Thang4 nam 2007 Tac dong Thong tin cho nhfrng ngivai Ian tuoi va nhfrng ngivvi cham soc stic khoe gia dinh NhCfng ngwbv \&n tuoi xem la rat de bi ton hai bo>i cac chat 6 nhiem trong nif6>c. NhCfng ngif6>i song chung v6>i ngiro'i nhiem HIV va nhCfng ngir6>i co cac he mien dich bi ton thifo>ng cung co nguy co> cao ho>n. ' Nif6c rat can thiet cho cuoc song chung ta. Chung ta dung nifoc de uing, nlu nifong, tlm, lau chui, tring trot. Boi vl nifoc an sau vao cac sinh hoat hang nay cua chung ta, ngifdi sif dung nifoc biet difoc khi nao nifoc la an toan la viec quan trong. Nif6c, neu bi nhiem ban, co the ton hai den sifc khoe cua chung ta, dac biet doi voi nhCfng ngifdi Ion tuoi va nhCfng ngifdi mac benh man tfnh. NhCfng ngifdi s6ng cung ngifdi bi nhilm HIV hoac nhCfng ngifdi co he miln dich ton thircmg cung co nguy co cao hem. Cac chit gay 6 nhilm moi trifdng co the difoc tlm thay trong nifoc u6ng va trong cac hoat dong vui choi, chang nan nhif boi loi. Tiep xuc voi cac chat 6 nhiem trong nifoc co the xay ra khi cac ong cong bi ngap. Quy vi co the bao ve sifc khoe cho mlnh b§ng each hoc hoi each ma quy vi co the giam b6t dirge hoac loai trCr tiip xuc v6i chit gay 6 nhilm trong niroc. Voi nu'6'c trong nha: Mac du da so niroc uong la an toan, nhCmg rui ro 6 nhiem trong niroc van co the va dang xay ra. Cac chat 6 nhiem co the hien dien trong nifoc, ke ca hoa chit nhu1 radon, va chl, vi khuan va vi rut. Phln nay mo ta mot s6 vln dl tilm an ma quy vi co the tlm thly trong he thong voi nifoc trong nha quy vi. Vi trung: Vi khuan va vi rut dirge goi la vi trung. Chung hien dien trong niroc uong nhifng da so la vo hai. Thinh thoang niroc chung ta uong co the chira vi trung gay benh, ca biet la nhCfng vi trung gay benh difdng ruot. Thong thifdng, cac he bao ve ch6ng nhilm trung trong co the va cac chit khang the cua chung ta se ngan khong cho chung gay benh. Tuy nhien, do chat khang the cua con ngiroi bi suy yeu khi I6n tuoi va cac thay doi trong he bao ve chong nhilm trung trong cac bp phan difdng ruot, cu the nhCfng ngLfdi I6n tuoi de bi nhilm cac benh do vi trung. Mlm benh difdng ruot (Gl) tlm thay trong nifoc uong gom co ky sinh trung, chang han nhif Cryptosporidium va Giardia, vi khuan chang han nhif E. coli, Salmonella va Shigella, va cac vi rut nhif Norwalk. M6i nam, co khoang 211 trieu ca benh difdng ruottai Hoa Ky1. Chi: Viec tiip xuc voi chl trong thoi gian dai co the gay nen cac vln dl^cho sifc khoe trong he than kinh. Chl co the lam tang huyet ap, cac roi loan than kinh, trf nh6 va cac van de tap trung, va dau co bap va khop xirong. Chl tfch tu va lifu lai trong bo xifong cua chung ta. Trong thai ky man kinh, khi bo xifcmg bit dlu lao hoa, chl co the bj tach ra khoi xifong, gay nen tlnh trang cac nong do chl cao trong mau. Cho du nifoc trong nha quy vi co difgc cung cap boi co so cong cong, chl van co the hien dien do cac he th6ng 6ng din nifoc trong nha bi an mon hoac do co chl hien dien trong cac difdng 6ng cua dich vu cung clp nifoc. Thach tin: Co blng chifng khi tiip xuc thoi gian dai voi thach tin n6ng do cao co the gay ung thif, lam gia tang cac van de tim mach va nang cao cac mifc tieu difdng. Nhiem thach tin xay ra tif nhien (mot phan dia chat tai dia phifong) hoac do hau qua cua cac hoat dong cong nghiep va nong nghiep trong viec sif dung dlt cua cac hoa chit chifa thach tin. EPA co mot tieu chuan cho nifoc uong cong cong de dam bao con ngifdi khong tiep xuc voi thach tin 6 nong do cao. Tuy nhien, tieu chuan khong bao gom cac giing ca the, he thing nifoc voi ft hon 15 "diem cau nifoc" hoac phuc vu cho 25 ngifdi. Niu nifoc uing cua quy vi difgc lay tif gieng hoac tif he thong dan nifoc nho, quy vi co the muon thif nghiem thach tin trong nifoc. ' Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1999; 5(5):607-625 So dien thoai nong nu*&c uong EPA (800) 426-4791 ------- Mlt nipcyc trong ccy the NhCrng ngiroi Ion tuoi co the co nguy co mlt niroc trong co the boi vl khi cang Ion tuoi, cam giac khat suy giam di va ho khong cam thay can uong niroc thirong xuyen nhir khi con tre. Ho co the sir dung cac loai thuoc lam co the thieu niroc hoac trong mot so tlnh trang the chit lam cho kho u6ng niroc. Viec tiip xuc voi cac vi sinh trong niroc co the lam cho con ngiroi bi benh, va gay benh tieu chay va lam gia tang nguy co mlt niroc trong co the. Cac dau hieu mat niroc bao g6m: Mieng kho hoac dfnh • ft hoac khong tieu dirge; niroc tieu dac chuyin sang mau vang xam • Khong co nhCrng giot niroc mat • Boi mlt 16m • Do din hoac pho phac (voi mlt niroc nghiem trong) Boi vl mat niroc co the nguy hiim din tfnh mang, hay u6ng nhilu niroc moi ngay. Niu quy vi giam uong niroc may boi vl quy vi khong thfch mui cua chung hoac lo ngai vl chit lirgng cua chung, quy vi nen xCr ly niroc hoac tlm mot nguon niroc thay the cho den khi tro ngai nay dirge giai quyit. Radon: Khf Radon la nguyen nhan thir hai din din ung thir phoi tai Hoa Ky. Gin 1 tren 15 nha dirge iroc tfnh co radon voi cac nong do cao. Radon dac biet nguy hiem vl no khong co mui va khong nhln thay dirge. Trong thien nhien, radon 6 trong da, dlt va niroc. Niu niroc trong nha quy vi dirge lay tir giing, radon co the se dirge phong thfch vao khong khf khi tarn voi sen. Neu nha quy vi co cac mat do radon cao, niroc gieng co the la mot trong cac nguin sinh radon. Lam sao toi tranh du'O'c cac hiim hoa tlP nLPO'C? Biroc quan trong nhlt la quan tarn din cac chi din cua cue y ti tai dia phirong quy vi hoac cua cue moi trirong va tuan theo sir tir van cua ho. Tim hieu ve niroc cua quy vj va lieu quy vi co phai thir nghiem d6i voi mot vai chit 6 nhilm nao khong. Tim hieu ve nuyc udng cua quy vj: Niu niroc u6ng cua quy vi dirge lay tir he thing niroc cong cong, no phai phii hgp voi cac tieu chuln cua EPA. Cac quan dirge yeu cau cung cap cho nhCrng ngiroi sir dung cac ho so thir nghiem. Kiem tra bao cao chit lirgng niroc hang nam cua nha cung clp niroc cho quy vi hoac goi dien thoai cho nha cung cap niroc cho quy vi di biet lieu quy vi co can phai quan tarn den mot so loai 6 nhiem hay khong. Niu quy vi sing trong chung cir, hay yeu clu ngiroi quan ly niem yit bao cao tfn nhiem cua ngiroi tieu thu tai noi cong cong. Neu niroc cua quy vi dirge lay tir gieng, no khong phu thuoc vao cac tieu chuln cua EPA. Gia dlnh cua quy vi cln phai co cac phong ngira dac biet, chang han nhir thir nghiem hang nam, di dam bao niroc cua quy vi la an toan. Tuan theo cac thong bao cong cong ve niro'c uong: Noi cung cap niroc cua quy vi dirge yeu cau phai phat hanh thong bao tren bao, truyen thanh, truyin hlnh, thir hoac goi t$n tay khi niroc mang mlm benh khln cap. Thong bao se mo ta nhCrng diiu phong ngira ma quy vi can phai co, chang han nhir dun soi niroc hoac sir dung niroc chai. Tuan thu de nghi cua noi cung clp niroc. Viec dun soi niroc trong mot phut blnh thirong se giit hit vi sinh nhirng khong loai trir dirge 6 nhiem do hoa chat. Lien he voi nha cung c&p nwcrc cua quy v| de biet quy v| co phai thi> nghiem chl khong: Quy vi khong thi nhln thay, ngiri, hoac nem chl dirge. Hay goi cho so y te dia phirong hoac nha cung cap niroc cua quy vi di biet lieu quy vi co phai dem niroc di thir nghiem chl khong. DCrng dun niroc. Viec nlu niroc khong khir chl ra khoi niroc dirge va thirc ra con lam cho van de them toi te boi vl mat do chl se gia tang khi niroc boc hoi. Neu quy vi nghT rang he thong ing din niroc co thi chija chl, chi sir dung niroc lanh di uing va nlu nirong. Di niroc lanh chay cho din khi niroc cang lanh cang tot, nhat la khi quy vi khong sir dung niroc nhieu gio triroc do. Oi tlm hiiu them, hay gpi National Lead Information Center si (800) 424-LEAD. Thi> nghiem Radon trong khong khf & nha quy vj: Co nhiiu loai dung cu thir nghiem re tiin, "tir lam lay" di thir nghiem radon ma quy vi co thi mua qua biru dien hoac cac cira hang kim khf. Quy vi cung co thi nho mot chuyen vien co blng clp thirc hien thir nghiem. Niu nha quy vi co cac mat do radon cao, no co thi vao nha quy vi qua dirong niroc hoac tir dat. Neu quy vi lay niroc tir noi cung cap niroc cong cong, hay lien he voi noi cung clp niroc cua quy vi. Niu quy vi lay niroc tir giing tir nhan co chira radon, hay goi dien thoai nong cua EPA Drinking Water so (800)426-4791. Hilm hoa dp nLPO'C gay ra khi di boi NhCrng ngiroi Ion tuoi dirge khuyin khfch la duy trl hoat dong thi chat. Hau het cac bai biin deu an toan di boi; tuy nhien, niroc biin co thi chira vi sinh vo hlnh gay benh. Tlm trong niroc 6 nhiim co thi gay ra cac benh nhe, chang han nhir dau co hoac tieu chay. NhCrng ngiroi Ion tuoi co cac he mien nhiem suy yeu co nguy co bi benh cao hon do 6 nhiem niroc. Dong ci>a bai tarn: Cac co quan y te va moi trirong tiiu bang, bo lac va chfnh quyen dia phirong phai do va xac dinh cac mire do vi sinh tai bai tlm di xem niroc co dap irng theo cac tieu chuln sire khoe cua EPA khong. Niu do vi sinh khong an toan, cac co quan phai niem yet cac canh bao hoac dong cira bai tarn. Cac mire vi sinh thirong cao nhat sau cac con bao. Oiiu quan trong dii voi nhCrng ngiroi Ion tuoi co cac vln di vi sire khoe la phai kiim tra va theo dung cac chi din cua bai tarn, boi vl ho la nhCrng ngiroi de nhiem vi triing hon nhCrng ngiroi khoe manh khac. ------- Cap hilm hoa nu'6'c thlm trong hha, dac biet sau cac con liit • • Bao quan nha khong tot la nguyen nhan .. i i -2 , ~ * • i ' 1 - • j.- - tiem an de nhirng ngiroi Ion tuoi tiep xuc voi cac chit 6 nhilm. Niu nha cira khong dirge sira chCra khi can thiit, do am irot cao va niroc co the tfch tu lai trong nha. Bleu nay lam cho nam moc sinh trirong, dac biet khi cac noi am irqt khong dirge phat hien. Nam moc co the gay cac di irng d6i voi nhCrng ngiroi nhay cam, vf du nhir hit hoi, so mui, do mlt, va noi mun tren da (viem da) va nang hon, la cac van de ve ho hap. Viec tiep xuc voi cac 6 nhiem cua niroc co the xay ra khi niroc cong tran ngirgc vao nha cua quy vi. Viec tiip xuc cung co the xay ra khi dirong 6ng niroc xa cua quy vi bi nghet lam cho he th6ng n6i voi 6ng c6ng cong cong hoac he thong tir hoai do moc xuyen qua re cay. Niroc cong tran ngirgc vao nha thirong xay ra dac biet sau nhCmg con mira Ion gay nen lut. Kiem tra cac ro ri trong nha quy vj: Lap ki hoach kilm tra thirong xuyen ro ri trong nha quy vi, buong tlm, noi giat giu va chung quanh cac cCfa so va cCfa. Phai de y den cac mang xoi va mai hien nho ra. Hay tlm nhCfng noi co cac bieu hien ro ri. Loai tri> ninyc de khi> nam moc: Nam moc can co niroc de tang trifdng. Be ngan ngCfa nam moc, sCra chCfa cac ro ri dirong 6ng va cac vln dl khac vl nifqc cang som cang t6t. Co rCfa nam m6c b§ng chit tay va^ nifoc va de cho kho hoan toan. Be loai trCf nam moc trong nha quy vi, don sach het nam moc va triet tieu nguon nifoc. Mot s6 chit tay dirge chi tao de xCr ly sy tang trirong cua nlm m6c. Sau khi lut, don dep khu VIPC bj thiet hai: cac tran lut gay nen cac hiem hoa cho siic khoe. Nifoc c6ng va cac vat lieu khac co the vao nha quy vi bang difdng nifoc lut. Ngay khi niroc lut co sach di nCfa, nifoc \x dong va vat lieu irot la moi trifdng sinh s6ng cua cac vi sinh vat. Khai toa nifoc dong, lau kho nha quy vi, va don dep het cac vat lieu irot. Lam v| sinh va tay ue khu vyc bi thiet hai de giam bot cac hiem hoa benh tat cho quy vi. Chan, man, va ban ghi cln nen thay niu nha quy vi bi nifoc c6ng tran vao. Sau khi lut, kiem tra cac gieng ninyc cua quy vj: Niu quy vi co gieng rieng, dCfng mo may bom hoac sCf dung niroc gieng de uong ho|c giat giu. Hay noi voi co quan y te tieu bang hoac dia phifong de dirge biit phai co nhCmg phong ngCfa nao. I I I I I I I I I I I Toi phai lam gl niu nu'6'c u6ng cua toi khong u6ng du'O'c? Trong thoi gian bi tran hoac tarn thoi xif ly cac vln dl vl niroc, co thl trong thoi gian ngln, quy vi khong dirge u6ng niroc cua mlnh. NhCrng ngiroi co vln de ve sire khoe hoac nhCrng ngiroi song trong cac khu virc co mguon niroc bi 6 nhiem, can phai co cac nguon niroc thay the trong thoi gian dai. Tuan theo cac cong bao ve nu'6'c uong: Noi cung cap niroc cho quy vi can phai phat hanh thong bao tren bao chf, truyen thanh, truyen hlnh, thir hoac trao tan tay khi co trirong hgp khln clp vl benh tat do nguon niroc. Thong bao se mo ta nhCrng phong ngira ma quy vi cln phai tuan theo, chang nan nhir dun soi niroc hoac sir dung niroc chai. Lam theo dl nghi cua noi cung clp niroc cua quy vi. Bun soi niroc trong mot phut thirong se gilt chit cac vi sinh vat nhirng khong giup dirge gl d6i voi cac hoa chit 6 nhilm. U6ng nwofc chai: Mot s6 cong ty cho thue hoac ban thilt bi phan ph6i niroc hoac dung cu bom dirong khf vao niroc va cung cap deu dan cac blnh niroc Ion den cac tan nha va cac doanh nghiep. Niroc chai co thl dat tien hon so voi niroc cong cong. Chat lirgng niroc chai thay doi tiiy theo thirong hieu, boi vl nguon niroc sir dung khac nhau, gia thanh va qui dinh cua cong ty. NhCrng ngiroi co benh 6 he mien nhiem nen doc nhan hieu tren chai dl chac chan rang niroc da qua xir ly nghiem ngat hon, chang han nhir thlm thlu nghich, chirng clt, chilu tia circ tfm, hoac loc blng bo loc 1 micron. B! bilt them thong tin la niroc chai cua quy vi co phii hgp voi cac tieu chuln cua FDA khong, hay kilm tra voi NSF International (http://www.nsf.org/consumer/bottled_water/ hoac goi s6 877-8-NSF-HELP). Lap dat he thdng xi> ly 61 nha: Niu niroc cua quy vi gap tro ngai trong thoi gian dai, viec xir ly tai nha la cln thilt. Xir ly 6 nha gom co cac bo loc gan vao voi niroc hoac cho noi tir dirong ong chfnh den cho noi vao nha. Neu van de la do radon, viec xir ly niroc tai nha co thl la mot bien phap. I I I I I I I I I I I ------- Lam each nao toi bao ve nu'6'c giing rieng cua t6i? Nguon cung cap niroc uong rieng khong phu thuoc vao cac tieu chuln cua EPA. Neu quy vi lay niroc tir gieng, khong phai niroc tir dong dirge cac chuyen gia thir nghiem xem co vln dl gl khong. Quy vi phai co cac phong ngira dac biet dl dam bao niroc u6ng cua quy vi dirge bao ve va duy trl: Xac dinh cac van 3$ tiem an Viec xac dinh cac vln dl con tilm an la biroc dlu tien de gift cho niroc u6ng cua quy vi dirge an toan. Bit dlu blng each hoi y kiln cua chuyen gia dia phircmg, chang han nhu1 co quan y te dia phircmg cua quy vi, chi nhanh nong nghiep, he thong niroc cong cong gan do, hoac nha dia chat a trifdng dai hoc dia phifong. Hay hoi ho xem cac van de co the anh hircmg din chit lifgng nifoc giing cua quy vi. Thti nghiem nude gi6ng cua quy vj mdi nam Moi nam, hay thCr nghiem nifoc gieng cua quy vi ve vi khuln, nitrates, s6 chit rln hoa tan, va n6ng do pH. Nlu quy vi nghi ngo1 con mot s6 chit o nhilm khac, quy vi cung nen thCf nghiem chung. Nhilu chit 6 nhilm khong co mau va khong mui, do do, quy vi khong the noi quy vi gap tro ngai neu khong thCf nghiem. Cac thCf nghiem nifoc can phai dirge thyc hien thirdng xuyen hon khi: co nhilu can benh trong gia dlnh khong giai thfch dirge nhCrng ngiroi hang xom phat hien chit 6 nhilm trong niroc cua ho quy vi de y thly niroc co thay doi mui vi, mui hoi, mau va do trong co hoa chit hoac xang dlu bi tran vao hoac gin giing niroc cua quy vi. quy vi thay thl hoac sira chCra bit ky bo phan nao trong he thing giing niroc cua quy vi. Ngan ngiea cac van <3$ GiCr cac phan bon, thuic trir sau, thuic diet co, xang dlu va cac chit 6 nhilm khac d each xa giing nirpc. Phai cln than khi lam viec hoac cat co chung quanh gieng. Lien he v6i co quan y te cong cong tai dia phirong cua quy vi dl biet bao lau thl quy vi m6i phai born va kiem tra he thong tir hoai cua quy vi. Khong xa vat lieu nguy hilm vao he thing tir hoai. Toi co thl doc them bling each nao? EPA's Aging Initiative lam viec dl bao ve nhCrng ngiroi I6n tuoi tranh cac hilm hoa cua moi trirong den sire khoe cua ho thong qua cac cuoc hop tac nghien cim, sach lirgc ngan ngira, va giao due quln chung. Dl bilt them thong tin, hay tham trang web www.epa.gov/aging. Cac ngudn thong tin bd sung: Niroc trong voi: Dilu quy vi cln bilt http://www.epa.gov/safewater/wot/index.html Thach tin trong niroc uing www.epa.gov/safewater/arsenic.html Cac bai biln www.epa.gov/beaches/ Hirong dan ngiroi tieu dung ve bao ve tranh khoi radon www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/consguid.htmlShowenters Tly ue khln cap niroc uong www.epa.gov/safewater/faq/emerg.html Cac lut loi www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/flood.html Hirong din cho nhCrng ngiroi co he thing miln dich kem trim trong www.epa.gov/safewater/crypto.html Thong tin cho cac chu nhan gieng niroc ca nhan www.epa.gov/safewater/privatewells/whatdo.html Cac tai lieu ve nam moc www.epa.gov/mold/moldresources.html Niroc uong an toan www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo/index.html Vietnamese translation of: Water Works Publication Number EPA 100-F-06-016 ------- |