Old \Vorks/Last Anaconda Superfund Site
                             http://www.epa.gov/superfund/oerr/accomp/redevel/anaconda.htm
             &EPA
UWtedSfote
Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response
(5201G)
EPA540/F-98/013
OSWER 9378.0-20FS
PB 98-963215
April 1998
www.epa.gov/superfund
           Old  Works/East Anaconda  Smelter
           Anaconda,  Montana
                      A Superfund Redevelopment Success
                   Old Works/East Anaconda
                 Development Area at a Glance
            Problem: Contamination from over a century of
            copper smelting activities threatened local
            residents, polluted the 1,500-acre Old Works/East
            Anaconda Development Area, and threatened a   i
            nearby blue ribbon trout stream.               |

            Solution: Covered and revegetated over 250 acres I
            of the site, and established controls to ensure the  |
            long-term viability of the cover.

            Redevelopment: Working in close partnership with
            the local community and the potentially responsible
            party, EPA designed a cleanup that allowed for the
            construction of a golf course and a hiking trail, as
            well as future development of adjacent commercial
            and residential property.
                             Jack Nicklaus personally tests one of
                             the course's many bunkers that use
                             black slag from the former smelter,
                             noting that it "played very nicely".
           As part of the Superfund program, EPA is entering into partnerships with States, local
           governments, and private developers to clean up and return hazardous waste sites to
           beneficial uses in the community. The Anaconda Smelter Superfund site, a former
           copper smelting facility located in Anaconda, Montana, demonstrates how EPA's
           Superfund program has returned the land to economic usability. Once a contaminated
           area that threatened human health and the environment, a portion of the Anaconda
           Smelter site has become an award winning golf course providing jobs, income, and
           other short- and long-term economic impacts. This fact sheet describes the cleanup and
           redevelopment at the site, and provides estimates of the positive economic impacts and
           environmental and social benefits that have resulted at and around the site.
            Site Snapshot
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Old Works/East Anaconda Superfund Site
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/oerr/accomp/redevel/anaconda.htm
            The Anaconda Smelter property is
            located in and around the town of
            Anaconda in Deer Lodge County,
            Montana. The site is bound to the north
            and east by Warm Springs Creek, to the
            south by the Anaconda-Pintler
            Mountains, and to the northwest by the
            Flint Creek Mountains. Approximately
            10,500 residents of Deer Lodge County
            reside within two miles of the property.

            Anaconda Smelter was once one of the
            shining stars of the American mining
            industry. Located in the foothills of
            Montana's Pintler Mountain range, this facility first began copper smelting operations in
            1884. Anaconda Smelter quickly rose to national prominence due to its astounding annual
            production and exhaustive pursuit of copper from the surrounding area. In 1980, the
            Anaconda Smelter shut down, leaving the townspeople of Anaconda with a weakened
            local economy and a landscape contaminated by a century's worth of copper mining.

            Back to  the top
             Cleanup
            In September of 1983, EPA added Anaconda Smelter to the Superfund National Priorities
            List—the Agency's list of hazardous waste sites needing cleanup. Because of Anaconda's
            size and the magnitude of waste that was present on the property, EPA developed a
            cleanup plan that divided the site into 11 distinct units. One of these units focused on the
            Old Works/East Anaconda Development Area, a 1,500-acre portion of the site that was
            used as the primary smelting and processing area from 1880 to 1902, and was later
            identified by the local community as desirable for development. This area contained over
            1.4 million cubic yards of soil, slag, and flue dust contaminated with heavy metals such
            as arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc.

            To clean up the Old Works/East Anaconda Development Area, EPA formed a partnership
            with the local community and ARCO, the potentially responsible party, to find a remedy
            that would not only ensure the protection of human health, but also retain the historical
            significance of some of the  buildings in the area, and allow for the eventual
            redevelopment of the property. In 1994, after extensive discussions with both ARCO and
            the local community, EPA presented a cleanup plan that accommodated the development
            of a golf course over a portion of the Old Works/East Anaconda Development Area.
            Under EPA supervision, over 200 ARCO employees worked to cap the 250-acre area that
            would be used for the golf course. They covered the contaminants with 18 to 20 inches of
            soil, revegetated the area, and installed a state-of-the-art drainage system. ARCO
            employees also stabilized contamination areas on other parts of the site through
            construction of soil covers and revegetation. To ensure the long-term protection of the
            nearby watershed, EPA also directed ARCO to upgrade the embankments along Warm
            Springs Creek.
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Old Works/East Anaconda Superftind Site
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                       Cleanup at the former Anaconda Smelter site paved the way for
                       construction of a unique golf course.
            Back to the top
             Redevelopment
            The geographic locale and surrounding vistas of Old Works/East Anaconda Development
            Area made the site an ideal candidate for a recreational facility.

            In conjunction with the cleanup of the area, ARCO enlisted the help of golfing legend
            Jack Nicklaus to design a golf course, in part because he had previously designed golf
            courses on waste dumps in Michigan and lava fields in Hawaii. Nicklaus preserved and
            incorporated many of the property's original structures into the features of the course. For
            example, golfers play beside old smelting ladles and chip in sight of flues, smelting
            ovens, and some of the property's original brickwork.  The bunkers on the course are
            filled with over 14,000 cubic yards of inert smelting slag that was ground to the texture of
            sand. A state-of-the art water drainage system directs excess rainwater to a holding pond
            for eventual reuse for course irrigation.
                                     "This golf course is perhaps the
                                     biggest environmental story in the
                                     golf course industry,"
                                         • Jac* AicWaus, Golf Course Designer

            In 1994, ARCO and Deer Lodge County signed a conveyance document and entered into
            a prospective purchaser agreement (PPA) with EPA, which transferred ownership of the
            golf course to Deer Lodge County. As part of the PPA, EPA ensured that ARCO retained
            liability for the contamination at the site, required ARCO to maintain the integrity of cap,
            and required that all deeds for the property include restrictions that prevent disruption of
            the cap. In addition, Deer Lodge County agreed that all revenues from the golf course
            over operating expenses would support the historical preservation of the site and
            maintenance of the hiking trail, and allow for continued economic and recreational
            development within the County.

            A historic trail also has been created adjacent to the course. This trail is designed to
            highlight Anaconda's smelting heritage and attract tourists interested in viewing the
            copper mining techniques of years past.

            Back to the top
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Old Works/East Anaconda Superfimd Site
                                              http://www.epa.gov/superfund/oerr/accomp/redevel/anaconda.htm
             Benefits
            The partnership among EPA, the State, and ARCO at the Old Works/East Anaconda
            Development Area has had a positive effect on the local economy. In particular, the
            cleanup and redevelopment of the site have resulted in significant economic impacts, as
            well as environmental and social benefits. A summary of these benefits is provided
            below. Additional information on the calculations used to estimate the economic impacts
            is provided in the Technical Appendix to this fact sheet.

            Economic Impacts
                                                             Positive Economic Impacts
Redevelopment of the Old Works/East
Anaconda Development Area portion of
the site and the successful construction of a
golf course have resulted in numerous
positive economic impacts in the form of
jobs and associated income and local
spending. During the four years of cleanup
activities at the site, an average of 30 jobs
were supported each year with an estimated
total annual income of $750,000. In
addition, an average of 12 jobs were
supported each year during the two years of
redevelopment of the site, resulting in an
estimated $380,000 in total annual income.
During its six month season, the Old
Works Golf Course supports approximately
20 full-time, permanent jobs. The total
annual income associated with these
permanent jobs is estimated to be
$480,000, which is expected to result in
annual personal spending of almost
$390,000.

The redevelopment of the site as a golf course also results in public revenue. For
example, the income associated with the permanent jobs will result in over $30,000 in
State income tax. In addition, the county expects to receive approximately $250,000
annually from the revenues of the golf course.
                                                           An average of 30 jobs per year
                                                           supported during the four years of
                                                           cleanup and almost 12 jobs in each of
                                                           the two years of redevelopment.
                                                           $750,000 in total annual income
                                                           associated with cleanup jobs and
                                                           approximately $380,000 in total annual
                                                           income associated with
                                                           redevelopment jobs.
                                                           20 permanent jobs at the golf course.
                                                           Approximately $480,000 in annual
                                                           income associated with permanent
                                                           jobs resulting in almost $390,000 in
                                                           personal spending each year.
                                                           Over $30,000 in State income
                                                           associated with spending by
                                                           permanent employees.
                                                           Increase of up to $395,000 in total
                                                           residential property values within 2
                                                           miles of the site.
                                   " I think the work that you've [EPA]
                                   done is outstanding and I'm sure
                                   that the community appreciates not
                                   only the cleanup but the economic
                                   development that it will bring to the
                                   area."
                                        - fttetatie fifjcpatnfcft, tocaf fssfdar*

            The cleanup and redevelopment of the site also has positive effects on property values at
            and around the site. For example, the cleanup is estimated to have led to an increase of up
            to $395,000 in total residential property values within 2 miles of the site. There also have
            been numerous inquiries into the availability of the site property surrounding the golf
            course from several businesses. The additional development around the site will likely
            result in additional positive impacts for the local community. The golf course and
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Old'Works/East Anaconda Superfund Site
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/oerr/accomp/redevel/anaconda.htm
            accompanying hiking trail are also expected to trigger additional indirect economic
            impacts in the form of increased tourism dollars to local businesses (e.g., retail stores,
            restaurants).

            Back to the top

            Environmental Benefits
            In keeping with EPA's mission, the
            primary benefit achieved through the
            cleanup of the Anaconda Smelter property
            is the long-term protection of human health
            and the natural environment. Soil, slag, and
            debris which were tainted with heavy
            metals presented a possible risk to residents
            who live in proximity to the site through
            direct contact, incidental inhalation, or
            ingestion of the waste.
    Environmental Benefits
  Protection of residents who live, work,
  or play around the property.
  Protection of species whose habitat
  surrounds or encompasses the site.
  Protection of Warm Springs Creek—a
  blue ribbon trout stream within the
  local community.
            In addition to serving as the foundation for the Old Works golf course, the cap also
            eliminates the long-term risks to the residents. By preventing the off-site migration of
            waste, the cap also protects the aquatic species in Warm Springs Creek—a blue ribbon
            trout stream. The cap also serves to protect the species whose habitat is on or around the
            site, including the mule white-tailed deer, moose, elk, and other smaller mammals.
            ARCO is monitoring the cap to ensure that it maintains its structural integrity and that
            contaminants are not migrating off the site. EPA is overseeing ARCO's efforts, thereby
            ensuring continued protection of site visitors and the surrounding environment.
                                    "ft was a (and that no living thing -
                                    not the deer that now teave
                                    footprints in the black bunkers or
                                    the blue birds that now buzz the
                                    fairways-would have reason to
                                    inhabit. Now clean Warm Springs
                                    Creek, filled with trout, borders the
                                    front nine and rushes through the
                                    back,"
                                                    WSGA Gctf Journal
                        Postivc Impacts from Cleanup and Redevelopment of
                                Old Works/East Anaconda Development
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Old Works/East Anaconda Superfund Site
                                                http://www.epa.gov/superfund/oerr/accomp/redevel/anaconda.htm
                                                   OW Works Golf Course
                                                    • Avenge of » fob* ptr ywur wtftpiNttd during
                                                     of JJKMHX) by pMmwwtt tmpaycM.
                               U»HoW»5,<»
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Old-Works/East Anaconda Superfund Site                          http://www.epa.gov/superfund/oerr/accomp/redevel/anaconda.htm


            that is likely to catalyze additional redevelopment of the surrounding community.
                                  HfP]eople used to stay away from the
                                  area.  Following the cleanup, however,
                                  1 think many people will come to the
                                  area, not just for gotf but also for
                                  the area's recreational opportunities
                                  as well."

                                      - Steve Wctiiff, MaregsrofOtdWbrtcs Gctf
                                        Course
            Back to the top
             For More Information
            The Technical Appendix to this fact sheet provides detailed information on the economic
            impacts associated with this site, including the specific calculations used, sources of
            information, and possible limitations associated with the calculations. To obtain copies of
            the Technical Appendix for this fact sheet, or to learn more about economic analyses
            performed for this site or other Superfund sites, please contact:

                 John Harris, Senior Advisor for Economics,
                 Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
                 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                 Mail Code 5204G
                 401 M Street, SW
                 Washington, DC 20460
                 (703) 603-9075
                 harris.john(5),epamail.epa.gov

            For further information about the cleanup and redevelopment of the Old Works/East
            Anaconda site,  please contact the site manager:

                 Charles Coleman, Remedial Project Manager,
                 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                 Federal Building
                 Drawer 10096
                 Helena, MT 59626
                 (406) 441-1150 Ext. 261
                 coleman.charles@epamail.epa.gov
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Old Works/East Anaconda Superfund Site
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/oerr/accomp/redevel/anaconda.htm
              Economic impacts presented in this fact sheet represent positive local impacts occurring at and
              around the site. Available information does not allow a determination of whether or how many
              of the jobs associated with the cleanup and redevelopment are new. Consequently, the
              economic impacts presented in this fact sheet are not "net" impacts. Although the
              redevelopment of the site also may generate other positive impacts throughout the rest of the
              economy, this analysis does not quantify these indirect effects or estimate any offsetting
              negative effects or costs.

              Whenever information specific to the site was available, it was used. However, certain
              numerical estimates are, of necessity, based on general formulas rather than site-specific
              information and are, therefore, approximations. Although there may be uncertainty associated
              with many of these estimates, point estimates are used  throughout the fact sheet. The
              economic impacts reflect the information available at the time of fact sheet development and
              may change over time. Monetary estimates are expressed in July 1997 dollars. Estimates of
              jobs associated with cleanup and redevelopment are presented as annualized values,
              reflecting the average number of jobs per year.
                      Technical Appendix
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