Thang4 nam 2007
Tac dong
Thong tin cho nhfrng ngivai Ian tuoi va
nhfrng ngivvi cham soc stic khoe gia dinh
NhCfng ngwbv \&n
tuoi
xem
la rat de bi ton
hai bo>i cac chat
6 nhiem trong
nif6>c. NhCfng
ngif6>i song
chung v6>i ngiro'i
nhiem HIV va
nhCfng ngir6>i co
cac he mien dich
bi ton thifo>ng
cung co nguy co>
cao ho>n.
'
Nif6c rat can thiet cho cuoc song
chung ta. Chung ta dung nifoc de
uing, nlu nifong, tlm, lau chui,
tring trot. Boi vl nifoc an sau vao
cac sinh hoat hang nay cua chung ta, ngifdi
sif dung nifoc biet difoc khi nao nifoc la an
toan la viec quan trong.
Nif6c, neu bi nhiem ban, co the ton hai den
sifc khoe cua chung ta, dac biet doi voi
nhCfng ngifdi Ion tuoi va nhCfng ngifdi mac
benh man tfnh. NhCfng ngifdi s6ng cung
ngifdi bi nhilm HIV hoac nhCfng ngifdi co he
miln dich ton thircmg cung co nguy co cao
hem.
Cac chit gay 6 nhilm moi trifdng co the
difoc tlm thay trong nifoc u6ng va trong cac
hoat dong vui choi, chang nan nhif boi loi.
Tiep xuc voi cac chat 6 nhiem trong nifoc co
the xay ra khi cac ong cong bi ngap. Quy vi
co the bao ve sifc khoe cho mlnh b§ng each
hoc hoi each ma quy vi co the giam b6t dirge
hoac loai trCr tiip xuc v6i chit gay 6 nhilm
trong niroc.
Voi nu'6'c trong nha:
Mac du da so niroc uong la an toan, nhCmg
rui ro 6 nhiem trong niroc van co the va dang
xay ra. Cac chat 6 nhiem co the hien dien
trong nifoc, ke ca hoa chit nhu1 radon, va
chl, vi khuan va vi rut. Phln nay mo ta mot
s6 vln dl tilm an ma quy vi co the tlm thly
trong he thong voi nifoc trong nha quy vi.
Vi trung:
Vi khuan va vi rut dirge goi la vi trung. Chung
hien dien trong niroc uong nhifng da so la
vo hai. Thinh thoang niroc chung ta uong co
the chira vi trung gay benh, ca biet la nhCfng
vi trung gay benh difdng ruot. Thong thifdng,
cac he bao ve ch6ng nhilm trung trong co the
va cac chit khang the cua chung ta se ngan
khong cho chung gay benh. Tuy nhien, do
chat khang the cua con ngiroi bi suy yeu khi
I6n tuoi va cac thay doi trong he bao ve chong
nhilm trung trong cac bp phan difdng ruot, cu
the nhCfng ngLfdi I6n tuoi de bi nhilm cac benh
do vi trung. Mlm benh difdng ruot (Gl) tlm
thay trong nifoc uong gom co ky sinh trung,
chang han nhif Cryptosporidium va Giardia, vi
khuan chang han nhif E. coli, Salmonella va
Shigella, va cac vi rut nhif Norwalk. M6i nam,
co khoang 211 trieu ca benh difdng ruottai
Hoa Ky1.
Chi:
Viec tiip xuc voi chl trong thoi gian dai co the
gay nen cac vln dl^cho sifc khoe trong he
than kinh. Chl co the lam tang huyet ap, cac
roi loan than kinh, trf nh6 va cac van de tap
trung, va dau co bap va khop xirong. Chl tfch
tu va lifu lai trong bo xifong cua chung ta.
Trong thai ky man kinh, khi bo xifcmg bit dlu
lao hoa, chl co the bj tach ra khoi xifong, gay
nen tlnh trang cac nong do chl cao trong mau.
Cho du nifoc trong nha quy vi co difgc cung
cap boi co so cong cong, chl van co the hien
dien do cac he th6ng 6ng din nifoc trong nha
bi an mon hoac do co chl hien dien trong cac
difdng 6ng cua dich vu cung clp nifoc.
Thach tin:
Co blng chifng khi tiip xuc thoi gian dai voi
thach tin n6ng do cao co the gay ung thif,
lam gia tang cac van de tim mach va nang
cao cac mifc tieu difdng. Nhiem thach tin
xay ra tif nhien (mot phan dia chat tai dia
phifong) hoac do hau qua cua cac hoat dong
cong nghiep va nong nghiep trong viec sif
dung dlt cua cac hoa chit chifa thach tin.
EPA co mot tieu chuan cho nifoc uong cong
cong de dam bao con ngifdi khong tiep xuc
voi thach tin 6 nong do cao. Tuy nhien, tieu
chuan khong bao gom cac giing ca the, he
thing nifoc voi ft hon 15 "diem cau nifoc"
hoac phuc vu cho 25 ngifdi. Niu nifoc uing
cua quy vi difgc lay tif gieng hoac tif he
thong dan nifoc nho, quy vi co the muon thif
nghiem thach tin trong nifoc.
' Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV.
Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1999; 5(5):607-625
So dien thoai nong nu*&c uong EPA (800) 426-4791
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Mlt nipcyc trong
ccy the
NhCrng ngiroi Ion tuoi co the co
nguy co mlt niroc trong co the
boi vl khi cang Ion tuoi, cam
giac khat suy giam di va ho
khong cam thay can uong niroc
thirong xuyen nhir khi con tre.
Ho co the sir dung cac loai
thuoc lam co the thieu niroc
hoac trong mot so tlnh trang the
chit lam cho kho u6ng niroc.
Viec tiip xuc voi cac vi sinh
trong niroc co the lam cho con
ngiroi bi benh, va gay benh tieu
chay va lam gia tang nguy co
mlt niroc trong co the.
Cac dau hieu mat niroc bao
g6m:
Mieng kho hoac dfnh
• ft hoac khong tieu dirge;
niroc tieu dac chuyin sang
mau vang xam
• Khong co nhCrng giot niroc
mat
• Boi mlt 16m
• Do din hoac pho phac (voi
mlt niroc nghiem trong)
Boi vl mat niroc co the nguy
hiim din tfnh mang, hay u6ng
nhilu niroc moi ngay. Niu
quy vi giam uong niroc may
boi vl quy vi khong thfch mui
cua chung hoac lo ngai vl chit
lirgng cua chung, quy vi nen
xCr ly niroc hoac tlm mot nguon
niroc thay the cho den khi tro
ngai nay dirge giai quyit.
Radon:
Khf Radon la nguyen nhan thir hai din
din ung thir phoi tai Hoa Ky. Gin 1 tren
15 nha dirge iroc tfnh co radon voi cac
nong do cao. Radon dac biet nguy hiem
vl no khong co mui va khong nhln thay
dirge. Trong thien nhien, radon 6 trong
da, dlt va niroc. Niu niroc trong nha
quy vi dirge lay tir giing, radon co the se
dirge phong thfch vao khong khf khi tarn
voi sen. Neu nha quy vi co cac mat do
radon cao, niroc gieng co the la mot trong
cac nguin sinh radon.
Lam sao toi tranh
du'O'c cac hiim hoa
tlP nLPO'C?
Biroc quan trong nhlt la quan tarn din
cac chi din cua cue y ti tai dia phirong
quy vi hoac cua cue moi trirong va tuan
theo sir tir van cua ho. Tim hieu ve niroc
cua quy vj va lieu quy vi co phai thir
nghiem d6i voi mot vai chit 6 nhilm nao
khong.
Tim hieu ve nuyc udng cua quy
vj: Niu niroc u6ng cua quy vi dirge
lay tir he thing niroc cong cong, no
phai phii hgp voi cac tieu chuln cua
EPA. Cac quan dirge yeu cau cung
cap cho nhCrng ngiroi sir dung cac ho
so thir nghiem. Kiem tra bao cao chit
lirgng niroc hang nam cua nha cung
clp niroc cho quy vi hoac goi dien
thoai cho nha cung cap niroc cho quy
vi di biet lieu quy vi co can phai quan
tarn den mot so loai 6 nhiem hay
khong. Niu quy vi sing trong chung
cir, hay yeu clu ngiroi quan ly niem
yit bao cao tfn nhiem cua ngiroi tieu
thu tai noi cong cong. Neu niroc cua
quy vi dirge lay tir gieng, no khong
phu thuoc vao cac tieu chuln cua
EPA. Gia dlnh cua quy vi cln phai co
cac phong ngira dac biet, chang han
nhir thir nghiem hang nam, di dam
bao niroc cua quy vi la an toan.
Tuan theo cac thong bao cong
cong ve niro'c uong: Noi cung cap
niroc cua quy vi dirge yeu cau phai
phat hanh thong bao tren bao, truyen
thanh, truyin hlnh, thir hoac goi t$n
tay khi niroc mang mlm benh khln
cap. Thong bao se mo ta nhCrng diiu
phong ngira ma quy vi can phai co,
chang han nhir dun soi niroc hoac
sir dung niroc chai. Tuan thu de nghi
cua noi cung clp niroc. Viec dun soi
niroc trong mot phut blnh thirong se
giit hit vi sinh nhirng khong loai trir
dirge 6 nhiem do hoa chat.
Lien he voi nha cung c&p nwcrc
cua quy v| de biet quy v| co phai
thi> nghiem chl khong: Quy vi
khong thi nhln thay, ngiri, hoac nem
chl dirge. Hay goi cho so y te dia
phirong hoac nha cung cap niroc cua
quy vi di biet lieu quy vi co phai dem
niroc di thir nghiem chl khong. DCrng
dun niroc. Viec nlu niroc khong khir
chl ra khoi niroc dirge va thirc ra
con lam cho van de them toi te boi vl
mat do chl se gia tang khi niroc boc
hoi. Neu quy vi nghT rang he thong
ing din niroc co thi chija chl, chi
sir dung niroc lanh di uing va nlu
nirong. Di niroc lanh chay cho din
khi niroc cang lanh cang tot, nhat la
khi quy vi khong sir dung niroc nhieu
gio triroc do. Oi tlm hiiu them, hay
gpi National Lead Information Center
si (800) 424-LEAD.
Thi> nghiem Radon trong khong
khf & nha quy vj: Co nhiiu loai dung
cu thir nghiem re tiin, "tir lam lay"
di thir nghiem radon ma quy vi co
thi mua qua biru dien hoac cac cira
hang kim khf. Quy vi cung co thi nho
mot chuyen vien co blng clp thirc
hien thir nghiem. Niu nha quy vi co
cac mat do radon cao, no co thi vao
nha quy vi qua dirong niroc hoac tir
dat. Neu quy vi lay niroc tir noi cung
cap niroc cong cong, hay lien he voi
noi cung clp niroc cua quy vi. Niu
quy vi lay niroc tir giing tir nhan co
chira radon, hay goi dien thoai nong
cua EPA Drinking Water so
(800)426-4791.
Hilm hoa dp nLPO'C
gay ra khi di boi
NhCrng ngiroi Ion tuoi dirge khuyin khfch
la duy trl hoat dong thi chat. Hau het cac
bai biin deu an toan di boi; tuy nhien,
niroc biin co thi chira vi sinh vo hlnh gay
benh. Tlm trong niroc 6 nhiim co thi gay
ra cac benh nhe, chang han nhir dau co
hoac tieu chay. NhCrng ngiroi Ion tuoi co
cac he mien nhiem suy yeu co nguy co bi
benh cao hon do 6 nhiem niroc.
Dong ci>a bai tarn: Cac co quan y
te va moi trirong tiiu bang, bo lac va
chfnh quyen dia phirong phai do va
xac dinh cac mire do vi sinh tai bai
tlm di xem niroc co dap irng theo
cac tieu chuln sire khoe cua EPA
khong. Niu do vi sinh khong an toan,
cac co quan phai niem yet cac canh
bao hoac dong cira bai tarn. Cac mire
vi sinh thirong cao nhat sau cac con
bao. Oiiu quan trong dii voi nhCrng
ngiroi Ion tuoi co cac vln di vi sire
khoe la phai kiim tra va theo dung
cac chi din cua bai tarn, boi vl ho la
nhCrng ngiroi de nhiem vi triing hon
nhCrng ngiroi khoe manh khac.
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Cap hilm hoa nu'6'c
thlm trong hha, dac
biet sau cac con liit
• •
Bao quan nha khong tot la nguyen nhan
.. i i -2 , ~ * • i ' 1 - • j.- -
tiem an de nhirng ngiroi Ion tuoi tiep xuc
voi cac chit 6 nhilm. Niu nha cira khong
dirge sira chCra khi can thiit, do am irot
cao va niroc co the tfch tu lai trong nha.
Bleu nay lam cho nam moc sinh trirong,
dac biet khi cac noi am irqt khong dirge
phat hien. Nam moc co the gay cac di
irng d6i voi nhCrng ngiroi nhay cam, vf du
nhir hit hoi, so mui, do mlt, va noi mun
tren da (viem da) va nang hon, la cac
van de ve ho hap. Viec tiep xuc voi cac 6
nhiem cua niroc co the xay ra khi niroc
cong tran ngirgc vao nha cua quy vi. Viec
tiip xuc cung co the xay ra khi dirong
6ng niroc xa cua quy vi bi nghet lam cho
he th6ng n6i voi 6ng c6ng cong cong
hoac he thong tir hoai do moc xuyen qua
re cay. Niroc cong tran ngirgc vao nha
thirong xay ra dac biet sau nhCmg con
mira Ion gay nen lut.
Kiem tra cac ro ri trong nha quy vj:
Lap ki hoach kilm tra thirong xuyen
ro ri trong nha quy vi, buong tlm, noi
giat giu va chung quanh cac cCfa so
va cCfa. Phai de y den cac mang xoi
va mai hien nho ra. Hay tlm nhCfng
noi co cac bieu hien ro ri.
Loai tri> ninyc de khi> nam moc:
Nam moc can co niroc de tang
trifdng. Be ngan ngCfa nam moc, sCra
chCfa cac ro ri dirong 6ng va cac vln
dl khac vl nifqc cang som cang t6t.
Co rCfa nam m6c b§ng chit tay va^
nifoc va de cho kho hoan toan. Be
loai trCf nam moc trong nha quy vi, don
sach het nam moc va triet tieu nguon
nifoc. Mot s6 chit tay dirge chi tao
de xCr ly sy tang trirong cua nlm m6c.
Sau khi lut, don dep khu VIPC bj
thiet hai: cac tran lut gay nen cac
hiem hoa cho siic khoe. Nifoc c6ng
va cac vat lieu khac co the vao nha
quy vi bang difdng nifoc lut. Ngay
khi niroc lut co sach di nCfa, nifoc \x
dong va vat lieu irot la moi trifdng
sinh s6ng cua cac vi sinh vat. Khai
toa nifoc dong, lau kho nha quy vi, va
don dep het cac vat lieu irot. Lam v|
sinh va tay ue khu vyc bi thiet hai de
giam bot cac hiem hoa benh tat cho
quy vi. Chan, man, va ban ghi cln
nen thay niu nha quy vi bi nifoc c6ng
tran vao.
Sau khi lut, kiem tra cac gieng
ninyc cua quy vj: Niu quy vi co
gieng rieng, dCfng mo may bom hoac
sCf dung niroc gieng de uong ho|c
giat giu. Hay noi voi co quan y te tieu
bang hoac dia phifong de dirge biit
phai co nhCmg phong ngCfa nao.
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Toi phai lam gl niu nu'6'c u6ng
cua toi khong u6ng du'O'c?
Trong thoi gian bi tran hoac tarn
thoi xif ly cac vln dl vl niroc,
co thl trong thoi gian ngln,
quy vi khong dirge u6ng niroc
cua mlnh. NhCrng ngiroi co vln
de ve sire khoe hoac nhCrng
ngiroi song trong cac khu virc
co mguon niroc bi 6 nhiem, can
phai co cac nguon niroc thay the
trong thoi gian dai.
Tuan theo cac cong bao ve nu'6'c uong: Noi cung cap
niroc cho quy vi can phai phat hanh thong bao tren bao
chf, truyen thanh, truyen hlnh, thir hoac trao tan tay khi co
trirong hgp khln clp vl benh tat do nguon niroc. Thong
bao se mo ta nhCrng phong ngira ma quy vi cln phai tuan
theo, chang nan nhir dun soi niroc hoac sir dung niroc chai.
Lam theo dl nghi cua noi cung clp niroc cua quy vi. Bun
soi niroc trong mot phut thirong se gilt chit cac vi sinh vat
nhirng khong giup dirge gl d6i voi cac hoa chit 6 nhilm.
U6ng nwofc chai: Mot s6 cong ty cho thue hoac ban thilt bi
phan ph6i niroc hoac dung cu bom dirong khf vao niroc va
cung cap deu dan cac blnh niroc Ion den cac tan nha va cac
doanh nghiep. Niroc chai co thl dat tien hon so voi niroc
cong cong. Chat lirgng niroc chai thay doi tiiy theo thirong
hieu, boi vl nguon niroc sir dung khac nhau, gia thanh va
qui dinh cua cong ty. NhCrng ngiroi co benh 6 he mien nhiem
nen doc nhan hieu tren chai dl chac chan rang niroc da qua
xir ly nghiem ngat hon, chang han nhir thlm thlu nghich,
chirng clt, chilu tia circ tfm, hoac loc blng bo loc 1 micron.
B! bilt them thong tin la niroc chai cua quy vi co phii hgp
voi cac tieu chuln cua FDA khong, hay kilm tra voi NSF
International (http://www.nsf.org/consumer/bottled_water/
hoac goi s6 877-8-NSF-HELP).
Lap dat he thdng xi> ly 61 nha: Niu niroc cua quy vi gap
tro ngai trong thoi gian dai, viec xir ly tai nha la cln thilt. Xir
ly 6 nha gom co cac bo loc gan vao voi niroc hoac cho noi
tir dirong ong chfnh den cho noi vao nha. Neu van de la do
radon, viec xir ly niroc tai nha co thl la mot bien phap.
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Lam each nao toi bao ve
nu'6'c giing rieng cua t6i?
Nguon cung cap niroc uong rieng khong phu thuoc vao cac
tieu chuln cua EPA. Neu quy vi lay niroc tir gieng, khong
phai niroc tir dong dirge cac chuyen gia thir nghiem xem
co vln dl gl khong. Quy vi phai co cac phong ngira dac biet
dl dam bao niroc u6ng cua quy vi dirge bao ve va duy trl:
Xac dinh cac van 3$ tiem an
Viec xac dinh cac vln dl con tilm an la biroc dlu tien de
gift cho niroc u6ng cua quy vi dirge an toan. Bit dlu blng
each hoi y kiln cua chuyen gia dia phircmg, chang han nhu1
co quan y te dia phircmg cua quy vi, chi nhanh nong nghiep,
he thong niroc cong cong gan do, hoac nha dia chat a
trifdng dai hoc dia phifong. Hay hoi ho xem cac van de co
the anh hircmg din chit lifgng nifoc giing cua quy vi.
Thti nghiem nude gi6ng cua quy vj
mdi nam
Moi nam, hay thCr nghiem nifoc gieng cua quy vi ve vi
khuln, nitrates, s6 chit rln hoa tan, va n6ng do pH. Nlu
quy vi nghi ngo1 con mot s6 chit o nhilm khac, quy vi cung
nen thCf nghiem chung. Nhilu chit 6 nhilm khong co mau
va khong mui, do do, quy vi khong the noi quy vi gap tro
ngai neu khong thCf nghiem.
Cac thCf nghiem nifoc can phai dirge thyc hien thirdng
xuyen hon khi:
co nhilu can benh trong gia dlnh khong giai thfch dirge
nhCrng ngiroi hang xom phat hien chit 6 nhilm trong
niroc cua ho
quy vi de y thly niroc co thay doi mui vi, mui hoi, mau
va do trong
co hoa chit hoac xang dlu bi tran vao hoac gin giing
niroc cua quy vi.
quy vi thay thl hoac sira chCra bit ky bo phan nao
trong he thing giing niroc cua quy vi.
Ngan ngiea cac van <3$
GiCr cac phan bon, thuic trir sau, thuic diet co, xang dlu
va cac chit 6 nhilm khac d each xa giing nirpc. Phai cln
than khi lam viec hoac cat co chung quanh gieng. Lien he
v6i co quan y te cong cong tai dia phirong cua quy vi dl
biet bao lau thl quy vi m6i phai born va kiem tra he thong tir
hoai cua quy vi. Khong xa vat lieu nguy hilm vao he thing
tir hoai.
Toi co thl doc them bling
each nao?
EPA's Aging Initiative lam viec dl bao ve nhCrng ngiroi I6n
tuoi tranh cac hilm hoa cua moi trirong den sire khoe cua
ho thong qua cac cuoc hop tac nghien cim, sach lirgc ngan
ngira, va giao due quln chung. Dl bilt them thong tin, hay
tham trang web www.epa.gov/aging.
Cac ngudn thong tin bd sung:
Niroc trong voi: Dilu quy vi cln bilt
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/wot/index.html
Thach tin trong niroc uing
www.epa.gov/safewater/arsenic.html
Cac bai biln
www.epa.gov/beaches/
Hirong dan ngiroi tieu dung ve bao ve tranh khoi radon
www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/consguid.htmlShowenters
Tly ue khln cap niroc uong
www.epa.gov/safewater/faq/emerg.html
Cac lut loi
www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/flood.html
Hirong din cho nhCrng ngiroi co he thing miln dich kem
trim trong
www.epa.gov/safewater/crypto.html
Thong tin cho cac chu nhan gieng niroc ca nhan
www.epa.gov/safewater/privatewells/whatdo.html
Cac tai lieu ve nam moc
www.epa.gov/mold/moldresources.html
Niroc uong an toan
www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo/index.html
Vietnamese translation of: Water Works
Publication Number EPA 100-F-06-016
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