EPA542-R-07-014
August 2007
www.epa.gov/tio
www.cluin.org
www.nato.int/science
REPORT OF THE PILOT STUDY MEETING
PREVENTION AND REMEDIATION IN
SELECTED INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
Sediments
Ljubljana, Slovenia
June 17-22, 2007
Annual Report No. 281
This activity is supported by
NA TO Programme on Science for Peace and Security (SPS)
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2007
Annual Report
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study
Prevention and Remediation
in Selected Industrial Sectors:
Sediments
City Hotel, Ljubljana, Slovenia
June 17-22, 2007
August 2007
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Sediment Characterization 3
Assessment of Drainage Basin Contamination By Stream and Floodplain Sediment
Geochemical Surveys-^ lecos Demetriades, Greece 4
Sediment Remediation 7
An Integrated Approach For The Remediation of a Catchment Impacted By Former
Mercury Mining-Milena Horvat, Ph.D., Slovenia 8
Active Capping Demonstration In The Anacostia River-Danny Reible, United States 11
Sediment Biobarriers For Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons In Groundwater Reaching
Surface Water-Lwt/o Diels, Belgium 12
Reductive Bio-Modification of Sediment Contaminants: An In Situ, Molecular Hydrogen
Formation Approach-Gwv W. Sewell, Ph.D., United States 13
Managing Canadian Great Lakes Contaminated Sediment-/?oger Santiago, Canada 14
Contaminated Sediments In Italy: Methodological Approaches and State of The Art of
Characterisation and Reclamation Activities Carried Out Within Sites of National
Interest-A/ar/otfz, De Propris, Sarlo, Caprini, Italy 15
Removal Standards and Control Measure For Bottom Sediments Contaminated By Toxic
Substances In Japan-Professor Masaaki Hosomi, Japan 16
SedNet Projects 17
Introduction To SedNct-Jo.v Brils, The Netherlands 18
Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sediments in River Basins—Theoretical
Considerations and Pragmatic Approach-t//r/c/? Forstner & Susanne Heise, Germany 19
Sediment Management—An Essential Element of River Basin Management Plans-Ulrich
Forstner & Susanne Heise, on behalf of SedNet, Germany 20
Towards Risk-Based Management of the Sedimcnt-Soil-Water System at the River Basin
Scale (EC FP6 CA RISKBASE)-Jav Brils, The Netherlands 21
Persistent Organic Pollutants Control 23
POPS Reduction Strategy In Surface Water of Industrialized Regions—Klodnica River
Case Study-Janusz Krupanek, Poland 24
Best Available Ecological Friendly Technologies for Utilization or Destruction of POPs
in The Russian federation-Sergey E. Tikhonov, Russian Federation 25
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
Other Topics 29
Snowman, A New Initiative For Trans-National Research Funding and Co-Operation-
Nadine Dueso, France; andJohan van Veen, The Netherlands 30
National Inventory of Potential Sources of Soil Contamination in Cyprus—Part 1:
Compilation of the Inventory of Soil Polluting Activities-^/eco^ Demetriades, Nikos
Androulakakis, Maria Kaminari, and Katerina Vergou, Greece 32
National Inventory of Potential Sources of Soil Contamination In Cyprus—Part 2: Risk-
Based Approach to Assessment of Cypriot Contaminated Siles-Eleonora Wcislo and
Marek Korcz, Poland 33
Mapping of Geochemical Contamination In Urban Areas of Lithuania- Virgilija
Gregorauskiene, Lithuania 34
Inventory of Potential Contaminated Sites In Upper Silesia Region-Janusz Krupanek,
Poland 36
North Bohemian Tertiary Sedimentary Basins and Negative Impact of Brown Coal
Mining on The Environment-/?M>. Kvetoslav Vlk, Czech Republic 37
Remediation of Cretaceous Sediments Affected By Uranium In Situ Leaching (ISL) In
The Czech Republic-Josef Tomas, Czech Republic 39
Country Representatives 41
Attendees List 44
Pilot Study Mission 49
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
INTRODUCTION
The Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established the Committee on the
Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) in 1969. CCMS was charged with developing meaningful
programs to share information among countries on environmental and societal issues that complement
other international endeavors and to provide leadership in solving specific problems of the human
environment. A fundamental precept of CCMS involves the transfer of technological and scientific
solutions among nations with similar environmental challenges. More recently, CCMS merged with the
NATO Science Program to form the new Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Program. This final pilot
study meeting was conducted under the auspices of the SPS Program.
This document reports on the fifth and final meeting of the Pilot Study on Prevention and Remediation
Issues in Selected Industrial Sectors. The purpose of the pilot study is to define and explore best practices
for reducing the health and environmental impact on soil and groundwater from industrial sectors of
interest (e.g., metals mining, organic chemical production, gasworks, and fertilizer manufacturing) as well
as other unique site "types" (e.g., old landfills, privatization sites [i.e., facilities transitioning from former
state ownership in certain categories], mega-sites [i.e., large scale former industrial and mining facilities],
and shoreline sediment sites). The pilot study explored the techniques and technologies for preventing and
avoiding discharge to soil and groundwater as well as measurement and remediation for that industry
sector or site type. It sought to engage industry and other private sector organizations at the transnational
level in sharing and evaluating technical information. In reviewing case studies as well as experience
from the previous CCMS pilot study on contaminated land and other sources, the pilot study strived to
assess or benchmark "what is easy to clean," "what is difficult to clean," and "what is impossible, at
reasonable cost, to clean." The unique contribution of the pilot study is measured by its ability to
synthesize information regarding best practices, successes and failures, and uncertainties for the sectors of
interest.
The fifth meeting of the Pilot Study was held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, from June 17-22, 2007. This meeting
dealt with the issues relating to sediment sites, as well as some questions of contamination by persistent
organic pollutants (POPs). Nineteen technical papers fell under the broad topics of sediment
characterization and sediment remediation. Thirteen countries gave Tour de Table presentations-
summaries of the state of the development of waste and contaminated land programs and/or related
research in their respective countries. The United States is the lead country for the Pilot Study, and 16
other countries participated in the meeting. This report is a set of abstracts of the presentations at the
meeting. In addition, a CD containing all presentation materials (e.g., power point slides) from this
meeting and the four previous meetings is available. CDs are available by contacting the country
representatives listed at the back of this document.
This report is available online at http://www.nato.int/sciencc and http://vvww.cluin.org/ljiibljana. General
information on the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study may be obtained from the country representatives listed at
the end of the report. Further information on the presentations in this document should be obtained from
the identified presenters.
Walter W. Kovalick, Jr., Ph.D.
Director
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SEDIMENT CHARACTERIZATION
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August 2007
ASSESSMENT OF DRAINAGE BASIN CONTAMINATION BY STREAM AND FLOODPLAIN
SEDIMENT GEOCHEMICAL SURVEYS
Alecos Demetriades
Greece
1. ABSTRACT
Stream sediment is deposited on the bed of the active river channel, whereas overbank or floodplain
sediment is produced when major floods occur in a river system. During such floods, the water discharge
exceeds the quantity that can pass through the ordinary river channel (bankful discharge). Even in streams
of moderate size, the water level may reach several metres above normal, thereby covering large areas. At
these times, many new sediment sources open up, and the origin of the load suspended in the stream is
manifold. Throughout the flood, and especially during its last phases, some of the stream load will be
deposited on the floodplain at levels well above those of the ordinary stream channel. In this way, nearly
horizontal layers of overbank sediment are successively built up over long periods of time.
Extensive research studies were carried out in many European countries on the use of active stream and
overbank sediments to assess anthropogenic contamination of drainage basins. The results showed that
active stream sediment is susceptible to contamination by mine wastes or other products of human origin,
and is also recorded in surficial overbank sediment layers. The lowermost layers of overbank sediments,
however, do provide information on pre-industrial geogenic dispersion patterns. Even in strongly
contaminated areas, it is possible to find natural geochemical distribution patterns by sampling the
lowermost overbank sediment layer.
Figure 1 shows the distribution of Pb in active stream sediment, which is strongly contaminated by
mining and smelter wastes for a considerable distance from the industrial sources. By sampling the
different layers of overbank sediment the geochemical history of the area was revealed. The first two
layers have been contaminated from materials derived from the mining and smelter wastes, whereas the
bottom horizons show pristine conditions. It is concluded, therefore, that the top layers of overbank
together with the active stream sediment, show present day conditions, including anthropogenic
contamination, wherever it exists, whilst the lowermost horizons of overbank sediment exhibit pristine or
pre-industrial conditions. Therefore, the degree of contamination can be assessed by comparing element
concentration values of top and bottom overbank sediment layers.
Figure 1. Distribution of Pb in active stream sediment and overbank sediments in the drainage basin of Irene
Remma Thrace, N.E. Greece
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
2. CONTACT
Alecos Demetriades
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration
70 Messoghion St.
11 527 Athens
Greece
Tel.+3021077 11 911
Fax+30 210 77 23 26
e-mail ademetriades@igme.gr
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SEDIMENT REMEDIATION
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AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR THE REMEDIATION OF A CATCHMENT IMPACTED
BY FORMER MERCURY MINING
Milena Horvat, Ph.D.
Slovenia
1. ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Environmental contamination by heavy metals is a phenomenon that has accompanied human activities,
mainly associated with mining activities, industrial processes, energy production, manufacturing, and the
disposal of domestic and industrial wastes. Several heavy metals that are naturally present in the
environment at trace levels may be without discernable hazard or may even act as essential nutrients for
vegetation growth. However, when present at high levels, these heavy metals can be toxic to the flora and
fauna (i.e., vegetation, cattle, fishes, and humans) via the food chain (mainly through crops and seafood).
Appropriate predictions of potential future environmental impact and public exposure, and the
development of adequate remedial technologies or appropriate countermeasures, require the
understanding of the mechanisms ruling element mobility and behaviour in and between different
environmental compartments (terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric). Nowadays, there is no general
agreed upon approach for remediation actions in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems after a
contamination event.
Mercury:
Mercury (Hg) is widely considered to be among the highest priority environmental pollutants of
continuing concern on the global scale. In response to the increasing intensity of research dedicated to
mercury on a global scale, the need to provide a forum was recognized for presentation of results,
discussions, and the exchange of innovative ideas and to communicate with policy makers, legislators,
experts from industry and public representatives in order to promote the direct use of scientific and
technical data in the field of environmental protection and control. This is evidenced from the
recommendations recently drafted by the European Union's (EU) Mercury Strategy and the United
Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) Global Mercury Assessment approved by the UNEP
Governing Council in 2003.
Although there is a continuous problem of occupational exposure to inorganic Hg, predominantly
elemental Hg, possible effects on broader segments of the population due to widespread dispersal of Hg
in the environment has become the major concern in recent years. Mercury is among the most highly
bioconcentrated trace metals in the human food chain, and many national and international agencies
and organisations have targeted mercury for possible emission control. Mercury toxicity depends on its
chemical form, among which alkylmercury compounds are the most toxic. The biogeochemistry of
mercury has received considerable attention because of the toxicity of methylmercury compounds
(MeHg), the accumulation of Hg in biota, and its biomagnification in aquatic food chains. Concerns
about Hg are based on its effects both on ecosystems and human health. The principal pathway for
human exposure is the consumption of contaminated fish. Numerous recent studies have concluded that
the majority, if not all, of the Hg that is bioaccumulated through the food chain is as MeHg. Therefore,
knowledge of the concentration, transport, transformation and dynamics of MeHg in aquatic
ecosystems is needed to predict its potential impact on humans, as well as on aquatic life.
From studies already carried out in the past, and several within the framework of research projects
funded by the European Commission, certain parameters have been shown to be crucial to describe the
interaction of heavy metals in the environment, such as the solid-liquid distribution, soil-plant transfer,
migration, resuspension, bioavailability and the remobilisable fraction. These parameters govern the
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
eventual fate of the contaminant in the ecosystem, thus indicating the need of a mechanistic approach
based on adsorption-desorption experiments to face a potential contaminated scenario. Data on these
parameters and on related indexes of metal mobility are already available. However, there is not yet a
common agreement on which methods and procedures to use at the laboratory scale to better quantify
these parameters and simulate the experimental conditions at the field scale. Therefore, there is also a
need for high-quality data bases with values reliable enough to serve as inputs for models or
environmental decision support systems, especially when results are method-dependent.
It has also been shown that a generalist approach to study mercury fate is not adequate, since safety and
risk assessment methods must be based on specific criteria. Otherwise, environmental decision support
systems may become useless when extrapolated to other areas than those used under their ideal
conditions. The significance of considering the specific characteristics for scenarios as a result of the
interaction of mercury with key components in the different case studies is a realistic approach.
Although relevant information is available for a number of metals in various types of soil (largely from
areas of Northern Europe), there is still a lack of knowledge for significant scenarios or for some items
such as mercury-soil combinations at the European scale, data that is necessary to be included in a risk
assessment methodology. An example is those ecosystems affected by Mediterranean conditions. The
distinctive characteristics of the soils in this area (high carbonate and clay content; low organic matter
content; dry seasons followed by potential flooding periods) require specific studies to adapt or verify
conclusions derived from previous experiments performed in other environmental conditions. Other.
scenarios showing a lack of data should be identified and properly studied to complete mercury
distribution, behaviour, and impact on a European scale.
Case study:
The presentation will address the case study in Slovenia and Northern Italy where, during the 500 years
of mercury mining in Idrija, large quantities of Hg were released into the environment and caused
severe contamination of soil, river and coastal sediments. Due to chemical transformation (reduction,
methylation, oxidation, demethylation) and transport of mercury-enriched particles into the river system
and the Gulf of Trieste, the mercury problem is of local, regional, and global concern. The results of
some studies indicate that Hg is actively accumulated in terrestrial and aquatic food webs, which leads
to an increased exposure of inhabitants frequently consuming food, in particular fish, produced in
contaminated areas. In order to understand the impact of mercury mining on the environment and
human health, it is necessary to integrate the experience of various disciplines (e.g., chemists,
biologists, geologists, hydrologists, epidemiologists, and economists). Political support at the local and
regional level in Slovenia and Italy is also an ultimate requirement for the successful implementation of
remediation based on scientifically based criteria.
Approach:
It is generally accepted that the formation and bioaccumulation of methylmercury is the most critical
point of environmental quality in mercury-contaminated sites. The reduction of methylmercury in food
can therefore be defined as the priority objective with regard to the mercury-contamination problem in
the wider Idrija area and in the Gulf of Trieste. To reach this target, two principal strategies exist:
(i) reducing the input of mercury to the system; and
(ii) changing the conditions to reduce the formation of methylmercury.
Due to the highly complex biogeochcmistry of mercury, measurement campaigns and the development
of models (riverine, atmospheric and marine transport, species transformation) are in progress in order
to support an integrated model approach that will be used as a management tool and should be capable
of quantifying the responses of the entire air-land-river-sea-biota system to specific measures or
abatement activities and alternatives for economic development.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
One of the first steps in assessing the effects of a contamination is acquiring the knowledge on the
behaviour of the contaminant. In this case, mercury behaviour is determined in each environmental
compartment (soil, aquatic systems and atmosphere) and the corresponding interactions between these
compartments. A second step is to know how and from what level onwards the contaminant affects the
environment. A third step includes the management of the contaminated area and the elaboration of a
complete environmental risk assessment. Such an approach requires an interdisciplinary and
intersectorial approach, which has unfortunately not been demonstrated so far.
References:
1) HORVAT, Milena, KONTIC, Branko, KOTNIK, Joze, OGRINC, Nives, et al.Remediation of
mercury polluted sites due to mining activities. Crit. rev. anal, chem., 2003, 33, 291-296.
2) UNEP's Chemicals Programme: mercury: http://www.cliem.uncp.ch/mcrcurv/
3) EU Mercury Strategy: http://www.curactiv.com/Artic1e?tcmuri:=tcm:29- i 34881 -16&type=News
4) USA EPA Programme: http:/Avww.epa.gov/mercury/
2. CONTACT
Milena Horvat
Institute Jozef Stefan
Jamova 39
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
Tel. +386 1 477 39 00
Fax+386 1 2519385
e-mail milena.horvat@ijs.si
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
ACTIVE CAPPING DEMONSTRATION IN THE ANACOSTIA RIVER,
WASHINGTON DC
Danny Reible
United States
1. ABSTRACT
The active capping demonstration project in Washington, DC, is testing the ability to place sequestering
agents on contaminated sediments using conventional equipment and to evaluate their subsequent
effectiveness relative to conventional passive sand caps. Selected active capping materials (AquaBlok™,
a clay for permeability control, apatite, a phosphate mineral for metals control, coke, an organic
sequestration agent, sand, and a control cap), were placed in 8000 ft2 test plots during March and April
2004. Placement was by conventional clamshell except for coke, which due to concerns about settling of
the material was placed as 1.25 cm layer in a laminated mat. Post-capping sampling and analysis was
conducted one month, six months, and 18 months after placement. Post-cap sampling is expected to
continue for at least an additional 24 months, but the current report is to summarize the results of the
placement and post-cap sampling efforts up to 18 months. Conventional clamshell placement was found
to be effective for placing relatively thin (6-inch) layers of active material and the viability of placing
high-value or difficult-to-place material in a controlled manner was demonstrated with the laminated mat.
Post-cap monitoring has found that all cap materials effectively isolated contaminants, but it has not yet
proven possible to differentiate between conventional sand and active cap layer performance. Monitoring
of the permeability control layer indicated effective reductions in groundwater seepage rates through the
cap but also showed the potential for gas accumulation and irregular release. High resolution contaminant
profiles show sediment-cap material intermixing but no discernible contaminant migration. A novel
approach for in-situ measurement of porewater concentrations is being attempted in an effort to
discriminate between the various caps. All caps show deposition of new contaminated sediment to the
surface of the caps. Fingerprint analysis of PAHs at the top and bottom of the caps show that both
sediments are effectively identical, indicating that the redistribution of adjacent sediments or continuing
release from ongoing sources, and not migration from below, are the cause. The presence of new
contamination on top of the caps illustrates the importance of source control in maintaining sediment
quality after any type of active remediation.
2. CONTACT
Danny Reible
University of Texas
1 University Station C 1786
Austin, TX 78712
USA
Tel+1 5124714642
Fax+1 512471 5870
e-mail reible@mail.utexas.edu
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SEDIMENT BIOBARRIERS FOR CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS IN
GROUNDWATER REACHING SURFACE WATER
Ludo Diels
Belgium
1. ABSTRACT
Dejonghe W1, Hamonts K1, Lookman R1, Ryngaert A1, Dijk J2, Springael D2, Sturme M3, Smidt H3,
Kuklik J4, Kozubek P4, Kuhn T5, Meckenstock R5, Rieger A", Lange T6, Kalka H.7, Peters NH7, Perner J8,
and Eckardt L8, L. Diels'
1 Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium.2 Catholic University of Leuven, Heverlee,
Belgium.3 Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.4 AQUATEST, Prague, Czech
Republic.5 Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neuherberg, Germany.6 Consulting und
Engineering GmbH, Chemnitz, Germany.7 Umwelt- und Ingenieurtechnik GmbH, Dresden, Germany.8
Agrar- und Umweltanalytik GmbH, Jena, Germany.
In the EU-project, SEDBARCAH, we are studying the intrinsic capacity of eutrophic river sediment
microbial communities to degrade Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (CAHs). As a test case, the Bela
river in Czech Republic and the Zenne river in Belgium were chosen. For both rivers the influx zones of
the CAHs were determined by sampling groundwater in boreholes and interstitial water with a specific
probe. At the highest CAH influx zones, undisturbed sediment samples were taken with a piston sampler
to study the structure and the catabolic potential of the microbial community. Anaerobic microcosm tests
showed, for both rivers, a rapid microbial dehalogenation of all CAH compounds to non-toxic ethene. For
the Zenne river, chloroethene degrading Desulfuromonas and Dehalococcoides species were present in
high numbers in the sediment as shown by quantification of their 16S rRNA genes by real-time PCR.
Furthermore, the detection of the vcrA and bvc A genes, which code for the VC reductive dehalogenases
of respectively Dehalococcoides sp. strain VS and BAV1 indicates that these two Dehalococcoides
species are probably responsible for the observed degradation of vinyl chloride (VC), the main pollutant
in the Zenne. A vertical distribution of Eubacteria, iron-reducing bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria, and
methanogenic bacteria in the polluted Zenne sediment was observed by Denaturing Gradient Gel
Electrophoresis. Our results indicate that the interface between groundwater and surface water harbors a
unique microbial community structure that is capable of degrading CAHs in groundwater before they
reach the surface water. In this way, the sediments act as a natural biobarrier for groundwater pollutants
passing through the interface, hereby reducing the risk of surface water contamination.
2. CONTACT
Ludo Diels
Head Milieu- en Procestechnologie
Vlaamse instelling voor technologisch onderzoek (Vito)
Boeretang 200
2400 Mol
Belgium
Tel +32 14 33 69 24
Fax +32 14 32 65 86
e-mail ludo.diels@vito.be
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REDUCTIVE BIO-MODIFICATION OF SEDIMENT CONTAMINANTS: AN IN SITU,
MOLECULAR HYDROGEN FORMATION APPROACH
Guy W. Sewell, Ph.D.
United States
1. ABSTRACT
Contaminated sediments represent a challenging remediation target. In aquatic systems, the potential for
remobilization, in response to the remedial effort or as a consequence of the native hydrodynamic setting,
precludes many traditional in situ methodologies. Sorption effects and low hydraulic conductivities
present limitations on both in situ or during ex situ treatment. Bioremediation, primarily in the form of
monitored natural attenuation, has become the default approach for remediation at many terrestrial sites
but has had limited application to in situ sediment remediation due to concerns over nutrient delivery and
containment. Yet many of the primary contaminants associated with sediments, such as chlorinated
organics and some metals, are amenable to reductive biotrcatment. Current approaches, used in other
remedial settings, involve the production of molecular hydrogen, directly or indirectly, as a bio-available
electron donor to drive the desired reductive processes. However the traditional biostimulation
approaches do not appear to be appropriate for the previously mentioned reasons.
Laboratory and field experiments have been conducted on a novel approach to drive the formation of
molecular hydrogen through the application of negative charges to emplaced electrodes. This approach
addresses many of the unique remedial challenges presented by contaminated sediments. Some of the
findings indicate a potential design for field scale applications to treat sediments in place, or as a process
for batch treatment of excavated sediments.
2. CONTACT
Guy Sewell
East Central University
1100 E. 14th St.
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
USA
Tel+1 5805595547
Fax+1 5805595606
e-mail Guy_scwell@cs.ecok.edu
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MANAGING CANADIAN GREAT LAKES CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT
Roger Santiago
Canada
1. ABSTRACT
The governments of Canada and the United States have recognized contaminated sediment issues as a
major problem in the Great Lakes ecosystem. In 1985, these two countries identified 43 Areas of Concern
(AOC) where impaired water quality prevented full beneficial use of rivers, bays, harbours and ports.
Canada and the province of Ontario jointly developed the Canada Ontario Agreement (COA) Sediment
Assessment Framework (Framework) to provide a consistent approach for assessing contaminated
sediment sites within the 17 AOC in Canada. This Framework is a rule-based, weight-of-evidence
approach for assessing contaminated sediment on a site-by-site basis. Information is considered from four
lines of evidence: chemistry, toxicity, benthic community structure, and the potential for biomagnification
(i.e., ecological and human health impact).
The Framework principles were followed in Thunder Bay Harbour. This AOC contains sediment
contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorophenols, dioxins, and furans around the
Northern Wood Preservers site. A biological assessment study was conducted to establish site-specific clean-
up criteria. Based on measured biological effects related to PAHs, three cleanup zones were identified
corresponding to areas of acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, and no measurable toxicity. The most effective
solution was determined to be combination sediment removal/treatment and isolation. Remediation included
construction of a rockfill containment berm as well as capping of the enclosed area using clean fill. As
compensation for the infilling activities, fish habitat was created in accordance with Canada's "no net loss
policy." Extensive public consultation was undertaken to ensure public acceptance of the plan. This $20
Million project commenced in August 1997 and remedial work was completed in the summer of 2003.
The framework was also applied at Randle Reef (Hamilton Harbour AOC), one of Canada's most
contaminated sediment sites. Proposed remediation for this site involves constructing a 9.5 hectare
engineered containment facility (ECF) that will manage PAH and heavy metal contaminated sediments in
two ways: (1) the ECF will be constructed on top of some of the most highly contaminated sediments (in
situ 130,000 m3), isolating those sediments in place; and (2) other highly contaminated sediments
(500,000 m3) will be dredged and placed inside the ECF. The engineering design for this project is
underway and will be completed in the summer of 2008.
Environment Canada has contracted an independent study to quantify the economic and non-monetary
benefits related to the remediation of contaminated sediments in Randle Reef. Preliminary results identify
over SI26 million in return on investment for this sediment cleanup project, which is estimated at $90
million.
2. CONTACT
Roger Santiago
Environment Canada
4805 Dufferin Street
Toronto, Ontario
Canada
Tel+416 739 5876
Fax+416 739 4560
e-mail roger.santiago@ec.gc.ca
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CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS IN ITALY: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND
STATE OF THE ART OF CHARACTERISATION AND RECLAMATION ACTIVITIES
CARRIED OUT WITHIN SITES OF NATIONAL INTEREST
C. Mariotti (*), L. DC Propris (**), T. Sarlo (*), F. Caprini (**)'
Italy
1. ABSTRACT
Through several laws and decrees, the Italian Ministero deH'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio
(Ministry of the Environment and of the Safeguard of the Territory) established a list of 53 contaminated
sites defined as of "National Interest," due to their size, contamination amount and diffusion, and social
and economical problems. There are 25 reclamation sites of national interest that are enclosed within
perimeter coastal marine and/or brackish areas and are distributed along the whole Italian coast.
According to D.M. 468/01 ("Programma Nazionale di Bonifica e Ripristino Ambientale") (National
Programme for Environmental Reclamation and Restoration) the Ministero deH'Ambiente e della Tutela
del Territorio (Ministry of the Environment and of the Safeguard of the Territory) has appointed ICRAM
(the National Institute for Applied Research to Marine Environment) for the characterisation of coastal
marine and brackish areas included within the perimeter of "reclamation sites of national interest."
ICRAM, as a scientific Institute, has defined the criteria for a systematic approach to the problems that
arise from characterising large-scale coastal and lagoon areas, which aims to determine the distribution of
contaminants and to identify situations at risk in order to activate adequate interventions for emergency
safety actions, reclamation and environmental restoration. Sviluppo Italia Aree Produttive S.p.A., a State
Company devoted to environmental remediation and revitalization of industrial and polluted areas, has
been defined as the public operator for realizing of characterization and remediation activities on polluted
sediments within the perimeter of some National Interest Sites (La Spezia, Bagnoli, Priolo, Gela,
Piombino). The number of sites and the volumes of contaminated sediments have required the
development of management techniques in order to prioritize the use of the available resources and
nevertheless guarantee limited but immediate action where high risk is present.
Currently, a clear decision framework for in situ sediment assessment and management is partially
missing in Italy. Therefore, the result of detailed investigations should be evaluated using screening
values borrowed from soil legislation or other reference studies and through the definition of case-by-casc
solution based on expert judgment. Recently, an approach based on the development of site-specific
"Intervention Values" was developed and is being applied in several contaminated sites.
2. CONTACT
Claudio Mariotti
Sviluppo Italia Aree Produttive S.p.A.
Via P. Boccanelli, 30
00138 Roma
Italy
Tel+39 06 421 60306
Fax+39 06 421 60863
e-mail cmariotti@sviluppoitaliaareeproduttive.it
1 (*) Sviluppo Italia Aree Produttive S.p.A., Via P. Boccanelli 30, 00138 Roma, Tel. +39.06.42160306, Fax.
+39.06.42160863, e-mail: cmario1tifesviluppoitaliaarccproduttivc.il
(**) ICRAM, Via di Casalotti 300, 00166 Roma, Tel. +39.06.61570543, e-mail: l.depropris@icram.org
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REMOVAL STANDARDS AND CONTROL MEASURE FOR BOTTOM SEDIMENTS
CONTAMINATED BY TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN JAPAN
Professor Masaaki Hosomi
Japan
1. ABSTRACT
Environmental Water Quality and Effluent Standards were established in Japan in order to control water
pollution caused by toxic substances. Since public water areas also hold sediments containing toxic
substances that detract from water quality, release dangerous toxins and cause the bio-accumulation of
toxins in fish and shellfish, these standards are not always sufficient for the protection of human health.
The Ministry of the Environment (formerly Japan Environment Agency) has therefore set up the
"Provisional Removal Standard" for bottom sediment that contains mercury and PCB. This procedure,
based on risk assessment for mercury in bottom sediments, has been adopted for the development of a
removal standard for mercury. In the case of PCB, however, an empirical relationship between PCB
concentrations in bottom sediments and PCB concentrations in fish has been adopted (i.e., a provisional
removal standard for bottom sediment of PCB is 10 mg PCB/kg dry sediment). In this presentation, an
environmental quality standard for dioxins found in bottom sediment (150 pg-TEQ/g dry sediment) is
also introduced. Furthermore, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport Japan organized two
committees for evaluation and reviews of clean-up technologies for dioxin-contaminated river or port
sediments. The essential results by two committee activities are also introduced.
2. CONTACT
Masaaki Hosomi
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei,
Tokyo 184-8588
Japan
Tel+81423 887070
Fax+81423 88 7693
e-mail hosomi@cc.tuat.ac.jp
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SEDNET PROJECTS
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INTRODUCTION TO SEDNET
Jos Brils
The Netherlands
1. ABSTRACT
The European Sediment Network (SedNet) started in 2002 as a Thematic Network with funding from the
European Commission DG-Research under the 5th RTD Framework Programme. It was aimed at setting
up a European network in the field of "assessment of fate and impact of contaminants in sediment and
dredged material and at sustainable solutions for their management and treatment."
Since 2005, SedNet has run independently from the EC. It brings together experts from science,
administration, and industry. It interacts with the various networks in Europe that operate at the national
or international level and that focus on specific fields, such as science, policy making, sediment
management, industry, and education.
SedNet is now the European network aimed at incorporating sediment issues and knowledge into
European strategies to support the achievement of a good environmental status and to develop new tools
for sediment management. The focus is on all sediment quality and quantity issues on a river-basin scale,
ranging from freshwater to estuarine and marine sediments. More information can be found on
www.SedNct.org.
2. CONTACT
Jos Brils
PO Box 80015, 3508 TA
Utrecht
Netherlands
Tel+31 302564797
Fax+3130 256 47 55
e-mail jos.brils@tno.nl
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RISK ASSESSMENT OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS IN RIVER BASINS-
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND PRAGMATIC APPROACH
Ulrich Forstner & Susanne Heise
Germany
1. ABSTRACT
Sustainable management of contaminated sites in a river requires an extensive description of the
sediment, contaminant, and risk processes at river-basin scale because management activities and natural
phenomena that take place on one site potentially influence other sites down and upstream.
Concentrations and rates of contaminant matter and suspended matter in the main river and its tributaries
during normal and flood events, resuspension areas, settlement areas need to be described. A practical
approach to a basin-scale framework for risk management has been shown to comprise three levels of
information: (1) characterization of the basin-specific substances of concern, which impair the basin-scale
objectives, (2) the areas of concern that represent contaminant depots in a catchment, and (3) the areas of
risk (mostly a subgroup of the areas of concern), from which contaminated sediments are transported
downstream, degrading the quality of the river.
Two example areas are presented: (1) the Rhine catchment, where two "areas of high risk" were identified
with high certainty from which contaminated sediments could be transported downstream under certain
discharge conditions; and (2) the Elbe River, for which a river basin-wide sediment assessment is being
carried out to perform inventories of interim depots within the catchment area (i.e. mining residues
underground and at surface-level, river-dams, lock reservoirs, and flood plain and groyne field
sediments). With the aim to identify areas of risks, data of suspended-particle load and contaminant loads
at different locations along the Elbe are being collected and discussed. These data will help point out
those sites where measures can be most effectively carried out to reduce the risk to the basin-scale
objectives.
2. CONTACT
Ulrich Forstner
BIS at the Technical University Hamburg
Eissendorfer Str. 40
21073 Hamburg
Germany
Tel +49 40 42878 2864
Fax+49 40 42878 2315
e-mail u.foerstner@tu-harburg.de
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT—AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF RIVER BASIN
MANAGEMENT PLANS
Ulrich Forstner & Susanne Heise, on behalf of SedNet (wwvv.seduet.org)
Germany
1. ABSTRACT
On the 22nd and 23rd of November 2006, SedNet held a round-table discussion in Venice, Italy, entitled
"Sediment Management-An Essential Part of River Basin Management Plans." The Round Table
Discussion brought together scientists and delegates from European river commissions and user groups.
The river basins represented were the Danube, Douro, Elbe, Humber and Rhine. The participants
concluded that sediment management is an issue in all five river basins. Sediment management in terms
of quality and quantity should receive due attention in River Basin Management Plans. To develop such a
plan can be challenging, taking into consideration the requirements of different European and national
legislation. An adaptive management approach is required. There is no one-size-fits-all solution; it has to
be tailor-made to the specific situation. There is a need to collate available data to identify knowledge
gaps and enhance understanding, linking sediment management to environmental and climate change
issues.
The Round Table concluded that achieving good ecological status requires proper attention to sediment
issues, with an awareness of natural variation and differences between river basins. The outcome of the
Round Table will be used to inform River Basin Managers, key players and users, and the European
Commission for the further implementation process of the Water Framework Directive (WFD).
2. CONTACT
Ulrich Forstner
BIS at the Technical University Hamburg
Eissendorfer Str. 40
21073 Hamburg
Germany
Tel +49 40 42878 2864
Fax+49 40 42878 2315
e-mail u.foerstner@tu-harburg.de
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TOWARDS RISK-BASED MANAGEMENT OF THE SEDIMENT-SOIL-WATER SYSTEM AT
THE RIVER BASIN SCALE (EC FP6 CA RISKBASE)
Jos Brils
The Netherlands
1. ABSTRACT
RISKBASE-leading European scientists and representatives of major European stakeholder groups are
reviewing and synthesizing the outcomes of European Commission's (EC) RTD Framework Program
projects, and other national initiatives, related to integrated risk assessment-based management of the
water/sediment/soil system at the river-basin scale. The synthesis will lead to the development of
integrated risk-based management approaches for the prevention and/or reduction of negative
anthropogenic impacts on these systems.
Logically, risk is always connected to an object or area of concern and within RISKBASE, this is defined
as the goods and services provided by the soil-sediment-water ecosystem, with a specific focus on the
system's resilience. The Resilience Alliance network (www.resalliance.org) defines resilience as "the
amount of change a system can undergo (its capacity to absorb disturbance) and remain within the same
regime and retain the same function, structure, and feedbacks."
Resilience thinking may provide an interesting, innovative approach for (risk-based) management of river
basins. Hence, the meaning of this concept for RISKBASE is now further explored via literature reviews,
a closed preparatory/ exploration workshop (3 & 4 December, Venice, Italy), and a public conference
tentatively scheduled for May 2008 in Budapest.
RISKBASE is a Coordination Action project funded by the EC under its 6th RTD Framework Programme
(Contract No. 036938 GOCE). The project started at 1 September, 2006, and will end at 31 August, 2009.
For more information, check out the RISKBASE website at: www.riskbasc.info.
2. CONTACT
Jos Brils
PO Box 80015, 3508 TA
Utrecht
Netherlands
Tel+31 302564797
Fax+31 302564755
e-mailjos.brils@tno.nl
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PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS CONTROL
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POPS REDUCTION STRATEGY IN SURFACE WATER OF INDUSTRIALIZED REGIONS—
KLODNICA RIVER CASE STUDY
Janusz Krupanek
Poland
1. ABSTRACT
The new European Union legislative framework for water management established by the Water
Framework Directive in the aspect of persistent pollutants requires planning and implementation of
effective strategies that can be efficient in socio-economic terms. It is especially important in the regions
that were under environmental impact for a long time, ending up with accumulation of pollutants in the
environment. The priority substances under consideration by the new EU legislation include cadmium,
lead, and mercury compounds, and selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). These
substances pose an environmental problem in the industrialized Upper Silesia region, which discharges
the greatest load of these substances into two major Polish rivers: Vistula and Odra. The analyses show
that the most important substance of concern is mercury. The potential sources of contamination include:
contaminated post-industrial sites and soil, river sediments, landfills, discharges from operating industrial
facilities, and air deposition generated in the region by the energy, municipal, and heavy industrial
sectors. Management of the problem requires undertaking actions within monitoring system, assessment
tools and decision making procedures.
In the presentation, the overview of the situation in Poland and one of the river catchments located in the
Upper Silesia region—the Ktodnica river—explains the initial hypotheses on the sources and causes of
river contamination by priority substances, and initial identification of available catchment-scale
management options, technical solutions, and required actions to be taken in the future.
2. CONTACT
Janusz Krupanek
Instytut Ekologii Terenow Uprzemysiowionych
Kossutha 6
40-844 Katowice
Poland
Tel +48 32 254 60 31 int 284
Fax+48 32 254 17 17
e-mail krupanek@ietu.katowice.pl
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BEST AVAILABLE ECOLOGICAL FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES
FOR UTILIZATION OR DESTRUCTION OF POPS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Sergey E. Tikhonov
Russian Federation
1. ABSTRACT
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are related to highly toxic chemical substances that negatively
influence people's health and the environment. The twelve POPs included in the Stockholm Convention,
including polychlorbiphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene, toxaphene and DDT, were manufactured by
enterprises of the Russian Federation up to 1993. These enterprises have since closed.
The Russian Federation signed the Stockholm Convention on POPs on 22 May, 2002 (The Resolution of
the Government of the Russian Federation Ne320 from 18 May, 2002) and now is carrying out the
preparation of its ratification. The problem of destruction/neutralization of POPs, such as polychlorinated
biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, DDT, toxaphene, polychlorpinene, and polychlorcaphene, in the Russian
Federation has not been solved yet.
Methods and technologies for POPs neutralization existing in the Russian Federation by analogy to global
practice can be divided into three variants:
1. Ground disposal of PCB-containing waste with observance of effective standards, safety rules,
and actions on preservation of the environment
2. Chemical treatment of POPs with reception of nontoxic substances
3. Destruction of POPs
On the territory of the Russian Federation, there are four operating-waste polygons for ground disposal of
POPs used in Tomsky, Leningradsky, Kaluzhsky and Omsky regions. There are four accredited Russian
laboratories using international methodology and standards for POPs sample analyses.
International practice uses a processing rule where only liquid POPs wastes containing less than one
percent by mass of PCB undergo chemical treatment. However, in practice, the Russian Federation is
processing liquid wastes containing about 90 percent by mass of PCB. That's why after chemical
treatment, the Russian Federation is obtaining dangerous wastes that need further processing.
Solving the need for POPs destruction is complicated by the fact that unfitted pesticides and
polychlorinated biphenyls need to be processed by special ecologically friendly technologies. The foreign
experience of POPs destruction demonstrates that the main technology is high-temperature oxidation
using reactors with different constructions, such as:
• rotational furnaces;
• stationary furnaces;
• liquid waste injection systems; and
• plasma chemical technology.
There are some methods of POPs and other chlorine-containing waste destruction in Russia. Now it is
accepted to combine destruction of "liquid unsuitable pesticides" and polychlorinated biphenyls as
technological parameters and hardware registration coincide. Installations for the destruction of solid and
paste-like POPs are similar with installation for the destruction of liquid POPs with some modernization
by adding of the special mixing equipment.
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The most perspective methods of high temperature oxidation include:
• High-temperature furnaces with a cyclonic reactor
• Combustion chambers of high-temperature rocket engines
• Installations on the basis of liquid rocket engines
• Installations on the basis of plasma chemical technologies
• Destruction in a stream of the heated gases
• Explosion of the explosive containing chemically neutralized PCB
• Fuel combustion at high-temperatures and contact heating
• Blast-furnaces
• Cement kilns
On the basis of the considered technical, ecological, and economic requirements to technologies of POPs
destruction, four Russian technologies of high-temperature oxidation were developed:
1. The cyclonic reactor for thermodestruction
2. The rocket engine
3. The liquid rocket engine
4. The plasmatron and a chemical reactor
Currently available neutralization technologies are divided on two basic groups. The first group, which is
the most numerous, includes technologies that wash PCBs using the subsequent liquidation of
transformers and containers. The second group, which is much smaller, includes technologies that wash
PCBs from the internal part of transformers and then subsequently fills them with an alternative liquid.
Three existing Russian washing technologies for transformers and containers containing PCBs has shown
that all of them belong to the first group mentioned above. Washing PCBs using vapors of chloride
methylene is recommended by JSC "PetrochimTechnologiya"' together with RNC "Prikladnaya Chimiya"
after check in skilled scale. Washing of PCBs using toluene is presented by enterprise "GITOS" after
experimental test. Washing PCBs using water-washing solutions is recommended by Novo Lipetsk's
metallurgical combine after an experimental test
All Russian washing technologies are stipulated cleaning of PCB transformers only "in gathering" with
their subsequent disassembly and utilizing of metal details. According to technical, ecological and
economic characteristics of washing methods from PCB transformers and containers in Russia, it is
recommended that the technology use chloride methylene vapors as solvent. Mobile variants of such
installations with above mentioned technology is also capable in certain circumstances.
Comparison of destruction methods of PCB containing condensers and international industrial practice of
neutralization processes of PCB-containing condensers are carried out according with two dimensions:
• destruction of condensers; and
• neutralization of condensers with the subsequent recycling of metals.
Destruction is an investigated and widespread direction of liquidation of PCB-containing condensers.
Some companies apply high-temperature burning of PCB-containing condensers, which have been
preliminary crushed. Neutralization of condensers with the subsequent recycling of metals provides
washing condensers, their disassembly, and the second washing of cases and cores.
Technologies of neutralization of condensers existing in Russia are also divided into two dimensions.
The first dimension uses the following methods of burning:
• explosion of the explosive containing chemically neutralized PCB in particles of crushed
condensers;
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• fuel in high-temperature powder like mixes of filtration burning (PMFB); and
• bubble melting furnace with systems of fuel depletion and neutralization of tail gases.
The second dimension mostly uses the method of roasting of condensers. According to technical,
ecological and economic parameters, bubble-melting furnace technology with systems of fuel depletion
and neutralizations of tail gases is recommended for using in the Russian Federation. The high-
temperature cyclonic reactor technology of POPs destruction is also recommended for use in Russia by a
company called Synthesis located in Moscow.
Conclusions:
1. The period from the beginning of the development of new technology and installation for
POPs destruction proceeds for a long time.
2. The development of new technology and installation for POPs destruction demand sufficient
financial government and private investment support.
3. According to Federal Act of the Russian Parliament "About the Environmental Expertise"
(1995) every new technology influence on environmental require conclusion of the Federal
(regional) Environmental Expertise.
4. The number of the existing and operating technologies on POPs destruction in the Russian
Federation with the positive conclusions of the Federal (regional) Environmental Expertise is
imperceptible.
2. CONTACT
Sergey Tikhonov
Centre for International Projects
Pervomaiskaya Street, 58 b, room 106.
105043 Moscow
Russian Federation
Tel.+7495 1650562
Fax+7 495 1650890
e-mail tse@eco-cip.ru
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OTHER TOPICS
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SNOWMAN, A NEW INITIATIVE FOR
TRANS-NATIONAL RESEARCH FUNDING AND CO-OPERATION
Nadine Dueso/Johan van Veen
France/The Netherlands
1. ABSTRACT
The overall objective of the ERA-NET SNOWMAN is to enhance the quality, relevance, and use of
resources in Europe regarding research in the field of sustainable management of soil and groundwater
under the pressure of soil pollution and soil contamination. SNOWMAN is a network of seven European
research flinders and administrations.
The SNOWMAN project wants to answer the following questions:
• What do we HAVE? Which research programmes are on stage?
o "A SNOWMAN'S Navigator through Research Funding Programmes across Europe.
2006" can be found at http://snowman-era.net/downloads/Navigator.pdf.
• What do we WANT? Which vision of a common ground can we set up? What hinders co-
operation?
o "Working Together In Research and Development for Sustainable Land Management in
Europe—The Vision of SNOWMAN. 2006" can be found at http://snowman-
era.net/downloads/SNOWMAN_Vision_Papcr.pdf.
• How can we get co-operation now? What are the contents for coordinated research? Which
mechanisms for co-operation arc available and feasible at the moment?
o SNOWMAN launched a coordinated call for research on December the 1st, 2006.
Participants had to build trans-national research consortia involving at least two
independent legal entities from at least two of the SNOWMAN countries. A step-by-step
process was necessary to get settled and agreed funding rules before announcing the call.
Further SNOWMAN objectives are now:
• To achieve the implementation of this first co-ordinated research call.
• To disseminate the results of the funded projects amongst the participating countries and more
widely.
• To disseminate lessons learned from the SNOWMAN Call.
• To establish a future research programme, with settled and agreed research funding rules and a
well developed dissemination strategy.
• To tend to an enlargement of the group of national research funding organizations. Any interested
organization is welcome!
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2. CONTACTS
Nadine Dueso
ADEME
20. Avenue du Gresille BP 90406
49004 ANGERS Cedex 01
France
Tel+33 2 41 91 4053
Fax+33 2 41 91
e-mail Nadine.dueso@ademe.fr
H. Johan Van Veen
TNO
P.O. BOX 342
7300 AH Apeldoorn
Netherlands
Tel +31 55 493 922, +31 65 383 3381
e-mail johan.vanveen@tno.nl
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NATIONAL INVENTORY OF POTENTIAL SOURCES
OF SOIL CONTAMINATION IN CYPRUS-
PART 1: COMPILATION OF THE INVENTORY OF SOIL POLLUTING ACTIVITIES
Alecos Demetriades, Nikos Androulakakis, Maria Kaminari, and Katerina Vergou
Greece
1. ABSTRACT
The Hellenic Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME), in collaboration with the Polish
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU) and the Cypriot company, Geolnvest Ltd., were
contracted by the Cyprus Geological Survey Department (GSD) for the provision of consulting services
and technical support to the Government of Cyprus for the project entitled "National Inventory of
Potential Sources of Soil Contamination in Cyprus." The objectives of the study were "to compile a
National Inventory of contaminated sites, including all potential sources of soil contamination, thus
setting up the framework of a Contaminated Soil Management and Remediation Scheme."
The Inventory is a valuable decision-making tool, not only for the assessment and management of
potentially contaminated sites, but also for planning purposes to locate sensitive land uses near hazardous
sites. Since, it is the first geographical-based Inventory to be developed in Cyprus with the aim to include
all potential contaminating activities, it becomes an indispensable tool for the Government of Cyprus with
respect to the European Union's Water Directive 2000/60, and also the pending Soil Directive, because it
can identify pressures in each drainage basin, and categorise them according to their potential hazard on
the environment.
The Inventory has been developed as a personal Access geodatabase in ESRI's ArcGIS software, the
same platform used by Eratosthenis, the database of the Cyprus Geological Survey Department. The
potential soil-polluting activities were categorised according to type and volume of hazardous wastes
produced, and the probable organic and inorganic contaminants identified.
A very significant aspect of database development is the quality and integrity of data and information to
be entered in the Inventory. Since, the Inventory will become an important decision-making tool, it must
include high-quality information and legally defensible chemical and geochcmical analytical results.
Therefore, all information entered should be checked for its validity, and chemical analytical data for any
sample type (e.g., soil and waste) submitted by companies should be accompanied by a validation
certificate on the quality of the data. Geochemical data generated by the Cyprus Geological Survey
Department also should be validated with quality control/quality assurance data. Dubious information and
chemical and geochemical analytical data, if stored in the Inventory just for general information purposes,
should be rated as of low quality and should be accompanied by a relevant document describing the data
set (metadata).
2. CONTACT
Alecos Demetriades
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration
70 Messoghion St.
11 527 Athens
Greece
Tel.+30 210 77 11 911
Fax+30 210 77 23 26
e-mail ademetriades@igme.gr
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NATIONAL INVENTORY OF POTENTIAL SOURCES OF SOIL CONTAMINATION IN
CYPRUS—PART 2: RISK-BASED APPROACH TO ASSESSMENT OF CYPRIOT
CONTAMINATED SITES
Eleonora Wcislo and Marek Korcz
Poland
1. ABSTRACT
A risk-based approach to assessment of Cypriot-contaminated sites was developed under the project,
"National Inventory of Potential Sources of Soil Contamination in Cyprus," as a tool to support
remediation decisions at contaminated sites by the Government of Cyprus. The risk-based approach refers
to human health, and may take into consideration both current and future land-use patterns.
The approach was designed as a two-step process: (1) preliminary assessment, and (2) site-specific
assessment. For purposes of the preliminary site assessment, risk-based soil guideline values (RBSGVs)
were estimated for 102 soil contaminants for Cypriot environmental conditions under three land use
patterns - industrial, residential, and recreational. In step two, the site-specific assessment, when the
developed Cypriot RBSGVs are exceeded, the use of a simple site-specific human health risk assessment
(HRA) procedure is recommended. The two-step contaminated site assessment process has strictly
defined rules of applicability, and may be viewed as an essential element of contaminated site
investigation / assessment / remediation strategy.
For assessment consistency, the same HRA methods were used for the derivation of both the Cypriot
RBSGVs and the site-specific HRA outputs. The applied HRA methods were generally adopted from
recent US EPA documents. The developed RBSGVs are to be used as screening values, which would
direct the follow-up investigation and risk assessment to aspects that require more attention. RBSGVs
provide a general and conservative level of protection to human receptors under the defined land use. The
site-specific human health risk assessment (HRA) process comprises two main areas: (1) baseline human
health risk assessment (BHRA), and (2) development of site-specific risk-based remedial levels (RBRLs).
2. CONTACT
Eleonora Wcislo
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU)
6 Kossutha St.
40-844 Katowice
Poland
Tel+48 32 254 60 31
Fax+48 32 254 17 17
e-mail wci@ietu.katowice.pl
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MAPPING OF GEOCHEMICAL CONTAMINATION IN URBAN AREAS OF LITHUANIA
Virgilija Gregorauskiene
Lithuania
1. ABSTRACT
In Lithuania, geochemical mapping of urban areas was started in Vilnius city in 1985. Topsoil, stream
sediments, snow cover, manufactory dust, and other sampling media are used in eco-geochemical
investigations. The aim of investigations is to detect sources of contamination, their geochemical
properties, as well as the level and spread of contamination. The sampling grid in urban areas usually is
irregular with regard to supposed anthropogenic load. The least disturbed residential areas are mapped at
grid 250x250 m or 100x100 m, depending on population density and distance from industrial areas. The
sampling sites are selected in such way that the amount of the soil samples according to types based on
anthropogenic load or land use units (e.g., parkland, area of cottages, areas of apartment houses, and old
town) would be statistically reliable (i.e., 100±10). The industrial areas (territories of enterprises) are
mapped at grid 25x25 m or 10x10 m depending on soil sealing and diversity of industrial activities. The
stream sediments, sediments of lakes and ponds, as well as sediments of dug wells are also investigated
during urban soil mapping to estimate the pathway of contamination and its impact on groundwater
quality. The latter one is the only drinking water source in Lithuania. Geochemical matrix of manufactory
dust from vents and filters is used to detect the individual "geochemical fingerprints" of different
enterprises and its contaminated areas. Snow dust (filtered residual) also is used to detect the area of
industrial-emissions air transported and on deposited soil.
At present, the geochemical data on soil contamination in the areas of Vilnius, Panevezys, Mazeikiai,
Siauliai, Alytus, Birzai, Pasvalys, Rokiskis, Kupiskis and other towns are stored by the geochemists of
Geological Survey of Lithuania and Institute of Geology and Geography. In the soil of most cities,
increased concentrations up to some tens (in some enterprises, up to some thousands) of most elements
occur. Mainly contamination is related to local industrial activity. For example, at some enterprises the
concentration of Zn, Cu, Ag, Pb and Cr in soil exceeds more than a thousand times and dozens, hundreds
for other elements. Especially high concentrations of specific elements, such as Sb, Mn and W, was
observed on territories of former enterprises that produced, for example, battery cells, agriculture
machines, and drills In the contaminated cities, and especially in territories of enterprises, the associations
of element-contaminants include non-ferrous and ferrous metals not characteristic for natural element
associations These associations often reflect the specific features of contamination source and, in certain
cases, could help to determine boundaries of its contamination area.
Sanitary assessment of urban soil is carried out on the basis of available geochemical data and the soil-
quality standard of Lithuania HN 60:2004 and Hygiene Standard HN 97:2004. The objective of these
standards is obligatory limit values of toxic substances (heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, PAH and
PCB) for the soil (whole soil layer from surface till soil parent material) of residential, recreational and
agricultural areas. Furthermore, the level of soil contamination with heavy metals is assessed not only
according to the highest allowable concentrations (HAC), but also according to peculiar indices: the risk
index KO and the total contamination index Zs, which are related to the criteria of human health.
According to the level of contamination, different actions in contaminated areas are required.
The soil geochemical background values obtained by geochemical mapping of natural areas and suburb
land are always used for assessment of contaminated urban areas. Part of geochemical background and
contamination data is published in the "Geochemical Atlas of Lithuania." Some geochemical data and soil
contamination maps are used by town municipalities to determine which geochemical investigations of
urban areas were performed in their jurisdiction. However, geochemical investigations lag behind the
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planning, development, and reclamation projects of urban areas. Thus, new dwelling houses are often
built on hazardous sites with "historical contamination" that may make a threat against human health.
2. CONTACT
Virgilija Gregorauskiene
Geological Survey of Lithuania
S. Konarskio str. 35
LT-03123 Vilnius
Lithuania
Tel +370 686 92 404
Fax+370 523 36 156
e-mail virgilija.gregorauskiene@lgt.lt
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NATQ/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
INVENTORY OF POTENTIAL CONTAMINATED SITES IN UPPER SILESIA REGION
Janusz Krupanek
Poland
1. ABSTRACT
The proposed European Commission Soil Framework Directive requires taking up policy actions in the
member countries. In the case of Poland, a contaminated land management system on a national and
regional level should be carefully planned and implemented. One of the important regions of concern is
the Upper Silesia, which is characterized by long-standing environmental impacts caused by industrial
development. To provide an effective system of contaminated and post-industrial sites management in the
region, strategic concepts and operational solutions are tested in carried-out pilot projects. The activities
undertaken so far lead to preliminary identification of the potentially contaminated sites. The sites are of
various natures. In the context of the new EU legislative framework, the most important are the post-
industrial sites—especially heavy industry and mining facilities, operating installations, municipal and
industrial landfills, and services like petrol stations. Various approaches for management of these sites are
discussed. Assessment and prioritization is undertaken to select the sites for preliminary and detailed site
investigation. Further steps of the contaminated land management procedure require application of
efficient tools for verification of the initial hypotheses on the sites soil contamination and analytical and
decision tools concerning selection of remediation options.
The presentation comprises the results of the carried-out pilot projects in the Upper Silesia region to
inventory and assess the contaminated sites, procedural and methodological aspects of site
characterization, and recommendations for contaminated land management strategy for Poland based on
the regional study example.
2. CONTACT
Janusz Krupanek
Instytut Ekologii Terenow Uprzemyslowionych
Kossutha 6
40-844 Katowice
Poland
Tel+48 32 254 60 31 int 284
Fax+48 32 254 17 17
e-mail krupanek@ietu.katowice.pl
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NATQ/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
NORTH BOHEMIAN TERTIARY SEDIMENTARY BASINS AND NEGATIVE IMPACT OF
BROWN COAL MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT
RNDr. Kvetoslav Vlk
Czech Republic
1. ABSTRACT
The mining of brown coal in North Bohemian Tertiary sedimentary basins, which is the basic source of
electric energy in the country, represents with all its circumstances the highest negative impact on the
environment of the Czech Republic. Together with the presence of other industrial activities in the region
(e.g., brown-coal-burning power plants, local heating stations, chemical works, and extensive heavy
traffic), open-cast mining is making the whole area the most environmentally affected territory within the
s.c. "Black Triangle" in the Central Europe.
Now, the situation is much better because desulphurisation units were installed in all brown-coal-burning
plants owned by CEZ a.s. (Czech Energy Ltd.), which subsequently definitively stopped the acid rain
problems and switched the attention to other sources of air pollution.
The presentation briefly specifies the impacts of brown-coal, open-cast mining on different part of the
environment. It also shows the projects dealing with the remediation and recultivation of land previously
occupied by the large-scale, open-pit mining and recently used alternatively for environmentally friendly
purposes and for the benefit of Regional Authorities.
Impact of Coal Mining on the Environment
The most damaged territories exist in North Bohemian Miocene brown-coal sedimentary basins, where
past and recent underground and open-cast coal mining took place. These territories are located in the rift
valley under the Krusne hory Mountains. The length of the basins is about 75 km and the width about 25
km.
The impact of existing brown-coal mining activities represents the largest destruction of geological
environment in the Czech Republic. Some 260 km2 of the land surface has been influenced by coal
mining, of which 80 km2 is covered by dumps. Many tens-of-squarc kilometres of landscape, including
more than 70 villages and settlements, have been swallowed by advancing coal open-cast pits. This
practically led to the total destruction of ecological stability and liquidation of traditional lifestyle in the
whole area. At present, about 160 km2 is used for mining activities in the North Bohemian brown-coal
basins. Due to the continuous decline of coal mining, mining in this area will be limited to 85 km2 in the
year 2010. The high stripping ratio, which is in average 2,50-2,80 m3/t, is characteristic of the North
Bohemian brown-coal basin.
The circulation of the groundwater system has been disturbed and almost completely blocked. The
expanding open-cast, brown-coal mines need large outer areas for dumping wastes. Large surface areas
were affected by slumps. The original geographical relief is known only from the old maps from 18th and
19th centuries.
The most difficult and, until now, slowly solved problems by the remediation of the geological
environment in North Bohemian basins are abandoned open-pit mines reaching up to 3,5 billions of m3 in
volume. A high content of sulphur reaching maximally up to ten percent and of arsenic up to two percent
in the brown coal is a reason for several environmental problems, such as emissions and acidification. The
continuous brown-coal mining could also influence the yield, hydraulic pressure, and COi content of
thermal springs of mineral water at the world-known Karlovy Vary Spa. The hydrogeological and static
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Sediments August 2007
conditions around the open-cast, brown coal mines are changing during their exploitation and have a
negative impact on the foundation of buildings at the surrounding towns and villages. Many villages have
already been destroyed and their residents have moved due to the progress of mining. Even now, the
developers are trying to persuade the government to allow them to continue mining further to the
northeast, which will damage another village.
In North Bohemian sedimentary brown-coal basins, 31,000 ha of land have been affected, 6,000 ha have
been remediated up to now, and, on 3,100 ha, the process of remediation has just started. In North
Bohemian brown-coal basins, there are 329 000 inhabitants. Until the year 2005, the mining production
reached more then 90 million tons of brown coal mainly to support the electric plan needs. The electric
power plants situated in this region are producing more then 60 percent of the electricity of the Czech
Republic.
Environmental Remediation Program
As of 1989, the assessment of all integrated parts of environment pollution have been completed, and
many evaluation projects and subsequent remediation programs have been designed. The situation has
improved due to better balance between mining operations and dumping (prevailing inner dumps). There
is no need anymore to build new outer dumps, and the older dumps are in a process of gradual
reclamation and incorporation into the landscape.
Remaining pits (about 3 bil.m3 are missing) are being flooded, thus forming lakes for recreation, though
the problems with the duration of their filling, stability of their slopes and quality of their water are still
not completely solved. Their slopes are being reforested. Large and costly landscaping projects are also in
progress on outer dumps, where restoration of soil horizons is of great importance. In order to cut down
expenditure on land reclamation, selective stripping of soil, such as topsoil, loess and loess loam suitable
for recultivation, takes place when open-cast mining operations are shut down.
Forests, orchards, farmland, and even some vineyards have been established on plots of restored ground
in a total area of about 66 km2. Appropriate parts of some sites are prepared for various construction
projects and some facilities (e.g., car-racing track, horse-racing track, golf course, and local airports) have
been already sited on suitable areas. It is anticipated that shrinking of mining operations will accelerate
the process of landscape reclamation.
2. CONTACT
Kvetoslav Vlk
The Department of the Environmental Damages
The Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic
Letenska525/15
118 lOPraha 1
Czech Republic
Tel +420 257 043 907
Mob. +420606934043
e-mail kvetoslav.vlk@mfcr.cz
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
REMEDIATION OF CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS AFFECTED BY URANIUM IN SITU
LEACHING (ISL) IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Josef Tomas
Czech Republic
1. ABSTRACT
During the last 60 years, since the end of World War II, uranium mining and milling in the Czech
Republic has caused an enormous devastation of the environment by means of waste-dumps
accumulation, waste dumps left after uranium prospections, tailings impoundments, and other workings.
All these negative impacts influenced the quality of the environment and affected mainly surface and
ground waters and soils, and simultaneously polluted great areas of land and endangered the catchments
of drinking water. The situation in this region is more critical because the area belongs to the protected
natural water reservoir in North Bohemian Cretaceous Platform.
The Straz pod Ralskem mining district, which was chosen as the most heavily polluted locality
geologically, represents a stratiform-sandstone-type of deposit where acid in situ leaching (ISL) has been
applied as the mining method since 1968. A quantity of 3.8 million tons of H2SO4, 270,000 tons of HNO3,
and 103,000 tons of NH4 have been injected into the leaching fields of the Straz deposit in the last 35
years, which has affected about 188 mil.m3 of Cenomanian water over an area of 28 km2. To solve the
negative influence of coexistence of Hamr mine and ISL Straz mine, a protective hydraulic barrier has
been built between these two deposits.
To suppress the negative impact of an ISL, a desalination plant (evaporisation station) with a capacity of 5
m3/ min. has been built and started to operate in 1996. The positive results were as follows:
• Polluted underground waters were stabilized.
• The water level in Cenomanian aquifer went down.
• The overlaying Turanian aquifer was not affected by Cenomanian polluted liquers.
The presentation describes the contemporaneous stage of the governmental remediation and recultivation
programme.
HISTORICAL REVIEW
The Bohemian Massif belongs to a very important uranium-bearing province. Uranium mineralisation has
been connected with post-variscan hydrothermal activity and emplacement of carbonatic dikes with
uranium mineralisation. Uranium ores have been mined in Jachymov (Joachimsthal) since 1840—first for
making paints and later, when radium and polonium were discovered by Mme Curie, for producing
radium. During the years 1907-1939, a total of 2.5 - 5.5 g of radium per year were produced at Jachymov.
The years 1945-1960 started the period of exploitation of uranium ores for army purposes. The first
Soviet atom bomb was manufactured from uranium ore from Jachymov.
After World War II, uranium exploration grew rapidly as a large-scale program in support of the
Czechoslovak uranium-production industry. A systematic exploration program, including geological,
geophysical and geochemical surveys and related researches, was carried out to assess the uranium
potential of the entire country. Subsequently there have been opened and exploited following uranium
districts:
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments
August 2007
• West Bohemian District
• Pribram and Central Bohemian District
• Rozinka District
• North Bohemian Uranium District
URANIUM MINES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
The majority of uranium deposits in Bohemian Massif are of vein type, but this lecture will pay an
attention to the stratiform sandstone-type deposit, which is situated in North Bohemian Cretaceous
Sedimentary Basin.
Uranium production and use in the Czech Republic 1989-2003 in Kt
i— CM CO
O O O
o o o
CN C\l
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COUNTRY REPRESENTATIVES
Pilot Study Director
Kovalick Walter
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
77 W Jackson Blud.
Chicago, II 60607 (M-J4)
USA
Tel+1 3128860147
Fax+1 3123534135
e-mail Kovalick.walter@epa.gov
Country Representatives
Kasamas Harald
BMLFUW
Stubenbastei 5
1010 Vienna
Austria
Tel+43151522 3449
Fax+4315131679 1567
e-mail harald.kasamas@lebensministerium.at
Diels Ludo
Head Milieu- en Procestechnologie
Vlaamse installing voor technologisch
onderzoek (Vito)
Boeretang 200
2400 Mol
Belgium
Tel+32 14336924
Fax +32 14 32 65 86
e-mail ludo.diels@vito.bc
Keller Lisa
ENVIRONMENT CANADA
70 RUE CREMAZIE, 6th FLOOR
K1A OH3 GATINEAU, QUEBEC
Canada
Tel.+8199539370
Fax+819 994 0502
e-mail lisa.keller@ec.gc.ca
Vlk Kvetoslav
The Department of the Environmental
Damages
The Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic
Letenska525/15
118 lOPraha 1
Czech Republic
Tel +420 257 043 907
Mob. +420606934043
e-mail kvetoslav.vlk@mfcr.cz
Dueso Nadine
ADEME
20. Avenue du Gresille BP 90406
49004 ANGERS Cedex 01
France
Tel.+33241 91 4053
Fax+33 2 41 91
e-mail Nadine.dueso@ademe.fr
Frauenstein Joerg
Woerlitzer Platz 1
06844 Dessau
Germany
Tel+49 340 2103 3064
Fax+49 340 2104 3064
e-mail joerg.frauenstein@uba.de
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments
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Volker Franzius
Woerlitzer Platz 1
06844 Dessau
Germany
Tel.+49 340 2103 3496
Fax+49 340 2104 3496
e-mail volker.franzius@uba.de
volker_franzius@web.de
Xenidis Anthimos
National Technical University of Athens
9, Iroon Polytechniou str./Zografou
15780 Athens
Greece
Tel+30-210-7722300
Fax+30-210-7722168
e-mail axen@central.nrua.gr
Quercia Francesca
APAT
Via V. Brancati 48
00144 Rome
Italy
Tel +39 06 5007 4472
Fax+39 06 4465 159
e-mail quercia@apat.it
Hosomi Masaaki
Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology
2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei,
Tokyo 184-8588
Japan
Tel+81423 887070
Fax+81423 88 7693
e-mail hosomi@cc.tuat.ac.jp
Strauss Ilgonis
Hazardous Waste Management State Agency
31 Miera Street
LV-2169Salaspils
Latvia
Tel +37167901212, +37129289498 (mob.)
Fax +37167901211
e-mail ilgonis.strauss@bapa.gov.lv
Kestutis Kadunas
Geological Survey of Lithuania
S. Konarskio str. 35
LT-03123 Vilnius
Lithuania
Tel+37052136272
Fax+370 5 2336156
e-mail Kestutis.Kadunas@lgt.lt
Van Veen H. Johan
TNO
P.O. BOX 342
7300 AH Apeldoorn
Netherlands
Tel +31 55 493 922, +31 65 383 3381
e-mail johan.vanveen@tno.nl
Krupanek Janusz
Instytut Ekologii Terenow
Uprzemystowionych
Kossutha 6
40-844 Katowice
Poland
Tel+48 32 254 60 31 int284
Fax+48 32 254 17 17
e-mail krupanek@ietu.katowice.pl
Wcislo Eleonora
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas
6 Kossutha St.
40-844 Katowice
Poland
Tel+48-32 254 60 31
Fax+48-32 254 17 17
e-mail wci@ietu.katowice.pl
Tikhonov Sergey
Centre for International Projects
Pervomaiskaya Street, 58 b, room 106.
105043 Moscow
Russian Federation
Tel.+7495 1650562
Fax+7 495 1650890
e-mail tse@eco-cip.ru
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
Druzina Branko Unlii Kahraman
University College of Health, University Middle East Technical University
of Ljubljana Environmental Engineering Department
Poljanska 26 A 06531 Ankara
1000 Ljubljana Turkey
Slovenia Tel +90 312 210 5 8 69
Tel+386 1 300 11 15 Fax+90 312 210 26 46
Fax +386 1 300 11 19 e-mail kunlu@metu.edu.tr
e-mail branko.druzina@vsz.uni-lj.si
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments
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ATTENDEES LIST
Biberhofer Johann
78 St. Margaret's Road
Ancaster, Ontario
Canada
Tel+905 336 4512
Fax +905 336 4420
e-mail hans.biberhofer@ec.gc.ca
Bidovec Milan
Geological Survey of Slovenia
Dimiceva 14
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
Tel+386 1 2809708
Fax +386 1 2809 753
e-mail Milan.bidovec@geo-zs.si
Brils Jos
PO Box 80015, 3508 TA
Utrecht
Netherlands
Tel+31 302564797
Fax+31 302564755
e-mailjos.brils@tno.nl
Demetriades Alecos
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration
70 Messoghion St.
11 527 Athens
Greece
Tel.+30-210-77 11 911
Fax+30-210-77 23 26
e-mail ademetriades@igme.gr
Franzius Volker
Woerlitzer Platz 1
06844 Dessau
Germany
Tel.+49 340 2103 3496
Fax+49 340 2104 3496
e-mail volker.franzius@uba.de
volker_franzius@web.de
Diels Ludo
Head Milieu- en Procestechnologie
Vlaamse instelling voor technologisch onderzoek
(Vito)
Boeretang 200
2400 Mol
Belgium
Tel+32 14336924
Fax +32 14 32 65 86
e-mail ludo.diels@vito.be
Druzina Branko
University College of Health, University
of Ljubljana
Poljanska 26 A
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
Tel+386 1 300 11 15
Fax+386 1 300 11 19
e-mail branko.druzina@vsz.uni-lj.si
Dueso Nadine
ADEME
20. Avenue du Gresille BP 90406
49004 ANGERS Cedex 01
France
Tel.+33241 914053
Fax+33 2 41 91
e-mail Nadine.dueso@ademe.fr
Forstner Ulrich
BIS at the Technical University Hamburg
Eissendorfer Str. 40
21073 Hamburg
Germany
Tel +49 40 42878 2864
Fax+49 40 42878 2315
e-mail u.foerstner@tu-harburg.de
Hosomi Masaaki
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei,
Tokyo 184-8588
Japan
Tel+81423 88 7070
Fax+81 423887693
e-mail hosomi@cc.tuat.ac.jp
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Frauenstein Joerg
Woerlitzer Platz 1
06844 Dessau
Germany
Tel+49 340 2103 3064
Fax+49 340 2104 3064
e-mail joerg.frauenstein@uba.de
Geraldini Serena
ICRAM - Central Institute for marine Research
- Gruppo Bonifiche
Via di Casalotti 300
00166 Roma
Italy
Tel/Fax+39 06 61570543
e- mail s.geraldini@icram.org
Gregorauskiene Virgilija
Geological Survey of Lithuania
S. Konarskio str. 35
LT-03123 Vilnius
Lithuania
Tel +370 686 92 404
Fax+370 523 36 156
e-mail virgilija.gregorauskiene@lgt.lt
Horvat Milena
Institute Jozef Stefan
Jamova 39
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
Tel. +386 1 477 39 00
Fax+386 1 251 9385
e-mail milena.horvat@ijs.si
Kasamas Harald
BMLFUW
Stubenbastei 5
1010 Vienna
Austria
Tel+43151522 3449
Fax+4315131679 1567
e-mail harald.kasamas@lebensministerium.at
Keller Lisa
ENVIRONMENT CANADA
70 RUE CREMAZIE, 6th FLOOR
K1A OH3 GATINEAU, QUEBEC
Canada
Tel.+8199539370
Fax+819 994 0502
e-mail lisa.keller@ec.gc.ca
Kestutis Kadunas
Geological Survey of Lithuania
S. Konarskio str. 35
LT-03123 Vilnius
Lithuania
Tel+37052136272
Fax+370 5 2336156
e-mail Kestutis.Kadunas@lgt.lt
Kovalick Walter
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
77 W Jackson Blud.
Chicago, II 60607 (M-J4)
USA
Tel+1 3128860147
Fax+1 3123534135
e-mail Kovalick.walter@epa.gov
Krupanek Janusz
Instytut Ekologii T erenow Uprzemyslowionych
Kossutha 6
40-844 Katowice
Poland
Tel+48 32 254 60 31 int 284
Fax+48 32 254 17 17
e-mail krupanek@ietu.katowice.pl
Reible Danny
University of Texas
1 University Station C 1786
Austin, TX 78712
USA
Tel+1 512471 4642
Fax+1 512471 5870
e-mail reible@mail.utexas.edu
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Langert Helmut
Umweltbundesamt Austria
Spittelauer Lande 5
A - 1090 Vienna
Austria
Tel+43 1 313045929
Fax+43 1 313043533
e-mail Helmut, laengert-
muehlegger@umweltbundesamt.at
Mariotti Claudio
Sviluppo Italia Aree Produttive S.p.A.
Via P. Boccanelli, 30
00138 Roma
Italy
Tel+39 06 421 60306
Fax+39 06 421 60863
Renzi Paola
ICRAM Gruppo Bonifiche Siti Marini
Contaminati
Via di Casalotti 300
00166 Roma
Italy
Tel+39 06 6157 04 87
Fax+39 06 6156 1906
e-mail p.renzi@icram.org
Santiago Roger
Environment Canada
4805 Dufferin Street
Toronto, Ontario
Canada
Tel+416 739 5876
Fax+416 739 4560
e-mail cmariotti@sviluppoitaliaareeproduttive.it e-mail roger.santiago@ec.gc.ca
Paola Agostini
Consorzio Venezia Ricerche
Via della Liberia 12
30175 Marghera, Venice
Italy
Tel+39 041 5093022
Fax+39 041 5093047
e-mail paola.agostini@unive.it
Quercia Francesca
APAT
Via V. Brancati 48
00144 Rome
Italy
Tel +39 06 5007 4472
Fax+39 06 4465 159
e-mail quercia@apat.it
Sewell Guy
East Central University
1100E. 14th St.
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
USA
Tel +1 580 559 5547
Fax+1 5805595606
e-mail Guy_sewell@cs.ecok.edu
Strauss Ilgonis
Hazardous Waste Management State Agency
31 Miera Street
LV-2169Salaspils
Latvia
Tel+37167901212,+37129289498 (mob.)
Fax+37167901211
e-mail ilgonis.strauss@bapa.gov.lv
Tikhonov Sergey
Centre for International Projects
Pervomaiskaya Street, 58 b, room 106.
105043 Moscow
Russian Federation
Tel.+7495 1650562
Fax+7 495 1650890
e-mail tse@eco-cip.ru
Wcislo Eleonora
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas
6 Kossutha St.
40-844 Katowice
Poland
Tel+48-32 254 60 31
Fax+48-32 254 17 17
e-mail wci@ictu.katowice.pl
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
Tomas Josef Xenidis Anthimos
Ministry of the Environment of the Czech National Technical University of Athens
Republic 9, Iroon Polytcchniou str./Zografou
Vrsocucka 65 157 80 Athens
IQOlOPrahalO Greece
Czech Republic Tel +30-210-7722300
Tel +420 267 122 109 Fax +30-210-7722168
Fax+420 267 310 305 e-mailaxen@central.ntua.gr
e-mail samot@env.cz
IJnlii Kahraman
Middle East Technical University
Environmental Engineering Department
06531 Ankara
Turkey
Tel+90 312 210 58 69
Fax+90 312 210 26 46
e-mail kunlu@metu.edu.tr
Van Veen H. Johan
TNO
P.O. BOX 342
7300 AH Apeldoorn
Netherlands
Tel +31 55 493 922, +31 65 383 3381
e-mail johan.vanveen@tno.nl
Vlk Kvetoslav
The Department of the Environmental Damages
The Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic
Letenska525/15
118 lOPraha 1
Czech Republic
Tel +420 257 043 907
Mob. +420606934043
e-mail kvctoslav.vlk@mfcr.cz
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PILOT STUDY MISSION
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study:
Prevention and Remediation Issues
In Selected Industrial Sectors
PROPOSAL FOR NEW NATO/CCMS PILOT STUDY
1. BACKGROUND TO PROPOSED STUDY
The current NATO Pilot Study on technologies for clean up of contaminated land will be completed in
2002. There are several reasons to conclude the pilot study. The primary reason is that general
information on technologies, processes, and methodologies for the cleanup of contaminated land and
groundwater has been discussed and distributed by the pilot study in its meetings and annual reports.
Thus, the goal of the pilot study has been accomplished. There is ongoing interest by participating
countries and countries with developing contaminated land programs to continue a dialogue, to focus on
specific industrial sectors, and to maintain technical contacts and information flow provided by the
current "network" of pilot study participants. Thus, a new pilot study is proposed in order for this long-
standing global network on contaminated land to continue.
2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES: NEW PILOT STUDY - SECTORAL APPROACH
Much of the work of the past pilot study on contaminated land has drawn on case studies of technologies
applied to a wide variety of industrial and land contamination settings. While useful for explaining the
basis for the technology, its costs, and applicability, the information available is not focused on certain
problems or site types at a variety of scales, contaminant concentrations, geological conditions, etc. Thus,
the current pilot study is a "technologist's" view of characterization and remediation approaches.
Of more relevance to governments, industry, and the remediation services industry is interpretive
information about the measurement and clean up of certain contaminants in specific industrial sectors in a
variety of hydrogeological settings and levels of severity of risk. In addition, environmental protection has
embraced more holistic concepts of preventing problems as a first priority. Thus, methods for preventing
pollution (both by process changes and by land use and planning initiatives) coupled with remediation
efforts, are a priority for new and existing industrial development and for newly industrializing countries.
This "integrated" approach can positively affect land and groundwater contamination as well.
Thus, a new CCMS Pilot Study entitled "Prevention and Remediation Issues in Selected Industrial
Sectors" is proposed. The purpose of the proposed pilot study would be to define and explore best
practices for reducing the health and environmental impact on soil and groundwater from industrial
sectors of interest (e.g., metals mining, organic chemical production, gasworks, and fertilizer
manufacturing) as well as other unique site "types" (e.g., old landfills, privatization sites [i.e., facilities
transitioning from former state ownership in certain categories], mega sites [i.e., large scale former
industrial and mining facilities], and shoreline sediment sites). In reviewing case studies as well as
experience from the current pilot study on contaminated land and other sources, the proposed pilot study
may be able to assess or benchmark "what is easy to clean," "what is difficult to clean," and "what is
impossible, at reasonable cost, to clean."
3. SCOPE OF WORK
The duration of the proposed pilot study is three (3) years. The study would commence by selecting
industrial sectors. The pilot study meetings would be devoted to the techniques and technologies for
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preventing and avoiding discharge to soil and groundwater as well as measurement and remediation for
that industry sector or site type. Countries would nominate expert speakers on such topics as industrial
operations; problem definition and risk assessment; measurement and monitoring strategies; and
remediation approaches for both soil and ground water. These speakers could represent many
stakeholders, including industry, government, technologists, and consultants. The pilot study would seek
to engage industry and other private sector organizations at the transnational level in sharing and
evaluating technical information. The unique contribution of the pilot study would be measured by its
ability to synthesize information regarding best practices, successes and failures, and uncertainties for the
sectors of interest.
A typical pilot study meeting would explore topics, such as:
• Industry overview and assessment including typical waste stream and contamination issues
• Risk assessment methodologies
Preparedness and planning issues
• Site characterization and monitoring approaches
• Prevention and remediation strategies including technologies and methodologies
• Institutional, financial, and public participation aspects of prevention and remediation
In addition, countries would be given the opportunity to present a general update of prevention and
remediation activities via a Tour de Table as well as to provide country-specific industrial sector
information. A limited number of countries would be selected to provide these detailed updates at each
meeting.
It is proposed that the industrial sector of interest would be matched to the special interests to the potential
host country for the meeting. Thus, host countries would have primary responsibility for involving
industrial sector representatives and, possibly, developing a field visit to the affected sector.
4. ESTIMATED DURATION
Pilot Study Meetings: September 2003 - September 2005
Completion of Final Report: Spring 2006
(N.B. Pilot Study extended to 5 years in 2005)
5. PRODUCTS
An industrial sector report would be developed after each meeting. These reports would include invited
papers from the industrial sector assessments, as well as summary information on the monitoring and
evaluation of risks and strategies for prevention and remediation. Country update reports also would be
included.
6. NON-NATO PARTICIPATION: BALKANS, CENTRAL ASIA, AND OTHER DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
In 2001, NATO/CCMS identified key objectives that would assist developing countries. These objectives
include:
1) Reducing the impact of military activities
2) Conducting regional studies including cross-border activities
3) Preventing conflicts in relation to scarcity of resources
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Sediments August 2007
4) Addressing emerging risks to the environment and society that could cause economic, cultural
and political instability
5) Addressing non-traditional threats to security
The proposed pilot study on Prevention and Remediation Issues in Selected Industrial Sectors specifically
addresses #4 and also covers aspects of #'s 1, 3, and 5. The proposed pilot study would target specific
industrial sectors based upon interests of countries with newly industrializing and developing economies.
The study would provide these countries with a base of technical information and with a network of
experts from whom to obtain advice. This proposal offers the opportunity for current pilot countries to
continue networking and information sharing, and also provides a focus for discussions driven by partner
country needs.
7. REQUEST FOR PILOT STUDY ESTABLISHMENT
It is requested of the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society that it approve the establishment of
the Prevention and Remediation Issues in Selected Industrial Sectors Pilot Study.
Pilot Country: United States
Lead Organization U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Co-partner Countries: To be determined.
Proposed Sector/Schedule: Sector: Metals/Mining Sector
Date: September, 2003
Host Country: Romania
Location: Baia Mare, Romania
7/02
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