Thang4 nam 2007
                                   Tac  dong
                                   Thong tin cho  nhfrng ngivai Ian tuoi va
                                   nhfrng ngivvi cham soc stic khoe gia dinh
NhCfng ngwbv \&n
tuoi
           xem
la rat de bi ton
hai bo>i cac chat
6 nhiem trong
nif6>c. NhCfng

ngif6>i song
chung v6>i ngiro'i
nhiem HIV va

nhCfng ngir6>i co
cac he mien dich
bi ton thifo>ng

cung co nguy co>
cao ho>n.
                  '
        Nif6c rat can thiet cho cuoc song
        chung ta. Chung ta dung nifoc de
        uing,  nlu nifong, tlm, lau chui,
        tring trot. Boi vl nifoc an sau vao
cac sinh hoat hang nay cua chung ta, ngifdi
sif dung nifoc biet difoc khi nao nifoc la an
toan la viec quan trong.
Nif6c, neu bi nhiem ban, co the ton hai den
sifc khoe cua chung ta, dac biet doi voi
nhCfng ngifdi Ion tuoi va nhCfng ngifdi mac
benh  man tfnh. NhCfng ngifdi s6ng cung
ngifdi bi nhilm HIV hoac nhCfng ngifdi co he
miln  dich ton thircmg cung co nguy co cao
hem.
Cac chit gay 6 nhilm moi trifdng co the
difoc tlm thay trong nifoc u6ng va trong cac
hoat dong vui choi, chang nan nhif boi loi.
Tiep xuc voi cac  chat 6 nhiem trong nifoc co
the xay ra khi cac ong cong bi ngap. Quy vi
co the bao ve sifc khoe cho mlnh b§ng each
hoc hoi each ma  quy vi  co the giam b6t dirge
hoac  loai trCr tiip xuc v6i chit gay 6 nhilm
trong niroc.


Voi nu'6'c trong  nha:

Mac du da so niroc uong la an toan, nhCmg
rui ro 6 nhiem trong niroc van co the va dang
xay ra. Cac chat  6 nhiem co the hien dien
trong nifoc, ke ca hoa chit nhu1 radon, va
chl, vi khuan va vi rut. Phln nay mo ta mot
s6 vln dl tilm an ma quy vi co the tlm thly
trong he thong voi nifoc trong nha quy vi.

Vi trung:
Vi khuan va vi rut dirge goi la vi trung. Chung
hien dien trong niroc uong  nhifng da so la
vo hai. Thinh thoang niroc chung ta uong co
the chira vi trung  gay benh, ca biet la nhCfng
vi trung gay benh difdng ruot. Thong thifdng,
cac he bao ve ch6ng nhilm trung trong co the
va cac chit khang the cua chung ta se ngan
khong cho chung  gay benh. Tuy nhien, do
chat khang the cua con ngiroi bi suy yeu khi
I6n tuoi va cac thay doi trong he bao ve chong
nhilm trung trong cac bp phan difdng ruot, cu
the nhCfng ngLfdi I6n tuoi de bi nhilm cac benh
do vi trung. Mlm benh difdng ruot (Gl) tlm
thay trong nifoc uong gom co ky sinh trung,
chang han nhif Cryptosporidium va Giardia, vi
khuan chang han nhif E. coli,  Salmonella va
Shigella, va cac vi rut nhif Norwalk. M6i nam,
co khoang 211 trieu ca benh difdng ruottai
Hoa Ky1.

Chi:
Viec tiip xuc voi chl trong thoi gian dai co the
gay nen cac vln dl^cho sifc khoe trong he
than kinh. Chl co the lam tang huyet ap, cac
roi loan than kinh, trf nh6 va cac van de tap
trung, va dau co bap va khop xirong. Chl tfch
tu va  lifu  lai trong bo xifong cua chung ta.
Trong thai ky  man kinh,  khi bo xifcmg bit dlu
lao hoa, chl co the bj tach ra khoi xifong, gay
nen tlnh trang cac nong do chl cao trong mau.
Cho du nifoc trong nha  quy vi co difgc cung
cap boi co so cong cong, chl van co the hien
dien do cac he th6ng 6ng din nifoc trong nha
bi an  mon hoac do co chl hien dien trong cac
difdng 6ng cua dich vu cung clp nifoc.

Thach tin:
Co blng chifng khi tiip xuc thoi gian dai voi
thach tin  n6ng do cao co the gay ung thif,
lam gia tang cac van de tim mach va nang
cao cac mifc tieu difdng. Nhiem thach tin
xay ra tif nhien (mot phan dia chat tai dia
phifong)  hoac do hau qua cua  cac hoat dong
cong  nghiep va nong nghiep trong viec sif
dung  dlt cua  cac hoa chit chifa thach tin.
EPA co mot tieu chuan cho nifoc uong cong
cong  de dam bao con ngifdi  khong tiep xuc
voi thach tin 6 nong do cao. Tuy nhien, tieu
chuan khong  bao gom cac giing ca the, he
thing nifoc voi ft hon 15 "diem cau nifoc"
hoac  phuc vu cho 25 ngifdi. Niu nifoc uing
cua quy vi difgc lay tif gieng hoac tif he
thong dan nifoc nho, quy vi co  the muon thif
nghiem thach tin trong nifoc.
                          ' Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV.
                           Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1999; 5(5):607-625
                          So dien thoai nong nu*&c uong EPA (800) 426-4791

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Mlt nipcyc  trong

ccy the

NhCrng ngiroi Ion tuoi co the co

nguy co  mlt niroc trong co the

boi vl khi cang Ion tuoi, cam

giac khat suy giam di va ho

khong cam thay can uong  niroc

thirong xuyen nhir khi  con tre.

Ho co the sir dung cac loai

thuoc lam co the thieu  niroc

hoac trong mot so tlnh trang the

chit lam cho  kho u6ng niroc.

Viec tiip xuc voi cac vi sinh

trong niroc co the lam  cho con

ngiroi bi benh, va gay benh tieu

chay va lam gia tang nguy co

mlt niroc trong co the.

Cac dau hieu mat niroc bao

g6m:

    Mieng kho hoac dfnh

•   ft hoac khong tieu dirge;

   niroc tieu dac chuyin sang

   mau vang xam

•   Khong co nhCrng giot niroc

   mat

•   Boi mlt 16m

•   Do din hoac pho phac (voi

   mlt niroc nghiem trong)

Boi vl mat niroc co the nguy

hiim din tfnh mang, hay u6ng

nhilu niroc moi ngay. Niu

quy vi giam uong niroc may

boi vl quy vi khong  thfch mui

cua chung hoac lo ngai vl chit

lirgng cua chung, quy vi nen

xCr ly niroc hoac tlm mot nguon

niroc thay the cho den khi tro

ngai nay dirge giai quyit.
Radon:
Khf Radon la nguyen nhan thir hai din
din ung thir phoi tai Hoa Ky. Gin 1 tren
15 nha dirge iroc tfnh co radon voi cac
nong do cao. Radon dac biet nguy hiem
vl no khong co mui va khong nhln thay
dirge. Trong thien nhien, radon 6 trong
da, dlt va niroc. Niu niroc trong nha
quy vi dirge lay tir giing, radon co the se
dirge phong thfch vao khong khf khi tarn
voi sen. Neu nha quy vi co cac mat do
radon cao, niroc gieng co the la mot trong
cac nguin sinh  radon.


Lam sao toi  tranh

du'O'c cac  hiim  hoa

tlP nLPO'C?

Biroc quan trong nhlt la quan tarn din
cac chi din cua cue y ti tai dia phirong
quy vi hoac cua cue moi trirong va tuan
theo sir tir van cua ho. Tim hieu ve niroc
cua quy vj va lieu quy vi co phai thir
nghiem d6i voi mot vai chit 6 nhilm nao
khong.
    Tim hieu ve nuyc udng cua quy
    vj: Niu niroc u6ng cua quy vi dirge
    lay tir  he thing niroc cong cong, no
    phai phii hgp voi cac tieu chuln cua
    EPA.  Cac quan dirge yeu cau  cung
    cap cho nhCrng ngiroi sir dung  cac ho
    so thir nghiem. Kiem tra bao cao chit
    lirgng niroc hang nam cua nha cung
    clp niroc cho quy vi hoac goi dien
    thoai  cho nha cung cap niroc cho quy
    vi di  biet lieu quy vi co can phai quan
    tarn den mot so loai 6 nhiem hay
    khong. Niu quy vi  sing trong chung
    cir, hay yeu clu ngiroi quan ly niem
    yit bao cao tfn nhiem cua ngiroi tieu
    thu tai noi cong cong. Neu niroc cua
    quy vi dirge lay tir gieng, no khong
    phu thuoc vao  cac tieu chuln cua
    EPA.  Gia dlnh  cua quy vi cln phai co
    cac phong ngira dac biet, chang han
    nhir thir nghiem hang nam, di  dam
    bao niroc cua  quy vi la an toan.
    Tuan theo cac thong bao cong
    cong ve niro'c uong: Noi cung cap
    niroc cua quy vi dirge yeu cau phai
    phat hanh thong bao tren bao, truyen
    thanh, truyin hlnh, thir hoac goi t$n
    tay khi niroc mang  mlm benh khln
    cap. Thong bao se  mo ta nhCrng diiu
    phong ngira ma quy vi can phai co,
    chang han nhir dun soi niroc hoac
    sir dung niroc chai. Tuan thu de nghi
    cua noi cung clp niroc. Viec dun soi
    niroc trong mot phut blnh thirong se
    giit hit vi sinh nhirng khong loai trir
    dirge 6 nhiem  do hoa chat.
    Lien he voi nha cung c&p nwcrc
    cua quy v| de biet quy v| co phai
    thi> nghiem chl khong: Quy vi
    khong thi nhln thay, ngiri, hoac nem
    chl dirge. Hay goi cho so y te dia
    phirong hoac nha cung cap niroc cua
    quy vi di biet lieu quy vi co phai dem
    niroc di thir nghiem chl khong. DCrng
    dun niroc. Viec nlu niroc khong khir
    chl ra khoi niroc dirge va thirc ra
    con lam cho van de them toi te boi vl
    mat do chl se gia tang khi niroc boc
    hoi. Neu quy vi nghT rang he thong
    ing din niroc co thi chija chl, chi
    sir dung niroc lanh di uing va  nlu
    nirong. Di niroc lanh chay cho din
    khi niroc cang lanh  cang tot, nhat la
    khi quy vi khong sir dung niroc nhieu
    gio triroc do. Oi tlm hiiu them, hay
    gpi National Lead Information Center
    si (800) 424-LEAD.
    Thi> nghiem Radon trong khong
    khf & nha quy vj: Co nhiiu loai dung
    cu thir nghiem re tiin, "tir lam lay"
    di thir nghiem radon ma quy vi co
    thi mua qua biru dien hoac cac cira
    hang kim khf. Quy vi cung co thi nho
    mot chuyen vien co blng clp thirc
    hien thir nghiem.  Niu nha quy vi co
    cac mat do radon cao, no co thi vao
    nha quy vi qua dirong niroc hoac tir
    dat. Neu quy vi lay niroc tir noi cung
    cap niroc cong cong, hay lien he voi
    noi cung clp niroc cua quy vi. Niu
    quy vi lay niroc tir giing tir nhan co
    chira radon, hay goi dien thoai nong
    cua EPA Drinking Water so
    (800)426-4791.


Hilm  hoa dp nLPO'C

gay ra  khi di  boi

NhCrng ngiroi Ion tuoi dirge khuyin  khfch
la duy trl hoat dong thi chat. Hau het cac
bai biin deu an toan di  boi; tuy nhien,
niroc biin co thi chira vi sinh vo hlnh gay
benh. Tlm trong niroc 6 nhiim co thi gay
ra cac benh nhe, chang han nhir dau co
hoac tieu chay. NhCrng ngiroi Ion tuoi co
cac he mien nhiem suy yeu  co nguy co bi
benh cao hon do 6 nhiem niroc.
    Dong ci>a bai tarn: Cac co quan y
    te va moi trirong tiiu bang, bo lac va
    chfnh quyen dia phirong phai do va
    xac dinh cac mire do vi sinh tai bai
    tlm di xem niroc co dap irng theo
    cac tieu chuln sire khoe cua EPA
    khong. Niu do vi sinh khong an toan,
    cac co quan phai niem yet cac canh
    bao hoac dong cira bai tarn. Cac mire
    vi sinh thirong cao nhat sau cac con
    bao. Oiiu quan trong dii voi nhCrng
    ngiroi Ion tuoi co cac vln di vi sire
    khoe la phai kiim tra va theo dung
    cac chi din cua bai  tarn, boi vl ho la
    nhCrng ngiroi de nhiem vi triing  hon
    nhCrng ngiroi  khoe manh khac.

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Cap hilm hoa nu'6'c

thlm trong  hha, dac

biet sau  cac con  liit
    •                         •

Bao quan nha khong tot la nguyen nhan
.. i  i  -2  , ~       * • i '  1 - • j.- -
tiem an de nhirng ngiroi Ion tuoi tiep xuc
voi cac chit 6 nhilm. Niu nha cira khong
dirge sira chCra khi can thiit, do am irot
cao va niroc co the tfch tu lai trong nha.
Bleu nay lam cho nam moc sinh trirong,
dac biet khi cac noi am irqt khong dirge
phat hien. Nam  moc co the gay cac di
irng d6i voi nhCrng ngiroi nhay cam, vf du
nhir hit hoi, so  mui, do mlt, va noi mun
tren da (viem da) va nang hon, la cac
van de ve ho hap. Viec tiep xuc voi cac 6
nhiem cua niroc co the xay ra khi niroc
cong tran ngirgc vao nha cua quy vi. Viec
tiip xuc cung co the xay ra khi dirong
6ng niroc xa cua quy vi bi nghet lam cho
he th6ng n6i voi 6ng c6ng cong cong
hoac he thong tir hoai do moc xuyen qua
re cay. Niroc cong tran ngirgc vao nha
thirong xay ra dac biet sau nhCmg con
mira Ion gay nen lut.
    Kiem tra cac ro ri trong  nha quy vj:
    Lap ki hoach kilm tra thirong xuyen
    ro ri trong nha quy vi, buong tlm, noi
    giat giu va chung quanh cac cCfa so
    va cCfa. Phai de y den cac mang xoi
    va mai hien nho ra. Hay tlm nhCfng
    noi co cac bieu hien ro ri.
    Loai tri> ninyc de khi> nam moc:
    Nam moc can co niroc de tang
    trifdng. Be  ngan ngCfa nam moc, sCra
    chCfa cac ro ri dirong 6ng va cac vln
    dl  khac vl  nifqc cang som cang t6t.
    Co rCfa nam m6c b§ng chit tay va^
    nifoc va de cho kho hoan toan. Be
    loai trCf nam moc trong nha quy vi, don
    sach het nam moc va triet tieu nguon
    nifoc.  Mot s6 chit tay dirge chi tao
    de xCr ly sy tang trirong cua nlm m6c.
    Sau khi lut, don dep khu VIPC bj
    thiet hai: cac tran lut gay nen cac
    hiem hoa cho siic khoe. Nifoc c6ng
    va cac vat lieu khac co the vao nha
    quy vi bang difdng nifoc lut. Ngay
    khi niroc lut co sach di nCfa, nifoc \x
    dong va vat lieu irot la moi trifdng
    sinh s6ng cua cac vi sinh vat. Khai
    toa nifoc dong, lau kho nha quy vi, va
    don dep het cac vat lieu irot. Lam v|
    sinh va tay  ue khu vyc bi thiet hai de
    giam bot cac hiem hoa benh tat cho
    quy vi. Chan, man, va ban ghi cln
    nen thay niu nha quy vi bi nifoc c6ng
    tran vao.
    Sau khi lut, kiem tra cac gieng
    ninyc cua quy vj: Niu quy vi co
    gieng rieng, dCfng mo may bom hoac
    sCf dung niroc gieng de uong ho|c
    giat giu. Hay noi voi co quan y te tieu
    bang hoac dia phifong de dirge biit
    phai co nhCmg phong ngCfa nao.
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Toi phai lam  gl  niu  nu'6'c u6ng
cua toi khong u6ng du'O'c?
Trong thoi gian bi tran hoac tarn
thoi xif ly cac vln dl vl niroc,
co thl trong thoi  gian ngln,
quy vi khong dirge u6ng niroc
cua mlnh. NhCrng ngiroi co vln
de ve sire khoe hoac nhCrng
ngiroi song trong cac khu virc
co mguon niroc bi 6 nhiem, can
phai co cac nguon niroc thay the
trong thoi gian dai.
    Tuan theo cac cong bao ve nu'6'c uong: Noi cung cap
    niroc cho quy vi can phai phat hanh thong bao tren bao
    chf, truyen thanh, truyen hlnh, thir hoac trao tan tay khi co
    trirong hgp khln clp vl benh tat do nguon niroc. Thong
    bao se mo ta nhCrng phong ngira ma quy vi cln phai tuan
    theo,  chang nan nhir dun soi niroc hoac sir dung niroc chai.
    Lam theo dl nghi cua  noi cung clp niroc cua quy vi. Bun
    soi niroc trong mot phut thirong se gilt chit cac vi sinh vat
    nhirng khong giup dirge gl d6i voi cac hoa chit 6 nhilm.
    U6ng nwofc chai: Mot s6 cong ty cho thue hoac ban thilt bi
    phan ph6i niroc hoac dung cu bom dirong khf vao niroc va
    cung cap deu dan cac blnh niroc Ion den cac tan nha va cac
    doanh  nghiep. Niroc chai co thl  dat tien hon so voi niroc
    cong cong. Chat lirgng niroc chai thay doi tiiy theo thirong
    hieu, boi vl nguon niroc sir dung khac nhau, gia thanh va
    qui dinh cua cong ty. NhCrng ngiroi co benh  6 he mien nhiem
    nen doc nhan hieu tren chai dl chac chan rang niroc da qua
    xir ly nghiem ngat hon, chang han nhir thlm thlu nghich,
    chirng  clt, chilu tia circ tfm, hoac loc blng  bo loc 1 micron.
    B! bilt them thong tin la niroc chai cua quy vi co phii hgp
    voi cac tieu chuln cua FDA khong,  hay kilm tra voi NSF
    International (http://www.nsf.org/consumer/bottled_water/
    hoac goi s6 877-8-NSF-HELP).
    Lap dat he thdng xi> ly 61 nha: Niu niroc cua quy vi gap
    tro ngai trong thoi gian dai, viec xir ly tai nha la cln thilt. Xir
    ly 6 nha gom co cac bo loc gan vao voi niroc hoac cho noi
    tir dirong ong chfnh den cho noi vao nha. Neu van de  la do
    radon, viec xir ly niroc tai nha co thl la mot bien phap.
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Lam each nao toi bao ve

nu'6'c  giing rieng cua t6i?

Nguon cung cap niroc uong rieng khong phu thuoc vao cac
tieu chuln cua EPA. Neu quy vi lay niroc tir gieng, khong
phai niroc tir dong dirge cac chuyen gia thir nghiem xem
co vln dl gl khong. Quy vi phai co cac phong ngira dac biet
dl dam bao niroc u6ng cua quy vi dirge bao ve va duy trl:

Xac dinh cac van 3$ tiem an
Viec xac dinh cac vln dl con tilm an la biroc dlu tien de
gift cho niroc u6ng cua quy vi dirge an toan. Bit dlu blng
each hoi y kiln cua chuyen gia dia phircmg, chang han nhu1
co quan y te dia phircmg cua quy vi, chi nhanh nong nghiep,
he thong niroc cong cong gan do, hoac nha dia chat a
trifdng dai hoc dia phifong. Hay hoi ho xem cac van de co
the anh hircmg din chit lifgng nifoc giing  cua quy vi.

Thti nghiem nude gi6ng cua quy vj
mdi nam
Moi nam, hay thCr nghiem nifoc gieng cua quy vi ve vi
khuln, nitrates, s6 chit rln hoa tan, va n6ng do pH. Nlu
quy vi nghi ngo1 con mot s6 chit o nhilm khac, quy vi cung
nen thCf nghiem chung. Nhilu chit 6 nhilm khong co mau
va khong mui, do do, quy vi khong the noi quy vi gap tro
ngai neu khong thCf  nghiem.
Cac thCf nghiem nifoc can phai dirge thyc hien thirdng
xuyen hon khi:
    co nhilu can benh trong gia dlnh khong giai thfch dirge
    nhCrng ngiroi hang xom phat hien chit 6 nhilm trong
    niroc cua ho
    quy vi de y thly niroc co thay doi mui vi,  mui hoi, mau
    va do trong
    co hoa chit hoac xang dlu bi tran vao  hoac gin giing
    niroc cua quy vi.
    quy vi thay thl hoac sira chCra bit ky bo phan nao
    trong he thing giing niroc cua quy vi.
Ngan ngiea cac van <3$
GiCr cac phan bon, thuic trir sau, thuic diet co, xang dlu
va cac chit 6 nhilm khac d each xa giing nirpc. Phai cln
than khi lam viec hoac cat co chung quanh gieng. Lien he
v6i co quan y te cong cong tai dia phirong cua quy vi dl
biet bao lau thl quy vi m6i phai born va kiem tra he thong tir
hoai cua quy vi. Khong xa vat lieu nguy hilm vao he thing
tir hoai.


Toi  co thl doc them bling

each  nao?

EPA's Aging Initiative lam viec dl bao ve nhCrng ngiroi  I6n
tuoi tranh cac hilm hoa cua moi trirong den sire khoe cua
ho thong qua cac cuoc hop tac nghien cim, sach lirgc ngan
ngira, va giao due quln chung. Dl bilt them thong tin, hay
tham trang web www.epa.gov/aging.


Cac ngudn  thong tin bd sung:

Niroc trong voi: Dilu quy vi cln bilt
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/wot/index.html

Thach tin trong niroc uing
www.epa.gov/safewater/arsenic.html

Cac bai biln
www.epa.gov/beaches/

Hirong dan ngiroi tieu dung ve bao ve tranh  khoi radon
www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/consguid.htmlShowenters

Tly ue khln cap niroc uong
www.epa.gov/safewater/faq/emerg.html

Cac lut loi
www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/flood.html

Hirong din cho nhCrng ngiroi co he thing miln dich kem
trim trong
www.epa.gov/safewater/crypto.html

Thong tin cho cac chu nhan gieng niroc ca nhan
www.epa.gov/safewater/privatewells/whatdo.html

Cac tai lieu ve nam moc
www.epa.gov/mold/moldresources.html

Niroc uong an toan
www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo/index.html
                                                     Vietnamese translation of: Water Works

                                                     Publication Number EPA 100-F-06-016

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