   or renovate a facility? If the combined amount of RACM (i.e., a material that contains
   greater than one percent asbestos)  in the facility is at least 260 linear feet of pipe, 160
   square feet of other facility components, or 35 cubic feet  of facility components when the
   length or area cannot be measured, the National Emission Standard for  Hazardous Air
   Pollutants (NESHAP)  for asbestos has to  be met. The  asbestos NESHAP  is a work place
   standard established under the CAA. It requires, among other things, that EPA be notified
   when a facility is demolished. When a facility  is  renovated, EPA has to be notified only if
   the renovated facility contains the above combined amount of RACM. For more information
   on the asbestos NESHAP, go to www.epa.gov/asbestos/neshap.html.

   Asbestos also is a hazardous substance when it is in a form  that can be  reduced  to dust
   by hand pressure  (i.e., it is friable). If friable asbestos is present at your  construction site,
   you may be subject to requirements under CERCLA. For  more information, contact  EPA's
   Office of Solid Waste Call Center at 800-424-9346 (TDD 800-553-7672)  Monday-Friday
   between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. EST. You also can go to
   www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/.

   The Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) regulations require the use of
   accredited  personnel  and air clearance monitoring for renovation  projects in school build-
   ings. For more information, call the Asbestos and Lead Programs Hotline  (800-462-6706).
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL  POLICY  ACT  (NEPA)
•  Are you involved with a Federal construction project? If so, the National Environmental
   Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), as amended, may affect the project. Under NEPA, an
   Environmental Assessment (EA), an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), or both may
   be required. While construction contractors are not legally responsible for preparing an EA
   and EIS, they should note that a federal construction project may be delayed or interrupted
   if an  EA or an  EIS is not prepared by the lead agency. An EIS may not be needed if results
   of an EA indicate the project has no significant impacts. For more information  on NEPA, go
   to http://ceq.eh.doe.gov/nepa/agencies.htm.

THREATENED OR ENDANGERED SPECIES
•  Could your construction activities impact endangered or threatened species or their critical
   habitat? The Endangered Species Act requires that federally-listed species and habitat not
   be adversely affected during any activity with federal involvement or subject to federal
   oversight  (e.g., projects that require a NPDES storm water permit for construction). If your
   activities could impact these species or habitats, you may be required to develop mitiga-
   tion strategies to minimize the impacts. Prior to construction, you should consult with the
   local office of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (http://endangered.fws.gov), the National
   Marine Fisheries Service (www.nmfs.noaa.gov), as well as your local conservation agency,
   to determine if your project could harm endangered or threatened species, and if so, what to
   do about it. For information on the Endangered Species Act, go to http://endangered.fws.gov
   /policies/index.html. Absent any Federal involvement or oversight, private landowners must
   still insure that their proposed development activities will not result in a  "take" of any listed
   species and may need to develop a habitat conservation plan.

HISTORIC PROPERTIES
•  Could your construction project impact historic properties? Section 106 of the  National
   Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires federal agencies to protect historic properties
   through their activities and oversight. Many states  have similar requirements. Your con-
   struction project may be subject to these requirements, so contact your local historic
   preservation office to determine if your construction activity impacts historic properties.
   For more  information on the NHPA, go to www.achp.gov/regs.html.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
•  Green  Building
   As the environmental impact of buildings becomes more apparent, a  new field called green
   building is arising to reduce the impact at the source. Green or sustainable building is the
   practice of creating healthier and more resource-efficient methods for construction, reno-
   vation, operation, maintenance,  and demolition. The elements of the green building pro-
   gram address  energy use, water use, construction  materials, waste reduction,  and the
   indoor environment. For more information on EPA's green building  program, go to
   www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/. EPA's Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange Network runs
   a "topic hub" for residential construction, which includes green building and compliance
   issues. Go to www.p2rx.org/P2lnfoNexpert/construction.cfm.

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   Brownfields

   Brownfields are abandoned, idled, or underused industrial and commercial facilities where
   expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamina-
   tion. EPA's Brownfield Program provides funding for the assessment, cleanup, and redevel-
   opment of brownfield sites, and leverages public and private investments to help in these
   efforts. For  more information on the Brownfield Program and on how you can use that pro-
   gram for your construction activity, go to www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/.

COMPLIANCE  RESOURCES

   Construction Industry Compliance Assistance Center

   The new Construction Industry Compliance Assistance Center Web site
   (www.cicacenter.org) contains plain language explanations of the major environmental
   laws affecting contractors and builders/developers along with links to sources of detailed
   information.

   The National Environmental  Compliance Assistance Clearinghouse

   This Clearinghouse not only provides links to comprehensive compliance assistance mate-
   rials, but  also contains features that allow users to interact with EPA and each other. The
   Clearinghouse can be accessed at www.epa.gov/clearinghouse.

   Compendium of Compliance Assistance Tools for the
   Construction Sector

   EPA and its partners have compiled a list of compliance assistance tools for the construc-
   tion industry. This information can be accessed atwww.epa.gov/compliance/resources/
   publications/assistance/sectors/constpub.html.
        Don't  forget to check with your state and local
       agencies for their environmental requirements!
                                    United States
                                    Environmental Protection Agency
                                    Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
                                    Washington, DC 20460

                                    Official Business
                                    Penalty  for Private Use $300

                                    EPA305-F-03-007
                                    www.epa.gov

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