oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
Regulations and Standards
Criteria and Standards Division
Washington, DC 20460
Water
Ambient
Water Quality
Criteria
for
EPA 440/5-84-029
January 1985
Chromium -1984
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AMBIENT AQUATIC LIFE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR
CHROMIUM
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
DULUTH, MINNESOTA
NARRAGANSETT, RHODE ISLAND
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
CINCINNATI, OHIO
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by che Criteria and Standards Division,
Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
AVAILABILITY NOTICE
This document is available to the public through the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
Kcc.essioio KivAwxW- - ^B^S-- 22747 8 -
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FOREWORD
Section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Wacer Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217) requires
Che Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency co publish criteria
for water quality accurately reflecting che latest scientific knowledge on
che kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare which
may be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of wacer,
including ground water. This document is a revision of proposed criteria
based upon a consideration of comments received from other Federal agencies,
State agencies, special interest groups, and individual scientists. The
criteria contained in this document replace any previously published EPA
aquatic life criteria.
The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of che Clean
Water Act, section 304(a)(l) and section 303(c)(2). The term has a different
program impact in each section. In section 304, che term represents a
non-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological effects. The criteria
presented in this publication are such scientific assessments. Such water
quality criteria associated wich specific stream uses when adopted as State
water quality standards under section 303 become enforceable maximum
acceptable levels of a pollutant in ambient waters. The water quality
criteria adopted in the State water qualicy scandards could have che same
numerical limics as the criteria developed under section 304. However, in
many situations States may wane co adjust water quality criteria developed
under section 304 co reflecc local environmental conditions and human
exposure patterns before incorporation into water quality scandards. It is
not until their adoption as part of the State water quality standards thac
che criceria become regulacory.
Guidelines co assisc che Scaces in che modificacion of criceria
presenced in chis document, in the development of water quality standards,
and in other water-related programs of chis Agency, have been developed by
EPA.
Edwin L. Johnson
Director
Office of Water Regulacions and Scandards
ill
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Quencin H. Pickering
(freshwater author)
Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio
John H. Gentile
(saltwater author)
Environmental Research Laboratory
Narragansett, Rhode Island
Charles E. Stephan
(document coordinator)
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota
David J. Hansen
(saltwater coordinator)
Environmental Research Laboratory
Narragansett, Rhode Island
Statistical Support: John W. Rogers
Clerical Support: Terry L. Highland
IV
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword iii
Acknowledgments iv
Tables vi
Introduction 1
Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals 5
Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals 10
Toxicity to Aquatic Plants 13
Bioaccumulation 14
Other Data . . 15
Unused Data 16
Summary IS
National Criteria 19
References 68
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TABLES
Page
1. Acuce Toxic icy of Chromium Co Aquacic Animals 23
2, Chronic Toxicicy of Chromium co Aquacic Animals 39
3. Ranked Genus Mean Acuce Values wich Species Mean Acuce-Chronic
Racios 43
4. Toxicicy of Chromium co Aquacic Planes 51
5. Bioaccumulacion of Chromium by Aquacic Organisms 54
6. Ocher Daca on Effects of Chromium on Aquacic Organisms 55
VI
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Increduction*
Significant quantities of chromium(III) or chroraium(VI) or both exist in
various bodies of water, and either can be converted to the other under
appropriate natural conditions (Callahan, et al. 1979; Jan and Young, 1978;
Smillie, et al. 1981). Because the chemical and toxicological properties of
the two oxidation states appear to be quite different and the toxicicies of
che two states have not been shown to be additive, chromium(III) and
chromium(VI) will be treated as separate materials herein.
Because of che variety of forms of chromium(lll) and chromium(VI) and
lack of definitive information about their relative toxicities, no available
analytical measurement is known to be ideal for expressing aquatic life
criteria for chromium. Previous aquatic life criteria for chromium (U.S.
EPA, 1980) were expressed in terms of total recoverable chromium(III) and
total recoverable chromium(VI), but the individual oxidation states cannot be
distinguished by this method. Acid-soluble chromium(III) (operationally
defined as the chromium(HI) that passes through a 0.45 ym membrane filcer
afcer the sample is acidified to pH " 1.5 to 2.0 with nicric acid) and
acid-soluble chromium(VI) are probably the best measurements at the present
for the following reasons:
1. These measurements are compatible wich all available data concerning
toxicity of chromium to, and bioaccumulation of chromium by, aquacic
organisms. No test results were rejected just because it was likely that
*An understanding of the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Wacer
Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses"
(Stephan, et al. 1985), hereafter referred co as the Guidelines, is necessary
in order to understand che following cexc, tables, and calculations.
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they would have been substantially different if they had been reported in
terms of acid-soluble chromium. For example, results reported in terras
of dissolved chromium(III) would not have been used if the concentration
of precipitated chromium was substantial.
2. On samples of ambient water, measurement of acid-soluble chromium(III)
and chroraium(VI) should measure all forms of chromium that are toxic to
aquatic life or can be readily converted to toxic forms under natural
conditions. In addition, these measurements should not measure several
forms, such as chromium that is occluded in minerals, clays, and sand or
is strongly sorbed to particulate matter, that are not toxic and are not
likely to become toxic under natural conditions-. Although this measure-
ment (and many others) will measure soluble, complexed forms of chromium,
such as the EDTA complex of chromium(III), that probably have low
toxicities to aquatic life, concentrations of these forms probably are
negligible in most ambient water.
3. Although water quality criteria apply to ambient water, the measurements
used to express criteria are likely to be used to measure chromium in
aqueous effluents. Measurements of acid-soluble chromium(III) and
chromium(VI) should be applicable to effluents because they will measure
precipitates, such as carbonate and hydroxide precipitates of
chromium(III), that might exist in an effluent and dissolve when the
effluent is diluted with receiving water. If desired, dilution of
effluent with receiving water before measurement of acid-soluble chromium
might be used to determine whether the receiving water can decrease the
concentration of acid-soluble chromium because of sorption. However, the
relationship between what is in an effluent and what will occur in the
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receiving water should cake inco accounc che possibility of conversion of
one oxidation state of chromium co che ocher.
4. The acid-soluble measurement should be useful for raosc raecals, chus
minimizing che number of samples and procedures chac are necessary.
5. The acid-soluble raeasuremenc does noc require filtracion ac che cime of
collection, as does che dissolved measurement.
6. For che measurement of total acid-soluble chromium the only creacmenc
required ac che time of collection is preservation by acidification co pH
* 1.5 to 2.0, similar to that required for the measurement of total
recoverable chromium. Durations of 10 minutes to 24 hours between
acidification and filtration probably will not affect the measurement of
total acid-soluble chromium substantially. However, acidification might
not prevent conversion of chromium(III) to chromium(Vl) or vice versa.
Therefore, measurement of acid-soluble chromium(IIl) or acid-soluble
chroraiura(VI) or both will probably require separation or measurement at
the time of collection of Che sample or special preservation to prevent
conversion of one oxidation state of chromium to the other.
7. The carbonate system has a much higher buffer capacity from pH = 1.5 to
2.0 than it does from pH » 4 to 9 (Weber and Stumm, 1963).
8. Differences in pH within the range of 1.5 to 2.0 probably will not affect
the result substantially.
9. The acid-soluble measurement does not require a digestion step, as does
the total recoverable measurement.
10. After acidification and filtracion of che sample to isolate the acid-
soluble chromium, the analysis can be performed using either atomic
absorption spectroscopy or ICP-eraission spectroscopy for total
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acid-soluble chromium or a chelacion-extraccion or coprecipitacion
procedure for chromium(VI) (U.S. EPA, 1983a).
11. Ic is noc possible to separately measure cocal recoverable chromium(III)
and total recoverable chromium(VI).
Thus, expressing aquatic life criteria for chromium in terms of the acid-
soluble measurement has both toxicological and practical advantages. On the
other hand, because no measurement is known to be ideal for expressing
aquatic life criteria for chromium or for measuring chromium in ambient water
or aqueous effluents, measurement of both cocal acid-soluble chromium and
total recoverable 'chromium in ambient water or effluent or both might be
useful. For example, there might be cause for concern if total recoverable
chromium is much above an applicable limit, even though total acid-soluble
chromium is below the limit.
Unless otherwise noted, all concentrations reported herein are expected
to be essentially equivalent to acid-soluble chromium. All concentrations
are expressed as chromium, not as the chemical tested. The criteria
presented herein supersede previous aquatic life water quality criteria for
chromium (U.S. EPA, 1976, 1980) because these new criteria were derived using
improved procedures and additional information. Whenever adequately
justified, a national criterion may be replaced by a site-specific criterion
(U.S. EPA, 1983b), which may include not only site-specific criterion
concentrations (U.S. EPA, 1983c), but also site-specific durations of
averaging periods and site-specific frequencies of allowed exceedences (U.S.
EPA, 1985). The latest literature search for information for chis document
was conducted in May, 1984; some newer information was also used.
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Acute Toxicicy to Aquatic Animals
Chromium(VI)
Muller (1980, 1982) studied che influence of hardness, alkalinicy, and
calcium-magnesium ratio on the 24-hr LCSOs for Daphnia magna, and found that
potassium dichromate was more toxic at lower hardness and alkalinity. In
addition, dichromate was less toxic at a 4:1 calcium-magnesium ratio than
when the hardness was due only to calcium or magnesium. Call, et al. (1981)
determined the acute toxicity of four chromium(VI) salts to Daphnia magna in
static tests (Tables 1 and 6). They conducted toxicity tests on each salt in
hard (185 to 213 rag/L) water ar pH » 7.5 to 7.6 and at pH - 8.2 co 8.4, and
in Lake Superior water (hardness * 50 mg/L and pH * 7.5). In these three
tests the animals were not fed and a 43-hr EC50 was determined. In addition,
both 48-hr and 96-hr ECSOs were determined in Lake Superior water in tests in
which the animals were fed. Concentrations of chromium were measured in all
tests and there were only minor differences in the toxicities of the four
salts. Test concentrations of both the dichromates and chromates had but a
small influence on the pH of the test solutions. In hard water all four
sales were less toxic at the higher pH. All four were 5 to 9 times more
toxic in soft Lake Superior water than in che hard wacer at a pH of 7.5 to
7.6. The presence of food had little effect on che results at 48 hours, and
in the tests with food, the 48- and 96-hr ECSOs were about the same.
Stephenson and Watts (1984) studied the effect of diet and temperature on che
toxicity of chromium(VI) to Daphnia magna.
Wallen, et al. (1957) studied the toxicity of chromium(Vl) co tnosquico-
fish in turbid water using potassium and sodium salts of both dichromate and
chromate (Table 6) but the effect of turbidity on toxicity was not studied.
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The dichromate sales were slightly more coxic chan che chromace sales. Trama
and Benoic (1960) compared che coxicicies of dichromace and chroraace to the
bluegill in soft water. The 96-hr LCSOs were 110,000 Mg/L for dichromate and
170,000 yg/L for chromate. They concluded that the acidic dichromate was
more toxic than the basic chromate because the greatest part of the
chromium(VI) was in the form of the hydrochromate ion at che lower pH of che
dichromate solutions, whereas at the higher pH of che chromate solutions most
of the chromiura(VI) was in the form of the chromate ion.
The toxicity of chromium(VI) to the bluegill in soft and hard water was
determined at 18 C and 30 C (Academy of Natural Sciences, 1960). At 18 C che
96-hr LCSOs were 113,000 [jg/L in soft water and 135,000 >Jg/L in hard water.
Similar results were obtained at 30 C with the 96-hr LCSOs being 113,000 yg/L
in soft water and 130,400 ug/k in hard water. Pickering and Henderson (1966)
cesced che coxicicy of potassium dichromate to the Cathead minnow and
bluegill in soft and hard water. The 96-hr LCSOs for the fathead minnow in
soft and hard water were 17,600 and 27,300 ug/L, respectively. The
corresponding values for the bluegill were 118,000 pjg/L and 133,000 yg/L.
Hogendoorn-Roozemond, et al. (1978) reported on the acute toxicity of
sodium chromace co che rainbow trout at cwo pH levels. Mechods for che scudy
were not given so che values are not listed in Table 1 or Table 6. They
reported that young rainbow trout were much more sensitive to sodium chromate
at pH • 6.9 than at pH « 7.9 and concluded that chromic acid was the most
probable chromium compound or ion responsible for chromium(Vl) toxicity. van
der Putce, et al. (1982) found that chroraium(VI) is more toxic at pH * 6.5
than at pH » 7.8 (Table 6).
Adelman and Smith (1976) found chat che chreshold lethal concentration
for chromium(VI) does not occur wichrn 96 hours (Tables 1 and 6). For 16
6
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casts the average ratio of 11-day to 96-hr LC50s was 0.37 for the fathead
minnow and 0.27 for the goldfish. White (Manuscript) conducted static tests
with measured concentrations to determine the 96-hr LCSOs for eleven fish
species and three invertebrate species (Table 1). These acute values ranged
from 36,300 yg/L for the yellow perch to 1,870,000 ^g/L for a stonefly. This
value for the stonefly is the highest acute value for any aquatic animal.
The toxicity of chromium(VI) apparently increases as pH is lowered or as
hardness is lowered or both. Although there are exceptions, softer surface
waters usually have a lower pH than harder surface waters. However, the
available data are insufficient to develop criteria on the basis of water
quality characteristics. The Species Mean Acute Values of the five most
sensitive animals were determined in soft water.
Genus Mean Acute Values were calculated (Table 3) as the geometric means
of the available Species Mean Acute Values (Table 1). Of the 27 genera for
which data are available, the most sensitive, Daphnia, is 64,600 times more
sensitive than the most resistant, Neophasganophora. Acute values are
available for more than one species in each of five genera, and the range of
Species Mean Acute Values within each genus is less than a factor of 2. Both
the eight most sensitive and the three most resistant genera are
invertebrates. A freshwater Final Acute Value of 31.49 ,jg/L was calculated
from the Genus Mean Acute Values using the procedure described in the
Guidelines; this value is slightly above that for the genus Daphnia.
Dorfman (1977), Fales (1978), Frank and Robertson (1979), and Olson and
Harrell (1973) reported that the toxicity of chromiura(Vl) to a fish, shrimp,
crab, and clam increased as salinity decreased (Tables Land 6). The change
was usually less than a factor of two, except when salinity was about 1 g/kg.
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Daca from casts ac such very low salinities are in Table 6 and were not used
in deriving criteria. Fales (1978) also found that toxicity was greater at
25 C than at 10 C.
Of the 21 saltwater genera for which acute values are available, the
most sensitive, Nereis, is about 52 times more sensitive than the most
resistant, Nassarius (Table 3). This range is surprisingly small compared to
the very large range of sensitivities of freshwater animals to chromium(VI).
Both the twelve most sensitive and two most resistant genera are inverte-
brates. Acute values are available for two species in each of two genera,
and the range of Species Mean Acute Values within each genus is less than a
factor of 2.2. The saltwater Final Acute Value of 2,158 Mg/L for
chromium(V.I) was calculated from the Genus Mean Acute Values in Table 3.
Chroraium(HI)
Chapman, et al. (Manuscript) measured the acute toxicity of
chromium(III) to Daphnia magna at three hardnesses and the 48-hr acute values
ranged from 16,800 ^ig/L in soft water to 58,700 ug/L in hard water.
Pickering and Henderson (1966) obtained 96-hr LCSOs of 5,070 and 67,400 Mg/L
with the fathead minnow in soft and hard water, respectively. The
corresponding values for the bluegill were 7,460 and 71,900 jJg/L.
Different species exhibit different sensitivities to chromium(III), and
many other factors might affect the results of tests of the toxicity of
chromium(lll) to aquatic organisms. Criteria can quantitatively take into
account such a factor, however, only if enough data are available to show that
the factor similarly affects the results of tests wich a variety of. species.
Hardness is often thought of as having a major effect on the toxicity of
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chromium(III), although the observed effect is probably due to one or more of
a number of usually interrelated ions, such as hydroxide, carbonate, calcium,
and magnesium. Hardness is used here as a surrogate for the ions which
affect the results of toxicity tests on chromium(III). An analysis of
covariance (Dixon and Brown, 1979; Neter and Wasserman, 1974) was performed
using the natural logarithm of the acute value as the dependent variable,
species as the treatment or grouping variable, and the natural logarithm of
hardness as the covariate or independent variable. This analysis of
covariance model was fit to the data in Table 1 for the three species for
which acute values" are available over a range of hardness such that the
highest hardness is at least three times the lowest and the highest is at
least 100 mg/L higher than the lowest. The slopes for all three species are
between 0.73 and 0.89 (see end of Table 1) and are close to the slope of
0.667 which is expected on the basis that calcium, magnesium, and carbonate
have a charge of two, whereas chroraium(III) has a charge of three. An F-test
showed that, under the assumption of equality of slopes, the probability of
obtaining three slopes as dissimilar as these is P30.82. This was
interpreted as indicating that it is reasonable to assume that the slopes for
these three species are the same.
The pooled slope of 0.8190 was then used with the data in Table 1 to
calculate Species Mean Acute Values at a hardness of 50 mg/L. Genus Mean
Acute Values (Table 3) were then calculated as geometric means of the
available Species Mean Acute Values. Acute values are available for more
than one species in each of two genera and the range of Species Mean Acute
Values within each genus is less than a factor of 1.3. The most sensitive
genus, Ephemerella, is about 32 times more sensitive than the most resistant
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genus, Hydropsyche; incerescingly, both of chese are inseccs. The freshwacer
Final Acute Value of 1,968 ug/L was calculated at a hardness of 50 mg/L from
the Genus Mean Acute Values in Table 3 using the procedure described in the
Guidelines. Thus, the freshwater Criterion Maximum Concentration (in Jg/L) *
e(0.8190[ln(hardness)]+3.688)>
The acute toxicity of chromium(III) in salt water has been determined
with only two species (Table 1). The acute value for the eastern oyster is
10,300 yg/L, whereas that for the mummichog is 31,500 pg/L.
Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals
Chromium(VI)
Benoit (1976) studied the chronic effects of chromium(VI) on brook trout
and rainbow trout. For both species che most sensitive effect was mortality,
the chronic limits were 200 and 350 Mg/L, and the resulting chronic value was
264.6 jJg/L. Although growth during the first eight months was retarded at
all test concentrations, this effect was temporary and was not used to
establish the chronic limits. In an early life-stage test with rainbow
trout, Sauter, et al. (1976) found chronic limits of 51 and 105 ug/L,
resulting in a chronic value of 73.18 |Jg/L. These limits were based on a
reduction in growth 60 days after hatch and this chronic value was about
one-fourth the chronic value of 264.6 Mg/L from the chronic test reported by
Benoit (1976). The species mean acute-chronic ratios for brook trout and
rainbow trout, calculated from the data of Benoit (1976) are 223.0 and 260.8,
respectively (Table 3). Sauter, et al. (1976) provided no acute data in
their study with which to calculate an acute-chronic ratio.
The limits of 1,000 and 3,950 ug/L in a life-cycle test with the fathead
minnow (Pickering, 1980) were based on survival. As with the trout, an early
10
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recardacion of growth was only temporary. The chronic value of 1,987 ^g/L is
much higher than that for the trout but the acute-chronic ratio of 18.55 is
much lower.
Six chronic values are available for five species of daphnids and they
range from less than 2.5 to 40 Mg/L (Table 2). The results of Trabalka and
Gehrs (1977) support those of Mount (1982). The five species mean acute-
chronic ratios range from 1.13 to >6.957 (Table 3). The species mean
acute-chronic ratio for chromium(VI) seems to be lower for sensitive species
so the four known acute-chronic ratios for daphnids were used to calculate
the freshwater Final Acute-Chronic Ratio of 2.917 (Table 3). Division of the
Final Acute Value by the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio results in a freshwater
Final Chronic Value of 10.80 ug/L, which is in the range of the chronic
values for the cladocerans.
Results of life-cycle tests with the saltwater polychaece, Neanthes
arenaceodentata, and the mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, are reported in Table 2.
Other life-cycle data on the polychaetes, Capitella capitata and Ophryotrocha
diadema, were placed in Table 6 because exposure concentrations were not
adequately measured. Chronic values for If. arenaceodentata ranged from less
than 13 to 36.74 jjg/L depending upon che generation cesced, whereas chat for
the mysid was 132 ug/L. Reduction in the number of young per brood was the
most sensitive effect for both species (Table 3). The acute-chronic ratios
were 121.8 for the polychaete and 15.38 for the mysid, and these two species
were among the most acutely sensitive to chromium(VI). If the geometric mean
of these two ratios is used as the saltwater Final Acute-Chronic Ratio,
division of the saltwater Final Acute Value for chromiura(VI) by the Final
Acute-Chronic Ratio results in a saltwater Final Chronic Value of 49.86
11
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However, reproduction of Neanthes arenaceodentaca was affecced at
concentrations ranging from <13 co 54 yg/L.
j
Chromium(lII)
Chapman, ec al. (Manuscript) studied the chronic toxicity of
chromiumdll) to Daphnia magna at three hardnesses (Table 2). The daphnids
were about three times as sensitive at a hardness of 52 mg/L as at a hardness
of 100 mg/L. At a hardness of 200 mg/L, however, chromium(III) was more
toxic than at 52 mg/L. They speculated that ingested precipitated chromium
contributed to toxicity in the hard water exposure. The chronic values of
Chapman, et al. (Manuscript) were regressed against hardness but the slope
was not significant. Biesinger and Christensen (1972) studied the chronic
toxicity of chroraium(III) to Daphnia magna in soft water but did not measure
the chromium concentrations (Table 6). Their chronic value of 330 Mg/L was
about five times greater than the value obtained by Chapman, et al.
(Manuscript) in soft water.
The chronic toxicity of chromium(lll) to fish has been studied in a
life-cycle test with the fathead minnow in hard water and in an early
life-stage test with rainbow trout in soft water. Pickering (Manuscript)
found that the upper chronic limit for the fathead minnow was based on
survival of both first and second generation fish. Stevens and Chapman
(1984) found that this limit for trout was based on survival. Trout in soft
water were much more sensitive chronically than the fathead minnow in hard
water, and the acute-chronic ratio for trout was about two times greater than
that for the minnow.
Both the freshwater chronic values and acute-chronic ratios for
chromiumdll) range from about 27 to about 1,300. A chronic value of 68.63
12
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pg/L is available for Che rainbow crouc. Because chis is an important and
relatively sensitive species, it seems reasonable to base the Final Chronic
Value on this datum. Although hardness did not have a consistent relation-
ship to the chronic toxicity of chromium(HI) to Daphnia magna, a filter
feeder, it does not seem unreasonable to assume that hardness relates to
chronic toxicity to rainbow trout about the same way it related, on the
average, to acute toxicity to Daphnia magna, the fathead minnow, and the
bluegill. Thus, 0.8190 is used as the chronic slope (Table 3) and the
freshwater Final Chronic Value (in ug/L) - e(0.8190[ln(hardness) M.561) ^
A life-cycle test has been conducted on chromium(HI) with the saltwater
polychaete worm, Neanthes arenaceodentata. A concentration of 50,400 yg/L,
which is above the acute values obtained with the eastern oyster and the
munnnichog, did not substantially affect the test species.
Toxicity to Aquatic Plants
Chromium(Vl)
Tests have been conducted with a wide variety of freshwater plants
(Table 4) and the effect concentrations of chromium(VI) range from 2 Mg/L for
the blue alga, Microcyscis aeruginosa, co 7,800 |jg/L for che diacom,
Nitzschia linearis. Toxicity of chrotniura(VI) to the diatom, Navicula
seminulum, was tested at three temperatures and two hardnesses (Academy of
Natural Sciences, 1960). The geometric mean of the concentrations causing a
50 percent reduction in growth was 245 ^g/L at the lower water hardness and
335 Mg/L at the higher hardness. The diatom was more sensitive to
chroraium(Vl) at 22 C than at 30 C.
Toxicity studies were performed with the saltwater macroalga, Macro-
cystis pyrifera. to investigate the effect of chromium(VI) on photosynthesis
, 13
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(Table 4). The 96-hr EC50 reported by Clendenning and North (1959) was 5,000
Hg/L, whereas 20 percent inhibition was noted after five days at 1,000 ,Jg/L
by Bernhard and Zattera (1975). These plants are almost as sensitive to
chroraiutn(VI) as the most sensitive animal species.
Chromium(III)
Toxicity tests on chromium(III) have only been conducted wich two
freshwater plant species (Table 4). Richter (1982) studied the toxicity of
chroraium(III) to Selenastrum capricornutum and calculated the results from
initial measured concentrations. Chromium(lll) was less toxic than
chromium(VI) co this green alga. The algistatic concentration was >1000
;jg/L, and the concentration that caused a 50% reduction in growth was 397
|jg/L. No toxicity tests have been conducted on chromium(III) wich a salt-
water plant.
Bioaccumulation
Chroraiutn(VI)
The three bioconcentration factors (BCFs) determined with che rainbow
trout are less than three (Table 5). Apparently, algae accumulate chromium
to a much greater extent, because Patrick, et al. (1975) found a BCF of 8,500
for an algal community (Table 6). The BCFs determined with a saltwater
polychaete, mussel, and oyster range from 125 to 200 (Table 5).
Chromiura(lII)
No data are available concerning the bioaccumulation of chroraium(III) by
freshwater organisms. Bioconcentration tests on chromium(lll) in salt water
14
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wich the blue mussel, soft-shell clam, and oyster resulted in BCFs from 86 to
153 (Table 5). These BCFs are similar to those for chromium(VI).
Other Data
Chroraiura(VI)
Zarafonecis and Hampton (1974) reported inhibition of photosynthesis of
a natural population of river algae exposed to 20 jJg/L (Table 6). Olson and
Foster (1956) reported a ten percent reduction in growth of chinook salmon
and rainbow trout at 16 and 21 ug/L, respectively. As noted earlier, Benoit
(1976) and Pickering (1980) also reported effects on growth of fishes exposed
to low concentrations, but in these life-cycle tests the effect was temporary
and was not used to establish chronic limits. A 7-day EC50 of 30 Mg/L was
reported for the narrow-mouthed toad (Birge, 1978).
Exposures of the saltwater polychaete, Neanthes arenaceodentata, to
chroraium(VI) for 56 and 59 days resulted in LCSOs of 200 ^g/L (Table 6)
compared to the 96-hr LC50 of 3,100 ;jg/L (Table 1). Sublethal effects
reported for this species show inhibition of tube building at 79 [Jg/L.
Hol.land, et al. (1960) reported toxicity to salmon at a concentration of
31,800 |Jg/L, which is similar to the Species Mean Acute Value for che
speckled sanddab but twice as high as that reported for che Atlantic
silverside (Table 1).
Chroraium(III)
Embryos of a freshwater snail are rather insensitive co chromium(III)
(Table 6). Oshida, ec al. (1976, 1981) were able co kill a salcwacer
polychaete worm with chromium(HI) by adding 50,400 Mg/^i probably because
15
-------
che pH dropped co 4.5. When the pH was raised co about 7.9 by adding sodium
hydroxide, Che worms noc only survived for at lease 160 days, buc also
reproduced (Table 6).
Unused Daea
Some daca on che effects of chromium on aquatic organisms were noc used
because che studies were conducced with species chac are noc residenc in
Norch America (e.g., Ahsanullah, 1982; Baudouin and Scoppa, 1974; Cairns and
Loos, 1967; Lee and Xu, 1984; Mbshe, ec al. 1972; Okubo and Okubu, 1962;
Pagano, ec al. 1983; Ramusino, ec al. 1981; Ravera, 1977; Srivascava, ec al.
1979) or because che cesc species was noc obtained in Norch America and was
noc identified well enough to determine if it is resident in North America
(e.g., van Weeretc, et al. 1984). Data were noc used if chromium was a
component of an effluent (Klassen, et al. 1949), drilling mud (Bookhout, ec
al. 1982; Carr, et al. 1982; Conklin, ec al. 1983), or a mixture (Wong, ec
al. 1982b). Reviews by Chapman, et al. (1968), Eisler (1981), Eisler, et al.
(1979), European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (1983), National
Research Council of Canada (1976), Phillips and Russo (1978), and Thompson,
et al. (1972) only contain data that have been published elsewhere.
Some data, such as those in Babich, et al. (1982), Bovee (1976),
Brkovic-Popovic and Popovic (1977a,b), Draggan (1977), Grande and Andersen
(1983), Schaefer and Pipes (1973), and Sudo and Aiba (1973), were noc used
because the tests were conducted in distilled, deionized, chlorinated, or
"cap" wacer. Algal cescs were noc used if chey were noc conducced in an
appropriace medium (Scary and Kraczer, 1982). Smitlv and Reach (1979) only
presenced resulcs graphically. Daca reported by Frey, ec al. (1983),
Gencile, ec al. (1982), Ten Holder, ec al. (1978), and Verriopoulos (1980)
16
-------
were noc used because either che mechods or results were not adequately
presented. Bringmann and Kuhn (1982) cultured Daphnia magna in one water and
conducted tests in another. High control mortalities occurred in all except
two tests reported by Sauter, et al. (1976). The 96-hr values reported by
Buikeraa, et al. (1974a,b) were subject to error because of possible
reproductive interactions (Buikema, et al. 1977). Berglind and Dave (1984)
cultured and tested their organisms in different waters. Dowden and Bennett
(1965), Freeman and Fowler (1953), and Wong, et al. (1982a) did not report
the hydration of the chemical used.
Elwood, et al. (1980), Giesy and Wiener (1977), Gordon (1980), Lucus and
Edgington (1970), Martin (1984), Mathis and Cummings (1973), Pearce, et al.
(1971), and long, et al. (1974) did not report sufficient measurements of
chromium concentrations in water to allow use of results of their field
studies. The significance of physiological effects due to in vitro exposures
could not be determined to allow use of studies by Christensen and Tucker
(1976), Hoffert and Fromm (1964), and van der Putte and Part (1982).
Results of bioconcentration tests were not used if the tests were
conducted in distilled water, were not long enough, or were not flow-through,
or if the concentration of chromium in the test solution was not adequately
measured (e.g., Flos, et al. 1983; Freeman, 1978, 1980; Smock, 1983; Stary,
et al. 1982; Waiting, 1981b). Shuster and Pringle (1969) and Sklar (1980)
did not report whether their bioconcentration tests were conducted on
chromium(HI) or chromium(VI).
17
-------
Summary
Chromium(VI)
Acute toxicity values for chromium(VI) are available for freshwater
animal species in 27 genera and range from 23.07 ;Jg/L for a cladoceran co
1,870,000 ug/L for a sconefly. These species include a wide variety of
animals chac perform a wide spectrum of ecological functions. All five
tested species of daphnids are especially sensitive. The few data that are
available indicate that the acute toxicity of chromium(VI) decreases as
hardness and pH increase.
The chronic value for both rainbow trout and brook trout is 264.6 Mg/L»
which is much lower than the chronic value of 1,987 Mg/L for the fathead
minnow. The acute-chronic ratios for these three fishes range from 18.55 to
260.8. In all three chronic tests a temporary reduction in growth occurred
at low concentrations. Six chronic tests with five species of daphnids gave
chronic values that range from <2.5 to 40 ;Jg/L and the acute-chronic ratios
range from 1.130 to >9.680. Except for the fathead minnow, all the chronic
tests were conducted in soft water. Green algae are quite sensitive to
chromium(VI). The bioconcentration factor obtained with rainbow trout is
less than three. Growth of Chinook salmon was reduced at a measured
concentration of 16 ug/L.
The acute toxicity of chroraium(VI) to 23 saltwater vertebrate and
invertebrate species ranged from 2,000 ^ig/L for a polychaete worm and a mysid
to 105,000 (Jg/L for the mud snail. The chronic values for a polychaete
ranged from <13 to 36.74 pg/L, whereas that for a mysid was 132 iag/L. The
acute-chronic ratios ranged from 15.38 to >238.5. Toxicity to raacroalgae was
reported at 1,000 and 5,000 ug/L. Bioconcentration factors for chromium(VI)
range from 125 to 236 for bivalve molluscs «nd polychaetes.
18
-------
Chromium(III)
Acute values for chromiura(III) are available for 20 freshwater animal
species in 18 genera ranging from 2,221 pg/L for a mayfly to 71,060 ,jg/L for
a caddisfly. Hardness has a significant influence on toxicity, wich
chroraium(III) being more toxic in soft water.
A life-cycle test with Daphnia magna in soft water gave a chronic value
of 66 Mg/I" In a comparable test in hard water the lowest test concentration
of 44 Mg/L inhibited reproduction of Daphnia magna, but this effect may have
been due to ingested precipitated chromium. In a life-cycle test wich the
fathead minnow in hard water the chronic value was 1,025 ag/L. Toxicity data
are available for only two freshwater plant species. A. concentration of
9,900 ;jg/L inhibited growth of roots of Eurasian watermilfoil. A freshwater
green alga was affected by a concentration of 397 ^g/L in soft water. No
bioconcentration factor has been measured for chromiura(HI) with freshwater
organisms. (
Only two acute values are available for chromium(III) 'in salt water -
10,300 ug/L for the eastern oyster and 31,500 ^Jg/L for the mummichog. In a
chronic test effects were not observed on a polychaete worm at 50,400 ^Jg/L ac
pH = 7.9, but acute lethality occurred when pH = 4.5. Bioconcentration
factors for saltwater organisms and chromium(III) range from 86 co 153, which
are similar to the bioconcentration factors for chromium(VI) and saltwater
species.
National Criteria
Chromium(VI)
The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical
National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and
19
-------
Their Uses" indicate chat, except possibly where a locally important species
is very sensitive, freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be
affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration of chromium(VI)
does not exceed 11 Mg/t- more than once every three years on the average and
if the one-hour average concentration does not exceed 16 (Jg/L more than once
every three years on the average.
The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical
National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and
Their Uses" indicate that, except possibly where a locally important species
is very sensitive, saltwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be
affected unacceptabiy if the four-day average concentration of chrotniura(VT)
does not exceed 50 [Jg/L more than once every three years on the average and
if the one-hour average concentration does not exceed 1,100 ug/L more than
once every three years on the average. Data suggest that the acute coxicity
of chromium(VI) is salinity-dependent; therefore the one-hour average concen-
tration might be underprotective at low salinities.
Chromium(III)
The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical
National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and
Their Uses" indicate that, except possibly where a locally important species
is very sensitive, freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be
affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration (in |Jg/L) of
chroraium(HI) does not exceed the numerical value given by
e(0.8190[ln(hardness)1+1.561) more chan once every chree years on the
average and if the one-hour average concentration (in ;Jg/L) does not exceed
the numerical value given by e(0.8190[ln(hardness)1+3.688) more chan
20
-------
once every chree years on the average. For example, at hardnesses of 50,
100, and 200 mg/L as CaC03 che four-day average concentrations of
chromium(III) are 120, 210, and 370 ug/L, respectively, and che one-hour
average concentrations are 980, 1,700, and 3,100 ;jg/L.
No saltwater criterion can be derived for chromium(III), buc 10,300
is the EC50 for eastern oyster embryos, whereas 50,400 ug/L did not affect a
polychaete worm in a life-cycle test.
EPA believes that a measurement such as "acid-soluble" would provide a
more scientifically correct basis upon which co establish criteria for
metals. The criteria were developed on this basis. However, at this time,
no EPA approved methods for such a measurement are available to implement the
criteria through the regulatory programs of the Agency and the States. The
Agency is considering development and approval of methods for a measurement
such as "acid-soluble". Until available, however, EPA recommends applying
the criteria using the total recoverable method. This has two impacts: (1)
certain species of some metals cannot be analyzed directly because the total
recoverable method does not distinguish between individual oxidation states,
and (2) these criteria may be overly protective when based on the total
recoverable method.
The recommended exceedence frequency of three years is the Agency's best
scientific judgment of the average amount of time it will take an unstressed
system to recover from a pollution event in which exposure to chromium
exceeds the criterion. Stressed systems, for example, one in which several
outfalls occur in a limited area, would be expected to require more time for
recovery. The resilience of ecosystems and their ability to recover differ
greatly, however, and site-specific criteria may be established if adequate
justification is provided.
21
-------
The use of criteria in designing wasce treatment facilities requires the
selection of an appropriate wasteload allocation model. Dynamic models are
preferred for the application of these criteria. Limited data or other
factors may make their use impractical, in which case one should rely on a
steady-state model. The Agency recommends the interim use of 1Q5 or 1Q10 for
Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC) design flow and 7Q5 or 7Q10 for the
Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) design flow in steady-state models
for unstressed and stressed systems respectively. These matters are
discussed in more detail in the Technical Support Document for Water
Quality-Based Toxics Control (U.S. EPA, 1985).
22
-------
Table I. Acute Toxic Ity of Chromium to Aquatic Anlnels
Species
Method*
Chemical
Hardness LC50 Species Mean
(mg/L as or EC50 Acute Value
CaCO,) ((ig/L)»« (iig/L)"«
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Chromlum(VI)
Sna 1 1 ,
Physa heterostropha
Snail,
Physa heterostropha
Snail,
Physa heterostropha
Snal 1,
Physa heterostropha
Snail,
Physa heterostropha
to Cladoceran,
Cerlodaphnla retlculata
Cladoceran,
Cerlodaphnla retlculata
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
s,
s.
s.
s.
s,
FT,
FT,
s.
s.
s.
s,
s.
s,
u
u
u
u
u
M
M
U
U
U
U
M
M
Potassium
dl chroma te
Potassium
chroma te
Potassium
chroma te
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
chr ornate
Sodium
dichr ornate
Sod 1 urn
chromate
Sodium
dl chromate
Potassium
dl chromate
Sod 1 urn
dl chromate
Potassium
d| chromate
Potassium
dl chromate
43 16,800
45 17,300
45 17,300
171 40,600
171 31,600 23,010
45 45.2
45 45 45.10
<103
<123
141
3,490
213 212f
196 85.7tf
Reference
Patrick, et al. 1968
Academy of Natural
Sciences, 1960;
Patrick, et al. 1968
Academy of Natural
Sciences, I960
Academy of Natural
Sciences, I960
Academy of Natural
Sciences, I960
Mount, 1982
Mount 4 Norberg, 1984
Anderson, 1946
Anderson, 1946
Oowden & Bennett,
1965
Dowden & Bennett,
1965
Cat I, et al. 1981
Cal I, et al. 1981
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Method"
S, M
s.
s.
s,
S,
s,
s.
s.
s,
s.
s.
s,
s.
s.
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Chen leal
Potassium
dichromate
Potassium
dichromate
Sodium
chromate
Potassium
dichromate
Potassium
dichromate
Sodium
dichromate
Sodium
dichromate
Sod 1 urn
dichromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
50
45
-
100
92
185
196
50
212
188
50
185
213
50
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
(gg/L)" (|ig/L)»"» Reference
19.9*"
900
50
175
157
I3|t
73.6"
21.3*"
137*
66.7"
15.3"*
164*
75.8**
20.6***
Cal 1,
et
al.
Cairns, et al
Trabalka
1977
White
White
Cal 1.
Call,
Cal 1,
Cal 1,
Call,
Cal 1,
Cal 1,
Call.
Call,
1981
. 1978
& Gohrs,
, 1979
, 1979
et
et
et
et
et
et
et
et
et
al.
al.
al.
al.
al.
at.
al.
al.
al.
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
to
In Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Cladoceran,
S 1 mocepha 1 us serrulatus
Cladoceran,
SI mocepha (us vetulus
Cladoceran,
Slmocephalus vetulus
Amph 1 pod ,
Gammarus pseudol Imnaeus
Amph 1 pod ,
Gammarus pseudol Imnaeus
Amph 1 pod ,
Gammarus pseudol Imnaeus
Method*
s.
s.
s.
FT,
FT,
s.
s.
FT,
FT.
s.
FT,
s.
s.
FT,
U
U
U
M
M
M
U
M
M
U
M
M
U
M
Chemical
Potassium
dl chroma te
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Sodium
dlchromate
-
Potassium
dlchromate
-
Sodium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Hardness
(ng/L as
CaCOj)
240
240
240
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
50
48
48
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Species
Amphlpod,
Hyalella azteca
Crayfish,
Orconectes rtistlcus
Damsel fly,
EnaMagma aspersum
Stonefly,
Neophasganophora capltata
Mldqe,
Chlronomus tentans
Mldqe,
Tanytarsus dlsslmllls
Bryozoan,
Pectinate Ha magnified
Bryozoan,
Lophopodella carter!
Bryozoan,
Plumatella emarqlnata
Rainbow trout,
Sal mo qalrdnerI
Brook trout,
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Central stoneroller,
Campostoma anomalum
Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus
Method*
S, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
FT, M
S, U
S. U
S, U
FT, M
FT, M
S, M
S, U
ChenleaI
Potassium
chrornate
Potassium
d I chrornate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CnCOjl
50
120-160
120-160
101
47
205
205
205
45
45
120-160
20
LC50
or EC50
d.g/L)««
630
176,000
140,000
Species Mean
Acute Value
120-160 1,870,000
61,000
57,300
1,440
1,560
650
69,000
59,000
51,250
37,500
630
176,000
140,000
1,870,000
61,000
57,300
1,440
1,560
650
69,000
59,000
51,250
Reference
Call, et al. 1981
White, Manuscript
White, Manuscript
White, Manuscript
Batac-Catalan & White,
1983
Call, et al. 1983
Pardue & Wood, 1980
Pardue & Wood, 1980
Pardue & Wood, 1980
Benolt, 1976
Benolt, 1976
White, Manuscript
Pickering 4
Henderson, 1966
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Species
Goldfish,
CarassIus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish.
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus
auratus
Method*
S, U
FT, M
FT, M
FT, M
FT, M
FT, H
FT, M
FT, M
FT, M
FT, M
FT, M
FT, M
FT, M
FT, M
Chemical
Potassium
dlchromata
Potassium
dlchromata
Potass I urn
dlchromata
Potassium
dlchromata
Potassium
dlchromata
Potassium
dlchromata
Potassium
dlchromata
Potassium
dlchromata
Potassium
dlchromata
Potassium
dlchromata
Potassium
dlchromata
Potassium
dI chromate
Potassium
dlchromata
Potassium
d I chromate
Hardness
(mg/L as
LC50
or EC50
Species Mean
Acute Value
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
110,000
123,000
123,000
90,000
125,000
109,000
135,000
110,000
129,000
98,000
133,000
102,000
133,000
126,000
Reference
Rlva, at al. 1981
Adelman & Smith,
1976
Adelman & Smith,
1976
Adelman & Smith,
1976
Adelman & Smith,
1976
Adalman & Smith,
1976
Adalman & Smith,
1976
Adalman & Smith,
1976
Adalman & Smith,
1976
Adelman & Smith,
1976
Adalman & Smith,
1976
Adalman & Smith,
1976
Adelman & Smith,
1976
Adalman & Smith,
1976
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
00
Hardness LC50
(mg/L as or EC50
Species Method* Chemical CaCOj) (|ig/L)««
Goldfish, FT, M Potassium 220 126,000
Carasslus auratus .dlchromate
Goldfish, FT, M Potassium 220 133,000
Carasslus auratus dlchromate
Goldfish, FT, M Potassium 220 126,000
Carasslus auratus dlchromate
Goldfish, FT, M Potassium 220 124,000
Carasslus auratus dlchromate
SIIverjaw minnow, S, M Potassium 120-160 49,600
Erlcymba buccata dlchromate
Emerald shiner, S, M Potassium 120-160 48,400
Notropls atherlnoldes dlchromate
Striped shiner, S, M Potassium 120-160 85,600
Notropls chrysocephalus dlchromate
Sand shiner, S, M Potassium 120-160 74,600
Notropls stramlneus dlchromate
Bluntnose minnow, S, M Potassium I20"-I60 54,225
Plmephales notatus dichromate
Fathead minnow, S, M Potassium 120-160 58,000
Plmephales promelas dlchromate
Fathead minnow, S, U Potassium 209 39,700
Plmephales promelas dlchromate
Fathead minnow, S, U Potassium 209 32,700
Plmephales promelas dlchromate
Fathead minnow, S, U Potassium 20 17,600
Plmephales promelas dlchromate
Fathead minnow, S, U Potassium 360 27,300
Plmephales promelas dlchromate
Species Mean
Acute Value
(iig/L)*«*
119,500
49,600
48,400
85,600
74,600
54,225
Reference
Adelman & Smith,
1976
Adelman & Smith,
1976
Adelman & Smith,
1976
Adelman & Smith,
1976
White, Manuscript
White, Manuscript
White, Manuscript
White, Manuscript
White, Manuscript
White, Manuscript
Pickering, 1980
Pickering, 1980
Pickering &
Henderson, 1966
Pickering &
Henderson, 1966
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
ro
Species
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales prome 1 as
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plroephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmaphales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Method*
«MmM»4MMHI»
s, u
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT.
FT,
FT.
FT.
FT,
FT,
FT.
FT,
FT,
FT.
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Chemical
Potassium
chr ornate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dichromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dichromate
Potassium
dichromate
Potassium
dichromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dichromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potass! urn
dlchromate
Hardness
(«g/L as
CaCOj)_
20
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
(|ig/L>** (M9/L)**" Reference
45
56
51
53
49
48
60
50
53
49
37
66
55
38
,600
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
Pickering
Henderson,
Adelman
1976
Adelman
1976
Adelman
1976
Adelman
1976
Adelman
1976
- Adelman
1976
Adelman
1976
Adelman
1976
Adelman
1976
Adelman
1976
- Adelman
1976
Adelman
1976
- Adelman
1976
&
&
&
&
&
A
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
1966
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Species
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
u>
O Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Guppy,
Poecllla retlculata
Striped bass,
Morone saxatl 1 Is
Method*
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT.
FT.
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT,
s,
s.
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
U
U
Chemical
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
bichromate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Sodium
dl chroma te
Potass 1 urn
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
-
-
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCOj)
220
220
220
220
220
209
209
209
-
-
400
400
20
35
LC50
or EC50
(ng/L)*»
34,000
29,000
34,000
26.000
33,200
37,700
37,000
35,900
52,000
37 ,000
24,140
22,580
30,000
35,000
Species Mean
Acute Value
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Species
Striped bass.
Morons saxatl 1 Is
Green sun fish,
Lepomls cyanellus
Green sun fish,
Lepomls cyanellus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
B 1 ueq 1 1 1 ,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueqlll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
B 1 ueg 1 1 1 ,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueqlll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueqlll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Method*
S. U
FT, M
FT, M
S, U
S, U
S. U
S, U
S, U
S, U
S, U
S. U
S, U
S, U
Hardness
(•g/L as
Chemical CaCO,)
Potassium 35
dlchr ornate
Potassium 400
dlchr ornate
Potassium 400
dl chroma te
Potassium 20
dl chroma te
Potassium 360
dl chroma te
Potassium 45
bichromate
Potassium 45
chromate
Potassium 44
d| chromate
Potassium * 44
dl chromate
Potassium 44
dlchr ornate
Potassium 44
chromate
Potassium 44
chromate
Potassium 44
chromate
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Species
Blueglll,
Lepomls macroch 1 rus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macroch 1 rus
Blueglll,
Lepomis macroch 1 rus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macroch 1 rus
White crapple,
Pomoxls annul arts
Johnny darter,
Etheostoma nlorum
Yel low perch,
Perca flavescens
Worm,
Mais sp.
Sna i 1 ( embryo) ,
Amnlcola sp.
Snail (adult),
Amnlcola sp.
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Method*
*«WW_mB
S. U
s, u
S, M
FT, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
S, U
S, M
S, M
Chemical
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Chromic
chloride
Chromic
n 1 trate
Chromic
nitrate
Hardness
(«g/L as
CaCO,)
171
171
120-160
20-44
120-160
120-160
120-160
Chromlum(lll)
50
50
50
52
99
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
135,000
130,400
144.500
132,890fttt 132,900
72,600 72,600
46,000 46,000
36,300 36,300
9,300 9,300
12,400
8,400 10,210
1 ,200
16,800
27,400
Reference
Academy of Natural
Sciences, 1960
Academy of Natural
Sciences, 1960
White, Manuscript
Cairns, et al .
1981
White, Manuscript
White, Manuscript
White, Manuscript
Rehwoldt, et al .
1973
Rehwoldt, et al .
1973
Rehwoldt, et al.
1973
Anderson, 1948
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
CO
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Amp hi pod,
Gammarus sp.
Crayfish,
Orconectes limosus
Mayfly,
Ephemeral la subvarla
Damsel fly,
(Unidentified)
Caddlsfly,
Hydropsyche bettenl
Caddisfly,
(Unidentified)
Midge,
Chlronomus sp.
American eel,
Angullla rostrata
Rainbow trout (2 tnos).
Sal mo gal rdnerl
Rainbow trout.
Sal mo gal rdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo qalrdnerl
Goldfish,
Carassius auratus
Method*
S, M
s.
s.
s,
s,
s,
s.
S.
S.
s,
s,
FT,
s,
FT,
s.
M
M
M
M
U
M
U
M
M
M
M
U
M
U
Hardness
(ng/L as
Chemical CaC03>
Chromic 1)0
nitrate
Chromic 195
nitrate
Chromic 215
nitrate
50
Chromium
chloride
Chromic 44
chloride
- , 50
Chromic 44
chloride
50
50
55
Chromic
nitrate
Chromium 44
Chloride
Chromi urn 26
nitrate
Chromium 20
potassium sulfate
LC50
or EC50
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Species Method*
Common carp, S, M
Cyprlnus carplo
Fathead minnow, S, U
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow, S, U
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow, FT, M
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow, FT, M
Plmephales promelas
Banded kllllflsh, S, M
Fundulus dlaphanus
Guppy, S, U
Poecllla retlculata
White perch, S, M
Morone amerlcana
Striped bass, S, M
Morone saxatl 1 Is
Pumpklnseed, S, M
Lepomls glbbosus
Blueglll, S, U
Lepomls macrochlrus
Bluegll 1, S, U
Lepomls macrochlrus
-
Chemical
-
Chromium
potassium sul
Chromium
potassium sul
Chromium
potassium sul
Chromium
potassium sul
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO»)
fate
fate
fate
fate
Chromium
potassium sul fate
Chromium
potassium sul fate
Chromium
potassium sul fate
SALTWATER
55
20
360
203
203
55
20
55
55
55
. 20
360
SPECIES
LC50
or EC50
14,300
5,070
67,400
29,000
27,000
16,900
3.330
14,400
17,700
17,000
7.460
71.900
Species Mean
Acute Value
13,230
-
-
-
10,320
15,630
7,053
13,320
16,370
15,720
15,020
Reference
Rehwoldt, et al .
1972
Pickering &
Henderson, 1966
Pickering &
Henderson, 1966
Pickering,
Manuscript
Pickering,
Manuscript
Rehwoldt, et al .
1972
Pickering &
Henderson, 1966
Rehwoldt, et al.
1972
Rehwoldt, et al .
1972
Rehwoldt, et al .
1972
Pickering 4
Henderson, 1966
Pickering &
Henderson, 1966
Chromlum(VI )
Polychaete worm, S, M
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Potassium
dl chroma to
3,100
3,100
Mearns, et al . 19
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Species
Sand worm.
Nereis vlrens
Polychaete worm,
Ophryotrocha dladema
Pol ychaete norm,
Ctendrllus serratus
Polychaete worm (larva).
Cap! tell a capltata
Polychaete worm (adult).
Capital la capltata
Mud snal 1 ,
Nassarius obsoletus
Blue mussel (embryo),
Mytilus edulis
u>
01 Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea qlqas
Common ranqla.
Rang la cuneata
Common ranqla,
Ranqla cuneata
Sof t-shel 1 clam,
Mya arenarla
Copepod,
Pseudodlaptomus coronatus
Cop epod ,
Acartla clausl
Mysld.
Mysldopsis bah la
Method*
i i. "•
S. U
s, u
s. u
s. u
s. u
s. u
s. u
s, u
s. u
s, u
s, u
s, u
s, u
S, M
Hardness
(mg/L as
Chemical CaCOj)
Potassium
chromate
Chromium
tr loxlde
Chromium
trloxlde
Chromium
trloxlde
Chromium
trloxlde
Potassium
chr ornate
Potassium
dl chromate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
di chromate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
LC50
or EC50
(ng/L)«*
2,000
7,500
4.300
8,000
5,000
105.000
4,469
4,538
14,000
35,000
57,000
3,650
6.600
2,030
Species Mean
Acute Value
2,000
7,500
4,300
6.325
105.000
4,469
4,538
22,140
57,000
3,650
6,600
2,030
Reference
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
Reish & Carr, 1978
Ralsh & Carr, 1978
Reish, et al . 1976
Reish, et al . 1976
Elsler 4 Hennekey.
1977
Martin, et al. 1981
Martin, et al . 1981
Olson & Harrel , 1973
Olson 4 Harrel, 1973
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
Gentile, 1982
Gentile. 1982
Lussler, et al .
Manuscript
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
a*
Species Method* Chemical
Mysid, S, M Potassium
Mysldopsls bI gel owl dichrornate
Hermit crab, S, U Potassium
Paqurus long I carpus chrornate
Dunqeness crab, S, U Potassium
Cancer maqlster dlchromate
Blue crab, S, U Potassium
Calllnectes sapldus dlchromate
Blue crab, S, U Potassium
Calllnectes sapldus dlchromate
Starfish, S, U Potassium
Aster I as forbesl chromate
Mummlchog, S, U Potassium
Fundulus heteroclttus chromate
Hummlchog, S, U Potassium
Fundulus heteroc11tus chromate
Mummlchog, S, U Potassium
Fundulus heteroc11tus chromate
Atlantic sllverslde S, U Potassium
(larva), dlchromate
Menldla raenldla
Atlantic sllverslde S, U Potassium
(larva), dlchromate
Men id(a mentdta
Atlantic sllverslde S, U Potassium
(juvenile), dlchromate
Menldla menldla
Tidewater sllverslde, S, U Potassium
Menldla penlnsulae dlchromate
Hardness
(rng/L as
CaCOQ
LC50
or EC50
(nq/L)«*
4.400
10,000
3,440
89.000
98,000
32,000
91,000
55 ,000
81,000
12,400
14,300
20,100
22,000
Species Mean
Acute Value
(ng/L)«*«
4,400
Reference
Gentile, 1982
10,000 Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
3,440 Martin, et at. 19BI
Frank 4 Robertson,
1979
93,390 Frank & Robertson,
1979
32,000 Elsler & Hennekey.
1977
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
Dorfman. 1977
74,010 Oorfman, 1977
Card In, 1982
Card In, 1982
15,280 Cardln, 1982
22,000 Hansen, 1983
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Species Method*
Spot, S, U
Lelostomus xanthurus
Speckled sanddab, S, U
Clthar Ichthys stlgmaeus
Speckled sanddab, S, U
Clthar Ichthys stlgmaeus
Eastern oyster, S, U
Crassostrea vlrglnica
Mummichoq, S, U
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummichog, S, U
Fundulus heteroclltus
Hardness LC50 Species Mean
(mg/L as or EC50 Acute Valua
Chemical CaCOj) (Mg/L)** (wg/L)*** Reference
Potassium - 27.000 27,000 Hansen, 1983
dlchromate
Potassium - 31,000 - Sherwood, 1975
dlchromate
Potassium - 30,000 30,500 Mearns, et al . 1976
dlchromate
Chromlumd 1 1 )
Chromium - 10,300 10,300 Calabrese, et al.
chloride 1973
Chromium - 31,500 - Oorfman, 1977
chloride
Chromium - 31,500 31,500 Oorfman, 1977
chloride
* S = static, R = renewal, FT = flow-through, U = unmeasured, M = measured.
** Results are expressed as chromium, not as the chemical.
*** For chromlumd11) In fresh water. Species Mean Acute Values are calculated for a hardness of 50 mg/L using the
poo I ed si ope.
tt
pH = 8.2 to 8.4.
pH = 7.5 to 7.6.
m pH = 7.5.
Ished as average of results of two tests, one at hardness of 20-22 mg/L and one at 42-44 mg/L
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Results of Covarlance Analysis of Freshwater Acute ToxicIty of Chromlu«(111) versus Hardness
Species
Daphnla maqna
Fathead minnow
Blueqlll
At 1 of above
n
5
4
2
11
Slope
0.8872
0.8304
0.7839
0.8190*
95 % Confidence Limits
0.6073, 1.1671
0.3641, 1.2968
(cannot be calculated)
0.7088, 0.9290
Degrees of Freedoa
3
2
0
7
* P=0.82 for equality of slopes.
u>
00
-------
Table 2. Chronic Toxlclty of Chromium to Aquatic Animals
Species
Test*
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO,)
Limits
(Mg/L)««
Chronic
Value
(Mg/L>«*
Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Cladoceran,
Cerlodaphnla retlculata
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Cladoceran,
Slmocephalus serrulatus
Cladoceran,
Slmocephalus vetulus
Rainbow trout.
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout.
Sal mo qairdnerl
Brook trout,
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Rainbow trout,
Salmo qalrdnerl
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
ELS
ELS
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
ELS
Sod 1 urn
dlchromate
Sodium
chromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Chromium
trloxlde
Sodium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Chromic
nitrate
Chromic
ni trate
Chromic
nitrate
Chromium
nitrate
Chromlum(V) )
45
45
45
45
45
34
45
45
209
Chromlumd 1 1 )
52
100
206
26
25-64
<2.5»*»
4.7-8.0
13.9-28.5
4.7-8.0
51-105
200-350
200-350
1 ,000-
3,950
47-93
129-291
<44«-
30-157
40.00
<2.5
6.132
19.90
6.132
73.18
264.6
264.6
1,987
66.11
193.7
<44
68.63
Mount, 1982
Trabalka & Gehrs, 1977
Mount, 1982
Mount, 1982
Mount, 1982
Mount, 1982
Sauter, et al . 1976
Benolt, 1976
Benolt, 1976
Pickering, 1980
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
Stevens & Chapman,
1984
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
Species Test*
Fathead minnow, LC
Plmephales promelas
Polychaete worm LC
(parental generation),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm LC
(Fj generation),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm LC
(parental generation),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Pol ychaete worm LC
(F| generation),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm LC
(p2 generation) ,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Mysld, LC
Mysldopsls bah la
Polychaete worm LC
(parental and Fj
generations),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Hardness Chronic
(mg/L as Units Value
Chemical CaCOj) 50,400 >50,400
chloride
Reference
Pickering, Manuscript
Oshlda & Word, 1982
Oshlda & Word, 1982
Oshlda. et al . 1976,
1981
Oshlda, et al . 1976,
1981
Oshlda, et al . 1976,
1981
Lussler, et al .
Manuscript
Oshlda, et al . 1976,
1981
* LC = 11fe cycle or partial life cycle, ELS - early life stage.
** Results are expressed as chromium, not as the chemical.
"""Adverse effects occurred at all concentrations tested.
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
Acute-Chronic Ratio
Species
Cladoceran,
Cerodaphnla retlculata
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Cladoceran,
Slmocephalus serrulatus
Cladoceran,
Slmocephalus vetulus
Rainbow trout,
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Brook trout,
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales prometas
Polychaete worm,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Pol ychaete worm,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Pol ychaete worm.
Hardness
(mg/L as Acute Value
CaCOj) (uq/L)
Chromlum(V) )
45 45.2
50
45 24.2
45 36.3
45 40.9
45 32.3
45 69,000
45 59 ,000
209 36,860*
3,100
3,100
3,100
3,100
Chronic Value
(iig/L) Ratio
40.00 1.130
5.000
<2.5 >9.680
6.132 5.920
19.90 2.055
6.132 5.267
264.6 260.8
264.6 223.0
1,987 18.55
25.18 123. I
25.18 123.1
238.5
18.03 171.9
Neanthes arenaceodentata
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
Acute-Chronic Ratio
Hardness
(mg/L as Acute Value Chronic Value
Species CaCO,) l,259
4.400 68.63 64.11
27.980m 1,025 27.30
three flow-throuqh tests from Pickering (1980)
latlon between results of acute tests at
hardnesses of 195 and 215 uQ/L from Chapman, et al. (Manuscript) in Table I.
Geometric mean of two values from Pickering (Manuscript) In Table I.
-------
Table 3.' Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios
Genus Mean
Acute Value
Rank* (pg/L)** Species
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Chromlum(VI)
27 1,870,000 Stonefly,
Neophasqanophora
cap 1 tata
26 176,000 Crayfish,
Orconactes rustlcus
25 140,000 Damsel fly,
Enal lagma aspersum
24 123,500 Green sunflsh,
Lepomls cyanellus
Blueglll,
•P- Lepomls macrochlrus
OJ ""
23 119,500 Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus
22 .72,600 White crapple,
Pomoxls annul arts
21 69,000 Rainbow trout,
Salmo gairdneri
20 67,610 Emerald shiner,
Notropls atnerlnoldes
Striped shiner,
Notropls chrysocephalus
Sand shiner,
Notropls stramlneus
19 61,000 Midge,
Species Mean
Acute Value
Cag/L)"
1,870,000
176,000
140,000
114,700
132,900
119,500
72,600
69,000
48,400
85,600
74 ,600
61 ,000
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
260.8
Chlronomus tentans
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Rank*
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
II
10
9
8
Genus Mean
Acute Value
WD"
59,000
57,300
51,250
49,600
47,180
46,000
36,300
30,450
30,000
23,010
1,560
Species
Brook trout,
Salvellnus fontinalis
Mldqe,
Tanytarsus dlsslmllis
Central stoneroller,
Campostoma anomalum
SI Iverjaw minnow,
Erlcymba buccata
Bluntnose minnow,
Plmephales notatus
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Johnny darter,
Etheostoma nlgrum
Yel low perch,
Perca flavescens
Striped bass,
Morone saxatl 1 Is
Guppy,
Poecllla retlculata
Snail,
Physa heterostropha
Bryozoan,
Species Mean
Acute Value
59,000
57,300
51,250
49,600
54 ,225
41,050
46,000
36,300
30,450
30,000
23,010
1,560
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
223.0
18.55
Lophopodella carterl
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
-P-
Ul
Rank*
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
18
17
16
Genus Mean Species Mean Species Mean
Acute Value Acute Value Acute-Chronic
<(ig/L)»" Species <|ig/L)" Ratio
1,440 Bryozoan, 1,440
Pectinate) la magnlflca
650 Bryozoan, 650
Plumatella emarqlnata
630 Amphlpod, 630
Hyalel la azteca
67.1 Amphlpod, 67.1
Gamroarus pseudol Imnaeus
45.10 Cladoceran. 45.10 1.130
Cer lodaphnla retlculata
36.35 Cladoceran, 40.9 2.055
Slmocephalus serrulatus
Cladocaran, 32.3 5.267
Slmocephalus vetulus
28.94 Cladoceran, 23.07 >6.957f
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran, 36.3 5.920
Daphnla pulex
Chromlum(lll)
71,060 Caddlsfly, 71,060
Hydropsyche bettenl
50,000 Caddlsfly, 50,000
(Unidentified)
43,100 Damselfly, 43,100
(Unidentified)
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Rank*
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
Genus Mean
Acute Value
(gg/L)"
16,010
15,630
15,370
14,770
13,230
12,860
1 1 ,000
10,320
10,210
9,669
9,300
8,684
Species
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla magna
Banded kll 1 If ish,
Fundulus dlaphanus
Pumpklnseed,
Lepomls glbbosus
Bluegll I,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Nh 1 te parch ,
Morone amerlcana
Striped bass,
Morone saxatl 1 Is
Common carp,
Cyprlnus carplo
Amer lean eel ,
Angullla rostrata
Midge,
Chlronomus sp.
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Snail,
Amnlcola sp.
Rainbow trout,
Salmo qalr drier 1
Worm,
Nals sp.
Goldfish,
*pecles Mean
Acute Value
(nfl/L)**
16,010
15,630
15,720
15,020
13,320
16,370
13,230
12,860
11,000
10,320
10,210
9,669
9,300
8,684
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
>356.4tf
27.30
64.11
Carasslus auratus
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Rank*
3
2
1
21
20
19
IS
17
16
15
14
Genus Mean
Acute Value
7,053
3,200
2,221
105,000
93,390
74,010
57,000
32,000
30,500
27,000
22,140
Species Mean Species Mean
Acute Value Acute-Chronic
Species (ngA>** Ratio
Guppy,
Poecllla retlculata
Amph I pod ,
Gammarus sp.
Mayfly,
Ephemeral la subvarla
SALTWATER SPECIES
ChromlumCVI )
Mud snail,
Nassarlus obsoletus
Blue crab,
Calllnectes sapidus
Mummlchog,
Fundulus heteroclltus
Soft-she) 1 clam,
Mya arenarla
Starfish,
Aster las forbesl
Speckled sanddab,
Clthar Ichthys stlgmaeus
Spot,
Lelostomus xanthurus
Common rang la.
Rang la cuneata
7,053
3,200
2,221
105,000
93,390
74,010
57,000
32,000
30,500
27,000
22,140
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
oo
Rank*
13
12
II
10
9
7
6
5
4
3
Genus Mean
Acute Value
18,330
10,000
7,500
6.600
6,325
4,538
4,469
4,300
3,650
3,440
3,100
Spec las 'Mean
Acute Value
Species <|ig,/L)**
Atlantic silverslde,
Menidia men Id la
Tidewater silverslde,
Menldla penlnsulae
Hermit crab,
Pagurus long! carpus
Polychaete worm,
Ophryotrocha dladema
Cope pod,
Acartla clausl
Polychaete worm,
Capl tell a capltata
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea qlcjas
Blue mussel ,
Mytllus edul Is
Polychaete worm,
Ctenodrllus serratus
Copepod,
Pseudodlaptomus coronatus
Qungeness crab.
Cancer maglster
Polychaete worm.
15,280
22,000
10,000
7,500
6,600
6,325
4,538
4,469
4,300
3,650
3,440
3,100
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
121.8*™
Neanthes arenaceodentata
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Rank*
2
1
Genus Mean
Acute Value
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Chromlum(lll)
Fresh water
Final Acute Value = 1,968 Mg/L (at a hardness of 50 mg/L)
Criterion Maximum Concentration =-(1,968 Mg/L) / 2 = 984.0 Mg/L (at a hardness of 50 mg/L)
Pooled Slope » 0.8190 (see Table I)
In(Criterion Maximum Intercept) - ln(984.0) - (slope x ln(50)|
=• 6.892 - (0.8190 x 3.912) = 3.688
Criterion Maximum Concentration - e<0.8190|In(hardness)1+3.688)
Final Chronic Value = 68.63 ug/L (at a hardness of 26 mg/L) (see text)
Assumed Chronic Slope =• 0.8190 (see text)
ln(Flnal Chronic Intercept) » ln(68.63) - (slope x ln(26)l
" 4.229 - (0.8190 x 3.258) = 1.561
Final Chronic Value = e«0.8190lln(hardness)l+1.561)
-------
Table 4. Toxic Ity of Chromium to Aquatic Plants
Species
Chemical
Hardness
(Mg/L as
CafXM
Effect
Result
(iig/D*
Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas relnhardl
Green alga,
Chloral la pyrenoldosa
Green alqa,
Scenedesmus sp.
Blue alga,
Mlcrocystls aeruglnosa
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadr Icauda
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadr Icauda
Green alga,
Selenastrum capr Icornutum
Green alga,
Selenastrum capr Icornutum
Green alga,
Selenastrum capr Icornutum
Euglena,
Euglena gracl 1 Is
Diatom,
Cyc 1 ote 1 1 a menegh I n 1 ana
Diatom,
Navlcula semlnulum
Diatom,
Navlcula semlnulum
Diatom,
Navlcula semlnulum
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Sodium
dl chroma te
Sodium
dl chroma te
Potassium
dlchromate
Sodium
chr ornate
Sodium
dlchromate
Sod 1 urn
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Chromlum(VI)
45
53
53
45
45
45
45
Reduction In
growth
50% Inhibition
of growth
Inhibition of
growth
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
Inhibition of
growt h
Inhibition of
growth
50f Inhibition of
growth In 4 days
**
Abnormal growth
Growth Inhibition
502 growth
reduction
50$ growth
reduction
50f growth
reduction
10
5,000
500
2
580
500
62
183
> 1,050
1,500
500
187
230
251
Zarafonetls &
Hampton, 1974
Wl urn-Anderson, 1974
Staub, et al. 1973
Brlngmann, 1975; Brlngmann
& Kuhn, 1976, I978a,b
Brlnqmann & Kuhn, I977a,
I978a,b, 1979, I980b
Cairns, et al. 1978
Gar ton, 1973
Rlchter, 1982
Rlchter, 1982
Fasulo, et al . 1983
Cairns, et al . 1978
Academy of Natural
Sciences, I960
Academy of Natural
Sciences, I960
Academy of Natural
Sciences, I960
-------
Table 4. (Continued)
Ui
to
Species
Diatom,
Navtcula semi nuturn
Diatom,
Navlcula semlnulum
Diatom,
Navlcula semlnulum
Diatom,
Navlcula semlnulum
Diatom,
Navlcula semlnulum
Diatom,
Navlcula semlnulum
Diatom,
Navlcula semlnulura
Diatom,
Navlcula semlnulum
Diatom,
Navlcula semlnulum
Diatom,
Nltzschla linear Is
Diatom,
Nltzschla linear Is
Diatom,
Nltzschla palea
Diatom,
Nltzschla palea
Eurasian watermllfoll
Hyrlophyllum splcatum
Chemical
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dl chroma te
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potass I urn
dlchr ornate
Potassium
d (chroma te
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
chroma te
-
-
Dlchromate***
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC05)
45
45
45
171
171
171
171
171
171
295
295
-
-
-
Effect
50J growth
reduction
50% growth
reduction
50$ growth
reduction
50< growth
reduction
50 J growth
reduction
501 growth
reduction
50% growth
reduction
50< growth
reduction
50% growth
reduction
LC50 (120 hrs)
LC50 (120 hrs)
50*
of photosynthesis
Inhibition of
growth
32-day EC50
(root weight)
Result
-------
Table 4. (Continued)
tn
Species
Green alga,
Selenastrum caprl cor nu turn
Green alga,
Selenastrum caprl cor nutum
Eurasian watermi Ifol 1 ,
Myr lophy 1 lum splcatum
Alga,
Macrocystls pyrlfera
Alqa,
Macrocystls pyrlfera
Hardness
(mg/L as
Che«lcal CaCO,)
Chromlum(lll)
Result
Effect (n9/L)»
Chromium 53 50* Inhibition of 397
chloride growth In 4 days
Chromium 53 «« >l ,000
chloride
32-day EC50 9,900
(root weight)
SALTWATER SPECIES
Chromlum(VI)
Potassium
dl chroma te
50$ Inhibition 5,000
of photosynthesis
In 4 days
10 - 20% Inhlbi- 1,000
tlon of photo-
synthesis In
5 days
Reference
Rlchter, 1982
Rlchter, I9B2
Stanley, 1974
Clendennlng & North,
1959
Bernhard & Zattera,
1975
* Results are expressed as chromium, not as the chemical.
** Highest concentration that would not have killed a significant number of cells In 5 days.
"""Cation not specified.
-------
Species
Table 5. Bloaccumulatlon of Chromium by Aquatic Organisms
Tissue Chemical
Duration Bloconcentratlon
(days) Factor* Reference
Rainbow trout. Muscle
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout, Whole body
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout. Muscle
Sal mo galrdnerl
Polychaete worm,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Blue mussel. Soft parts
Mytilus edulls
Eastern oyster, Soft parts
Crassostrea vlrglnlca
Bluo mussel. Soft parts
Mytl lus edulls
Eastern oyster. Soft parts
Crassostrea vlrglnlca
Soft-shell clam. Soft parts
Mya arenarla
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Chromlum(VI)
Sod 1 urn 22
dlchromate
Potassium 30
chromate
Potassium 180
dlchromate
SALTWATER SPECIES
Chromlum(VI)
150
146-163
Sodium 84
' dlchromate
Sod lum 84
d Ichromate
Chromium! 1 II )
Chromic 168
chloride
Chromic 140
nitrate
Chromic 168
chloride
<) Buhler, et al. 1977
'.?
1 Fromm & Stokes, 1962
2.8 Calamarl, et al . 1982
200** Mearns & Young, 1977
236 Oshlda & Word, 1982
192** Zarooglan & Johnson,
1983
125** Zarooglan & Johnson,
1983
86** Capuzzo & Sasner,
1977
116 Shuster & Prlngle,
1969
153** Capuzzo & Sasner,
1977
* Results are based on chromium, not the chemical.
""Bloconcentratlon factor was converted from dry weight to wet weight basis.
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Chromium on Aquatic Organisms
Species
Algal community
Algal community
Algal community
Algal community
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadrlcauda
Oi
Cn
Bacteria,
Eschar Ich la col 1
Bacteria,
Pseudomonas putlda
Protozoan,
Entoslphon sulcatum
Protozoan,
Mlcroregma heterostoma
Protozoan,
Chllomonas pa named urn
Protozoan,
Uronema parduezl
Protozoa, '
Blephar Isma sp.
Chemical
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Sod 1 urn
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Sod 1 um
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dlchromate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCOj) Duration
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Chromlum(VI)
1 mo
1 mo
„- 1 mo
25 hrs
96 hrs
16 hrs
72 hrs
28 hrs
48 hrs
20 hrs
3 hrs
Effect
Diatoms reduced
blue green
algae dominant
Diversity of
diatoms reduced
BCF=8,500
32* Inhibition
of photo-
synthesis
Incipient
Inhibition
(river water)
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
Some living
Result
400
too
20
700
700
380
9,600
20,000
210
0.12
2,100
32,000
Reference
Patrick, et al . 1975
Patrick, et al . 1975
Patrick, et al. 1975
Zarafonetls & Hampton,
1974
Brlngmann & Kuhn,
1959a,b
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1959 a
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1976,
1977a, 1979, 1980b
Brlngmann, 1978;
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1979,
19806, 1981
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 19596
Brlngmann, et al. 1980,
1981
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1980a
1981
Ruthven 4 Cairns, 1973
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
o>
Species
Euglena,
Euglena gracll Is
Rotifer,
Phllodlna acutlcornls
Worm,
Aeolosoma headleyl
Snail,
Gonlobasls llvescens
Sna 1 1 ,
Nltocrls sp.
Snal 1,
Lymnaea emarglnata
Snail,
Physa Integra
Cladoceran,
Paphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Chemical
Chromium
trloxlde
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potass 1 urn
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03) Duration Effect
3 hrs Tolerated
45 48 hrs LC50 (5 C)
(10 C)
(15 C)
(20 C)
(25 C)
45 48 hrs LC50 (5 C)
(10 C)
(15 C)
(20 C)
(25 C)
154 48 hrs LC50
45 48 hrs LC50 (5 C)
(10 C)
(15 C)
(20 C)
(25 C)
154 48 hrs LC50
154 48 hrs LC50
200 24 hrs EC50
86 72 hrs EC50
163 72 hrs EC50
45 48 hrs LC50 (5 C)
(10 C)
(15 C)
(25 C)
Result
1,000
54,000
50,600
39,200
3 1 .000
29,000
12,100
10,000
8,600
7,000
4,800
2,400
9.100
7,800
3,700
1,200
800
34,800
660
1,570
31-44
64-81
7,600
5,600
4,300
560
Reference
Yonque, et al. 1979
Cairns, et al „ 1978
Cairns, et al. 1978
Cairns, et al. 1976
Cairns, et al . 1978
Cairns, et al . 1976
Cairns, et al . 1976
Bel lavere & Gorbl,
1981
Debelak, 1975
Oebelak, 1975
Cairns, et al . 1978
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
tn
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Chemical
Chromium
trloxlde
Potassium
dl chroma te
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Sodium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO,)
-
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
_
288
45
Duration
16 hrs
16 hrs
48 hrs
96 hrs
48 hrs
96 hrs
48 hrs
96 hrs
48 hrs
96 hrs
48 hrs
24 hrs
48 hrs
Effect
LC50
LC50
EC50 (fed)
EC50 (fed)
EC50 (fed)
EC50 (fed)
EC50 (fed)
EC50 (fed)
EC50 (fed)
EC50 (fed)
EC50 (river
water)
LC50
LC50 (5 C)
(10 C)
(15 C)
(25 C)
Result
(ng/l)*
<3I2
<212
21.6
16.9
19.9
24.5
19.2
7.39
21.1
17.8
700
1,400
4,800
3,200
900
400
Reference
Anderson, 1944
Anderson, 1944
Call, et al. 1981
Cal 1, et al. 1981
Cal 1, et al. 1981
Cal 1, et al. 1981
Call, et al. 1981
Call, et al. 1981
Cal 1. et al. 1981
Cal 1, et al. 1981
Brlnqmann & Kuhn,
1959a,b
Brlngmann & Kuhn, I977b
Cairns, et al . 1978
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Midge. |
Chlronomus tentans '
»
Coho salmon,
Oneorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Ul
00 Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon
(embryo, finger ling),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chemical
Potassium
chroma te
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Sod 1 urn
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Sod 1 urn
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Sodium
dlchromate
Hardness
(mg/L as Result
CaCOj) Duration Effect lj^/U*
44 2 hrs Death (after
22 hours)
101 1.5 hrs Supressed
respiration
13 days LC50 . 25
90 144 hrs 100* survival 5
60 14 days Mortality after
transfer to 30
g/kg sqawater
60 14 days Mortality after
transfer to 20
g/kg seawater
60 26 days Mortality after
transfer to 20
g/kg seawater
60 2 wks Decreased disease
resistance
60 2 wks Immunosuppreslon
70 7 mos Reduced growth
12 wks Reduced growth
and survival
70 42 days No effect on
survival In
22 wks
100
100
,000
,000
520
480
230
500
470
16
200
174
Reference
Lee & Bulkema, 1979
Batac-Catalan & White,
1983
Holland, et al . 1960
Lorz, et a! . 1978
Sugatt, !980a
Sugatt, 1980 a
Sugatt, 1980 a
Sugatt, 1980b
Sugatt, I980b
Olson & Foster, 1956
Olson, 1958
Olson A Foster, 1957
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Cn
VO
Species
Chinook salmon (tIngerlIng),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (finger I Ing),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Rainbow trout (embryo, larva),
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (embryo, larva),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout
(larva, finger!Ing),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (adult),
Salmo galrdnerl
Chemical
Sodium
dIchromate
Sodium
d(chromate
Chromium
trloxlde
Chromium
trloxlde
Potassium
dIchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Hexavalent
chromium
Sodium
dlchromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potass I urn
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Hardness
(ing/L as
CaC03)
70
70
101
101
36
70
70
334
334
27
27
320
Duration
74 days
74 days
28 days
28 days
24 hrs
7 days
2 days
16 wks
24 hrs
24 hrs
15 days
15 days
15-22 days
6 mos
Effect
Result
(ng/D*
47$ reduction 95
In growth at 10'C
40< reduction 91
In growth at 5*C
EC50 (death and 190
deformity)
ECIO (death and
deformity)
LC50 (5 C) 58,900
(15 C) 141,000
(30 C) 95,500
Plasma 20
"cortlsol"
Inhibited
Na/K-ATPase
2,500
Reduced growth 21
Reference
Olson & Foster, 1957
Olson & Foster, 1957
Blrge, et al. 1980
56.9 Blrge, et al. 1981
Cairns, et al. 1978
Hill & Frown, 1968
Kuhnert, et al. 1976
bison & Foster, 1956
Hematocrlts 2,000 Schlffman & Fromm, 1959
LC50
Death
100,000 Schlffman & Fromm, 1959
10,000 Strlk, et al. 1975
25J mortality 10,000 Strlk, et al. 1975
Alteration of
some blood
parameters
10,000
Decrease of total 200
IIver glucldes In
males
Strlk, et al. 1975
Arlllo, et al. 1982
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
ON
O
Species Chemical
Rainbow trout (adult), Potassium
Salmo qalrdnerl dlchromate
Rainbow trout (yearling). Sodium
Sal mo galrdnerl chromate
Rainbow trout (yearling). Sodium
Salmo qalrdneri chromate
Rainbow trout (yearling). Sodium
Sal mo qalrdnerl chromate
RaInbow 'trout (year 11ng), Sod I urn
Salmo galrdnerl chromate
Rainbow trout Sodium
(eyed embryo, juvenile), chromate
Salmo qalrdnerl ,
Rainbow trout Sodium
(eyed embryo, juvenile), chromate
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout Sodium
(eyed embryo, juvenile), chromate
Salmo galrdnerl
RaInbow . trout Sod Iurn
(eyed embryo, juvenile), chromate
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout Sodium
(alevln, juvenile), chromate
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout Sodium
(alevln. Juvenile), chromate
Salmo galrdnerl
Hardness
(ing/L as
CaCOj)
320
60
BO
80
80
80
Duration
6 mos
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
32 wks
Effect
Result
80
80
80
80
80
32 wks
32 wks
32 wks
32 wks
32 wks
'Increase In liver 200
proteolytlc acti-
vity of males
25f survival
(pH 6.5)
63f survival
(pH 7.8)
0% survival
(pH 6.5)
501 survival
(pH 7.8)
OS survival
(pH 6.5)
32S survival
(pH 7.8)
40Jt survival
(pH 6.5)
76$ survival
(pH 7.8)
0£ survival
(pH 6.5)
44J( survival
(pH 7.8)
16,500
16,500
50,000
50,000
2,000
2,000
200
200
2,000
Reference
AM Ho. et al. 1982
van der Putte, et al
1981
van der Putte, et al,
1981
van der Putte, et al,
1981
van der Putte, et al,
1981
van der Putte, et al,
1982
van der Putte, et al,
1982
van der Putte, et al,
1982
van der Putte, et al,
1982
van der Putte, et al,
1982
2,000 van der Putte, et al
1982
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Rainbow trout
(alevln, juvenile),
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout
(alevln, juvenile), i
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo qalrdnerl
Brown trout (yearling),
Salmo trutta
Goldfish.
Car ass 1 us auratus
Goldfish (embryo, larva),
Carasslus auratus
Goldfish (juvenile) ,
Carasslus auratus
Goldfish (juvenile),
Carasslus auratus
Common carp (adult),
Cyprlnus carplo
Golden shiner,
Noterolgonus crysoleucas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Chemical
Sod 1 urn
chroma te
Sodium
chromate
-
Sodium
chromate
Potassium
dl chromate
Potassium
dl chromate
Chromium
trl oxide
Potassium
dl chromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Hardness
(ng/L as
CaCOi) Duration
80 32
80 32
4
80 II
207 38
220 II
195 7
36 24
24
207 38
36 24
220 II
wks
wks
mos
days
wks
days
days
hrs
hrs
wks
hrs
days
Effect
72< survival
(pH 6.5)
16% survival
(pH 7.8)
No effect on
Immune response
Induced
hyperplasla
Suppression of
Immune response
LC50
EC50 (death and
deformity)
LC50 (5 C)
(15 C)
(30 C)
LC50
Suppression of
Immune response
LC50 (5 C)
(15 C)
(30 C)
LC50
Result
(ng/L)»
200
200
200
3,200
1,010
30,400
660
354 ,000
213,000
109,000
249,000
1,010
151,000
109,000
104,000
17,300
Reference
van der
1982
van der
1982
Vlale &
Temmlnk
O'Neill
Adelman
Blrge,
Cairns,
Oowden
O'Neill
Cairns,
Adelman
Putte, et al .
Putte, et al.
Calamarl, 1984
, et al . 1983
, 1981
& Smith, 1976
1978
et al. 1978
& Bennett, 1965
, 1981
et al . 1978
& Smith, 1976
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
CT>
Species
Channel catfish (juvenile),
Ictalurus punctatus
Mosqul tof Ish,
Gambusla afflnls
Mosqul tof Ish,
Gambusla afflnls
Mosqul tof Ish,
Gambusla afflnls
Mosqul tof Ish,
Gambusla afflnls
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Bluegll 1,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Bluegll 1,
Lepomls macrochlrus
B 1 ueg III, 1
Lepomls macrochlrus
Largemouth bass
(embryo, larva),
Mlcropterus sal mo Id as
Largemouth bass (juvenile),
Mlcropterus salmoldes
Chemical
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Sodium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Potassium
dl chroma te
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Potassium
dl chromate
Potass I urn
dlchr ornate
Sodium
dl chromate
Potassium
dl chroma te
Chromium
trl oxide
Potassium
chromate
Hardness
(ing/L as
CaCO^) Duration
36 24 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
36 24 hrs
24 hrs
43 96 hrs
43 48 hrs
120 48 hr
105 2 wks
99 8 days
334 36 hrs
Effect
LC50 (5 C)
(15 C)
(30 C)
LC50 (high
turbidity)
LC50 (high
turbidity)
LC50 (high
turbidity)
LC50 (high
turbidity)
LC50 (5 C)
(15 C)
(30 C)
LC50
LC50 (low
dissolved
oxygen)
LC50
LC50
Increased loco-
motor activity
EC50 (death and
deformity)
Pathology of
Intestine
Result
»
50,000
58,000
99,000
92,000
107,000
135,000
228,000
280,000
214,000
261,000
113,000
155,500
213,000
50
1,170
94,000
Reference
Cairns, et al. 1978
Wai ten, et al. 1957
Mai ten, et al. 1957
Wall en, et al. 1957
Wallen, et al. 1957
Cairns, et al . 1978
Oowden & Bennett, 1965
Cairns & Scholar, 1958
Cairns, ef al. 1965
Turnbull, et al . 1954
Ellgaard, et al . 1978
Blrge, et al . 1978
Fromm & Schiffman, 1958
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
u>
Species
Largemouth bass (juvenile),
Mlcropterus salmoldes
Narrow-mouthed toad
(embryo, larva),
Gastrophryne carol Inensls
Marbled salamander
(embryo, larva),
Ambystoma opacum
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadricauda
Protozoan,
Mlcroregma heterostoma
I
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Rainbow trout.
Sal mo galrdnerl
Chemical
Potassium
chromate
Chromium
trloxlde
Chromium
trloxlde
Potass 1 urn
chromium
sulfate
Potassium
chromium
: sulfate
Potassium
chromium
sulfate
Potassium
chloride
sul fate
Chromium
chloride
Chromium
chloride
Chromium
chloride
Hardness
(Mg/L as
CaCO^) Duration
334 48 hrs
195 7 days
99 8 days
Chromium! 1 1 1 )
96 hrs
28 hrs
48 hrs
24 hrs
45 3 wks
45 -- 3 wks
30 days
Effect
LC50
EC50 (death and
deformity)
EC50 (death and
deformity
Incipient
Inhibition
(river- water)
Incipient
Inhibition
EC50 (river
water)
LC50
LC50
Impaired
reproduction
No effect on
gill AChE
activity
Result
(ng/D*
195,000
30
2,130
5,000
37,000
42,000
2,000
330
1,000
Reference
Fromm & Schlffman, 1958
Blrge, 1978
Blrge, et al . 1978
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1959a,b
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1959b
Brlngmann & Kuhn, I959a.b
Brlngmann & Kuhn, I977b
Bleslnger &
Christen sen, 1972
Bleslnger &
Chrlstensen, 1972
Smlssaert, et al. 1975
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
56 days
None
6 mg/kg Tacon and Beverldge, 1982
In food
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Common carp,
Cyprlnus carpIo
Common carp,
Cyprlnus carplo
Chemical
Chromium
sutfate
Chromium
chloride
Hardness
fng/L as
Result
Duration Effect (tig/L)* Reference
48 hrs 60J mortality 2,900 Muramoto, 1981
24 hrs lOOjf mortality 3.900 Muramoto, 1981
Polychaete worm Chromium
(juvenile), trloxlde
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm (adult). Chromium
Neanthes arenaceodentata trloxlde
Polychaete worm, Potassium
Neanthes arenaceodentata dIchrornate
Polychaete worm. Potassium
Neanthes arenaceodentata dIchromate
Polychaete worm. Potassium
Neanthes arenaceodentata dlchromate
Polychaete worm. Potassium
Neanthes arenaceodentata dlchromate
Polychaete worm. Potassium
Neanthes arenaceodentata dlchromate
Polychaete worm. Sodium
Nereis vlrens chromate
Polychaete worm, Potassium
Nereis vlrens chromate
Polychaete worm. Chromium
Ophryotrocha dladeraa trloxlde
SALTWATER SPECIES
Chromlum(VI)
28 days
28 days
7 days
56 days
14 days
59 days
350 days
21 days
7 days
21 days
LC50
LC50 .
LC50
LC50
700
Relsh, et al. 1976
550 Relsh, et al. 1976
1,460- Oshlda, et al. 1976,
1.770 1981
200 Oshlda & Relsh, 1975
Inhibition-tube 79 Oshlda & Relsh, 1975
building
LC50
Brood size
decrease
LC50
200 Maarns, et al. 1976
12.5 Maarns, et al. 1976
1,000 Raymont & Shields, 1963
LC50 700 Elsler & Hennekey, 1977
100* mortality 50,000 Relsh i Carr, 1978
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Oi
Species
Polychaete worm,
Ophryotrocha dladema
Polychaete worm,
Ophryotrocha dladema
Polychaete worm,
Ctenodrllus serratus
Polychaete worm (adult),
Capital la capltata
Polychaete worm (adult).
Capital la capltata
Mud snail,
Nassarlus obsoletus
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea glgas
Common rang la.
Rang la cuneata
Soft-shell clam,
Mya arenarla
Copepod,
Acartla clausl
Copepod,
Acartla clausl
Copepod ,
Tlsbe holothurlae ,
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puqlo
Chemical
Chromium
trloxlde
Potassium
dlchr ornate
Chromium
trloxlde
Chromium
trloxlde
Potassium
dl chromate
Potassium
chromate
Sodium
dl chromate
Potassium
dl chromate
Potassium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO*) Duration
28 days
48 hrs
21 days
28 days
5 mos
7 days
48 hrs
96 hrs
7 days
48 hr
7 days
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
Effect
Brood size
decrease
LC50
100| mortality
LC50
Brood size
decrease
LC50
No effect
LC50 «l g/kg
salinity)
LC50
LC50
Decreased 4
1 1 fe span 5
LC50
LC50
(10 C, 10 g/kg
sal Inlty)
LC50
(15 C, 10 g/kg
Result
(MQ/L)«
500-
1,000
1 ,000-
3,300
50,000
280
50-
100
10.000
100
210
8,000
13,700
,000 (14 C)
,000 (22 C)
8,140
81 ,000
39,000
Reference
Relsh & Carr, 1978
Parker, 1984
Relsh & Carr, 1978
Relsh, et al . 1976
Relsh, 1977
Elsler & Hennekey, 1977
Mat! Ing, 198ta
Olson & Harrel, 1973
Elsler & Hennekey, 1977
Moral tou-Aposto 1 opou 1 ou
& Verrlopoulos, 1982b
Mora Itou-Apos to 1 opou lou
& Verrlopoulos, J982b
Mora 1 tou-Aposto 1 opou 1 ou
& Verrlopoulos, I982a
Pales, 1978
Fales, 1978
salinity)
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
ON
Species
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetos puglo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puqlo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puqlo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Hermit crab,
Paqurus lonolcarpus
Blue crab ( larva) ,
Calllnectes sapldus
Blue crab,
Calllnectes sapldus
Green crab,
Carclnus maenas
Mud crab ( larva) ,
Rh 1 thropanopeus harr 1 s 1 1
Chemical
Potassium
chromate
Potass 1 urn
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
chronate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Sodium
chromate
Sodium
chromate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO.) Duration
• - 48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
28 days
7 days
40 days
96 hr
12 days
19 days
Effect
LC50
(20 C, 10 q/kg
salinity)
LC50
(25 C, 10 g/kg
salinity)
LC50
(10 C, 20 g/kg
salinity)
LC50
(15 C, 20 g/kg
salinity)
LC50
(20 C, 20 g/kg
salinity)
LC50
(25 C, 20 g/kg
salinity)
Cutlcular
lesions;
perclopod loss
LC50
Reduced
survival
LC50 (1 q/kg
salinity)
LC50
Reduced
survival;
affected
swimming
Result
CiigA)*
37,000
21,000
147,000
107,000
78,000
77,000
500-
4,000
2,700
1,500
34,000
60,000
2,290
Reference
Fales, 1978
Fales, 1978
Fales, 1978
Fales, 1978
Fales, 1978
Fales, 1978
Doughtle, et al . 1983
Elsler & Hennekey, 1977
Bookhout, et al . 1984
Frank & Robertson, 1979
Raymont & Shields. 1963
Bookhout, et al . 1984
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Starfish,
Aster I as forbesl
Brittle star,
Ophlothrlx splculata
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Mummlchoq,
Fundulus heteroclltus
Speckled sanddab,
Cltharlchthys stlgmaeus
Speckled sanddab,
Cttharlchthys stlgmaeus
Speckled sanddab,
Cltharlchthys stlgmaeus
Polychaete worm,
Neanthas arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm,
Ophryotrocha dladema
Chemical
Potassium
chrornate
Potassium
chromato
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
chromate
Potassium
dIchrornate
Potassium
dlchromate
Potassium
dlchromate
Chromium
chloride
Chromium
chloride
Chromium
trichloride
Hardness
(«g/L as
CaCOQ
Duration
7 days
7 days
5 days
II days
7 days
21 days
21 days
21 days
Chromtum(lll)
<24 hrs
160 days
48 hrs
Effect
LC50
LC50
Result
(iig/L)* Reference
10,000 Elsler & Hennekey, 1977
1,700 Oshlda & Wright, 1978
33$ mortality 31,800 Holland, et al. I960
100$ mortality 31,800 Holland, et al. I960
LC50 44.000 Elsler & Hennekey. 1977
LC50 5,400 Sherwood, 1975
EC50 (fed) 2,200 Sherwood. 1975
LC50 5,000 Mearns. et al. 1976
100$ mortality 50,400
(pH=4.5)
Reproduction
occurred
(pH=7.9)
LC50
50,400
Oshlda, et al. 1976,
1981
Oshlda, et al. 1976,
1981
100,000 Parker, 1984
* Results are expressed as chromium, not as the chemical.
-------
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.*•.*"
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*
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4
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