&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Compilation of Quick Reference
816B07002
Quick Reference Guides Included are:
Arsenic and Clarifications to Compliance and New Source Monitoring
Rule: A Quick Reference Guide
Comprehensive Surface Water Treatment Rules Quick Reference Guide:
4 Systems Using Conventional or Direct Filtration
4 Systems Using Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative
Filtration
4 Unfiltered Systems
Consumer Confidence Report Rule: A Quick Reference Guide
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule: A Quick Reference Guide
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule: A Quick Reference
Guide
Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule: A Quick
Reference Guide
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule:
4 A Quick Reference Guide for Schedule 1 Systems
4 A Quick Reference Guide for Schedule 2 Systems
4 A Quick Reference Guide for Schedule 3 Systems
4 A Quick Reference Guide for Schedule 4 Systems
Radionuclides Rule: A Quick Reference Guide
Record Keeping Rules: A Quick Reference Guide
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule:
4 A Quick Reference Guide
4 Laboratory Quick Reference Guide
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule:
4 A Quick Reference Guide for Schedule 1 Systems
4 A Quick Reference Guide for Schedule 2 Systems
4 A Quick Reference Guide for Schedule 3 Systems
4 A Quick Reference Guide for Schedule 4 Systems
The Standardized Monitoring Framework: A Quick Reference Guide
Total Coliform Rule: A Quick Reference Guide
Variances and Exemptions: A Quick Reference Guide
Office of Water (4606M)
EPA816-B-07-002
www. epa.gov/safewater
February 2008
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&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
<
Arsenic and Clarifications to Compliance and New
Source Monitoring Rule: A Quick Reference Guide
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Arsenic and Clarifications to Compliance and New Source Monitoring Rule
66 FR 6976 (January 22, 2001)
To improve public health by reducing exposure to arsenic in drinking water.
Changes the arsenic MCL from 50 ug/L to 10 ug/L; Sets arsenic MCLG at 0; Requires
new systems and new drinking water sources to demonstrate compliance as
specified by the State; Clarifies the procedures for determining compliance with the
MCLs for IOCS, SOCs, and VOCs.
All community water systems (CWSs) and nontransient, noncommunity water
systems (NTNCWSs) must comply with the arsenic requirements. EPA estimates that
3,024 CWSs and 1,080 NTNCWSs will have to install treatment to comply with the
revised MCL.
Public Health Benefits
Implementation of the
Arsenic Rule will
result in ...
• Avoidance of 16 to 26 non-fatal bladder and lung cancers per year.
• Avoidance of 21 to 30 fatal bladder and lung cancers per year.
• Reduction in the frequency of non-carcinogenic diseases.
Critical Deadlines & Requirements
Consumer Confidence Report Requirements *
Report Due
July 1,2002
and beyond
July 1 , 2002 -
July 1,2006
July 1,2007
and beyond
Report Requirements
For reports covering calendar years 2001 and beyond, systems that detect arsenic
between 5 ug/L and 10 ug/L must include an educational statement in the CCRs.
For reports covering calendar years 2001 to 2005, systems that detect arsenic
between 10 ug/L and 50 ug/L must include a health effects statement in their CCRs.
For reports covering calendar year 2006 and beyond, systems that are in violation
of the arsenic MLC (10 ug/L) must include a health effects statement in their CCRs.
For Drinking Water Systems
Jan. 22, 2004
Jan. 1,2005
Jan. 23, 2006
Dec. 31,2006
Dec. 31, 2007
All NEW systems/sources must collect initial monitoring samples for all lOCs, SOCs,
and VOCs within a period and frequency determined by the State.
When allowed by the State, systems may grandfather data collected after this date.
The new arsenic MCL of 1 0 ug/L becomes effective. All systems must begin
monitoring or when allowed by the State, submit data that meets grandfathering
requirements.
Surface water systems must complete initial monitoring or have a State approved
waiver.
Ground water systems must complete initial monitoring or have a State approved
waiver.
For States
Spring 2002
Jan. 22, 2003
Jan. 22, 2005
EPA meets and works with States to explain new rule and requirements and to
support adoption and implementation activities.
State primacy revision applications due.
State primacy revision applications due from States that received 2-year
extensions.
For required educational and health effect statements, please see 40 CFR 141.154.
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Compliance Determination (lOCs, VOCs, and SOCs)
1. Calculate compliance based on a running annual average at each sampling point.
2. Systems will not be in violation until 1 year of quarterly samples have been collected (unless
fewer samples would cause the running annual average to be exceeded.)
3. If a system does not collect all required samples, compliance will be based on the running
annual average of the samples collected.
Monitoring Requirements for Total Arsenic(1)
Monitoring
One sample after the effective date of the MCL (January 23, 2006). Surface water systems must
take annual samples. Ground water systems must take one sample during the 2005-2007
compliance period. If the monitoring result is less than the MCL ground water systems must
collect one sample every 3 years and surface water systems must continue to collect annual
samples.
Increased Monitoring
A system with a sampling point result above the MCL must collect quarterly samples at that
sampling point, until the system is reliably and consistently below the MCL.
(1) All samples must be collected at each entry point to the distribution system, unless otherwise specified by
the State.
For additional information
on the Arsenic Rule
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791;
visit the EPA Web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater; or
contact your State drinking ,
water representative.
EPA will provide arsenic
training over the next year.
Applicability of Standardized Monitoring Framework to Arsenic
Result < 10 iigfL
0ROUND WATER
No Waiver
Waiver*
SURFACE WATER
No Waiver
Waiver*
FIRST COMPLIANCE CYCLE
3rd Compliance Period
1999 2000 2001
1:
1st Compliance Period
2002 2003 2004
SECOND COMPLIANCE CYCLE
2nd Compliance Period
2005 2006 2007
3rd Compliance Period
2008 2009 2010
10 MQfl- Revised MCL Becomes Effective
Jan 23,2006
Surface Water Systems
All Samples Collected
Dec 31,2006
Key.
• One sampling eve
it.
Ground Water Systems:
All Samples Collected
Dec 31,2007
cm
"States may issue 9 year monitoring waivers under the January 22, 2001 final arsenic rule. Waivers are not permitted
under the current arsenic requirements. To be eligible for a waiver, surface water systems must have monitored
annually for at least 3 years. Ground water systems must conduct a minimum of 3 rounds of monitoring with detec-
tions limits below 10 ug/L.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-01-004
www.epa.gov/safewater
January 2001
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Comprehensive Surface Water Treatment Rules
Quick Reference Guide: Systems Using
Conventional or Direct Filtration
Overview of the Rules
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) - 40 CFR 141.70-141.75
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (ESWTR) - 40 CFR 141.170-141.175
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR) - 40 CFR 141.76
Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1 ESWTR) - 40 CFR
141.500-141.571
Improve public health protection through the control of microbial contaminants, particularly
viruses, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium.
The Surface Water Treatment Rules:
> Applies to all public water systems (PWSs) using surface water or ground water under
the direct influence of surface water (GWUDI), otherwise known as "Subpart H
systems."
>• Requires aH Subpart H systems to disinfect.
> Requires Subpart H systems to filter unless specific filter avoidance criteria are met.
x Requires individual filter monitoring and establishes combined filter effluent (CFE) limits.
>• Applies a treatment technique requirement for control of microbials.
Overview of Requirements
The purpose of this table is show how the requirements for the IESWTR and LT1 ESWTR build on
the existing requirements established in the original SWTR.
APPLICABILITY: PWSs that use surface water or
ground water under the direct influence of
surface water (Subpart H) that practice
conventional or direct filtration.
Population Served
Regulated
Pathogens
Residual
Disinfectant
Requirements
Turbidity
Performance
Standards
Disinfection Profiling
& Benchmarking
Sanitary Surveys
(state requirement)
>1 0,000
< 10,000
99.99% (4-log)
removal/inactivation of viruses
99.9% (3-log)
removal/inactivation of Giardia
lamblia
99% (2-log) removal of
Cryptosporidium
Entrance to distribution system
(>0.2 mg/L)
Detectable in the distribution
system
Combined Filter Effluent
Individual Filter Effluent
Systems must profile
inactivation levels and generate
benchmark, if required
CWS: Every 3 years
NCWS: Every 5 years
Covered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage Facilities
(new construction only)
Operated by Qualified Personnel as Specified by
State
Final Rule Dates
SWTR
1989
/
/
•/
^
•
/
/
^
/
IESWTR
1998
•/
N/A (except
for sanitary
survey
provisions)
Regulated
under SWTR
Regulated
under SWTR
/
Regulated
under SWTR
Regulated
under SWTR
^
/
s
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Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Requirements
A disinfection profile is the graphical representation of a system's microbial inactivation over 12 consecutive months.
A disinfection benchmark is the lowest monthly average microbial inactivation value. The disinfection benchmark is used
as a baseline of inactivation when considering changes in the disinfection process.
Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Requirements Under
lESWTR & LT1ESWTR
The purpose of disinfection profiling and benchmarking is to allow systems and states to assess whether a change in disinfection
practices creates a microbial risk. Systems should develop a disinfection profile that reflects Giardia lamblia inactivation (systems using
ozone or chloramines must also calculate inactivation of viruses), calculate a benchmark (lowest monthly inactivation) based on the
profile, and consult with the state prior to making a significant change to disinfection practices.
REQUIREMENT
lESWTR
LT1ESWTR
AFFECTED SYSTEMS:
Community, non-transient non-community, and
ransient systems.
Community and non-transient non-community
systems only.
BEGIN PROFILING BY:
April 1, 2000
>• July 1, 2003 for systems serving 500-9,999
people.
> January 1, 2004 for systems serving fewer than
500 people.
FREQUENCY &
DURATION:
Daily monitoring for 12 consecutive calendar
months to determine the total logs of Giardia
lamblia inactivation (and viruses, if necessary) for
each day in operation.
Weekly inactivation of Giardia lamblia (and viruses,
if necessary), on the same calendar day each week
over 12 consecutive months.
STATES MAY WAIVE
DISINFECTION
PROFILING
REQUIREMENTS IF:
TTHM annual average <0.064 mg/L and HAAS
annual average <0.048 mg/L:
> Collected during the same period.
>• Annual average is arithmetic average of the
quarterly averages of four consecutive quarters
of monitoring.
>• At least 25% of samples at the maximum
residence time in the distribution system.
> Remaining 75% of samples at representative
locations in the distribution system.
One TTHM sample <0.064 mg/L and one HAAS
sample <0.048 mg/L:
> Collected during the month of warmest water
temperature; AND
>• At the maximum residence time in the
distribution system.
Samples must have been collected after January 1,
1998.
DISINFECTION
BENCHMARK MUST BE
CALCULATED IF:
Systems required to develop a disinfection profile
and are considering any of the following:
> Changes to the point of disinfection.
> Changes to the disinfectant(s) used.
> Changes to the disinfection process.
»• Any other modification identified by the state.
Systems must consult the state prior to making any
modifications to disinfection practices.
Same as lESWTR, and systems must obtain state
approval prior to making any modifications to
disinfection practices.
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule
The FBRR applies to PWSs that use surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water, practice
conventional or direct filtration, and recycle spent filter backwash, thickener supernatant, or liquids from dewatering pro-
cesses. The FBRR requires systems that recycle to return specific recycle flows through all processes of the system's
existing conventional or direct filtration system or at an alternate location approved by the state. The FBRR was developed
to improve public health protection by assessing and changing, where needed, recycle practices for improved contaminant
control, particularly microbial contaminants. Systems were required to submit recycle notification to the state by December
8,2003.
Filter Backwash Critical Deadlines and Requirements
Return recycle flows through the processes of a system's existing conventional or direct filtration system
June 8 2004 or an alternate recVcle location approved by the state (a 2-year extension is available for systems
making capital improvements to modify the recycle return location).
Collect recycle flow information and retain on file.
June 8, 2006
Complete all capital improvements associated with relocating recycle return location (if necessary).
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-04-003
www. epa.gov/safewate r
August 2004
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
A
'
Comprehensive Surface Water Treatment Rules
Quick Reference Guide: Systems Using Slow Sand,
Diatomaceous Earth, or Alternative Filtration
Overview of the Rules
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) - 40 CFR 141.70-141.75
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (ESWTR) - 40 CFR 141.170-141.175
Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1 ESWTR) - 40 CFR
141.500-141.571
Improve public health protection through the control of microbial contaminants, particularly
viruses, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium.
The Surface Water Treatment Rules:
>• Applies to all public water systems (PWSs) using surface water or ground water under
the direct influence of surface water (GWUDI), otherwise known as "Subpart H
systems."
>• Requires all Subpart H systems to disinfect.
>• Requires Subpart H systems to filter unless specific filter avoidance criteria are met.
> Applies a treatment technique requirement for control of microbials.
Overview of Requirements
The purpose of this table is show how the requirements for the IESWTR and LT1 ESWTR build on
the existing requirements established in the original SWTR.
APPLICABILITY: PWSs that use surface water or
ground water under the direct influence of surface
water (Subpart H) that practice slow sand,
diatomaceous earth or alternative filtration.
Population Served
Regulated
Pathogens
Residual
Disinfectant
Requirements
Turbidity
Performance
Standards
Disinfection Profiling
& Benchmarking
Sanitary Surveys
(state requirement)
>1 0,000
< 10,000
99.99% (4-log) removal/inactivation
of viruses
99.9% (3-log) removal/inactivation
of Giardia lamblia
99% (2-log) removal of
Cryptosporidium
Entrance to distribution system ( >
0.2 mg/L)
Detectable in the distribution
system
Combined Filter Effluent - Slow
Sand and Diatomaceous Earth
Combined Filter Effluent -
Alternative
Systems must profile inactivation
levels and generate benchmark, if
required
CWS: Every 3 years
NCWS: Every 5 years
Covered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage Facilities
(new construction only)
Operated by Qualified Personnel as Specified by State
Final Rule Dates
SWTR
1989
v'
/
/
/
•
v'
/
/
v'
•/
IESWTR
1998
/
N/A (except for
sanitary survey
provisions)
Regulated under
SWTR
Regulated under
SWTR
/
Regulated under
SWTR
Regulated under
SWTR
Regulated under
SWTR
/
/
,/
v'
Regulated under
SWTR
LT1 ESWTR
2002
/
Regulated under
SWTR
Regulated under
SWTR
/
Regulated under
SWTR
Regulated under
SWTR
Regulated under
SWTR
/
/
Regulated under
IESWTR
^
Regulated under
SWTR
(CWS) Community Water System (NCWS) Non-community Water System
-------
Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Requirements
A disinfection profile is the graphical representation of a system's microbial inactivation over 12 consecutive months.
A disinfection benchmark is the lowest monthly average microbial inactivation value. The disinfection benchmark is used
as a baseline of inactivation when considering changes in the disinfection process.
Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Requirements Under
IESWTR & LT1ESWTR
The purpose of disinfection profiling and benchmarking is to allow systems and states to assess whether a change in disinfection
practices creates a microbial risk. Systems should develop a disinfection profile that reflects Giardia lamblia inactivation (systems
using ozone or chloramines must also calculate inactivation of viruses), calculate a benchmark (lowest monthly inactivation) based on
the profile, and consult with the state prior to making a significant change to disinfection practices.
REQUIREMENT
IESWTR
LT1ESWTR
AFFECTED SYSTEMS:
Community, non-transient non-community, and
transient systems.
Community and non-transient non-community
systems only.
BEGIN PROFILING BY:
April 1,2000
>• July 1, 2003 for systems serving 500-9,999
people.
> January 1, 2004 for systems serving fewer than
500 people.
FREQUENCY*
DURATION:
Daily monitoring for 12 consecutive calendar
months to determine the total logs of Giardia
lamblia inactivation (and viruses, if necessary) for
each day in operation.
Weekly inactivation of Giardia lamblia (and
viruses, if necessary), on the same calendar day
each week over 12 consecutive months.
STATES MAY WAIVE
DISINFECTION
PROFILING
REQUIREMENTS IF:
TTHM annual average <0.064 mg/L and HAA5
annual average <0.048 mg/L:
>• Collected during the same period.
> Annual average is arithmetic average of the
quarterly averages of four consecutive quarters
of monitoring.
> At least 25% of samples at the maximum
residence time in the distribution system.
>• Remaining 75% of samples at representative
locations in the distribution system.
One TTHM sample <0.064 mg/L and one HAAS
sample <0.048 mg/L:
>• Collected during the month of warmest water
temperature; AND
>• At the maximum residence time in the
distribution system.
Samples must have been collected after January
1, 1998.
DISINFECTION
BENCHMARK MUST BE
CALCULATED IF:
Systems required to develop a disinfection profile
and are considering any of the following:
»• Changes to the point of disinfection.
>• Changes to the disinfectant(s) used.
> Changes to the disinfection process.
> Any other modification identified by the state.
Systems must consult the state prior to making any
modifications to disinfection practices.
Same as IESWTR, and systems must obtain state
approval prior to making any modifications to
disinfection practices.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA 816-F-04-002
www.epa.gov/safewater
August 2004
-------
AEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
'
I
*
Comprehensive Surface Water Treatment Rules
Quick Reference Guide: Unfiltered Systems
Overview of the Rules
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) - 40 CFR 141.70-141.75
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (ESWTR) - 40 CFR 141.170-141.175
Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1 ESWTR) - 40 CFR
141.500-141.571
Improve public health protection through the control of microbial contaminants, particularly
viruses, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium.
The Surface Water Treatment Rules:
>• Applies to all public water systems (PWSs) using surface water or ground water under
the direct influence of surface water (GWUDI), otherwise known as "Subpart H
systems."
> Requires aj| Subpart H systems to disinfect.
>• Requires Subpart H systems to filter unless specific filter avoidance criteria are met.
> Requires unfiltered systems to perform source water monitoring and meet site specific
conditions for control of microbials.
Overview of Requirements
The purpose of this table is show how the requirements for the IESWTR and LT1 ESWTR build
on the existing requirements established in the original SWTR.
APPLICABILITY: PWSs that use surface water or
ground water under the direct influence of surface
water (Subpart H) that do not provide filtration.
Population Served
Regulated
Pathogens
Residual
Disinfectant
Requirements
Unfiltered System
Requirements
Disinfection
Profiling &
Benchmarking
Sanitary Surveys
(state requirement)
> 10,000
< 10,000
99.99% (4-log) inactivation of
viruses
99.9% (3-log) inactivation of
Giardia lamblia
99% (2-log) removal of
Cryptosporidium (through
watershed control)
Entrance to distribution system
(> 0.2 mg/L)
Detectable in the distribution
system
Avoidance Criteria
Systems must profile inactivation
levels and generate benchmark, if
required
CWS: Every 3 years
NCWS: Every 5 years
Covered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage Facilities
(new construction only)
Operated by Qualified Personnel as Specified by State
Final Rule Dates
SWTR
1989
'
-
-
•
IESWTR
1998
'
N/A (except for
sanitary survey
provisions)
Regulated under
SWTR
Regulated under
SWTR
-
Regulated under
SWTR
Regulated under
SWTR
-
Regulated under
SWTR
LT1 ESWTR
2002
Regulated under
SWTR
Regulated under
SWTR
-
Regulated under
SWTR
Regulated under
SWTR
Regulated under
IESWTR
Regulated under
SWTR
(CWS) Community Water System (NCWS) Non-community Water System
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Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Requirements
A disinfection profile is the graphical representation of a system's microbial inactivation over 12 consecutive months.
A disinfection benchmark is the lowest monthly average microbial inactivation value. The disinfection benchmark is
used as a baseline of inactivation when considering changes in the disinfection process.
Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Requirements Under
IESWTR & LT1ESWTR
The purpose of disinfection profiling and benchmarking is to allow systems and states to assess whether a change in disinfection
practices creates a microbial risk. Systems should develop a disinfection profile that reflects Giardia lamblia inactivation (systems
using ozone or chloramines must also calculate inactivation of viruses), calculate a benchmark (lowest monthly inactivation) based on
the profile, and consult with the state prior to making a significant change to disinfection practices.
REQUIREMENT
IESWTR
LT1ESWTR
AFFECTED SYSTEMS:
Community, non-transient non-community, and
transient systems.
Community and non-transient non-community
systems only.
BEGIN PROFILING BY:
April 1,2000
> July 1, 2003 for systems serving 500-9,999
people.
> January 1, 2004 for systems serving fewer than
500 people.
FREQUENCY &
DURATION:
Daily monitoring for 12 consecutive calendar
months to determine the total logs of Giardia
lamblia inactivation (and viruses, if necessary) for
each day in operation.
Weekly inactivation of Giardia lamblia (and
viruses, if necessary), on the same calendar day
each week over 12 consecutive months.
STATES MAY WAIVE
DISINFECTION
PROFILING
REQUIREMENTS IF:
TTHM annual average <0.064 mg/L and HAAS
annual average <0.048 mg/L:
>• Collected during the same period.
> Annual average is arithmetic average of the
quarterly averages of four consecutive quarters
of monitoring.
> At least 25% of samples at the maximum
residence time in the distribution system.
>• Remaining 75% of samples at representative
locations in the distribution system.
One TTHM sample <0.064 mg/L and one HAAS
sample <0.048 mg/L:
> Collected during the month of warmest water
temperature; AND
>• At the maximum residence time in the
distribution system.
Samples must have been collected after January
1, 1998.
DISINFECTION
BENCHMARK MUST BE
CALCULATED IF:
Systems required to develop a disinfection profile
and are considering any of the following:
> Changes to the point of disinfection.
>• Changes to the disinfectant(s) used.
> Changes to the disinfection process.
> Any other modification identified by the state.
Systems must consult the state prior to making any
modifications to disinfection practices.
Same as ESWTR, and systems must obtain state
approval prior to making any modifications to
disinfection practices.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-04-001
www.epa.gov/safewater
August 2004
-------
AEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Consumer Confidence Report Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
uverview or tne KUIC
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) Rule, 40 CFR, Part 141, Subpart O.
Improve public health protection by providing educational material to allow
consumers to make educated decisions regarding any potential health risks
pertaining to the quality, treatment, and management of their drinking water
supply.
The CCR Rule requires all community water systems to prepare and distribute a
brief annual water quality report summarizing information regarding source, any
detected contaminants, compliance, and educational information.
Community water systems (CWSs), all size categories.
Implementation of
the CCR Rule will
result in ...
M'f yii
> Increased consumer knowledge of drinking water quality, sources,
susceptibility, treatment, and drinking water supply management.
' Increased awareness of consumers to potential health risks, so they
may make informed decisions to reduce those risks, including taking
steps toward protecting their water supply.
> Increased dialogue with drinking water utilities and increased
understanding of consumers to take steps toward active participation in
decisions that affect public health.
Annual Reauirements
CWSs with 15 or
more connections or
serving at least 25
year round residents
must prepare and
distribute a CCR to
all billing units or
service connections.
Small Water Svstem Flexibilit
April 1 - Deadline for CWS that sells water to another CWS to deliver
the information necessary for the buyer CWS to prepare their CCR
(req. outlined in 40 CFR 141.152).
July 1 - Deadline for annual distribution of CCR to customers and
State or local primacy agency for report covering January 1 - December
31 of previous calendar year.
October 1 - (or 90 days after distribution of CCR to customers,
whichever is first) - Deadline for annual submission of proof of
distribution to State or local primacy agency.
A system serving 100,000 or more persons must also post its current
year's report on a publicly accessible site on the Internet. Many
systems choose to post their reports at the following EPA website
http://yosemite.epa.gov/ogwdw/ccr.nsf/america.
All systems must make copies of the report available on request.
With the permission of the Governor of a State (or designee), or where the tribe has primacy,
in lieu of mailing, systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons may publish their CCR in a local
newspaper.*
With the permission of the Governor of a State (or designee), or where the tribe has primacy,
in lieu of mailing and/or publication, systems serving 500 or fewer persons may provide a
notice stating the report is available on request.*
'Questions regarding whether the necessary permission has been granted should be addressed to the
local State or primacy agency.
-------
For additional information
on the CCR Rule
Call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline
at 1-800-426-4791; visit the EPA
website at www.epa.gov/safewater/
ccrl .html; log onto the CCRiWriter
website to use EPA's template at
www.CCRiWriter.com; view 40
CFR 141 subpartO; or contact your
State or local primacy agency's
drinking water representative.
Water System Information
Name/phone number of contact person.
Information on public participation opportunities (time and place for meetings or hearings).
Information for non-English speaking populations (if applicable).
Source of Water
Type (ex. groundwater or surface water), commonly used name, and location of water
sources (ex. Potomac River, Snake River Plain Aquifer, etc.) (Exact locations/coordinates of
wells and intakes should not be included for security reasons.)
Availability of source water assessment.
Brief summary on potential sources of contamination (if available).
Definitions
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL).
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG).
Treatment Technique (TT) (if applicable).
Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level (MRDL) (if applicable).
Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal (MRDLG) (if applicable).
Action Level (AL) (if applicable).
Variances and Exemptions (if applicable).
Detected Contaminants
Table summarizing data on detected regulated and unregulated contaminants that were
detected during the last round of sampling.
Known or likely source of each detected contaminant.
Health effects language for any violations, exceedances or when Arsenic levels are > 0.01
mg/L or < 0.05 mg/L.
Information on Cryptosporidium, Radon, and other contaminants (if applicable).
Compliance with Drinking Water Regulations
Explanation of violations, length of violations, potential health effects, and steps taken to
correct the violations.
Explanation of variance/exemption (if applicable).
Required Educational Information
Explanation of contaminants and their presence in drinking water including bottled water.
Warning for vulnerable or immunocompromised populations about Cryptosporidium.
Informational statements on arsenic, nitrate, lead, and TTHM (if applicable).
EPA's Safe Drinking Water Hotline Number of (1-800-426-4791).
Office of Water (4606M)
EPA816-F-02-026
www.epa.gov/safewater
November 2002
-------
vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR)
66 FR 31086, June 8, 2001, Vol. 66, No. 111
Improve public health protection by assessing and changing, where
needed, recycle practices for improved contaminant control, particularly
microbial contaminants.
The FBRR requires systems that recycle to return specific recycle flows
through all processes of the system's existing conventional or direct
filtration system or at an alternate location approved by the state.
Applies to public water systems that use surface water or ground water
under the direct influence of surface water, practice conventional or
direct filtration, and recycle spent filter backwash, thickener supernatant,
or liquids from dewatering processes.
Public Health Benefits
Implementation of
FBRR will result in .
Estimated impacts of
the FBRR include . . .
Reduction in risk of illness from microbial pathogens in
drinking water, particularly Cryptosporidium.
* FBRR will apply to an estimated 4,650 systems serving
35 million Americans.
* Fewer than 400 systems are expected to require capital
improvements.
' Annualized capital costs incurred by public water systems
associated with recycle modifications are estimated to be
$5.8 million.
' Mean annual cost per household is estimated to be less
than $1.70 for 99 percent of the affected households and
between $1.70 and $100 for the remaining one percent of
affected households.
Conventional and Direct Filtration
Conventional filtration, as defined in 40 CFR 141.2, is a series of processes including
coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration resulting in substantial
particulate removal. Conventional filtration is the most common type of filtration.
Direct filtration, as defined in 40 CFR 141.2, is a series of processes including
coagulation and filtration, but excluding sedimentation, and resulting in substantial
particulate removal. Typically, direct filtration can be used only with high-quality raw
water that has low levels of turbidity and suspended solids.
-------
For additional
the FBRR
information on
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791; visit
the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater; or
contact your state drinking water
representative.
Additional material is available at
www.epa.gov/safewater/
filterbackwash.html.
Recycle Flows
Spent Filter Backwash Water - A stream containing particles that are dislodged from
filter media when water is forced back through a filter (backwashed) to clean the filter.
Thickener Supernatant - A stream containing the decant from a sedimentation basin,
clarifier or other unit that is used to treat water, solids, or semi-solids from the primary
treatment processes.
Liquids From Dewatering Processes - A stream containing liquids generated from a
unit used to concentrate solids for disposal.
Critical Deadlines and Requirements
For Drinking Water Systems
December 8, 2003
June 8, 2004
June 8, 2006
Submit recycle notification to the state.
Return recycle flows through the processes of a system's
existing conventional or direct filtration system or an alternate
recycle location approved by the state (a 2-year extension is
available for systems making capital improvements to modify
recycle location).
Collect recycle flow information and retain on file.
Complete all capital improvements associated with relocating
recycle return location (if necessary).
For States
June 8, 2003
June 8, 2005
States submit FBRR primacy revision application to EPA
(triggers interim primacy).
Primacy extension deadline - all states with an extension must
submit primacy revision applications to EPA.
What does a recycle notification include?
Plant schematic showing origin of recycle flows, how recycle flows are conveyed,
and return location of recycle flows.
Typical recycle flows (gpm), highest observed plant flow experienced in the previous
year (gpm), and design flow for the treatment plant (gpm).
State-approved plant operating capacity (if applicable).
What recycle flow information does a system need
to collect and retain on file?
Copy of recycle notification and information submitted to the state.
List of all recycle flows and frequency with which they are returned.
Average and maximum backwash flow rates through filters, and average and
maximum duration of filter backwash process (in minutes).
Typical filter run length and written summary of how filter run length is determined.
Type of treatment provided for recycle flows.
Data on the physical dimension of the equalization and/or treatment units, typical
and maximum hydraulic loading rates, types of treatment chemicals used,
average dose, frequency of use, and frequency at which solids are removed, if
applicable.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA 816-F-01-019
www. epa. gov/saf ewater
June 2001
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«*EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Interim Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR)
63 FR 69478 - 69521, December 16, 1998, Vol. 63, No. 241
Revisions to the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR), the Stage 1
Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR), and Revisions to State
Primacy Requirements to Implement the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments
66 FR 3770, January 16, 2001, Vol 66, No. 29
Improve public health control of microbial contaminants, particularly Cryptosporidium.
Prevent significant increases in microbial risk that might otherwise occur when systems
implement the Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule.
Builds upon treatment technique approach and requirements of the 1989 Surface Water
Treatment Rule. Relies on existing technologies currently in use at water treatment plants.
Sanitary survey requirements apply to all public water systems using surface water or
ground water under the direct influence of surface water, regardless of size. All remaining
requirements apply to public water systems that use surface water or ground water under
the direct influence of surface water and serve 10,000 or more people.
-
Major Provisions
Regulated Contaminants
Cryptosporidium
Turbidity Performance
Standards
> Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) of zero.
' 99 percent (2-log) physical removal for systems that filter.
* Include in watershed control program for unfiltered systems.
Conventional and direct filtration combined filter effluent:
* < 0.3 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) in at least 95 percent of
measurements taken each month.
* Maximum level of 1 NTU.
Turbidity Monitoring Requirements
(Conventional and Direct Filtration)
Combined Filter Effluent > Performed every 4 hours to ensure compliance with turbidity
performance standards.
Individual Filter Effluent > Performed continuously (every 15 minutes) to assist treatment
operators in understanding and assessing filter performance.
plant
Additional Requirements
> Disinfection profiling and benchmarking.
* Construction of new uncovered finished water storage facilities prohibited.
* Sanitary surveys, conducted by the state, for all surface water and ground water under the
direct influence of surface water systems regardless of size (every 3 years for community water systems
and every 5 years for noncommunity water systems).
-------
• For additional information
I on the IESWTR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater; or
contact your State drinking
water representative.
Additional material is available
at www.epa.gov/safewater/
mdbp/implement.html.
-
Profiling and Benchmarking
Public water systems must evaluate impacts on microbial risk before changing
disinfection practices to ensure adequate protection is maintained. The three major steps
are:
Determine if a public water system needs to profile based on TTHM and HAAS levels
(applicability monitoring)
Develop a disinfection profile that reflects daily Giardia lamblia inactivation for at least a year
(systems using ozone or chloramines must also calculate inactivation of viruses)
Calculate a disinfection benchmark (lowest monthly inactivation) based on the profile and
consult with the state prior to making a significant change to disinfection practices
Critical Deadlines and Requirements
For Drinking Water Systems
February 16, 1999
March 1999
April 16, 1999
December 31, 1999
April 1,2000
March 31, 2001
January 1 , 2002
Construction of uncovered finished water reservoirs is prohibited.
Public water systems lacking ICR or other occurrence data begin 4 quarters of
applicability monitoring for TTHM and HAAS to determine if disinfection
profiling is necessary.
Systems that have 4 consecutive quarters of HAAS occurrence data that meet
the TTHM monitoring requirements must submit data to the state to determine
if disinfection profiling is necessary.
Public water systems with ICR data must submit it to states to determine if
disinfection profiling is necessary.
Public water systems must begin developing a disinfection profile if their annual
average (based on 4 quarters of data) for TTHM is greater than or equal to
0.064 mg/L or HAAS is greater than or equal to 0.048 mg/L.
Disinfection profile must be complete.
Surface water systems or ground water under the direct influence of surface
water systems serving 10,000 or more people must comply with all IESWTR
provisions (e.g., turbidity standards, individual filter monitoring).
For States
December 16, 2000
January 2002
December 16, 2002
December 2004
December 2006
States submit IESWTR primacy revision applications to EPA (triggers interim
primacy).
States begin first round of sanitary surveys.
Primacy extension deadline - all states with an extension must submit primacy
revision applications to EPA.
States must complete first round of sanitary surveys for community water
systems.
States must complete first round of sanitary surveys for noncommunity water
systems.
Public Health Benefits
Implementation of
the IESWTR will
result in ...
Estimated impacts of
the IESWTR
include ..
Increased protection against gastrointestinal illnesses from
Cryptosporidium and other pathogens through improvements in filtration.
Reduced likelihood of endemic illness from Cryptosporidium by 110,000 to
463,000 cases annually.
Reduced likelihood of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis.
National total annualized cost: $307 million
92 percent of households will incur an increase of less than $1 per month.
Less than 1 percent of households will incur an increase of more than $5 per
month (about $8 per month).
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-01-011
www.epa.gov/safewater
May 2001
-------
vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
pe
^yf
For additional information on
the LT1ESWTR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791; visit
the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/
It1 eswtr.html; or contact your
State drinking water
representative.
*
_^»
1 This frequency may be reduced
by the State to once per day for
systems using slow sand/alternative
filtration or for systems serving 500
persons or fewer regardless of the
type of filtration used.
Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface
Water Treatment Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR)
67 FR 1812, January 14, 2002, Vol. 67, No. 9
Improve public health protection through the control of microbial contaminants,
particularly Cryptosporidium. Prevent significant increases in microbial risk that
might otherwise occur when systems implement the Stage 1 Disinfectants and
Disinfection Byproducts Rule.
Builds upon the requirements of the 1989 Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR).
Smaller system counterpart of the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
(IESWTR).
Public water systems that use surface water or ground water under the direct
influence of surface water (GWUDI) and serve fewer than 10,000 people.
Major Provisions
Control of
Cryptosporidium
Combined Filter
Effluent (CFE)
Turbidity
Performance
Standards
Filter
1
IFE
Filter Filter
2 3
IFE
i
FE
CFE
r
The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) is set at zero.
Filtered systems must physically remove 99% (2-log) of Cryptosporidium.
Unf iltered systems must update their watershed control programs to
minimize the potential for contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts.
Cryptosporidium is included as an indicator of GWUDI.
Specific CFE turbidity requirements depend on the type of filtration
used by the system.
Conventional and direct filtration:
> < 0.3 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) in at least 95% of measurements
taken each month.
* Maximum level of turbidity: 1 NTU.
Slow sand and diatomaceous earth (DE) filtration:
> Continue to meet CFE turbidity limits specified in the SWTR:
• 1 NTU in at least 95% of measurements taken each month.
• Maximum level of turbidity: 5 NTU.
Alternative technologies f other than conventional, direct, slow sand, or DE):
> Turbidity levels are established by the State based on filter
demonstration data submitted by the system.
• State-set limits must not exceed 1 NTU (in at least 95% of
measurements) or 5 NTU (maximum).
Turbidity Monitoring Requirements
Combined Filter
Effluent
Individual Filter
Effluent (IFE)
(for systems using
conventional and
direct filtration only)
Performed at least every 4 hours to ensure compliance with CFE
turbidity performance standards.1
Since the CFE may meet regulatory requirements even though one
filter is producing high turbidity water, the IFE is measured to assist
conventional and direct filtration treatment plant operators in
understanding and assessing individual filter performance.
k Performed continuously (recorded at least every 15 minutes).
* Systems with two or fewer filters may conduct continuous monitoring
of CFE turbidity in place of individual filter effluent turbidity monitoring.
> Certain follow-up actions are required if the IFE turbidity (or CFE for
systems with two filters) exceeds 1.0 NTU in 2 consecutive readings or
more (i.e., additional reporting, filter self-assessments, and/or
comprehensive performance evaluations (CPEs)).
-------
Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Requirements
Community and non-transient non-community public water systems must evaluate impacts on microbial risk before changing disinfection
practices to ensure adequate microbial protection is maintained. This is accomplished through a process called disinfection profiling and
benchmarking.
What are the disinfection profiling and benchmarking requirements?
> Systems must develop a disinfection profile, which is a graphical compilation of weekly inactivation of Giardia lamblia, taken on the
same calendar day each week over 12 consecutive months. (Systems using chloramines, ozone, or chlorine dioxide for primary
disinfection must also calculate inactivation of viruses). Results must be available for review by the State during sanitary surveys.
> A State may deem a profile unnecessary if the system has sample data collected after January 1, 1998-during the month of warmest
water temperature and at maximum residence time in the distribution system-indicating TTHM levels are below 0.064 mg/L and HAAS
levels are below 0.048 mg/L.
> Prior to making a significant change to disinfection practices, systems required to develop a profile must calculate a disinfection
benchmark and consult with the State. The benchmark is the calculation of the lowest monthly average of inactivation based on the
disinfection profile.
Additional Requirements
Construction of new uncovered finished water reservoirs is prohibited.
Critical Deadlines and Requirements
For Drinking Water Systems
March 15, 2002
July 1,2003
January 1 , 2004
June 30, 2004
December 31 , 2004
January 14, 2005
Construction of uncovered finished reservoirs is prohibited.
No later than this date, systems serving between 500-9,999 persons must report to the State:
> Results of optional monitoring which show levels of TTHM < 0.064 mg/L and HAAS < 0.048 mg/L, OR
> System has started profiling.
No later than this date, systems serving fewer than 500 persons must report to the State:
> Results of optional monitoring which show levels of TTHM < 0.064 mg/L and HAAS < 0.048 mg/L, OR
> System has started profiling.
Systems serving between 500 and 9,999 persons must complete their disinfection profile unless the State has
determined it is unnecessary.
Systems serving fewer than 500 persons must complete their disinfection profile unless the State has determined it is
unnecessary.
Surface water systems or GWUDI systems serving fewer than 1 0,000 people must comply with the applicable
LT1ESWTR provisions (e.g., turbidity standards, individual filter monitoring, Cryptosporidium removal requirements,
updated watershed control requirements for unf iltered systems).
For States
January 2002
October 14, 2003
January 14, 2004
December 2004
January 14, 2006
December 2006
As per the IESWTR, States begin first round of sanitary surveys (at least every 3 years for community water systems
and every 5 years for non-community water systems).
States are encouraged to submit final primacy applications to EPA.
Final primacy applications must be submitted to EPA unless granted an extension.
States must complete first round of sanitary surveys for community water systems (as per the IESWTR).
Final primacy revision applications from States with approved 2-year extension agreements must be submitted to EPA.
States must complete first round of sanitary surveys for non-community water systems (as per the IESWTR).
Public Health Benefits
Implementation of
the LT1ESWTR will
result in ..
Increased protection against gastrointestinal illnesses from Cryptosporidium and other pathogens through
improvements in filtration.
Reduced likelihood of endemic illness from Cryptosporidium by an estimated 12,000 to 41,000 cases annually.
Reduced likelihood of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis.
Estimated impacts
of theLTIESWTR
include..
National total annualized cost: $39.5 million.
90% of affected households will incur an increase of less than $1.25 per month.
One percent of affected households are likely to incur an increase of more than $10 per month.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-02-001
www.epa.gov/safewater
January 2002
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule: A Quick Reference
Guide For Schedule 1 Systems
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purposes
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) 71 FR 654, January 5, 2006,
Vol. 71, No. 3
Improve public health protection through the control of microbial contaminants by focusing on
systems with elevated Cryptosporidium risk. Prevent significant increases in microbial risk that
might otherwise occur when systems implement the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection
Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBPR).
The LT2ESWTR requires systems to monitor their source water, calculate an average
Cryptosporidium concentration, and use those results to determine if their source is vulnerable to
contamination and may require additional treatment.
Public water systems (PWSs) that use surface water or ground water under the direct influence
of surface water (GWUDI).
Schedule 1 systems include PWSs serving 100,000 or more people OR wholesale PWSs that are
part of a combined distribution system in which the largest system serves 100,000 or more
people.
Major Provisions
Control of Cryptosporidium
Source Water
Monitoring
Installation of
Additional
Treatment
Uncovered
Finished Water
Storage Facility
Filtered and unfiltered systems must conduct 24 months of source water monitoring for
Cryptosporidium. Filtered systems must also record source water E. coli and turbidity levels.
Filtered systems will be classified into one of four "Bins" based on the results of their source
water monitoring. Unfiltered systems will calculate a mean Cryptosporidium level to
determine treatment requirements. Systems may also use previously collected data (i.e.,
Grandfathered data).
Filtered systems providing at least 5.5 log of treatment for Cryptosporidium and unfiltered
systems providing at least 3-log of treatment for Cryptosporidium and those systems that
intend to install this level of treatment are not required to conduct source water monitoring.
Filtered systems must provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium based on their bin
classification (average source water Cryptosporidium concentration), using treatment
options from the "microbial toolbox."
Unfiltered systems must provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium using chlorine
dioxide, ozone, or UV.
Systems with an uncovered finished water storage facility must either:
> Cover the uncovered finished water storage facility; or,
* Treat the discharge to achieve inactivation and/or removal of at least 4-log for viruses,
3-log for Giardia lamblia, and 2-log for Cryptosporidium.
Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking
After completing the initial round of source water monitoring any system that plans on making a significant
change to their disinfection practices must:
* Create disinfection profiles for Giardia lamblia and viruses;
> Calculate a disinfection benchmark; and,
* Consult with the state prior to making a significant change in disinfection practice.
Bin Classification For Filtered Systems
»
Cryptosporidium
Concentration
(oocysts/L)
< 0.075
0.075 to < 1.0
1.0to<3.0
>3.0
Bin
Classification
Bin1
Bin 2
Bin3
Bin 4
Additional Cryptosporidium Treatment
Required
Conventional
Filtration
No additional
treatment
required
1log
2 log
2.5 log
Direct
Filtration
No additional
treatment
required
1.5 log
2.5 log
3 log
Slow Sand or
Diatomaceous
Earth Filtration
No additional
treatment required
1log
2 log
2.5 log
Alternative
Filtration
No additional
treatment
required
(D
(2)
(3)
(1) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 4.0-log.
(2) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 5.0-log.
(3) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 5.5-log.
-------
'
.
•
For additional information
on the LT2ESWTR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/
disinfection/lt2; or contact
your State drinking water
representative.
1
1 nacti vation Requirements for Unfiltered Systems
Cryptosporidium Concentration
(oocysts/L)
<0.01
>0.01
Required Cryptosporidium
Inactivation
2-log
3-log
Critical Deadlines and Requirements
For Drinking Water Systems (Schedule 1)
July 1,2006
October 2006
December 10, 2006
December 1 , 2006
April 1, 2008
September 2008
March 2009
March 2009
April 1,2009
March 31, 201 2
January 1, 2015
April 1,201 5
Systems must submit their:
* Sampling schedule that specifies the dates of sample collection and location of
sampling for initial source water monitoring to EPA electronically; or
> Notify EPA or the state of the systems intent to submit results for grandfathering data;
or
> Notify EPA or the state of the systems intent to provide at least 5.5 log of treatment for
Cryptosporidium. Systems should consult with EPA or their state prior to submitting
this notice.
No later than this month systems must begin 24 months of source water monitoring.
System submit results for first month of source water monitoring.
No later than this date, systems must submit monitoring results for data that they want to
have grandfathered.
No later than this date, systems must notify the EPA or the state of all uncovered treated
water storage facilities.
No later than this month, systems must complete their inital round of source water
monitoring.
No later than this month, filtered systems must report their initial bin classification to the
EPA or the state for approval.
No later than this month, unfiltered systems must report the mean of all Cryptosporidium
sample results to the EPA or the state.
No later than this date, uncovered finished water storage facilities must be covered, or the
water must be treated before entry into the distribution system, or the system must be in
compliance with a state approved schedule.
Systems must install and operate additional treatment in accordance with their bin
classification. f
Systems must submit their sampling schedule that specifies the dates of sample collection
and location of sampling for second round of source water monitoring to the state.
> Systems are required to begin conducting a second round of source water monitoring.
> Based on the results, systems must re-determine their bin classification and provide
additional Cryptosporidium treatment, if necessary.
For States
January - June 2006
April 1,2007
October 5, 2007
January 5, 2008
June 30, 2008
Januarys, 2010
December 31, 2012
States are encouraged to communicate with affected systems regarding LT2ESWTR
requirements.
States are encouraged to communicate LT2ESWTR requirements related to treatment,
uncovered finished water reservoirs, and disinfection profiling to affected systems.
States are encouraged to submit final primacy applications or extension requests to EPA.
Final primacy applications must be submitted to EPA, unless granted an extension.
States should begin awarding Cryptosporidium treatment credit for primary treatments in
place.
Final primacy revision applications from states with approved 2-year extensions
agreements must be submitted to EPA.
States should award Cryptosporidium treatment credit for toolbox option implementation.
t States may allow up to an additional 24 months for compliance for systems making capital improvements.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-06-005
www.epa.gov/safewater
June 2006
-------
-&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
t
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule: A Quick Reference
Guide For Schedule 2 Systems
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purposes
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Major
Control
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) 71 FR 654, January 5, 2006,
Vol. 71, No. 3
Improve public health protection through the control of microbial contaminants by focusing on
systems with elevated Cryptosporidium risk. Prevent significant increases in microbial risk that
might otherwise occur when systems implement the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection
Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBPR).
The LT2ESWTR requires systems to monitor their source water, calculate an average
Cryptosporidium concentration, and use those results to determine if their source is vulnerable to
contamination and may require additional treatment.
* Public water systems (PWSs) that use surface water or ground water under the direct influence
of surface water (GWUDI).
* Schedule 2 systems include PWSs serving 50,000 to 99,999 people OR wholesale PWSs that are
part of a combined distribution system in which the largest system serves 50,000 to 99,999
people.
Prov i s i ons
of Cryptosporidium
Source Water
Monitoring
Installation of
Additional
Treatment
Uncovered
Finished Water
Storage Facility
Filtered and unfiltered systems must conduct 24 months of source water monitoring for
Cryptosporidium. Filtered systems must also record source water E. coli and turbidity levels.
Filtered systems will be classified into one of four "Bins" based on the results of their source
water monitoring. Unfiltered systems will calculate a mean Cryptosporidium level to
determine treatment requirements. Systems may also use previously collected data (i.e.,
Grandfathered data).
Filtered systems providing at least 5.5 log of treatment for Cryptosporidium and unfiltered
systems providing at least 3-log of treatment for Cryptosporidium and those systems that
intend to install this level of treatment are not required to conduct source water monitoring.
Filtered systems must provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium based on their bin
classification (average source water Cryptosporidium concentration), using treatment
options from the "microbial toolbox."
Unfiltered systems must provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium using chlorine
dioxide, ozone, or UV.
Systems with an uncovered finished water storage facility must either:
> Cover the uncovered finished water storage facility; or,
*• Treat the discharge to achieve inactivation and/or removal of at least 4-log for viruses,
3-log for Giardia lamblia, and 2-log for Cryptosporidium.
Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking
After completing the initial round of source water monitoring any system that plans on making a significant
change to their disinfection practices must:
> Create disinfection profiles for Giardia lamblia and viruses;
> Calculate a disinfection benchmark; and,
> Consult with the state prior to making a significant change in disinfection practice.
Cryptosporidium
Concentration
(oocysts/L)
< 0.075
0.075 to < 1.0
1.0to<3.0
>3.0
Bin
Classification
Bin 1
Bin 2
Bin3
Bin 4
Additional Cryptosporidium Treatment
Required
Conventional
Filtration
No additional
treatment
required
1log
2 log
2.5 log
Direct
Filtration
No additional
treatment
required
1.5 log
2.5 log
3 log
Slow Sand or
Diatomaceous
Earth Filtration
No additional
treatment required
1log
2 log
2.5 log
Alternative
Filtration
No additional
treatment
required
d)
(2)
(3)
(1) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 4.0-iog.
(2) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 5.0-log.
(3) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 5.5-log.
-------
1
For additional information on
the LT2ESWTR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater; or
contact your State drinking
water representative.
Inactivation Requirements for Unfiltered Systems
Cryptosporidium Concentration
(oocysts/L)
<0.01
>0.01
Required Cryptosporidium
Inactivation
2-log
3-log
Critical Deadlines and Requirements
For Drinking Water Systems (Schedule 2)
January 1, 2007
April 2007
June 10, 2007
June 1,2007
April 1, 2008
March 2009
April 1,2009
September 2009
September 2009
September 30, 2012
July 1, 2015
Ocotber 1, 2015
Systems must submit their:
> Sampling schedule that specifies the dates of sample collection and location of
sampling for initial source water monitoring to EPA electronically; or
* Notify EPA or the state of the systems intent to submit results for grandfathering data;
or
> Notify EPA or the state of the systems intent to provide at least 5.5 log of treatment for
Cryptosporidium. Systems should consult with EPA or their state prior to submitting
this notice.
No later than this month, systems must begin 24 months of source water monitoring.
System submit results for first month of source water monitoring.
No later than this date, systems must submit monitoring results for data that they want to
have grandfathered.
No later than this date, systems must notify the EPA or the state of all uncovered treated
water storage facilities.
No later than this month, systems must complete their inital round of source water
monitoring.
No later than this date, uncovered finished water storage facilities must be covered, or the
water must be treated before entry into the distribution system, or the system must be in
compliance with a state approved schedule.
No later than this month, filtered systems must report their initial bin classification to the
EPA or the state for approval.
No later than this month, unfiltered systems must report the mean of all Cryptosporidium
sample results to the EPA or the state.
Systems must install and operate additional treatment in accordance with their bin
classification. f
Systems must submit their sampling schedule that specifies the dates of sample collection
and location of sampling for second round of source water monitoring to the state.
*• Systems are required to begin conducting a second round of source water monitoring.
> Based on the results, systems must re-determine their bin classification and provide
additional Cryptosporidium treatment, if necessary.
For States
January - June 2006
April 1,2007
October 5, 2007
January 5, 2008
December 31 , 2008
January 5, 2010
June 30, 2013
States are encouraged to communicate with affected systems regarding LT2ESWTR
requirements.
States are encouraged to communicate LT2ESWTR requirements related to treatment,
uncovered finished water reservoirs, and disinfection profiling to affected systems.
States are encouraged to submit final primacy applications or extension requests to EPA.
Final primacy applications must be submitted to EPA, unless granted an extension.
States should begin awarding Cryptosporidium treatment credit for primary treatments in
place.
Final primacy revision applications from states with approved 2-year extensions
agreements must be submitted to EPA.
States should award Cryptosporidium treatment credit for toolbox option implementation.
t States may allow up to an additional 24 months for compliance for systems making capital improvements.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-06-006
www.epa.gov/safewater
June 2006
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule: A Quick Reference
Guide For Schedule 3 Systems
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purposes
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) 71 FR 654, January 5, 2006,
Vol. 71, No. 3
Improve public health protection through the control of microbial contaminants by focusing on
systems with elevated Cryptosporidium risk. Prevent significant increases in microbial risk that
might otherwise occur when systems implement the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection
Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBPR).
The LT2ESWTR requires systems to monitor their source water, calculate an average
Cryptosporidium concentration, and use those results to determine if their source is vulnerable to
contamination and may require additional treatment.
Public water systems (PWSs) that use surface water or ground water under the direct influence
of surface water (GWUDI).
Schedule 3 systems include PWSs serving 10,000 to 49,999 people OR wholesale PWSs that are
part of a combined distribution system in which the largest system serves 10,000 to 49,999
people.
Major Provi slons
Control of Cryptosporidium
Source Water
Monitoring
Installation of
Additional
Treatment
Uncovered
Finished Water
Storage Facility
Filtered and unfiltered systems must conduct 24 months of source water monitoring for
Cryptosporidium. Filtered systems must also record source water E. coli and turbidity levels.
Filtered systems will be classified into one of four "Bins" based on the results of their source
water monitoring. Unfiltered systems will calculate a mean Cryptosporidium level to
determine treatment requirements. Systems may also use previously collected data (i.e.,
Grandfathered data).
Filtered systems providing at least 5.5 log of treatment for Cryptosporidium and unfiltered
systems providing at least 3-log of treatment for Cryptosporidium and those systems that
intend to install this level of treatment are not required to conduct source water monitoring.
Filtered systems must provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium based on their bin
classification (average source water Cryptosporidium concentration), using treatment
options from the "microbial toolbox."
Unfiltered systems must provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium using chlorine
dioxide, ozone, or UV.
Systems with an uncovered finished water storage facility must either:
* Cover the uncovered finished water storage facility; or,
* Treat the discharge to achieve inactivation and/or removal of at least 4-log for viruses,
3-log for Giardia lamblia. and 2-log for Cryptosporidium.
Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking
After completing the initial round of source water monitoring any system that plans on making a significant
change to their disinfection practices must:
* Create disinfection profiles for Giardia lamblia and viruses;
* Calculate a disinfection benchmark; and,
> Consult with the state prior to making a significant change in disinfection practice.
Cryp tosp oridium
Concentration
(oocysts/L)
< 0.075
0.075 to < 1.0
1.0to< 3.0
>3.0
Bin
Classification
Bint
Bin 2
Bin 3
Bin 4
Additional Cryptosporidium Treatment
Required
Conventional
Filtration
No additional
treatment
required
1 log
2 log
2.5 log
Direct
Filtration
No additional
treatment
required
1.5 log
2.5 log
3 log
Slow Sand or
Diatomaceous
Earth Filtration
No additional
treatment required
1 log
2 log
2.5 log
Alternative
Filtration
No additional
treatment
required
(D
(2)
(3)
(1) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 4.0-log.
(2) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 5.0-log.
(3) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 5.5-log.
-------
For additional information
on the LT2ESWTR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/
disinfection/lt2; or contact
your state drinking water
representative.
Inactivation Requirements for Unfiltered Systems
HM^^^^^^^^^^^^^BM^^^I^HM^^^^^^H^^^^^^I^HIHi^HM^IH^H^^^H^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^HH^HMI^^^^^^^^^HI^IHH
Cryptosporidium Concentration
(oocysts/L)
<0.01
>0.01
Required Cryptosporidium
Inactivation
2-log
3-log
Critical Deadlines and Requirements
For Drinking Water Systems (Schedule 3)
January 1, 2008
April 2008
April 1, 2008
June 10, 2008
June 1,2008
April 1. 2009
March 2010
September 201 0
September 201 0
September 30, 2013
July 1, 2016
Ocotberl, 2016
Systems must submit their:
> Sampling schedule that specifies the dates of sample collection and location of
sampling for initial source water monitoring to EPA electronically; or
* Notice to EPA or the state of the system's intent to submit results for grandfathering
data; or
> Notice to EPA or the state of the system's intent to provide at least 5.5-log of treatment
for Cryptosporidium for filtered systems or 3-log of treatment for unf iltered systems.
Systems should consult with EPA or their state prior to submitting this notice.
No later than this month, systems must begin 24 months of source water monitoring.
No later than this date, systems must notify the EPA or the state of all uncovered treated
water storage facilities.
Systems submit results for first month of source water monitoring.
No later than this date, systems must submit monitoring results for data that they want to
have grandfathered.
No later than this date, uncovered finished water storage facilities must be covered, or the
water must be treated before entry into the distribution system, or the system must be in
compliance with a state approved schedule.
No later than this month, systems must complete their inital round of source water
monitoring.
No later than this month, filtered systems must report their initial bin classification to the
EPA or the state for approval.
No later than this month, unfiltered systems must report the mean of all Cryptosporidium
sample results to the EPA or the state.
Systems must install and operate additional treatment in accordance with their bin
classification (filtered systems) or mean Cryptosporidium level (unfiltered systems). f
Systems must submit their sampling schedule that specifies the dates of sample collection
and location of sampling for second round of source water monitoring to the state.
> Systems are required to begin conducting a second round of source water monitoring.
> Based on the results, systems must re-determine their bin classification (filtered
systems) or mean Cryptosporidium level (unfiltered systems) and provide additional
Cryptosporidium treatment, if necessary.
For States
July - December
2006
April 1,2007
October 5, 2007
January 5, 2008
December 31 , 2009
January 5, 2010
June 30, 2014
States are encouraged to communicate with affected systems regarding LT2ESWTR
requirements.
States are encouraged to communicate LT2ESWTR requirements related to treatment,
uncovered finished water reservoirs, and disinfection profiling to affected systems.
States are encouraged to submit final primacy applications or extension requests to EPA.
Final primacy applications must be submitted to EPA, unless granted an extension.
States should begin determining Cryptosporidium treatment credit for primary treatments
already in place.
Final primacy revision applications from states with approved 2-year extensions
agreements must be submitted to EPA.
States should award Cryptosporidium treatment credit for toolbox option implementation.
t States may allow up to an additional 24 months lor compliance for systems making capital improvements.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-06-007
www.epa.gov/safewater
June 2006
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
For additional information on
the LT2ESWTR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/
disinfection/lt2; or contact
your state drinking water
representative.
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule: A Quick Reference
Guide For Schedule 4 Systems
Overview of the R
Title
Purposes
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) 71 FR 654, January 5, 2006,
Vol.71, No. 3
Improve public health protection through the control of microbial contaminants by focusing on systems
with elevated Cryptosporidium risk. Prevent significant increases in microbial risk that might otherwise
occur when systems implement the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 2
DBPR).
The LT2ESWTR requires systems to monitor their source water, calculate an average Cryptosporidium
concentration, and use those results to determine if their source is vulnerable to contamination and may
require additional treatment. Filtered systems serving fewer than 10,000 may be eligible to conduct E. Coli
source water monitoring in lieu of Cryptosporidium monitoring.
Public water systems (PWSs) that use surface water or ground water under the direct influence of
surface water (GWUDI).
Schedule 4 systems include PWSs serving fewer than 10,000 people OR wholesale PWSs that are part
of a combined distribution system in which the largest system serves less than 10,000 people.
i s ions
Control of Cryptosporidium
Source Water
Monitoring
Installation of
Additional
Treatment
Uncovered Finished
Water Storage
Facility
Filtered systems must conduct 12 months of source water monitoring for E. coli. If the £ coli trigger level
is exceeded, the system must conduct an additional 12 to 24 months of source water monitoring for
Cryptosporidium. Systems may also use previously collected data (i.e., Grandfathered data).
Unfiltered systems must sample their source water for Cryptosporidium at least twice per month for 12
months or once per month for 24 months. Unfiltered systems will calculate a mean Cryptosporidium level to
determine treatment requirements.
Filtered systems providing at least 5.5 log of treatment for Cryptosporidium and Unfiltered systems
providing at least 3-log of treatment for Cryptosporidium and those systems that intend to install this level
of treatment are not required to conduct source water monitoring.
Filtered systems must provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium based on their bin classification
(average source water Cryptosporidium concentration}, using treatment options from the "microbial
toolbox."
Unfiltered systems must provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium using chlorine dioxide, ozone, or
UV.
Systems with an uncovered finished water storage facility must either:
* Cover the uncovered finished water storage facility; or,
* Treat the discharge to achieve inactivation and/or removal of at least 4-log for viruses, 3-log for
Giardia lamblia, and 2-log for Cryptosporidium.
Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking
After completing the initial round of source water monitoring any system that plans on making a significant change to their
disinfection practices must:
* Create disinfection profiles for Giardia lamblia and viruses;
' Calculate a disinfection benchmark; and,
* Consult with the state prior to making a significant change in disinfection practice.
Bin Classification For Filtered Systems
Cryptosporidium
Concentration
(oocysts/L)
< 0.075
0.075 to < 1.0
1.0to<3.0
>3.0
Bin
Classification
Bin
Bin 2
Bin 3
Bin 4
Additional Cryptosporidium Treatment Required
Conventional
Filtration
Direct
Filtration
Slow Sand or
Diatomaceous
Earth Filtration
Alternative
Filtration
No additional treatment required
1log
2 log
2.5 log
1.5 log
2.5 log
3 log
1tog
2 log
2.5 log
(D
(2)
(3)
tt Systems serving < 10,000 people that are not required to monitor tor Cryptosporidium are placed in Bin 1.
(1) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 4.0-log.
(2) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 5.0-log.
(3) As determined by the state (or other primacy agency) such that the total removal/inactivation > 5.5-log.
Inactivation Requirements for Unfiltered Systems
Cryptosporidium Concentration (oocysts/L)
<0.01
>0.01
Required Cryptosporidium Inactivation
2-log
3-log
-------
Critical Deadlines and Requirements
For Drinking Water Systems (Schedule 4)
July 1,2008
October 2008
December 1 , 2008
December 10, 2008
April 1, 2008
April 1, 2009
September 2009
January 1, 2010
April 2010
June 1,2010
June 10, 2010
March 201 2
September 201 2
September 2012
September 30, 2014
July 1, 2017
October 1,201 7
January 1, 2019
April 1,2019
Systems must submit their:
*• Sampling schedule that specifies the dates of sample collection and location of sampling for initial source water
monitoring; or
> Notice to EPA or the state of the system's intent to submit results for grandfathering data; or
*• Notice to EPA or the state of the system's intent to provide at least 5.5-log of treatment for Cryptosporidium for
filtered systems or 3-log of treatment for unf iltered systems. Systems should consult with EPA or their state prior to
submitting this notice.
> Notice to EPA or the state of the system's intent to conduct Cryptosporidium monitoring instead of E. coli monitoring.
No later than this month, filtered systems must begin 12 months of bi-weekly source water monitoring for E. coli.
No later than this date, systems must submit E. coli monitoring results for data that they want to have grandfathered.
Systems submit results for first month of E. coli source water monitoring.
No later than this date, systems must notify the EPA or the state of all uncovered treated water storage facilities.
No later than this date, uncovered finished water storage facilities must be covered, or the water must be treated before
entry into the distribution system, or the system must be in compliance with a state approved schedule.
No later than this month, systems that were required to monitor their source water for E. coli complete their inital round
of source water monitoring.
Filtered systems required to monitor for Cryptosporidium must submit their sampling schedule that specifies the dates of
sample collection and location of sampling for source water monitoring.
No later than this month, systems required to conduct Cryptosporidium monitoring must begin 12 or 24 months of source
water monitoring.
No later than this date, systems must submit Cryptosporidium monitoring results for data that they want to have
grandfathered.
Systems submit results for first month of Cryptosporidium source water monitoring.
No later than this month, systems that were required to monitor their source water for Cryptosporidium complete their
inital round of source water monitoring
No later than this month, filtered systems that were required to monitor their source water for Cryptosporidium must
report their initial bin classification to the EPA or the state for approval.
No later than this month, unf iltered systems must report the mean of all Cryptosporidium sample results to the EPA or the
state.
Systems must install and operate additional treatment in accordance with their bin classification or mean
Cryptosporidium level. t
Systems must submit their sampling schedule that specifies the dates of sample collection and location of sampling for
second round of E. coli source water monitoring to the state.
Systems are required to begin conducting a second round of E. coli source water monitoring. Based on the results,
systems must re-determine their bin classification and provide additional treatment, if necessary.
Systems must submit their sampling schedule that specifies the dates of sample collection and location of sampling for
second round of Cryptosporidium source water monitoring to the state.
Systems are required to begin conducting a second round of Cryptosporidium source water monitoring. Based on the
results, systems must re-determine their bin classification (filtered systems) or mean Cryptosporidium level (unfiltered
systems) and provide additional treatment, if necessary.
For States
July - December
2006
April 1, 2007
October 5, 2007
January 5, 2008
June 30, 2010
January 5, 2010
June 30, 2015
States are encouraged to communicate with affected systems regarding LT2ESWTR requirements.
States are encouraged to communicate LT2ESWTR requirements related to treatment, uncovered finished water
reservoirs, and disinfection profiling to affected systems.
States are encouraged to submit final primacy applications or extension requests to EPA.
Final primacy applications must be submitted to EPA, unless granted an extension.
States should begin determining Cryptosporidium treatment credit for primary treatments already in place.
Final primacy revision applications from states with approved 2-year extensions agreements must be submitted to EPA.
States should award Cryptosporidium treatment credit for toolbox option implementation.
f States may allow up to an additional 24 months for compliance for systems making capital improvements.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-06-008
www.epa.gov/safewater
June 2006
-------
S-EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Radipnuclides Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
Overview of the Rule IPublic Health Benefits
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Radionuclides Rule
66 FR 76708
December 7, 2000
Vol. 65, No. 236
Reducing the exposure to
radionuclides in drinking water
will reduce the risk of cancer.
This rule will also improve
public health protection by
reducing exposure to all
radionuclides.
The rule retains the existing
MCLs for combined radium-226
and radium-228, gross alpha
particle radioactivity, and beta
particle and photon activity.
The rule regulates uranium for
the first time.
Community water systems, all
size categories.
Implementation of
the Radionuclides
Rule will result in .
Estimated impacts of
the Radionuclides
Rule include ...
Reduced uranium
exposure for 620,000
persons, protection from
toxic kidney effects of
uranium, and a reduced
risk of cancer.
Annual compliance costs
of $81 million.
Only 795 systems will
have to install treatment.
Regulated Contaminants
Regulated
Radionuclide
Beta/photon emitters*
Gross alpha particle
Combined radium-
226/228
Uranium
MCL
4mrem/yr
15pCi/L
5pCi/L
30ug/L
MCLG
0
0
0
0
*A total of 168 individual beta particle and
photon emitters may be used to calculate
compliance with the MCL.
Critical Deadlines <
C P o n 1 1 i r £> m P n "f c
For Drinking Water Systems
June 2000 - December 8, 2003
December 8, 2003
December 31, 2007
When allowed by the State, data collected between these
dates may be eligible for use as grandfathered data
(excluding beta particle and photon emitters).
Systems begin initial monitoring under State-specified
monitoring plan unless the State permits use of
grandfathered data.
All systems must complete initial monitoring.
For States
December 2000 - December 2003
December 8, 2000
Spring 2001
December 8, 2002
States work with systems to establish monitoring
schedules.
States should begin to update vulnerability assessments
for beta photon and particle emitters and notify systems
of monitoring requirements.
EPA meets and works with States to explain new rules
and requirements and to initiate adoption and
implementation activities.
State submits primacy revision application to EPA. (EPA
approves within 90 days.)
-------
For additional information
on the Radionuclides Rule
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791;
visit the EPA Web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater; or
contact your State drinking
water representative. EPA
will provide radionuclide
training over the next year.
Monitoring Requirements
Gross Alpha, Combined Radium-226/228, and
Uranium (1)
Beta Particle and Photon
Radioactivity (1)
Initial Monitoring
Four consecutive quarters of monitoring.
No monitoring required for most CWSs.
Vulnerable CWSs (2) must sample for:
• Gross beta: quarterly samples.
• Tritium and Strontium-90: annual samples.
Reduced Monitoring
If the average of the initial monitoring results for
each contaminant is below the detection limit: One
sample every 9 years.
If the average of the initial monitoring results for
each contaminant is greater than or equal to the
detection limit, but less than or equal to one-half
the MCL: One sample every 6 years.
If the average of the initial monitoring results for
each contaminant is greater than one-half the MCL,
but less than or equal to the MCL: One sample
every 3 years.
If the running annual average of the gross
beta particle activity minus the naturally
occurring potassium-40 activity is less than or
equal to 50 pCi/L: One sample every 3 years.
Increased Monitoring
A system with an entry point result above the MCL
must return to quarterly sampling until 4
consecutive quarterly samples are below the MCL.
If gross beta particle activity minus the
naturally occurring potassium-40 activity
exceeds 50 pCi/L, the system must:
• Speciate as required by the State.
• Sample at the initial monitoring frequency.
(1) All samples must be collected at each entry point to the distribution system.
(2) The rule also contains requirements for CWSs using waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities
Grandfathering of Data
When allowed by the State, data collected between June, 2000 and December 8, 2003 may be used
to satisfy the inital monitoring requirements if samples have been collected from:
> Each entry point to the distribution system (EPTDS).
> The distribution system, provided the system has a single EPTDS.
* The distribution system, provided the State makes a written justification explaining why the
sample is representative of all EPTDS.
Applicability of the Standardized Monitoring Framework to Radionuclides
(Excluding the Beta Particle and Photon Emitters)
Initial Monitoring Results
First Compliance Cycle
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
< Detection Limit
i Detection Limit but S 1/2
the MCL
>1y2theMCLbut
-------
xvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
•
_
Record Keeping Rules:
A Quick Reference Guide
Introduction
Purpose
Target
Audience
This Guide will help you better understand:
* What records you are required to keep.
* The types of system information and additional records you should keep.
» How long this information should be retained to maintain a comprehensive
history of your public water system (PWS).
» The benefits of record keeping.
* How to keep your records secure.
This guide is intended for owners and operators of all PWSs
than 10,000 persons.
serving fewer
Benefits of Record Keeping
Record keeping has many benefits and can help you improve the operation and management
of your system. Some benefits of recordkeeping are:
* Records are a simple, easy, and cost-effective management tool.
* Complete, well-organized records can help ensure proper system operation and
maintenance of facilities and equipment, helping facilities run more efficiently.
* Accurate records can help to educate new staff, guide all staff in recognizing
and diagnosing problems, and provide possible solutions.
* Records can help resolve customer complaints.
* Records document changes that occur in water use, water quality, and water
availability.
* Records can help facilitate communication with customers, regulators, and decision
makers.
* Financial records can help determine if revenues are covering costs, help plan
for the future, and assist in compiling information for required reports.
General Record Keeping Requirements1
All PWSs Must Keep Records of
» Actions taken by your system to correct violations of primary drinking
water regulations (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 141.33).
» Public notices that your system issues (40 CFR 141.33).
Microbiological and turbidity analyses (40 CFR 141.33).2 You may
maintain actual laboratory results or a summary of these results. (See
40 CFR 141.33 for specific requirements.) Groundwater systems may
not be required to keep turbidity records.
Variances or exemptions (40 CFR 141.33).
» Chemical analyses (e.g., disinfectant residuals; disinfection byproducts;
nitrate/nitrite; radionuclides; inorganic, volatile organic, and synthetic
organic compounds)2 (40 CFR 141.33). You may maintain actual
laboratory results or a summary of these results. (See 40 CFR 141.33
for specific requirements.)
* Sanitary surveys and written reports and summaries of sanitary surveys
(40 CFR 141.33).
Frequency
At least 3 years
At least 5 years
At least 10
years
' Sfafes may adopt more stringent record keeping requirements. Check with your state to determine if
your system is subject to additional state requirements.
2 These requirements may not apply if your system purchases its drinking water and provides no
additional treatment. Contact your state for more information.
-------
What Additional Records Should My System Keep on File?
Records you may want to keep include:
• Information on system infrastructure (e.g., up-to-date as built engineering drawings, maps of valve and hydrant
locations, pipe sizes and locations, permits, etc.).
» Equipment purchase and repair records.
* Operations and routine maintenance log sheets.
• Locations and dates of leak repairs.
« Records related to water treatment, including filter backwash logs, turbidity readings that are taken in addition to those
required by regulation, coagulation records, and corrosivity control records.
» Records of chemical purchases.
» Records on source production, including static and pumping water levels, flow, and water use.
* Records of customer complaints, reason for the complaints, findings, and resolution.
» Public meeting and board meeting minutes.
* Records of operator certifications.
» Correspondence with regulators.
* Meter reading reports.
« Financial information, including budgets and customer billing records.
Contact your state primacy agency for additional information on other records your system should keep on file.
Issues to Consider About the Generation and Storage of Records
Records
Security
Limit access to sensitive information to authorized individuals, but make it available to employees
who may need it.
Keep hard copy sensitive information locked and ensure that only authorized personnel have
access.
Install and maintain firewalls on network computers, or ensure that computers with sensitive
information are not connected to a network or the internet.
Install and regularly run virus scans on networks and individual computers.
Use passwords to control access to data.
Install and maintain a back-up power supply so that information may be accessed during a power
failure.
Maintain a back-up of sensitive electronic information in the event of an emergency. Also keep
copies of sensitive hard copy information. Store both electronic and hard copy duplicates in a
secure off-site location.
Record
Retention and
Destruction
Processes
Develop a hard copy or electronic filing system to ensure efficient access to data.
Ensure that there is a satisfactory way to destroy electronic and hard copy files that contain sensitive
information (e.g., shred paper copies, erase old hard drives, and destroy other electronic media).
For additional information:
Call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791, visit the EPA Web site at www.epa.gov/safewater/, or contact your
state drinking water representative.
Office of Water
September 2006
EPA816-F-06-033
-------
oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
<
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection
Byproducts Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR)
63 FR 69390 - 69476, December 16, 1998, Vol. 63, No. 241
Revisions to the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR), the Stage 1
Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR), and Revisions to State Primacy
Requirements to Implement the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments
66 FR 3770, January 16, 2001, Vol 66, No. 29
Improve public health protection by reducing exposure to disinfection byproducts. Some
disinfectants and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been shown to cause cancer and
reproductive effects in lab animals and suggested bladder cancer and reproductive effects in
humans.
The Stage 1 DBPR is the first of a staged set of rules that will reduce the allowable levels of
DBPs in drinking water. The new rule establishes seven new standards and a treatment
technique of enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening to further reduce DBP exposure. The
rule is designed to limit capital investments and avoid major shifts in disinfection technologies
until additional information is available on the occurrence and health effects of DBPs.
The Stage 1 DBPR applies to all sizes of community water systems and nontransient
noncommunity water systems that add a disinfectant to the drinking water during any part of the
treatment process and transient noncommunity water systems that use chlorine dioxide.
Public Health Benefits
Implementation of the
Stage 1 DBPR will
result in . .
Estimated impacts of
the Stage 1 DBPR
include . . .
As many as 140 million people receiving increased protection from DBPs.
24 percent average reduction nationally in trihalomethane levels.
Reduction in exposure to the major DBPs from use of ozone (DBP = bromate) and
chlorine dioxide (DBP = chlorite).
> National capital costs: $2.3 billion
> National total annualized costs to utilities: $684 million
* 95 percent of households will incur an increase of less than $1 per month.
' 4 percent of households will incur an increase of $1-10 per month.
* <1 percent of households will incur an increase of $10-33 per month.
Critical Deadlines and Requirements
For Drinking Water Systems
January 1, 2002
January 1 , 2004
Surface water systems and ground water systems under the direct
influence of surface water serving > 10,000 people must comply with the
Stage 1 DBPR requirements.
Surface water systems and ground water systems under the direct
influence of surface water serving < 10,000, and all ground water systems
must comply with the Stage 1 DBPR requirements.
For States
December 16, 2000
December 16, 2002
States submit Stage 1 DBPR primacy revision applications to EPA
(triggers interim primacy).
Primacy extension deadline - all states with an extension must submit
primacy revision applications to EPA.
-------
I For additional information
* on the Stage 1 DBPR
'
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater; or
contact your State drinking
water representative.
Additional material is available
at www.epa.gov/safewater/
mdbp/implement.html.
-
Regulated Contaminants/Disinfectants
Regulated
Contaminants
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM)
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Five Haloacetic Acids (HAAS)
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Bromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
Bromate (plants that use ozone)
Chlorite (plants that use chlorine
dioxide)
MCL
(mg/L)
0.080
0.060
0.010
1.0
MCLC
(mg/L)
zero
0.06
zero
zero
0.3
zero
0.8
Regulated
Disinfectants
Chlorine
Chlora mines
Chlorine dioxide
MRDL
(mg/L)
4.0 as CI2
4.0 as CI2
0.8
MRDLC
(mg/L)
4
4
0.8
'Stage 1 DBPR includes maximum residual
disinfectant levels (MRDLs) and maximum
residual disinfectant level goals (MRDLGs)
which are similar to MCLs and MCLGs, but for
disinfectants.
Treatment Technique
Enhanced coagulation/enhanced softening to improve removal of DBF precursors (See Step 1 TOC Table) for
systems using conventional filtration treatment.
Step 1 TOC Table - Required % Removal of TOC
Source Water
TOC (mg/L)
> 2.0 to 4.0
> 4.0 to 8.0
> 8.0
Source Water Alkalinity, mg/L as CaCO,
0-60
35.0%
45.0%
50.0%
> 60-120
25.0%
35.0%
40.0%
> 120
15.0%
25.0%
30.0%
1 Systems meeting at least one of the alternative compliance criteria in the rule are not required to meet the
removals in this table.
2 Systems practicing softening must meet the TOC removal requirements in the last column to the right
Routine Monitoring Requirements
TTHM/HAA5
Bromate
Chlorite
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine/Chloramines
DBP precursors
Coverage
Surface and ground water
under the direct influence of
surface water serving > 10,000
Surface and ground water
under the direct influence of
surface water serving 500 -
9,999
Surface and ground water
under the direct influence of
surface water serving < 500
Ground water serving > 10,000
Ground water serving < 10,000
Ozone plants
Chlorine dioxide plants
Chlorine dioxide plants
All systems
Conventional filtration
Monitoring
Frequency
4/plant/quarter
1 /plant/quarter
1 /plant/year in month of
warmest water temperature**
1 /plant/quarter
1 /plant/year in month of
warmest water temperature**
Monthly
Daily at entrance to
distribution system; monthly
in distribution system
Daily at entrance to
distribution system
Same location and frequency
as TCR sampling
Monthly for total organic
carbon and alkalinity
Compliance
Running annual average
Running annual average
Running annual average
of increased monitoring
Running annual average
Running annual average
of increased monitoring
Running annual average
Daily/follow-up monitoring
Daily/follow-up monitoring
Running annual average
Running annual average
System must increase monitoring to 1 sample per plant per quarter if an MCL is exceeded.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-01-010
www.epa.gov/safewater
May 2001
-------
s»EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
For additional information
on the Stage 1 DBPR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater; or
contact your State drinking
water representative.
Additional material is available
at www.epa.gov/safewater/
mdbp/implement.html.
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection
Byproducts Rule: Laboratory Quick
Reference Guide
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR)
63 FR 69390 - 69476, December 16, 1998, Vol. 63, No. 241
Revisions to the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR), the Stage 1
Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR), and Revisions to State Primacy
Requirements to Implement the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments
66 FR 3770, January 16, 2001, Vol. 66, No. 29
Improve public health protection by reducing exposure to disinfection byproducts. Some
disinfectants and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been shown to cause cancer and
reproductive effects in lab animals and are suspected to cause bladder cancer and reproductive
effects in humans.
The Stage 1 DBPR is the first of a staged set of rules that will reduce the allowable levels of
DBPs in drinking water. The new rule establishes seven new standards and a treatment
technique of enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening to further reduce DBP exposure. The
rule is designed to limit capital investments and avoid major shifts in disinfection technologies
until additional information is available on the occurrence and health effects of DBPs.
Critical Deadlines and Requirements
January 1, 2002
January 1, 2004
Surface water systems and ground water systems under the direct influence of
surface water (GWUDI) serving > 10,000 people must comply with the Stage 1
DBPR requirements.
Surface water systems and GWUDI serving < 10,000, and all ground water systems
must comply with the Stage 1 DBPR requirements.
Routine Monitoring Requirements
Regulated
Contaminants/
Disinfectants
TTHM/HAA5
Bromate*
Chlorite
Chlorine/Chloramines
Chlorine dioxide
DBP precursors
(TOC/Alkalinty/SUVA)
Coverage
Surface and GWUDI serving > 10,000
Surface and GWUDI serving 500 - 9,999
Surface and GWUDI serving < 500
Ground water serving > 10,000
Ground water serving < 10,000
Ozone plants
Chlorine dioxide plants
All systems
Chlorine dioxide plants
Conventional filtration systems
Monitoring Frequency
4/plant/quarter
1 /plant/quarter
1/plant/year in month of warmest water
temperature*
1 /plant/quarter
1/plant/year in month of warmest water
temperature*
Monthly at entrance to distribution system
Daily at entrance to distribution system;
monthly in distribution system
Same location and frequency as Total
Coliform Rule sampling
Daily at entrance to distribution system
Monthly for total organic carbon and
alkalinity or the SUVA alternative
System must increase monitoring to 1 sample per plant per quarter if an MCL is exceeded.
Reduced Bromate monitoring may be available based on results of optional Bromide monitoring - See Stage 1 DBPR.
Laboratory Considerations
Obtain certification (or state approval) to perform new analyses.
1 Become familiar with new monitoring requirements.
* Prepare for increased number of samples (e.g., storage, supplies, staff).
"• Schedule to accommodate large number of samples, holding times, and demands on instrumentation.
-------
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Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-02-021
www.epa.gov/safewater
December 2002 rev.
-------
xvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
For additional information
on the Stage 2 DBPR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/
disinfection/stage2; or
contact your state drinking
water representative.
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection
Byproducts Rule: A Quick Reference
Guide For Schedule 1 Systems
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered '
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBPR) 71 FR 388, January 4, 2006,
Vol.71, No. 2
To increase public health protection by reducing the potential risk of adverse health effects
associated with disinfection byproducts (DBPs) throughout the distribution system. Builds on the
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR) by focusing on monitoring
for and reducing concentrations of two classes of DBPs - TTHM and HAAS - in drinking water.
Stage 2 DBPR requires some systems to complete an Initial Distribution System Evaluation (IDSE) to
characterize DBP levels in their distribution systems and identify locations to monitor DBPs for Stage
2 DBPR compliance. The Stage 2 DBPR bases TTHM and HAAS compliance on a locational running
annual average (LRAA) calculated at each monitoring location.
All community water systems (CWSs) and nontransient noncommunity water systems
(NTNCWSs) that either add a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light, or deliver
water that has been treated with a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light.
Schedule 1 includes CWSs and NTNCWSs serving 100,000 or more people OR CWSs and
NTNCWSs that are part of a combined distribution system in which the largest system serves
100,000 or more people.
* NTNCWSs serving < 10,000 people do not need to complete any of the IDSE options, but must conduct Stage 2 DBPR
compliance monitoring.
Stage 2 DBPR Regulated Contaminants
Regulated Contaminants
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM)
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Five Haloacetic Acids (HAAS)
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Bromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
MCLG (mg/L)
0.07
zero
0.06
zero
0.07
zero
0.02
MCL (mg/L)
0.080 LRAA
0.060 LRAA
IDSE Requirements
IDSE
Option
Standard
Monitoring
System
Specific
Study (SSS)
40/30
Certification1
Very Small
System (VSS)
Waiver*
Description
Standard monitoring is one year of increased monitoring for TTHM and HAAS in addition to the
data being collected under Stage 1 DBPR. These data will be used with Stage 1 DBPR data to
select Stage 2 DBPR TTHM and HAAS compliance monitoring locations. Any system may conduct
standard monitoring to meet the IDSE requirements of the Stage 2 DBPR.
Systems that have extensive TTHM and HAAS data (including Stage 1 DBPR compliance data) or
technical expertise to prepare a hydraulic model may choose to conduct a system specific study
to select Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring locations.
The term "40/30" refers to a system that during a specific time period has all individual Stage 1
DBPR compliance samples less than or equal to 0.040 mg/L for TTHM and 0.030 mg/L for HAAS
and has no monitoring violations during the same time period. These systems have no IDSE
monitoring requirements, but will still need to conduct Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring.
Systems that serve fewer than 500 people and have eligible TTHM and HAAS data can qualify for a
VSS Waiver and would not be required to conduct IDSE monitoring. These systems have no IDSE
monitoring requirements, but will still need to conduct Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring.
EPA has developed several tools to assist systems with complying with the Stage 2 DBPR IDSE requirements.
These materials can be downloaded at www.epa.gov/safewater/disinfection/stage2.
'* NTNCWSs serving < 10,000 people do not need to complete any of the IDSE options.
f Systems that are notified by EPA or the state their VSS waiver or 40/30 certification has not been approved will need to
complete Standard Monitoring or System Specific Study.
-------
Compliance with Stage 2 DBPR MCLs (Routine Monitoring)
Source
Water Type
Subpart H
Ground Water
Population Size
Category
<500
500-3,300
3,301-9,999
10,000-49,999
50,000-249,999
250,000-999,999
1,000,000-4,999,999
>5,000,000
<500
500-9,999
10,000-99,999
100,000-499,999
>500,000
Monitoring
Frequency1
per year
per quarter
per quarter
per year
per quarter
Total Distribution System Monitoring
Locations Per Monitoring Period2
2
2
2
4
8
12
16
20
2
2
4
6
8
Operational Evaluation
Systems must begin complying with the operational evaluation provision of the Stage 2 DBPR.
1 All systems must monitor during month of highest DBF concentrations.
2 Systems on quarterly monitoring must take dual sample sets every 90 days at each monitoring location, except for subpart H systems serving 500-3,300. Systems on
annual monitoring and subpart H systems serving 500-3,300 are required to take individual TTHM and HAAS samples (instead of a dual sample set) at the locations with
the highest TTHM and HAAS concentrations, respectively. If monitoring annually, only one location with a dual sample set per monitoring period is needed if highest
TTHM and HAAS concentrations occur at the same location, and month.
Critical Deadlines and Requirements
For Drinking Water Systems (Schedule 1)
January 4, 2006
October 1,2006
October 1 , 2007
September 30, 2008
January 1 , 2009
April 1,2009
April 1,201 2
January 2013
Systems serving fewer than 500 people that have TTHM and HAAS compliance data qualify for a VSS Waiver from conducting an
IDSE, unless informed otherwise by U.S. EPA or state primacy agency.
Systems that do not receive a VSS Waiver must submit to the U.S EPA or state primacy agency either a:
> Standard monitoring plan,
> System specific study plan, or
K 40/30 certification.
Systems conducting standard monitoring or SSS begin collecting samples in accordance with their approved plan.
No later than this date, systems conducting standard monitoring or a SSS complete their monitoring or study.
No later than this date, systems conducting standard monitoring or a SSS must submit their IDSE report.
Consecutive systems must begin monitoring for chlorine or chloramines as specified under the Stage 1 DBPR.
No later than this date, systems must:
* Complete their Stage 2 DBPR Compliance Monitoring Plan (Systems serving more than 3,300 people must submit their
Monitoring Plan to the state.)*
> Begin complying with monitoring requirements of the Stage 2 DBPR.T
Systems must begin complying with rule requirements to determine compliance with the operational evaluation levels for TTHMs
and HAASs.
For States
January - June
2006
September 30, 2007
October 4, 2007
January 4, 2008
March 31, 2009
January 4, 2010
States are encouraged to inform systems serving fewer than 500 people and do not qualify for a VSS Waiver from the IDSE
requirements should begin complying with standard monitoring requirements.
States must approve the system's standard monitoring plan, 40/30 certification, or system specific study plan or notify the
system that the state has not completed its review.
States are encouraged to submit final primacy applications or extension requests to EPA.
Final primacy applications must be submitted to EPA, unless granted an extension.
States must approve the system's IDSE report or notify the system that the state has not completed its review of the IDSE report.
Final primacy revision applications from states with approved 2-year extensions agreements must be submitted to EPA.
* A monitoring plan is not required if the IDSE report includes all information required in the monitoring plan.
t States may allow up to an additional 24 months for compliance with MCLs for systems requiring capital improvements.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-06-001
www.epa.gov/safewater
June 2006
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
'
For additional information
on the Stage 2 DBPR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/
disinfection/stage2; or
contact your state drinking
water representative.
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection
Byproducts Rule: A Quick Reference
Guide For Schedule 2 Systems
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBPR) 71 FR 388, January 4, 2006,
Vol.71, No. 2
To increase public health protection by reducing the potential risk of adverse health effects
associated with disinfection byproducts (DBPs) throughout the distribution system. Builds on the
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR) by focusing on monitoring
for and reducing concentrations of two classes of DBPs - TTHM and HAAS - in drinking water.
Stage 2 DBPR requires some systems to complete an Initial Distribution System Evaluation (IDSE) to
characterize DBP levels in their distribution systems and identify locations to monitor DBPs for Stage
2 DBPR compliance. The Stage 2 DBPR bases TTHM and HAAS compliance on a locational running
annual average (LRAA) calculated at each monitoring location.
All community water systems (CWSs) and nontransient noncommunity water systems
(NTNCWSs) that either add a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light, or deliver
water that has been treated with a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light.
Schedule 2 includes CWSs and NTNCWSs serving 50,000 to 99,999 people OR CWSs and
NTNCWSs that are part of a combined distribution system in which the largest system serves
50,000 to 99,999 people.
* NTNCWSs serving < 10,000 people do not need to complete any of the IDSE options, but must conduct Stage 2 DBPR
compliance monitoring.
Stage 2 DBPR Regulated Contaminants
Regulated Contaminants
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM)
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Five Haloacetic Acids (HAAS)
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Bromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
MCLG (mg/L)
0.07
zero
0.06
zero
0.07
zero
0.02
MCL (mg/L)
0.080 LRAA
0.060 LRAA
IDSE Requirements**
IDSE
Option
Standard
Monitoring
System
Specific
Study (SSS)
40/30
Certification*
Very Small
System (VSS)
Waiver t
Description
Standard monitoring is one year of increased monitoring for TTHM and HAAS in addition to the
data being collected under Stage 1 DBPR. These data will be used with Stage 1 DBPR data to
select Stage 2 DBPR TTHM and HAAS compliance monitoring locations. Any system may conduct
standard monitoring to meet the IDSE requirements of the Stage 2 DBPR.
Systems that have extensive TTHM and HAAS data (including Stage 1 DBPR compliance data) or
technical expertise to prepare a hydraulic model may choose to conduct a system specific study
to select Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring locations.
The term "40/30" refers to a system that during a specific time period has all individual Stage 1
DBPR compliance samples less than or equal to 0.040 mg/L for TTHM and 0.030 mg/L for HAAS
and has no monitoring violations during the same time period. These systems have no IDSE
monitoring requirements, but will still need to conduct Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring.
Systems that serve fewer than 500 people and have eligible TTHM and HAAS data can qualify for a
VSS Waiver and would not be required to conduct IDSE monitoring. These systems have no IDSE
monitoring requirements, but will still need to conduct Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring.
EPA has developed several tools to assist systems with complying with the Stage 2 DBPR IDSE requirements.
These materials can be downloaded at www.epa.gov/safewater/disinfection/stage2.
" NTNCWSs serving < 10,000 people do not need to complete any of the IDSE options.
t Systems that are notified by EPA or the state their VSS waiver or 40/30 certification has not been approved will need to
complete Standard Monitoring or System Specific Study.
-------
Compliance with Stage 2 DBPR MCLs (Routine Monitoring)
Source
Water Type
Subpart H
Ground Water
Population Size
Category
<500
500-3,300
3,301-9,999
10,000-49,999
50,000-249,999
250,000-999,999
1,000,000-4,999,999
>5,000,000
<500
500-9,999
10,000-99,999
100,000-499,999
>500,000
Monitoring
Frequency1
per year
per quarter
per quarter
per year
per quarter
Total Distribution System Monitoring
Locations Per Monitoring Period2
2
2
2
4
8
12
16
20
2
2
4
6
8
Operational Evaluation
Systems must begin complying with the operational evaluation provision of the Stage 2 DBPR.
1 All systems must monitor during month of highest DBP concentrations.
2 Systems on quarterly monitoring must take dual sample sets every 90 days at each monitoring location, except for subpart H systems serving 500-3,300. Systems on
annual monitoring and subpart H systems serving 500-3,300 are required to take individual TTHM and HAAS samples (instead of a dual sample set) at the locations with
the highest TTHM and HAAS concentrations, respectively. If monitoring annually, only one location with a dual sample set per monitoring period is needed if highest
TTHM and HAAS concentrations occur at the same location, and month.
Critical Deadlines and Requirement
For Drinking Water Systems (Schedule 2)
January 4, 2006
April 1,2007
April 1, 2008
March 31, 2009
July 1,2009
April 1,2009
October 1,2012
July 201 3
Systems serving fewer than 500 people that have TTHM and HAAS compliance data qualify for a VSS Waiver from conducting an
IDSE, unless informed otherwise by U.S. EPA or state primacy agency.
Systems that do not receive a VSS Waiver must submit to the U.S EPA or state primacy agency either a:
> Standard monitoring plan,
* System specific study plan, or
> 40/30 certification.
Systems conducting standard monitoring or SSS begin collecting samples in accordance with their approved plan.
No later than this date, systems conducting standard monitoring or a SSS complete their monitoring or study.
No later than this date, systems conducting standard monitoring or a SSS must submit their IDSE report.
Consecutive systems must begin monitoring for chlorine or chloramines as specified under the Stage 1 DBPR.
No later than this date, systems must:
> Complete their Stage 2 DBPR Compliance Monitoring Plan (Systems serving more than 3,300 people must submit their
Monitoring Plan to the state.)*
> Begin complying with monitoring requirements of the Stage 2 DBPR.t
Systems must begin complying with rule requirements to determine compliance with the operational evaluation levels for TTHMs
and HAASs,
For States
January - June
2006
March 31, 2008
October 4, 2007
January 4, 2008
September 30, 2009
January 4, 2010
States are encouraged to inform systems serving fewer than 500 people and do not qualify for a VSS Waiver from the IDSE
requirements should begin complying with standard monitoring requirements.
States must approve the system's standard monitoring plan, 40/30 certification, or system specific study plan or notify the
system that the state has not completed its review.
States are encouraged to submit final primacy applications or extension requests to EPA.
Final primacy applications must be submitted to EPA, unless granted an extension.
States must approve the system's IDSE report or notify the system that the state has not completed its review of the IDSE report.
Final primacy revision applications from states with approved 2-year extensions agreements must be submitted to EPA.
* A monitoring plan is not required if the IDSE report includes all information required in the monitoring plan.
t States may allow up to an additional 24 months for compliance with MCLs for systems requiring capital improvements.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-06-002
www.epa.gov/safewater
June 2006
-------
irxEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
For additional information
on the Stage 2 DBPR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/
disinfection/stage2; or
contact your state drinking
water representative.
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection
Byproducts Rule: A Quick Reference
Guide For Schedule 3 Systems
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered '
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBPR) T\ FR 388, January 4, 2006,
Vol. 71, No. 2
To increase public health protection by reducing the potential risk of adverse health effects
associated with disinfection byproducts (DBFs) throughout the distribution system. Builds on the
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR) by focusing on monitoring
for and reducing concentrations of two classes of DBPs - TTHM and HAAS - in drinking water.
Stage 2 DBPR requires some systems to complete an Initial Distribution System Evaluation (IDSE) to
characterize DBP levels in their distribution systems and identify locations to monitor DBPs for Stage
2 DBPR compliance. The Stage 2 DBPR bases TTHM and HAAS compliance on a locational running
annual average (LRAA) calculated at each monitoring location.
All community water systems (CWSs) and nontransient noncommunity water systems
(NTNCWSs) that either add a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light, or deliver
water that has been treated with a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light.
Schedule 3 includes CWSs and NTNCWSs serving 10,000 to 49,999 people OR CWSs and
NTNCWSs that are part of a combined distribution system in which the largest system serves
10,000 to 49,999 people.
* NTNCWSs serving < 10,000 people do not need to complete any of the IDSE options, but must conduct Stage 2 DBPR
compliance monitoring.
Stage 2 DBPR Regulated Contaminants
Regulated Contaminants
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM)
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Five Haloacetic Acids (HAAS)
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Bromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
MCLG (mg/L)
0.07
zero
0.06
zero
0.07
zero
0.02
MCL (mg/L)
0.080 LRAA
0.060 LRAA
IDSE Requirements**
IDSE
Option
Standard
Monitoring
System
Specific
Study (SSS)
40/30
Certification *
Very Small
System (VSS)
Waiver*
Description
Standard monitoring is one year of increased monitoring for TTHM and HAAS in addition to the
data being collected under Stage 1 DBPR. These data will be used with Stage 1 DBPR data to
select Stage 2 DBPR TTHM and HAAS compliance monitoring locations. Any system may conduct
standard monitoring to meet the IDSE requirements of the Stage 2 DBPR.
Systems that have extensive TTHM and HAAS data (including Stage 1 DBPR compliance data) or
technical expertise to prepare a hydraulic model may choose to conduct a system specific study
to select Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring locations.
The term "40/30" refers to a system that during a specific time period has all individual Stage 1
DBPR compliance samples less than or equal to 0.040 mg/L for TTHM and 0.030 mg/L for HAAS
and has no monitoring violations during the same time period. These systems have no IDSE
monitoring requirements, but will still need to conduct Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring.
Systems that serve fewer than 500 people and have eligible TTHM and HAAS data can qualify for a
VSS Waiver and would not be required to conduct IDSE monitoring. These systems have no IDSE
monitoring requirements, but will still need to conduct Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring.
EPA has developed several tools to assist systems with complying with the Stage 2 DBPR IDSE requirements.
These materials can be downloaded at www.epa.gov/safewater/disinfection/stage2.
'* NTNCWSs serving < 10,000 people do not need to complete any of the IDSE options.
t Systems that are notified by EPA or the state their VSS waiver or 40/30 certification has not been approved will need to
complete Standard Monitoring or System Specific Study.
-------
Compliance with Stage 2 DBPR MCLs (Routine Monitoring)
Source
Water Type
Subpart H
Ground Water
Population Size
Category
<500
500-3,300
3,301-9,999
10,000-49,999
50,000-249,999
250,000-999,999
1,000,000-4,999,999
>5,000,000
<500
500-9,999
10,000-99,999
100,000-499,999
>500,000
Monitoring
Frequency'
per year
per quarter
per quarter
per year
per quarter
Total Distribution System Monitoring
Locations Per Monitoring Period2
2
2
2
4
8
12
16
20
2
2
4
6
8
Operational Evaluation
Systems must begin complying with the operational evaluation provision of the Stage 2 DBPR.
' All systems must monitor during month of highest DBF concentrations.
2 Systems on quarterly monitoring must take dual sample sets every 90 days at each monitoring location, except for subpart H systems serving 500-3,300. Systems on
annual monitoring and subpart H systems serving 500-3,300 are required to take individual TTHM and HAAS samples (instead of a dual sample set) at the locations with
the highest TTHM and HAAS concentrations, respectively. If monitoring annually, only one location with a dual sample set per monitoring period is needed if highest
TTHM and HAAS concentrations occur at the same location, and month.
Critical Deadlines and Requirements
For Drinking Water Systems (Schedule 3)
January 4, 2006
October 1,2007
October 1,2008
April 1, 2009
September 30, 2009
January 1, 2010
October 1,2013
July 2014
Systems serving fewer than 500 people that have TTHM and HAAS compliance data qualify for a VSS Waiver from conducting an
IDSE, unless informed otherwise by U.S. EPA or state primacy agency.
Systems that do not receive a VSS Waiver must submit to the U.S EPA or state primacy agency either a:
> Standard monitoring plan,
f System specific study plan, or
> 40/30 certification.
Systems conducting standard monitoring or SSS begin collecting samples in accordance with their approved plan.
Consecutive systems must begin monitoring for chlorine or chloramines as specified under the Stage 1 DBPR.
No later than this date, systems conducting standard monitoring or a SSS complete their monitoring or study.
No later than this date, systems conducting standard monitoring or a SSS must submit their IDSE report.
No later than this date, systems must:
> Complete their Stage 2 DBPR Compliance Monitoring Plan (Systems serving more than 3,300 people must submit their
Monitoring Plan to the state.)*
* Begin complying with monitoring requirements of the Stage 2 DBPR.'
Systems must begin complying with rule requirements to determine compliance with the operational evaluation levels for TTHMs
and HAASs.
For States
July - December
2006
September 30, 2008
October 4, 2007
January 4, 2008
September 30, 2010
January 4, 2010
States are encouraged to inform systems serving fewer than 500 people and do not qualify for a VSS Waiver from the IDSE
requirements should begin complying with standard monitoring requirements.
States must approve the system's standard monitoring plan, 40/30 certification, or system specific study plan or notify the
system that the state has not completed its review.
States are encouraged to submit final primacy applications or extension requests to EPA.
Final primacy applications must be submitted to EPA, unless granted an extension.
States must approve the system's IDSE report or notify the system that the state has not completed its review of the IDSE report.
Final primacy revision applications from states with approved 2-year extensions agreements must be submitted to EPA.
* A compliance monitoring plan is not required if the IDSE report includes all information required in a Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring plan.
f States may allow up to an additional 24 months for compliance with MCLs for systems requiring capital improvements.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-06-003
www. epa. gov/saf ewater
June 2006
-------
SEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
For additional information
on the Stage 2 DBPR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/
disinfection/stage2; or
contact your state drinking
water representative.
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection
Byproducts Rule: A Quick Reference
Guide For Schedule 4 Systems
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered'
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBPR) 71 FR 388, January 4, 2006,
Vol. 71, No. 2
To increase public health protection by reducing the potential risk of adverse health effects
associated with disinfection byproducts (DBPs) throughout the distribution system. Builds on the
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR) by focusing on monitoring
for and reducing concentrations of two classes of DBPs - TTHM and HAAS - in drinking water.
Stage 2 DBPR requires some systems to complete an Initial Distribution System Evaluation (IDSE) to
characterize DBP levels in their distribution systems and identify locations to monitor DBPs for Stage
2 DBPR compliance. The Stage 2 DBPR bases TTHM and HAAS compliance on a locational running
annual average (LRAA) calculated at each monitoring location.
All community water systems (CWSs) and nontransient noncommunity water systems
(NTNCWSs) that either add a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light, or deliver
water that has been treated with a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light.
Schedule 4 includes CWSs and NTNCWSs serving fewer than 10,000 people and not belonging to
a combined distribution system in which any system serves less than 10,000 people.
* NTNCWSs serving < 10,000 people do not need to complete any of the IDSE options, but must conduct Stage 2 DBPR
compliance monitoring.
Stage 2 DBPR Regulated Contaminants
Regulated Contaminants
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM)
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Five Haloacetic Acids (HAAS)
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Bromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
MCLG (mg/L)
0.07
zero
0.06
zero
0.07
zero
0.02
MCL (mg/L)
0.080 LRAA
0.060 LRAA
IDSE Requirements*
IDSE
Option
Standard
Monitoring
System
Specific
Study (SSS)
40/30
Certification'
Very Small
System (VSS)
Waiver t
Description
Standard monitoring is one year of increased monitoring for TTHM and HAAS in addition to the
data being collected under Stage 1 DBPR. These data will be used with Stage 1 DBPR data to
select Stage 2 DBPR TTHM and HAAS compliance monitoring locations. Any system may conduct
standard monitoring to meet the IDSE requirements of the Stage 2 DBPR.
Systems that have extensive TTHM and HAAS data (including Stage 1 DBPR compliance data) or
technical expertise to prepare a hydraulic model may choose to conduct a system specific study
to select Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring locations.
The term "40/30" refers to a system that during a specific time period has all individual Stage 1
DBPR compliance samples less than or equal to 0.040 mg/L for TTHM and 0.030 mg/L for HAAS
and has no monitoring violations during the same time period. These systems have no IDSE
monitoring requirements, but will still need to conduct Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring.
Systems that serve fewer than 500 people and have eligible TTHM and HAAS data can qualify for a
VSS Waiver and would not be required to conduct IDSE monitoring. These systems have no IDSE
monitoring requirements, but will still need to conduct Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring.
EPA has developed several tools to assist systems with complying with the Stage 2 DBPR IDSE requirements.
These materials can be downloaded at www.epa.gov/safewater/disinfection/stage2.
'* NTNCWSs serving < 10,000 people do not need to complete any of the IDSE options.
t Systems that are notified by EPA or the state their VSS waiver or 40/30 certification has not been approved will need to
complete Standard Monitoring or System Specific Study.
-------
Compliance with Stage 2. uBHR MCLs (Routine Monitoring;
Source
Water Type
Subpart H
Ground Water
Population Size
Category
<500
500-3,300
3,301-9,999
10,000-49,999
50,000-249,999
250,000-999,999
1,000,000-4,999,999
>5,000,000
<500
500-9,999
10,000-99,999
100,000-499,999
>500,000
Monitoring
Frequency1
per year
per quarter
per quarter
per year
per quarter
Total Distribution System Monitoring
Locations Per Monitoring Period2
2
2
2
4
8
12
16
20
2
2
4
6
8
Operational Evaluation
Systems must begin complying with the operational evaluation provision of the Stage 2 DBPR.
1 All systems must monitor during month of highest DBF concentrations.
2 Systems on quarterly monitoring must take dual sample sets every 90 days at each monitoring location, except for subpart H systems serving 500-3,300. Systems on
annual monitoring and subpart H systems serving 500-3,300 are required to take individual TTHM and HAAS samples (instead of a dual sample set) at the locations with
the highest TTHM and HAAS concentrations, respectively. If monitoring annually, only one location with a dual sample set per monitoring period is needed if highest
TTHM and HAAS concentrations occur at the same location, and month.
Critical Deadlines and Requiremen
For Drinking Water Systems (Schedule 4)
January 4, 2006
Systems serving fewer than 500 people that have TTHM and HAAS compliance data qualify for a VSS Waiver from conducting an IDSE, unless
informed otherwise by U.S. EPA or state primacy agency.
April 1, 2008
Systems that do not receive a VSS Waiver must submit to the U.S EPA or state primacy agency either a:
* Standard monitoring plan,
> System specific study plan, or
> 40/30 certification.
April 1, 2009
Systems conducting standard monitoring or SSS begin collecting samples in accordance with their approved plan.
April 1, 2009
Consecutive systems must begin monitoring for chlorine or chloramines as specified under the Stage 1 DBPR.
March 31, 2010
No later than this date, systems conducting standard monitoring or a SSS complete their monitoring or study.
July 1,2010
No later than this date, systems conducting standard monitoring or a SSS must submit their IDSE report.
October 1, 2013
No later than this date, systems must:
* Complete their Stage 2 DBPR Compliance Monitoring Plan (Systems serving more than 3,300 people must submit their Monitoring Plan to
the state.)*
* Begin complying with monitoring requirements of the Stage 2 DBPR.1
July 2014"
Systems must begin complying with rule requirements to determine compliance with the operational evaluation levels for TTHMs and HAASs.
For States
July - December
2006
States are encouraged to inform systems serving fewer than 500 people and do not qualify for a VSS Waiver from the IDSE requirements
should begin complying with standard monitoring requirements.
March 31, 2009
States must approve the system's standard monitoring plan, 40/30 certification, or system specific study plan or notify the system that the
state has not completed its review.
October 4, 2007
States are encouraged to submit final primacy applications or extension requests to EPA.
January 4, 2008
Final primacy applications must be submitted to EPA, unless granted an extension.
September 30, 2010
States must approve the system's IDSE report or notify the system that the state has not completed its review of the IDSE report.
January 4, 2010
Final primacy revision applications from states with approved 2-year extensions agreements must be submitted to EPA.
* A compliance monitoring plan is not required if the IDSE report includes all information required in a Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring plan.
t States may allow up to an additional 24 months for compliance with MCLs for systems requiring capital improvements. System not conducting Cryptosporidium monitoring under
141.701(a)(4) must begin Stage 2 DBPR Monitoring by this date. Systems conducting Cryptosporidium monitoring under 141.701(a)(4) or 141.701(a)(6) must begin Stage 2 DBPR
Monitoring by October 1, 2014.
tt System not conducting Cryptosporidium monitoring under 141.701(a)(4) must comply by this date. Systems conducting Cryptosporidium monitoring under 141.701(a)(4) or
141.701(a)(6) must begin complying by July 2015.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-06-004
www.epa.gov/safewater
June 2006
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agenc
For additional information:
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791; visit
the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/
or contact your primacy
agency's drinking water
representatives.
See 40 CFR 141.23 regarding
IOCs;40CFR141.24
regarding VOCs and SOCs;
and 40 CFR 141.26 regarding
Radionuclides.
The Standardized Monitoring Framework:
A Quick Reference Guide
Overview of the Framework
Title
Purpose
General
Description
The Standardized Monitoring Framework (SMF). promulgated in the
Phase II Rule on January 30,1991 (56 FR 3526).
To standardize, simplify, and consolidate monitoring requirements
across contaminant groups. The SMF increases public health
protection by simplifying monitoring plans and synchronizing
monitoring schedules leading to increased compliance with
monitoring requirements.
The SMF reduces the variability within monitoring requirements for
chemical and radiological contaminants across system sizes and
types.
Additional Requirements
The SMF outlined on these pages summarizes existing systems' ongoing federal
monitoring requirements only. Primacy agencies have the flexibility to issue waivers,
with EPA approval, which take into account regional and state specific
characteristics and concerns. To determine exact monitoring requirements, the SMF
must be used in conjunction with any EPA approved waiver and additional
requirements as determined by the primacy agency.
New water systems may have different and additional requirements as determined by
the primacy agency.
SMF Benefits
Implementation of the SMF results in ...
Increased public health protection through monitoring consistency.
A reduction in the complexity of water quality monitoring from a technical and
managerial perspective for both primacy agencies and water systems.
Equalizing of resource expenditures for monitoring and vulnerability
assessments.
Increased water system compliance with monitoring requirements.
Regulated Contaminants JUtilities Covered
Inorganic
Contaminants
(IOCS)
Synthetic Organic
Contaminants (SOCs)
&
Volatile Organic
Contaminants (VOCs)
Radionuclides
Fifteen (15)
(Nitrate, Nitrite, total
Nitrate/Nitrite, and
Asbestos are
exceptions to SMF)
Fifty-One (51)
Four (4)
All PWSs
CWSs
NTNCWSs
Nitrate
Nitrite
IOCS
SOCs
VOCs
Radionuclides
IOCS
SOCs
VOCs
Office of Water (4606) EPA 816-F-04-010 www.epa.gov/safewater
March 2004
-------
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-------
-------
«>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
1 The June 1989 Rule was
revised as follows: Corrections and
Technical Amendments, 6/19/90
and Partial Stay of Certain Provi-
sions (Variance Criteria) 56 FR
1556-1557, Vol 56, No 10.
Note: The TCR is currently
undergoing the 6 year review
process and may be subject to
change.
Total Coliform Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Total Coliform Rule (TCR)
54 FR 27544-27568, June 29, 1989, Vol. 54, No. 1241
Improve public health protection by reducing fecal pathogens to minimal levels
through control of total coliform bacteria, including fecal coliforms and Escherichia
coli (E. coli).
Establishes a maximum contaminant level (MCL) based on the presence or absence
of total coliforms, modifies monitoring requirements including testing for fecal
coliforms or E. coli, requires use of a sample siting plan, and also requires sanitary
surveys for systems collecting fewer than five samples per month.
The TCR applies to all public water systems.
Public Health Benefits
Implementation
of the TCR has
resulted in ..
Reduction in risk of illness from disease causing organisms associated with
sewage or animal wastes. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps,
nausea, and possibly jaundice, and associated headaches and fatigue.
What are the Major Provisions?
ROUTINE Sampling Requirements
Total coliform samples must be collected at sites which are representative of water quality
throughout the distribution system according to a written sample siting plan subject to state
review and revision.
* Samples must be collected at regular time intervals throughout the month except groundwater
systems serving 4,900 persons or fewer may collect them on the same day.
k Monthly sampling requirements are based on population served (see table on next page for the
minimum sampling frequency).
* A reduced monitoring frequency may be available for systems serving 1,000 persons or fewer
and using only ground water if a sanitary survey within the past 5 years shows the system is
free of sanitary defects (the frequency may be no less than 1 sample/quarter for community
and 1 sample/year for non-community systems).
* Each total coliform-positive routine sample must be tested for the presence of fecal coliforms or
E. coli.
* If any routine sample is total coliform-positive, repeat samples are required.
REPEAT Sampling Requirements
Within 24 hours of learning of a total coliform-positive ROUTINE sample result, at least 3 REPEAT
samples must be collected and analyzed for total coliforms:
* One REPEAT sample must be collected from the same tap as the original sample.
* One REPEAT sample must be collected within five service connections upstream.
* One REPEAT sample must be collected within five service connections downstream.
' Systems that collect 1 ROUTINE sample per month or fewer must collect a 4th REPEAT sample.
* If any REPEAT sample is total coliform-positive:
The system must analyze that total coliform-positive culture for fecal coliforms or E.coli.
> The system must collect another set of REPEAT samples, as before, unless the MCL has been
violated and the system has notified the state.
Additional ROUTINE Sample Requirements
' A positive ROUTINE or REPEAT total coliform result requires a minimum of five ROUTINE
samples be collected the following month the system provides water to the public unless
waived by the state.
-------
•
For additional
the TCR
information on
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791; visit
the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/
mdbp.html; or contact your state
drinking water representative.
I
2 The revised Public Notification
Rule will extend the period allowed
for public notice of monthly violations
to 30 days and shorten the period for
acute violations to 24 hours. These
revisions are effective for all systems
by May 6, 2002 and are detailed in
40 CFR Subpart Q.
Office of Water (4606)
Public Water System ROUTINE Monitoring Frequencies
Population
25-1,000*
1,001-2,500
2,501-3,300
3,301-4,100
4,101-4,900
4,901-5,800
5,801-6,700
6,701-7,600
7,601-8,500
8,501-12,900
12,901-17,200
17,201-21,500
Minimum
Samples/ Month
1
10
15
20
Population
21,501-25,000
25,001-33,000
33,001-41,000
41,001-50,000
50,001-59,000
59,001-70,000
70,001-83,000
83,001-96,000
96,001-130,000
130,001-220,000
220,001-320,000
320,001-450,000
Minimum
Samples/ Month
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
Population
450,001-600,000
600,001-780,000
780,001-970,000
970,001-1,230,000
1,230,001-1,520,000
1,520,001-1,850,000
1,850,001-2,270,000
2,270,001-3,020,000
3,020,001-3,960,000
> 3,960,001
Minimum
Samples/ Month
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
150
180
'Includes PWSs which have at least 15 service connections, but serve <25 people.
What are the Other Provisions?
Systems collecting fewer than 5
ROUTINE samples per month ...
Systems using surface water or ground
water under the direct influence of
surface water (GWUDI) and meeting
filtration avoidance criteria . .
Must have a sanitary survey every 5 years (or every 10
years if it is a non-community water system using
protected and disinfected ground water).**
Must collect and have analyzed one coliform sample
each day the turbidity of the source water exceeds 1
NTU. This sample must be collected from a tap near the
first service connection.
'* As per the IESWTR, states must conduct sanitary surveys for community surface water and GWUDI systems in this
category every 3 years (unless reduced by the state based on outstanding performance).
How is Compliance Determined?
Compliance is based on the presence or absence of total conforms.
Compliance is determined each calendar month the system serves water to the public (or each
calendar month that sampling occurs for systems on reduced monitoring).
The results of ROUTINE and REPEAT samples are used to calculate compliance.
A Monthly MCL Violation is Triggered if:
A system collecting fewer than 40
samples per month ...
A system collecting at least 40
samples per month . . .
Has greater than 1 ROUTINE/REPEAT sample per month which
is total coliform-positive.
Has greater than 5.0 percent of the ROUTINE/REPEAT samples
in a month total coliform-positive.
An Acute MCL Violation is Triggered if:
Any public water system ...
Has any fecal coliform- or E. co//-positive REPEAT sample or
has a fecal coliform- or E. co//-positive ROUTINE sample
followed by a total coliform-positive REPEAT sample.
What are the Public Notification and Reporting Requirements?
For a Monthly MCL Violation
For an Acute MCL Violation
Systems with ROUTINE or
REPEAT samples that are fecal
coliform- or E. co//-positive ...
> The violation must be reported to the state no later than the
end of the next business day after the system learns of the
violation.
> The public must be notified within 14 days.2
> The violation must be reported to the state no later than the
end of the next business day after the system learns of the
violation.
> The public must be notified within 72 hours.2
Must notify the state by the end of the day they are notified of the
result or by the end of the next business day if the state office is
'already closed.
EPA 816-F-01-035
www.epa.gov/safewater
November 2001
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SEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Variances and Exemptions:
A Quick Reference Guide
For additional information:
• Call the Safe Drinking
Water Hotline at 1-800-
426-4791.
• Visit the EPA Web site at
www. epa.gov/safewate r.
• Contact your State's
drinking water
representatives.
Title
Purpose
General
Compliance
Date
Contaminants
Excluded
Overview of the Rule
Variances and Exemptions Rule, 63 FR 43834-43851, August 14, 1998 \
General and Small System Variances
Variances allow eligible systems to provide
drinking water that does not comply with a
National Primary Drinking Water Regulation
(NPDWR) on the condition that the system
installs a certain technology and the quality of
the drinking water is still protective of public
health.
There are two types of variances:
1 . General variances are intended for
systems that are not able to comply with a
NPDWR due to their source water quality.
2. Small system variances are intended for
systems serving 3,300 persons or fewer
that cannot afford to comply with a
NPDWR (but may be allowed for systems
serving up to 10,000 persons).
General variances require compliance as
expeditiously as practicable and in accordance
with a compliance schedule determined by the
State. Small system variances require
compliance within 3 years (with a possible 2-
year extension period).
• General variances may generally not be
granted for the maximum contaminant level
(MCL) for total coliforms or any of the
treatment technique (TT) requirements of
SubpartHof40CFR141.
• Small system variances may not be
granted for NPDWRs promulgated prior to
1986 or MCLs, indicators, and TTs for
microbial contaminants.
Exemptions
Exemptions allow eligible systems additional
time to build capacity in order to achieve and
maintain regulatory compliance with newly
promulgated NPDWRs, while continuing to
provide acceptable levels of public health
protection.
Exemptions do not release a water system
from complying with NPDWRs; rather, they
allow water systems additional time to comply
with NPDWRs.
Systems must achieve compliance as
expeditiously as practicable and in
accordance with the schedule determined by
the State. In addition:
• Initial exemptions cannot exceed 3 years.
• Systems serving < 3,301 persons may be
eligible for one or more additional 2-year
extension periods (not to exceed 6 years).
• Exemptions from the MCL for total
coliforms may generally not be granted.
Utilities Covered
All public
water
systems
Exclusions:
• Systems that have received a small system variance are not eligible for an exemption.
• Small system variances may not be granted for NPDWRs that do not list a small system
variance technology (SSVT).
• Systems that have received an exemption are generally not eligible for a variance.
Definitions
State
Best Available
Technology (BAT)
Small System
Variance Technology
(SSVT)
Small System
Compliance
Technology (SSCT)
For purposes of this document, "State" is used to refer to the primacy agency.
The BAT, TT, or other means identified by EPA for use in complying with a NPDWR.
A treatment technology identified by EPA specifically for use by a small public water
system that will achieve the maximum reduction or inactivation efficiency that is
affordable considering the size of the system and the quality of its source water, while
adequately protecting public health.
A treatment technology that is affordable by small systems and allows systems to
achieve compliance with the requirements of a NPDWR.
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Rule-Related Activities and Responsibilities
Systems
General and
Small
System
Variances
Additional
Activities for
Small
System
Variances
Exemptions
• May apply for, if eligible and unable to meet the
NPDWR.
• Work with the State to hold a public hearing on the
proposed variance.
• Meet all compliance criteria, including schedule set by
State, once the variance is approved.
• Must provide public notice within 1 year after the system
begins operating under the variance.
• May apply for only if EPA has identified an SSVT for the
rule.
• Work with the State to provide notice of the proposed
variance to all persons served by the system.
• May apply for, if eligible and unable to meet the
NPDWR.
• Work with the State to hold a public hearing on the
proposed exemption.
• Upon approval, must meet all compliance criteria and
comply with the NPDWR within 3 years. (Note: systems
serving <3,301 persons may be eligible for an extension).
• Systems must provide public notice within 1 year after the
system begins operating under the exemption.
States
• Review the system's application to determine whether the
system meets all eligibility criteria.
• Before issuing a variance, determine a schedule for
compliance and implementation.
• Work with the system to hold a public hearing on the
variance and notify EPA of all variances.
• Determine whether the system is financially and technically
able to install and operate an EPA-approved SSVT.
• Work with the system to provide notice of the proposed
variance to all persons served by the system and EPA.
• Review all small system variances every 5 years.
• Review the system's application to determine whether the
system meets all eligibility criteria.
• Before issuing an exemption, determine a schedule for
compliance and implementation.
• Work with the system to hold a public hearing on the
exemption and notify EPA of all exemptions.
General Variances
Eligibility Requirements
No Alternative Using raw water sources that are reasonably available, the system is unable to meet MCLs (SDWA §1415(a)(1)(A) and 40
Water Source CFR 1 42.40(a)(1 )).
Does Not Pose The State must determine that the granting of the variance will not pose an unreasonable risk to health (URTH) (SDWA
an URTH §1415(a)(1)(A) and 40 CFR 142.40(a)(2)).
Compliance Requirements
Compliance Systems must comply with the NPDWR as soon as practicable and in accordance with a compliance schedule determined by
Date the State (SDWA §1415(a)(1)(A) and 40 CFR 1 42.41 (c)(4)).
Technology The system must install and operate the BAT, TT, or other means found available by EPA as expeditiously as possible (SDWA
Improvements §1415(a)(1)(A) and 40 CFR 142.42(c)).
Public Hearing Before a variance may take effect, the State must provide notice and opportunity for a public hearing on the variance and
schedule (SDWA §1415(a)(1)(A) and 40 CFR 142.44).
Public Systems must provide public notice within 1 year after the system begins operating under a variance and repeat the notice
Notification annually for the duration of the variance (40 CFR 1 41 .204(b)(1 )).
Example Application Process: General Variances
Start
PWS determines it won't be able to comply
with NPDWR by compliance date and
requests variance from the State
State and PWS work together to determine
if the system is eligible for a variance
and hold a public hearing
State informs PWS of variance decision
within 90 days of receiving the req
PWS must comply
with NPDWR by
compliance date
Denied
ision "1
uest j
Granted
State issues variance, including schedule
for compliance and implementation, on
condition that system install BAT, TT, or
other treatment means that EPA finds is
available
I
State informs EPA of all variances issued
for NPDWR
T
IJnless EPA revokes variance, system may operate
under variance
Not Revoked
Revoked
PWS implements compliance strategy
and schedule defined by State-issued
variance, meeting all implementation
milestones and informing customers as
directed
State may revise
variance (no later
than the effective
date of EPA's
revocation) based on
EPA review and
re-submit
PWS COMPLIES WITH NPDWR
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Small System Variances
Eligibility Requirements
System Size
SSVT
Affordability
Ensure Adequate
Protection of
Human Health
Generally available for systems serving < 3,301 persons and, with the approval of EPA, systems serving >3,300
persons but <10,000 persons (SDWA §1415(e)(1)(A)&(B) and 40 CFR 142.303(a)&(b)).
Systems must install, operate, and maintain in accordance with guidance or regulations issued by the EPA
Administrator, a TT or other means that EPA has identified as a variance technology that is applicable to the
size and source water quality conditions of the system (SDWA§1415(e)(2)(A)&(B) and 40 CFR 142.307(b)).
In accordance with the affordability criteria established by the State, the system cannot afford to comply with the
NPDWR for which a small system variance is sought, including compliance through (SDWA §141 5(e)(3) and 40
CFR 142.306(b)(2)):
• Treatment
• Alternate source of water supply
• Restructuring or consolidation changes
• Financial assistance
The terms of the small system variance must ensure adequate protection of human health given source water
quality, removal efficiencies, and the expected useful life of the SSVT (SDWA §1415(e)(3)(B) and 40 CFR
142.306(b)(5)).
Compliance Requirements
Compliance Date
Technology
Improvements
Public Hearing
Public Notification
Systems must comply with the terms of the small system variance within 3 years, unless the State allows up to
an additional 2 years to make capital improvements. The State must review each variance at least once every 5
years to determine whether the system remains eligible (SDWA §1415(e)(4)&(5) and 40 CFR
142.307(c)(4)&(d)).
Systems must install an SSVT no later than 3 years (with a possible 2-year extension period) after the issuance
of the variance and must be financially and technically capable of installing, operating, and maintaining the
SSVT (40 CFR 142.306(b)(3)&(4)).
Before a small system variance may take effect, the State must work with the system to provide public notice to
everyone served by the system. Public notice must be issued 1 5 days before the proposed effective date and
30 days prior to a public meeting (40 CFR 142.308(a)).
Systems must provide public notice within 1 year after the system begins operating under a variance and repeat
the notice annually for the duration of the small system variance (40 CFR 1 41 .204(b)(1 )).
Example Application Process: Small System Variances
EPA identifies SSVT when promulgating
NPDWR
Small PWS serving < 10,000 determines it
won't be able to comply with NPDWR by
compliance date and requests a small
system variance from the State
State and PWS work together to determine
if the system is eligible for a small system
variance, issue public notice, and hold
public hearing
PWS must comply with
NPDWR by compliance
date or apply for an
exemption
Denied
Granted
State issues small system variance, including
schedule for compliance and implementation,
on the condition that system install an SSVT
i
State informs PWS of small system variance
decision
1
State informs EPA of all proposed
small system variances
I For systems between 3,301 and 10,000, EPA
must approve the variance. For smaller systems,
unless EPA overturns variance, system may
I operate under variance
Not Revoked
Revoked
PWS implements compliance strategy and
schedule defined by State-issued variance,
meeting all implementation milestones and
informing customers as directed
State reviews variance at least once every
5 years after the compliance date
established in the variance to ensure that
system is still eligible and in compliance
with the variance
PWS COMPLIES WITH VARIANCE
State may revise
variance (no later
than the effective
date of EPA's
revocation) based on
EPA review and
re-submit
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Exemptions
Eligibility Requirements
No Alternative
Water Source
Does Not Pose an
URTH
System Operation
Management or
Restructuring
Changes
Unable to Achieve
Compliance
The system is unable to comply with the NPDWR due to compelling factors (which may include economic
factors) or to implement measures to develop an alternative source of water supply to achieve compliance
(SDWA §141 6(a)(1 ) and 40 CFR 1 42.50(a)(1 )).
The State must make a determination that the exemption will not pose an URTH and may require interim
compliance measures (SDWA §1416(a)(3) and 40 CFR 142.50(a)(3)).
Systems must have begun operation prior to the effective date of the NPDWR, however, this requirement may
be waived if the system does not have an alternative source of water supply (SDWA §1416(a)(2) and 40 CFR
142.50(a)(2)).
The system cannot reasonably make management or restructuring changes that would result in compliance or
improved quality of the drinking water (SDWA §1416(a)(4) and 40 CFR 142.50(a)(4)).
No exemption shall be granted unless (SDWA§1416(b)(2)(B) and 40 CFR 142.50(b)(1),(2)&(3)):
• Capital improvements are unable to be completed before the NPDWR effective date -or-
• A system that needs financial assistance has entered into an agreement to obtain that assistance -or-
• The system has entered into an enforceable agreement to become part of a regional public water system;
and the system is taking all appropriate steps to meet the standard.
Compliance Requirements
Duration
Public Hearing
Public Notification
Systems must achieve compliance with the MCL as expeditiously as practicable and in accordance with a
compliance schedule determined by the State, but no longer than 3 years from the date of issuance (SDWA
§1416(b)(2)(A) and 40 CFR 142.56).
Systems serving <3,301 persons may be eligible for an additional one or more 2-year periods, but the total
duration of the exemption extensions may not exceed 6 years (SDWA §1416(b)(2)(C) and 40 CFR 142.56).
Before an exemption can take effect, the State must provide notice and opportunity for a public hearing on the
exemption schedule (SDWA §1416(b)(1)(B) and 40 CFR 142.54(a)).
Systems must provide public notice within 1 year after the system begins operating under an exemption and
must repeat the notice annually for the duration of the exemption (40 CFR 1 41 .204(b)(1 )).
Example Application Process: Exemptions
Start
PWS determines it won't be able to comply
with NPDWR by compliance date and requests
an exemption from the State
State and PWS work together to determine
if the system is eligible for an exemption
and hold a public hearing
I State informs PWS of exemption decision
I within 90 days of receiving the request
PWS must comply with
NPDWR by compliance date
or apply for a variance
Denied
4
Granted
State sets a compliance schedule
(taking into account extensions) and
appropriate control measures for PWS
PWS implements compliance strategy
and schedule defined by State-issued
exemption, meeting all implementation
milestones and informing customers
as required
State must decide whether to extend exemption
(if applicable) by determining whether PWS is taking
I all practicable steps to stay on compliance schedule
Extended
PWS continues to implement compliance
strategy, meeting all state milestones and
informing customers as directed
PWS COMPLIES WITH NPDWR
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-04-005
www.epa.gov/safewater
September 2004
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