EPA 600/2-75-005
APRIL 1975
Environmental Protection Technology Series
Water Pollution Control
for 1974
Office of Research
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five
series. These five broad categories were established to
facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface
in related fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed
to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation
from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the
control and treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental
quality standards.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and
Development. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Document is available to the public through the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
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EPA-600/2-75-005
April 1975
MUNICIPAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ABSTRACTS FOR 1974
By
Joanne S. Murphy
Grant No. R803046-01
Program Element 1BB033
Roap/Task PEMP 08
Project Officer
Patrick M. Tobin
Municipal Pollution Control Division
Control and Treatment Integration Branch
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Prepared for
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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ABSTRACT
The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, Science Informa-
tion Services Department has prepared for the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency a monthly current-awareness abstracting bulletin, the
Municipal Technology Bulletin (MTB) , Volume 2, 1974, which deals
with methods of municipal waste water treatment, problems of water
quality, and water pollution control. Under the same grant, the
Science Information Services Department has provided 360 MTB
abstracts, as well as 1440 additional abstracts, to the WRSIC data
bank as sole supplier of municipal waste water treatment input and
center of competence for Water Resources Scientific Information
Center. The Municipal Technology Bulletin informs researchers,
consultants, engineers, and government officials of current develop-
ments described in over 4000 technical journals, both domestic and
foreign. The topics covered in MTB, Volume 2, and in the WRSIC
input include: storm water runoff; tunnel technology and sewer
systems; biological, chemical, and physical methods of waste water
treatment; waste disposal alternatives; treatment plant operation
and automation; analytical techniques for water quality measure-
ment; mathematical, statistical, and simulation model studies; and
construction and equipment for pollution control.
The 1800 abstracts representing 1974 input to the WRSIC data
bank have been arranged in chronological order by accession number
within subject areas. A list of those 360 abstracts which ap-
peared in the Municipal Technology Bulletin is provided. Included
also are a subject index, author index, and journal list.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of grant number
R803046-01 by The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories under
the sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency. Work was
completed as of March 10, 1975.
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CONTENTS
Page
Abstract ii
Acknowledgements i-V
Section
I. Introduction 1
II. Municipal Technology 'Bulletin Abstract
List 6
III. Abstracts from MTB and Input to
WRSIC 7
IV. Subject Index 910
V. Author Index 947
VI. Journal List 1007
^^^
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Acknowledgement s
Rochelle H. Prague was responsible for the technical editing for
the entire project, including both the bulletin issues and all
the input to WRSIC.
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INTRODUCTION
By continuously surveying the United States and foreign technical
literature and by maintaining close liaison with various research organi-
zations, The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, Science Information
Services Department, abstracts current information in the area of municipal
waste water pollution control for the Office of Research and Development of
the Environmental Protection Agency. The abstracting service concentrates
on the following major subject areas dealing with municipal waste water
pollution control: hydrologic aspects, sewer systems, tunnel technology,
treatment methods, analytical techniques, sampling and instrumentation,
model studies, patents, and legislation. Significant abstracts are high-
lighted in the Municipal Technology Bulletin which is prepared and distri-
buted on a monthly basis. In addition, approximately 1800 abstracts are
provided for input to the Water Resources Scientific Information (WRSIC)
Data Service, Department of the Interior. This report is a compilation of
the abstracts for 1974.
The Municipal Technology Bulletin is a monthly current-awareness ab-
stracting bulletin dealing primarily with municipal waste water treatment
methods. It is an outgrowth of several preceding publications which were
prepared by the Franklin Institute for EPA: Selected Storm Water Runoff
Abstracts., 1970-1972, and the Municipal Technology Bulletin, Volume 1, 1973.
Each of these publications was begun in response to the need of officials,
researchers, and engineers to monitor and digest the proliferation of
published material on runoff and waste water. Since it had become increas-
ingly difficult for these people to stay aware of recent developments by
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scanning the literature individually, especially foreign literature gath-
ered from worldwide sources, EPA awarded grants to the Franklin Institute
to gather and disseminate this information. The Municipal Technology Bulle-
tin serves as a starting point for further exploration of the literature
presented that interests the environmental researcher and administrator.
Literature for the Municipal Technology Bulletin comes from regularly
scanning over 4000 publications, both domestic and foreign. These documents
are technical journals, government reports, industrial reports, newsletters,
patent gazettes, design manuals, conference proceedings, recent disserta-
tions, and textbooks. Screening of the material was done at The Franklin
Institute Library and at several other Philadelphia libraries. Additional
screening was done at The Franklin Institute's facilities in Munich, Ger-
many and Tokyo, Japan. Each month 30 documents pertaining to the latest
municipal technology were selected for inclusion in Municipal Technology
Bulletin. Specific subject areas covered during 1974 were (1) waste water
treatment methods relating to facilities, land application, utilization of
sludge, waste water reuse, plant automation, mechanical and chemical de-
vices; (2) biological, chemical, and physical analytical techniques; (3)
storm water runoff, including urban runoff, runoff forecasting, flood
routing, rainfall-runoff relationships, catchment basins, and surface
runoff; (4) sewer systems, including combined, separated, outfall and
interceptor sewers, storm drains, infiltration-inflow, materials and equip-
ment; (5) patents for methods and equipment pertaining to waste water
treatment, waste water reuse, and waste water disposal; (6) mathematical,
statistical, or simulation model studies; (7) tunnel technology, such as
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tunnelling methods, construction problems, and tunnelling equipment; and
(8) hydrologic aspects involving parametric hydrology, sewer hydraulics,
and drainage.
In 1974, the Municipal Technology Bulletin was distributed monthly
free of charge to 610 selected recipients whose names were supplied by the
EPA Project Officer, or who were added as a result of a direct request to
the Franklin Institute to be placed on the mailing list pending EPA Project
Officer approval. There was an increase of about 140 names in 1974 over
1973.
Through this EPA grant, The Franklin Institute serves as a center of
competence for municipal waste water pollution control. More than 1,800
abstracts on municipal waste water treatment methods are provided annually
to the Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC), Office of
Water Research & Technology, Department of the Interior. These are publish-
ed in their Selected Water Resources Abstracts3 their semi-monthly abstract-
ing journal. Literature is chosen for input to WRSIC using essentially the
same criteria as for the Municipal Technology Bulletin. Screening proce-
dures were the same. These abstracts provide over 95% of data base in
municipal waste water treatment for the users of the WRSIC services.
This final report is a compilation of the 1974 abstracting services
on municipal waste water pollution control accomplished by the Franklin
Institute. It includes all abstracts which appeared in Municipal Technol-
ogy Bulletin or were forwarded to WRSIC, a detailed subject index, complete
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author index, and journal list. The abstracts are arranged by topic, and
are numbered within the topics, chronologically. Topic headings are: Storm
Water Runoff, Sewer Systems, Patents, Treatment Methods, Analytical Tech-
niques, Model Studies, Tunnel Technology, Hydrologic Aspects, Miscellaneous,
and Radioactive Wastes. The format of each abstract is explained on the
following page.
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FIRL ACCESSION NUMBER
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE
NAME OF THE AUTHOR(S)
AFFILIATION OF SENIOR AUTHOR
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA: JOURNAL, VOLUME, NUMBER, PAGINATION, DATE,
FIGURES, TABLES, REFERENCES
ABSTRACT OF THE ARTICLE
DESCRIPTORS: THOSE WORDS FOUND IN THE WATER RESOURCES THESAURUS
WHICH BEST DESCRIBE THE ARTICLE'S CONTENTS. ASTERISKS INDICATE
MOST IMPORTANT TERMS.
IDENTIFIERS: THOSE WORDS NOT FOUND IN THE WATER RESOURCES
THESAURUS WHICH BEST DESCRIBE THE ARTICLE'S CONTENTS.
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MUNICIPAL TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN ABSTRACT LIST
ACCESSION NUMBERS PAGES
ACCESSION NUMBERS PAGES
001A-013A
017A-023A
026A-027A
029A
031A
033A
001B-018B
033B-036B
041B-044B
052B-053B
058B-060B
065B-066B
069B-074B
081B-084B
090B-093B
001C-028C
040C-046C
089C-091C
143C-149C
222C-225C
240C-245C
259C-264C
283C-288C
001D-037D
053D-059D
120D-124D
192D-199D
282D-290D
309D-312D
368D-371D
423D-429D
8-14
16-19
20-21
22
23
24
26-34
42-43
46-47
51-52
54-55
58
60-62
66-67
70-72
76-89
95-98
120-121
147-150
186-188
195-198
205-207
217-219
230-248
256-259
289-291
325-329
370-374
384-385
413-415
441-444
001E-008E
011E-016E
024E-026E
049E-051E
066E-068E
106E-112E
119E-123E
142E-146E
165E-169E
001F-007F
013F-016F
019F-020F
034F-038F
059F-062F
085F-089F
094F-097F
001G
005G-006G
010G
001H-003H
007H-009H
015H-016H
029H-032H
046H-048H
051H-056H
057H-059H
070H-073H
078H-080H
482-485
487-489
493-494
506-507
514-515
534-537
541-543
552-554
564-566
572-575
578-579
581
588-590
601-602
614-616
618-620
630
632
634
636-637
639-640
643
650-651
658-659
661-663
664-665
670-672
674-675
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Abstracts from Municipal Technology Bulletin
and Input to WRSIC
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STORM WATER RUNOFF
001A
BETTER STORM DRAINAGE FACILITIES—AT LOWER COST,
Poertner, H. G. and Asce, F.
Bolingbrook, Illinois
Civil Engineering-American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 43, No. 10,
p 67-70, October, 1973. 2 fig.
Successful and economical applications of detention facilities for
stonnwater are described for use in open spaces, parking lots and rooftops.
The design of the storrawater drainage system at Indian Lakes Estates in
Illinois is illustrated. Two lakes detain stormwater runoff and make
the area more attractive. One of the lakes is manmade and its existence
has increased property value for adjoining acreage. In Earth City,
Missouri, the Missouri River bottomland was developed with intersecting
finger lakes providing stormwater detention. The lakes are an esthetic
and recreational asset to the community. A specially designed ponding ring
surrounds a roof drain conductor head on some buildings in Denver. The
device slows runoff and is used for rainfall detention on the roof. In
the layout of Melvina Ditch reservoir, a paved area prevents erosion at
the inlet, and is used for recreational purposes.
Water Storage, Storm Water, *Storm Runoff, Drainage Systems, *Reservoir
Storage, Missouri, Missouri River, Illinois, Colorado, *Recreation
Indian Lake Estates, Denver, Melvina Ditch Reservoir
002A
PIONEERING PLANT PROVIDES COST-SAVING ALTERNATIVE TO
SEPARATING SEWERS,
The American City, Vol. 88, No. 10, p 90-92, October, 1973. 2 tab.
A modified contact stabilization process to produce a high quality
effluent under stormflow conditions was utilized in Kenosha, Wisconsin.
The runoff is degritted, mixed with activated sludge solids, clarified,
and stabilized in four additions to the existing waste treatment plan:
grit tank, contact tank, final clarifier, and stabilization plant. The
entire process is automated and directed from the plant's main control
board. Wet weather conditions are signalled by a level indicator in
the dry weather grit tank's Parshall flume when the flow rises above
21 mgd. Biological adsorption was used because the first flush of the
storm contains a high ratio of particulate organic matter to soluble
organlcs. In the first year of operation, the wet weather plant was
activated 23 times with more than 92 million gallons of combined
sewage treated. As a result, 91.5 percent of the suspended solids,
82.5 percent of the BOD, and 79.8 percent of the total organic carbon
in that waste stream was kept out of Lake Michigan.
Waste Treatment, *Water Treatment, Runoff, *Storm Runoff, Lakes, *Cities,
Wisconsin, *Combined Sewers
Kenosha
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003A
DEVELOPING OF A REFERENCE RAIN SYSTEM FOR THE DIMENSIONING OF
SEWER NETWORKS (Entwicklung eines Berechnungsregens fuer
die Bemessung von Kanalnetzen),
Sifalda, V.
GWF - Wasser/Abwasser, Vol. 114, No. 9, p 435-440, September, 1973.
3 fig., 4 tab, 7 ref.
The rain intensity distribution with respect to time was studied on the
basis of systematic pluviographic recordings conducted in Prague, Brno,
and Pilsen for the estimation of the storage capacity of sewer networks,
i.e., of the sewer load prevailing prior to the main rain period. Studies
of rain profiles characteristic of the Elba watershed area in Czechoslovakia
revealed high rain peak in the first half of the rainfall period as the
basic type of rain, and equal frequency of rains with regular and irregular
intensity distribution. All heavy rains were subdivided into an inital,
a main, and a final period. The initial rain period, suitable for
calculations in the dimensioning of sewer systems, has the same duration
as the main rain does, and has an average intensity amounting to 25 percent
of that of the main rain. Runoff was found to be most intense at the
end of the main rain period.
Rainfall Intensity, Rain, Rates, Runoff, *Rainfall-Runoff Relationships,
*Sewers, *Watersheds (Basins)
Prague, Brno, Pilsen, Czechoslovakia
004A
ALUMINUM PIT DOORS PROVIDE EASY ACCESS TO A RETENTION
BASIN,
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 20, No. 10, p 62-63, October, 1973.
The use of aluminum pit doors to provide easy access to the 50 million
gallon underground stormwater retention basin in Warren, Michigan is
discussed. The 42 heavy plate doors float on compression spring operators
and automatically lock open, providing safety and easy handling. The
five foot pit doors are completely watertight and provide a flush surface
for walkover traffic. The channel frames trap surface water which is
directed to a drywell. Doors are built for a minimum live load of 300
psf. The lock opens at 90 degrees, but can be released with one hand.
The two large, special size roof scuttles were installed to permit
installation and removal of large equipment.
*Storm Drains, Michigan, *Storm Water, Storage, Water Storage, *Retention
Doors, ^Aluminum Doors
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005A
RAIN RESERVOIRS AND RAIN OVERFLOWS (Regenbecken und
Regenentlastungen),
Muntz, W.
Gas-Wasser-Abwasser, Vol. 53, No. 9, p 293-300, September, 1973. 7 fig,
1 tab, 7 ref.
Problems of the design and dimensioning of rain reservoirs and rain
overflows are discussed. Canal overflows without rain reservoirs serve
to release stormwater directly into the recipient whenever a critical
throughflow is reached. Rain overflow basins bypassing the wastewater
treatment facility assume a similar role, -while rain overflow basins
connected in series with the wastewater treatment facility serve to
protect the latter to preserve its purifying capacity. Rainwater
retention basins retain stormwater for subsequent treatment. While most
stormwater overflow basins are currently designed for a minimum critical
rain intensity of 15 liter/sec, this critical value should be now
increased to 25-30 liter/sec, and even to 40-50 liter/sec for especially
protected recipients and for water capture areas. Rain reservoirs should
be designed for flow times of 5 to 15 minutes. Increased flow time
results in increased reservoir volume per ha, but also in reduced final
pollutant concentration. Attenuation of the initial pollutant load
peak in plain watershed areas was determined.
*Rainfall-Runoff Relationships, *Rainfall Intensity, Rain, Rates,
Runoff, Sewers, *Watersheds (Basins), Canals, Treatment
006A
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF STORM WATER RUNOFF,
Offner, F. F.
Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 99, No. HY12, p 2185-2194,
-December, 1973. 4 fig, 5 ref.
The development and application of a computer program for estimating stormwater
runoff are presented. Most of the intuition used or experience required in
calculating stormwater runoff by the classical rational method is eliminated.
The program gives an approximate solution of the partial differential flow
equation over the area. The area considered is divided into a grid of squares,
with the elevation and soil condition (flow coefficient, initial surface
retention, infiltration rate) tabulated for each grid element. Often, all
these may be considered constant except elevation. Typical rainfall data are
centered, and the program gives the runoff into drainage lines as a function
of time. Depth of water standing in the area is also computed. Copies of
the FORTRAN program are available.
Model Studies, *Storm Water Runoff, *Computer Models, *Rainfall-Runoff
Relationships, Mathematics
FORTRAN
10
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007A
STORM WATER SAMPLING MACHINE,
Dainty, S. H.
Department of Public Health Engineering, Greater London
Council, London, England
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 16, No. 10, p 17, October, 1973.
The operation of the stormwater sampling machine being used by the Greater
London Council (GLC) is described. The GLC samples the stormwater flows from
gravity outlets which are discharged into the Thames at various manned sampling
points. The problem of sampling during a storm condition and the subsequent
time lapse before the collection of the sample bottles is solved. During a
storm flow condition the equipment is actuated for a 15 minute cycle of
operation. The sampling pump circulates stormwater from the sewer through a
loop and back to the sewer while a small amount of lithium chloride solution
is injected into the sewer 120 meters upstream of the sampling point, where
is disperses into the stormwater. The sample pump stops, and the loop which
is full of fresh stormwater and traces of lithium chloride (the concentration
of which enables the stormwater volume and rate of flow to be ascertained)
discharges into the first sample bottle. The exact time of sampling is
recorded, and the apparatus automatically resets itself. The machine has a
capacity of 24 bottles which enables a convenient time schedule for collection
and transportation to the laboratories.
*Storm Water, Instrumentation, *Sampling, Sewers, *Mechanical Equipment
*London, England
008A
FLOOD RUNOFF SYSTEMS WITH COLLECTOR CHANNEL AND FAST DISCHARGE
FOR DAMS (Volgyzarogatak gyujtocsatornas, surrantos
arapasztoi),
Szakatsits, G.
Vizugyi Kozlemenyek, No. 3, p 342-350, 1973.
Hydrologic, hydraulic, and engineering aspects of collector channels designed to
collect, guide, and attenuate the runoff from runoff weirs to fast discharge
facilities in dams were studied. Free overflow at maximum water yield, minimum
possible dimensions of the collector channel, and hydraulically smooth,
attenuated flow in the collector channel are the principal requirements of
overflow - collector channel systems. Model studies of different configurations
and designs of overflows, collector channels, and fast discharge facilities
revealed the superiority of the conventional lateral overflow design to all
other systems, and the positive economical and hydraulic advantages of trapezoid
profiles for collector channels. The broadening of the collector channel
does not give noteworthy additional advantages. Also, existing collector
channels were found to be unnecessarily overdimensioned regarding channel
depth.
Engineering Structures, *Weirs, Dams, *Storm Runoff, *Model Studies,
Channels, Channel Improvement, Flood Control
*Collector Channels
11
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009A
EFFECT OF AIRCRAFT DEICER ON AIRPORT STORM RUNOFF,
Schultz, M., and Comerton, L. J.
Ministry of Transport, Ottawa, Canada
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 173-180,
January, 1974. 3 fig, 1 tab, 3 ref.
The effect of aircraft deicer on airport storm runoff was investigated, and
the airport storm characteristics at Dorval, Montreal's International Airport,
were determined from February 1 to April 15, 1972. The aircraft deicers which
are approximately 50 percent water, 50 percent ethylene and/or propylene
glycol, and have a high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) are the major pollutants
in apron storm runoff during the winters. The anticipated apron runoff for an
airport, where the storm sewer system is designed to accept relatively little
snow melt and no surrounding water, can be calculated by adding rainfall data
and all daily snow falls less than one inch. At Dorval the precipitation was
4.60 inches. If storm sewers do not drain the water table or adjacent snow
melt areas, separate evaluations are necessary. The organic loading ratio of
storm to sanitary waste was 4:1 during the winter. The BOD to glycol relation-
ship for all BOD values greater than 200 microgram/liter is equal to -50 + 0.85
glycol.
Canada, *Deicers, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, *Storm Drains, *Storm Runoff
Montreal, *Dorval International Airport, *Aircraft Deicer, Ethylene Glycol,
Propylene Glycol
010A
REALIZATION OF THE DANUBE FLOOD PROTECTION PROJECT FOR VIENNA
(Das Werden des Projektes fuer den Donauhochwasserschutz von
Wien),
Grzywienski, A.
01Z, Vol. 16, No. 11, p 379-385, November, 1973. 4 fig, 45 ref.
The flood protection project being constructed in the Vienna, Austria, area
is described. The dams will be elevated, and double protection will be
consequently built up around Vienna to meet floods occurring at an estimated
frequency of one in every 10,000 years. A flood release channel diverts up
to 5,000 cu meters water per second whenever the yield in the Danube exceeds
5,000 cu m/sec. The areas around Vienna not belonging to the urban agglomeration
will have a flood protection system designed for a flood frequency of one in
every 1,000 years.
*Flood Protection, Dams, Flood Recurrence Interval, Channels, Flood Control,
Flood Routing
*Vienna, *Austria
12
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011A
TUNNELS MAY STORE STORMWATER FOR LATER TREATMENT,
The American City, Vol. 88, No. 12, p 75, December, 1973.
A study of a proposal to build 20 miles of tunnels in bedrock under Milwaukee
to store overflow from a combined sanitary and storm sewer system was approved
by a Southwestern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission committee. The
tunnels would measure about 30 by 40 feet each, would be 250 feet below the
surface, and would connect 112 outfalls of three rivers. If the three-year,
$2.3 million study is approved, the Federal government would pay 75 percent
of the $175 million cost, the state 12.5 percent, and the sewerage commission
12.5 percent.
*Wisconsin, *Tunnels, *Storm Water Runoff, Subsurface Drainage, *Storm
Drains, Underground Storage, Combined Sewers, Sanitary Sewers
*Milwaukee
012A
SEWAGE AND STORMS GET THE FULL TREATMENT,
Ganley, R. J.
Albany, New York
Water and Waste Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 1, p 30-31, 37, January, 1974.
The construction of a $2.2 million sewage treatment plant capable of handling
both storm and sanitary discharges in Catsklll, New York, is described. A
trickling plant was proposed with modifications to include the use of pre-
aeratlon tanks equipped for the return of activated sludge, and recirculation
pumping rate controlled inversely to the raw sewage inflow rate. The plant
can achieve 90-95 percent BOD removal through the use of high rate activated
sludge pretreatment, and flow regulation to the primary tanks and trickling
filters. The instrumentation and variable speed pumping equipment combining
raw with recirculated sewage helps provide the desirable constant flow rate
to the primary settling tanks and trickling filters. The plant capacity of
1.5 mgd allows for the present Catskill population and its projected growth
requirements. The plant is designed to allow a flow, including recirculation,
of 3.8 mgd to pass through the primary clarifier and trickling filters
before any of the flow is restricted to the filters and bypassed to the final
clarifier. To avoid upsetting aerated pretreatment, the pretreated portion of
the flow is restricted to approximately 50 percent of the dry weather flow which
allows maintenance of the filterability of the raw sludge on the vacuum filters.
The plant's raw sewage pumping capacity is 9.0 mgd.
Waste Treatment, Sewage, *Sewage Treatment, *Storm Water, *New York, Activated
Sludge, Municipal Wastes
Catskill
13
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013A
EROSION CONTROL SAVES SOIL NUTRIENTS,
Agricultural Research, Vol. 22, No. 7, p 6-7, January, 1974. 1 fig.
The application of soil erosion control methods in eliminating fertilizer nitrogen
and phosphorus as pollutants in surface runoff is described. In a three-year
study on adjacent watersheds near Treynor, Iowa, it was demonstrated that when
corn was fertilized at two and a half times the recommended rate, only one
thirteenth as much nitrogen and one tenth as much phosphorus was lost in runoff
when erosion was effectively restricted as when it was not. The corn was
grown on the watershed protected by level terraces, on two watersheds farmed
on the contour, and on a fourth watershed which was bromegrass pasture. Terracing
was the more effective means of restricting runoff and soil eriosion on cropped
land. Average annual loss of nitrogen in all forms was 28.8 pounds per acre
with contouring, 2.7 pounds with terracing, and 2.1 pounds with grass.
Significantly, 92 percent of the total nitrogen loss from contour-farmed
watershed, and 86 percent from the terraced watershed, was associated with
sediment. A critical period for nutrient losses was during seedbed preparation
and the establishment of crop. Differences in phosphorus losses from the
four watersheds were similar to those for nitrogen.
*Erosion Control, *Contour Farming, *Cover Crops, Erosion, Soil Conservation,
Soil Management, *Terracing, Vegetation Establishment, *Surface Runoff,
*Nutrient Removal
014A
HYDROLOGICAL ASPECT OF SURFACE RUN-OFF,
Bose, B. and Bandyopadhyay, M.
Science and Culture, Vol. 39, No. 6, p 248-252, June, 1973. 1 fig, 1
tab, 5 ref.
The problems associated with the hydrologic aspect of surface runoff with
particular reference to the city of Calcutta, India are discussed briefly. A
model based on rainfall-intensity-frequency was obtained from the available
data. This model then was used to estimate the runoff by the rational method,
*Hydrologic Aspects, *Surface Runoff, *Model Studies, *Rational Formula,
Rainfall Intensity, Frequency Analysis, Estimating Equations,
*Runoff Forecasting
India
14
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015A
CONTROLLED INSTANTANEOUS APPLICATION OF FREE WATER TO A POROUS
SURFACE,
Swartzendruber, S. D. and Asseed, M. S.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 37, No. 6, p 967-968,
November-December, 1973. 1 fig.
Instantaneous application of free water to a porous-medium surface is achieved
essentially by a device in which the central feature is a plastic plate
perforated with small holes. The pressure head of the water can be controlled
at a preselected value between 0 and 1 cm. Water enters the porous medium
at essentially zero external flow resistance, while volume and time of entry
can be measured accurately. No lateral flow of free water occurs, thus
eliminating the disturbing effects of such flow on the porous-medium surface.
*Porous Media, *Infiltration, Seepage, *Flow Measurement, Control Systems,
Pressure Head
Water Application
016A
CONTRIBUTION TO WATER POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN
SOURCES IN THE COACHELLA VALLEY,
Oertli, J. J. and Bradford, G. R.
California Agriculture, Vol. 27, No. 7, p 4-6, July, 1973.
To obtain quantitative data on the contributions of agricultural and urban
sources to water pollution, an investigation was initiated in the Coachella
Valley on the chemical composition of drainage water from cropped fields
under various agricultural managements and the effluents from the Indio
sewage treatment plant. Research emphasis was on those nutrients suspected of
playing a major role in eutrophication. Of the ten sampling station study
fields, three were in citrus, two in grapes, one in dates, one in carrots,
one in asparagus, and two in corn. Surface runoff and subsurface drainage
of a large feedyard were also sampled. Results indicate that the drainage water
from corn, carrots, and asparagus fields contains the largest amounts of
nitrates and that the most significant contributor to phosphates in the White
Water River Is the Indio sewage treatment plant. With respect to total salinity,
the water quality was best from the sewage effluent and surface runoff from
the feedyard.
*On-Site Data Collections, Water Pollution Sources, *Urban Runoff, *Agricultural
Runoff, Chemical Properties, Effluents, Nutrients, Nitrogen, Investigations,
Phosphorus, Salinity, *Surface Runoff, Subsurface Waters, Drainage Water,
*Water Quality
Coachella Valley, California
15
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017A
CROSS-SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL AND RUNOFF FOR
RARITAN AND MULLICA RIVER BASINS IN NEW JERSEY,
Bourodimos, E. F., and Oguntuase, A. M.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 21, No. 1, p 61-79, January, 1974. 9 fig, 1 tab,
11 ref.
Cross-correlation and cross-spectral analysis were used in analysis of rainfall
and runoff in the Raritan and Mullica River basins in New Jersey. Cross-
covariance and coherence -were studied in the correlograms for the following
correlation cases: (a) rainfall - runoff for each basin separately;
(b) rainfall - rainfall analysis for two main meteorological stations in each of
the basins; (c) runoff - runoff for two main gaging stations in each of the basins.
From the estimates of the coherence at various frequencies the cross-spectral
analysis shows a highly nonlinear relationship between rainfall and runoff in
these basins. A poor coherence observed at the annual cycles for each basin makes
it difficult to predict the annual oscillations of runoff from those of rain-
fall by a linear regression model. An accurate prediction on a linear basis
may be made within the same basin for rainfall or runoff when comparing two
stations within the same basin.
*Rainfall-Runoff Relationships, Rainfall, Runoff, New Jersey, Basins,
*River Basins, Model Studies, *Computer Models, *Mathematical Models
*Raritan River Basin, *Mullica River Basin
018A
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS WITH SURFACE RUNOFF,
Muzik, I.
Hydrology, Technical Services Division, Department of
the Environment, Government of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 100,
No. HY4, p 501-516, April, 1974. 12 fig, 2 tab, 22 ref.
Experimental testing by laboratory catchment of two theoretical concepts of
overland surface flow caused by rainfall, instantaneous unit hydrograph and the
kinematic wave concept, was carried out. Simulated and observed hydrographs
of runoff from a laboratory catchment were compared. An attempt was made to
test the performance of the instantaneous unit hydrograph and the kinematic wave
models of surface runoff when idealized conditions were satisfied. Nonlinearity
of the rainfall-runoff relationship was investigated particularly with regard
to the linear approximation by the instantaneous unit hydrograph model. It
was concluded that runoff from an impervious surface generated by rainfall is
a highly nonlinear process: linear analysis of the process does not strictly
apply. Term IUH or any other linear model can be considered only as a linear
approximation of the rainfall-runoff process for a given rainfall intensity.
As the deviation in the rainfall intensity increases, the particular linear
approximation becomes progressively worse. Results of experiments with runoff
from surfaces of varying slopes support the kinematic wave theory. The effect
of the surface roughness has not been investigated experimentally. The
apparent time to equilibrium is a function of rainfall intensity. There is a
good correlation between it and the time to equilibrium predicted by the
kinematic wave model. The kinematic wave model sometimes overestimates discharge.
*Model Studies, *Mathematical Models, *Runoff, *Rainfall, *Rainfall-Runoff
Relationships, Hydrographs, Overland Flow
Kinematic wave concept
16
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019 A
ESTIMATION OF IMPERVIOUSNESS AND SPECIFIC CURB LENGTH FOR FORE-
CASTING STORMWATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY,
Graham, P. H., Costello, L. S., and Mallon, H. J.
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments,
Washington, D.C., Department of Health and Environ-
mental Protection
Journal of Water Pollution Control, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 717-725,
April, 1974. 5 fig, 4 tab, 14 ref.
A model for stormwater runoff is explained, which is useful as a planning
aid for estimating imperviousness and specific curb length for future time
periods. The data produced by the estimation technique is combined with
demographic data in order to predict nonpoint source pollutants added
from urbanizing watersheds adjacent to receiving water. The analysis and
estimations presented may be applied to give data on stormwater quality and
quantity for projected time periods. Mentioned specifically are storm-
water runoff, dry weather waste water flow, waste water routing, and waste
water storage and treatment.
*Storm runoff, *Model studies, *Mathematical models, *Water quality, Waste
water, Water flow, Storm water, Biochemical oxygen demand, Watersheds, Waste
water treatment, Water storage
*Demography, Storm water management model
020A
ARTIFICIAL AQUIFER STOPS STORM POLLUTION,
The American City, Vol. 89, No. 5, p 106, May, 1974.
Akron, Ohio has solved the problem of combined storm and sanitary sewers by
an underground, plastic-encased artificial aquifer. This is both effective
and inexpensive. Stormflows are diverted into a clarifier where waste water
is settled and chlorinated. It is then stored in the plastic aquifer until
it can be accepted at the sewage treatment plant. Surface land above this
underground cell may still be used for other purposes, thus eliminating land
acquisition costs.
*Combined sewers, *Aquifers, *Plastlcs, *Waste water treatment, *Storm runoff,
*Sewage treatment, Ohio, Municipal wastes, Cities, Storm water, Stormflow,
Costs, Clarification
*Stormflow treatment, Clarification-chlorination basin
17
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021A
CHLORINATION AND LEAD IN URBAN SNOW,
Oliver, B. J., Milne, J. B., and LaBarre, N.
Ottawa University, Water Quality Research
Division
Journal of Water Pollution Control, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 766-771, April, 1974.
5 tab, 24 ref.
In both Canadian and American cities, chlorine contamination is a problem
where salting is used to keep roads clear of snow in the winter. Localized
lead pollution is an additional problem for public health. Levels of both
lead and chloride in snow and runoffs in the city of Ottawa were measured
in winter and spring 1972. Various snow melting and snow disposal methods
were compared in order to evaluate environmental effects.
*Snow, *Lead, *Chlorine, *Snow removal, Salt, Waste water treatment,
Water pollution sources, Water pollution effects, Canada, Cities, Water
quality, Pollution
*Urban snow, Chloride contamination, Chlorination, Street salting
02 2 A
WATER POLLUTION AND ASSOCIATED EFFECTS FROM STREET SALTING,
Field, R., Struzeski Jr., E. J. Masters, H. E., and Tafuri, A. N.
National Environmental Research Center,
Cincinnati, Storm and Combined Sewer Technical Branch
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE2,
p 459-477, April, 1974. 7 fig, 3 tab, 100 ref.
A state-of-the-art review of highway deicing practices is given, with their
associated environmental effects. In addition future quantitative analyses
are listed, and plans for the writing of A DEICER'S USE MANUAL are mentioned.
Summaries on available information are given for: methods, equipment, and
materials used for snow and ice removal; chlorides found in winter rainfall
and municipal sewage; salt runoff from highways and streets; deicing compounds
found in surface streams, public water supplies, groundwater, farm
ponds, and lakes; special toxic or nutritious additives; vehicular corrosion
and deterioration of highway structures due to salting; and effects of
deicing compounds on roadside soils, vegetation, and trees.
*Water pollution, *Reviews, *Environmental effects, *Deicers, Snow,
Chlorides, Municipal water, Municipal wastes, Highway icing, High
effects, Groundwater, Toxins, Snow removal, Runoff
*Environmental Protection Agency, *Street salting
18
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023A
WATER POLLUTION ASPECTS OF STREET SURFACE CONTAMINANTS,
Sartor, J. D., Boyd, G. B., and Agardy, F. J.
URS Research Company,
San Mateo, California, Environmental Systems Division
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 3, p 458-469,
March, 1974. I fig, 1 tab, 4 ref.
A study was undertaken to investigate and define the water pollution impact
of urban stonnwater discharge and to develop alternate approaches suitable
for reducing pollution from this source. Problems to be solved included:
direct pollution of receiving waters, overloading of treatment facilities, and
impairment of sewer and catch basin functions, all caused by hydraulic over-
loading and by the various pollutants contained within the runoff. It was con-
cluded that street surface contaminants contain high concentrations of materials
known to cause water pollution problems. It was recommended that public works
departments should monitor their street cleaning operations carefully and
examine current practices by a cost-effectiveness model. In-depth analysis
by individual cities was seen as necessary,
*Water pollution sources, *Storm water runoff, *Street runoff, *Public works,
Reviews, Sewers, Storm sewers, Combined sewers, Treatment facilities,
Pollutants, Costs
*Street cleaning, Street surface contaminants, Hydraulic overloading,
Cost-effectiveness models
02 4A
EFFECT OF VARYING THE ON-OFF TIME OF RAINFALL SIMULATOR NOZZLES
ON SURFACE SEALING AND INTAKE RATE,
Sloneker, L. L. and Moldenhauer, W. C.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Morris, Minnesota
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 38, No. 1, p 157-159,
January-February, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
The possible effects of nozzle on-off time on rainfall simulator results
were investigated at Morris, Minnesota during the winter of 1972-1973.
Many erosion studies have been conducted using water drops formed by
sprinkler irrigation nozzles. Rainfall intensity is controlled by vary-
ing the on-off time. After a certain point, the energy to initiate
runoff is increased as application rate is increased even though runoff
is taking place.
*Irrigation, *Simulated rainfall, *Runoff, Investigations, Infiltration,
Nozzles, Operation, Kinetics, Energy
19
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025A
EFFECT OF GRAZING ON RUNOFF FROM TWO SMALL WATERSHEDS IN
SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN,
Sartz, R. S., and Tolsted, D. N.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service, North Central Forest Experi-
ment Station, La Crosse, Wisconsin
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 354-356, April, 1974. 3 fig, 2
tab, 1 ref.
The purpose of this study was to determine how land use affects runoff.
Storm runoff from two small open pasture watersheds was measured for 11 years;
during the first 7 years both were grazed, and during the last 4 years only
one was grazed. Their runoff behavior was similar when both were grazed, but
by the third year after cessation of grazing, runoff from the ungrazed water-
shed had dropped sharply. The ungrazed/grazed ratio for mean total flow had
dropped from 1.17 to 0.10 and for mean peak flow from 0.82 to 0.03. It was
concluded that even moderately grazed sloping pastures in the unglaciated re-
gion contribute to floods but that runoff is reduced sharply within three
years after grazing is stopped.
*Storm runoff, *Pasture management, Pastures, Agricultural watersheds, Flow
rates, Land use, Investigations, Continuous grazing, Rotation grazing, Soil
Mean flow, Wisconsin
026A
NUTRIENT LOADING FROM A SEPARATE STORM SEWER IN MADISON,
WISCONSIN,
Kluesener, J. W., and Lee, G. F.
Bechtel, Incorporated, San Francisco, California
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 920-936,
May, 1974. 16 fig, 3 tab, 14 ref.
A study was undertaken to explore implications of nutrient loading from separate
storm sewers and characteristics of nutrients in urban runoff. To this end the
following determinations were attempted: rainfall-runoff relationships for
a selected basin in Madison, Wisconsin; seasonal and storm-duration variability
of nutrient concentrations; annual nutrient loading; sampling requirements for
nutrient loading quantification; significance of urban runoff with respect to
other known sources of nutrients influent to a lake in Madison. Percent
runoff was found to be equivalent to the area of the basin covered by streets,
and varied as a function of rainfall amount. High nutrient and SS concentra-
tions were during the early stages of a runoff event; high phosphorus occurred
during the spring and fall, while nitrogen was high during the spring. The
major source of inorganic-N was rainfall, whereas phosphorus was generated by
litter arid possibly by auto exhaust. Preference for sampling procedures
are in the following order: flow-proportioned sampler, and characterization
of a basin by collection of flow and chemical data over fairly short time
intervals for several storms.
*Urban runoff, *Separated Sewers, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, Nutrients,
Lakes, Basins, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Flow, Rainfall, Sampling, Storm water,
Storm runoff, Wisconsin, Storm sewers
*Nutrient loading, Chemical data, Madison, Wisconsin
20
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027A
UNRECORDED POLLUTION FROM URBAN RUNOFF,
Whipple, W., Hunter, J. V., and Yu, S. L.
Water Resources Research Institute
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 873-885,
May, 1974. 6 fig, 2 tab, 22 ref.
A study has been done on unrecorded pollution caused by concentrations of ur-
ban populations. It was concluded that in the case of developing urban areas
when the stage of secondary treatment of recorded wastes is arrived at, the
unrecorded pollution sources will account for more than half of the pollution
in streams. These unrecorded wastes will be found too large to he ignored
in planning. An approximation of unrecorded BOD loading of 0.02 to 0.03 lb/day/
person may be used for clean residential urban development.
*Urban runoff, *Urban planning, *Waste disposal, *Water pollution sources,
Pollution, Wastes, Streams, Biochemical oxygen demand, Planning
Waste recording
02 8A
STREET RUNOFF AS A SOURCE OF LEAD POLLUTION,
Newton, C. D., Shephard, W. W., Coleman, M. S.
Oklahoma Department of Health,
Oklahoma City,
Water Duality Control Service
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 999-1000,
May, 1974. 4 ref.
In 1972, a surface water survey conducted by the Oklahoma State Department of
Health indicated excessive amounts of lead in the upper portions of the Deep
Fork branch of the North Canadian River in Oklahoma County. No point source
could be located for this contamination until publication of a recent report
showed that lead from automobile emissions accumulates on the surface of
streets during dry periods and is washed into surface waters during storm run-
off. It is known that automobile emissions deposit large amounts of lead
close to the source primarily on or near the roadbed. Samples of snow, ice, and
water were taken from several sites along heavily traveled highways and ana-
lyzed for lead content by use of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Average concentration of lead in samples from road bed edges was 5.5 mg/liter
(range 3.6-8.5 mg/liter). Concentrations of lead decreased in samples as
distance from the roadbed increased. The lowest concentration was found in the
middle of an open field surrounded on three sides by heavily traveled roads.
The lead level was 0.09 mg/liter.
*Lead, *Urban runoff, *Surface runoff, *Water pollution sources, Oklahoma,
Water pollution, Spectrophotometry, Analytical techniques
Automobile emissions, Roadbeds
21
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029A
RUNOFF CONDITIONS, CALCULATION METHODS, DIMENSIONING CRITERIA
(ABFLUSSVERHAELTNISSE, BERECHNUNGSMETHODEN, DTMENSIONIERUNGS-
GRUNDSAETZE),
Stetefeld, W.
Wasser-und Energiewirtschaft, Vol. 66, No. 4/5, 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab.
Runoff conditions, as well as calculation methods and dimensioning criteria
for flood protection are discussed with special regard to the conditions
prevailing in Switzerland. The runoff as part of the overall water budget
is influenced by such factors as climate, the nature of the underground and
rocks, vegetation, and topography. Rocks and ground have a certain
buffer capacity for water runoff, while vegetation tends to intercept
precipitation. A general formula for flood calculation determines runoff
quantity as a product of the specific runoff and the surface of the water
capture area. The storm runoff is determined as the product of the runoff
coefficient, surface area, and rain intensity. Runoff and flood protection
systems in Switzerland are dimensioned for floods with a probability of
occurrence of one every 100 years. The freeboard for flood protection systems
is usually set at one m with respect to waves, sediment formation, ice drift
and other phenomena impeding normal runoff. (Takacs-FIRL)
*Runoff forecasting, *Model studies, *Flood protection, Floods, Sediment,
Topography, Climatic data, Precipitation (atmospheric)
*Switzerland, Calculations
030A
POINT PROCESS OF SEASONAL THUNDERSTORM RAINFALL. 3. RELATION
OF POINT RAINFALL TO STORM AREAL PROPERTIES,
Smith, R. E.
United States Department of Agriculture Southwest
Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research
Service, Tucson, Arizona
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, p 424-426, June, 1974.
3 fig, 8 ref.
A two-part study of the stochastic nature of thunderstorm occurrence and the
probability of daily rainfall depth indicated the importance of point rainfall
information to areal rain distribution. A probabilistic expression was
developed for the relationship between the point depth of rainfall, the local
probability distribution of storm cell maximum depth, and the dimensionless
expression of storm depth-area pattern. The expression was successfully
used to reproduce point rainfall depth probability from storm maximum depth
distribution and depth area data in Tombstone, Arizona.
*Synthetic hydrology, *Thunderstorms, Weather data, Probable maximum
precipitation, Depth-area-duration analysis, Mathematical studies
*Point rainfall, Tombstone, Arizona
22
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031A
DETERMINATION OF THE RAIN RUNOFF WITH SPECIAL
REGARD TO THE RUNOFF FROM INDIVIDUAL PLOTS.
PART 2: APPLICATION OF ASSUMED RAIN DURATION
TO SMALL AREAS—METHOD OF SUMMATION OF RUNOFF
LINES—STORAGE CAPACITY IN MIXED RAINWATER SEWERS,
Pfeil, K.
Heizung Leuftung Haustechnik, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 131-134,
1974.
Problems of the determination of storm runoff from small
catchment surfaces such as individual plots by the calcula-
tion rain and the cumulative curve methods are described.
Rainfall durations over 15 minutes should be considered
for urban sewer systems and for large catchment areas
only. The dimensioning of pipelines is often based upon
actual precipitation statistics for the given area rather
than on general formulae. The exponential runoff curves
for circular catchment areas fall very slightly in the
period immediately after the end of the rainfall and drop
very rapidly later. The cumulative curve procedure
permits the determination of the flood waves in the
individual sewer sections and of the storm runoff for the
entire catchment area. It has been demonstrated lately
that the storm runoff is shifted in time rather than
reduced by the sewer volume.
*Runoff, *Equations, Models, Rainfall-runoff relationships,
Floods, Sewers, Combined sewers, Pipelines
Rainwater sewers
032A
USE HIGHWAY FUNDS TO TREAT STREET RUNOFF,
Janicki, V.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago, Illinois
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 6, p 82, June, 1974
It is the contention of the author that an amendment to the Motor Fuel
Revenue Act be initiated so as to redistribute federal tax monies to
include municipal sewerage agencies whose waste treatment plants and
sewer systems collect and treat highway runoff. The greater Chicago
area, Cook County, is shown as an example of the misuse and overuse of
a sewerage system.
*Taxes, *Sewerage, Federal government, Highway effects, Storm runoff,
Urban runoff, Waste water treatment, Treatment facilities, Sewers
Chicago, Illinois
23
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033A
SCREENING MODEL FOR STORM WATER CONTROL,
Krishen, P. H., and Marks, D. H.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Water
Resources Division, Department.of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE4,
p 807-820, August, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
A case study was done on the Bloody Run Drainage Basin in Cincinnati, Ohio,
to test a new screening model for the planning of control of storm water
in combined sewer systems. This simulation model determines the areas
of local flooding and appropriate storm design for overflows and runoff.
Controls screened are treatment and storage facilities and relief sewers.
The screening model is then run to determine if the operating policy is
feasible and close to optimal. For the Ohio basin, the best configuration
suggested by the screening model and sensitivity analysis results was
analyzed in detail on simulation model. From the information obtained,
design details may be implemented.
*Storm water, *Planning, *Combined sewers, *Sewer systems, Model studies,
Simulation models, Overflows, Runoff, Design criteria
*Bloody Run Drainage Basin, Cincinnati, Ohio
034A
URBAN RUNOFF AND COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW,
Field, R., and Szeeley, P. J.
Environmental Protection Agency, Edison Water
Quality Laboratory Advanced Waste Treatment Research
Laboratory, Edison, New Jersey
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1209-1226, June, 1974. 228 ref.
As significant contributors to water pollution, stormwater runoff
and combined sewer overflows have become increasingly important to
the Envrionmental Protection Agency as an area for concern and con-
trol. This article reviews the characteristics of stormwater run-
off and various management practices such as control systems, flow
models, soil infiltration and runoff predictions. The control of
combined sewer overflows, infiltration, storage, and the beneficial
use of stormwater are outlined. Finally, the various treatment methods
for stormwater and combined waste water are presented.
*Reviews, *0verflows, *Storm runoff, *Storm water, *Urban runoff,
Combined sewers, Water pollution sources, Management (Applied),
Control systems, Flow characteristics, Infiltration, Storage,
Waste water treatment
24
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035A
WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF STORM SEWER DISCHARGES
AND COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS,
Kothandaraman, V.
National Technical Information Service Report PB-214 507, 1972.
19 p, 1 fig, 49 ref, 7 tab, 49 ref.
The paper, which reviews pertinent case studies, emphasizes the water quality
aspects of urban storm runoff rather than the quantity of storm water and
combined sewer overflows. The characteristics of combined and separate
storm sewer discharges, the storm water pollution load estimates and models,
the impact of storm runoff on receiving waters, and methods and estimated
costs for pollution abatement are summarized. The basic considerations
needed for developing a preliminary prediction model encompassing the
characteristics of storm water runoff in a river basin are reviewed. However,
the inputs such as topography, soil type, and land use will have to be
developed for each area.
*Pollution abatement, *Storm runoff, *Urban runoff, Water quality control,
Models, Combined sewers, Separated sewers, Costs, Reviews, River basin
036A
A SIMILARITY DURING EARLY STAGES OF RAIN INFILTRATIONS,
Ahuj a, L. R., and Romkens, J. M.
Hawaii University, Honolulu, Hawaii
Department of Agronomy and Soil Science
Soil Science Proceedings, Vol. 38, No. 3, p 541-544, May-June, 1974. 4 fig,
10 ref.
A similarity during early stages of rain infiltration into a relatively dry
soil is shown in which the diffusivity varies exponentially with the water
content. This similarity permits simple expressions for the description of
the wet-front progress and the water-content change at the soil surface.
The wet-front equation describes well the experimental data for four different
soils. This approach can be utilized in some cases of rainfall when the
intensity is time-dependent, and to infiltration with transient surface
sealing.
*Watershed hydrology, *Sprinkler irrigation, *Rainfall, Soil properties,
Surface sealing, Diffusivity, Infiltration, Moisture content
*Wet-front progress, *Wet-front equation
25
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SEWER SYSTEMS
001B
INSERTED PIPE REPAIRS OUTFALL IN 3 1/2 DAYS,
Western Construction, Vol. 48, No. 11, p 53, 64, November, 1973.
A relining project using 2600 feet of 32 inch diameter high density
polyethylene pressure pipe in a deteriorating ocean outfall is described.
The operation was completed in only three and one-half days, during which
one hundred feet of existing concrete cylinder pipe was cut out close
to the shore to provide a point of access from which to insert the new
pipe. The pipe called Sclairpipe has a wall thickness of .978 inch.
Sixty feet lengths of plastic pipe were butt-fused together. A steel
cable running from a steel spider band through a pulley attached to the
concrete cylinder pipe was pulled by a tractor feeding the polyethylene
pipe into the outfall. A special steel nosecone was attached to the
lead end to keep the pipe from snagging. The back flow of effluent from
the concrete diffuser into the annular space between the polyethylene
and concrete pipes was prevented by keeping the space filled with water
under enough pressure to hold back the effluent.
Outlets, *0utfall Sewers, Plastic Pipes, *Concrete Pipes, Shores, *Linings
*Sclairpipe, *Relining Project
002B
'PIG' BRINGS BACK CAPACITY,
Glasson, H. H.
Denver, Colorado Water Department
Water Wastes Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 11, p 33-35, November 1973.
Two raw water conduits supplying Denver's water supply were cleaned using
a device called a pig and designed by the utility's maintenance personnel,
Ralston Reservoir has a storage capacity of 11,252 acre-ft and supplies
raw water through two cylinder-type reinforced concrete pipelines to the
treatment plant. There was a substantial buildup of colloidal clay on
the inner surface of the pipe, ranging in thickness from approximately
l/16th to 3/8th inches through most of the 8.7 miles. A two sectional,
eight bladed mechanical cleaner was designed and coupled to the plug or
pig type cleaner like a trailer. A flexible coupling designed to allow
for flexibility through the bends in the conduit attached this assembly
to the pig. Operational capacity after cleaning increased from less than
52 mgd to over 67 mgd. New operational criteria based on reevaluation
of design capabilities were established.
Colorado, Reservoirs, *Conduits, *Maintenance, Clays, Colloids
*Denver, Ralston Reservoir, *Cleaning
26
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003B
HOW TRIPLE SIPHON SOLVED SEWAGE TRANSFER ACROSS WELLAND
RIVER,
Webster, L.
Engineering and Contract Record, Vol. 88, No. 10, p 54-55, October, 1973.
The use of a novel triple siphon system across the Welland River on
Ontario's Niagara Peninsula is described. Sanitary wastes originating
on one side of the river are conveyed to the City of Niagara Falls
pollution control plant across the river for treatment and disposal.
Excavations were required for large manholes on each bank of the river,
one to serve as an inlet structure, the other an outlet structure,
for the siphons. A dewatering system was designed to secure the excavations
against the hydrostatic pressure from the underlying silt layer. The use
of polyethylene pipe for the siphons to effect the actual river crossing
contributes to a substantial savings over a design calling for the
underwater installation of more conventional materials.
Rivers, Canada, *Sanitary Engineering, Treatment, Disposal, *Plastics
*Welland River, Niagara Falls
004B
RURAL WATER SYSTEM DESIGNED FOR SUBURBAN USE,
Public Works, Vol. 104, No. 11, p 77, November, 1973.
The organization of the non-profit Del-Co Water Company to build and operate
a rural water system designed for suburban use near Columbus, Ohio is
described. The company was financed by a membership fee and a loan of
$225,000 from the Farmers Home Administration. There are more than 1,550
members in Del-Co, which consists of a basic water plant and 122 miles of
distribution lines. An additional 80 miles of distribution piping will
complete the project. The source of supply is the Olentangy River, the
water of which is hard and contains iron. A processing plant was built
using the usual processes of coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration.
Initially it will handle 1 1/4 mgd, but can be expanded to 3 mgd. An
0-ring joint system connects the vinyl pipes.
Water Supply Development, Water Management, *Rivers, Ohio, Economics,
*Financing, Loans, *Rural Areas, Suburban Areas
Olentangy River, Del-Co Water Company, Farmers Home Administration
27
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005B
NEW SEWER OUTFALL WILL SPAN THREE BRIDGES,
World Construction, Vol. 26, No. 10, p 53-54, October, 1973.
The Johannesburg's diepsloot outfall sewer contract is described. It is
unusual because of the use of large diameter spun concrete piping, fissures
in an ancient granite which imposed difficulties in tunnel construction,
and the bridging of three valleys to carry the sewer near the outfall end.
The value of the design was $4.51 million. Standardized bridge construction
was used because of the short completion dates: bridge 1, 16 months;
bridge 2, 18 months; and bridge 3, 20 months. The layout is based on a
module of 20 meter spans for the bridge decks. Dolomitic aggregate was
used to control the pattern of corrosion of tunnel concrete, and shotcrete
construction was used for the fissures.
Sewers, Engineering Structures, *0utfall Sewers, *Tunnels, Corrosion,
Inhibition, *Concrete Pipes, Gunite, Africa, *Bridges
South Africa, Johannesburg, Diepsloot
006B
ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES FOR GRAY AND DUCTILE
CAST-IRON PIPE,
Smith, W. H.
Cast Iron Pipe Research Association, Oak Brook, Illinois
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 65, p 788-791, December,
1973. 2 fig, 2 ref.
Gray cast iron pipe and ductile cast iron pipe were designed using realistic
assumptions for earth load, trench support, superloads, impact internal pressure,
and water hammer or surge. A wide range of joints is available for both pipe
materials, from flanged joints, which are ideal for plant and pump station
installations, to standard mechanical and push-on joints, which are reliable
in allowing reasonable deflections, and subaqueous pipe joints, which allow
for extreme deflection. Restrained joints resist thrust due to internal
pressure. Corrosion resistance of ductile cast iron pipe is somewhat better
than that of gray cast iron pipe, and only a small percentage of the soils
in the United States is corrosive to either. Proven, inexpensive corrosion
prevention can be accomplished in any severely corrosive soils using loose
polyethylene encasement.
Engineering Structures, Pipes, *Water Hammer, *Casings, *Metal Pipes
*Cast Iron Pipes, Superloads, *Joints (Connections)
28
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007B
AMERICAN COCKROACH FEEDING IN SEWER ACCESS SHAFTS ON PARAFFIN
BAITS CONTAINING PROPOXUR OR KEPONE PLUS A MOLD INHIBITOR,
Wright, C. G., McDaniel, H. C., Johnson, H. E., and Smith,
C. E.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 66, No. 6, p 1277-1278, December, 1973.
1 tab, 2 ref.
The control of the American cockroach, Per-iplaneta amerisana, in sewer
access shafts was investigated by adding baits containing 0.125% Kepone
(decachlorooctahydro-l,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta(cd)pentalene-2-one)
or 2 percent propoxur, with or without p-nitrophenol mold inhibitor, and
embedded into paraffin cakes to the infested shafts. Cockroaches did not
feed on propoxur baits. Feeding occurred on some Kepone baits with and without
mold inhibitor, but they did not feed on Kepone baits after mold became
visible. Addition of the mold inhibitor reduced the molding of propoxur
and Kepone baits. There was a reduction in cockroach numbers in baited sewer
access shafts; however, dead cockroaches were observed only in shafts containing
Kepone baits with visible feeding signs. Cockroach numbers increased in
shafts with paraffin check cakes. Baits in moist shafts increased in weight
by absorbing ambient moisture, and disintegrated in humid shafts with high
ambient temperatures.
*Sewers, Eradication (Pests), *Insect Control, Attractanta, Insects, *Pestlcides,
*Insecticides
*Cockroach, Periplaneta ameriaa.no., *Kepone, *Proxopur
008B
INSTALLATION OF LARGE-DIAMETER FIBER-GLASS FLEXIBLE PIPE IN
MUNICIPAL SYSTEMS,
Hutchison, R. M.
Johns-Manville Corporation, Denver, Colorado
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 65 p 791-793,
December, 1973. 8 fig, 2 ref.
Installation considerations for fiber-glass pipe are discussed with special
emphasis on the value of proper installation and handling practices for
flexible pipes. The soil surrounding the pipes must be capable of being
compressed to a density of greater than or equal to 85 percent standard
proctor, or be that dense in its natural state. A maximum 3/4 inch diameter
crushed rock is ideal for backfill and bedding material. Installation can
be evaluated by measuring the initial deflection with full load on the pipe.
The anticipated ring deflection caused by axial bending, plus ring deflection
induced by soil load, can be calculated. Initial deflection should not exceed
5.0 percent and long-term, full-load deflection should not exceed 7.5 percent.
In municipal systems elastomeric gaskets (bell and spigot) are the preferable
joint. Compression of the gasket should be present in the full offset position
plus a minimum 5.0 percent initial deflection. Resin-rich inner surfaces
with and without aggregate type fillers and thermoplastic liners are in use
in pipes serving municipal markets. A major benefit to the utility is chemical
and abrasion resistance.
Engineering Structures, Pipes, *Joints (Connections), *Linings,
Municipal Water
*Fiber-glass Pipes, Flexible Pipes, Fillers, Gaskets
29
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009B
UNGRADED GLASS TO SEWER PIPE,
Steinberg, M.
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Associated University, Inc.,
Upton, New York.
The Glass Industry, Vol. 54, No. 13, p 14-15, 22, December, 1973.
The development and use of sewer pipes made from ungraded bottle glass bonded
with polymers in a municipal sewer line in Huntington, Long Island are described.
The monomer concentration for ungraded glass is 13-16 percent by weight
compared to 9-10 percent for graded glass. Ambient promoter catalyst systems
are used in production, and silane is included to promote adhesions to the
glass. Glass polymer composite (GPC) curing was carried out at 70°C for
4-8 hours. The GPC cured material is 2-4 times stronger than ordinary concrete;
its chemical durability surpasses concrete; and it is resistant to sulfuric
acid. The costs associated with it are competitive with other materials,
particularly in the 8-24 inch size range. A sewer pipe was chosen as the
first application because of possible savings in landfill. There appears
to be a good match between the waste glass generated in an urban community
and the market for sewer pipe.
New York, Pipes, *Sewers, *Recycling, *Cities, City Planning
Hungtington, Long Island, *Glass Pipes, Ungraded Glass Pipes, *Glass Polymer
Composite
010B
DATA ACQUISITION AND COMBINED SEWER CONTROLS IN CLEVELAND,
Pew, K. A., Callery, R. L., Brandstetter, A., and Anderson, J. J.
Department of Public Utilities, City of Cleveland, Ohio
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 45, No. 11, p 2276-2289,
November, 1973. 10 fig, 9 ref.
The development of a system for the comprehensive control of combined sewer
overflow pollution in the Southerly Sewerage District of Cleveland, Ohio,
is described. The project will acquisition and analyze real time rainfall
and sewer system load information, and will operate by closed loop
automatic control. The control system will operate an optimum combination of
control, storage, treatment, and conveyance facilities. Automatic wastewater
samplers have been purchased, and automated chemical analyzers are being
acquired to analyze chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, sulfate,
phosphate, nitrate, ammonia, and chloride. Mathematical models were developed
and used as analytical tools for the design and control of the sewer system
improvements, and remotely operated regulators were designed. The construction
cost has not yet been estimated, but should be in the order of $60 million or
approximately $300/acre ($7400 ha), less than the cost of sewer separation.
*Combined Sewers, *Rainfall-Runoff Relationships, Storm Runoff, Water
Treatment, *Model Studies, *0hio, Water Storage
*Cleveland
30
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011B
DISCHARGE RELATIONS FOR SUBMERGED WEIRS,
Varshney, R. S. and Mohanty, S. K.
U. P. Irrigation Department, R.E.O., Bhubaneswar,
Orissa.
Indian Journal of Power, Vol. 23, No. 7, p 225-228, July, 1973.
3 fig, 9 ref.
Mathematical formulae are presented for submerged flow over sharp-crested and
broad-crested weirs during floods based on experimental studies. Dimensional
analysis shows that the flow over a weir in submerged condition is mainly
governed by three dimensional paramters: Froude Number, P/H1, and H2/H1.
P stands for the height of weir from the river bed; HI and H2 are depths of
water over weir crest upstream and downstream, respectively. All three
parameters can be neglected. The effect of P/H1 can also be eliminated by
suitably choosing the ratio P/H1 such that the approach depth does not affect
the coefficient of discharge. Thus it is the ratio H2/H1 which is mainly
governing the submerged flow phenomenon. A correlation between this ratio SI
and the discharge ratio Q/Q1 was used to establish the mathematical relationship.
The different types of weirs were broadly divided into the sharp-crested
and broad-crested weirs, and two mathematical relations were suggested for
evaluating stream flow in practical cases. The simplifying assumptions made
may involve slight errors, but these are of no major significance to the
field engineers. Therefore, the equations can be adopted in practical cases.
Engineering Structures, Hydraulics, *Weirs, *0verflow, Flow, Mathematical
Studies, *Mathematical Models, *Floods, Municipal Wastes
*Submerged Flow
012B
EXPERIMENTAL FIELD STUDIES REQUIRED FOR THE DESIGN OF
DRAINAGES, (Studii experimentale in teren, necessare
proiectarii drenajelor),
Wehry, A.
Hidrotehnica, Vol. 18, No. 11, p 586-589, November, 1973. 2 ref.
Calculation methods necessary for conducting experimental field studies before
designing drainage systems are presented. Numerous figures in the text present
views of the drainage structures, pressure loss representation, the nomogram
for calculating the value according to Hooghoudt, the ground water level
representation during and after irrigation and the experimental value H=f(t)
representation. In order to calculate the distance between drains, Hooghoudt
and Ernst's methods are most often used. In order to apply the nomograms,
it is necessary to know hydraulic conductivity of the earth layer. This value
can be obtained only by a field study. Also, porosity and drainage intensity
must be known. Equations are provided for various field situations and
examples of calculations are given.
Engineering Structures, *Drainage Systems, *Drainage Engineering, Irrigation
Ditches, Lateral Conveyance Structures, Model Studies, *Mathematical
Studies
*Hooghoudt's Method, *Ernst's Method
31
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013B
THREE-ELEMENT FORMING SPEEDS CONCRETE PIPE JOB,
Etheridge, D. C.
Construction Methods and Equipment, Vol. 55, No. 12, p 54-56, December, 1973.
The in-place production of a large diameter concrete storm drain on a nearly
continuous basis is described. The 66-inch-ID pipeline advances 320 feet each
4-5 hour work day, formed externally up to its springline in a 12-foot deep
smooth-walled trench; crowned by a slipforming machine; and shaped internally
to 6 1/2 inch wall thickness by a tough, adjustably inflatable sausage-shaped
balloon 325 feet long. The Fullerform process of the Lomar Company works best
in firm, clayey, rock-free soil, and demands both backhoe and slipform
operator skill, and machine dependability. The presence on any site of
excessive amounts of sand or stone would rule out this approach. A backhoe
with specially toothed and round-lipped bucket excavates trench to finished
pipeline OD and grade. Slipform alignment is controlled by a U-shaped shield.
A raised portion at the rear houses concrete hopper with diverter that splits
concrete between invert and crown. Reinforced polyurethane Inflataform is
unfolded and laid along the trench, inside the slipform, prior to filling
it with air. The pipeline can be installed with just eight men, including a
superintendent.
Engineering Structures, *Storm Drains, Pipes, *Concrete Pipes, Municipal Wastes
Lomar Company, *Inflataform, *Slipform
014B
CHECKING THE SIZE OF SEWERAGE INFILTRATION AND LEAKS OCCURRING
UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS, (Verificarea marimii infiltratiilor
si exfiltratiilor din canalizari in timpul exploatarii),
Blitz, E and Tatu, G.
Hidrotehnica, Vol. 18, No. 6, p 283-288, 1973. 6 ref.
Some simple tools for checking the degree of infiltration of sewage systems as
well as calculation methods are presented. Sewage infiltration and leaks under
operating conditions can affect the functioning of the sewage system and the
neighboring constructions. Since not all sewers can be provided with improved
modern checking devices, simple verification and calculation methods had
to be devised. Calculation methods are given for both ovoidal and circular
sewage sections, using both mathematical formulae and tables.
*Sewers, Engineering Structures, Municipal Wastes, Mathematics, *Infiltration,
*Mathematical Studies
32
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015B
ANOTHER UNUSUAL SEWERAGE PROBLEM SOLVED WITH DUCTILE IRON
PIPE,
Cast Iron Pipe News, Vol. 40, No. 3, p 8-9, Third Quarter, 1973. 3 fig.
The use of ductile iron pipe in the construction of a new sanitary sewage
collection and treatment system for a large lumber mill in Oregon is described.
Domestic sewage of the company will be treated in a new stabilization pond and
by chlorination. The sanitary sewer system of the mill was deteriorating
for a number of years because of excessive crushing wheel loads generated
from heavy operating equipment and septic attack. Breaks in the system not
only were contributing to the already heavy groundwater infiltration from
around the joints, but also prevented the passage of a television camera
through the lines for purposes of inspection. The decision to use ductile
iron pipe with its high beam strength, its great resistance to crushing, and
the water tightness of its push-on joints was baped on excessive wheel loads
from trucks and heavy equipment, the desire to keep infiltration in the new
line to zero, the volcanic type soil conditions with deposits of cinders and
cemented gravels, and a high ground water table in the desert area of the
mill. The lines were constructed with cast iron tees to connect the six-
inch ductile iron services to the eight-inch ductile iron laterals and mains.
Tees were also placed at strategic locations in the lines with the six-inch
opening plugged for possible future service connections.
Engineering Structures, Pipes, Sewers, *Separated Sewers, *Metal Pipes,
Infiltration
*Ductile Iron Pipe
016B
LARGE DIAMETER POLYETHYLENE FORCE MAINS INSTALLED QUICKLY,
Lash, R. W.
Safety-Service Director, Fremont, Ohio
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 1, p 45-47, January, 1973. 4 fig.
The use of large diameter polyethylene pipe as a sewage force main in Fremont,
Ohio, is described. The installation was p^rt of a sewerage system improvement
program with the capacity to handle up to SiOOO new homes. Under the double
force main design, 12- and 24-inch force mains run from a new pumping station
with each main discharging into separate existing gravity sewer manholes
located along the main business street. Both force mains start adjacent to
each other at the new pumping station and run 1500 feet along the street where
the 12-inch force main terminates and the 24-inch pipe continues for another
1,200 feet. The force mains were laid mainly under the sidewalks to minimize
excavation in the street and interference from other underground utilities.
Due to the design, the project called for many special bends. Polyethylene
pipe was chosen over other plastic pipes because it could be installed without
the use of special fillings since it can bend at a 45 degree angle without
damage. Up to 190 feet of pipe a day was installed.
Engineering Structures, Pipes, *Plastic Pipes, Ohio, *Sewers
*Polyethylene Pipes, *Mains, Fremont
33
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017B
USER LIGHT USED TO LAY PIPE,
Gautreau, J.
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 1, p 34-35, January, 1974. 1 fig.
The application of laser beams for the alignment of sewer pipe, storm drains,
and other gravity conduits is discussed. Productivity can be increased by
as much as 50 percent, alignment accuracy enhanced to within 1/8 of an inch, and
surveying greatly simplified. In laying sewer pipe, both the pipe crew and
backhoe operator are simply guided by a pencil-thin ray of red laser light
through or beside the pipe onto a target for precise positioning. One of
the lasers currently used in Canada is the Laser-Beam Aligner made by Laser
Alignment, Inc. Accuracy of this unit on a Quebec storm drain job was
reported as only a 6-inch drop along an 0.7 mile long line. Another feature
making this model popular is that the average set-up time is only about ten
minutes. Once set up, the device operates essentially unattended.
Engineering Structures, Sewerage, *Sewers, Equipment, *Construction Equipment,
Canada
*Lasers, *Laser-Beam Aligner, Quebec
018B
PRESSURE SEWER DEMONSTRATION,
Carcich, I. G., Hetling, L. J., and Parrel, R. P.
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York
Journal of The Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. 1, p 25-40,
February 1974. 5 fig, 4 tab, 17 ref.
The pressurized wastewater collection concept was evaluated by installing 12
Grinder Pump (GP) units in a pressurized sewer system and observing their operation
for a 13-month period. The wastewater was collected and conveyed in the normal
manner by the building drainage system to the grinder pump unit's tank. From
the grinder pump unit it was discharged through a 1 1/4 inch plastic pipe pressure
lateral to an outside plastic pressure main, 1 1/4 to 3 inches in size. The
pressure main received the macerated wastewater from all 12 units and simply
discharged it into a gravity system within the city. The hydraulic design is
a critical facet of any new pressure sewer system. Some grease accumulation can
be expected, but when design velocities are kept between two fps and five fps,
excessive accumulations will apparently be prevented. Commercially available
shut-off valves should be installed immediately downstream on the discharge pipe
in order that the GP unit can be isolated from the pressure system for maintenance
and repair work. The costs for the different components and installation can
vary from $1,620 to $3,438 per unit depending on specific needs. It is concluded
that GP units are meant to be a supplemental tool in any wastewater collection
system and not a replacement for the conventional (gravity-fed) wastewater col-
lection system.
*Sewers, Pipes, Engineering Structures, Drains, Sewage Disposal
*Gravity Sewers, *Pressure Sewers
34
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019B
STORMFLOW POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE UNITED STATES,
Field, R. and Tafuri, A.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Edison Water Quality Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center-Cincinnati.
Edison, New Jersey
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-670/2-73-077,
November, 1973.
The problem of storm water discharges and combined sewer overflows is discussed
in relation to the Federal Government's involvement. This overview details
wet-weather flow pollution as classified in the categories of combined sewer
overflows, storm water discharges, and non-sewered runoff. As a result of
program research, development, and demonstration projects, it is maintained
that sewer separation in most cases is not the logical course of action for
pollution abatement. Therefore the following approaches are being explored:
control, treatment, and combinations of the two. These approaches are
discussed under the topic of flow regulation, storage, porous pavement, new
sewer systems, auxiliary biological treatment, microscreening, flotation,
filtration separation, flow measurement, and management models, as well as
the necessary equipment and instrumentation involved. It is concluded that
in view of the tremendous quantities of pollutants bypassed during rainfall
from the combined sewer system, it is not reasonable to debate whether
secondary treatment plants should be designed for high BOD or suspended solids
removal, since bypassing at regulators during wet-weather flow occurs.
Rather, wet-weather standards must be instituted at various regulatory levels.
*Storm Water, Storm Runoff, Combined Sewers, *0verflow, Pollution Abatement,
Water Pollution Sources, Water Quality Control, Standards, Discharge (Water),
Water Treatment, Treatment Facilities, Equipment, Methodology, Federal
Government
020B
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFILTRATION AND INFLOW,
Sullivan, R.
American Public Works Association
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-670/2-73-077, November, 1973.
Some of the major findings of an APWA Foundation report bearing the same title
as the above are reviewed together with guidelines for the establishment of
a survey to determine the nature and extent of infiltration and some of the
factors to be used in making an economic analysis of desirable corrective
actions. Steps involved in the complete infiltration-inflow analysis are
outlined. Detection methods, equipment, and economic justification with
respect to controlling pollution are disclosed.
*Infiltration, Documentation, Reviews, Surveys, Economic Justification,
Water Pollution Control, *Inflow, Methodology, Instrumentation
35
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021B
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW REGULATOR FACILITIES,
Sullivan, H.
American Public Works Association
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-670/2-73-077, November, 1973.
As a result of investigative programs conducted by the APWA in such fields
as the pollution of storm water, the extent of combined sewer facilities,
the design, operation, and maintenance of combined sewer overflow regulators,
and the prevention and correction of excessive Infiltration and inflow to
sewers, it has been shown that storm water is polluted whether or not it is
carried in separate or combined sewers. Thus, to meet receiving water quality
standards, treatment or control facilities may be necessary and therefore
such equipment must be examined. Decision guidelines are presented for
the consideration of the combined sewer overflow regulator facility as a
possible means for pollution abatement.
*Storm Water, Water Pollution Sources, Sewers, *Water Quality Control,
Water Treatment, Equipment, Combined Sewers, *0verflow, Treatment Facilities
02 2B
PRESSURE SEWERS,
Carich, I.
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
Environmental Quality Research Unit
Albany, New York
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-670/2-73-077, November, 1973.
The pressure sewer concept deals with a wastewater collection system that
utilizes a newly developed grinder pump unit and small diameter plastic
or metallic piping systems. Results of a 13-month study undertaken to
evaluate the functional specifications of the pumping units and to gain operat-
ing experience on the mechanical performance, use pattern, operating cost, and
maintenance requirements for said units, are reported. A description of the
grinder pump unit and the test results are given. Results indicate used
plastic pipes and fittings, functioned well for the duration of the demonstration
project. It is recommended that pressure sewer systems be considered as
available engineering technology for use where applicable.
*Plastic Pipes, Investigations, Waste Water Treatment, Treatment Facilities,
Evaluation, Pumping, Performance, Operation and Maintenance, *Sewers
*Pressure Sewers, Grinder Pumps
36
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02 3B
APPLICATION OF MICROSTRAINING TO COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW,
Glover, G.
Cochrane Division-Crane Company
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-670/2-73-077, November, 1973.
Studies initiated to determine the performance of microstrainers in removing
suspended solids are reported. A flow rate of 2.0 cfs/'acre was used as the
required instantaneous capacity of the treatment facility. A drawing of
the microstrainer tested as well as the operational procedure are given.
Test results indicate that the microstrainer will reduce suspended solids
from 50-700 mg/liter down to 40-50 mg/liter at flow rates of 35 to 45
gpm/sq ft of gross submerged screen area, that being 42-54 gpm of unimpeded
submerged area. These flow rates have been routinely achieved within an
arbitrary limitation of 24 inches of water differential between inlet and
outlet liquid levels. The removal of organic and other oxygen demanding
material is 25-40 percent confirmed by BOD, COD, and TOC measurements performed.
Microstraining had negligible effect on the coliform content of the storm
water.
Performance, Investigations, Suspended Solids, Flow Rates, Treatment
Facilities, Organic Matter, Conforms, *Storm Water, Water Treatment
*Microslrainers
024B
HIGH-RATE MULTI-MEDIA FILTRATION,
Harvey, P.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region II, 26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-670/2-73-077, November, 1973.
To evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of the high rate filtration
process in removing contaminants from combined sewer overflows, a testing
program was undertaken at Cleveland, Ohio's Southerly Wastewater Treatment
Plant, beginning in 1970. The two major process units used in the proposed
treatment system were the drum screen followed by the deep bed, dual media
filter. The testing program was conducted in two phases: 1) evaluation
and selection of system media and filtration rates; and, 2) optimization
of the filtration process via coagulants and polyelectrolyte addition prior
to filtration. Estimated total construction costs of a filtration plant
which discharged waste screenings and filter backwash to the municipal treatment
system, ranged from $830,000 for the 25 mgd capacity to $3.754 million for
200 mgd capacity at a design rate of 24 gpm/sq ft. Annual cost estimates
ranged from $97,270 to $388,210. High treatment efficiencies, automated
operation, and limited space requirements are the principal advantages of
the proposed system. The high rate filtration process was also evaluated,
elsewhere, in terms of its capacity for polishing secondary effluent. Test
data has confirmed the applicability of this media to reducing suspended
solids, BOD, and phosphate to low residuals.
Evaluation, Performance, Application Methods, *Filtration, *Combined Sewers,
*0verflow, Treatment Facilities, Screens, Filters, Optimization, Construction
Costs, Operating Costs, Tertiary Treatment, Automation, Operation and
Maintenance, Efficiencies
Cleveland, Ohio
37
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025B
SCREENING/DISSOLVED-AIR FLOTATION TREATMENT OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS,
Gupta, M., and Agnew, R.
Environmental Sciences Division
Envirex, Inc. - A Rexnord Company
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-670/2-73-077, November, 1973.
A major portion of the pollutional substances in combined sewer overflows is
particulate in nature indicating that an efficient solid/liquid separation
process can be expected to provide an effective treatment. Thus an effective
and economical separation process was designed, tested, and developed on a full-
scale basis by the Environmental Sciences Division of the Rexnord Inc. Two
full-scale screening/dissolved-air flotation systems have been installed
in Racine, Wisconsin for treatment of combined sewer overflows. Design
criteria for each of the various elements is tabulated; systems were designed
for completely automatic startup, operation, and shutdown. To insure optimum
use of the system, a floodgate was installed in one of the overflow sewers
to provide approximately 600,000 gallons of in-system storage. In addition,
the system has been equipped to be completely self-draining thus enabling
use of the system during periods of snowmelt and cold weather. The cost of
the Racine system is $30,000 per mgd installed capacity.
*Combined Sewers, *0verflow, Treatment Facilities, Water Treatment, Design
Criteria, Automation, Operation and Maintenance, *Equipment, Capital Costs,
Operating Costs, Laboratory Tests, Pilot Plants, Evaluation, Performance,
Suspended Solids
*Screening/Dissolved-Air Flotation, Racine, Wisconsin
026B
HIGH-RATE DISINFECTION OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW,
Glover, G.
Cochrane Division-Crane Company
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-670/2-73-077, November, 1973.
Work on disinfection of combined sewer overflows has been performed in pilot
size contact chambers at a constant flow rate by the Cochrane Division-Crane
Company. A bacteria kill of 99.99 percent was achieved with chlorine dosages
of 10 ppm in 120 seconds under a flow rate of 20 gpm. The design chambers
were designed to ensure that the hypochlorite was promptly and well mixed
with stormwater as well as to ensure a high degree of small eddy turbulence
in the passages of the contact chamber. The extraordinarily high kill rate
of these chambers is attributed to the turbulence during contact time. The
performance of the pilot units, the preliminary design scheme, and the plans
of a 92 cfs chamber designed according to this scheme are detailed. The
installed cost of such a chamber has been calculated at about $53,000 (in
1969 dollars). The inherent advantage of increased turbulence economically
induced in this type of installation to enhance reaction rates makes the
system applicable to many situations.
*Disinfection, *Combined Sewers, Overflow, Water Pollution Control, Flow Rates,
*Pilot Plants, Chlorine, Turbulence, Design Criteria, Treatment Facilities
Bacteria Kill
38
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02 7B
THE SWIRL CONCENTRATOR AS A COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW REGULATOR,
Sullivan, H.
American Public Works Association
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-670/2-73-077, November, 1973.
As a result of laboratory tests and mathematical modeling, significant portions
of settleable and floatable solids can be removed from combined sewer
overflows using a swirl concentrator. Advantages of this system include
low capital cost, absence of primary mechanical parts, and construction with
inert material; operation of the facility is automatically induced by the
inflowing combined sewage so that operating problems will be infrequent.
Consideration of the use of a swirl concentrator as a combined sewer overflow
regulator facility requires evaluation of many factors. The following factors
are discussed: hydraulic head differential, hydraulic capacity of collector
sewer, design flow, dry-weather flow and interceptor sewer capacity, and
amount and character of settleable solids.
*Combined Sewers, *0verflow, Capital Cost, Construction Materials, Operation and
Maintenance, Treatment Facilities, Automation, Design Criteria, Model Studies
*Swirl Concentrator
028B
THE EPA STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MODEL: A CURRENT OVERVIEW,
Huber, W., Heaney J., and Sheikh, H.
Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-670/2-73-077, November, 1973.
The problem of loading by combined and separate storm sewer overflows on
streams and other receiving waters has led to the development of a compre-
hensive mathematical computer simulation program that models quantity (flow)
and quality (concentrations) during the total urban rainfall-runoff process.
The present Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is descriptive in nature and
will model most urban configurations encompassing rainfall, runoff, drainage,
storage-treatment, and receiving waters. It does not define nor determine
any decisions for the system or consider alternative methods for efficient
economic comparisons. This paper presents an overview of the SWMM by
illustrating its use in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Major revisions to the
Model have been made to include urban erosion prediction, modeling of new
treatment devices and biological treatment facilities, monitoring of signifi-
cant pollution sources, flexibility in modeling new areas, new and improved
cost functions for treatment and storage options, and a modest hydraulic
design capability as well as minor programming changes and slight format
revisions.
Loads (Forces), Combined Sewers, *Storm Water, Overflows, *Storm Runoff, Urban
Runoff, *Mathematical Models, Computers, Simulation Analysis, *Rainfall-Runoff
Relationships, Drainage, Storage Requirements, Model Studies
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
39
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029B
THE DESIGN, PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 45 INCH DIAMETER
WATER MAIN ACROSS A CONGESTED AREA OF WEST BROMWICH,
Burgess, D. E.
Journal of the Institution of Water Engineers, Vol. 27, No. 7, p 365-376,
October, 1973. 3 fig.
The paper describes the design, planning, and construction of a 1145 mm
nominal diameter steel water main laid through the County Borough of West
Bromwich. The design of the main, which includes pipe bridges over the
river Tame and the Walsall Canal, and two thrust bores, is explained and the
problems encountered during construction are described. The main was tested
in three sections. On completion, the main was drained down and the end
connections were then completed. The main was recharged and brought into
commission after samples had been passed.
Design Criteria, *Project Planning, *Sewers, Construction Materials, *Steel
Pipes, Testing
Great Britain, *Pipe Bridges, Thrust Bores
030B
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR RETENTION BASIN DESIGN,
Yrjanainen, G. and Warren, A. W.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 120, No. 12, p 35, 41-42, December, 1973.
Due to the development of land for agrarian, residential, commercial, or
industrial use, the temporary storage of storm runoff in an onsite retention
basin has become essential because of inadequate outlets for the increased
storm runoff created. Because of over increasing construction costs and the
infeasibility of installing large-diameter storm drains, the concept of
ultimate design or improvement of collector storm water systems is impractical.
Thus, retention basins that meter or restrict flow are adequate alternatives.
Design methods, mathematical derivation for an orifice outlet, derivation for
a constant rate outlet, and the retention basin design criteria are given.
*Storm Runoff, Retention, Design Criteria, *Mathematical Studies, Outlets,
*Storage Requirements
*Retention Basins
40
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031B
HYDRAULICS OF CULVERT OUTLETS,
Callander, R. A.
New Zealand Engineering, p 261-265, September 15, 1973. 5 fig, 3 ref.
Spreading of a jet from a culvert outlet is analyzed to yield depth, breadth,
and velocity in terms of distance from the outlet, with the subsequent
solution being presented in the form of design charts. These data facilitate
design of a stilling basin to dissipate excess energy, and selection to prevent
scour. For the latter purpose, the Manning-Strickler formula is used with
the Shields criterion for stability.
*Jets, *Culverts, Data Collections, *Design Criteria, Energy Dissipation,
Settling Basins, Outlets, *Mathematical Studies, *Mannings Equation
Jet Spreading
03 2B
LEAKAGE IN SEWER LINE CAUSES CAVE-IN,
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 1, p 96, January, 1974.
A property owner filed suit against the City of St. Petersburg for injuries
sustained when he fell in a sink hole located in an alley behind his home.
In Moore v. City of St. Petersburg, 281 So 2d 549 (Fla., September 14, 1973)
the court entered judgment for the defendant city, notwithstanding a jury
verdict for the plaintiff. The court held that under Florida law, the city
can not be liable when its agents or employees commit a tort in performance
of a governmental function, if there was no direct transaction or confrontation
between one against whom the tort or injury was committed and the agent or
employee of the city.
*Erosion, *Sewers, Leakage, Florida, *Legal Aspects, Legislation, Local
Governments
St. Petersburg, Florida
41
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033B
EPOXY TAR LINES BIRMINGHAM'S TRUNK,
Hayward, D.
New Civil Engineer, p 40-41, January 31, 1974. 3 fig.
To deal with the problem of chemical attack and corrosion, Birmingham, England,
is trying a new method of coating the inside of its sewer tunnel's smooth precast
concrete lining with epoxy tar. The coating was developed by Spun Concrete
and consists of fiber glass tissue sandwiched between two layers of epoxy tar.
The fiber glass is for strength and abrasion resistance. A trowel is used to
apply the coating. The 35 percent increase in cost will be offset by reduced
maintenance and replacement. The tunnel is 1.5 meters in diameter and runs
through rock riddled with coal seams, ironstone and fireclay. The coal
seams had been worked and were open or filled with debris, presenting the
danger of local subsidence. To accommodate this probable eventuality flexible
pipes and linings were used (Flexilok - Extraflex segments made by Spun Concrete).
The epoxy coating survived the construction process well.
*Sewers, *Tunnels, *Linings, Engineering Structures, Concrete Pipes, *Epoxy
Resins, Protective Coatings
Epoxy Tar, Fiber Glass
034B
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INSTALLING PVC GRAVITY SEWER PIPING,
Durazo, R.
Plastics Pipe Institute
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 4, p 80-81, April, 1974. 2 fig.
Procedures for installing PVC sewer pipe to get the best results include:
the pipe should be bedded true to line and grade with uniform and continuous
support from a firm base; blocking should not be used to bring the pipe to
grade; lateral restraint should be provided by properly placed and compacted
backfill material; appropriate material should be used for bedding, haunching,
and initial backfilling. In addition, care should be taken during excavation
to provide as narrow a trench as practical at a point level with the top of
the pipe. Well points or underdrains may be required when excavating below
ground water level. USCS Soil Classification, System (FHA Bulletin No. 373)
is described, and haunching and initial backfill procedures during various
conditions and for the various soil classifications are described.
Pipes, Engineering Structures, *Sewers, *Plastic Pipes, *Pipe Foundation
PVC Pipes
42
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035B
USE OF PIPELINES AS AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL REACTORS,
Koch, C. M., and Zandi, I.
General Electric, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 45, No. 12, p 2537-
2549, December, 1973. 2 fig, 1 tab, 19 ref.
Sewerage systems of many cities comprise both pressure and gravity lines. It
has been suggested that these lines may be used as aerobic biological reactors
to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand on treatment facilities. The utilization
of the pipelines as a treatment facility to stabilize the organic portion
of solid waste while it is being conveyed in slurry form has also been proposed.
Stabilization of the combined solid waste and wastewater is another possibility.
If the converted conduits are relatively long, the BOD reduction may be
considerable. An analysis of pressure pipeline reactors, sometimes called
tubular reactors, with the view towards utilizing pressure pipelines as
aerobic biological treatment facilities is presented. A mathematical model
and a case study are developed. Parameters considered are wastewater flowrate,
initial pressure head, seed inoculum concentration, pipe diameter, gas flow
rate, air to slurry ratio, DO concentration, gaseous oxygen concentration,
initial BOD, temperature, pumping station location with respect to pressure,
and gas injection commencement when the DO levels fall below a given value.
Also considered were the biological kinetic constants for municipal wastewater.
The economic practicality of this form of treatment was not considered,
but it was shown that BOD reduction could he effected.
Engineering Structures, *Sewers, *Treatment Methods, *Biochemical
Oxygen Demand, Water Pollution, Municipal Wastes, *Aerobic Treatment
036B
SEWER-WITHIN-SEWER SAVES CITY $400,000,
Nester, A. W.
City Engineer, Flint, Michigan.
The American City, Vol. 89, No. 2, p 45-46, February, 1974.
The city of Flint, Michigan effected the separation of 1800 feet of combined
sewers by putting a pipe within a pipe, thus saving the city $400,000. The
cost of open-cut or tunneling for separating the sewers was $600,000. A 14-
inch sanitary sewer line was laid in the invert of the old pipe, a cast-in-
place, elliptical concrete pipe 60 inches high and 40 inches wide. The sanitary
sewer connections were tied into it, and the line was covered with concrete.
First, the combined sewer was cleaned; working from manhole to manhole, a
Transite asbestos-cement pipe was placed one eight foot section at a time.
The sections were connected with pressure joints. Sanitary leads from
buildings were tapped into the new sewer; new leads were routed along the
interior wall contour of the old pipe and were fastened with stainless steel
straps and anchors. Quick-set mortar sealant prevented leakage of sanitary
sewage into the storm sewer during construction. When the sewer was in
place, it was concreted over with 3500 psi concrete.
Engineering Structures, Sewers, *Combined Sewers, *Separated Sewers, Manholes,
Pipes, Storm Drains, Tunnels, Urban Drainage, Michigan
Flint, Michigan
43
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037B
THE FRICTION FACTORS OF OSCILLATING PIPE FLOWS,
Hirose, K., and Nobunaka, M.
Okayama University, Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University, Vol. 8, No. 2,
p 44-51, December, 1973. 10 fig, 3 ref.
In this study, the penduluation of water column in the special vertical U-tube
which has about a 2-meter long horizontal straight foot pipe is utilized as
the oscillating pipe flow. Experimental results indicate that the momentary
friction factors in the accelerating state are smaller and in the decelerating
state are larger than that in steady state for each Reynolds number.
"""Investigations, *Pipe Flow, *Reynolds Number, *Roughness (Hydraulic),
*Turbulent Flow, Steady Flow, Mathematical Studies
038B
RELIEF CONCEPT CONCERNING MIXED SEWERS (ENTLASTUNGS-
KONZEPTIONEN IN MISCHSYSTEM) ,
Munz, W.
Gas- und Wasserfach - Wasser/Abwasser, Vol. 114, No. 11, p 525-529, 1973.
4 fig, 11 ref.
The installation of rain catchment basins to protect the receiving streams
from overflowing combined sewer systems has been an accepted practice for many
years. These basins have the purpose of holding certain quantities of water
during a rainfall, which is later returned to the purification plant for
treatment. Calculation methods for construction of rainfall catchment basins
are tabulated.
*Combined Sewers, *0verflow, *Watersheds (Basins), Rainfall, Storm Runoff
*Sewer Overflows
44
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039B
RECONSTRUCTING AN EGG-SHAPED SEWER,
Surveyor, Vol. 143, No. 3258, p 24-26, January 18, 1974. 8 fig.
The reconstruction of the Bowling Beck and the trunk sewer on Nelson St. in the
City of Bradford is described. The major part of the city lies in a bowl with
only a single outlet to the valley of the River Aire. This means that the
sewers as well as the natural becks and watercourses all pass through the
center of the city. The redevelopment of the central area has necessitated
many diversions and reconstructions of the drainage system. The beck
construction consisted of about 110 lin yd of 10 ft by 7 ft 6 in in situ RC
culvert at the downstream end as an extension to the culvert constructed in
1963. Upstream of this culvert some 500 lin yd of segmental tunnel were driven
south where a similar 10 ft by 7 ft RC culvert was constructed, 80 lin yd length,
to pick up the west branch of the Bowling Beck.
*Sewers, *Water Supply, Construction, Tunnel
Great Britain, Becks
040B
UTILITARIAN LEISURE FOR BURNHAM-ON-SEA,
Surveyor, Vol. 143, No. 4263, p 9, February, 1974. 4 fig.
The proposed drainage scheme for Burnham-on-Sea UDC is described. The main
drainage scheme is complete and is the first phase of a complete resewerage of
the district. The entire plan includes a new regional sewage purification
works and the abandonment of all existing untreated crude discharges to sea.
Large areas of unused claypits were featured in the scheme to provide surface
water storage capacity during tidelock conditions as an alternative to pumping
arrangements.
*Drainage systems, *Sewage Treatment, *Sewers, Surface Waters, Water Storage
45
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041B
SEWER LINE DESIGN BASED ON CRITICAL SHEAR STRESS,
Yao, K. M.
World Health Organization Professor of Sanitary Engineer-
ing, West Pakistan University of Engineering and Techno-
logy, Lahore, Pakistan
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE2, p 507-520,
April, 1974. 8 fig, 14 ref.
An investigation of all practical aspects in applying the critical shear stress
approach for the hydraulic design of circular sewers was carried out. The
minimum velocity approach was compared to the critical shear stress approach
in terms of their effectiveness in achieving self-cleaning action, and their
relative effects on the engineering design. Also, a procedure was developed
for the application of the critical shear stress approach in practical design
of circular sewers. The following conclusions were reached: a critical shear
stress in the range of 0.02 psf to 0.04 psf seems to be adequate for sanitary
sewers, while 0.06 psf to 0.08 psf applies to storm sewers; design equations
based on Manning's formula have been developed using the critical shear stress
approach; using a constant minimum velocity for all sewer sizes tends to
underdesign large sewers and overdesign small ones; critical shear stress
approach provides a more economical design in the case of partially full flow
with the flow depth less than 0.4 of the sewer diameter; a design chart and a
proposed design procedure are provided for practical use using the design
equations for the critical shear stress approach.
*Model Studies, *Mathematical Models, *Sewers, *Hydraulics, Engineering Structures
*Critical Shear Stress
042B
DAMAGED SEWAGE PIPE REMOVED BY DIAMOND SAWING,
Industrial Diamond Review, p 102-103, March, 1974. 4 fig.
During the process of aligning eight-foot long by 108 inch o.d. sections of
concrete sewer pipe underground, one of the lead sections was accidentally
damaged. The problem of removing the damaged section in the shortest possible
time was solved by diamond sawing. The pipes were being aligned with hydraulic
jacks when one of the units in the lead section was badly mangled. It was
felt that jackhammers would be too slow. A standard wall saw unit was adapted
for sawing the circular surface by a firm that specializes in sawing and drilling
concrete structures. A rig was adapted to the inside of the large pipe and was
operated by a two-man crew. A 20-inch diameter diamond blade made an initial
slice, followed by a 26-inch blade that cut through the final two inches.
The saw was powered by a nine h.p. motor; the blades rotated at 1400 rpm, and
were water cooled.
*Sewers, *Pipes, *Concrete Pipes, *Engineering Structures
Diamond Sawing
46
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04 3B
NOMOGRAPHS CALCULATE DISCHARGE FROM OPEN, HORIZONTAL PIPE,
Zanker, A.
Haifa, Israel
Heating/Plping/Air Conditioning, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 69-70, April, 1974. 3 fig.
The California pipe flow method for estimating the discharge of water requires
that a pipe be horizontal and at least 6 pipe diameters in length. No orifice
or nozzle is required for this method, and the only two necessary measurements
are the inside diameter of the pipe, and the distance from the inside top of the
pipe to the surface of the flowing water. Although the California method is
very simple, It may become troublesome to calculate because of the fractional
exponents involved. Two nomographs are given which solve the equation within
a matter of seconds.
*Environmental Engineering, *Hydraulics, *Discharge (Water), *PIpes,
Mathematical Models, Model Studies
*California Method, Nomographs
044B
CAPITAL COST MINIMIZATION OF DRAINAGE NETWORKS,
Dajani, J. S., and Hasit, Y.
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE2, p 325-337,
April, 1974. 3 fig, 2 tab, 18 ref.
Three formulations of the drainage network design problem based on variations
of and extensions to standard linear programming suggest a feasible design
methodology for the selection of pipe size and slope combinations for a
given network layout. The minimum cost design under given assumptions is
produced by this methodology. Full-conduit flow and a continuum of pipe sizes
is assumed by the first formulation. The second maintains the full-flow
assumption and limits feasible pipe sizes to discrete commercially available
diameters. The third allows partial flow and discrete diameters. The first
is a separable convex variation of linear programming; the second and third
a separable-convex mixed-integer programming model. The practicality of
mixed-integer programming Is demonstrated, and costs are compared.
*Model Studies, *Mathematical Models, *Engineering Structures, *Pipes,
Environmental Engineering, Drainage Engineering
47
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045B
TUNNEL FAILURE DELAYS SEWER SYSTEM STARTUP,
Engineering News-Record, Vol. 192, No. 2, p 12, January 10, 1974.
Operation of a 170 mgd-sewage pumping station in lower Manhattan, under construc-
tion since 1967, will be delayed until 1975 because of the failure of two
sections of interceptor sewer tunnel that have been completed since 1961, wait-
ing to feed the station. The failure of the 300 ft of 9 ft diameter concrete
lined interceptor appears related to the construction of the pumping station.
The tunnel sections that failed were driven in soft ground under compressed
air about 40 ft below the street. Their primary lining is cast iron segmen-
tal rings with steel rib support.
*Pumping plants, *Sewage, Tunnels, Sewers, Concrete pipes, *Failures
046B
TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS,
Pipes and Pipelines International, Vol. 18, No. 1, p 39, November, 1973.
Technical developments in the pipe and pipeline industry are summarized. An
orbital welding machine consisting of an argon arc welding head carrying a
tungsten electrode which rotates about the pipe joint was developed by Start-
rite Designs, Ltd., Gillingham, England. The machine practically eliminates
underbread in the pipe bore, so that flow patterns can be considerably im-
proved. An ICI traveling exhibition toured Great Britain to show how pipes
made from Propathene, Id's propropylene, have solved many industrial pipework
problems for drainage and disposal systems. A combined infill/carrier pipe
for road and underground drainage was developed from the Turnall asbestos
cement pipe of TAG Construction Materials, Ltd., Manchester. A new range of
horizontal magnetic particle crack detectors was designed by Vitosonics, Ltd.
Current is passed through the test piece to detect longitudinal defects, and
magnetic flux generated by a circumferential coil for transverse defect indi-
cation.
*Pipes, *Pipelines, *Welding, Welded Joints, Plastics, Drainage System
Great Britain, Magnetic Crack Detectors
43
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047B
EXAMPLES OF SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATION IK THE UK,
Camp, I. C.
J. D. & D. M. Watson
The Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 56, Part 1, p 49-62, February,
1974. 4 fig, 4 tab, 6 ref.
Multiple hearth, rotary hearth, and fluidlzed bed Incinerators for sludge
withdrawn from municipal sewage are described followed by an account of the
installation now under construction for the Esher Urban District Council.
Reference is made to similar schemes for the new City of Milton Keynes, the
Royal Borough of Caernarvon, and the Borough of Banbury. The annual cost
of incineration is shown to range from $3.75 to $12.50 {$2.50 = 1L) per person
served by the system, the amount being dependent on the size of the installation
and the hours run each day.
*Sludge treatment, *Sewage sludge, *Incineration, *Treatment facilities,
Municipal wastes, Operating costs
Great Britain
048B
PINCH VALVES TAKE HOLD ON THE INDUSTRY,
Schneider, L.
Red Valve Co., Inc., Carnegie, Pennsylvania
Water 6, Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 3, p 50, 51, 60, March, 1974. 4 fig.
Pinch valves are now being used with increasing frequency in sewer systems
because of their design simplicity. Pinch valves cannot jam by debris,
eliminate the need for periodic maintenance or lubrication, and are available
in a great variety of materials and design—pneumatic pinch mechanical pinch,
combination valve designs, and materials that include many elastomers. Pinch
valves often come with a service life of ten years or more.
*Engineering structures, *Sewers, *Valves, Flow control
Pinch valves
49
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049B
GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNING PLANT SEWERS,
Merrill, W. H., Jr.
Bissell, Merrill, and Associates, Williamsville
Plant Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 7, p 95-97, April 4, 1974.
4 fig, 1 tab.
Design criteria for plant sewers are presented. They should be based on
information, obtained by a formal waste water survey that details probable
waste material to be discharged into the sewer and estimates expected flow:
maximum surges, minimum flow, and average flow. Sewer ordinances and health
codes may establish additional design criteria. A plan should be made of
the area and contain: a plan and a profile of the project area, both the
location and elevation of all structures and underground items near the
proposed sewer line, and the point of inlet and point of discharge for the
proposed line. Key elements of good sewer design procedures include:
alignment, velocity, pipe joints, manholes, cross connections, pipe strength,
corrosion problems, corrosion control, pipe material, and project plans.
*Design criteria, *Sewers, Sewerage, Estimates, Wastes, Inflow, Flow,
Legislation, Public health, Discharge lines, Velocity, Pipes, Pipelines,
Pipe flow, Joints (connections), Manholes, Strength of materials, Corrosion,
Corrosion control, Planning
Alignment
050B
UNDERGROUND WASTE MANAGEMENT—A PEOPLE PROBLEM,
Frye, F. C.
Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois
The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,
Vol. 58, No. 4, p 749-752, April, 1974. 1 ref.
The application of earth science to underground waste management is discussed.
There are four categories of wastes: man made refuse, industrial liquid
wastes, high-level radioactive wastes, and sewage effluents and some
agricultural wastes. Sewage effluents are becoming increasingly important
in the total waste management problem. Subsurface disposal is one problem
in the management of wastes. There is clearly a trend toward spreading sludge
on the surface, and at least one major metropolitan area has started a system
of rock tunnels for transporting and storing combined sewage and storm water.
It is estimated that 8.8 billion pounds of suspended solids from the sewer
serviced population of the United States is transported annually. Other
problems include: the landfill problem, the purpose of a monitoring system,
whether only naturally safe disposal sites can be used, the recycling of
relatively inert and nonhazardous solid wastes, and the disposal well problem.
Underground waste disposal, *Land management, *Geology, Wastes, Liquid wastes,
Industrial wastes, Radioactive wastes, Sewage effluents, Farm Wastes, Waste
storage, Suspended solids.
50
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051B
CORROSION-RESISTANT PIPE AT WALT DISNEY WORLD,
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 4, p 52-53, April, 1974.
The chilled water and sewer distribution system burried beneath the ground at
Walt Disney World is discussed. The area's high water table and stringent
demands for performance resulted in the use of new and unusual corrosion re-
sistant pipe materials. A drainage system keeps the ground stabilized, but
pipe inside the trench is often submerged in water. The 24 in diameter Temp-
Tlte pipe consists of an outer jacket of corrosion resistant asbestos cement
pipe, a closed cell polyurethane foam insulation, and an inner core pipe of
epoxy lined a-c pipe that carries the water. It is a factory fabricated pre-
insulated design that does not require expansion joints. The pipe system is
connected by ring type joints providing a tight seal and allowing for pipe
expansion and contraction. Thrust blocks are required. The pipe is not
affected by corrosive soil and does not require cathodic protection. Water
supply is plentiful in the Orlando area, and seven wells were built to handle
all water needs.
*Sewers, *Water cooling, *Water distribution (applied), Florida, Pipes,
Corrosion control, Pipes, Wells, Water supply
Walt Disney World
052B
GIGANTIC PIPE RESCUES A TOWN FROM FLOODING,
Excavating Contractor, Vol. 68, No. 4, p 20-21, April, 1974.
As rural areas are developed and land runoff becomes a problem, large dia-
meter pipes may provide a viable solution. In the suburbs of Detroit, a
former flood plain which is now residential was previously perennially flooded.
To relieve this problem, the Henry-Graham Storm Drain was constructed. This
is a mile-long segment of a steel-reinforced pre-cast concrete pipe, 17 feet
in diameter. Its design outlet capacity is 2000 cu ft per second. This
pipe successfully carries incredible water capacities and allows the entire
system to be effective, preventing flooding,
*Floodproofing, *Concrete pipes, Floodplains, Pipes, Rural areas, Storm drains,
Storm runoff, Cities, Costs, Control structures, Drainage engineering
*Land runoff, *Henry-Graham Storm Drain, Pre-cast concrete
51
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053B
FLOW SMOOTHING IN SANITARY SEWERS,
Click, C. N., and MIxon, F. 0.
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield,
Illinois
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 3, p 522-531,
March, 1974. 16 fig, 2 tab, 11 ref.
A study of municipal waste water systems was undertaken to assess the feasi-
bility of flow smoothing compared with additional piping as a method of in-
creasing the capacity of existing sewerage systems. It was concluded that
flow smoothing in sanitary systems does offer an economically attractive
alternative to relieve sewers needing additional capacity, particularly if
the length of the outfall pipe needing relief exceeds about three miles.
Flow smoothing also is favored by increasing peak-to-average flow ratios and
interest rates and by increasing slopes, construction costs, pipe diameters,
and design depth of flow. In addition, capacity increase by flow smoothing
will result in a proportionate capacity increase in all downstream piping
and equipment.
*Municipal waste water, *Mathematical studies, *Flow, *Pipes, *Sewage systems,
Costs, Construction costs, Sanitary engineering, Piping, Equipment
*Flow smoothing, Sewage systems capacity, Flow ratios
054B
NEW RUBBER EXPANSION JOINTS FOR PIPELINES,
Water Services, Vol. 18, No. 935, p 21, January, 1974.
Rubber expansion joints for pipelines are being marketed in the United
Kingdom by United Flexible Metallic Tubing Company, Limited. The joints
are available in a variety of qualities of rubber and can be fitted for
aggressive chemicals. They have a strong multi-ply nylon fabric carcass
with wire reinforced collars and a weather proof external cover. Sizes
range from 32-300 mm bore. The over length is 130 mm. Total axial move-
ment possible is + or - 30 mm from the normal free length. Maximum lateral
offset is from 20-30 mm depending on diameter. The joints provide a
versatile and economic means of achieving flexibility in pipelines con-
veying fluids under pressure or vacuum. All forms of movement can be
compensated for, and they also serve to dampen vibrations and prevent the
transmission of noise.
*Expansion joints, *Rubber, Pipelines, Design data, Flexibility
United Kingdom
52
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055B
VACUUM SEWAGE TRANSPORT AND TREATMENT IN RURAL AREAS IN
DENMARK,
Jespersen, F.
A/S Electrolux
Denmark
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 287-304, August 22-24, 1973.
6 fig, 11 ref.
The article reviews the advantages and potential applications of vacuum sewer
systems in Denmark. Two of the major arguements presented are: by use of the
vacuum system household water demand could be reduced by as much as 50 percent
and since black water (e.g. water plus human wastes) is the major source of
pathogenic bacteria and nutrient salts, if one separates its handling from
grey water, great economies in collection and treatment costs could be
realized and improved water quality. If collected separately sewage
waste volume could be reduced to 5 percent the present level. Incineration or
chemical treatment could be used to dispose of this black water concentrate.
*Sewage treatment, *Waste disposal, *Water conservation, Bacteria, Water
demand, Cold regions, Water reuse, Water quality
*Demark, *Black water, *Grey water, *Vacuum sewage, Waste water collection
056B
VACUUM SEWER SYSTEMS FOR NORTHERN APPLICATIONS,
Averill, D. W. , and Heinke, G. W.
Project Planning Associates Limited
Toronto, Canada
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 258-286, August 22-24, 1973.
5 fig, 21 ref.
Where water is scarce, construction materials expensive, and topography and
soil conditions incompatable with required grade lines for conventional
sewer systems, the vacuum sewer system can be a practical alternative for waste
water collection. Use of this type of system to date in the Bahamas, Canada,
and plans for use in Alaska are reviewed. Also included is a section on vacuum
transport theory as well as operations, maintenance, and capital costs. Advan-
tages cited for this type of system include: horizontal and upgrade transport,
flexibility, water savings. Vacuum toilets use about one quart of water per
flush as compared with conventional toilets using 2 to 4 gallons per flush.
*Sewerage, *Soil properties, *Topography, *Maintenance costs, *0perating
costs, *Capital costs, Cold regions, Canada, Alaska
*Bahamas, *Vacuum sewer system, *Vacuum transport theory, Waste water collection
53
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057B
STEEL PIPELINE DESIGN,
Hughes, R. C., DeKeyser, W. R., Elder, L. L., and
Wilson, G. R.
Crest Engineering Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Civil Engineering- American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 44,
No. 3, p 64-67, March, 1974. 1 fig.
Design criteria differ for steel pipelines used for four major purposes. These
subfields are slurry, liquid petroleum, gas, and water. Experts in each area
discuss differences between them. Slurry refers to long distance transportation
of a designed slurry, giving both liquid and solid stresses. Corrosion/erosion
resistant linings are essential for reducing required wall thickness. For
liquid petroleum pipelines, criteria for internal and external pressures are
the minimum rather than the limits for the engineer. Factors to be considered
in design are temperature, fluid temperature, dynamic effects, longitudinal
stress, corrosion, threading and grooving, and wall thickness and defect toler-
ances. Gas pipelines follow similar criteria, with additional limitations
due to possible internal corrosion. Water pipelines included those buried for
water supply and transmission pipelines with pipe in diameter 24 inches and
larger. Stress was based upon internal pressures, external loads and pro-
tective linings and coatings, cathodic protection, and types of field joints.
Standardized symbols in coding as well as communication between engineers
in these sub-fields was deemed necessary,
*Pipelines, *Petroleum, *Design criteria, Standards, Slurries, Temperature,
Fluid temperature, Corrosion, Pressure, Structures, Engineering structures,
Communication, Research
*Steel pipelines, *Liquid petroleum, Water pipelines, Stress
05 8B
CLEANING WATERMAINS USING POLYURETHANE SWABS,
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 5, p 34-36, May, 1974. 4 fig.
A watermain near Toronto, Canada, was cleaned by forcing a polyurethane foam
swab through the main via regular water pressures. First, the main valves
were closed to isolate the section; the swab was inserted into the top of a
compression-type hydrant which had its internal workings previously removed.
Water pressure from a fire hose on the hydrant supplied the pressure while
the nearest main valve was opened and the swab moved at 100 feet per minute to
an open hydrant at the far end of the line. The chance of a swab becoming
lodged in a main is small, and can be corrected by a reverse flow. Insertion
of the swab is not difficult; most of Ontario's hydrants are of the compression
type. For small mains up to 10 inches in diameter there is no problem—it is
necessary, however, to ensure the plugging of drain holes. The greatest need
for swabbing is commonly at municipalities using low pH surface water supplies
where filtration treatment is not provided. Detritis removed by swabbing may
be conducive to bacterial growth, and swabs are often treated with disin-
fectant .
*Pipes, *Cleaning, *Water pressure, *Hydrants, Canada, Municipal water,
Drainage, Bacteria, Disinfection
*Polyurethane, *Water mains, Compression, Toronto, Swabs, Mains, pH
54
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059B
RAIN RETENTION BASINS AND RAINWATER DISCHARGES (REGEN-
BECKEN UNO REGENENTLASTUNGEN) ,
Munz, W.
Gas - Wasser - Abwasser, Vol. 54, No. 3, p 98-110, April, 1974. 40 fig,
13 tab, 2 ref.
Examples for the calculation of rainwater retention basins and compound ba-
sins, a combination of retention basin and settling basin, for complex sewer
systems are presented. While both rainwater retention and settling basins are
usually designed for a rain intensity of 40 liter/sec that occurs at a proba-
bility of about 10 times yearly, it is acceptable to reduce this value to 30
liter/sec to cut investment costs. Detailed calculations of runoff yield,
inlet canal, heights of basin and canal, settling basin surface area, over-
flows, flow rates, and retention volumes are described. Runoff inlet should
be along the longitudinal axis of the basin, or baffle walls should be used
to prevent the content from circulation within the basin.
*Rain water, *Settling basins, Sewer systems, Flow rates, Canal design,
Costs, Design criteria
*Rain water discharges, *Rain retention basins, Runoff yield
060B
WHAT'S HEW IN WATER AND SEWER PIPE?,
Godfrey, Jr., K. A.
Editor, Civil Engineering, New York, New York
Civil Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 44, No. 5, p 72-73, May, 1974. 1 fig.
For a savings of time and money, steel channels were used to line a tunnel
for a ten foot OD sanitary sewer in Staten Island, New York. The steel tun-
nel lining was designed to carry permanent loading, permitting the contractor
to place the cast-in-place concrete liner before holing the tunnel. Wide
steel channels (24 inches) were made and welded flange to flange, then pressed
to conform to the tunnel shape. The length of the job is 17,000 feet, and
is characterized by having a wide segment width of 48 inches to ensure rapid
tunnelling and being the first major tunnel in New York City using neoprene
gaskets which are factory applied.
*Tunnel linings, *Sewers, *Steel pipes, Construction materials, Channels,
Concrete
Staten Island, New York, Steel tunnels, Steel channels, Neoprene gaskets
55
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061B
THE DUAL FUNCTIONING SWIRL COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW
REGULATOR/CONCENTRATOR,
Field, R.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Storm & Combined
Sewer Technology Branch, Edison Water Quality Research
Laboratory, National Environmental Research Center —
Cinn., Edison, N.J.
Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA 670/2-73-059, September,
1973. 49 p, 16 fig, 2 tab, 13 ref.
A hydraulic laboratory pilot project was run in conjunction with mathematical
modeling to refine and demonstrate the swirl flow regulator/solids-
liquid separator. The simple, annularly shaped device requires no moving
parts and provides the dual function of regulating flow by a central cir-
cular weir while simultaneously treating combined waste water by a swirl
action. The low-flow concentrate is diverted via bottom orifice to the
sanitary sewerage system for subsequent treatment at the municipal works
while the relatively clear liquid overflows the weir into a central down-
shaft and receives further treatment or is discharged to the stream. The
device is capable of functioning efficiently over a wide range of combined
sewer overflow rates, and can effectively separate suspended matter at a
small fraction of the detention time required for conventional sedimentation
or flotation.
laboratory testa, *Separation techniques, *Mathematical models, *Waste
water treatment, Overflows, Combined sewers, Flow control, Weirs, Design
criteria
*Swirl regulator/concentrator
06 2B
CORNWALL'S NEW PVC TRUNK MAIN,
Pawson, J. M.
Chemidus Wavin Limited,
Meadowfield, Durham,
England
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 938, p 124-125, April, 1974.
A description of a large plastic 24 inch water main is given as well as details
on local drinking water treatment, reservoir operation, costs and capabilities
of the new water main. Demand for additional water due to an increase in resi-
dential population, immigration, and seasonal tourism hhas risen in the town of
Cornwall, as it has in much of England. This new facility offers a possible
solution.
*Water distribution, *Water resources development, Water storage, Water supply,
Costs
*Polyvinyl chloride, Great Britain (Cornwall)
-------
06 3B
THE PRESSURE SEWER: A NEW ALTERNATIVE TO THE GRAVITY
SEWER,
Carcich, I. G., Hetling, L. J., and Farrell, R. P.
New York Dept of Environmental Conservation, Albany,
New York
Civil Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 44, No. 5, p 50-53, May 1974, 6 fig.
The key to a new pressure sewer system is the grinder pump. Placed in the
basement of the house, the pump grinds up large particles in the household
sewage and discharges this fluid to a small diameter pressure sewer. The
chief advantages gained by use of such a system are the reduction in sewer
installation costs (the pipe need only be laid just below ground level);
and elimination of groundwater infiltration. In testing performed in the
Albany area it was found that pressure-sewer waste was 100 percent stronger
on a concentration basis yet 50 percent less contaminants were in the water
on a gm/capita/day basis than in conventional gravity sewer waste water.
Sewage volume was 2/3 lower on a per capita basis than for conventional sys-
tems, primarily due to the elimination of groundwater infiltration. The small
diameter pressure sewer appears to be a proven technology. More than 20
projects using this type of system are either in operation, under construc-
tion, or being designed.
*Sewers, *Waste disposal, *Facilities, *Costs, Groundwater, Infiltration,
Pressure, New York
*Pressure sewer
064B
THE SEWAGE SYSTEM OF THE CITY OF RANGOON,
Singh, G. P.
The Public Health Engineer, No. 9, p 96, May 1974.
The existing sewerage system was installed in the year 1874 during the
British regime covering an area of 3.4 square miles of central Rangoon,
Burma. From 1915 to 1924 the system was extended, bringing the total
area covered to 6.3 square miles. The remaining 44 suburbs have no sewerage
at present, but are served with bucket and pit latrines. The contents of
both collecting chambers flow into the main sewers which discharge into
the eastern end of the Irrawaddy River. Municipal sewage is discharged
into the main sewers by ejector stations at the roadside. Water consumption
in the city is about 35 gallons per head per day or 70 million gallons per
day. The supply is insufficient and authorities have begun the construction
of a water reservoir project at Pugyi, 32 miles from Rangoon.
*Water supply, *Sewerage, *Sewers, Municipal wastes, Waste treatment, Water
utilization, History
Burma
57
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065B
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION BY THE DISCHARGE OF COMBINED SEWER
SYSTEMS (POLLUTION DES EAUX DE SURFACE PAR LE DECHARGE DES
RESEAUX D'EGOUT UNITAIRES),
Bex, J.
Techniques et Sciences Municipales, Vol. 69, No. 4, p 185-189, April, 1974.
2 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
Problems of the pollution of receiving waters by the discharge of storm runoff
in combined sewer systems, and methods for the design of storm overflows in
such sewer systems are discussed. In combined systems, all or part of the
storm runoff, far exceeding the quantity of dry-weather runoff, is directly
discharged into the receiving waters without treatment. This is likely to
cause pollution surge in the latter due to its inherent pollution, and to the
entrainment of municipal effluent and sewer sediments. The dilution method,
previously used for the calculation of storm overflows, is unacceptable
since the overflow is polluted, and it is not possible to evaluate the pollutant
load caused in the receiving waters. Instead, storm overflows should be
calculated on the basis of a judiciously chosen critical rain, usually varying
from 15 to 25 liter/sec. The pollutant load of the receiving waters due to
storm water runoff can be abated by the use of retention basins, or by partial
purification of the storm runoff. (Takacs-FIRL)
*Sewer systems, *Storm runoff, *Combined sewers, Municipal wastes, Storm water,
Effluents, Path of pollutants, Rainfall-runoff relationships
*Receiving waters, Storm overflows, Pollutant load, Retention basins
066B
INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF GUIDE CORDS IN THE
MAINTENANCE OF A GIVEN SLOPE (Povysheniye effektivnosti
ispol'zovaniya kopira-niti pri podderzhivanii zadannogo uklona),
Beylin, D. K., and Strautin, U. F.
Gidrotekhnika i Melioratsiya, Vol. 3, No. 4, p 65-68, April, 1974. 3 fig.
A method for the elimination of errors occurring during digging operation due
to the sag of the guide cord is described. The guide cord is acted upon by
a force that is equal to the force causing the sag but opposite in direction
in the point of its contact with the depth feeler. The lifting mechanism
can be in the form of a two-arm lever with an adjustable balance weight at
one end and with a hook at the other. The use of the lifting mechanism
permits the inter-support distance to be increased from 10 m to 60-100 m.
(Takacs-FIRL)
*Mathematical studies, *Equations, *Slope protection, Operation, Soil
mechanics, Design
*U.S.S.R, Guide cord, Digging
58
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067B
EFFECT OF URBAN STREET PATTERN ON DRAINAGE,
Kao, S. E.
Arizona University
Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 34, No. 12, p 6099,
June, 1974.
Tradeoffs between alternative street patterns with respect to urban
drainage has been investigated. The study area is confined to residential
subdivisions where the subdivision boundary is assumed to be the watershed
boundary. The cost-effectiveness technique is employed to give an objective
evaluation for the three alternative patterns; those being rectangular,
curvilinear, and dendritic. A framework of a distributed system model
has been constructed for simulating the runoff hydrographs and flow depths
at certain points on the streets. Results indicated that the dentritic
pattern appears to be the best type of street arrangement in terms of
urban drainage. This pattern has the smallest percentage of street
intersections occupied by water during a storm; time of occupation of high
water stages at street intersections is much shorter in the dentritic
pattern; and, the development cost for the dentritic pattern is the lowest.
*Roads, *Urban drainage, *Storm runoff, Drainage systems, Evaluation,
Simulation analysis, Model studies, Cost analysis
*Dentritic patterns
068B
ICE VISITS EDINBURGH'S L 22m TUNNELLED SEWER SYSTEM,
Wade, S.
New Civil Engineer, No. 92, p 24, May 16, 1974.
An interceptor sewer system which will intercept the flow from Edinburgh
and direct it for primary treatment on reclaimed land in the Seafield Bay
area will be 18 km long when completed in 1976. The greater part of the
system is being tunnelled with a primary lining of standard segments and
a secondary lining formed with in situ concrete. The treatment works will
provide primary treatment although space has been allowed in the total
area of reclamation for extension to further treatment should it ever be
required in the future.
*Sewers, *Tunneling, Construction materials, Tunnel linings, Treatment
facilities
England
59
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069B
PIPELINE NETWORK CALCULATIONS USING SPARSE
COMPUTATION TECHNIQUES,
Mah, R. S. H,
Northwestern University,
Evanston, Illinois
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 29, No. 7, p 1629-1638, 1974.
8 fig, 10 ref.
Computation to determine steady-state conditions in pipeline
networks can be facilitated using sparse computation techniques.
Three network algorithms for direction assignment, node-arc
ordering and construction of a minimal length cycle set are
given. These algorithms are readily implemented using list
processing techniques, making it unnecessary for program users
to supply similar information. Using these algorithms, it is
possible to obtain substantial reduction in computing time
and core storage. Computational accuracy may also be enhanced
by reduced number of rounding errors. The reduction of com-
puting time is particularly dramatic. Estimates based on opera-
tion counts are partially verified by actual computational ex-
perience. For a given network the benefit of a single appli-
cation of these algorithms is multiplied many times with itera-
tions and different parametric values. The development demon-
strates substantial advantages of applying graph-theoretic
techniques directly to increase data processing efficiency.
*Pipelines, *Algorithms, Construction, Computation, Computers,
Models, Data Processing, Networks
070B
EFFECTS OF PIPE MATERIALS ON QUALITY OF WATER SAMPLES,
Tabatabai, M. A., and Fenton, T. E.
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa,
Department of Agronomy
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 29, No. 3, p. 125-126,
May/June, 1974. 2 tab, 5 ref.
Studies for evaluating the effect of metal (iron) wells on ground-
water quality in Iowa have shown that water samples collected
from metal wells contained markedly lower concentrations of
orthophosphate-P and sulfate-S than did samples collected from
wells constructed with plastic pipes. Rust which formed in
the metal wells caused precipitation of the orthophosphate and
sulfate present in groundwater. Studies to evaluate the use of
galvanized metal runoff-collection tanks for nutrient loss by
surface runoff experiments showed that orthophosphate-P con-
centration in water collected in such tanks decreased with time.
No effect of time of water sampling from the runoff-collection
tank on the nitrate of sulfate concentration was observed within
.48 hours.
*Pipes, *Water quality, *Construction materials, *Metals, Runoff,
Water sampling, Plastic pipes
Iowa, Iron wells
60
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071B
COMPACT WASTE WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS WITH HIGH CAPACITY
(KOMPAKTE ABWASSERPUMPWERKE GROSSER LEISTUNG),
Jaggi, H.
Schweizerische Bauseriung, Vol. 92, No. 22, p 541-544, 1974.
5 fig, 1 ref.
Compact waste water pumps with high capacity are described
with special regard to cooling systems. In pump shafts with
no flooding hazards, vertical or horizontal assemblies with
a short drive shaft and conventional electric engines are
used. However, it is also possible to use compact comonobloc
systems incorporating splash-proof submerged pumps that should
be provided with efficient cooling systems. Air cooling is
not feasible due to the limited space of the collection shaft.
Effective cooling can be achieved by the use of oil-filled
electric motors with oil cooling in a separate cooler cooled
by waste water. Such pumps are available for capacities
up to 150 kWatts.
*Waste water, *Pumps, Cooling systems, Equipment
Air cooling, Oil cooling
07 2B
DRAIN CONSTRUCTION UNDER HIGH GROUNDWATER LEVEL CONDITIONS
(0 STROITEL'STVE DRENAZHA V USLOVIYAKH VYSOKOGO URONNYA
GRUNTOVYKH VOD),
Kaziyev, B. M.
Gidrotekhnika i Melioratiiya, No. 2, p 81-82, 1974.
Factors influencing the cave-in of trench walls in areas
with high groundwater level were studied. In most cases,
cave-in did not extend over the entire depth of the trench,
but started out from the depth with the highest moisture
content. In relatively dry sections, cave-in extended
over the entire height, and was often preceded by cracks
parallel to the trench wall. Cave-in was found to be con-
ditioned by the non-linear motion of the excavator. Also,
cave-in occurred most frequently on the side of the spoil
bank.
*Groundwater, Draining, Sewer systems
*Cave-ins
61
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073B
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPTIMAL LIFE OF FIXED CAPITAL IN WATER
SUPPLY AND SEWER SYSTEMS (AZ ALLOESZKOZOK OPTIMALIS ELET
TARTAMANAK VIZSGALATA A VIZELLATAS ES CSATORNAZAS TERULETEN) ,
Magony, L.
Hidrologiai Kozlony, Vol. 54, No. 1, p 10-14, January, 1974. 7 tab.
Considerations concerning the determination of the optimal life
of fixed capital in water supply and sewer systems are presented.
Records on the maintenance, repair, and overhaul of water supply
and sewer systems should give information on both the costs and
on the expectable life of the facility. Such records should
also permit the determination of the optimum time for replacement
of a given facility. The life of such facilities is determined
by physical wear and economic considerations. A given facility
should be replaced as soon as the costs of repair and overhaul
for a given period of time in the future exceed the total of the
earlier repair and overhaul expenditures. Or, replacement may
be desired at a time when the anticipated costs of overhaul are
nearly equal with the value of a new, modern facility. The
quantification of these factors is possible by the introduction
of a so-called factor of usefulness, i.e., a sum of scores
determined by various criteria, e.g., weight, specific weight,
power and fuel consumption, reliability and write-off.
*Sewer systems, *Capital costs, Maintenance costs, Water supply,
Facilities
Modernization
074B
DESIGN OF A COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW REGULATOR CON-
CENTRATOR,
Field, R.
Water Quality Research Laboratory,
National Environmental Research Center,
Environmental Protection Agency,
Edison, New Jersey
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7,
p 1722-1741, July, 1974. 24 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref.
A new type of combined sewer overflow regulator/concentrator was
developed under the auspices of EPA, Edison. The swirl unit which
resulted offers potential control of both quantity and quality of
overflows. Mechanical breakdown and power requirements and cor-
rosion complications are eliminated to a great extent, and detention
times are very short. It is simple to design, but requires evalu-
ation of the following factors: hydraulic head differential
between the collector and interceptor sewers, hydraulic capacity
of collector sewer, design flow, dry weather flow and capacity
of interceptor sewer, and amount and character of settleable
solids.
*Combined sewers, *Environmental Protection Agency, *Design
criteria, *Hydraulic design, Sewer systems
Dry weather flow, Settleable solids
62
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075B
COMPUTERIZED REPORTS IMPROVE SEWER MAINTENANCE,
Van Natta, W. S.
The American City, Vol. 89, Mo. 6, p 81-83, June, 1974.
2 fig.
Accurate and accessible records are essential in the efficient operation of sewers,
and in the inexpensive operation of the same. Information is needed on each
separate length of sewer in the city's system, and the development of the sorts
of records most helpful to those needing the information. A statistical record
evaluating the efficiency and progress of overall maintenance is required for
administrators and engineers, and a detailed record which would reflect each
individual maintenance action and the expense to that individual portion sewer
system is necessary.
*Sewerage, *Costs, *Municipal wastes, Statistics, Sewer systems, Maintenance
Records
076B
EXPERIENCE WITH BUTTERFLY VALVES,
Popalisky, J. R.
Division of Water Supply, Kansas City, Missouri
American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 6, p. 349-351,
June, 1974. 4 fig, 1 tab.
The use of rubber—seated butterfly valves is elucidated. The valves are employed
in low-pressure applications at a water treatment facility in Kansas City,
Missouri. Experience with these valves has been generally favorable except for
30 in a group of 32 associated with a raw-water pump discharge-and-distributions-
control system for a treatment facility. The valves had gum-rubber seats and
stainless-steel disc edges. The isolated seat failures were attributed to the
substitution of inferior rubber compounding material and the use of the seats
in a non-disinfected raw-water environment.
*Butterfly valves, Water treatment, Equipment, Water supply
*Raw-water pump discharge-and-distributions-control system
63
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077B
SOME INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING UPVC WATER AND SEWER
PIPES AND FITTINGS,
Janson, L.-E., and Valimaa, P.
VBB, Consulting Engineers and Architects, Stockholm,
Sweden
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 6, p 360-368,
June, 1974. 18 fig, 10 ref.
Developmental work conducted in Finland on long-term behavior of pipes and
fittings as a function of raw material properties and manufacturing techniques
is discussed. Results show that the raw material properties for UPVC pipes
are far more important for the long-term strength than has been recognized in
most international standards. As for pressure pipes, the permissible tensile
stress can easily be raised if proper requirements of the raw material are
formulated and an adequate testing method is introduced. Even for sewer pipes
the raw-material properties are of great importance for the long-term behavior
of the total installation.
*Pipes, Construction materials, Pressure conduits, Sewers, Testing,
Performance
Fittings
078B
STATIC CALCULATION OF SEWAGE PIPES MADE FROM HIGH-PRESSURE
POLYETHYLENE (STATISCHE BERECHNUNG VON ABWASSERROHREN ADS
POLYAETHYLAN) ,
Gaube, E., Mueller, W., and Falcke, F.
Kunststoffe, Vol. 64, No. 4, p 193-196, April, 1974. 5 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
Static calculations of high-pressure sewage pipes in different types of
soil are presented. Separate calculations are given for polyethylene
pipes laid over or under the groundwater level or in riverbeds. Pipes
laid under the groundwater level or in riverbeds should be calculated
both for deformation by soil pressure and for buckling due to the exter-
nal overpressure of the groundwater or river water. Formulae for the
determination of elliptical deformation due to soil pressure and for the
buckling are presented. Pipes laid in soils with the properties of vis-
cous liquid (such as in marshlands) should be calculated for buckling a-
gainst the external liquid pressure. When using polyethylene pipes for
relining existing canals, the buckling behavior of the pipes should be
taken into account.
*Sewage pipes, *Soil pressure, Soils, Calculations, Canals, Polyethylene,
Groundwater
*Static calculations
64
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079B
NEW DESIGNS OF PIPELAYING IMPLEMENTS FOR DRAIN BAGGERS
(Novyye konstruktsli truboukladyvayushchikh prisposoblenly dreno-
ukladchikov),
Naryshkina, V. L., and Nedokuchayev, B. N.
Gidrotekhnika i Melioratsiya, Vol. 3, No. 4, p 68-71, April, 1974.
3 fig, 3 ref.
Tendencies in earthenware pipelaying technology for drainages are
outlined on the basis of a review of foreign patents. Pipelaying
equipment providing for circular cushioning layer should have forced
pipe feeding to prevent the pipes from separating. For great depths,
up to 4 m, pipelaying equipment should be provided with adequate im-
plements for the correction of the height and angular position. To
reduce friction and resistance during pipe feeding, the frictional
pipe feeding mechanism should have roller bed guides rather than slid-
ing guides.
*Drainage, *Patents, *Equipment, *Pipes
Pipelaying, Earthenware pipes
080B
THE DESIGN OF FILTER ADAPTERS FOR IRRIGATION PIPES (0
konstruktsii prisoyedineniya fil'tra k polivnomu trubo-
provodu) ,
A. G. Vasil'ev
Gidrotekhnika i Melioratsiya, Vol. 3, No. 4, p 61, April, 1974. 3 fig.
New design of filter adapters for irrigation pipelines is presented.
The filter, 20 mm in diameter and 175 mm in length, is placed in a
pipe section with increased cross section at the beginning of the
pipeline. The cross-section of the pipeline is equal to the annular
cross section formed between the section of increased diameter and
the tubular filter. The new design of the filter adapter reduced
the coefficient of local resistance and the pressure by up to 6 to 8
times as compared with the conventional adapter -without increased dia-
meter. The filter is suitable for the retention of particles larger
than 0.8 mm that are susceptible of clogging the sprinklers.
Irrigation, *Pipelines, *Filters, Pipes, Sprinklers
*Filter adapter
65
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081B
SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS IN THE SEWAGE SYSTEM,
Fries, H.
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
The International Technical Review, No. 95, p 246-250, 1974. 8 fig, 8 ref.
Sewage is being pumped over long distances in many countries. Choice of
pump types and design of pump stations is discussed, with the criteria
depending on the type of treatment that the sewage will receive at the treat-
ment plant. Too long a retention time in peripheric pump stations can give
a septic water that is hard to treat, especially in warm countries. Pumps
should be sufficiently wear resistant to handle sand and gravel and should
be designed for a mild action only if necessary for the pump function, so
that the efficiency of automatic strainers at the treatment plant is not
adversely affected. Small pump stations can be designed with tangential
inlets and steeply sloping bottoms for optimum aeration and minimum cleansing
demand. For large pump stations, however, model testing is necessary to
determine the best inlet conditions to the pump. In addition, multipump
stations are discussed, which offer the possibility of equalized feeding of
treatment plants, but must be equipped with not only step-wise start but
also step-wise stop of the pumps.
*Pumps, *Sewage, *Equipment, *Pumping, Design criteria, Waste water
treatment, Sewage treatment, Pumping stations, Automation, Cleansing
*Treatment plants, Multipump stations, Model testing
082B
PLANNING AND CONTROL OF COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEMS,
Glessner, W. R., Cockburn, R. T., Moss, F. H., and Noonan, M. E.
City and County of San Francisco, San Francisco,
California, Department of Public Works
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE4,
p 1013-1032, August, 1974. 6 fig, 4 tab, 2 ref.
A detailed study of the San Francisco Bay area led to the preparation of a
Master Plan for Wastewater Management, applying systems engineering to the
use of combined waste water control and management of combined sewer over-
flows . Three waste water treatment plants with a combined average daily
sanitary capacity of 100 mgd and an interceptor system of approximately 300
mgd peak capacity to service 43 separate combined sewer districts were
investigated. Problems included control of the massive and dynamically
variable wet weather periods of short duration and control of the smaller
volume of dry weather flow. Water quality standards and planning alter-
natives were considered. It was concluded that a combined sewer system with
added storage and enlarged treatment to reduce overflows will provide a
higher level of water quality protection than separate storm and sanitary
systems.
*Waste water treatment, *Combined sewers, *Management, Planning, Overflows
*Treatment plants, *San Francisco, California, Master Plan for Wastewater
Management
66
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083B
SLOTTED DRAIN IS DESIGNED FOR SAFETY,
Morris, G. E.
Armco Steel Corporation,
Metal Products Division
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 9, p 76-77, September, 1974.
Design engineers at the Armco Steel Corporation have produced a recessed
drainage pipe with a continuous opening that is flush with a highway surface.
This prevents ponding and sheeting of rainwater along roadways, and is both
economical and safe. This Slotted Drain pipe is a welded-seam, helically
corrugated steel pipe. Proper backfill material plus the fact that the pipe
is installed in the firm foundation of a roadbed add to the structural
integrity of the Slotted Drain. Applications include installation along
median barriers of superelevated highways, installation next to curbs on
residential streets, and use in paved parking lots and airport ramps. Tests
showed that this drain does not freeze at temperatures as low as -45 F and
with its continuous operation, sheet flow is intercepted and disposed of
before it can clog the pipe.
*Pipes, *Design, Engineering structures, Highways, Drainage, Installation,
Drain pipes, Municipal runoff, Rainfall, Storm runoff
Armco Steel Corporation, Slotted Drain
084B
PUMPS FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESSES,
Sowden, W. H.
The International Technical Review, No. 93, p 240-243, June, 1974. 7 fig.
A wide scope of biological and chemical treatments of sewage utilize pumps
and pumping stations. Design features differ for pump impellers and casings.
Services on which pumps must be used include: movement of untreated, coarse
screened or comminuted sewage; storm water pumping; sludge transfer and
sludge circulation services; water pumps for treated effluent pumping; and
water pumps for high pressure effluent hosing. In a sewage pumping station,
care is needed in the layout of pumps to avoid problems caused by suspended
matter. Flow measurement, adequate ventilation, and precautions against
hydraulic surges are dependent upon the type of plant requirements. Pump
stations cover a range of a few meters cubed per day to nearly half a million
meters cubed per day. Design features are becoming more specific according
to the type of sewage treatment facility.
*Pumps, *Pumping stations, *Design criteria, Sewage treatment, Circulation,
Sewage sludge, Water pumps, Flow measurement
67
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085B
PVC SEWER PIPE MEETS TIGHT SPECIFICATIONS,
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 7, p 84, July, 1974.
Twenty-five sewer construction projects are under way in New Castle
County, Delaware, in anticipation of a rise in population. Johns-
Manville Rlng-Tite PVC sewer pipe in 8-inch to 12-inch sizes are being
selected due to their availability and reliance in meeting the strict
infiltration/exfiltration limitations. Also the pipe's light weight
and 20-foot lengths allow trenches to be opened and closed quickly.
*Plastic pipes, *Sewers, Construction materials, Delaware, Water
pollution control
086B
SEWER PIPE: INFILTRATION IS THE ISSUE,
Fairweather, V.
Civil Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 44, No. 7, p 79-83, July, 1974. 4 fig.
Due to the 1972 amendment of the Water Pollution Control Act, the
infiltration/inflow rates to sewers is becoming an important con-
sideration for applicants proposing new sewage treatment facilities.
A three-phase procedure for complying with regulations requires a
preliminary infiltration/inflow analysis, a sewer system evaluation
survey, and sewer rehabilitation and/or construction or expansion of
treatment plants. The problems, economics, and technology associated
with this legislative requirement are reviewed.
*Pipes, *Sewers, *Infiltration, *Inflow, legislation, Repairing,
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Sewage treatment, Treatment
facilities
68
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087B
THE NEATH VALLEY SEWERAGE SCHEME,
Pipes and Pipelines International, Vol. 18, No. 3, p 25-26, June, 1974. 1 fig.
The development of 1200 mm diameter ductile iron pipe made available large
diameter pipe with the strength of steel but possessing corrosion-resistant
qualities better than those of gray steel. The Neath Valley Joint Sewerage
System, Neath Valley, Great Britain, will use 2200 m of this pipe with a
concrete lining. This pipe will receive the effluent from a pumping station
equipped for grit removal and the screening of solids, and will convey the
effluent to a submarine outfall. The pipes are being laid on a bed of
crushed lime-stone aggregate and sand is used to surround the pipes.
Polyethylene sleeves provide additional protection against corrosion. The
pipes are connected by Stantyte joints, which are specially shaped rubber
gaskets which fit in the sockets; the joints are completed by pushing the
spigots into the sockets of mating pipes.
*Pipes, *Pipelines, *Sewers, *Metal pipes, Joints (connections), Water
conveyance, Sewerage, Hydraulic structures, Engineering structures, Great
Britain
Neath Valley, Iron pipe, Stantyte joints
088B
IMPROVING HAILSHAM'S SEWERAGE,
Surveyor, No. 4285, p 37, July, 1974. 1 fig.
New sewerage facilities are described including combined schemes for the pro-
vision of sewerage and pumping stations for the northern drain of Hailsham,
Sussex. Over the past ten years, several schemes have been implemented to
provide regional sludge treatment facilities from various works. Previous
sludge processing facilities were designed for a larger area with a population
of 38,700 and include a sludge heater house, two primary digestion tanks, a
gas holder, two thickening tanks, and pressing plant. The most recent
facility includes 6 km of sewers and a pumping station. The present popula-
tion served is 10,200, but the facilities were designed for ultimate expansion
to 16,500.
*Combined sewers, *Treatment facilities, Construction, Design criteria,
Pumping stations, Drain areas
Hailsham, Sussex, Sludge processing, Population expansion, Regional treatment
69
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089B
WASTEWATER COLLECTION,
Tara Singh, H. D.
Nottingham and Associates, McLean, Virginia
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1191-1195,
June, 1974. 43 ref.
A review of waste water collection is presented. Topics covered include
strategies of the Water Pollution Control Federation, sewer design and con-
struction, sewer monitoring and maintenance, and economic considerations.
Pressure sewers, computer programs for design and cost, a modified dynamic
program of collection, and infiltration rates and materials of sewer construc-
tion are discussed. Techniques for measuring flows in sewers, preventive
maintenance programs, television inspections of sewers, smoke testing of
sewers, and insertion techniques to use polyethylene pipe to repair defective
sewers are presented. Various ways in which communities have saved money with
their sewer systems are reported.
*Sewers, *Design, *Construction, *0peration and maintenance, Flows, Pipes,
Costs, Computer programs, Water Pollution Control Federation, Reviews
*Waste water collection
090B
SPECIAL METHODS OPEN STORM-BLOCKED PIPELINE,
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 8, p 60-61, August, 1974.
New techniques for cleaning out storm-blocked sewer pipes were developed and
implemented by the Robinson Pipe Cleaning Company. Several miles of 42-inch
main interceptor sewer line were disabled, in an area from western Baltimore
suburbs to their sewage treatment plant, as a consequence of Tropical Storm
Agnes. After damage to the line was repaired, a five-mile portion had to be
cleaned, unseen debris removed, and hidden defects located. Specialized small
equipment was used, including high-pressure jets, bucket pullout machines,
augurs, and trash pumps. To facilitate cleaning, water was pumped through
jet-equipped trucks at pressures of 1500 psi to break up bulk material;
trash pumps disposed of the slurry created; heavier objects were handpicked
from the line; brick and brick-sized stone were bucketed through the line
and removed through manholes. After final jetting and pumping to flush fine
material, the pipes were checked visually, using miner's helmet lights and
torches. The line was then functionally operative. These methods saved costs
and time ranging up to 90 percent of those of replacing the pipe system.
*Pipelines, *Sewage treatment, Equipment, Costs, Storm sewers, Pumping,
Waste disposal
Sewage treatment plants, Pipe cleaning
70
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09 IB
TV INSPECTIONS SLASH SEWER COSTS $300 PER REPAIR,
McLaughlin, S. J.
Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District,
St. Louis, Missouri
The American City, Vol. 89, No. 9, p 51-52, September, 1974.
A preventive maintenance program at the Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District
was found to reduce costs of sewer repair drastically. In the last year,
2.1 million feet of sewer lines were inspected by closed-circuit television
cameras in order to find the causes of failures such as cave-ins and backups.
The previous cost of digging up a trouble area was about $400; each television
inspection costs $33, with average repairs costing $40. This saves over $300
per problem. In addition, some critical areas for regular line cleaning
operations were identified and computerized. For example, a leaf burning ban
is a major cause of expected sewer blockage in the fall when leaves are swept
into gutters. Preliminary inspections are also made of each sector of pipe
to be cleaned. Wet weather information is obtained from measuring devices
placed through manholes. Sewers are cleaned by rodding equipment or bucket
machines. By the combination of preventive maintenance, flow surveillance,
and equipment improvement, costs of repairs have been cut by about $150,000
per year.
*Maintenance, Sewer systems, Pipes, Equipment, Construction, Flow, Planning,
Costs
*Sewer repair, *Television inspection, Preventive maintenance
092B
UPDATING AGING SEWERS WITHOUT TRENCHING,
St. Onge, H. S.
Cliffside Pipelayers,
Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
Engineering and Contract Record, Vol. 87, No. 7, p 40-41, 44, July, 1974.
Technology for sewer renewal without excavation costs less, avoids public
nuisance such as construction noise and inconvenience, and prevents problems
of damage to gas and water lines. Major causes of trouble in sewers are
protruding laterals, calcite buildup, and root infestation obstructions
which reduce cross-sectional area and produce turbulent flow, as well as
deterioration of the pipe walls. In the city of Toronto, a reaming operation
was designed to increase pipe flow capacity by first removing obstructions.
Renewal is effected by using inserted close-tolerance polyethylene pipe.
A video-reaming technique was successful, whereby the operator of the reamer
could observe, on closed circuit television, the size and shape of objects
encountered in order to pull and cut with the proper amount of pressure.
Once reaming is complete, the length of sewer is cleaned with a high pressure
jet spray vehicle; the close fitting pipe is pulled by a vibrating nose
cone; and the plastic liner is inserted by means of a hydraulic power winch
truck positioned over a manhole. A final process involves remote lateral
cutting and grouting to insure leakproof connections.
*Sewers, *Plastic pipes, Pipelines, Materials, Construction, Maintenance,
Canada
*Reaming, Pipe repairs
71
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093B
MORE THAN A MYRIAD,
Engineers Notebook, No. 173, p 355-356, August, 1974.
The metropolitan sewage system of Melbourne, Australia has been expanded
to include a modern waste treatment plant southeast of the city. As part
of the pollution controls, an effluent outfall line was constructed to
discharge purified effluent from the plant out to the ocean. Construction
of this line involved 35 miles of trenching, manufacture of an equivalent
length of large-diameter concrete pipe sections, installation, backfilling,
and landscaping. Joint seals of Neoprene for the 90 to 100 inch diameter
outfall pipe sections were chosen because of its properties of long-term
retention of resilience and sealing integrity. Special pipe sections -were
designed where topography necessitated bends in the line. When the system
is fully operable, it will serve 175 square miles and handle 50 million
gallons of waste water per day.
*0utfall sewers, *Municipal wastes, Waste treatment, Construction, Pipes,
Materials, Equipment, Installation, Concrete pipes
Neoprene joint seals, Australia
094B
THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AYCLIFFE SEWAGE
WORKS EXTENSIONS,
Brooksbank, H. R., and Dyson, J. M.
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 4, p 367-368, 1974. 1 tab.
In 1941, the Aycliffe sewage works was constructed to serve a Royal
Ordinance Factory, later to be taken over after the war by the Board of
Trade as an industrial estate. From this estate, sewage was discharged to
the sewage works. When the land was bought by the Darlington Rural District
Council to provide sewage treatment facilities for Newton-Aycliffe in 1950,
the works contained 1 screen, 3 rectangular sedimentation tanks, 4 biological
filters, 4 humus tanks, 2 pumping stations, 4 sludge storage tanks and
sludge-drying beds, with a capacity of 2.275 x 1000 cu m/d DWF. These sewage
works were modified in 1964 to service the population of 20,000 in the new
town, with an increased water flow from the industrial estate. A separate
plant was built to the north to enable a gravity system to be used. This
new operation comprised preliminary treatment, storm tanks, 2 circular sedi-
mentation tanks, 4 biological filters, 2 humus tanks, recirculation pumping
station, heated sludge digestion and sludge-drying beds. The new capacity
was 3.68 x 1000 cu m/d DWF. When the town's population was increased to
45,000 in 1966, an increase in the industrial estate was expected. Therefore,
the Darlington Rural District Council made the above provisions for indus-
trial development.
*Sewage treatment, *Waste water treatment, *Water pollution, *Industrial
wastes, Water quality control, Biological treatment, Sludge treatment,
Domestic sewage, Effluent control
*Biological filters, *Sedimentation tanks, *Humus tanks, *Sludge storage
tanks, *Sludge-drying beds, Heated sludge digestion, Recirculation pumping
station, Storm tanks
72
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095B
TWENTY-FIVE PERCENT SAVINGS WITH STEEL STORM SEWER,
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 63, July, 1974.
In a suburb of Oklahoma City, the choice of 8000 feet of storm sewer gave
the city some 25 percent savings. Smooth-flow corrugated galvanized steel
pipe was the basis of an important sewer project in Bethany, Oklahoma.
Through a bond issue in 1970, financing for a storm sewer was approved
along two miles of a heavily-traveled avenue. Before bids were submitted
on this project, corrugated steel pipe fabricators modified city specifi-
cations to include smooth-flow, which is a process in which galvanized
steel culvert pipe is dipped twice into bituminous material. This material
reduces the turbulence of the flow and preserves the steel pipes' inherent
flexibility. This pipe can be installed without disturbing traffic and
business. The standard 20 foot lengths of 78 inches diameter of galvanized
steel pipe weigh much less than the standard 8 foot sections of other
materials. This lighter weight means less expensive equipment and fewer
laborers needed in installation. With the proper coating, the corrugated
steel pipe will last as long as other materials.
*Storm sewers, Drainage systems, Equipment, Sewerage, Steel pipes,
Pipelines, Pipes, Separated sewers, Materials, Oklahoma
*Corrugated galvanized steel pipes
096B
MEASURING SEWAGE FLOW USING WEIRS AND FLUMES,
Mougenot, G.
Technical Services Station, Project Operations
Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment,
Ontario, Canada
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 78-81, July, 1974. 2 fig,
10 ref.
Two basic problems when considering flow measurement by means of weirs and
flumes are the primary device and the method for the "head" measurement.
Although the primary and secondary devices are joined as an installation,
they are usually separately manufactured, with the installation consisting
of a check of the relationship of the datum point of the one device to that
of the other. These devices have been popular in irrigation systems, how-
ever, most weirs and flumes are not installed in hydraulic situations approx-
imating those in irrigation for which rating tables were made, when being
used in sewage works. A "V" notch weir is used where head loss is tolerable,
and must not be used where the fluid flow contains entrained materials which
could plug the notch. Settleable materials might degrade the performance
of this weir if the materials collect on the upstream side. The fluid flow
through the notch should clear the downstream side of the bulkhead, leaving
air under the "nappe". The head/flow ratio at low heads is greater than at
high heads. Installation costs are less than those for the Venturi flume.
Parshall flume accuracy is dependent upon the accuracy of construction,
with strict adherence to the dimensions given a necessity.
*Sewage disposal, *Waste water treatment, *Weirs, *Flumes, Hydraulics
"V" notch weirs, Rectangular weirs, Parshall flumes
73
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097B
INFILTRATION SMOKED-OUT,
Bexson, J.
Water and Sewer Department, Village of Gardner, Illinois
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 9, p 59-60, September, 1974.
The Village of Gardner, Illinois, solved their problems of sewer overloads by
smoke testing. Although the sanitary system in the town was less than 10 years
old and completely separated from the storm sewers, overloads occurred every
time even a moderately heavy rain fell. The overloads caused floods in many
home basements, and forced bypass of any sanitary treatment. Smoke testing
of the sewers was chosen because of its ability to locate problem areas in
mains, laterals, and building drains. Actual testing was done by the National
Power Rodding Corporation. Advance notice was given to the residents before
the testing started. It was explained that smoke entering houses indicated
faulty plumbing that should be corrected because sewer gas could back up the
same way. The equipment for the test consisted of a portable 1500 cfm blower
placed on each manhole and a plywood manhole ring lined with a 0.75 inch thick
sponge rubber gasket for sealing the connection. Smoke was forced through
the sewers. The smoke was a high-moisture zinc chloride which created a dense,
grayish white or white appearing mist. The smoke issued from all downspout
gutters connected to the sewer, from breaks, storm sewer connections and
cracked house laterals. All household violators were required to attend a
meeting and had the trouble explained. All but 10 households have satisfactorily
repaired their violations. Repair of broken lines and illegal connections has
reduced the maximum overload on the treatment plant from 1.5 mgd to 300,000 gpd.
Electricity and chlorine usage have also been reduced.
*Sewers, *Pipelines, *Sewerage, Plumbing, Separated sewers, Storm drains
*Smoke testing
098B
WATER OR AIR, WHICH DO YOU PUMP?,
Hoeppner, S.
FMC Corporation, Indianapolis, Indiana,
Pump Division
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 9, p 67-68, 70, September, 1974.
1 fig.
In an efficiently designed system, vapors of air or gas should not be allowed
to enter centrifugal pumps. When air or gas do get into the pump, liquids are
displaced and the pump becomes air bound, wearing out rings, bearings, shafts,
and even impellers from lack of lubrication. In addition, if carbon dioxide
from water in deep wells is allowed to escape, these gas bubbles form a film
of highly concentrated carbonic acid. This acid corrodes the vital metal parts
of a pump, causing severe damage. Solutions to problems of pumping and deep
wells are discussed. For horizontal pumps, installation techniques are
stressed. To prevent formation of air pockets on the suction side of a pump,
an eccentric increaser should be used, suction piping should be laid out so
that no high spots exist where air might collect, and all suction piping joints
or connections should be air tight. In deep well situations, falling water
must be eliminated, either by construction of wells with no well casing
perforations or by the installation of baffles or of a liner within the well.
When gas of any type does become entrained in well water, one special suction
device may be used to separate the gas from the water. This is a normal
suction pipe enclosed in a second pipe, useful when the well is of sufficient
diameter. Other modifications to the pump and its impeller to prevent gas
from entering the systems are described.
*Pumps, *Centrifugal pumps, Air, Deep wells, Deep well pumping, Installation,
Pipes, Corrosion
-------
099B
DOLLAR GAIN TO TOP COST CLIMB IN 1975 SEWERAGE
CONSTRUCTION,
Engineering News Record, Vol. 195, No. 15, p 14-15, October 3, 1974. 1 fig,
1 tab.
Contracting plans were reported by 75 major sanitary districts in the United
States, with about $5 billion in new work being bid for fiscal year 1975-1976.
Despite inflation close to 20%, the Environmental Protection Agency anticipates
dollar gains, related to sewerage construction cost indices. Many of the
projects scheduled for contracts in the next year are hold-overs from previous
years, where federal grants had been postponed. Construction costs have
increased up to 30% for treatment plants and about 15% for interceptor plants.
However, the financing needed to activate the contracts may be easier to
obtain this fiscal year than in 1975. State and municipal bond sales for
sewerage construction have increased 66%, a rate more than double the increase
of a year ago. Much of the 1975 sewerage construction is dependent upon
federal aid, with EPA grants projected to total $3.5 billion, as opposed to
1974's $2 billion.
*Construction costs, Municipal water, Sewerage, Construction, Costs
*Treatment plants, Federal grants, Environmental Protection Agency
75
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PATENTS
001C
APPARATUS FOR RELEASING CHEMICALS CLEARING AND CLEANING
WASTE PIPES,
Stalnaker, R. M.
Newton, Hopkins, and Ormsby, Atlanta, Georgia
United States Patent 3,771,968. Applied July 7, 1971. Issued November
13, 1973. Official Gazette, Vol. 196, No. 2, p 617-618, November 13, 1973.
An apparatus for releasing chemicals that clears and cleans waste pipes is
described. An elongated tubular-shaped dispenser with a plurality of
axially and circumferentially spaced openings is attached to a rotational
support plug. The dispenser releases chemicals in predetermined amounts
in response to flushing water. It is capable of destroying, clearing,
and cleaning obstructions located in the waste pipe. A chemical capable
of aiding in the control of pollution could also be utilized in the
disperser. The disposable dispenser is replaced after the chemicals are
released.
*Pipes, Engineering Structures, *Sewers, *Cleaning, Treatment, Patents
Apparatus
002C
METHOD FOR TREATING WATER CONTAINING SUSPENDED SOLIDS FROM
A SANITARY SYSTEM,
McKibbe, J. W., Goodman, B. L., and Higgins, R. B.
Ecodyne Corporation, Chicago, Illinois
United States Patent 3,770,624. Applied December 14, 1970. Issued November 6,
1973. Official Gazette, Vol. 196, No. 1, November 6, 1973.
An improved method and apparatus for treating water containing suspended
solids from a sanitary system are described. The water is aerated and
delivered to a screen with a directional component across the screen surface
and a directional component through the screen. The screen has openings
large enough to pass the majority of the solids suspended in the water,
and has the ability to hold a coating of these solids on its upstream side.
The flow of water is controlled so that a coating of the suspended solids
from the water is formed on the screen surface. The delivery of water
containing these suspended solids to the screen is continued with a
directional component across the screen and a directional component through
the screen, in order to filter solids from the water passing through the
coating and screen. The relationship between the directional components
across and through the screen is controlled to maintain the coating on
the screen. The water that is passed through the screen is stored, and
is recycled to the sanitary system.
Suspended Solids, Treatment, *Separated Sewers, *Recycling, *Aeration,
Patents
Apparatus
76
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003C
LINER INSERTING MACHINE FOR PIPELINES,
Reed, R. R.
Modesto, California
United States Patent 3,774,286. Applied April 24, 1972. Issued November 27,
1973. Official Gazette, Vol. 916, No. 4, p 1229, November 27, 1973.
A liner-inserting machine for underground pipelines used in irrigation or
sewer systems is described. Liner pipe sections are thrust into the
pipeline by the patented machine. The machine includes a frame in an
excavation adjacent to the open end of the pipeline. The frame supports
a power actuated, reciprocable pusher head in axial alignment with the
open end of the pipe. It forcefully thrusts the liner pipe sections in
end-coupled relation.
Sewers, *Pipes, *Linings, Irrigation, Patents, Equipment
*Liner-inserting Machine, Apparatus
004C
APPARATUS FOR TREATING WASTE FLUIDS BY MEANS OF DISSOLVED
GASES,
Hurst, George E.
Pollution Control Engineering, Inc., Downey, California
United States Patent 3,773,179. Applied September 28, 1971. Issued November 20,
1973. Official Gazette, Vol. 916, No. 3, p 932, November 20, 1973.
An apparatus for treating wastewater to remove suspended pollutants is
described. It consists of a tank with a plurality of compartments through
which the fluid is repeatedly pumped from one compartment to the next.
At each pumping station, gas is injected at the suction side of the pump and
back pressure is maintained in the discharge line to force more gas into
solution. Effluent from each compartment is taken near the bottom and
the discharge is located midway of the height, confined to a small area,
and then deflected by a deflector plate. Clarified water is removed
by a riser tube from the bottom of the final compartment and flows over
a weir. The floated matter is removed from the fluid surfaces in each
compartment by skimming or other methods.
*Suspended Load, Suspended Solids, *Waste Disposal, Patents, Equipment
Apparatus
77
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005C
SHEAR-RESISTANT FLEXIBLE PIPE JUNCTION FOR SEWERAGE AND
DRAINAGE,
Eoechst Australia Ltd.
p;dwd Waters and Sons,
Australia
Australian Patent 439,581. Applied July 2, 1969. Issued September 6, 1973.
Australia, Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 43,
No. 33, p 3557, September 6, 1973.
A shear-resistant flexible pipe junction for sewerage and drainage is
described. It consists of a pipe joint collar fitting of substantially
flexible thermoplastic material either rotationally cast, or made by some
other process, in the form of cylindrical collar sections. Two
adjoining plain pipes abutt the collar sections. The collar includes
two or more axially-spaced internal annular spaces, one in each section
to accommodate a resilient sealing ring for sealing the pipes. There
is an external circumferential groove extending between the internal spaces.
The flexibility of the groove permits a pair of adjoining pipes to
undergo relative angular movement without pipe or seal breakage.
*Sewers, Conduits, Engineering Structures, *Plastic, *Pipes,
Equipment, Patents
Collar Sections, Apparatus
006C
PRIMING UNIT FOR DISTRIBUTING PRIMING WATER TO MULTIPLE
SEWER LINE WATER TRAPS,
Watts, J. B.
Precision Plumbing Products, Inc., Portland, Oregon
United States Patent 3,776,269. Applied April 7, 1972. Issued December 4,
1973. Official Gazette, No. 1, p 144, December 4, 1973.
A priming unit for distributing priming water to multiple sewer line water
traps is described. It consists of a case of compact dimensions which
are coupled to the priming water. A plurality of water outlet pipes
penetrate the case floor by a predetermined distance to permit use of the
water contained in the case to measure the level condition of the unit.
There is substantially equal distribution of priming water through all
the pipes to the various sewer line water traps.
Conduits, Water Transfer, *Sewers, *Conveyance Structures, Equipment;,
Patents
*Priming Water, Apparatus
73
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007C
METHOD AND FILTER MEDIA FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AND
WASTE WATERS,
Choun, J. M.
Golden, Colorado
Canadian Patent 938,226. Applied November 5, 1970. Issued December 11, 1973.
A method and filter media for the aerobic treatment of sewage and wastewaters
using a trickle filter are described. The filter media consists of thin wall
capsules or shells of polymeric resin of sufficient rigidity as to be self-
supporting in the filter bed. The shells are reticulated by comparatively
large diameter openings which permit a trickling flow of liquid and a free
circulation of air both about and within the capsules. The structural
arrangement of the filter media permits the filtering process to include the
steps of forming both small puddles and unwetted portions throughout the
filter media. A small amount of anaerobic activity apparently occurs within
the puddles, and psychoda flies, finding dry perching places, live within the
filter media itself. These combined factors result in a more effective
filter media and better performance by the media.
Sewage, *Waste Water Treatment, *Filtration, *Aerobic Treatment, Filters, Patents
008C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR USE IN TUNNELLING,
Patin, P.
58 rue de Sevres, Boulogne-sur-Seine, France
United States Patent 3,788,087. Applied April 25, 1972. Issued January 29,
1974. Official Gazette, Vol. 518, No. 5, January 29, 1974.
A method and apparatus for use in tunnelling are described in which the terrain
is supported by an annular fluid mass under pressure moved either continuously
or stepwise. A lining compound is introduced outside the fluid mass and
sets to form a tube. The tube may then be internally coated.
Engineering.Structures, Tunnels, *Tunnelling, *Tunnelling Machines, Tunnel
Construction, *Pipes, Municipal Wastes, Patents
79
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009C
DRAINAGE GRATING,
Basev, P. D., Ipatova, K. G., and Shirior, I. S.
Soviet Patent 374,424. Applied May 10, 1971. Issued April 25, 1973. Soviet
Inventions Illustrated, Section III, Mechanical and General, U(47), p 3,
December 27, 1973.
A grating of half-cylindrical form designed to retain litter and general rubbish
being carried along by storm water and sewage is described. The concept is
similar to a radio tuning-coil, in that a sector composed of plates can be
rotated inside the main grating. The closed section can therefore be altered
so that it always faces the direction of flow thus retaining the rubbish, while
the water passes through the open section. The unit consists of a flat
framework with semi-circular plates forming a grating. Interposed between
the plates are further plate sectors connected to an operating rod. The
rubbish carried along by the rain or sewage flow is separated from the water
by rotating the plates to face the water flow. Stops are provided to prevent
overtravel of the swinging sector.
Storm Water, *Storm Drains, Intakes, *Urban Drainage, Sewers, Municipal Wastes,
Patents
*Grating
(HOC
ION EXCHANGE PURIFICATION PLANT - ESPECIALLY FOR REMOVAL
07 ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE MATTER FROM SEWAGE,
Viscose Development Company
Belgian Patent 808,402. Applied June 2, 1972. Issued October 1, 1973. Belgian
Patents, Food, Disinfectants, Detergents (451), p 3, January 24, 1974.
The purification of liquids by an ion exchange process particularly adaptable
for removing animal and vegetable matter from sewage is described. The liquid
to be purified is mixed thoroughly by a variety of mechanical methods in one
01: more treatment tanks in series and/or parallel with granulated (50-100 H. S. S
mesh size) activated regenerated cellulose or cellulose derivative material.
The ion exchange process extracts the unwanted Impurities from the liquid
which is then separated by a variety of methods from the ion exchanger material
which is exhausted, and at the same time, laden with the impurities. Some of
those impurities are then stripped out of the exchanger material by regenera-
tion using the same activate as that used initially. The regenerated ion
exchanger wholly or partially is fed back into the plant for reuse after
beiing flushed through.
*lon Exchange, Water Treatment, *Treatment Methods, Waste Water (Pollution),
Liquid Wastes, *Sewage, *Cellulose, Municipal Wastes, Patents
80
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one
HYDRAULIC SEWER PIPE LINE CLEANER,
Latall, R. C.
Conco Inc., Mendota, Illinois
Canadian Patent 939,459. Applied April 23, 1971. Issued January 8, 1974.
Canadian Patents, Vol. 102, No. 2, p 76, January 8, 1974.
A skid-mounted jet-propelled, hydraulic, pipeline cleaner is described which
is activated from a stationary high pressure water pumping unit to which it
is connected by a flexible hose. The cleaner includes: a novel skid arrange-
ment of extreme rigidity and a selectively positionable wate/ jet capable
of assuming either a propelling position or a tool flushing position. A
jet propulsion system was designed so that the jet discharges directly into
the pipeline void and does not impinge against any portion of the pipeline
cleaner as a whole so that no retarding influence is offered to the free
forward motion of the cleaner.
*Pipes, Pipelines, Pumping, *Sewers, Municipal Wastes, Patents
*Pipe Cleaner
012C
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT - USING COMBINED FLOCCULATION AND
AERATION,
IMB-Holland B. V.
Netherlands Patent 7,217,163. Applied June 2, 1972. Issued December 4, 1973.
Netherlands Patents, Food, Disinfectants, Detergents (451), p 1, January 24,
1974.
A sewage treatment plant is described which combines flocculation and aeration.
The raw sewage and a flocculating agent are fed into the inlet chamber of the
plant together with some recycled liquid and a bleed fraction from the main
compressed air line. The resultant mixture overflows a weir and goes into
a preseparation and flocculation tank with an internal convection circuit.
On the surface is a floating plastic inlet nozzle and manifold assembly which
is connected to the suction side of a pump. It feeds the extracted liquid
into a pressure vessel whose lower part is a set of air distributor nozzles
fed by the main compressed air line. The resultant air-saturated liquid is
expelled by the pressure build up into sets of distributor nozzles in the final
separation tank of the plant. The air raises the flakes to the surface where
they are trapped and the clear effluent is drained via a baffled compartment
from the base of the separator tank. The nozzles for the super-aerated liquid
are in two tiers, those above having higher mass flow than those below. There
is a relatively high treatment capacity and high purification efficiency
in terms of extraction of those dissolved impurities which are bonded
by the flocculation agent.
*Sewage, *Waste Treatment, Flocculation, Aeration, Treatment Methods,
Recycling, Patents
-------
013C
SEWAGE PHOSPHATES EXTRACTION - USING ACTIVATED SLUDGE,
Biospherics, Inc.
Netherlands Patent 7,207,517. Applied June 2, 1972. Issued December 4, 1973.
Netherlands Patents, Food Disinfectants, Detergents (451), p 1, January 24,
1974.
A process for the extraction of sewage phosphates using activated sludge
is described. Raw sewage is passed through a presedimentation tank and then
mixed with activated sludge. The resultant slurry is stored in an aeration
tank for 1-8 hours where the micro-organisms in the activated sludge digest
the phosphates. Some are absorbed into the sludge, while insoluble particles
are precipitated. The slurry is then passed to a sedimentation tank where the
sludge with digested and precipitated phosphates is fed to a stripping tank
into which a stoichiometric quantity of phosphate stripping and dissolving
agents is fed so that the sludge can be recycled. The effluent from the
final separator can be passed on for subsequent treatment and has significantly
reduced BOD.
*Sewage, *Phosphates, *Activated Sludge, *Recycling, Precipitation,
Sedimentation, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Effluent, Patents
014C
WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING ELECTROLYSIS WITH ACTIVATED
CARBON CATHODE,
Kawahata, M. and Price, K. R.
General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York
United States Patent 3,788,967. Applied February 3, 1969. Issued January 29,
1974. Official Gazette, Vol. 518, No. 5, January 29, 1974.
An improvement in the electrolytic treatment of wastewater is described
in which the reduction of oxygen on an activated carbon cathode is
employed to form hydrogen peroxide. The peroxide oxidizes the organic carbon
pollutants in the wastewater. The oxygen is fed to the activated carbon cathode
from outside the electrolytic cell. The cathode is part of the enclosure
for feeding the gas to the surface, which forms part of the boundary of
the cell compartment.
Waste Water, *Electrolytes, *Activated Carbon, *Waste Water Treatment,
*0xidation, Municipal Wastes, Patents
*Reduction
-------
015C
CIRCULATION SYSTEM WATER PURIFICATION - BY TREATMENT WITH
AMMONIA SUBSEQUENTLY RECOVERED BY MEANS OF ION EXCHANGE RESIN,
Koganovskii, A. M., Semenyuk, V. D., and Chepurnaya, G. S.
Water Supply and Sewage Design Institute
Soviet Patent 365,326. Applied February 17, 1969, Issued June 6, 1973. Soviet
Inventions Illustrated, Section J-Chemical, (U49), January 10, 1974.
The purification of a circulation water system by treatment with ammonia
and its recovery by an ion exchange resin are described. The process is simpler
and more economical than the conventional treatment with alkalis, which
results in periodical discharge of water when the 9ontent of chemicals exceeds
the admissible level (thus chemicals are lost) . Ammonia is recovered in the
H-form on cationic filters which are regenerated by washing with nitric acid.
Water is then neutralized by passing through an OH-ionite filter, regenerated
with ammonia water. The filter washing solutions can be used as liquid
fertilizers. For example, water loss in a recirculation system is replenished
with river water, which is treated with ammonia in an amount of 40
milligrams/liter milligram equivalent of the temporary hardness. The pH rises to
9.5-10, and calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and ferric hydroxide are
precipitated. Ammonia is recovered on a H-cationite filter. A part of the
water that passed through this filter (1/3-1/5) is directed to an OH-
anionite filter. The regeneration of both filters is carried out with
25 percent nitric acid or 10 percent ammonia solution, respectively.
Waste Water, *Recycling, *Recirculated Water, Water Reuse, *Ion Exchange,
*Resins, Filtration, *Ammonia, Municipal Wastes, Patents
016C
WASTE WATER PROCESS TANK CONTROL FACILITY,
Boschen, W. 0. and Grieshaber, 0. A.
Ralph B. Carter Company, Hackensack, New Jersey
United States Patent 3,788,472. Applied February 3, 1972. Issued January
29, 1974, Official Gazette, Vol. 518, No. 5, p 1847, January 29, 1974.
A control facility for a wastewater process tank having a normal operating
mode is described. On malfunction, the system shuts down and indicates "fault".
The system provides a stepped, sequential trouble-shooting procedure for
determining the fault, and provides for temporary operation or partial operation
of the system until the fault is corrected. The system is directed toward
use in wastewater treatment plants which utilize liquid mixing and/or heating
tanks.
Waste Treatment, *Waste Water Treatment, Municipal Wastes, *Control, Patents
*Trouble-Shooting
83
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017C
VACUUM SEWAGE CONVEYING WITH VACUUM OPERATED VALVE,
Burns, B. C.
P. 0. Box 254, Woodbridge, Virginia
United States Patent 3,788,338. Applied June 29, 1971. Issued January 29, 1974.
Official Gazette, Vol. 518, No. 5, p 1812-1813, January 29, 1974.
A method and apparatus for conveying sewage by vacuum-induced plug flow are
described. The sewage is drawn from a sewage-collecting region into a vacuum
line pipe through a valve, and moves toward the source of vacuum by vacuum-
induced plug flow caused by the interposition of volumes of air between
plugs of sewage. A control zone in an operator portion of the vacuum valve is
controllable by a low-pressure reservoir for opening the valve. The reservoir is
maintained at a low pressure through a vacuum tap conduit communicable with
the reservoir and the vacuum line conduit. The sewage-collecting region may
be an underground collecting tank which contains equipment for controlling
operation of the vacuum valve which may be located outside the collecting
region in a separate housing just below grade. Electrical power used at the
collecting region may be supplied solely from a central panel through cable
laid in a trench along the vacuum line conduit. A rigid pipe assembly in
the collecting tank is connected several feet above the tank bottom, but
below grade, to a pipe assembly of the vacuum valve, and the orientation
may be such as to permit disconnection of pipes at the vacuum valve without
causing leakage in the region where workmen must stand.
Pipes, Engineering Structures, *Sewage, *Pipelines, *Sewage Disposal, Patents
*Vacuum Sewage Conveyance
Q18C
FILTER - FOR CLARIFYING NATURAL AND WASTE WATERS,
Petrov, E. G., Gorodisher, Z. Ya., and Novikov, M. G.
Leningrad K. D., Pamfilov Communal Agriculture Academy
Research Institute
Soviet Patent 376,104. Applied March 15, 1971. Issued July 6, 1973. Soviet
Inventions Illustrated, January 24, 1974.
A filter for clarifying natural and waste waters is described which includes
a body with a filtering charge, system of entry and exit, and vibrators.
The degree to which the filter medium can clean the waters is increased and
consumption of wash water is reduced by establishing vibrators directly in the
first layers of the filter medium commensurate with the direction of liquid
flow. Water comes in through the distribution system and is fed to the
charge of filter material. The clean water runs through the collector and pipe.
As wash water is admitted through the system, the vibrators are switched on,
thus helping to dislodge the entraped Impurities. The wash water flow is
directed upwards through the entire thickness of the bed, taking the impuri-
ties with it. The rate of feed is 4-5 liters/sec/square meter.
Effluents, Water Treatment, *Treatment Methods, *Filtration, *Equipment
Patents
Clarification
84
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019C
GROUND WATER LEVEL CONTROL,
N. V. Heidemaatschappij Beheer
German Patent 1,784,335. Applied July 29, 1968. Issued December 13, 1973.
German Patents Abstracts, Vol. 6 U, No. 51, pi, January 1974.
A ground water level control near a pipe trench is described which uses filter
pipes and suction pipes introduced be fore the trench excavation and with
connected suction pumps. These pipes are introduced into the ground under
the bottom of the graded trench so that the filter pipes lie approximately
horizontal behind each other, parallel to the trench line. Each corresponding
suction pipe connected to a pump is passed sideways out of the line and
projects sideways out of the ground.
Engineering Structures, *Pipes, *Pumps, *Groundwater, *Water Table, Patents
020C
SEWAGE AERATOR - WITH SUBMERGED MOTOR CARRIED BY FLOATS,
Sydnor Hydrodynamics, Inc.
German Patent 1,957,793. Applied November 18, 1969. Issued December 13, 1973.
German Patents Abstracts, Vol. U, No. 51, p 1, January, 1974.
A sewage aerator with a submerged motor carried by floats is described. The
motor, and the vane wheel mounted above it and driven by it, are enclosed in
common by an open-ended sheathing ring between which are the motor and guide
walls. When seen in cross section, the walls run radially relative to the motor.
Preferably, the upper open end of the rings consist of a mouthpiece which
widens toward the outside.
*Sewage, *Equipment, *Aeration, Patents, Treatment Methods
-------
021C
WATER PURIFICATION - USING ELECTROLYSIS TO RELEASE OXYGEN,
McMenamin, S. H.
French Patent 7,107,184. Applied October 27, 1971. Issued September 25, 1973.
French Patent Abstracts, January 31, 1974.
A reduction process for the electrolytic purification of water is described.
A sufficient amount of electrolyte is added to the water to make it conduc-
tive, and the water passes a pair of electrodes. A direct current releases
a predetermined volume of oxygen at the cathode to injure micro-organisms
in the water.
Patents, Treatment Methods, *Water Treatment, *Disinfection
*Reduction, *Electrolytic Purification
02 2C
ELECTROLYTIC WATER TESTER - FOR DETERMINATION OF OXYDANT OR
REDUCING AGENT CONTENT,
Mines de Potasse D'Alsace S. A.
Belgian Patent 800,283. Applied April 30, 1973. Issued November 30, 1973.
Derwent Belgian Patents, January 31, 1974.
An electrolytic water tester for the determination of oxydant or reducing
agent content is described. It consists of an outer shell with an insul-
ating plug at one end to support a reference. An indicating electrode is
at the other end and has the connecting leads from those electrodes passing out
of it. The electrode probe is placed within a flow of the water to be ana-
lyzed at the axis of flow. The indicator electrode is of precious metal
(platinum or gold) and the reference electrode a metal wire (silver or
copper); the two electrodes are concentric and have a longer life than
probes using calomel as electrode material. The tester is especially used
for control information and signals to determine or regulate rate of addition
of neutralizing agent in water treatment plants.
Equipment, Patents, "^Instrumentation, Treatment Methods, *Water Treatment
*Electrolytic Water Tester
86
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023C
SURFACE SCUM EXTRACTOR - FOR RECTANGULAR FLOTATION TANK IN
SEWAGE WORKS,
Degremont Society Generate D'Epuration et D'Assainissement
Belgian Patent 801,156. Applied June 20, 1973. Issued October 15, 1973.
Derwent Belgian Patents Reports, January 31, 1974.
A surface scrum extractor for a rectangular flotation tank in sewage works
is described. A bridge structure running on parallel rails along the sides
of the tank carries a rotating drum in the form of two end checks between
which are a number of horizontal dredger bucket cross-section scraper blades.
These move in the opposite direction to that of the bridge as it traverses the
length of the tank, and discharge by gravity into a coaxial worm and trough
extractor, or conveyor belt or sloping gutter. At the rear of the bridge is a
hinged pusher plate which forces the floating matter forwards on to the
blades as the bridge moves forwards. By placing a similar pusher on the
front of the bridge and operating them differentially, along with the use of
double profile bucket blades, the system may be made bidirectional.
*Sewage Treatment, *Flotation, Treatment Methods, Patents, *Scum, Equipment
*Tanks
024C
FLUID POLLUTION MONITORING APPARATUS AND METHOD,
Hayre, H. S.
10 Legend Lane, Houston, Texas.
U. S. Patent 3,791,200. Applied September 9, 1971. Issued February 12, 1974.
Official Gazette, Vol. 919, No. 2, p 471, February 12, 1974.
A new and Improved method and apparatus for monitoring fluids to determine the
presence of pollutants In the fluids are described. The type and quantity
of pollutants are identified by analysis of the acoustic impedance properties
of the fluid.
Equipment, Treatment Methods, Instrumentation, *Acoustics, Patents, *Effluents
87
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025C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONVEYING SEWAGE,
Burns, B. C. and Albertsen, H. C.
Woodbridge, Virginia
Canadian Patent 940,011. Applied April 2, 1971. Issued January 15, 1974.
Patents/Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 3, p 191, January 15, 1974.
A method and apparatus for conveying sewage from sewage sources such as
residences to a remote location are described. The sewage is initially
conveyed by gravity flow from the source into a collecting tank and by
vacuum-induced plug flow to a vacuum receiver tank at the remote location.
The sewage may be discharged from the remote location, preferably under
positive pressure, into another line such as a vacuum line for further
vacuum-induced plug flow or a gravity flow conduit. The final location to
which the sewage is conveyed may be the sewage treatment facility. Sub-
stances for treating the sewage may be advantageously introduced into the
system and mixed with the sewage during conveyance. Self-scouring tanks, ro-
tation-imparting plug reformers, and several alternative ways of introduc-
ing controlled amounts of air at or above atmospheric pressure into the
vacuum portion of the system are provided.
Patents, Treatment Methods, Conduits, *Sewers, Engineering Structures, *Pressure
Conduits, Hydraulic Conduits
026C
METHOD OF FILTRATION,
United States Atomic Energy Commission.
Australian Patent 441,682. Applied April 1, 1969. Issued November 8, 1973.
The Australian Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks, and Designs, Vol. 43,
No. 42, p 4491, November 8, 1973.
An improved hyperfiltration process is described for purifying water by re-
moving solute impurities from an aqueous solution. An inert non-solute
rejecting filter aid material is deposited to a bed depth of from 0.1 to
100 microns on a porous substrate which contains pores large enough to
allow water to pass through. The material has a particle size in the range
of 0.01 to 100 microns. The solution is passed over the surface of the bed
in cross flow to form a solute-rejecting membrane of the material on the
bed. A sufficient velocity and pressure drop is maintained across the
bed to force the solution through and to allow the filtered material to
collect.
Patents, *Treatment Methods, *Filtration, *Water Treatment, Municipal Water
*Hyperfiltration
88
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027C
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SEWAGE THEATER,
Passavant Werke Michelbacher Huette
German Patent 2,043,148. Applied August 31, 1970. Issued November 22, 1973.
German Patents Abstracts, Vol. U, No. 48, p 2, January, 1974.
An activated sludge sewage treater is described which has at least one baffle
extending transversely of the longitudinal flow in the annular closed aera-
tion tank. The baffle top edge is below the water level, and the baffle
is inclined downward toward the flow to deflect part of it. Preferably the
tank has two straight sections joined by curved ones. The aerator is in a
curved section at the end of the partition separating the straight sections.
The baffle is at the beginning of the straight section downstream of the
aerator.
Patents, Treatment Methods, Sewage, *Sewage Treatment, *Activated Sludge,
Aeration
028C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INCINERATING POLLUTED LIQUIDS AND MUD,
Pariel, J. M. and Robic, G.
Societe Anonyme Heurtey and ELF-Union, Paris, Seine, France
Canadian Patent 940,279. Applied April 19, 1971. Issued January 22, 1974.
Patents/Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 4, p 270, January 22, 1974.
A method and apparatus for incinerating polluting liquids and mud are
described. The pollutants are sprayed inside a reaction chamber in the pre-
sence of an oxidizer with a mixture formed by the mutual dispersion of
non-miscible phase containing the pollutants and a liquid.
Patents, *Equipment, Pollutants, *Incineration, *Liquid Wastes, *Mud, Oxidation
89
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029C
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TREATING SEWAGE,
Freese, R.
Official Gazette, Vol. 920, No. 4, p 1202, March 26, 1974. United States
Patent 3,799,346, Applied July 22, 1971, Issued March 26, 1974.
An Improved sewage treatment plant Is described having a primary waste receiving
and mixing vessel, an aeration vessel, and a settling tank. Material from
the primary mixing vessel is pumped into a bottom region of the aeration vessel
by means of a pump and a venturi aerator is provided for introducing air into
the stream of sewage being pumped into the aeration vessel which contains a
series of downwardly inclined baffles arranged to trap pockets of air and
circulate the sewage along a tortuous path across said air pockets. A portion
of the aerated sewage is recycled from a top region of the aeration vessel back
Into the primary mixing vessel for mixing with the raw, unaerated sewage and
a second recycling system is provided for recycling a portion of aerated sewage
from an upper region of the aeration vessel into the stream being pumped into
the lower region of the aeration vessel.
*Sewage Treatment, *Treatment Facilities, *Patents, *Equipment, Mixing, Aeration,
Settling Basins, Design Criteria, Recycling, Methodology, Pumping, Waste
Water Treatment
030C
SEWAGE AERATION TURBINE,
Envirotech Corp.
Derwent Belgian Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 6, p 2, March 14, 1974. Belgian
Patent 805,018, Applied September 19, 1973. Issued January 16, 1974.
The blades of the axial flow turbine are closely surrounded by the throat of the
Venturi tube and at least some of them are hollow with orifices at their tips.
The drive shaft from the external motor also is hollow and has holes in its walls
leading to an annular space connected by one or more pipes to the atmosphere.
The number and shape of blades and the motor speed produce safer cavitation at
the tips.
*Venturi Flumes, *Patents, *Axial Flow Turbines, Aeration, Sewage Treatment,
Cavitation
90
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031C
FURNACE FOR BURNING SEWAGE AND LIKE RESIDUES,
Stribling, J. B.
Lucas Furnace Developments Limited,
Wednesbury, England
Official Gazette, Vol. 920, No. 4, p 1131, March 26, 1974. United States
Patent 3,799,074, Applied October 26, 1972. Issued March 26, 1974.
A furnace for burning sewage comprising a chamber enclosing a pool of the
sewage and a burner directed downwardly onto the pool to bathe the entire surface
of the pool in flame has been developed. The pool has a floor which is conical
in two stages so tha the area of liquid subject to flame can be controlled
by varying the level of the liquid relative to the conical area.
*Patents, *Burning, *Sewage Treatment, Equipment
*Furnaces
032C
AERATION TANK,
Dolobovskaya, A. S., Nevzorov, M. I., and Sherenkov, I. A.
Water-Conservation Industrial Division Water-Supply
Cain Canalisation, Hydraulic Enf. Const. & Eng.
Hydrogeology Research Institute
Soviet Inventions Illustrated, Vol. 5, No. 5, p 1, March 7, 1974.
U.S.S.R. Patent 381,611. Applied May 22, 1973. Issued August 14, 1973.
The system consists of a rectangular storage tank fitted with filters,
water admission and withdrawal channels, sludge-duct, and screens. The mass-
transfer conditions are improved and the purifying process is Intensified by
creating flows of air and water in opposite directions, the screens in pairs
forming diffusers. The sludge mixture is continuously circulated from the
bottom of the tank via adjacent corridors along the diffusers upwards and passed
into the corridors from above. In this way the sludge mixture comes downwards
against the rising flow of ait coming in through the filter channels.
*Aeration, *Treatment Facilities, *Storage Tanks, *Waste Water Treatment,
*Filters, *Screens, *Sludge Treatment
91
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03 3C
NATURAL FERTILIZER PRODUCTION,
Kratzer, B. P.
Derwent Belgian Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 6, p 1, March 14, 1974. Belgian
Patent 805,042. Applied September 19, 1973. Issued January 16, 1974.
The fertilizer is prepared from mixtures of aqueous waste and animal excrement
by adjusting the pH of the animal excrement, optimally after mixing with water,
to 0.1-2 with mineral acids and agitating the mixture to disintegrate it for 24
to 60 hours separating the liquid phase from the solid material and adjusting
the pH of the liquid to at least pH 5. Said fertilizer is suitable for
domestic gardens, horticultural, and agricultural use. It has no odor, is
hygienically acceptable, and is storage stable.
*Patents, *Fertilizers, *Farm Wastes, *Waste Water Treatment, Hydrogen Ion
Concentration, Separation Techniques, Application Methods
034C
WATER PURIFICATION COAGULANT PRODUCTION,
Kulskii, L. A., Dontsova, M. I., and Medvedev, M. I.
Colloid and Water Chemistry Institute of the
Academy of Sciences, Ukraine, SSR
Soviet Patent 357,808. Applied July 7, 1969. Issued August 31, 1973. Soviet
Inventions Illustrated, Vol. 5, No. 6, p 1, March, 1974.
The preparation of an active, hygienic, and economical coagulant to be used in
water purification is described. A mineral acid is added to a water purification
process sludge until the hydroxide gel is converted to a solution. The sediment
is separated from the solution, and the organic matter is oxidized. The point
at which the gel becomes a solution is determined by potentiometric or conducti-
vity measurements. The oxidation of organic material is preferably carried
out with a powerful oxidizer so that the solution is completely decolorized.
In an example, 0.5 liters of mud obtained from a water purification process
is treated with 1 liter amounts of 0.1 N HC1 after 20 min, and then five times
every subsequent hour, then after 13 days, and after 1 mo and 8 days. The
degree of peptization is determined from the amount of insoluble sediment
resulting. The coagulant obtained is treated with ozone and its technological
properties are tested.
*Water Purification, *Coagulation, *Patents, Sludge, Inorganic acid
*Russia
92
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035C
SEWAGE PHOSPHATES EXTRACTION,
Biospherlcs, Inc.
French Patent 2,183,605. Applied May 12, 1972. Issued December 21, 1973.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 7, p 1, March, 1974.
An extraction method for sewage phosphates is described which uses activated
sludge. Raw sewage is passed through a presedimentation tank and then mixed
with activated sludge. The resultant slurry is stored in an aeration tank for
1-8 hr where the microorganisms in the activated sludge digest the phosphates
being precipitated. The slurry then passes to a sedimentation tank where the
phosphated sludge is fed to a stripping tank into which a stoichometric quantity
of phosphate stripping and dissolving agents is fed so that the sludge can be
recycled. The effluent from the final separator can be passed for subsequent
treatment and has significantly reduced BOD.
*Sewage Treatment, *Phosphates, Activated Sludge, Separation Techniques,
Recycling, Effluents, *Patents
France
036C
AERATOR,
Autorol Corporation
French Patent 2,184,068. Applied May 10, 1973. Issued date not given. French
Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 7, p 3, March, 1974.
A rotatable, biological surface contact aerator is described for treating
activated sludge effluent. It has a series of elements mounted on and spaced
along a shaft and is partly emmersed in the effluent to be purified. The
elements are a series of discs delimiting both a number of mutually spaced,
separate internal coaxial channels opening at each end into a radial channel.
Adjacent discs delimit and extra series of separate, coaxial channels also
opening at each end into a radial channel.
*Activated Sludge, *Effluents, Waste Treatment, Aeration, Equipment, *Patents
Aerator, France
-------
037C
TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS,
DuPont of Canada, Ltd.
Netherlands Patent 7,310,574. Applied July 31, 1973. Issued February 4,
1974. Derwent Netherlands Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 7, p 3, March, 1974.
The treatment of Industrial aqueous effluents of pH less than 6.0 containing
nitrogenous and carbonated minerals is described. The effluent is entered into
an anaerobic zone of treatment containing an anaerobic activated sludge at a
rate of flow so that the concentration of nitrate and nitrite ions in the
treatment zone are held at low values, less than 3 mg/liter, preferably less
than 1 mg/Hter. The effluents from the anaerobic zone are pumped to a second
treatment zone which may be a clarification zone or an aerobic treatment zone.
The treated effluent may be recycled. The process is applicable for the
treatment of industrial effluents, particularly from chemical works as from
nylon production. The nitrogen content is reduced to a very low figure.
*Nitrogen, *Nitrates, *Nitrites, *Industrial Wastes, *Effluents, Carbonates,
Minerals, Denitrification, Activated Sludge, *Waste Water Treatment, Chemical
Wastes, Patents
*Netherlands, Canada
038C
WASTE WATER PURIFICATION,
Sterling Drug, Inc.
French Patent 2,177,843. Applied March 23, 1973. Issued November 9, 1973.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 1, Feb. 7, 1974.
A method of purification of sewage and other waste water is described which
comprises removal of suspended solids and decomposition of nitrogen containing
substances. An adsorbent, preferably powdered activated carbon, and an oxygen
containing gas are introduced into a reservoir in which the waste water and a
growing biomass have been stored for 3 days. Aerobic conditions are maintained
until the whole ammonical nitrogen is oxidized to nitrites or nitrates. The
solids are separated by sedimentation. The liquid phase is passed into an
anaerobic zone to which another portion of the adsorbent and an organic carbon
source, preferably methanol, is added. The nitrites and nitrates are reduced
to elemental nitrogen and the solids are separated by sedimentation. High
rates of denitrification are achieved.
*Sewage Treatment, *Waste Water, *Water Purification, *Suspended Solids,
*Nitrogen, Adsorption, Activated Carbon, Aerobic Conditions, Nitrates, Separation
Techniques, Oxidation, Denitrification, Nitrites, Nitrates, Sedimentation,
*Patents
*France, Methanol
94
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039C
FILTRATION OF DRAINAGE ELEMENT,
Bayer, A. G.
Belgian Patent 802,943. Applied July 30, 1973. Issued January 30, 1974.
Derwent Belgian Patents, Vol. 5, No. 7, March, 1974.
A filtration or drainage system for ground and surface water around foundations
and in embankments is described. It consists of two mutually parallel textile
articles of large surface formed from synthetic or other rot resistant fibers
with a water discharge zone between them.
*Filtration, *Drainage Systems, *Groundwater, *Surface Water Fabrics, *Patents
Belgium
040C
PIPELINE PIG OR SWIPE,
Girard, H. J.
Houston, Texas.
Canadian Patent 994,109. Applied July 20, 1971. Issued March 26, 1974.
Patents/Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 13, p 1062, March 26, 1974.
A patent has been issued for a pig or swipe for use in cleaning pipe lines and
for maintaining fluids separated while being transmitted through the line. It
is adapted to be propelled through the line by a pressure gradient. The pig
includes a sponge-like body of foamed plastic material, having an external
coating of durable material (unfoamed plastic) in which reenforcing material
(wire mesh or glass fabric) may be embedded to increase resistance to wear.
The covering is applied to leave openings through which the sponge-like body
may project into wiping contact with the surrounding internal surface of the
pipe. The pig also has a barrier layer at one end positioned to close the
sponge-like body against the passage of fluid, and to form a fluid tight seal
with the surrounding pipe. The invention includes a method and apparatus for
making the pigs or swipes.
*Patents, *Pipes, *Sewers, *Cleaning, Pipelines
Swipes
95
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041C
PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE,
Komline, T. R.
Komllne-Sanderson Engineering Corporation, Peapack,
New Jersey
U. S. Patent 3,803,806. Applied September 28, 1972. Issued April 16, 1974.
Official Gazette, General and Mechanical, Vol 921, No. 3, p 913, Acril 16
1974. 1 fig.
Hot flue gases containing suspended solid particles, oxygen and other water
soluble and insoluble components are injected beneath the surface of sewage
sludge. Heat and the above components are transfered from the gases to the
sludge, providing oxygen for activating the sludge.
*Patents, *Activated Sludge, treatment Methods, *Sewage
042C
SAMPLING AND FLOW MEASURING DEVICE,
Dieterich, P. D.
2927 Summit Drive, Michigan City, Indiana.
U. S. Patent 3,803,921. Applied March 5, 1971. Issued April 16, 1974.
Official Gazette, General and Mechanical, Vol. 921, No. 3, p 943, April 16, 1974.
1 fig.
A device has been patented for sampling the fluid flow in a pipe. It is comprised
of a probe extending into the flow system. The probe has an outer conduit of
blind inner and outer ends extending diametrically across the pipe and having
a plurality of laterally spaced openings facing the flow. It also has an inner
conduit extending from exterior of the pipe to the axial center of the
outer conduit from one end. This provides the sole communication from the
interior of the outer conduit to sample gathering means external of the pipe.
The lateral openings sample the stream of fluid at several areas across the
diameter of the pipe, carrying the respective samples into the interior of the
outer conduit which constitutes a mixing plenum, so that a representative
sample is drawn off from the inner conduit. Instead of drawing the sample off,
the sample is passed through a flow sensor and then returned to the pipe to
measure the rate of flow of the fluid.
*Patents, *Pipes, *Analytical Techniques, *Water Sampling, Pollutant Identifica-
tion, Flow
96
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043C
PROCESS OF DEWATERING SEWAGE SLUDGE AND CONVERTING THE
SAME TO A USEABLE PRODUCT,
Baler, R. E.
Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, New York
U. S. Patent 3,804,753. Applied December 7, 1972. Issued April 16, 1974.
Official Gazette, Chemical, Vol. 921, No. 3, p 1149, April 16, 1974.
A process of dewatering sewage sludge and converting it to a useable product
has been patented. The sludge is placed in a porous container and saturated
with a water displacing ingredient (such as technical grade butanol). After
dehydration, the container pores are closed, and a polymerizable material is
added.
*Patents, *Sludge, *Sewage, *Treatment Methods, *Waste Water Treatment
044C
DRAIN FOR WASTEWATER,
Ernst Rechsteiner lankraumisolation & Feuchtigkeits Schutz
German Patent 2,248,970. Applied December 3, 1972. Issued February 2, 1974.
German Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 2, p 3, March, 1974.
A patent has been issued for a drain for wastewater in the foundation of a
building made of thermoplastic material and enclosed in the concrete.
Leaking of underground water is prevented by a flexible collar on the drain
which is supported by radial metal rods, embedded at one end in the drain and
bent around the collar at the other end.
*Engineering Structures, Buildings, *Dralnage Engineering, *Plastics, *Patents
Thermoplastics, *Drains
97
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045C
CORRUGATED DRAINAGE PIPE,
Maroschak, E. J.
Plastic Tubing, Inc., Roseboro, North Carolina
U. S. Patent 3,802,202. Applied February 23, 1973. Issued April 9, 1974.
Official Gazette, Vol. 121, No. 2, p 498, April 9, 1974. 1 fig.
A corrugated plastic drainage pipe has been patented. The pipe has spaced apart
annular ribs, certain ribs being interrupted and having a set of three
circularly arranged spaced apart arcuate rib segments. The segments define a
series of three drainage holes positioned between the ends of adjacent rib
segments where the rib segments are of such extent and so arranged as to
position the drainage holes around the bottom of the pipe. This provides a
visual means of aiding in installing the pipe in the ground with all of the
drainage holes located below the horizontal center line of the pipe and with
the intermediate drainage holes occupying the lowermost position.
*Engineering Structures, *Pipes, *Drainage Engineering, *Plastics, *Patents
Drains
046C
SAFETY INSTALLATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION
THROUGH LEAKAGE IN A PIPELINE,
Wittgenstein, G. F.,
29 Champrond Way, Lausanne, Switzerland
U. S. Patent 3,802,456. Applied December 6, 1972. Issued April 9, 1974.
Official Gazette, General and Mechanical, Vol. 121, No. 2, p 563, April 9,
1974. 1 fig.
A safety installation for protecting the environment from leakages in pipelines
has been patented. It comprises a fluid-tight jacket which surrounds the
pipeline and forms an intermediate space containing inserts which are separated
by ducts sealed with a liquid or gas. The inserts are joined together by
cables or wires and there is provided at least one tank towards which the
leakage liquid flows through the ducts. A liquid leakage detector acts to
remotely control the pumps and valves of the pipeline. The jacket is formed
from short rigid runs connected by flexible joints; breaks between the runs
contain separation bands and are covered by a flexible fluid-tight structure
resting on the inserts and projecting onto the ends of the runs. The length
of one run in the curves of the line is proportional to the radius of
curvature of the contained pipe. At least one insert is grooved externally,
and adjacent longitudinal edges of the jacket are distorted by a tool and then
turned down into the groove. Thus, connection between the edges and the groove
is fixed in position and made fluid-tight by filling the groove with a mass
which solidifies on drying. A means is provided to enable the sections of the
inserts to deform to a variable extent along the inserts in the curves of the
line. These inserts mainly rest on the inner wall of the runs.
*Patents, *Pipes, *Pollution Abatement, *Engineering Structures, Environmental
Engineering
98
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047C
TREATMENT OF AN AQUEOUS WASTE STREAM CONTAINING AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE,
Urban, P., and Rosenwald, R. H.
Universal Oil Products Co., Des Plaines, Illinois
Canadian Patent 941,528. Applied October 23, 1970. Issued February 5, 1974.
Patents/Breves, Vol. 102, No. 6, p 513, February 5, 1974.
The treatment of an aqueous waste stream containing ammonium hydroxide to
produce elemental sulfur and ammonia is described. The aqueous stream is
catalytically treated with oxygen at oxidizing conditions effective to pro-
duce an effluent stream containing ammonium hydroxide, (NH4)2S203, and elem-
ental sulfur or ammonium polysulfide. The sulfur and ammonia are separated
from the effluent stream containing (NH4)2S203. That stream is catalytically
treated with hydrogen at reduction conditions effective to form a substantially
thiosulfute free aqueous stream.
industrial Streams, *Ammonia, Sulfur, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Catalysts, *Efflu-
ent Streams, *Waste Water Treatment, Patents
Canada, *Ammonium Hydroxide
048C
DRAINAGE BODY AND BIOLOGICAL FILM SUPPORT,
Geiger, H.
Firme Maschinenf AB
Belgian Patent 802,025. Applied July 20, 1972. Issued November 5, 1973. Der-
went Belgian Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 1, p 4, February 7, 1974.
A drainage body and biological film support for sewage treatment are described.
The drainage body consists essentially of an assembly of elements having a
large surface area which serves for the growth of the biological film. At
infrequent intervals this film is detached, independently of the water and
sewage feed, by means of scrapers. This is done before the mass becomes de-
tached by itself so that it is not entrained in the water. Regular operation
of the drainage body and maximum degradation of the sewage is obtained in
minimum possible space and with the largest possible purification capacity.
*Sewage Treatment, *Drainage Area, Microorganisms, *Biological Treatment,
Biodegradation, *Waste Water Treatment, Patents
Belgium
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049C
CHAIN EXTENDED POLYELECTROLYTE SALTS AND THEIR USE IN
FLOCCULATION PROCESSES,
Witt, E.
Polysar International, S.A., Fribourg, Switzerland.
Canadian Patent 941,539. Applied May 17, 1971. Issued February 5, 1974.
Patents/Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 6, p 516, February 5, 1974.
The preparation of chain extended polyelectrolyte salts is described for use
in flocculation processes. Water soluble poly (quaternary ammonium) polyether
polyelectrolyte salts containing quarternary nitrogen atoms in the polymer
backbone and chain extended by ether groups are prepared by treating the poly-
meric reaction product from an N,N,N', N'-tetraalkyl-hydroxy substituted
diamine and an organic dihalide such as a dihaloalkane or a dihalo ether with
and epoxyhaloalkane. These polyelectrolytes are used in processes for floccu-
lating particles dispersed in aqueous media, e.g., white water clarification,
clay flocculation, sewage treatment, and wet-end addition, by adding the
polyelectrolyte to the aqueous media in amounts sufficient to flocculate the
dispersed particles.
*Polyelectrolyte, *Flocculation, Nitrogen, Polymers, Water Purification, Clays,
Sewage Treatment, Dispersion, *Waste Water Treatment, Patents
Canada
050C
COALESCING OIL/WATER DISPERSIONS,
Continental Oil Co.
French Patent 2,176,682. Applied March 17, 1973. Issued November 2, 1973.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 1, p 1, February 7, 1974.
A dispersion of a hydrocarbon oil and water is coalesced by slow passage
through a bed of polyurethane foam which has been equilbrated relative to the
absorption of the oleophilic liquid. The layers of oil and water are then
separated at a density of 0.012-0.12 kg/cu dm, temperature of 0-100 C, and
at a pressure sufficient to keep the oil in a liquid state. Applications in-
clude pollution prevention recovery of oils from residual water in oil drilling
operations, separation of phenolics in wood treatments, etc. By using an
equilibrated polyurethane foam a separation squeezing process for the oil is
eliminated.
*Dispersion, Coalescence, *0il, Water, *Separation Techniques, Pollution
Abatement, *Waste Water Treatment, Patents
France, Polyurethane Foam
100
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051C
REMOVING OIL SPILLS FROM WATER,
Grantley Co
French Patent 2,177,100. Applied March 23, 1973. Issued November 2, 1973.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 1, p 2, February 7, 1974.
A method of removing oil spills from water by absorbing the oils in pieces of
foam polystyrene in which the cells have been opened by shredding is described.
The polystyrene has a density of 1.4-2.0 Ibs/cu ft, average cell size 1.0-3.0
mm, and is capable of adsorbing about 19 times its weight of crude oil. The
oil can be subsequently recovered by treatment with a solvent (MED, MIBK,
acetone, benzene, toluene, xylene, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene or
trichloroethylene) to dissolve the polymer. The polymer particles are pre-
ferably coated with a fire retardant before use. The method may also be used
for cleaning contaminated sand, for transportation of oil and emulsified oils,
and tank cleaning.
Adsorption, *0il, *Water, Solvents, Organic Compounds, Sand, Cleaning,
*Waste Water Treatment, Patents
France, Polystyrene Foam
052C
WATER TREATMENT ION-EXCHANGE VESSEL,
Madern, J. P.
French Patent 2,179,573. Applied April 10, 1972. Issued November 23, 1973.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 3, p 1, February 21, 1974.
A water treatment ion exchange vessel is described which continuously
regrades the resin bed by circulating resin material. Water for treatment
is brought in at the bottom of the vessel where it passes through an ejec-
tor to entrain bed material which is carried up a vertical pipe to be re-
turned to the top of the bed while the water runs down through the bed.
Back washing is eliminated. The vessel can also be used as a granular
filter unit.
*Filters, Water Treatment, *Ion exchange, Water purification, *Resins,
*Waste Water Treatment, Patents
*France, Backwash
101
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053C
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,
Kaelin, J. R.
Belgian Patent 801,708. Applied July 2, 1972. Issued October 15, 1973. Der-
went Belgian Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 1, p 3, February 7, 1974.
A sewage treatment plant with partial recirculation is described which uses aero-
bic biodegradation. A central closed top cylindrical mixer tank is subdivided
by concentric cylindrical walls, and is staggered in height to form an elonga-
ted zigzag path for raw sewage fed into the outer annulus of the mixer tank at
its top and pretreated with injected pure oxygen or gas mixture containing it.
From the base of the center compartment of the mixer tank, a number of pipes
lead to the base of an outer concentric buffer tank and discharge in a peri-
pheral direction into that buffer tank. A limited feedback of liquid with
activated sludge is taken from the surface of the buffer tank into the mixer
and treated effluent is extracted from the buffer tank.
*Recirculated Water, *Sewage Treatment, *Biodegradation, Aerobic Conditions,
Activated Sludge, Sewage Systems, Facilities, *Waste Water Treatment, Effluent,
Patents
Belgium
054C
LIQUID POLLUTION MEASUREMENT,
Procedyne Corp
French Patent 2,177,336. Applied March 19, 1973. Issued November 2, 1973.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 1, p 3, February 7, 1974.
A method of measuring liquid pollution is described in which the liquid is
continuously evaluated in terms of total oxygen demand. A continuously metered
flow sampled from the liquid is mixed with a measured proportion of oxygen
and the mixture is fed into an incinerator, e.g., a fluidized bed of aluminum
oxide powder, at > or = 816 C. The exhaust vapors are condensed, separated,
and dried to produce a dry residual gas which is measured for oxygen content
in an analyzer preferably calibrated to read T. 0. D. values.
*Measurement, *Liquid Wastes, *0xygen Demand, Incinerator, Oxygen, Patents
France, *Aluminum Oxide
102
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055C
WASTE WATER PURIFICATION,
Siren, M. J. 0.
French Patent 2,177,843. Applied March 21, 1973. Issued November 9, 1973.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 1, p 7, February 14, 1974.
A sewage and waste water purification method is described which comprises re-
moval of suspended solids and decomposition of nitrogen containing substances.
An adsorbent, preferably active carbon, and an oxygen containing gas are
introduced into a reservoir in which the waste water and a growing biomass
have been stored for > or = 3 days. Aerobic conditions are maintained until
the whole ammoniacal nitrogen is oxidized to nitrites or nitrates. The solids
are separated by sedimentation and the liquid phase goes into an anaerobic
zone to which more adsorbent and an organic carbon source, preferably metha-
nol, are added. The nitrites and nitrates are reduced to elemental nitrogen
and the solids are separated by sedimentation. High rates of denitrification
are achieved.
*Sewage Treatment, Waste Water, *Water Purification, *Suspended Solids, Ni-
trogen, Adsorption, Activated Carbon, Aerobic Conditions, Nitrates, Separation
Techniques, Oxidation, *Denitrification, Nitrites, Nitrates, Sedimentation,
*Waste Water Treatment, Patents
France, Methanol
056C
DETERMINING OIL CONTENT IN WATER,
Salen and Wlcander AB
French Patent 1,278,618. Applied March 2, 1973. Issued November 9, 1973.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 2, p 3, February 14, 1974.
A method for determining oil content in water by concentrating the water sample
and measuring the oil content in the concentrate is described. The oil is con-
centrated by passing a definite amount of water per time through a definite
surface of a filter material which absorbs or separates the oil. A photoelec-
tric device is used to determine the color change of the oil absorbing filter
material. After the passage of the water, either the degree of color change
is used as a measure for the oil content, or the dielectric constant of the
oil absorbing filter material is determined. The measurement is used to de-
fine the oil content. The water is passed twice through the filter material in
opposite flow directions so that the greater part of rust and the solid par-
ticles are removed from the filter material. The filter material consists of
a thin strip of polypropylene wool. Simple reliable determination of the oil
concentration in the water is effected even at oil/water ratios below
1/100,000.
*0il, *Water, Filter, *Filtering, Color, *Separation
Technique, Patents
France, *Dielectric Constant
103
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0.5 7C
LIQUID WASTE STABILIZATION PLANT,
General Signal Corp
French Patent 2,179,712. Applied December 29, 1972. Issued November 23, 1973.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 3, p 1, February 21, 1974.
A two stage liquid waste stabilization plant with massive recirculation capabili-
ties is described. Each stage is a discrete tank, free from internal obstacles
and connected in cascade with a feedback from the intertank connection via an
injector for oxidizing agent to the suction side of the main feed pump for
sewage or sludge into the first stage. Approximately 85% (> or = 75%) of the
flow from the first stage tank is recirculated. For maximum efficiency the
first stage tank is recirculated. For maximum efficiency the pressure in the
first stage is maintained at one level by the throttling effect of the jet
pump and in the second stage at another level by a reverse pressure centrifugal
pump in its outlet side.
*Recirculated Water, *Facilities, Sewage, Sludge, Sewage Treatment, Liquid
Wastes, Stabilization, *Waste Water Treatment, Patents
France
058C
SEWAGE TREATMENT,
Sanitas Co., Ltd
French Patent 7,205,271, Applied August 1, 1972. Issued October 15, 1973.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 2, p 1, February 14, 1974.
A sewage treatment is described in which the sewage is flushed from several
receivers to form a mixture of liquid arid sewage. The mixture is separated into
high solid content and high liquid content proportions. The solid matter
is separated from the liquid in the part with high liquid content. A chemical
composition is maintained in the liquid so that the liquid is a disinfectant
and deodorant. A bleaching action is maintained in the liquid so as to have
a decolorizing effect. The liquid is recycled and reused. The solid particle
is reduced and the high solid content portion is stored until all the solid has
been chemically broken down by the liquid.
*Sewage Treatment, *Separation Techniques, *Recycling, Disinfection, Water
Purification, Liquid Wastes, Solid Wastes, *Waste Water Treatment, Patents
France
104
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059C
WASTE WATER PURIFICATION,
Sterling Drug, Inc
French Patent 7,301,794. Applied March 14, 1973. Issued November 7, 1973.
French Patents Abstracts Vol. 5, No. 2, p 2, February 14, 1974.
The purification of waste waters by simultaneous removal of organic carbonaceous
material and biological oxidation of the reduced nitrogenous forms in waste
waters followed by subsequent reduction of the oxidized nitrogen to elemental
nitrogen is described. An aqueous suspension of a suitable adsorbent is added
to a vessel containing waste water and a developing active biomass having a
sludge age of > and = 3 days. Aerobic conditions are maintained to oxidize the
ammoniacal nitrogen to nitrite or nitrate nitrogen. The adsorbent, associated
adsorbed organic material, and biological solids are separated, and the solids
are returned to the vessel. The liquid phase goes into an anaerobic zone to
which further adsorbent and a source of organic carbon is added. The oxidized
nitrogen forms are reduced to elemental nitrogen and the mixture goes to a
quiescent zone where the adsorbent and associated organic material are removed
from the waste water.
Waste Water, Water Purification, *0rganic Matter, *0xidation, Reduction, Nitro-
gen, Adsorption, Sludge, *Biological Treatment, *Aerobic Conditions, Organic
Compounds, *Waste Water Treatment, Patents
France
060C
WASTE WATER PURIFICATION,
Esso Research and Engineering Co
Belgian Patent 801,541. Applied June 27, 1973. Issued December 27, 1973.
Derwent Belgian Patents Reports, Vol. 5, No. 3, p 4, February 21, 1974.
A method of waste water purification using active carbon with aerobic growth
control by oxygen treatment is described. Suspended and dissolved organic
impurities are removed from sanitary municipal or industrial waste water, in-
cluding petroleum refinery effluents, by passing the water preferably upward
through one active carbon bed. The bed is treated with 0.04-0.07 kg oxygen for
each 0.45 kg oxygen consumed by chemical oxygen requirement-impurities removed
from waste water. The active carbon bed is preferably rinsed periodically by
passing water upward at a sufficiently high rate to diminish biological growth
collection on active carbon. In a preferred process, 0.02-0.5 kg oxygen are
supplied for each 0.45 kg oxygen consumed by chemical oxygen requirement im-
purities removed from waste water. During rinsing the active carbon is treated
at intervals with an oxygen containing gas stream.
*Water Purification, *Waste Water, *Activated Carbon, Suspended Solids,
Organic Matter, Municipal Wastes, Industrial Wastes, Adsorption, Oxygen,
Growth Rates, Control, Patents
*Belgium
105
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061C
REMOVING OIL SUBSTANCES FROM WATER, ROADS, TOOLS AND MACHINES
ETC.- WITH HALOHYDROCARBONS CONTAINING NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS,
Or, II., T., and Watanabe, M.
French Patent 2,172,336. Applied February 16, 1972. Issued September 28, 1973.
French Patents, Food, Disinfectants, Detergents (U50), p 4, January 17,
1974.
The preparation of a mixture of halohydracarbons containing non-ionic sur-
factants and their application in removing oily substances from water, roads,
tools, and machines are described. The composition consists of a mixture of
not less than two percent of methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, trichloro-
ethylene, and carbon tetrachloride with 3-12 percent of the total composition,
of a nonionic surfactant of the polyoxyethylene type. The composition has
high emulsifying, dispersing, and stripping power, is nonflammable and can be
stored safely. A homogeneous, stable, emulsified dispersion of oils is
formed in (sea) water. The composition can be used to disperse oil on the
sea or other water surfaces, to remove oil from roadways, or to remove oil
from tools and machine.
*Treatment methods, Waste treatment, *Waste water (pollution), *0il spills,
Liquid wastes, *0il wastes, Municipal wastes
062C
FLOWMETER AND MONITOR,
German Patent 1,930,497, Applied June 16, 1969, Issued February 28, 1974.
German Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 10, p 2, April, 1974.
Designed and patented for use with liquids and gases, this monitoring system
has a membrane arranged to vibrate in front of a jet of the flowing liquid and
a microphone behind to act as a transducer to derive an electrical signal
representing the flow characteristics.
*Patents, *Monitoring, *Instrumentation, *Flow measurement, *Flow characteristics
106
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063C
SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM LIQUID,
German Patent 2161-310, Applied December 15, 1970, Issude February 21,
1974. German Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 9, p 2, April, 1974.
Solid particles are settled from liquid in successive steps in which the
separated particles and depleted liquid are conducted along an inclined
trapping surface. The horizontal components of the migration speeds in
adjacent stages are altered in direction by more than 90 degrees with the
mixture being separated into parallel spaces. The downward migrating com-
ponent enters one of two adjacent spaces in the next stage; the rising com-
ponent of the neighboring space to this flows to the successive stage in
the same space of the preceding stage, so that the layer of migrating par-
ticles is rolled around over the whole width of its migration path.
*Patents, *Separation techniques, Suspended solids, Liquid wastes
064C
FILTER FOR PURIFICATION OF EFFLUENTS,
German Patent 1484-841, Applied November 18, 1974. Issued February 21, 1974.
German Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 9, p 1, April, 1974.
Plants are embedded into the filter medium, that being either gravel or sand
devoid of nutrients, in such a way that their roots extent parallel to the
direction of flow of the effluents through the filter medium. An aerator
supplies fine bubbles below some of the roots. The preferred plants are
plaited bulrushes.
*Filters, *Effluents, *Plant groupings, *Patents, *Bulrushes
*Treatment methods
107
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065C
ELECTROLYTIC FLOTATION APPARATUS,
Austin, E. P., Kemp, G. D., Modesto, F. A., and
Marshall, I.
Simon-Hartley, Ltd. Staffordshire, England
U. S. Patent 3,793,178. Applied May 1, 1972. Issued February 19, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office, Vol. 919, No. 3, p 962,
February 19, 1974. 1 fig.
An electrolytic flotation apparatus is described for the treatment of activated
sludge and other liquids. The suspended material, which may include solids,
is carried to the surface of the tank by a bubbled gas to form a layer of
thickened material. The liquid is separated from the thickened material by
electrolytic action,
*Flotation, *Electrolysis, *Patents, *Equipment, *Separation techniques,
Activated sludge, Liquid wastes, Waste treatment, Suspended solids
England
066C
OIL-POLLUTION DETECTOR,
Texaco Development Corporation
Belgian Patent 803,742. Applied August 17, 1973. Issued February 18, 1974.
Derwent Belgian Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 9, p 1, April, 1974.
An oil pollution detector is described for detection of a liquid contaminant
in a stream of liquid of a different density. The stream enters a U-tube
having an outlet limb at a predetermined height. The level of the liquid
is detected and the variations in level are determined and show the presence
of liquid contaminant in the stream of liquid. The liquid contaminant is
preferably petroleum and the uncontaminated stream of liquid is water.
*0il pollution, *Patents, *Density, Equipment, Water, Oil, Water levels
*Detector, Belgium
108
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067C
FILTER AND SLURRY METERING SYSTEM,
King, J. A., and Maxam, D. R.
Stauffer Chemical Company, New York, New York
Canadian Patent 944,590. Applied August 26, 1971. Issued April 2, 1974.
Patents Brevets/Canadians, Vol. 102, No. 14, p 1165, April, 1974.
A aystem for measuring the solids content on a dry basis in a filter aid
water slurry and pumping the filter aid back into a filter is described.
The system*circulates the filter aid water slurry through a density gauge
and flow meter to measure the dry weight of solids. Then, the slurry is
pumped back into the filter for reuse.
*Filters, *Slurries, *Patents, *Measurement, Circulation, Weight
*Solids, Canada
068C
FLOATAGE COLLECTING APPARATUS AND METHOD,
Farrell, J. H., Biahchi, R. A., and Johanson, E. E.
JBF Scientific Corporation, Burlington, Massachusetts
U. S. Patent 3,804,251. Applied March 6, 1972. Issued April 16, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 3, p. 1027,
April 16, 1974. 1 fig.
An apparatus and method for removing floating material from the surface of
a body of liquid and for collecting the material are described. The apparatus
has an endless belt type materials transport mounted with a lower flight
inclined downwardly from above the liquid surface at a frontal location to
below the surface at a rearward location,. A collection well is contiguously
behind the rearward location. The transport is driven to advance the lower
flight in the direction from the frontal location to the rearward location.
This motion carries floating material from the liquid surface downward and
rearward under the lower flight of the transport and releases it at the
rearward location to float upward into the collection well. A method for
floatage collection by steps is also included.
*Equipment, *Patents, Separation techniques
*Floatlng material
109
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069C
METHOD FOR CONTROLLING FLOW OF AQUEOUS FLUIDS IN
SUBTERRANEAN FORMATIONS,
Routson, W. G.
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
Canadian Patent 944,548. Applied February 22, 1971. Issued April 2, 1974.
Patents Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 14, p 1156, April 2, 1974.
The formation of colloidal, water-insoluble, inorganic compounds in the
presence of high molecular weight organic polyelectrolytes in dilute aqueous
solution provides aqueous compositions having improved resistance to flow
through porous subterranean formations. The use of these compositions
provides a method for diminishing or shutting off water production in oil
wells, for controlling the mobility of aqueous fluids in zones of higher
permeability in such formations and for plugging subsurface leaks as in
earthern dams. This method provides a useful adjunct in the control of
thief zones in oil well drilling and in secondary recovery of petroleum by
water flooding techniques.
*Flow control, *Patents, Colloids, Subsurface flow, Inorganic compounds,
Resistance, Porous media
Polyelectrolytes, Canada
070C
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TREATING WASTE LIQUID,
Ross, D. S. i
Hydro-Clear Corporation, Avon Lake, Ohio
U. S..Patent 3,792,773. Applied September 30, 1971. Issued February 19, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office, Vol. 919, No. 3, p 867, February
19, 1974.
An apparatus and method for treating waste effluent from a sewage treatment
plant using a filter unit having a backwash arrangement are described. After
backwashing, the liquid is subject to flocculation, coagulation, and
settlement to produce a supernatant. The supernatant enters directly into
the inlet of the filter without returning the backwash liquid to the sewage
treatment plant. The solids in the backwash liquid are concentrated and
removed without being reintroduced into the sewage treatment plant.
*Waste water treatment, *Sewage effluents, *Filtration, *Patents, Equipment,
Flocculation, Coagulation, Sewage treatment, Treatment plant
Backwash, Settlement
110
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071C
METHOD AND MEANS OF CONTROLLING DEPOSITION OF PARTICLES
IN A LIQUID,
Woodhouse, D. A.
Phillips, Ormonde, and Fitzpatrick,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Patent 445,189. Applied September 3, 1969. Issued February 14,
1974. Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks, and Designs, Vol. 44,
No. 5, p 483, February 14, 1974.
A method of treating a liquid to promote coagulation of particles in the
liquid is described. A self-induced e.m.f. is produced at a section of a
supply conduit through which the liquid flows. It is effective to alter
the Zeta potential of particles and ions present in the liquid contained
in or passing through that section of the conduit.
*Liquids, *Coagulation, *Patents, Flow, Zeta potential, Electrochemistry
*Electromagnetic force, Australia, Deposits
072C
TESTING LIQUID SAMPLES,
Victors, Ltd
Australian Patent 444,506. Applied December 21, 1970. Issued January, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 2, p 178,
January, 1974.
An apparatus for use in testing samples of liquids is described. It consists
of a multi-outlet chamber and a methods for producing suction within the
chamber. The liquid is drawn through the chamber inlet into the chamber and
along the first fluid path until the liquid reaches the first capillary. The
level of liquid in the chamber rises while gas is drawn from the chamber via
the second fluid path. The chamber is subsequently emptied of liquid by
connecting the third fluid path to connect the first outlet to the suction
producing means in the chamber bypassing the portion of relatively high
resistance of the first path.
*Equipment, *Patents, *Testing, *Liquids
Suction, Australia
111
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073C
CRUDE OIL SWEEP DREDGE,
Kllney, E.
Canadian Patent 943,871. Applied June 8, 1971. Issued March 19, 1974.
Patents/Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 12, p 1010, March 19, 1974.
An apparatus for removal of oil and sludge from the surface of water is
described. The apparatus can be mounted on a vessel and has an endless
bucket conveyor supported by an arm structure which extends into the water
at one end and to a discharge area in the vessel at the other end. A drive
moves the conveyor so it picks up oil and sludge and carries it to the
discharge area. A means of supply heat is adjacent to the discharge area
and aids the discharge of oil and sludge from the buckets.
*Equipment, *0il, *Sludge, *Patents, *Water, Water purification, Dredging
Canada
074C
APPARATUS FOR DREDGING DIVIDED SOLIDS SUBMERGED IN
LIQUID,
Duval, L. A.
U. S. Patent 3,800,949. Applied September 23, 1971. Issued April 2, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 1, p 172, April 2,
1974. 1 fig.
Ar. apparatus for removing finely divided solids collected in a sump or pit
in association with water is described. A main frame supports the apparatus
above the pit. There are two guides; the first guide is supported in the
frame for vertical reciprocation. The second guide is supported within the
first guide for rotation about a vertical axis. A boom extends outwardly and
downwardly from the lower end of the second guide. The boom is tillable about
a horizontal pivot axis. There is a dredging head at the outer end of the
boom which is adapted to reach various parts of the pit by manipulation of
the apparatus. A pump is mounted inside of the second guide with an intake
line communicating to the dredge head so that the loosened solid material
in somewhat of a slurry is able to be pumped out of the pit.
*Equipment, *Patents, *Dredging, *Liquids, Pumps, Rotations, Pumping,
Slurries
*Solids, Boom
112
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075C
FLUID SAMPLE ANALYSIS SYSTEM,
Durrum, E. L., Forge, C. 0., Lee, P. L. Y., and
Mackinnon, K. L.
Durrum Development Corporation,
Palo Alto, California
U.S. Patent 3,806,321. Applied September 2, 1971. Issued April 23, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 4, p 1577, April 23,
1974. 1 fig.
A fluid sample analysis system is described which is characterized by an ion
exchange column which operates on a time basis. A reagent supply line under
substantial positive pressure discharges reagent into the eluent of the ion
exchange column for mixing reagent and eluent. There is a back pressure
resistance to passage of fluid which is substantially matched to the back
pressure resistance provided by the ion exchange column. The system is further
characterized by means for the mixing the eluent and reagent and by a tubular
reaction coil.
*Patents, *Liquids, *Analytical techniques, *Ion exchange, Separation tech-
niques, Mixing, Pressure, Tubes
Reagent, Eluent
076C
METHOD FOR DRYING SLUDGE AND INCINERATING ODOR BODIES,
Keller, F. R.
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Patent 3,805,715. Applied October 26, 1972. Issued April 23, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 4, p 1421, April
23, 1974.
A process for drying sewage sludge and eliminating its odors is described.
The sludge is dried in a fluidized bed dryer while the odors are eliminated by
incinerating them in a fluidized bed incinerator. The hot exit gases from
the incinerator are employed to preheat both the sewage sludge feed and
the fluidizing air stream for the fluidized bed dryer. The dryer contains
a heat exchanger submerged in the fluidized bed which provides the heat for
drying from the low pressure exhaust steam exiting from an extraction turbine.
The condensate and exhaust from the dryer heat exchanger are recycled to the
incinerator heat exchanger for generation of high pressure steam. The output
of the extraction turbine is used to drive air blowers for the two fluidized
beds. The fluidized bed incinerator is fluidized with the stream of off
gases and odor bodies from the fluidized bed dryer, the fuel value of the off
gases and odor are effectively used in the incinerator where heat is generated
by fuel combustion.
*Drying, *Patents, *Sewage sludge, *0dor, Control, Incineration, Gases,
Turbines, Equipment
*Fluidized bed
113
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077C
SEWAGE FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM,
Smith, S. F.
U.S. Patent 3,805,817. Applied December 13, 1971. Issued April 23, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 4, p 1447, April
23, 1974. 2 fig.
A sewage flow control system is described for a sewage piping complex. Flow
stabilizing stations are counted in a series of sections, each including means
for constricting and means for accelerating flow to maintain selected pressures
and flow rates in the controlled sections. This process obtains maximum use
of the cubical volume of the piping complex to maintain the piping full of
fluid to provide overall even flows of sewage during both normal peak and
low volume flows and sufficient internal piping pressure to inhibit ground
water influx.
*Patents, *Sewage, *Flow control, Pipes, Stabilization, Flow rates, Groundwater
078C
APPARATUS FOR AND PROCESS OF TREATING LIQUIDS WITH
A GAS,
Armstrong, E. T.
U.S. Patent 3,805,481. Applied December 21, 1970. Issued April 23, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 4, p 1359,
April 23, 1974. 1 fig.
A gas-liquid mixing system for selective bacterial reduction, generalized
disinfection sterilization or other gas treatment of the liquid is described.
The system utilizes essential gravitational head and/or pumps in conjunction
with a process flow line which may operate under a hydraulic pressure gradient.
It has an inlet at one end for receiving the untreated liquid and an outlet
at its opposite end, one or more local areas of high momentum exchange, and
one or more injectors for the introduction of a gas into the process line.
The injectors are located so as to introduce the gas into the liquid down-
stream from the areas of high momentum exchange where the static pressure is
at least partially regained. The gas may consist of air, oxygen, or an
oxygen ozone mixture, either alone or mixed with a carrier gas.
*Gases, *Patents, *Liquids, *Mixing, Disinfection, Separation techniques,
Equipment, Flow, Oxygen, Ozone, Flow
Sterilization, Bacterial reduction
114
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079C
RADIOACTIVE WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM,
Mertens, J.
Nuclear Waste Systems Company,
Campbell, California
U.S. Patent 3,085,959. Applied June 3, 1971. Issued April 23, 1974. Official
Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 4, p 1483, April 23, 1974.
A radioactive waste treatment system is described for solid radioactive
process waste from nuclear reactor power plants. The wastes consist of
filter sludges and demineralized resins or ion exchange resins. The wastes
are moved to large tanks where they are collected. The backwash water and
floor drain water wastes are percolated throuth settled solids by gravity.
In doing so, the wastes are prefiltered and predemineralized. The waste
waters are then polished in the water treatment system and returned to a
condensate storage tank.
*Waste water treatment, *PatentS, *Radioactive wastes, Solid wastes, Sludges,
Resins, Storage tanks, Separation techniques, Percolation, Waste disposal
080C
FRAME FOR A SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE ASSEMBLY,
Butruille, Y. and Mourlan, J.
Rhone-Poulene S. A., Paris, France
U.S. Patent 3,805,960. Applied July 1, 1971. Issued April 23, 1974. Official
Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 4, p 1483, April 23, 1974.
1 fig.
Frames for clamping together the plane membrane and interposed plates of a
semi-permeable membrane stack are described. The frame comprises two frame
plates interconnected by tie bars extending from onye of the plates to pass
through orifices in the other plate. The orifices are countersunk in such a
way that the tiebars may be deformed in the orifices to limit subsequent
increases in the distance between the two frame plates, so that the semi-
permeable membrane stack is held tightly together.
*Semipermeable membranes, *Patents, Equipment
*Frames, France
115
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081C
SEWAGE AND WATER TREATMENT WITH MODIFIED QUARTERNARY SALTS
OF VINYLPYRIDINE COPOLYMERS,
Doss, R. C. and deary, J. W.
Philips Petroleum Compnay,
Bartlesvllle, Oklahoma
U.S. Patent 3,806,450. Applied December 20, 1971. Issued Arpil 23, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 4, p 1604, April 23,
1974.
A sewage and water treatment system is described in which the sewage
and water are chemically conditioned with modified quaternary salts of
vinylpyrldine copolymers. Coagulation, flocculation, and filtration in
sewage and water treatment processes are significantly improved by the
use of the salts.
*Patents, *Sewage, *Water treatment, Salts, Coagulation, Filtration,
Flocculation
*Vlnylpyridine, *Quarternary salts
082C
AUTOMATIC VALVES, PARTICULARLY FOR USE WITH FILTERS,
Cullis, J. C.
Engineering Components, Limited,
Liverpool, England
U.S. Patent 3,807,561. Applied September 13, 1971. Issued April 30, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 5, p 1909, April
30, 1974. 1 fig.
An automatic valve of the poppet or mushroom type is described for use with
a filter. It is molded as an integral unit from glass fibre reinforced nylon
and has a head and a stem consisting of two parallel limbs formed at their
free ends with lateral hook-like projections. The limbs can be pressed
together to enable the projections to pass through a port in a ported member.
They then can be allowed to spring back to their normal configuration, engaging
a spring interposed between the projections and ported member.
*Patents, *Valves, *Filters, Equipment
England
116
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083C
DEVICE FOR CONDUCTING WASTE LIQUID FROM A RECEPTACLE TO
A PNEUMATIC LIQUID DISPOSAL SYSTEM,
Svanteson, S. E. A.
Aktiebolaget Electrolux, Stockholm, Sweden
U.S. Patent 3,807,431. Applied November 21, 1972. Issued April 30, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 5, p 1874, April
30, 1974. 1 fig.
An apparatus for conveying waste liquid from a hold receptacle to a vacuum
sewage disposal system is described. The waste liquid is conducted through a
transport conduit to which atmospheric air is able to enter. The air-waste
liquid provides for a more efficient moving of the waste.
*Equipment, *Liquid waste, Sewage, Waste disposal, Air
*Liquid waste transport, Sweden
Q84C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING SOLIDS,
Pentz, H. L., Pakhani, C., and Majeron, F.
FMC Corporation,
San Jose, California
U.S. Patent 3,807,560. Applied January 12, 1972. Issued April 30, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 5, p 1908-1909,
April 30, 1974. 1 fig.
A method and apparatus for removing a varying depth layer of settled solids
from the bottom of a sedimentation tank is described. The apparatus includes
a plurality of spaced education means supported on a bridge that is movable
transversely between spaced inlets and outlets for the tank to remove settled
solids from associated zones in the tank bottom. The apparatus provides a
range of flow capacity between a minimum and maximum for each zone. The
flow of sludge can be adjusted to remove all deposited solids from each zone
during each pass of the bridge. A sensing mechanism maintains a substantially
uniform solids concentration in the sludge being removed.
*Separation techniques, *Patents, *Equipment, *Bottom sediments, Settling
basins, Sludge treatment
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085C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING POLLUTION INDEX,
Brainard, E. C., II.
Environmental Devices Corporation,
Marion, Massachusetts
U.S. Patent 3,807,860. Applied January 31, 1973. Issued April 30, 1973.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921., No. 5, p 1986, April
30, 1974. 1 fig.
A method and apparatus for providing an index of the concentration of pollutant
in water is described. The index is determined according to the difference
between two different measures of the salinity of water. In a preferred
embodiment the two measures of salinity are measures of electrical conductivity
and of refractive index.
*Patents, *Water pollution, Methodology, Equipment, Saline water, Salinity,
Refractivity
*Pollution index
086C
FILTRATION APPARATUS AND METHOD,
Australian Patent 445, 653. Applied May 9, 1968. Issued May 5, 1969. Official
Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 7, p 669, February 28,
1974.
Separation of a solid medium from a liquid medium is accomplished by a cylindri-
cal inner wall for the housing, a cylindrical core with a longitudinal bore,
and an axially moveable core which makes up a filtration apparatus. A pressure
chamber is provided by a flexible tube diaphragm within the housing, located
within the annular cavity. A deformable lip is joined to the body portion
but is free from the core, adapted to come into sealing contact with a co-operating
portion of the housing in the operative position of the core. A liquid-
solid inlet is defined; and a third portion of the housing defines a fluid in-
let leading into the pressure chamber between the inner wall and the outside of
the diaphragm. A fourth and final portion of the housing defines a fluid out-
let leading from the pressure chamber to outside the housing, with means for
exerting a fluid pressure on the outside of the diaphragm via the fluid inlet,
pressure being releasable via the fluid outlet.
*Patents, *Filtration, *Separation techniques, Liquids, Pressure, Equipment,
Flow, Pressure
Solids
-------
087C
SLUDGE BLANKET FOR WATER TREATMENT,
Australian Patent 445,755. Applied November 8, 1968. Issued November 4, 1969.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 7, February
28, 1974.
Water treatment is achieved using chemical agglomeration of impurities followed
by separation of the chemically formed floe-suspension by filtration. A fully
fluidized sludge blanket is comprised of sludge concentration or compartment, over-
flow openings, and walls of substantially cylindrical vessels arranged horizon-
tally. A slot along the whole length of the lower part of the sludge blanket
connects to a distribution channel for the treated liquid.
*Sludge, *Water treatment, *Patents, Liquids
*Sludge blanket, Floe-suspension
088C
PROCESS FOR REMOVING PROTEIN FROM WASTE EFFLUENT,
Australian Patent 445,712. Applied July 15, 1968. Issued July 14, 1969. Of-
ficial Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 7, p 682, Febru-
ary 28, 1974.
A substantially protein-free liquid is recovered after passing waste effluent
through a bed or beds of ion exchange material, and regenerating the ion ex-
change material for future use. These ion exchange groups are cross-linked
by the residues of a cross-linking agent which is bifunctional and capable of
reacting with two hydroxyl groups to form covalent bonds.
*Patents, *Effluent, *Proteins, Wastes, Waste treatment, Ion exchange, Liquids
Hydroxyl groups
119
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089C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFLUENT WATERS SUCH
AS SEWAGE,
Neel, M. E.
Port Arthur, Texas
United States Patent 3,808,123. Applied December 14, 1971. Issued April
30, 1974. Official Gazette, Vol. 921, No. 5, p 2047, April 30, 1974. 1 fig.
A method and apparatus has been patented for treating influent waters such
as sewage, waste water, discharges from petroleum or chemical plants, or
other materials requiring oxidation. It utilizes a pressure vessel into which
the influent waters are moved under pressure. The pressure within each vessel
is maintained within a desired range, and an oxygen stream is pumped into the
influent waters. To insure proper contact with the oxygen, detention time
within the vessel is provided; fine bubble diffusers are used to inject the
oxygen stream; and these diffusers are spaced at various locations and if de-
sired at varying levels within the vessel. Means are provided to vary the
quantity of the oxygen stream introduced into the vessel at various points,
as well as to vary the percentage of oxygen in the oxygen stream itself.
The apparatus and method may be employed at various locations in a sewer system
as intermediate steps to prevent excessive build-up of odor or corrosion,
or with additional equipment, such as tapered aeration tanks, or aeration
tanks, or aerobic digesters, to form a complete treatment plant.
*Patent, *Waste water treatment, *Treatment methods, *0xidation, *Sewage
treatment, Aeration, Odor
090C
MEMBRANES FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS,
Walmsley, D.
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, London, England
United States Patent 3,807,571. Applied April 9, 1973. Issued April 30, 1974.
Official Gazette, Vol. 921, No. 5, p 1911, April 30, 1974. 1 fig.
A patent has been granted for a cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membrane, a.
method of making such a membrane by casting, and a solution suitable for use
in casting such a membrane. The particular features of the invention lie in
the selection of a narrow range of acetyl values for the cellulose acetete,
obtained by blending cellulose acetates having acetyl values falling outside
the selected range, and in the composition of the casting solution which in-
cluded acetone dioxan and formamide. The membranes of the invention are
further characterized in having Indices of Performance (I.O.P.) of at
least 50; frequently the I.O.P. is higher than 100.
*Patent, *Reverse osmosis, *Waste water treatment, *Membranes, *Cellulose,
Treatment method
"Cellulose acetate
120
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091C
METHOD OF TREATING SUBTERRANEAN FORMATION TO IMPROVE PERMEABILITY,
Thigpen, A. B., and Tate, J. F.
Texaco, Inc., New York, New York
United States Patent 3,807,500. Applied March 12, 1973. Issued April 30,
1974. Official Gazette, Vol. 921, No. 5, p 1893-1894, April 30, 1974. 1 fig.
A method has been patented for treating subterranean formations containing
water sensitive clays which have sustained permeability damage due to contact
with fresh water. To increase the permeability of the subterranean formations
a solution of potassium chloride is injected into the formation via wells
drilled into the formations. Treatment with a heated fluid including steam
having a temperature of at least 300°F for several hours follows. The forma-
tion is then further treated with mud acid or retarded mud acid.
*Patents, *Aquifer management, *Permeability, *Subsurface drainage, *Arti-
ficial recharge, Infiltration, Clays
09 2C
FILTERING PROCESS,
Goldfield, J. and Greco, V.
Johns-Manville Corporation,
New York, New York
Canadian Patent 943,079. Applied March 16, 1971. Issued March 5, 1974.
Patents/Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 10, p 844, March, 1974.
A process for filtration of submicron liquid and solid particles from large
volumes of gas in which the particles are carried is described. The gas
is passed through a filter medium made up of fibers having an average
diameter of up to about 10 micron at a velocity of at least 300 ft/min
and at a pressure drop not greater than 40 inches of water to remove at
least 80% of such particles.
*Patents, *Filtration, Filters, Liquids, Solid wastes, Gases, Pressure, Canada
*Submicron particles, *Purification
121
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093C
LOW-TEMPERATURE PURIFICATION OF FLUIDS,
Hays, G. E., and Albright, M. A.
Phillips Petroleum Company,
Bartlesville, Oklahoma
Canadian Patent 943,055. Applied May 10, 1971. Issued March 5, 1974.
Patents/Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 10, p 839, March, 1974.
An absorption process for the low temperature purification of fluids is
described. Liquids or gas streams are purified at a temperature at or
below the freezing point of the constituents to be purified. Operating
at or below that temperature greatly increases the adsorption capacity of
the adsorptive material.
*Patents, *Absorption, Liquids, Gases, Streams, Temperature, Canada
*Purification
094C
WATER QUALITY MEASURING APPARATUS,
Benckiser Wasser Technik
Belgian Patent 806,020. Applied October 12, 1972. Issued February 1,
1974. Derwent Belgian Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 8, p 1, March, 1974.
A water quality measuring apparatus is described for drinking water,
swimming baths, and process effluent. The oxygen absorbed value of a
liquid is automatically measured by the instrument using platinum/calomel
electrodes as a composite, one piece probe in an amplified measuring
circuit. The probe fits into a pocket through which only a fraction of
the flow in a main pipe is diverted. The fraction is regulated by a flow
control valve and flowmeter upstream of the pocket which discharges at
negligible pressure. The instrument can be easily disconnected from the
main pipeline in order to clean or renew the electrode without inter-
fering with flow through the main pipeline. Since the electrode is not
subjected to main pipeline flow and pressure conditions, it can be con-
structed as a cheap, lightweight unit.
*Patents, *Instrumentation, *Measurement, *Water quality, Potable water,
Swimming pools, Effluents, Oxyben, Electrodes, Flow control, Flow
measurements, Pipes, Pipelines
Belgium, Platinum, Calomel
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095C
PURIFYING POLLUTED EFFLUENT,
Stengelin, V.
Netherlands Patent 7,310,800. Applied August 3, 1973. Issued February
7, 1974. Derwent Netherlands Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 8, p 3,
March, 1974.
A separation technique for purifying polluted effluent is described. The
incoming effluent is split into two fractions of which the major, about
80-95% of the whole, is put into the first stage while the balance of
untreated effluent is divided between the second and subsequent stages.
This increases the decomposition rate in later stages.
*Patents, *Separation technique, *Waste water purification, Effluent,
Water pollution treatment
Netherlands
096C
AERATION DIFFUSER,
Martin Marietta Corporation
French Patent 2,184,426. Applied May 16, 1972, Issued February 1,
1974. French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 8, p 1, March, 1974.
An aeration diffuser was developed for the diffusion of a gas into a
relatively large volume of liquid, particularly diffusion of air or oxygen
into polluted lakes or rivers deficient in dissolved oxygen. The gas is
delivered into the liquid by a small aperture to form a small bubble.
The bubble is driven into the mass of liquid before its formation is
complete by a flow of liquid past the aperture at a speed which is
preferably less than that of the liquid past the aperture.
*Patents, *Aeration, *Diffusion, Gases, Liquid, Air, Oxygen, Water puri-
fication, Lakes, Rivers, Water pollution treatment, Equipment
*Aerator, France
123
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09 7C
METHOD FOR INSTALLING AERATION SYSTEMS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
TANKS,
Thayer, P. M.
Water Pollution Control Corporation,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
U.S. Patent 3,802,676. Applied August 3, 1971. Issued April 9, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 121, No. 2, p 619-620,
April 9, 1974.
A method of installing an aeration system in a sewage treatment tank is
described. It includes the following steps: prefabricating headers having
transversely extending connectors longitudinally spaced along the header;
supporting the header in a tank to extend horizontally; adjusting the posi-
tion of support of the header to obtain a desired uniform depth in the
tank for the header; leveling the header; rotating the header on its axis
to level the connectors; and attaching air diffusers to the connectors.
*Patents, *Installation, *Aeration, *Sewage treatment, Sewerage, Equipment
098C
DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUSLY TREATING LIQUIDS,
Plura, G.
L and C Steinmuller GmbH, Gummersbach, Germany
U.S. Patent 3,802,568. Applied October 31, 1972. Issued April 9, 1974. Official
Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 121, No. 2, p 593, April 9, 1974.
1 fig.
A trisectional device for continuously treating fluids in an ion exchange
bed is described. The device consists of a column like hollow body, the
ends of which are closed off with lid like elements, distribution elements
within the device, supply and discharge conduits for the fluid, the
fluid, the fluid treating medium, and tubes within the hollow body and
parallel to its longitudinal axis. The free ends of the tubes are
firmly connected with intermediate plates. The uppermost tube is
provided with cutouts extending all the way through. A smaller tube
is concentrically arranged within the uppermost tube and flows into
cutouts preferably radially extending through the uppermost tube. In
the treating area of the middle bed section the tubes continue as"
solid rods, again forming tubes in the lower bed section. Cutouts are
provided in the connecting region between the solid rod and the lower
tube section.
*Patents, *Ion Exchange, *Equipment, *Design data, Waste water treatment,
Equipment
Germany
124
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099C
WATER PURIFYING DEVICE,
Sasaki, S. and Nishikawa, T.
Matsushita Electric Industrial Compnay, Limited,
Osaka, Japan
U.S. Patent 3,802,563. applied December 20, 1971. Issued April 9, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 121, No. 2, p 592, April
9, 1974. 1 fig.
A water purifying device is described which consists of a filter unit
with a filter element within it and a purified water discharge tube connected'
to it. There is a directional control valve unit with two water outlet
ports and an externally operable valve ball. A hose connects one of the
water outlet ports with the filter unit. The directional control valve
is mounted on a faucet and the valve ball is externally operated to
alternately open and close the water outlet ports to obtain purified, city
water.
*Patents, *Water purification, *Filter, *Filtration, *Municipal water,
Design data, Valves, Equipment
Japan
100C
WATER INTAKE SCREEN,
Hughes, R. G. and Evard, W. M.
FMC Corporation, San Jose, California
U.S. Patent 3,802,565. Applied May 22, 1972. Issued April 9, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 121, No. 2, p 592, April
9, 1974. 1 fig.
A traveling intake water screen installation is described for removing
debris and fish from a flowing stream of water. It includes a screen
movable through a vertically closed loop. The screen is suspended from
a pair of dual material head sprockets and comprises multiple screen
trays interconnecte/d by endless dual material side chains. Each screen
tray has flexible end plates for preventing passage of debris around the
sides of the screen.
*Patents, *Intake structures, Water purification, Fish, Solid wastes,
*Screens, Flexibility, Installation, Streams
125
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101C
PROCESS FOR REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS FROM A FLUID STREAM,
Sutherland, G.
AWT Systems, Incorporated,
Wilmington, Delaware
U.S. Patent 3,803,033. Applied November 6, 1972. Issued April 9, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 2, p 704, April
9, 1974. 1 fig.
A process for the removal of organic contaminants from a fluid stream is
described. A magnetically susceptible iron carbon complex is dispersed
in the stream until a substantial amount of contaminants have been ad-
sorbed from the stream. The dispersion passes through a magnetic filter
to separate the dispersion into a fluid stream having a reduced concen-
tration of contaminants and an adsorbed complex containing contaminants.
Regeneration of the adsorbed complex may be accomplished by heating the
complex in an inert atmosphere at a temperature sufficient to desorb and
vaporize the contaminants.
*Patents, *0rganic matter, *Waste water treatment, Iron, Carbon, Dis-
persion, Adsorption, Filters
*Magnetic complexes, Iron-Carbon complex
102C
EFFLUENTS BIOCHEMICAL PURIFICATION,
Smirnov, D. N., Dmitriev, A. S., and Gumbatov, R. T.
Water Works and Sanitation Research Institute,
Bulgaria
Sovient Patent 385,929. Applied February 18, 1971. Issued September
20, 1973. Soviet Inventions Illustrated, Vol. 5, No. 9, p 2-3, April,
1974. 1 fig.
The maintenance of a stable purification process is controlled by con-
tinuous monitoring of oxidation regeneration potential of drainage water
flowing into aeration tanks and recirculation of sludge and supply of
air into the tank automatically adjusted in accordance with test results.
The concentration of contaminated drainge water is checked by test unit
which is used to control the air flow through a valve. The test unit is
also used to control the water level in the sedimentation tank. Sludge
in the tank is recirculated through a regulated valve to the tank.
*Patent, *Water water purification, *Maintenance, Activated sludge,
Monitoring, Drainage water, Aeration, Water level, Automatic control,
Tanks, Valves
U.S.S.R.
126
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10 3C
AEROBIC DRYING OF ORGANIC WASTE,
Gujer, H.
Australian Patent 445,094. Applied December 2, 1968. Issued February, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 5,
p 460-461, Februar, 1974.
An aerobic method for continuously dewatering organic waste matter of a
water content of more than 40% by weight is described. Aerobic precom-
posting proceeds to a water content permitting aerobic compositing of
the water waste matter while simultaneously precomposting the waste matter
arranged in a bed of substantially uniform thickness. The waste matter
with more than 40% by weight water is periodically admixed through pro-
portionately progressive addition to the total bed mass which consists
essentially of precomposted waste matter of the same type, in a maximum
quantity of 20% by weight of the bed mass per day. The entire bed mass
is circulated several times daily during the continuous precomposting
process and as much precomposted, dewatered waste matter is removed from
the process as new waste matter of a water content of more than 40% by
weight is added.
*Patents, *Aerobic conditions, *Dewatering, *0rganic wastes, Water drying,
Waste water
Australia
104C
CISTERN,
Gramall Industries Pty Limited
Australian Patent 444,625. Applied March 11, 1970. Issude January 31, 197
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks, and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 3,
p 259, January 31, 1974.
A cistern is described which has walls and a base forming a container, a
weir, or a dividing wall, joining walls at Its ends and extending upwardly
from the base to divide the cistern into two parts. There is a ball
valve part and a float part which connect above the weir. The upper edge
of the weir or dividing wall is below the upper edges of the walls. A pair
of float operated valves are carried by the cistern and positioned above
the ball valve part of connected to mains supply. An outlet conduit ex-
tends downwardly from the first pair of valves and passes through the
cistern base. A by pass tube places the conduit in fluid flow connec-
tion near the base with the float part of the cistern and constitutes an
ejector inlet conduit. A short outlet conduits depending from the second
pair of valves, each valve has a valve operating arm pivoted to it with
floats attached to it. The floats are positioned in the float part of
the cistern.
*Patents, *Cisterns, *Design data, Weir, Valves, Floats, Operation,
Conduits
Australia
127
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105C
PROCESS FOR REGENERATING SPENT ACTIVE CARBON IN A SUSPENSION-
DISPERSION TRANSPORT SYSTEM,
Joseph, R. T.
FMC Corporation, New York, New York
U.S. Patent 3,801,514. Applied June 9, 1971. Issued April 2, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 1, p 306,
April 2, 1974. 1 fig.
A process for regenerating spent active carbon in a suspension dispersion
transport system is described. The carbon, recovered from secondary
sewage treatment and from beer and sugar refining, is regenerated by
rapidly heating it in the dip dispersed phase in the presence of an
activating atmosphere. The activating gases are preferably steam or
carbon dioxide or both.
*Patents, *Activated carbon, Carbon dioxide, Steam, Sewage treatment,
Heating, Suspension
*Regeneration, Suspension dispersion transport system
106C
SEWAGE TREATMENT,
Luck, E.
Thornhill, Ontario, Canada
U.S. Patent 3,801,499. Applied August 25, 1971. Issued April 2, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 121, No. 1, p 54, April
2, 1974.
A method of treating liquid sewage is described which includes the pre-
cipitation of heavy metals which may have been previously settled, fil-
tered, or otherwise treated so as to remove a large proportion of the
solids content. The pH is raised to over 11 to destroy pathogenic or-
ganisms and to release the enzymes from bacteria in the sewage. The pH
is then lowered so that it is in a range in which the enzymes digest
components of the sewage. Microorganisms are added to the sewage to
assist in decomposing organic components and are then killed and removed.
The remaining solution is neutralized and treated with ion exchange
resins to remove the anions and cations. The water produced is of
drinking water quality and the process by which it is made is apprecia-
bly faster than present commercial sewage treatments.
*Sewage treatment, *Patents, *Water purification, *Chemical precipitation,
Heavy metals, Hydrogen ion concentration, Enzymes, Biological treatment,
Sewage bacteria, Biodegradation, Ion exchange, Resins, Water quality,
Potable water, Canada
128
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10 7C
ACTIVATED SLUDGE WASTE WATER PURIFIER,
See Soc D'Epuration SA
Belgian Patent 806,205. Applied October 17, 1973. Issued February
15, 1974. Derwent Belgian Report, Vol. 5, No. 9, p 2, April, 1974.
An activated sludge waste water purifier is described which combines
blower aeration and stabilizing vessels in a single underground tank.
Domestic or industrial waste water is treated in order that it may be
discharged as an effluent without pollution hazard into a cylindrical
underground tank. The tank is divided into an aerating section and a
stabilizing section and separated by a partition penetrated by a pipe
leading to the liquid surface. The installation preferably has a manhole,
covered by a metal grid which provides access to the blower and both
sections of the tank. Water is fed to one end of the tank in aeration
section, and pure water is recovered via perforated surface collection
pipes. The unit may be installed close to residences, is not noisy,
and is not susceptible to contamination with vegetation.
*Patents, *Waste water treatment, *Water purification, Equipment, Activated
sludge, Sludge treatment, Domestic wastes, Industrial wastes, Effluents,
Aeration, Underground structures
Belgium
108C
ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT IN TANK AERATOR,
United Kingdom Electricity Council
Belgium Patent 806,582. Applied October 26, 1973. Issued February
15, 1974. Derwent Belgiun Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 10, p 2,
April, 1974.
An activated sludge treatment tank aerator is described which used
multiple jet pumps driven by a common rotary pump. Either an external
electric motor driven impeller pump with suction side connected to the
lower part of the circular treatment tank, or an immersed pump may be
used. From the delivery side of that pump either a curved horizontal
pipe or the body of the main immersed pump, feeds a number of radially
spaced nozzles in the form of Venturis, so that turbulence is created
in the tank contents. Each Venturi has a vertical air inlet pipe at
its throat leading to above the maximum liquid level especially above
the tank roof. Thorough mixing of activated sludge with the sewage
especially farmyard, combines with oxygenation.
*Sludge treatment, *Patents, Activated sludge, Pump, Nozzle, Sewage,
Oxygenation, Agricultural wastes, Venturis
*Aerator, Belgium, Great Britain
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109C
WATER SAMPLING DEVICE,
Hagenuk Vormals Neufeldt
French Patent 2,186,132. Applied April 11, 1973. Issued February 8,
1974. French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 9, p 5, April, 1974.
A water sampling device for the supervision of water supplies is described.
The device takes samples of definite intervals of time and detects the
presence of impurities. The apparatus has reservoirs and can be used on
buoys supported on a support at the bottom of a lake or fixed on stakes
or piles. Compared with previous devices, all that is required is a
rotating arm for shearing glass capillary tubes at the inlet of the
reservoirs. The samples can be preserved indefinitely in the containers
in a definite order. Once removed from the magazine their contents
cannot be altered in any way and they can be tested by means of various
probes to determine the degree of pollution.
*Patents, *Sampling, *Water, Water supply, Buoys, Equipment, Water
pollution
France
HOC
PREPARATION OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS BASED ON AGAROSE,
Institute de Biochimie
German patent 1,916,107. Applied March 28, 1969. Issued February 28,
1974. German Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 10, p 1, April, 1974.
Basic ion exchange resins are prepared from agarose or cross linked
glyceryl agaroses by treatment with equimolar amounts of epichlorhydrin
and triethanol-amine in a basic medium for 30 rain at 75-80 C. The
products are useful for the isolation and purification of viruses,
proteins, nucleic acids, nucleotides, nucleoprotides, and enzymes.
*Ion exchange, *Resins, Proteins, Viruses, Enzymes
*Agarose, Germany, Nucleic acids, Nucleotides, Nucleoprotides
130
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me
MULTIPLE RE-USE OF WATER,
Cyapman, W. H., and Eichelmann, J. F.
El Paso Southern Company,
El Paso, Texas
Canadian Patent 944,875. Applied March 8, 1971. Issued April 2, 1974.
Patents/Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 14, p 1224, April 2, 1974.
A process for the treatment of saline, brackish or other high mineral
content water to provide effluent waters for domestic and industrial
usage and for the treatment of the domestic and industrial waste water
for multiple reuse so as to solve both water supply and waste water
pollution problems is described. A deminerallzation system is combined
with a system utilizing a relatively nonvolatile fluidizing liquid and
capable of operating on a waste waters of relatively high solids con-
tent. The latter system receives high mineral content effluent from
the demineralizer as well as waste waters from the industrial and/or
domestic sources. Potable water and low mineral content waters for
industrial use are produced and substantially all water is reused
except that lost by evaporation to the atmosphere or by use in irriga-
tion. The system is particularly well adapted for small communities
having an adjacent industrial plant.
*Patents, *Waste water treatment, *Demineralization, *Water reuse,
Mineralogy, Saline water, Water purification, Brackish water, Water
pollution control, Waste water disposal, Effluents, Industrial water,
Potable water, Irrigation, Municipal water, Water supply, Water supply
resources, Evaporation, Canada
112C
SLURRY PUMP,
Katzer, M. F. and Routson, W. G.
Dow Chemical Company,
Midland Michigan
U.S. Patent 3,804,556. Applied September 28, 1972. Issued April
16, 1974. Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 3,
p 1105-1106, April 16, 1974. 1 fig.
A two cylinder pump adaptable to pump mud and silt or other slurrled
material is described. While one cylinder is pumping, the other is
filling with mud. Each cylinder has a piston in it which separates the
mud from the hydraulic fluid (oil or oil-water). The hydraulic fluid
is pumped out of one cylinder and into the other. The floating piston
is drawn away from oe end of the first cylinder, thereby drawing in
the mud under vacuum plus the differential barometric head. At the
same time an equal volume of hydraulic fluid is pumped into the other
cylinder causing the piston to eject mud through a mud line. At the
moment that one piston reaches on extreme of its stroke, the other one
reaches the other extreme of its stroke. At this moment there is a
switching of the direction of flow of the fluid and the discharge of
the mud from one cylinder to the other. This fluid reversal and shifting
will generally take place several times per minute.
*Pump, *Patents, *Mud, *Slurries, Silt, Pistons, Equipment
Cylinders
131
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113C
FILAMENT WOUND REVERSE OSMOSIS TUBES,
Riggleman, B. M. and Young, W. L., Ill
United States of America, Washington, D.C.,
Department of Interior
U.S. Patent 3,804,259. Applied January 23, 1973. Issued April 16,
1974. Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 3,
p 1029, April 16, 1974. 1 fig.
An improved resin bonded filament wound support tube for membranes
used in reverse osmosis processes is described. The support tube is
in the form of a curved composite structure and contains at least 20-30%
by weight of a thermosetting resin. The tube has interior plies of
helical filament windings which result in a smooth interior surface for
the tube and high strength.
*Patents, *Tubes, *Reverse osmosis, Resins
Filament
114C
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE SEPARATION OF LIQUID MIXTURES,
Rishel, R. C.
U.S. Patent 3,804,252, Applied January 3, 1972. Issued April 16, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 3, p 1027,
April 16, 1974. 1 fig.
A process and apparatus for the separation of liquids of different
specific gravities is described. A horizontal cylindrical tank is divided
into compartments, into one of which the mixture to be separated is
introduced, forms distinct layers, and flows over a weir into a
second compartment. The heavier, lower layer enters at a point remote
from the inlet of the mixture into the first compartment, into a conduit
which directs the heavier liquid through a hydraulic trap into a third
compartment. The heavier liquid is maintained at a level lower than
that of the mixture of the liquids in the initial settling compartment
and subsequently removed.
*Patents, *Separation techniques, *Specific gravity, *Liquids,
Equipment
132
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115C
MOLECULE SEPAKATOR,
Ryhage, E. R.
LKB-Produkter AB, Bromma, Sweden
U.S. Patent 3,803,811. Applied November 6, 1972. A Issued April 16,
1974. Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 3,
p 914, April 16, 1974. 1 fig.
A molecular separator is described which acta according to the let principle.
It consists of at least one separation stage with an evacuation chamber,
connected to a pump provided with two coaxially arranged nozzles for the
gas phase subject to separation. One of the nozzles is axially displace-
able. There is a method of controlling the distance between the nozzles
from outside the separator while it is in operation.
*Patents, *Separation techniques, Pump, Nozzle, Equipment
*Molecular separator, Sweden
116C
ION EXCHANGER PURIFICATION PLANT,
Viscose Development Company
French Patent 2,186,289. Applied June 1, 1973. Issued February 15, 1974.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 10, p 2, April 1974.
An ion exchanger purification plant is described in which the liquid to
be purified is mixed thoroughly by a variety of mechanical methods. The
mixing occurs in treatment tanks in series and/or parallel with granulated
activated regenerated cellulose or cellulose derived material. The ion
exchanger process extracts the unwanted impurities from the liquid
which is then separated again by a variety of methods from the ion ex-
changer material. A part at least of those impurities are then stripped
out of the exchanger material by regeneration especially using the same
activator as that used initially and the regenerated ion exchanger wholly
or partially fed back into the plant for reuse after being flushed through.
The plant is especially useful for removal of animal and vegetable matter
from sewage.
*Patents, *Sewage treatment, *Ion exchange, Waste water purification,
Cellulose, Organic wastes, Mixing
France
133
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117C
EFFLUENT SLUDGE TREATMENT,
Wibau Westdeutsche Ind
Netherlands Patent 7,304,173. Applied March 26, 1973. Issued February
14, 1974. Derwent Netherlands Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 9, p 2, April,
1974.
Effluent sludge is treated by passing it through a scrubber or other wet
washing process which increases the surface area by contacting it with
combustion gases at 600-800 C. The gases are made by trioxide, hydrogen
chloride and small amounts of hydrogen fluoride, so that the effluent
is acidified and proteinaceous material is precipitated. The tempera-
ture is preferably less than 50 C during the treatment. The process
allows treatment of effluent sludges containing about 99 wt % of water
without using conventional precipitating agents.
*Patents, *Sludge treatment, Chemical precipitation, Effluents, Proteins,
Acidity
*Wet scrubbers, Netherlands, *Combustion gases, Sulfur dioxide, Sulfur
trioxide, Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen fluoride
118C
FILTER HAVING A FLEXIBLE WALL FOR FILTERING LIQUIDS,
Fournier, E.
Australian Patent 44,975. Applied June 18, 1970. Issued February 7,
1974. Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks, and Designs, Vol. 44,
No. 4, p 385, February 7, 1974.
A filter with a flexible wall for filtering liquids is described. It
consists of two discs, one of which is connected to a support and which
has a fluid outlet aperature connected as a means of suction. The second
disc member is coaxial with an axially movable relative to the first disc
member. A flexible filter sleeve extends between the two discs and
is connected to them. There is a gravity activated ballast means which
biases the discs away from each other and tenses the flexible filter sleeve
to approximately cylindrical form when no suction is applied. The discs
flex inwardly when the apparatus is immersed in a fluid-containing solids.
The solids are deposited on the filer filter when suction is applied.
*Patents, *Filter, *Flexibility, *Liquids, Separation techniques, Equip-
ment, Operation
Suction, Australia
134
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119C
BIOLOGICAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT WITH CENTRIFUGAL AERATOR AT
WATER SURFACE,
German Patent 1759861. Applied February 7, 1974. Issued March 21, 1974.
German Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 7, p 1, March, 1974.
A partition between two straight troughs forming the oxidation tank
reaches solely up to the aerator/circulator, which rotates about a
vertical axis at one of the curved sections connecting the troughs. The
partition is curved near the aerator toward the channel side in which
the sewage flows down toward the aerator.
*Sewage treatment, *Patents, *Biological treatment, *Treatment plants,
Channel
Oxidation tank, Biological sewage treatment plant, Sewage flow, Aerators,
Germany
120C
SEWAGE PURIFIER WITH DROP BODY AND SUMP TROUGH FOR
ACTIVATED SLUDGE,
Mead Corporation
German Patent 2028047. Applied February 7, 1974. Isgued March 21, 1974.
German Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 7, p 2, March, 1974.
A central mixing zone is bounded by walls reaching on all sides above the
liquid surface in the trough. It extends out from into the trough,
from the settling zone between these walls and the inner side of the
trough's bounding wall. The raw sewage inlet ducts, the drop body
drain, and the branch duct for the returned settled sludge and liquid
open into the mixing zone. The settling zone is divided into separate
zones to interrupt the horizontal movement of liquid.
*Patents, *Sewage, *Water purification, *Activated sludge, Sumps
*Sewage purification, Central mixing zone, Settling zone, Sump trough,
Drop body, Germany
135
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me
APPARATUS FOR CLEANING MUDDY WATER,
Stewart, F. I.
Huntsville, Alabama
United States Patent 3,799,349. Applied July 3, 1972. Issued March 26,
1974. Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 920, No. 4, p 1203,
March, 1974. 1 fig.
A conduit, channel or other passageway forming means is disposed in the
bottom of a body of water with perforations in at least a portion of the
passageway forming means to enable mud, sediment, and silt to collect
in the conduit, channel or passageway. This forms means together with a
structure moving through the conduit, channel or passageway to remove the
collected mud, sediment and silt for depositing it on the bank of the
body of water or in any other desired location thereby enabling contin-
uous removal. The apparatus and the associated technique may be employed
in a stream, river, lake, pond or any body of water whether the water be
moving or still.
*Patents, *Cleaning, *Mud, Clarification, Conduits, Channels, Sedimen-
tation, Silt, Stream, River, Lake, Pond, Equipment
122C
BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE,
French Patent 2190-739. Applied July 4, 1973. Issued March 8, 1974. French
Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 13, p 6, March, 1974.
Purification is carried out using three reservoirs of which greater or
equal to 2 serve as feed reservoirs for the sewage water, and one as a
clarification reservoir. The sewage water in the first feed reservoir
is circulated aerobically for part of the time and anaerobically for
the rest of the time. It is then discharged to the clarifying reservoir
through the third reservoir where it has aerobic treatment. The feed
reservoir may be connected to the clarifying reservoir directly during
its aerobic period, and to the third reservoir during its anaerobic period.
The functions of the two feed reservoirs are changed over periodically.
Precipitation takes place in the presence of inorganic compounds, in
particular of nitrates, which may be produced.
*Patents, *Purlfication, *Sewage, Biological treatment, Reservoirs, Sewage
water, Anaerobic conditions, Nitrates, Clarification
*Biological purification, Feed reservoirs, France
136
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123C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING SEWAGE,
Brociner, H.
FMC Corporation,
San Jose, California
Canadian Patent 944,089. Applied December 6, 1971. Issued March 19, 1974
Patents/Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 12, p 1057, March, 1974.
Elimination of heavy solids, such as grit, from sewage streams prior to
introduction into treatment tanks is necessary as such solids interfere
with normal operations. Substantially all of the heavy solids are re-
moved by a process and apparatus where raw sewage is introduced into a
tank with the bottom sloping downwardly from the far side to a trough
adjacent a first sldewall, with even distribution along the first side-
wall. A predetermined small range of liquid level variation is main-
tained by flowing effluent sewage over a weir extending above the full
length of the top of the sidewall opposite the first sidewall. Air is
introduced with even distribution through and along the first sidewall
to induce circulatory flow of liquid and light-weight solids upwardly
and then in the direction of the opposite sidewall. This turns the cir-
culatory flow direction downwardly toward the tank floor by a baffle
spaced from the opposite sidewall and positioned transferse to the direc-
tion of liquid flow through the tank, to effect separation of light-
weight solids and flowing the sewage suspension under the baffle and
upwardly for removal by flow over the weir.
*Patents, *Solids, *Sewage, *Sewage treatment, Streams, Effluents,
Canada, Flow, Liquids, Weirs
Effluent sewage, Heavy solids
124C
ANAEROBIC EFFLUENT TREATMENT,
Belgian Patent 803-949. Applied August 23, 1973. Issued February 25,
1974. Derwent Belgian Patents Reports, Vol. 5, No. 11, p 1, April 18,
1974.
Anaerobic microbiological purification of effluent is supplied tangentially
to a rotationally symmetrical purification tank containing a microbiolo-
gical sludge, by introducing the effluent below the surface of the water
through greater or equal to 1 device. The outermost of these lies at
a distance from the edge of thy tank corresponding to 0.5-1.0 times the
height of the water, at a velocity such that the tangential flow velo-
city at any point in the tank is 0.5-2 m/sec and more especially 0.2-1 m/sec.
The water containing the micro-biological sludge is discharged after
resisdence in the tank through an opening in or near the center of the
tank.
*Patents, *Purification, *Sludge, Tanks, Flow, Microbiology, Effluent
treatment, Anaerobic conditions, Water purification
*Microbiological purification, Belgium
137
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125C
SEWAGE DISPOSAL,
French Patent 2190-738. Applied June 28, 1972 Issued March 8, 1974.
French Patents Abstracts Vol. 5, No. 13, p 6, March, 1974.
Liquid and solid waste materials of sewage are allowed to separate in a
settling tank. The solids are removed and are heated in a non-oxidizing
atmosphere to the point of destructive distillation. The gaseous pro-
ducts are treated by passing them through a flame curtain to remove any
noxious odors. The final product is a finely powdered ash which
may be removed and easily disposed.
*Patents, *Sewage disposal, *Solid wastes, *Liquid wastes, Distillation,
Sewage
Settling tanks, France
12 6C
FLOATING MIXER FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT TANK,
Richards of Rockford, Incorporated
French Patent 2187-399, Applied June 7, 1973. Issued February 22, 1974.
French Patent Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 11, p 5, February, 1974.
A float filled with foamed polyurethane, carries an electric motor, and
is tethered by cables on the surface of a tank for waste water treatment.
The motor drives a helical impeller, shrounded by vertical cylindro-conic
tube; flow may be upward or downward. It is deflected radially by a
baffle, formed by the bottom of the float, or by a cone in line with
bottom of shround. The motor is protected from liquid by an intercepting
plate at bottom of float through which the shaft passes; leakage between
shaft and interceptor is returned to the tank by horizontal radial channels
through a float. The liquid level maintained above interceptors prevents
air entrainment and consequent cavitation at the impeller when flow is
downwards. The mixer automatically adjusts to level of the tank liquid
and is easily relocated or removed from cleaning.
*Patents, *Waste water treatment, *Liquids, Mixing, Tanks
France, Floating mixer, Tubes
138
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127C
CONTINUOUS SEEDING AND ACTIVATING DEVICE,
French Patent 2190-742. Applied July 3, 1972. Issued March 8, 1974.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 13, p 6, March, 1974.
A seeding and activating device for septic tanks consists of a cylindrical
recipient with a movable, inclined cover with holes acting as a strainer.
The device is placed below the pipe which feeds the effluents into the tank;
it is fixed to this pipe or to the wall of the tank and dips into the liquid
layer. The recipient is fitted with an overflow pipe. The culture medium
in the device can be fed with fresh organisms and natural nutritive substances
which are added as required. At the same time a certain amount of mixing and
agitation is effected in the culture medium itself.
*Patents, *Septic tanks, Activation, Purification, Effluents
Culture media, Activating devices, Biological purification, France
128C
WASTE WATER TREATMENT CHEMICAL REACTOR,
French Patent 2187-398. Applied June 6, 1972, Issued February 22, 1974. French
Patent Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 11, p 5, February, 1974.
The reactor, separated by a perforated partition from an overhead "plug flow"
reaction chamber, has a bottom inlet below a convergent/divergent blending
nozzle. The throat is fed a reagent, such as a coagulant or a flocculant.
The reactor has a low pressure drop (.2-.5 bar), low power requirement, re-
duced dead space, and is not subject to by-passing reaction. It may be
controlled in response to sensors (pH detectors) in upper and lower chambers.
The reactor is especially useful for treatment of waste water, such as with
lime or H2S04 to control pH.
*Patents, *Waste water treatment, Chemical reactions, Pressure, Power, Lime
*Chemical reactors, pH, H2S04, France
139
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129C
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PURIFICATION STATION FOR WASTE WATER AND
SEWAGE TREATMENT,
Nardonnet Soc
French Patent 2187-705. Applied June 15, 1972. Issued February 22, 1974.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 11, p 6, February, 1974.
The station consists of a tank in the form of a body or revolution, with a
horizontal axis and is divided internally by partitions which form the
boundaries of a primary settlement chamber. The partitions also form, with
the end walls, two volumes, one of which acts as a secondary settlement chamber.
An injection chimney for the activated sludge has its lower, bell-mouthed end
provided with an air nozzle to keep the liquid rising in the chimney. The
upper part of the secondary settlement chamber includes an undisturbed fil-
tration area, with an outlet for the purified water. The incoming sewage is
seeded immediately in the injection chimney and is mixed with the stream of
activated sludge; any abnormal flows can be dealt with satisfactorily.
*Patents, *Activated sludge, *Waste water treatment, *Sewage treatment,
Stations, Water purification
France
130C
ION EXCHANGE WATER TREATMENT,
Abwassertechnlk Kunststo
French Patent 2187-703. Applied June 12, 1973. Issued February 2, 1974.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 11, February, 1974.
An ion exchange plant for softening and demineralizing water is described.
Part of the resin bed is periodically set aside for regeneration and then re-
turned to the bed. Water for treatment is directed down through a first sec-
tion of the resins bed, then turned and redirected up through a second section,
at the top of which resin can be separated off for regeneration. Subsequently
it is relntroduced at the top, upstream end of the first section. Even when
fully automated, this plant does not require complex controls.
*Patents, *Ion exchange, *Demineralization, Automation, Beds, Water treatment,
Streams
France, Resins beds, Ion exchange plant
140
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131C
EFFLUENT WATER TREATMENT,
Heidrich A.
French Patent 2184-917. Applied May 16, 1973. Issued February 1, 1974.
French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 11, February, 1974.
Effluent water is treated with an agent consisting of (a) chlorisocyanuric
acid or salts of this, (b) Na aluminate, (c) NaOH and (d) Na tripolyphosphate
or Na hexametaphosphate and Mg sulphate or Mg chloride or Mg oxide. The
agents, when added to contaminated water containing fats, or oil emulsions,
or humic acid colloids, give excellent proportion of the impurities and
purification of the water. The process is especially effective with oil emul-
sions if the treated water is also subjected to an electric field between two
electrodes to give a rapid proportion of the oil as a sludge.
*Patents, *Effluents, Salts, Water quality, Waste water treatment, Sludge
Chlorisocyanuric acid, Na aluminate, NaOH, Na tripolyphosphate, Oil
emulsions, Huraic acid colloids, France
132C
SEWAGE LIFT STATION GAS TRAP,
Wilson, R. E.
Bossier City, Louisiana
United States Patent 3,807,901. Applied November 18, 1968. Issued April
30, 1974. Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 5,
p 1997, April 30, 1974. 1 fig.
A sewage lift station includes a variable volume breathing assembly which nor-
mally isolates the interior of the sewage tank from the surrounding atmosphere
and eliminates the escape of offensive gas. The assembly traps the sewer
gas in the tank as the effluent level rises and falls between predetermined
limits. This effects relatively innocuous venting of a portion of the sewer
gas from the tank to the atmosphere if excessive amounts accumulate over a
period of time or if an abnormal rise in the effluent level occurs resulting
in a rise in the pressure of the trapped gas exceeding ambient atmospheric
pressure.
*Patents, *Sewage, Sewers, Effluents, Pressure, Equipment
Sewer gas, Sewage lift station
141
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133C
MULTI-STAGE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR,
Vincent, J. H.
Canadian Patent 943,872. Applied April 30, 1970. Issued March 19, 1974.
Patents/Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 12, p 1010-1011, March 19, 1974.
The first section of this invention may include one or more pairs of positively
chargev vertical plates. Between each pair are positioned a plurality of
negatively charged vertical wires. The second section, which is contiguous
to the end of the first section, includes a plurality of grids parallel to
each other and perpendicular to the plates of the first section. Thus a cover
electrical precipitator is composed of these two tandem electrostatic sections,
arranged to eliminate dust or dirt or any form of particulate matter, which may
be conveyed with air or gas or any fluid medium.
*Patents, *Electrical currents, *Cleaning, Fluids
*Precipitator, *Multi-stage electrostatic precipitator, Dust removal, Dirt
removal
134C
WATER DESALTING,
Johnson, J. S., Kraus, K. A., and Martsinkovskii, A. E.
Soviet Patent 381195. Applied April 15, 1973. Issued March, 1974. Soviet In-
ventions Illustrated, Vol. 5, No. 8, p 1, March, 1974.
High pressure filtration through a porous membrane accomplishes water desalting
after the addition of surfactants. These include neutral organic polymers,
polyelectrolytes, organic and inorganic ion-exchangers, and multi-valent metal
salts, which may be added as solutions, suspensions, or emulsions. The method
proposed may be used for sea, industrial, and radioactive water. Water is
passed at pressure 1000 psi through a porous membrane such as a metal filter,
charcoal, or cellophane. The additives form a film on the membrane which re-
pulses soluble materials.
*Filtration, *Patents, *Water desalting, Membranes, Porous media, Ion exchange,
Metals, Salts, Organic matter, Solutions, Solubility, Suspensions, Pressure
Inorganic materials, Multi-valent metal salts, U.S.S.R.
142
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135C
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,
Ingenieursbureau Kuipers
Netherlands Patent 7212-429. Applied September 13, 1972. Issued March 15,
1974. Derwent Netherlands Patents Reports, Vol. 5, No. 13, p 1, May 13,
1974.
Raw sewage is passed through initial sand filter beds and is then fed from a
trough into a tank from which an Archimedian screw rises upwards within a
semicircular floored gutter. The purpose is to segregate suspended particles
of specific gravities. The shaft of the work is in bearings at both ends and
is driven at an adjustable speed. A washing water spray is fitted above the
upper part and there is a compressed air feed into the lower part of the gutter
for breaking up caked sand deposits. The lighter organic material in suspension
in the filtered raw sewage is carried over with the effluent for subsequent
treatment.
*Patents, *Sewage treatment, *Suspended solids, *0rganic matter, Washing, Ef-
fluents, Tanks, Waste treatment, Worms, Specific gravity
Archimedian screw, Netherlands
136C
CONTINUOUS EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT,
Burdon Engineers Limited
Belgian Patent 806-044. Applied October 12, 1973. Issued February 1, 1974.
Derwent Belgian Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 8, p 2, March, 1974.
A container with a floor, external walls and > or = one internal partition
with two opposed faces having one vertically spaced means of communication in
each face comprises the apparatus for the continuous treatment of liquids. These
are designed specifically for aqueous effluent from electrical treatment, pick-
ling, or photographic processes. The container is connected by an internal pas-
sage in the partition which extends horizontally over the whole width to ensure
laminar flow of the liquid.
*Patents, *Liquids, Equipment, Effluents, Laminar flow, Treatment facilities,
Liquid wastes
Belgium
143
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137C
INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT,
French Patent 2185-594. Applied April 23, 1973. Issued April 1, 1974. French
Patent Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 9, p 3, April, 1974.
Principal parallel plate electrodes form two side walls of a cell between which
are a number of rows of parallel bar auxiliary electrodes. These increase
the effective area of the electrochemical active surface so that the voltage
applied can be reduced, giving higher efficiency and reduction of gases. The
bars are supported in an open box structure. They are especially alternated car-
bon for the extraction of the cyanide, a metal alloy which dissolves electrical-
ly the hydroxide of its own metals for the extraction of heavy metal ions.
*Patents, *Waste water treatment, industrial wastes, Equipment, Heavy metals,
Electrodes, Gases, Electrochemistry, Ions
*Cyanide, France
138C
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER,
Zuckerman, M., and Molof, A.
Phillips, Ormonde and Fitzpatrick, Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
Australian Patent 444,933. Applied May 11, 1970. Issued February 7, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 4, p 375,
February 7, 1974.
A process for the treatment of non-biologically treated waste water containing
high molecular weight soluble organic materials is comprised of two steps.
These are: hydrolyzing the high molecular weight soluble organic material in
the waste water to yield a hydrolyzed product containing low molecular weight
soluble organic materials; and removing at least part of the soluble low mole-
cular weight organic material from the waste water.
*Patents, *Waste water treatment, Organic matter, Hydrolysis, Solubility,
Molecular weight
Australia
144
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139C
TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS WASTE STREAMS CONTAINING A WATER-
SOLUBLE SULFIDE COMPOUND,
Universal Oil Products Company
Australian Patent 444,809. Applied October 27, 1970. Issued February 7, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 4, p 349,
February, 1974.
A method for the treatment of aqueous waste streams containing a water-soluble
sulfide compound was comprised of three steps. These are: to contain the aqueous
waste stream and oxygen in an amount less than 0.5 moles of 02 per mole of the
sulfide compound with a first solid oxidizing catalyst at oxidizing conditions,
including a relatively low pressure and temperature, sufficient to form a first
effluent stream containing a water-soluble polysulfide, to contact the first
effluent stream and oxygen with a second solid oxidizing catalyst at oxidizing
condition, including a temperature greater than the melting point of sulfur and
pressure to maintain a portion of the first effluent stream in liquid phase;
and to separate the liquid sulfur from the second effluent stream to produce a
treated aqueous stream which is substantially free of the sulfide compound.
*Patents, *Aqueous solutions, *Sulfides, Oxidation, Catalysts, Effluents, Li-
quids, Streams
*Waste streams, *Water-soluble compounds, Polysulfides, Australia
140C
DEHYDRATION OF SOLIDS BY CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION,
Boeing Company
Netherlands Patent 7312-586. Applied March 13, 1974. Issued May 13, 1974.
Derwent Netherlands Patent Report, Vol. 5, No. 13, p 2, May, 1974.
A surface layer of impurities are separated from a liquid, such as in separating
an oil film floating on water, in which a flow of liquid is directed downwards
onto the surface layer at sufficient speed to entrain the impurities. These
are conducted to a non-contaminated region beneath the surface, where at the
least the impurities are collected in a submerged opening connected to a suction
source. This may be used also for removing floating scum from water purifica-
tion tanks or other industrial plants.
*Patents, *Water purification, *Separatlon techniques, Liquids, Oil, Indus-
trial plants, Equipment
Water purification tanks, Netherlands
145
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141C
WATER PURIFICATION AND STERILIZATION,
Solvay and CIE
Belgian Patent 804-425. Applied September 4, 1973. Issued March 4, 1974. Der-
went Belgian Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 13, p 1, March, 1974.
A significant improvement occurs in terms of pH control compared with conven-
tional methods where active chlorine source is added before the flocculants. A
quantity of active chlorine used is sufficient to overcome the reaction threshold
and reacts with ferrous salts to form other ferrous compounds. The flocculant
salt or salts, the optional oxidation promoter and the source of active chlorine
may be added simultaneously, especially as a premixture. The ferrous salt
used is ferrous chloride, the oxidation promoter is HC1 and the source of active
chlorine is sodium hypochlorite. The pH value of the finished product is 7.5-8
when the last is added after the other additives. If premixed simultaneously,
the pH value is 6-7, closer to 6.
*Water purification, *Disinfection, *Chlorine, Salts, Flocculation, Sterilization,
Oxidation
*pH, Ferrous chloride, Oxidation promoter, Belgium
142C
EFFLUENT WATER TREATMENT BY CONTACTING WITH PLANT TISSUE,
Hitachi Limited
Netherlands Patent 7312-237. Applied September 4, 1973. Issued March 3, 1974.
Derwent Netherlands Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 12, p 4, March, 1974.
Water is contacted such as in a column or a stirred vat with plant tissue
(stalks and leaves of barley, rice, wheat, sugar cane, soya beans, saw dust,
shavings, twigs of cut woods, pampas grass, nettles, wisteria). The process ab-
sorbs impurities and gives excellent removal of heavy metal compounds, basic
and direct dyestuffs and surfactants such as alkylbenzenesulphonates.
*Patents, *Effluents, *Water treatment, *Plant tissues, Heavy metals, Equipment,
Waste removal, Water purification
Alkylbenzenesulphonates, Netherlands
146
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143C
WATER PURIFICATION,
Lynch L D
French Patent 2193-783. Applied July 20, 1973. Issued March 29, 1974.
French Patent Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 17, p 3, May 31, 1974.
Chelate compounds are formed when contaminated water is purified and clarified
by the addition of an element. These chelates with ligands in the liquid
adsorb the contaminations in the liquid. For example, the ions are iron or
carbon cations, formed by applying potential to an iron or carbon electrode
immersed in the water.
*Patents, Contamination, *Water purification, *Clarification, *Chelation,
Liquids, Ions, Water treatment, Adsorption
Ligands
144C
OIL RECOVERY FROM OIL-CONTAMINATED WATER,
Rafael, J.
Netherlands Patent 7313-109. Applied September 24, 1973. Issued March 27,
1974. Derwent Netherlands Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 15, May, 1974.
Purification of water, such as from oil slicks at sea, is accomplished by an
apparatus with a floating body and inlet openings as well as a collecting
chamber for the contaminated water. This chamber has a cover which comes
partly or wholly into contact with the oil-contaminated water surface and is
provided with an oil uptake device. The cover is arched and the oil uptake
device may be a discharge channel or a suction unit, which is installed at
the crest of the arch.
*Patents, *Water purification, *0il spills, *0ceans, *Water pollution, Equip-
ment, Contamination
Oil slicks
147
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14 5C
OIL RECOVERY FROM SPILLS ON WATER,
Union Oil Company
Netherlands Patent 7212-980. Applied September 26, 1972. Issued March 28,
1974. Derwent Netherlands Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 15, May, 1974.
A box-like structure, supported on detachable buoyant pontoons along each side,
contain inlet equipment: an oil water separation zone; an oil collection sump;
and water outlet facilities. This floating oil skimmer is easily dismantled and
transported for recovering oil from water surfaces. An inlet at the open front
end of the skimmer is arranged so that the skimmed water-oil mixture runs
back down a slope from an adjustable lip device. The separation zone includes
an adjustable weir at the bottom of the slope over which the separated oil
can flow.
*Patents, *0il, *0il spills, Floating, Equipment, Weir, Flow, Water pollution
*011 recovery, Floating oil skimmer
146C
LIQUID WASTES TREATMENT METHOD,
Cessna, J. 0. H.
Del-Pak Media Corporation,
Oakland, California
Canadian Patent 945,695. Applied September 16, 1971. Issued April 16, 1974.
Patents/Brevets, Vol. 102, No. 6, p 1404-1405, April, 1974.
A two stage high-rate, activated biological filter system is used, involving
a primary clarifier for treatment of liquid wastes. Activated floe and biolo-
gical slime are sloughed off from the biological filter and returned to a
primary clarifier. The activated floe is built up in the biological filter by
the recycling of substantial quantities of aerobic sludge from a secondary
clarifier to the biological filter and by the metering of solids wasted from
the treatment system. This maintains the mixed liquor, suspended solids level
in the filter effluent in excess of about 1500 mg/liter. Underdrain flow from
the secondary clarifier is a substantial percentage of plant influent flow.
This is recycled without extended mixing with plant influent or aeration prior
to distribution over the biological filter.
*Patents, *Liquid wastes, Clarification, *Waste treatment, *Aeration, *Recy-
cling, Flow, Filters, Sludge, Activated sludge, Solids, Biological treatment,
Suspended solids, Effluents, Secondary treatment, Primary treatment, Mixing,
Canada
148
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147C
CARBON-CONTAINING WASTE WET-OXIDATION,
Barber-Colman Company
Netherlands Patent 7312-989. Applied September 20, 1973. Issued April 2, 1974.
Derwent Netherlands Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 16, p 1, May, 1974.
A horizontal reactor is subdivided into several cylindrical, interconnected
compartments for the wet-oxidation of carbon-containing waste material. This
process involves contacting an aqueous dispersion of the waste material within
an oxidizing gas. The dispersion is introduced continuously into one end of the
reactor and moved through, from compartment to compartment. For one to thirty
minutes, dispersion is kept at acid pH (2-7) and 204 C to 246 C. Rapid oxida-
tion of the carbon-containing waste material is effected by strong stirring,
movement, and distribution of the oxidizing gas and thus forms an ecologically
acceptable effluent. This process is suitable for municipal and small-scale
sewage processing.
*Patents, *Municipal wastes, *Carbon, *0xidation, Gas, Ecological effects,
Effluents, Sewage, Dispersion
*Carbon-containing wastes, *Wet-oxidation, Netherlands
14 8C
AERATION PLANT FOR LIQUIDS,
Purator Klaranlagen
Belgian Patent 807-372. Applied November 16, 1973. issued March 15, 1974.
Derwent Belgian Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 14, p 3, March, 1974.
Waste water and sewage are treated by aeration with compressors operating
below the liquid surface. The plant has a main air pipe and branch pipes which
lead to this aerator, each provided with perforations through which air can
escape. At regular intervals the air feed pipes are connected to the main feed
and supplied with compressed air by a motor driven machine. This compressor
assembly is mounted on slides so that it can be lifted clear of liquid for
maintenance. Since these compressors operate below the liquid surface, no
cooling systems are needed and noise is reduced.
*Patents, *Aeration, *Liquids, *Waste water treatment, *Sewage treatment,
Maintenance, Treatment facilities, Air
*Compressors, Treatment plants, Belgium
149
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149C
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT,
Laurent S 0 R
French Patent 2191-945. Applied July 17, 1972. Issued March 15, 1974. French
Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 14, p 2, March, 1974.
Non-biodegradable impurities in effluents are separated by flotation methods,
using microbubbles of hydrogen produced by the reaction of water with activa-
tion aluminum. Impurities are skimmed from the surface while cleared water
is extracted by syphoning. The plant design is a single flotation
tank with a sump for heavy precipitated sludge. The raw sewage inlet is at
about half the height of one side wall with plates of activated aluminum amal-
gam being placed below the level of the Inlet. Overflow runoff for any partly
treated effluent can be further treated by aerobic methods.
*Patents, *Waste water treatment, *Treatment facilities, *Flotation, *Alumi-
num, Sewage, Precipitation, Sludge, Syphoning, Aerobic treatment, Effluents,
Design, Separation, Equipment
^Treatment plants, Aluminum amalgam, France, microbubbles
150C
FATTY OIL-WATER SEPARATION PROCESS,
Keller, H. F.
GBK Enterprises, Incorporated,
Placentia, California
United-States Patent 3,803,031. Applied July 12, 1972. Issued April 9, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U.S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 2, p 702, April,
1974.
Aqueous systems containing fatty constituents and particulate solids and
having a pH from about 1 to about 4.8 are filtered through a finely divided,
acid and alkali resistant filter media having a particle mesh size range
from about 12 to about 60 at a rate from about 1 to about 50 gallons per minute
per square foot of filter media surface area. Fatty constituents and parti-
culate solids are retained by the filter media and the effluent is clarified
water. The filter media is periodically regenerated by: agitating the
media in the presence of a saponifying alkaline solution to extract fatty
constituents; withdrawing the alkaline solution from the filter media; passing
fresh water through the filter media in the same direction of flow as that
of the aqueous system to remove residual water soluble materials; and
backwashing the filter media with fresh water to remove insoluble and non-
dispersible particulate solids.
*Patents, *Separation techniques, *Filters, Flow, Acidity, Alkalinity,
Clarification, Effluents, Fats
Oil-water separation, Fatty constituents, pH, Filter media
150
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151C
BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT PROCESS,
Smith, L. G., and Hood, J. W.
Montclair, New Jersey
United States Patent 3,806,448. Applied November, 1971. Issued April 23, 1974.
Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 4, p 1603, April 23,
1974. 1 fig.
A method of treating waste material containing biodegradable matter and non-
biodegradable matter is described. This involves an aerobic treatment step
and a final clarifier in which a final sludge is separated. The final sludge
is disintegrated and separated into a first fraction containing the biodegradable
material and a second fraction containing inert material, which is discarded.
The first fraction is returned to the aerobic treatment unit with or without
microbial biolysis.
*Patents, *Waste treatment, *Biodegradation, *Aerobic treatment, *Clarification,
*Sludge treatment, Microbiology, Separation
Microbial biolysis
152C
RESTRAINING TUBE FOR SEWER ROD,
Caperton, C. B.
Springlake, New Jersey
United States Patent 3,805,462. Applied February 22, 1973. Issued April 23,
1974. Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 4, p 1354,
April 23, 1974. 1 fig.
A rigid restraining tube is provided for use in manholes for restraining the
sewer rod. This is used in clearing sewer obstructions, against the reaction
forces which are set up when the forwardly driven sewer rod encounters the
obstruction. The restraining tube is a series of short sections connected
together by rigid links. Each section is split in half axially, forming a
series of section halves, adapted to be wound up on opposing reels for storage
and transportation. The sections of tube need not abut against each other
since they are connected rigidly by the links.
*Patents, *Sewers, Equipment, Manholes, Storage, Transportation
*Sewer rods, *Sewer restraining tubes
151
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153C
PROCESS FOR FLOCCULATING SOLID PARTICLES FROM AN AQUEOUS
SUSPENSION THEREOF,
Webb, F. J., and Tate, D. P.
The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company,
Akron, Ohio
United States Patent 3,801,500. Applied September 13, 1971. Issued April 2,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 1,
p 305, April 2, 1974.
The process for preparing water-soluble polymers from polydienes having a
substantial amount of repeating units with pendent vinyl groups, such as high-
vinyl polybutadiene is explained. The process involves the anti-Markownikoff ad-
dition of hydrogen bromide to the pendent vinyl groups to give the primary
bromide derivative groups, which upon the addition of a tertiary amine, give
quanternary ammonium groups. These impart water solubility to the polymers.
The products are particularly useful for the flocculation of solids from
suspensions such as elutriated sewage.
*Patents, *Solubility, *Polymers, Ammonium, Flocculation, Solids, Suspensions,
Sewage
*Water-soluble polymers, Vinyl, Anti-Markownikoff process, Hydrogen bromide
15 4C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING WASTE PRODUCTS,
Stephanoff, N. N.
Fluid Energy Processing and Equipment Company,
Hatfield, Pennsylvania
United States Patent 3,802,089. Applied April 2, 1973. Issued April 9, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 921, No. 2, p 469,
April, 1974. 1 fig.
The treatment of sewage, industrial waste, and other vegetable and animal wastes
by drying and dehydrating this waste material in a fluid energy drying appara-
tus is accomplished. An illustration indicates the way that the waste matter
is subjected to the heat energy of high-temperature gases while being whirled
through a curved path, where dried particles are centrifugally separated
from the less-dried particles.
*Patents, *Industrial wastes, *Sewage, *Animal wastes, *Dehydration, Equipment,
Heat, Energy, Temperature, Gases, Separation, Centrifugation
152
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155C
SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE COAGULATION,
Nalco Chemical Company,
Sydney, New South Wales
Australian Patent 444,072. Applied September 14, 1972. Issued January 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 1, p 34,
January, 1974.
A method of thickening or dewatering solids from municipal sewage or industrial
wastes has been patented. It includes the addition of an aqueous solution
of a water-soluble vinyl addition polymer, by the inversion of a polymeric
latex, to sewage under floe forming conditions. The solids are allowed to
settle from sewage to provide a clear aqueous supernate, where polymeric
latex is produced by the steps of forming a water-in-oil emulsion and heating
emulsion under free radical forming conditions to polymerize the water-soluble
ethylenic unsaturated monomer forming a polymeric latex.
*Dewatering, *Sewage, *Industrial wastes, *Patents, Polymers, Floe, Solids,
Municipal wastes
Water-in-oil emulsions, Latex
156C
SYSTEM FOR MONITORING AND CONTROLLING SUBSTANCES IN FLUID BODIES,
Emmons, D. R., and Beverly, W. C.
Orlando, Florida
United States Patent 3,809,922. Applied November 10, 1972. Issued May 7, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922 No 1 p 338
May, 1974. 1 fig.
The addition of substances, such as chlorine, to fluid bodies is controlled and
the concentration of such substances is monitored by a special system. A tem-
perature compensated probe measures the concentration, and electronic means
responsive to outputs of the probe add the substance, as needed, to the desired
level.
*Patents, *Chlorine, *Monitoring, *Automatic control, Temperature,
Concentration, Electronic equipment, Liquids, Measurement
153
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157C
SELECTIVE ADSORPTION OF PHENOLS FROM SOLUTION IN WATER,
McCoy, F. C., and Schlicht, R. C.
Texaco Incorporated,
New York, New York
United States Patent 3,812,031. Applied September 20, 1972. Issued May 21, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 3, p 896,
May, 1974.
A method for the extraction of phenolic materials from aqueous solutions was
patented. This utilizes polyurethane foam for selective adsorption of these
phenols.
*Patents, *Solutions, *Aqueous solutions, *Phenols, *Adsorption, Extraction
*Polyurethane foam
158C
PROCESS FOR TREATING DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL LIQUID WASTES,
Chappeil, G. M.
United States Patent 3,812,032. Applied August 6, 1971. Issued May 21, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 3, p 896, May,
1974. 1 fig.
A process for treating domestic, municipal, or industrial liquid waste to reduce
BOD of the waste consists of adding a sufficient amount of an acid formula and
a sufficient amount of an alkaline formula to the waste. This causes evolution
of heat and flocculation of solids, and separates the resulting solids from the
liquid. The novel acid formula and alkaline formula are disclosed. Liquid
wastes treated by the process of this invention can be safely discharged into
rivers, lakes and streams. In addition the process is extremely efficient since
flocculation is rapid, and in many instances starts immediately upon the addition
of eithe/ formula to the liquid waste.
*Domestic wastes, *Patents, *Munlcipal wastes, *Industrial wastes, *Biochemical
oxygen demand, Acidity, Alkalinity, Heat, Flocculation, Solids, Liquid wastes,
Discharge, Rivers, Lakes, Waste treatment
Treatment methods
154
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159C
APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING SURFACE PARTICLES ON BODY OF WATER,
Carter, L.
United States Patent 3,811,325. Applied October 30, 1972. Issued May 21, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 3, p 722,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
An apparatus for sampling and collecting floating particulate matter on the
surface of a body of water has parallel spaced longitudinal floats supporting
a rigid tubular frame. Secured to the frame are two parallel, horizontal
hydrofoil bodies spaced apart from each other to form an intake opening. A
funnel-shaped net with its wide end secured to the intake opening and its
narrow end terminating in a collecting screen, collects surface particulate
matter. This matter is caused to flow into the intake opening as the appara-
tus is towed on a body of water. The lower hydrofoil body maintains the
intake opening at a predetermined depth below the water surface, while the
upper hydrofoil body enables the apparatus to ride over swells.
*Sampling, *Patents, Floating, Particulates, Hydrofoils, Screens
*Surface particles, Particle collecting, Hydrofoil bodies, Particulate matter
160C
TEMPERATURE-CONTROLLED FLUID MANIFOLD FOR A FLUID SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMATED SAMPLE ANALYZER,
Diebler, H. G., Gyori, S. A., and McCandless, W. J. C.
Technicon Instruments Corporation,
Tarrytown, New York
United States Patent 3,811,842. Applied June 7, 1972. Issued May 21, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 3, p 856-857,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
A temperature-controlled fluid manifold for a fluid system of an automated
sample analyzer was designed for analyzing a series of liquid
samples flowing seriatum. The basic elements of the temperature-controlled
manifold may be permanently combined with a wide variety of other components
to meet the requirements of many different chemistries, each suited for analy-
sis of a different constituent of a sample, such as blood. In each individual
manifold, the sample may be treated by combination and mixing with any appro-
priate reagent or reagents under temperature-controlled conditions for subsequent
analysis such as a colorimeter. The basic manifold elements comprise a therm-
ally conductive plate or block heated by conduction from a temperature-
controlled source of heat. The plate has an outer, exposed surface of sub-
stantial area and an appropriate number of appropriately configured fluid
passageway portions, such as helical mixing or helical time-delay paths.
*Patent, *Analyzers, *Sampling, *Temperature control, Fluid movement,
Automation, Analytical techniques, Chemistry, Colorimetry, Conduction
*Fluid manifold, Fluid svstems, Blood, Reagents
155
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161C
PROCKSS FOR TREATING OIL SLICKS USING CHEMICAL AGENTS,
Ferm, R. L.
Chevron Research Company,
San Francisco, California
United States Patent 3,810,835. Applied February 25, 1971. Issued May 14, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 2, p 503,
May, 1974.
A process has been patented for the treating of an oil slick to contain it
and prevent its uncontrolled spreading. A chemical agent which repulses the
oil spill is applied to open water areas in the vicinity of the spill. With
care, the oil slick can be gathered into a limited area which facilitates
cleanup. The chemical agent is selected from the group consisting of N,N-
dialkyl amides; n-alkyl and n-alkylene monoethers of ethylene glycol and poly-
ethylene glycol; polyethylene glycol monoesters of n-alkyl acids; and n-alkyl
and n-alkylene monoesters of propylene glycol.
*Patents, *0il, *Chemical treatment, Oil spills, Cleaning,
Water purification, Pollution abatement
Amides, Monoethers, Monoesters
162C
TREATMENT OF WATER OR AQUEOUS SYSTEMS,
Jones, T. I., Richardson, N., and Harris, A.
Ciba-Geigy Corporation,
Ardsley, New York
United States Patent 3,810,834. Applied November 26, 1971. Issued May 14, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No, 2, p 593,
May, 1974.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is used for the treatment of water or aqueous
systems containing dissolved salts of metals. This serves two functions: to
cut down the rate at which insoluble salts are formed; and to modify their
nature.
*Patents, *Water treatment, Metals, Salts
*Insoluble salts, *Dissolved metal salts, *Hydrolysed polymaleic anhydride,
Aqueous systems
156
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163C
MOBILE PURIFYING PLANT FOR WASTE WATER,
Lundqvlst, B. 0.
Gustavsbergs Fabriker,
Gustavsberg, Sweden
United States Patent 3,810,543. Applied April 20, 1972. Issued May 14, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 2, p 522,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
A purifying plant for waste water consists of a mobile housing of a size
transportable on public highways. The housing contains means for the
biological purification of the waste water, means for mixing aluminum sul-
phate into the biologically purified water, a separator to separate the
deposited particles from the water, and a tank to collect the particles
separated in the separator. The various apparatuses are situated at one
wall of the housing, and create a compact plant.
*Patents, *Water purification, Biological treatment, Waste water treatment,
Highways, Separation, Tanks, Aluminum
*Aluminum sulfate, Treatment plants, Mobile housing (equipment)
164C
FLUIDISED BED REACTOR,
Laporte Industries, Limited,
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Australian Patent 447,304. Applied January 12, 1970. Issued April 11, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 13, p 1343,
April, 1974.
A fluidised bed reactor comprises a vessel and has a base arranged to support
a bed of particulate material within the vessel. This is formed with a
multiplicity of perforations for the admission of fluidising gas, conduit
means for supplying fluidising gas to the reactor, a first set of tubes of
which each tube communicates at one end with the supply conduit means, and
a closable valve located between the supply conduit means and the orifice.
Openable closure means are located on the side of the orifice, remote from
the supply conduit means. The closure means are arranged to permit clearing
of the orifice when the closure means is open. A second set of tubes is pro-
vided. The number of tubes in each set is equal to the number of perforations
and each tube of the second set has a closable valve and communicates at one
end with a different one of the tubes of the first set.
*Patents, *Equipment, *Liquids, Gas, Waste treatment
*Fluidised bed reactor, Australia
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165C
DREDGE AND SLUDGE ALEMBIC,
Kiss, G. S.
Lombard, Illinois
United States Patent 3,810,549. Applied November 24, 1972. Issued May 14, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 2, p 524,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
A sludge alembic is comprised of a sludge receiving tank with vibratory means
in its interior for settling out the sludge solids or residue, and a screen
means through which discharged water must flow. This alembic, which may be
stationary, portable, or mounted on a barge or dredge, permits the location
of a conveyor means beneath it for transporting slurry. The unit is called
a combination dredge and sludge alembic.
*Patents, *Dredging, Tanks, Sludge, Settling, Screens, Discharge, Slurry
*Sludge alembic, *Combination dredge and sludge alembic
166C
FLOATING APPARATUS FOR LIQUID COMPOSTING,
Blough, R. S.
Fairfield Engineering and Manufacturing Company,
Fairfield, Iowa
United States Patent 3,810,548. Applied January 26, 1973. Issued May 14,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 2,
p 523-524, May, 1974. 1 fig.
A floating apparatus for aerating and circulating animal waste material was
designed for use preferably in a relatively deep reservoir. This liquid
composting equipment is comprised of an outer float assembly for floating
support of the apparatus on the surface of the material in the reservoir;
a rotatable hollow shaft extending down into the material, the lower end
being adapted to permit air to exit; an axial thrust propeller rigidly at-
tached to the lower end of the shaft; and a drive means for rotating the
shaft and propeller to draw air down out of the lower end of the shaft to
generate small bubbles, which are propelled into the material. The apparatus
also has a barrier including a hollow cylinder concentrically surrounding
the drive means and shutting off the supply of air at the upper end of the
hollow shaft.
*Patents, *Animal wastes, *Liquid wastes, *Equipment, *Aeration, Flotation,
Waste treatment, Circulation, Reservoirs
*Liquid composting equipment, Floating apparatus
153
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167C
FLUID ANALYZER WITH VARIABLE LIGHT PATH,
Shea, J. J.
Gam Rad Incorporated,
Detroit, Michigan
United States Patent 3,810,695. Applied December 14, 1972. Issued May 14,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 2,
p 561, May, 1974. 1 fig.
A turbidimeter or fluid analyzer was patented. The length of its light path
is selectively variable so that different ranges of turbidity or contamination
can be detected.
*Patents, *Analyzers, *Instrumentation, *Contamination, Liquids, Turbidity
*Turbidimeter, *Fluid analyzer, Pollution detection
168C
FILTER SYSTEMS,
Armstrong, A., and Fletcher, G. C.
Sutcliffe, Speakman, and Company, Limited,
Lancashire, Great Britain
United States Patent 3,810,544. Applied June 21, 1972. Issued May 14, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 2, p 523,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
A filter and water reclamation system is described. It is comprised of two
filter beds in series, one containing sand and one containing activated car-
bon granules. Half a charge of water in a cycle passes through only the
sand filter, the other half passes through the sand filter and the activated
carbon. The water in the system remains at a substantially constant volume.
*Patents, *Filtering systems, *Sand, *Activated carbon, Water reuse,
Filters
*Filter beds, *Water reclamation
159
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169C
PURIFICATION PROCESS,
Nicklin, T.
North Western Gas Board,
Rochdale, England
United States Patent 3,810,833. Applied August 24, 1972. Issued May 14,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 2,
p 593, May, 1974.
An effluent pufivication process was patented for removing vanadium salts,
sodium anthraquinone disulphonates and di-hydroxyanthraquinones from effluent
liquors which have been used in processes for removing hydrogen sulphide
from fuel gases or liquid hydrocarbons. The process comprises passing the
liquor through an adsorbent bed to remove the anthraquinone compounds and
through an ion exchange material to remove the vanadium compounds.
*Patents, *Effluents, *Purification, *Salts, Liquids, Hydrocarbons, Gases,
Ion exchange, Removal
*Fuel gases, *Vanadium compounds, Sodium anthraquinone disulphonates,
Effluent liquors, Adsorbent beds
170C
DEVICE FOR REMOVING A SLUDGE FROM A SURFACE,
Shibata, K., Seika, Y., Sakamoto, I., Yamada, K., and
Kondon, S.
Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha,
Tokyo, Japan
United States Patent 3,808,631. Applied March 1, 1972. Issued May 7, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 1, p 21,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
A device for removing a sludge from the surface of a liquid or from a floor
such as a deck of a tanker is described. This includes a shovel which is
adapted to be moved along the sludge with its opened mouth positioned to
receive the sludge. The construction includes a connection for directing
a high velocity liquid jet into the shovel in the vicinity of the mouth
to impinge upon the sludge and to break it up into a slurry. In addition,
means are provided for withdrawing the slurry upward through a conduit for
discharge at a remote location. The discharging connection consists of a
liquid ejector which is operated partly by the conduit connected for supplying
the high velocity jet of liquid to the shovel. This is connected to the shovel
for providing a withdrawing suction or pumping action on the slurry which
forms in the shovel. In a further embodiment, the interior of the shovel
is provided with a screen or grate across the shovel interior onto which the
slurry is directed and against which the high velocity liquid jet is directed.
The action breaks up the slurry elements into finer elements for withdrawal
through the discharge conduit. A still further embodiment includes an
intermediate chamber at the rear of the shovel and a plurality of turning
water streams. These are directed in a whirling flow to cause a rotation
and further pulverizing of the slurry material before it is delivered through
the discharge conduit.
*Patents, *Sludge, *Jets, Liquids, Slurry, Waste treatment, Discharge,
Conduits, Liquid wastes
*Sludge removal, shovel
160
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me
PURIFYING PLANT FOR SEWAGE,
Bosje, J.
United States Patent 3,809,242. Applied July 25, 1972. Issued May 7, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 1, p 178,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
A purifying plant for sewage according to the active sludge method comprises
an open tank provided with a partition. Its shape is that of a closed
aerating circuit with a supply conduit, a discharge conduit and at least one
surface aerator. The aerating circuit has a curved shape such that it sub-
stantially encloses a space in which at least one after-settling tank and at
least one thickening pond are provided.
*Sewage treatment, *Patents, *Activated sludge, ^Settling tanks, Purification,
Water supply, Aeration, Conduits
Thickening ponds, After-settling tanks, Surface aerator
172C
ROTARY COUNTERCURRENT SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTION APPARATUS,
Duchateau, G. F.
Raffineri" tirlemontoise, Brussels, Belgium
United States Patent 3,809,538. Applied June 28, 1971. Issued May 7, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 1, p 255,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
A method was designed for extracting, by means of a liquid, products which
are part of solids in a partitioned rotating extractor. The flow of the
liquid fraction, separated from the solids fraction, is slowed down by
baffles and the liquid fraction is spread over the length and width relative
to the new solids fraction.
*Patents, *Extraction, Liquids, Solids, Equipment, Waste treatment, Flow
*Rotary countercurrent apparatus, *Solid/liquid extraction, Liquid fraction,
Solids fraction
161
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173C
SEWAGE TREATMENT APPARATUS,
Kennedy, S. R.
Bridgeton, Missouri
United States Patent 3,809,245. Applied January 31, 1972. Issued May 7, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 1, p 179,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
A sewage treatment apparatus was patented which has an aeration circulation
system for separating sludge from sewage. Sewage is circulated around an
outlet port shielded by a circulation guide member. This circulating sewage
causes solid matter to move radially away from the outlet port so that liquid
entering the outlet port is essentially free of solids.
*Sewage treatment, *Patents, *Aeration, Sewage, Circulation, Liquids, Solids,
Waste treatment, Equipment
*Aeration circulation system
174C
FUEL SEDIMENT BOWL ASSEMBLY,
Jackson, J. E.
Deere and Company,
Moline, Illinois
United States Patent 3,809,244. Applied December 14, 1972. Issued May 7, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 1, p 179,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
A fuel sediment bowl assembly is described. The assembly is built between a
source of fuel and a fuel pump. A hand pump cooperates with appropriate
valving for pumping fuel into the sediment bowl when separated water in the
bowl Is being drained. The action of the pump effects the replacement of the
volume formerly occupied by the water by fuel such that no air will be
introduced into the system. The sediment bowl assembly also Includes a
baffle at the top. This aids in the separation of water from the fuel which
is drawn through.
*Patents, *Fuel, Pumping, Sediment, Separation, Equipment
*Fuel sediment bowl assembly, Fuel pumps, Valving
162
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175C
FLUID SEPARATION APPARATUS AND MEMBRANE SUPPORT FRAMES
THEREFOR,
Niogret, G.
Lyon, France
United States Patent 3,809,246. Applied December 15, 1972. Issued May 7, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 1, p 179,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
A fluid separating apparatus has a support frame for placement between the
membranes. The frame comprises a generally rectangular plate, with two faces
and two ends. At least one cell forming a recess is formed in each face,
and at least one orifice extends through the thickness of the plate adjacent
to the ends of the plate for the passage of fluid to be treated. A duct
exists for the removal of fluid which is passed through the membrane supported
by the plate over each of the cells forming recesses. An aperture passes
through the plate and is positioned between at least one of the orifices
and the cell forming recess. The aperture has a detachable clamp to clamp
membranes disposed on each of the faces in a fluid-tight manner against a
rules surface of the rectangular plate.
*Separation, *Patents, *Membranes, *Liquids, Equipment, Waste disposal,
Liquid wastes
*Fluid separation
176C
OIL/WATER SEPARATION ACCELERATION MEDIA,
Rhodes, H. M.
Oil Mop, Incorporated,
New Orleans, Louisiana
United States Patent 3,810,832. Applied June 1, 1972. Issued May 14, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 2, p 593,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
Media is directed to an apparatus for accelerating the separation of oil from
oil/water mixtures. This brings the oil to the surface over as short a
linear distance as possible in a linear flow of a mixture of oil and water.
The process is accomplished by directing the oil/water mixture through a
barrier of filaments of polypropylene arranged across the path of the mixture
flow; the barrier is anchored at its base at the bottom of the fluid confining
means by an API oil separator, a ditch, or a canal. The free ends of the strips
of polypropylene are directed upward, forming an inclined plane up which the
oil droplets amalgamate. These are assisted by the buoyancy of the oil and
the force flow vector of the mixture passing through the fluid confining
means.
*Separation, *0il, *Patents, Flow, Equipment, Filaments
*Polypropylene, Acceleration media, Flow vector, Linear flow, Oil-water
separation
163
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177C
BOD MEASURING APPARATUS,
Fleischmann, L. W.
Randallstovm, Maryland
United States Patent 3,810,738. Applied August 14, 1972. Issued May 14, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 2, p 573,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
The BOD of a waste water sample is measured by continuously recirculating
an oxygen-containing gas through a closed loop gas passageway. The equipment
is adapted to pass the gas in series through the waste water sample, a
carbon dioxide absorber, and an oxygen partial pressure sensor. A make-up
gas containing oxygen in a predetermined proportion is admitted to the closed
loop passageway in an amount so that the oxygen partial pressure in the circula-
ting gas remains constant. Inert gas in the make-up gas causes pressure in
the system to build as additional oxygen is consumed. The BOD in a given
sample is therefore indicated by measuring the gas pressure in the closed
loop passageway.
*Patents, *Biochemical oxygen demand, *Sampling, *Measurement, *0xygen, Gas,
Pressure, Waste water
*Closed loop gas passageway, Oxygen partial pressure sensor, Make-up gas
178C
METHOD FOR TREATING OIL-CONTAINING WASTES,
Ohta, M.
Kyoto-shi, Kyoto-fu, Japan
United States Patent 3,809,631. Applied March 8, 1973. Issued May 7, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 1, p 274-
275, May, 1974. 1 fig.
A method for treating industrial wastes containing oils and surfactants com-
prises adjusting the pH of such wastes to 3 or less. The wastes are also
subjected to an electrolytic treatment using an anode composed of an acid-
resistant electrode material and a cathode composed of an ordinary electrode
material. The process separates the oil phase from the aqueous phase where
the surfactants are dissolved. The aqueous phase, separated from the oil
phase, is subjected to an electrolytic treatment using an anode and a cathode
composed of aluminum which precipitates the surfactants as sludge separated
from water.
*Industrial wastes, *0ils, *Waste treatment, *Patents, *Anodes, *Cathodes,
*Surfactants, Electrolysis, Aqueous solutions, Separation, Aluminum
pH, Electrolytic treatment, Oil phase, Aqueous phase
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179C
AERATION DEVICE FOR THE SURFACE AERATION OF LIQUIDS,
Kaelin, J. R., and Seeburg, V.
Buochs, Switzerland
United States Patent 3,811,662. Applied September 5, 1972. Issued May 21,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 3,
p 809, May, 1974. 1 fig.
An aeration device for the surface aeration of liquids has supporting legs
which, in the rotor-bearing unit end, are forked and hinged to a cage-like
supporting frame. The frame surrounds the rotor-bearing unit so that the
height of the unit can be adjusted by adjusting means provided on or adjacent
to the axis of the supporting legs.
*Patents, *Aeration, Liquid wastes, Equipment, Waste treatment
*Aeration devices, Surface aeration
180C
APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING A POLLUTING LIQUID,
Oxenham, J. P.
Shell Oil Company,
New York, New York
United States Patent 3,810,546. Applied March 28, 1973. Issued May 14, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 2, p 523,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
The apparatus examined removes a pollutant or polluting liquid floating on
the surface of a body of water. The invention uses a skimmer utilizing liquid
movement to facilitate separation of the polluting liquid from the water. The
skimmer is arranged to remove the polluting liquid from all directions. Further,
the apparatus has means for circulating water adjacent to the polluting liquid/
water interface. This presents moving liquid to the skimmer approaching from
all directions.
*Patents, *Liquids, *Pollutants, Liquid wastes, Oil, Oil/water interfaces.
Water treatment, Removal, Equipment
165
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181C
TREATMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SLUDGE,
Australian Patent 446,556. Applied May 11, 1970. Issued March 28, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 11, p 1079,
March, 1974.
A method of treating an aqueous biological sludge is described. This comprises
the steps of feeding the slurry through an evaporator plant where it is subjected
to heat treatment and a part of its water content is removed by evaporation. The
slurry which has passed through the evaporator plant is filtered, and the aqueous
filtrate is recycled for further treatment with the slurry in the evaporator plant.
^Patents, *Biological treatment, *Slurries, *Sludge, *Sludge treatment,
*Aqueous solutions, Filtration, Evaporation, Recycling
*Treatment plants
182C
DETECTING PARTICLES IN LIQUIDS,
Emhart Corporation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Australian Patent 446,177. Applied January 26, 1972. Issued January 4, 1973.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 9, p 900-901,
March 14, 1974.
A method of inspecting transparent liquid filled containers for foreign particles
comprises the steps of: spinning the container to cause the liquid contents to
swirl; stopping the container while the liquid contents continue to swirl; generating
a first video voltage pattern as a result of scanning the container and contents
with a video camera; providing timed digital voltage pulses corresponding to any
peak portions of the first video voltage pattern which exceed a predetermined
threshold voltage; and storing the timed pulses for subsequent recall from a
memory device. Following this, methods involve: generating a suceeding video
voltage pattern as a result of scanning the container and contents with a
video camera at a later instant of time; altering the threshold voltage during
the succeeding voltage pattern so that the threshold voltage is decreased at the
location corresponding to each peak portion of the first video voltage pattern;
digitizing the succeeding video voltage pattern to provide a voltage trace with
pulses corresponding to peak portions; synchronizing the first and succeeding
digitized video voltage patterns; and comparing the first and succeeding digitized
voltage patterns by electronically comparing one to the other.
*Liqulds, *Computers, *Patents, Automation, Inspection, Monitoring
*Detection, *Video voltage patterns
166
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183C
TREATING A WATER STREAM CONTAINING A WATER SOLUBLE SULFITE,
Australian Patent 446,540. Applied February 8, 1971. Issued March 21, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 10, p 1027,
March, 1974.
A method for treating an input water stream containing a water soluble sulfite
compound in order to reduce its total sulfur content while minimizing the formation
of sulfate by-products, is comprised of three steps. First, the input water
stream is contacted with a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of
finely divided sulfur, a polysulfide compound, a water-soluble sulfide compound
and mixtures at thiosulfate production conditions selected to form a thiosulfate-
containing effluent stream. Next the effluent stream is reacted from the previous
step with carbon monoxide at reduction conditions selected to produce a sulfide-
containing aqueous effluent stream. Finally hydrogen sulfide is stripped from
the aqueous effluent stream to form a substantially sulfate-free treated water
stream which is substantially reduced in total sulfur content relative to the
input water stream.
*Patents, *Water treatment, *Sulfites, *Streams, Sulfur, Sulfates, Effluents,
Hydrogen sulfide, Aqueous solutions
Water soluble sulfite, Treatment methods
184C
A PROCESS FOR PURIFYING WATER AND NATURAL HYDROCARBON GAS,
Australian Patent 446,481. Applied August 26, 1970. Issued March 21, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 10, p 1014,
March, 1974.
A process for purifying water and natural hydrocarbon gas includes reacting an
impure water feedstock with a natural gas feedstock to form solid hydrocarbon
hydrates. Also described is an impure water residuum having an enhanced
impurity content, which separates the solid hydrates from the water residuum, and
washes the solid hydrates to remove adhered impurities. In addition, the washed
hydrates are decomposed to form purified water and a purified gaseous
hydrocarbon product.
*Patents, *Water purification, *Hydrocarbons, Hydrates
*Natural hydrocarbon gas, Impure water feedstock, Natural gas feedstock
167
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185C
REVERSE OSOMOSIS WATER PURIFYING DEVICE,
Australian Patent 445,989. Applied August 12, 1970. Issued March 7, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 8, p 794,
March, 1974.
A water purifying device includes a treatment chamber with a feed water inlet
for connection to a source of water to be purified and a reverse osmosis water
purifying element in this chamber, having a feed water outlet and a product
water supply outlet. A reservoir has a compressible container whereby the inner
volume of this container communicates with the product water supply outlet
for storing product water and a transfer passage between the feed water outlet
and the volume of the reservoir outside the comprehensible container. Means
for selectively opening the transfer passage allow feed water pressure to be
exerted on the product water, discharging product water through a product water
discharge outlet.
*Patents, *Water purification, *Reverse osmosis, *Water supply, Water pressure,
Equipment, Reservoirs
Product water supply outlet, Treatment methods
186C
OIL RECOVERY PROCESS,
Shephard, C. A. Y.
Mobil Oil Corporation, New York
Canadian Patent 947,644. Applied May 25, 1972. Issued May 21, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 21, p 21-41, May 1974.
Disclosd is a process of recovering oil from an oil-containing reservoir
having a gas cap. In accordance with this process a fluid is injected into
the gas cap that is miscible with the oil in the reservoir and gas in the
gas cap. Also injected into the reservoir are gas and water in an amount no
greater than that amount which can be maintained within the gas cap without
flowing into the oil zone. Oil is produced from the reservoir from locations
that are structurally lower than the gas cap.
*Patents, *0il, Gas, Reservoirs, Pollution abatement
*0il recovery, *0il zone, Miscibility
168
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187C
APPARATUS FOR DISINTEGRATING AND SEPARATING MATERIAL IN FLUID
SUSPENSION,
Improved Machinery Incorporated, Nashua, New Hampshire
Canadian Patent 947,705. Applied March 17, 1972. Issued May 21, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 21, p 21-54, May 1974.
An apparatus was patented comprising a chamber containing a centrifugal pump
arranged to pump material in fluid suspension. The material is pumped to an
accepts discharge, and a screen which limits the size of the material supplied
by the pump to the accepts discharge is mounted with the pump to be rotatably
driven. This causes disintegration of coarse material in the suspension. Baffle
means adjacent to the screen feed face divide the chamber into communicating
inner and outer portions. Suspension is supplied to the screen through the
chamber inner portion; and rotary vanes induce vortex flow of suspension in the
chamber outer portion. Thus heavy material is separated from the suspension by
centrifugal separation. The heavy rejected material is discharged from the
chamber through a discharge outlet. Lighter particles of coarse material
rejected by the screen may be discharged from the chamber through a discharge
conduit which is arranged to receive such particles from the chamber's inner
portion.
*Patents, *Pumps, *Separation, *Suspensions, Equipment, Discharge
Vortices, Baffles
188C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DENITRIFICATION OF TREATED SEWAGE,
Savage, Elton S.
Dravo Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Canadian Patent 947,886. Applied July 2, 1971. Issued May 21, 1974. Patent
Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 21, p 21-93, May, 1974.
A method and apparatus are given for denitrification of aqueous nitrate-containing
solutions. Specifically the invention provides for denitrification of the effluent
from an activated sludge sewage treatment process. Effluent from the settling zone
of such a process containing nitrogen compounds such as nitrates and nitrites, is
passed through a deep bed filter. The filter medium has been inoculated with
bacteria that convert the nitrogen compounds to nitrogen gas. The filter, in
addition to removing the nitrogen compounds, removes any suspended solids from the
settling zone effluent, so that the final effluent from the filter is concurrently
clarified and denitrified. By controlling the backwash of the filter, bacteria are
retained so as to enable continuous use of the filter for denitrification.
*Patents, *Denltrification, *Sewage treatment, *Activated sludge, Effluents,
Nitrogen, Nitrates, Nitrites, Filters, Bacteria, Suspended solids, Clarification
Deep bed filter, Settling zone
169
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189C
SEWAGE TREATMENT UNIT,
Light, D. J. N., and Devries, J.
Pollution Control Systems Limited, Thornhill, Ontario,
Canada
Canadian Patent 946,990. Applied October 29, 1969. Issued May 7, 1974. Patent
Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 19, May, 1974.
One treatment method for sewage involves aerating the raw sewage in a storage
tank provided with means for recirculating the sewage and subsequently passing
aerated sewage to a blending tank. There it is mixed with a flocculating or
coagulating agent and the sewage is then passed to a filtering or clarifying
assembly. This is provided with a filtering medium, adapted to move through the
mixture and receive suspended solids. Means are provided in the assembly to receive
the filtering medium for subsequent disposal and an outlet is provided to dispense
the filtrate. This filtrate may then be subjected to further aeration or bacteria
removing treatment.
*Patents, *Sewage treatment, *Aeration, *Storage tanks, Circulation, Flocculation,
Coagulation, Filtering, Suspended solids, Disposal, Bacteria
190C
FLOAT MOUNTED EJECTOR WASTE TREATMENT APPARATUS,
Mandt, M. G.
Kimberly Clark Corporation,
Neenah, Wisconsin
Canadian Patent 945,275. Applied July 20, 1971. Issued April 9, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 15, p 1311, April, 1974.
A system is described for the removal of B.O.D. and suspended solids from aqueous
waste. It operates by the use of ejectors which are supported by a float.
Advantages include improved mobility, reduced piping, and low maintenance
requirements. In one such system a venturl effect is used to supply air to the
ejectors placed near the surface of the aqueous waste to provide aeration.
*Patents, *Biochemical oxygen demand, *Suspended olids, Aqueous solutions, Wastes,
Piping, Maintenance, Aeration
*Venturi effect, *Removal, *Floats
170
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191C
EJECTOR AERATED OXIDATION DITCH FOR WASTE TREATMENT,
LeCompte, A. R.
Kimberly-Clark Corporation,
Neenah, Wisconsin
Canadian Patent 948,797. Applied November 2, 1972. Issued June 4, 1974. Patent
Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 23, p 23-97, June, 1974.
A patent was issued for an oxidation ditch system for the removal of B.O.D. and
suspended solids from aqueous waste. This involves the use of ejectors to aerate
the liquid and to move the liquid as the propelling force around a closed-loop circuit.
Advantages include reduced horsepower requirements and the use of deeper, high-
volume ditches without reducting aeration effectiveness.
*Patents, *0xidation, *Biochemical oxygen demand, *Suspended solids, Aqueous
solutions, Aeration, Liquids, Equipment
*Ejectors, *0xidation ditch system
FLUID FILTERING DEVICE,
Brown, C. A., and Thomas, J. F.
Parker-Hannifin Corporation,
Cleveland, Ohio
Canadian Patent 948,562. Applied April 19, 1971. Issued June 4, 1974. Patent
Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 23, p 23-46, June, 1974.
A fluid filtering device has a housing with a cavity in which a cylindrical filter
element is disposed. This defines an annular chamber between the outer wall of
the filter element and the interior of the housing, the annular chamber registering
with an inlet port. One end of the filter element registers with an outlet port so
that the normal path of fluid flow is from the inlet port into the annular chamber,
radially through the walls of the filter element, axially through the interior
of the filter element and externally of the filtering devide by the outlet port.
When the filter element becomes clogged by a predetermined amount, a valve
mechanism disposed at the opposite end of the filter element causes the fluid to
bypass the filter element. The valve mechanism includes a cover member which in
turn closes the housing cavity. Indicators are connected to the valve mechanism
for determining the filtering condition of the filter element.
*Patents, *Filtering, *Equipment, *Fluids, Valves
Fluid filtering device, Filter elements
171
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19 3C
PROCESS FOR PURIFYING WATER CONTAINING OILS AND SOLIDS,
Beavon, D. K.
Canadian Patent 945,479. Applied March 26, 1971. Issued April 16, 1974. Patent
Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 16, p 1356, April, 1974.
Water containing oil and particulate solids, such as oil-wet solids, is filtered
through a filter media, such as a sand for purification. Particulate solids
are retained, thus yielding clear water or a mixture of solids-free oil and
water, which will readily separate by gravity. The filter media is periodically
regenerated by steam stripping to remove retained oil. It is then backwashed
to remove oil-free particulate solids.
*Patents, *011, *Filter media, Sands, Clarification, Separation, Gravity
*Backwashing, *Particulate solids
194C
METHOD FOR THE MONITORING OF LIQUID FLOW AND AN AUTOMATIC
FLOW CONTROLLER TO BE USED FOR THIS METHOD,
Canadian Patent 948,737. Applied August 25, 1971. Issued June 4, 1974. Patent
Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 23, p 23-84, June, 1974.
A method is detailed for the monitoring of a liquid flow by means of two pressure
detectors installed in different horizontal planes of a non vertical pipe. These
pressure detectors trip an alarm system by comparing their outputs if a given flow
value is not attained. The invention also concerns an automatic flow controller
comprising two resistance strain gauges which are installed in a pipe. These
are arranged one above the other and an electronic alarm circuit supplying the
resistance strain gauges compares their data and trips an alarm system as soon as
the liquid content of the pipe falls below a specified value.
*Patents, *Monitoring, Liquids, Flow, Pressure, Pipes, Automation, Control,
Installation
*Pressure detectors, Alarm systems
172
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195C
PURIFIER DEVICE,
Sana, N.
United States Patent 3,815,753. Applied June 18, 1972. Issued June 11, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2, p 550-551,
June, 1974. 1 fig.
A liquid purifier device for immersion in a body of liquid includes an annular
canister with a through central column or main duct. The canister has inlet
and outlet means in spaced relation so that there is a flow path through the
canister interior or secondary duct. A purifying medium is located in this
flow path. When submerged, all of the inlet means are at a higher pressure
level than the exit means. Thus, whenever a flow of air is introduced into the
lower end of the column, a pressure differential is created. A tube is provided
to introduce a flow of air into the lower end of the column when it is submerged
so that the differential of pressure created in the column acts as a lift tube
pumping means to cause a flow through the purifying medium, The purifying medium
preferred is activated charcoal. The canisters may also be adapted for
stacking and use in combination with a filtering device.
*Patents, *Water purification, Equipment, Filtering, Pumping, Liquids, Flow
*Activated charcoal
196C
WASTE WATER TREATMENT METHOD,
Tate, J. F.
Texaco, Incorporated,
New York, New York
United States Patent 3,817,859. Applied March 29, 1972. Issued June 18, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 3, p 1067,
June, 1974.
A method of disposing of certain process effluent waste streams by injecting
them into subterranean formation is described. This entails inhibiting the
formation of solid precipitates which plug the subterranean formation. The
method of Inhibition involves lowering the pH of the mixed streams and optionally
removing any organic phase created before injection.
*Waste treatment, *Patents, *Effluents, *Precipitates, Waste disposal, Streams,
Organic matter, Solids
*pH, Subterranean formation
173
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197C
APPARATUS FOR TREATING NOXIOUS EFFLUENTS,
Solomon, R. L.
Trayler and Trayler,
Edmund, Ohio
United States Patent 3,812,793. Applied April 19, 1972. Issued May 28, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 4, p 1091-
1092, May, 1974. 1 fig.
An uncomplicated structure which lends itself to unskilled manual operation for
treating the output of a furnace or burner is described. The furnace output
is cooled, directed and forced into a treating tank containing a scrubbing
fluid, and exposed to a burner flame before being discharged into the atmosphere.
The system is of particular use in ensuring that the output from the burner or
furnace contains no noxious effluents.
*Patents, *Waste treatment, Effluents, Burning, Discharge, Liquids, Toxicity,
Treatment facilities
*Furnace, *Burner, Scrubbing fluid
198C
REMOVAL OF MERCURY FROM MERCURY CATHODE SLUDGE,
Rachor, D. G., and Perry, R. A.
Environmental Protection Agency,
United States
United States Patent 3,814,685. Applied April 27, 1973. Issued June 4, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 1, p 264,
June, 1974.
Mercury is recovered from mercury cathode sludge by treating the sludge with
acid and then roasting. The mercury content of the residue becomes
significantly lower by this process than when the acid treatment step is
omitted.
*Patents, *Mercury, Acid, Treatment
*Mercury cathode sludge, *Acid treatment, roasting
174
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199C
WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM,
Johnson, W. E., and Fraser, J. H.
Avco Corporation,
Cincinnati, Ohio
United States Patent 3,813,892. Applied August 23, 1971. Issued June 4, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 1, p 62-63,
June, 1974.
A water purification system is described with uses including desalination of
saline water. Water is crystallized in saline solution through the use of an
appropriate refrigerant to form a slurry of ice crystals and brine, which is fed
to a wash column for separating the brine from the ice crystals. The ice
crystals form a porous ice bed for movement through the column. This bed is
washed by a wash liquid flowing in direction counter to the ice bed movement.
Ice is removed at one end of the column and brine and wash water is removed
through an intermediate permeable port of the column. The ice is preferably
being melted by indirect heat exchange with vaporized refrigerant. The pressure
relationships at the input end of the ice bed, at the intermediate permeable
port, and at the output end of the ice bed are controlled independently of the
pressures at the crystallizer and at the melter units of the system. This
provides for maximum ice output from the column and minimization of wash liquid
loss.
*Patents, *Water purification, *Desalination, Ice, Slurry, Crystallization,
Equipment, Heat, Pressure
200C
REMOVING MERCURY FROM WASTE BRINE,
Imperial Chemical Industries Limited,
Great Britain
Australian Patent 446,563. Applied February 9, 1971. Issued March 28, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 11, p 1081,
March 28, 1974.
A process for the removal of mercury from chlorine containing waste brine from a
mercury cell has been patented. It comprises adding sulfide or hydrosulfide
ions to the brine in sufficient amount to produce a redox potential of the
brine, relative to a saturated KCl-Calomel electrode, of a value more negative
than +0.45 volts whereby mercuric sulfide is precipitated. Also, the
precipitated mercuric sulfide is removed by passing the brine through a filter
which comprises at least two directly superimposed layers of granular filtration
material, the average size of the particles of granular material in the
successive superimposed layers decreasing and the specific gravity of the
granular material increasing from the top of the filter downwards.
*Patents, *Mercury, *Brines, Chemical precipitation, Chlorine, Filtration,
Sulfides
Mercury removal
175
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201C
SPINNING TOP FOR LIQUID AERATION,
Kaelin, J. R.
Shelston Waters, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Australian Patent 445,817. Applied Nov. 26, 1969. Issued March 7, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 8, p 752,
March 7, 1974.
A vertical axis spinning top of internal blade type has been developed for the
ventilation of liquids. It comprises a rotor member which diverges from a
lower axial intake portion to an upper peripheral outlet portion. This rotor
member has a number of blades to define a number of ducts for conveying the
liquid to be ventilated from the intake portion to the outlet portion. Each of
duct has a longitudinal slot in the wall facing the inside of the spinning top
which extends along the entire length of the duct. The slot has a width similar
to the distance between consecutive blades at the intake end with the width of
the slot being substantially constant along its length.
*Patents, Equipment, Aeration
*Spinning top, Liquids ventilation
2Q2C
DEEP TANK AERATION USING EDUCTOR TUBES OF ELONGATE
CROSS-SECTION,
Walker, J. D.
Chicago Bridge and Iron Company,
Aurora, Illinois
Canadian Patent 946,991. Applied March 4, 1971. Issued May 7, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 19, p 19-94, May 7, 1974.
Eductor tubes have been patented which allow efficient aeration of huge
quantities of sewage in very deep tanks. Air is liberated at only a moderate
depth, the tubes extend downwardly from only slightly above the level of
liberation, and the tubes are elongated in horizontal cross-section for
effective utilization of the full cross-section. There is a baffle at
surface level above the tubes.
*Patents, *Aeration, Equipment, Sewage treatment
Deep tanks, Eductor tubes, Baffles
176
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203C
FEED NOZZLE FOR SCREENING DEVICE,
Riesbeck, L. J., and Blackwell, W. A.
Midwestern Industries, Incorporated,
Massillon, Ohio
Canadian Patent 947,793. Applied October 28, 1971. Issued May 21, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 21, p 21-73, May 21, 1974.
A device for controlling the flow of a fluid material at a screen of a
conventional material separator which isolates any solids consists of an
adjustable baffle plate within a conical hood member. The input fluid is
directed against the baffle plate and deflected against the hood member which
is suspended over the screen. The fluid then follows along the hood member
and falls to the screen as an annular sheet of fluid material. The precise
configuration of the sheet of fluid material is controlled by adjusting the
axial location of the baffle plate, moving it toward and away from the
direction of the flow of the input material. The solids which are unable to
pass through the screen are transmitted to a discharge chute located at the
periphery of the screen.
*Screen, *Patents, Flow control, Separation techniques
*Feed nozzle
204C
AERATING LIQUIDS,
Platz, R., Fuchs, W., and Nagel, 0.
Badische Anilln-and Soda-Fabrik Aktiengesellschaft,
Ludwigshafen, Germany
Canadian Patent 947,639. Applied May 7, 1970. Issued May 21, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 21, p 21-40, May 21, 1974.
Aeration of liquids present in a container and premixing of the air to be
introduced into the liquid is performed by means of a stream of liquid
issuing from a nozzle into a mixing zone provided within the container with
a portion of the liquid present in the container. Discharge into the
remainder of the liquid follows.
*Patents, *Aeratlon, *Liquids, Equipment
Treatment methods, mixing zone
177
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205C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RECOVERING A SUBSTANCE FLOATING
AS A SHEET ON THE SURFACE OF A LIQUID MASS,
Mourlon, J., and Dubois, E. M. R.
Bertin and Cie,
Paris, France
Canadian Patent 948,120. Applied December 22, 1969. Issued May 28, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 22, p 22-48, May, 1974.
A process is described for recovering a substance, such as a hydrocarbon,
spread as a thin sheet and floating on the surface of a liquid. The liquid
is, in the vicinity of its surface, subjected to a local rotating movement
so as to bring about the formation of a vortex-type cavity. The cavity is open
and has a vertical axis, and in which the substance originating from the sheet
accumulates, and from this cavity the accumulated substance is extracted. The
amount extracted is automatically replaced, as it is being extracted, by
further substance emanating from the sheet.
*Floating, *Patents, *Liquids, *Hydrocarbon, Recovery, Extraction
Treatment methods, Liquid masses
206C
HIGH CAPACITY FLUID TREATER EMPLOYING CONCENTRATED
ELECTRIC FIELDS,
King, A. S.
Prairie Village, Kansas
Canadian Patent 948,159. Applied April 14, 1971. Issued May 28, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 22, p 56-57, May, 1974.
A fluid treater has multiple flow paths in order to treat large quantities of
water utilizing an electric field without substantial pressure drop. The
treater is provided with an intake manifold having a configuration which causes
essentially laminar flow of the water in the manifold along a spiral path
which has convolutions of successively reduced diameter. Outlet ports of the
manifold are spaced along this path and are in communication with tubular,
outer electrodes. Water passes through these to a similarly arranged discharge
manifold where the plural paths are recombined. The water in each path is
subjected to a radial electric field in the annular passage defined by its
respective inner and outer electrode pair. The tubular wall of each outer
electrode.is inset to concentrate the electric field in the annular passage.
The inner electrode has an electrically conductive outer surface at least
coextensive with the tubular wall. The construction permits any of the inner
electrodes to be readily replaced without disassembling the treater.
*Patents, *Water treatment, *Pressure, *Fluids Flow, Laminar flow, Electrodes,
Construction
*Electric fields, *Flow paths, *Fluid treater
178
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207C
METHOD OF FILTERING,
Hirs, G.
Hydromation Filter Company,
Livonia, Michigan
United States Patent 3,814,247. Applied August 21, 1972. Issued June 4, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 1, p 155,
June, 1974. 1 fig.
A liquid filtering method for operating an apparatus comprises a deep bed of
dual, vertically separate, granular filter media beds. The first filter media
bed has relatively coarse grains-in the size range of 0.050 to 0.375 inches-
which have a specific gravity in the range of 0.9 to 1.6. The second filter
media bed, which underlies the first bed, has finer grains which have a specific
gravity greater than 2.1. Upon backwashing, the first bed is slurried and
turbulently recirculated through a path external of the retaining vessel, while
the second bed is only expanded. After backwashing, the filter media beds
assume their original respective orientations.
*Patents, *Filters, *Filter media, Specific gravity, Recirculated water
Deep bed filters, *Backwashing
208C
LIQUID COLLECTING AND FILTERING DEVICE,
Le Roy, R. F.
Upjohn Company,
Kalamazoo, Michigan
United States Patent 3,814,079. Applied April 28, 1972. Issued June 4, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United'States Patent Office, Vol. 923, no. 1, p 112,
June, 1974.
A pair of telescopically arranged tubes defines an expansible, closed chamber
in which the pressure is initially and substantially below ambient pressure.
The inner tube has an inlet end with a perforable closure member and an outlet
end which communicates with the outer tube. A cannula is supported upon the
inlet end for movement between a position spaced from the closure member to
a position penetrating through the closure member to communicate with the
chamber. A filter means is disposed in the inner tube so that liquid moving
from the inlet end through the outlet end or the inner tube must pass through
the filter.
*Patents, *Filters, *Liquids, *Filtration, Tubes, Pressure, Equipment
Ambient pressure
179
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209C
APPARATUS FOR EXTRACTING A LIQUID SAMPLE AT VARIOUS
DEPTHS OF A LIQUID STREAM,
Crumal, J.
Nielsen Engineering and Research Incorporated,
Mountain View, California
United States Patent 3,813,945. Applied November 19, 1971. Issued June 4, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 1, p 76,
June, 1974. 1 fig.
A hollow elongated tube with an opening near its lowest end descends into a
stream. A plunger within the tube normallyppositioned below the opening rises
upward within the tube after the tube reaches the bottom of the stream. This
forces a liquid sample out the top of the tube. A second plunger may be
employed within the tube normally positioned above the opening to act as a
pump plunger descends through the stream of liquid. The pump plunger travel
may be controlled as a function of height of the opening of the tube within the
stream. A method has been patented in order to obtain a liquid sample that
contains various constitutents in the same proportion as the liquid stream.
*Patents, *Extractions, *Liquids, *Sampling, Streams, Tubes
Liquid samples, Liquid streams, Pump plunger
210C
APPARATUS FOR FRACTIONATING FLUID SUSPENSIONS,
Young, D. L. G.
Canadian Ingersoll-Rand Company, Limited,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
United States Patent 3,814,244. Applied May 30, 1972. Issued June 4, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 1, p 153-154,
June, 1974. 1 fig.
A fractionating apparatus is described which comprises a plurality of annular
walls spaced one inside the other. At least one of these walls is a screen.
The apparatus includes rotary drive shaft means having a portion connectible to
a driving means and a portion eccentric to such connectible portion. One of
the annular walls is connected to the eccentric portion of the drive shaft
means.
*Patents, *Fluids, *Suspension, Equipment, Waste treatment
*Rotary drive shaft means, *Fractionation
180
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211C
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING WASTES BY A COMBINED
ACTIVATED SLUDGE AND BIOLOGICAL FILTER BED,
Tymoszczuk, J.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Canadian Patent 948,335. Applied August 10, 1971, Issued May 23, 1974. Patent
Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 22, p 94, May, 1974.
A process is described for treating wastes in which the wastes are flowed
gravitationally, in sequence, through an activated sludge compartment. Next
they flow through a single layer biological filter bed compound of filter
media which is aerated continuously from the bottom. The same air is used to
aerate the activated sludge compartment containing a closed sludge concentrator.
This permits the removal of excess biological sludge. The concentrator is used
to remove backwash effluent when the biological filter bed is being backwashed.
*Patents, *Waste treatment, *Activated sludge, Equipment, Sludge removal,
Aeration, Filter media
*Biological filter bed, Backwashing
212C
BOX FILTER,
Rosenberg, D. J.
Pall Corporation, Glen Cove, New York
United States Patent 3,815,754. Applied September 16, 1974. Issued
June 11, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol.
923, No. 2, p 551, June 11, 1974. 1 fig.
A disposable box filter is provided which comprises a box, houses at least
two portions, and has a fluid chamber with two fluid ports. A filter element
in sheet form extends across the fluid chamber and is held at its sides by
the housing across the line of flow between the fluid ports.
*Patents, *Fllters, Equipment, Flow control
*Box filter
181
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213C
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR COLLECTING SUBSTANCES FLOATING IN
A LIQUID SURFACE,
Bergman, H. L.
Vallatorg, Stockholm, Sweden
United States Patent 3,817,385. Applied April 1, 1971. Issued June 18, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 3, p 950-
951, June 18, 1974. 1 fig.
A method and an apparatus for collecting substances floating in a liquid sur-
face uses an endless, rotating conveyor band, one end of which is immersed
in the liquid. A collecting band, which runs from a supply down into the
liquid, is also used and rests'on the conveyor band carrying with it sub-
stances floating in the liquid surface to a collecting device and receives
the collecting band and the substances transported on the band. Thus,
substances in the liquid surface are lifted up from underneath and removed
out of the liquid by'the collecting band.
*Methodology, *Equipment, *Patents, Separation techniques
Collection systems, Liquid surfaces
214C
WASTE DISINTEGRATOR,
Bradley, E. H.
General Signal Corporation, New York, New York
United States Patent 3,815,827. Applied September 11, 1972; Issued
June 11, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923,
No. 2, p 570-571, June 11, 1974.
Under this patent, waste disintegrator for comminuting solid particles in a
fluid has a transverse wall in its housing. The transverse wall has a cen-
tral opening through which the fluid is channeled and a comminuting means
is mounted in that opening. A fluid bypass is formed in the transverse wall
in a peripheral area. Covering this opening is a flapper valve that is
pivotally secured to the downstream side of the transverse wall. The flapper
valve has one of its ends secured on a shaft that passes through a housing
wall of the disintegrator and to this shaft at its end is attached an arm.
A coil spring that has one of its ends secured to the housing and its other
to one end of the arm provides a relatively constant spring tension on the
arm. This urges the flapper door to remain in its closed position or to
return to its closed position when the differential pressure across the
transverse wall diminishes to a predetermined level. Also mounted on the
wall housing is a microswitch which is part of a warning signal circuit.
The switch is in engagement with the arm when the flapper door is closed
and it is under this condition that the switch is open. As increased dif-
ferential pressure forces the flapper door open, the arm moves away from
the switch closing the circuit, which in turn activates the warning signal.
*Patents, *Waste treatment, Treatment facilities, Equipment, Valves, Flow
control, Waste disposal
182
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215C
THIN WATERFALL SEPARATING AND SCREENING APPARATUS,
Ginaven, M. E.
The Bauer Brothers Company,
Springfield, Ohio
United States Patent 3,815,740. Applied June 28, 1971. Issued June 11,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2,
p 547, June 11, 1974. 1 fig.
This invention is directed to screen units and screen assemblies applied
primarily to the separation and reclamation of solids, particularly fibrous
solids, from a fluid slurry. Each embodiment of the invention is
characterized by a screen section or assembly of screen sections having in
connection a feed system including a variable flow control means. The
controls provided enable a directed initial feed of a slurry in a thin
waterfall form and in a manner whereby the initial engagement of the slurry
with the flow surface can be variably placed with an impact effect. The
structural features provided enable oily, fatty and like adherent substances
to be optimally separated from the solids content of the slurry in movement
to and over the flow surface provided by the invention embodiments.
*Patents, *Separation techniques, *Screens, Solid wastes, Slurries, Equipment
216C
APPARATUS FOR AND METHOD OF AUTOMATICALLY REMOVING
POLLUTANTS FROM A FLOWING STREAM,
Dubouchet, J. L.
Societe Generale de Constructions Electriques et
Mecaniques, Grenoble, France
United States Patent, 3,815,742. Applied March 23, 1972. Issued June 11,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2,
p 547-548, June 11, 1974. 1 fig.
A patent was issued for a separator located alongside a liquid stream bed,
and a vertical liquid chamber communicating at its bottom with the bottom of
the separator. Also included are means for permitting the discharge of liquid
from the upper portion of the chamber and means for discharging the separated
pollutant material collected in the separator.
*Patents, *Equipment, *Methodology, Automatic control, Separation techniques,
Streamflow, Water pollution control
133
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2i7c
MULTI-CAPACITY WATER SAMPLER,
Nlskin, S. J.
Miami, Florida
United States Patent 3,815,422. Applied June 4, 1973. Issued June 11, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2, p 464, June
11, 1974. 1 fig.
A water sampler device for obtaining samples of ocean water at designated
depths consists of tubular members of identical shape and size clamped together
to form a receptacle of any desired capacity with a closure or valve for
both ends of the receptacle. This is maintained away from the upper opening
to permit sea water to flow through the receptacle as it is lowered and sinks
to the desired depth of water. Upon release of a messenger, the closures are
released simultaneously whereby the lower closure passes through the upper
opening to become seated on the lower opening while the upper closure seats on
the upper opening to be locked in position by cams. The weight of the water
trapped in the receptacle maintains the lower cap in a sealed position on the
lower opening as the sampler is brought to the surface of the ocean.
*Patents, *Water sampling, Sea water, Equipment
218C
FILTER FOR REMOVING SUCH PARTICLES AND MISCELLANEOUS
DIRT AS CONTAINED IN A FLUID,
Hamano, T.
Ichikawa, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
United States Patent 3,815,341. Applied September 14, 1971. Issued June 11,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2,
p 442-443, June 11, 1974. 1 fig.
A filter consists of a base member, which is a coarsely woven or knitted
fabric or reticulated material with flocked fibers on the surface. The
process of preparation consists of first applying an adhesive onto the
base member, in a manner not to fill the meshes, and then applying the flock
fibers. The adhesive is preferably applied in sufficient amount to give a
layer of 0.3 mm-0.6mm, with a base cloth which is removed after the fibers
have been fixed.
*Patents, *Filters, Equipment, Filtration, Construction materials, Waste
treatment, Fibers
184
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219C
SEWERAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM,
Delaney, R. E., and Cornish, A. H.
Koehier-Tlayton Incorporated,
New Britain, Connecticut
United States Patent 3,815,159. Applied November 8, 1972. Issued June 11,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2,
p 395, June 11, 1974. 1 fig.
A sewerage treatment system comprises a toilet, a bathing facility, first and
second recirculating tanks each including filtering media, means for
selectively directing the effluent flushed from the toilet into the receptacle
compartment of either recirculating tank, means for selectively directing
the effluent from the bathing facility into either recirculating tank, means for
selectively draining either recirculating tank, means for selectively
recirculating the liquid in the filtrate compartment of either recirculating
tank to the toilet for flushing means for operating the system in a first mode
of operation, means for alternately operating the system in a second mode of
operation. Included also are means for draining the first recirculating tank
and for switching the system from the first mode of operation to the second
mode of operation.
*Sewage Treatment, *Patents, *Treatment facilities, Equipment
Toilet
220C
AEROBIC SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM,
Yost, K. J.
Coate Burial Vault Incorporated,
West Milton, Ohio
United States Patent 3,817,858. Applied April 5, 1972. Issued June 18,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 3,
p 1067, June 18, 1974. 1 fig.
Liquid sewage from an individual residence is directed tangentially into a
large, flat, and shallow aerobic settlement tank to expose a large surface
area of the sewage per unit volume. Air is circulated over the surface of
the sewage in a generally spiral direction to effect circulation or turbulence
of the sewage within the tank and diffusion of the air into the liquid. The
air flow within the tank is produced by connecting the air intoutlet of the tank
to a chimney which projects upwardly adjacent to the outer wall of the residence
and creates a natural draft. The liquid treated in the aerobic settlement
tank is directed into a similarly shaped aerobic digester and clarifier tank
which also provides for circulation of the treated liquid and diffusion of the
air. The second tank defines an annular clarifier chamber which receives
the treated liquid before it is discharged. The discharged effluent may be
directed through a chlorinator formed by a vertical housing which receives a
supply of chlorine crystals.
*Patents, *Sewage treatment, Aerobic treatment, Liquid wastes, Equipment,
Treatment facilities
185
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221C
TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER,
Torpey, W. N.
Autotrol Corporation,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
United States Patent 3,817,857. Applied September 29, 1972.
Issued June 18, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,
Vol. 923, No. 3, p 1066-1067, June 18, 1974. 1 fig.
The process and apparatus for the oxidation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous
matter in waste water by use of a mixture of biologically active slimes
attached to partially submerged rotating contactors are described. The
biological contactors are mounted in a single-stage treatment unit and are
supplied with waste water at a controlled rate relative to the surface of the
contactors and distributed substantially evenly over the contactor surface. A
denitrifying unit, located upstream from the single-stage treatment unit
utilizes biologically active slimes attached to rotating biological contactors
for the removal of carbonaceous matter from the waste water supported by
nitrate oxygen from the recirculated effluent.
*Patents, *Waste water treatment, *0xidation, Equipment, Treatment facilities,
Carbon compounds, Nitrogen compounds, Biological treatment, Denitrification
OIL/WATER SEPARATOR FILTER,
French Patent 2196-187. Applied August 16, 1973. Issued April 19, 1974.
Derwent French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 20, 1974.
A patent was granted for an oil/water separator filter. The filter element
consists of a fibrous core in an outer sheath. The core is made of fibers
coated with a synthetic resin having a higher affinity for oil than for
water. The fibers in an upper section are of textile material laid up
in thin layers with the fibers side by side and transverse to flow direction.
The resin coating acts as binder within the layers, loosely piled one on the
other. A lower section significantly thicker than the above layers, consists
of randomly oriented glass fiber or mineral wool.
*Patents, *Filters, *Separation, Textiles, Fibers, Resins
*0il/water separator filter, Oil-water separation, Mineral wool, Glass fibers
186
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223C
WASTEWATER CONCENTRATION,
Talley, W. J. and Wright, H. W.
Sweco, Incorporated, Los Angeles, California
Canadian Patent 948,119. Applied June 1, 1971. Issued May 28, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 22, p 47-48, May, 1974.
A patent was issued for equipment and methods for screening and concentrating
waste water overflow from combined sewer systems. The equipment includes a
separator employing a cylindrical rotating screen. Influent is
piped upwardly into the equipment and deflected outwardly toward the inner
surface of the screen. This manner achieves a desired flow rate and flow
pattern of the influent onto the screen. The screen is rotated at a speed to
achieve a desired centrifugal force. Effluent passes through the screen to an
outlet and the remaining concentrate passes to an outlet. A certain amount
of the influent splashes from the inner surface of the screen. This is
received by a backsplash pan and may be recirculated and rescreened. The
screen has several removable screen panels for replacing damaged screens or
changing screen type or mesh size. Cleaning is provided by directing a cleaning
fluid periodically at the screen. The manner in which the influent, effluent,
concentrate and backsplash are handled, and manner in which the influent is
screened for ultimate disposal is detailed. A sequence of influent feed and
screen cleaning is also described.
*Patents, *Combined sewers, *Waste water, *0verflow, Screens, Flow rate,
Effluents, Outlets, Influent streams, Cleaning, Centrifugation
224C
LIQUID PURIFICATION ION-EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT,
Van Wijk and Boerma Water
German Patent 1767-705. Applied June 7, 1968. Issued April 25, 1974.
Derwent German Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 18, p 1, June 7, 1974.
Equipment was patented which includes concentric perforated walls which
enclose annular space and contain active resin granules. A first manifold
chamber is enclosed centrally by the inner perforated wall. A second,
annular manifold chamber is between the outside perforated wall and the
cylindrical casing. The flow of water/liquid being treated is radial either
inwards or outwards. The outer perforated wall extends for most of the
height of the casing. The apparatus performs liquid purification, using ion
exchange.
*Ion exchange, *Patents, *Equipment, Flow, Water purification
Manifold chamber, Perforated walls, Active resin granules
137
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225C
LAND DRAINAGE PIPE COUPLING,
Khomylov, G. S., Kozlovchunas, E. F., and Mysin, A. V.
A. A. Skochlniskii Mining Institute,
H. S. S. R.
U.S.S.R. Patent 393398. Applied December 21, 1970. Issued December 12, 1973.
Soviet Inventions Illustrated, Vol. 5, No. 19, 1974.
A land drainage pipe coupling was patented with segmented seals which lower
resistance to infiltration or water. This pipe coupling is used for land
reclamation systems and is built up from L.D. or H.D. polyethylene or P.V.C.
segments. These form domed covers of glass fiber alternating with beaded
gaskets. The segments are located in holes drilled around projections of
the pipe. Moisture penetrates the domed covers and passes through the slight
gaps present between the projections. Improved access to water means that
a reduced number of collection pipes is required as compared with the more
conventional designs.
*Patents, *Design criteria, *Pipes, *Land reclamation, *Land drainage,
Drainage, Equipment
PVC, Pipe coupling
22 6C
STREET DRAIN FOR USE WITH A SEWER SYSTEM,
Thompson, L. B.
South Bend, Indiana
United States Patent 3,815,749. Applied April 23, 1973. Issued June 11, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2, p 549,
June, 1974. 1 fig.
A street drain is used with a sewer system and includes a water collection
basin, positioned in the street, and a dry well generally located adjacent
to the street. The collection basin has two discharge openings. One of the
openings is placed in communication with the dry well, the other is placed
in communication with the sewer system. The basin discharge opening which
is connected into the sewer system is located so that water, such as storm
water, entering the collection basin will first pass into the dry well
until the dry well is filled and then will pass into the sewer system.
*Patents, *Drains, *Sewers, Roads, Drainage systems, Storm water
Collection basins, Dry wells
188
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227C
PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF SOLID PARTICLES FROM AN AQUEOUS
SUSPENSION THEREOF AND APPARATUS THEREFOR,
Visser, P., and Haar, L. W.
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij N. V.,
The Hague, Netherlands
Canadian Patent 948,518. Applied October 13, 1970. Issued June 4, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 23, p 37, June, 1974.
A process removes solid particles by adding a water-immiscible, auxiliary
liquid to the suspension and separating a resulting mixture of solid
particles and auxiliary liquid from a water phase. The auxiliary liquid
is supplied in two stages by adding: a minor part of the water-immiscible
auxiliary liquid to the aqueous suspension in a mixing stage and imparting
a turbulent motion to form agglomerates of solid particles and auxiliary
liquid in water; and a major part of the auxiliary liquid to the mixture of
agglomerates in water in a separating stage, in which stage a bottom layer
of water and a top layer of auxiliary liquid comprising the agglomerates
are formed.
*Patents, *Separation techniques, Solid wastes, Waste treatment, Methodology,
Equipment
228C
SYSTEM FOR MEASURING BOD BY ELECTROLYSIS,
Young, J. C.
Iowa State University Research Foundation, Incorporated,
Ames, Iowa
Canadian Patent 947,819. Applied June 6, 1972. Issued May 21, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 21, p 79, May, 1974.
A reaction vessel containing the sample receives a container of material
for absorbing C02 which is provided with an adaptor. An electrolysis cell
storing the electrolyte is received in the adaptor. A cap is placed on
the electrolysis cell with an upper circular covering flange spaced from
the walls of the cell thus providing an annular space communicating with
the electrolyte. This permits venting of hydrogen while minimizing
evaporation of the electrolyte. When the level of the electrolyte falls
below a predetermined minimum, indicating a low 02 pressure in the vessel,
a sensing switch energizes a regulated DC current source to start the
electrolysis process to replace the 02 consumed by the sample. The system
is insensitive to changes in line voltage and electrolyte strength over a
design range. Apertures in the cap member and the cell may be selectively
aligned by twisting the cap to equalize the pressure in the cell with
atmospheric pressure before starting.
*Patents, *Measurement, *Biochemical oxygen demand, *Electrolysis
189
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229C
DOMESTIC SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,
Stone, J. S.
Sanitary Disposal Systems, Incorporated, Wheat Ridge,
Colorado
Canadian Patent 948,798. Applied August 14, 1972. Issued June 4, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 23, p 97, June, 1974.
The plant comprises a cylindrical tank having an inner truncated conical
baffle in the tank, spaced from the top, bottom, and side walls of the
tank. The top lip of the baffle is positioned below the normal liquid
level within the tank. An outer truncated conical baffle is positioned
concentrically outside the inner baffle. The bottom end of the outer
baffle is coextensive with that of the inner baffle, but the top end
extends above the tank's normal liquid level. The two baffles form an
annular upflow passage between them. Air inlets are provided to admit
air into the bottom end of the upflow passage. A sewage inlet admits
sewage into the top end of the inner baffle. The introduction of air
into the upflow passage causes the upward movement of air and liquid in
the manner of an air-lift pump. The pump discharges back into the inner
baffle with a downward thrust. The continuous circulation of solids in
this manner results in a reduction of their size, so that they are prepared
for further treatment.
*Patents, *Sewage treatment, *Treatment facilities, Equipment, Domestic
wastes
230C
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM,
Carlson, H. B., and Pinezich, J. R.
Andrew Carlson and Sons, Incorporated,
Kings Park, New York
United States Patent 3,817,864. Applied June 2, 1972. Issued
June 18, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,
Vol. 923, No. 3, p 1068, June 18, 1974. 1 fig.
A novel and improved sanitary drainage system was patented. The
Septic tank of the system is fabricated from Fiberglas which has
advantages over the use of pre-cast concrete or other material pre-
viously used. It is non-corrosive, impervious, and light and strong
with some flexibility. The Fiberglas septic tank has a generally
hemi-spherlcal, furstoconical or polygonal shape.
*Patents, *Septic tanks, *Sanitation, *Drainage, Materials,
Precast concrete construction
*Sanitary drainage system, *Fiberglas
190
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231C
WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM,
Milotich, F. J.
General Electric Company,
New York, New York
United States Patent 3,819,053. Applied October 2, 1972. Issued
June 25, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent
Office, Vol. 923, No. 4, p 1378, June 25, 1974. 1 fig.
The bottom of a solids separating tank treats sewage which has been ground,
macerated, and treated with a coagulant. Solids accumulate in a si idge
blanket below a screen which divides the tank into upper and lower
portions. Clear liquid passes throughthe blanket and screen. Sludge
from the sludge blanket is pumped to a sludge concentrating tank where
further liquid is extracted. The concentrated sludge is periodically
pumped out for incineration or other disposal.
*Patents, *Waste treatment, *Coagulation, *Sewage treatment,
Tanks, Screens
*Sludge blanket
232C
TREATMENT OF SEWAGE OR CONTAMINATED WATER,
Swales, D. A.
Albright and Wilson Limited, Oldbury,
Warwickshire, England
United States Patent 3,814,686. Applied November 17, 1971.
Issued June 4, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States
Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 1, p 264, June 4, 1974.
A method for removing suspended solids from contaminated water by the
addition of a coagulant composition is detailed. The coagulant composition
is prepared by digesting chrome residue containing 35 to 40 percent by
weight of Fe203, 27 to 32 percent A1203, 13 to 18 percent MgO, and 12
to 17 percent Cr203 with a strong mineral acid selected from the group
consisting of 20 to 36 percent by weight hydrochloric acid and 20 to 100
percent by weight sulfuric acid. This process forms a solution of
metal salts containing trivalent iron, aluminum, and chromium ions
and magnesium ions.
*Sewage treatment, *Suspended solids, Coagulation, Acidity, Removal
*Contaminated water, Chrome residue
191
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23 3C
SEWER RELIEF VALVE,
Oberholtzer, J. V.
Dallas, Texas
United States Patent 3,815,629. Applied October 26, 1972. Issued
June 11, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,
Vol. 923, No. 2, p 518, June 11, 1974. 1 fig.
A patent was granted for a sewer relief valve for installation in the
cleanout connection to a sewer line. A flapper opens to release
sewage water when the water rises in the sewer line. This flapper
is self-closing when the water pressure has been relieved on the line
so as to seal the gases in the sewer line. The valve unit is molded
of a relatively rigid plastic material. The sealing face of the
flapper is formed of a softer inserted piece of nylon plastic and
forms a gas type seal to the sewer line when the valve is in the
normally closed position.
*Patent, *Sewers, *Water pressure, Installation, Plastics
*Sewer relief valves, Sewer lines
234C
SINGLE BASIN AERATED SEWAGE LAGOON WITH SPRING TIME
INTENSIFIED AERATION,
Murphy, D. S.
Atara Corporation,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Canadian Patent 948,334. Applied September 8, 1970.
Issued May 28, 1974. Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 22,
p 93-94, May 28, 1974.
An aerated sewage lagoon provides a much increased earation in the
spring, reduced aeration in the summer, and still further reduction
in the winter. In winter there is an area of high intensity aeration
near the sewage intake, and little or none elsewhere. In spring
there is a second high intensity area to cope with the suddenly
increased demand due to winter dormancy. In summer the high inten-
sity aeration is followed by an area over which the aeration conti-
nues but at gradually reduced intensity as the sewage moves down-
stream to the outflow.
*Patents, *Sewage lagoons, *Aerated lagoons, *Aeration,
Seasonal, Sewage treatment, Streams, Basins
Winter, Summer, Spring season
192
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235C
PROCESS FOR TREATMENT OF WASTE LIQUIDS CONTAINING
DIFFICULTLY DECOMPOSABLE CYANO-COMPLEX,
Ichiki, M., and Ishii, M.
Mitsui Mining and Smelting Company,
Tokyo, Japan
United States Patent 3,816,275. Applied February 8, 1973.
Issued June 11, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States
Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2, p 673, June, 1974.
A process for treating a waste liquor containing a difficultly
decomposable cyano-complex such as ferrocyanldes and ferrie-
yanides and/or cyano ions is described. It comprises electrolyzing
the waste liquor by employing iron as an anode to form a water-
insoluble colloid. The colloid is floated and concentrated by
an action of bubbles formed during the electrolysis. The material
is converted to a scum, and the scum is removed from the waste liquor
in an electrolytic cell. A purified liquor free of cyano-component is
obtained.
*Patents, *Colloids, *Scum, Iron, Floating
*Cyano-complexes, Waste liquor, Anodes, Electrolytic cells
236C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SEPARATION OF SLUDGE,
Sako, F. F., and Chandler, S. S.
FMC Corporation
United States Patent 3,822,204. Applied June 12, 1970. Issued
July 2, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent
Office, Vol. 924, No. 1, p 107, July, 1974.
An apparatus was designed for separating a sludge-containing
liquid medium produced by the processing of sewage into a
clarified liquid and a sludge concentrate. Companion electrodes
in the bottom of the container produce gas by electrolysis
of water. The water rises as dispersed bubbles and upon
occlusion to sludge particles floats the particles to the
liquid surface. Sludge concentrate floating adjacent to the
surface of the liquid medium is moved out of the container
by a skimmer. Clarified liquid is discharged from the
lower portion of the container.
*Patents, *Sewage, *Clarification, *Sludge,
*Electrolysis, Liquids, Floating
193
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237C
REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER,
Anderson, H. T.
Swift and Company,
Chicago, Illinois
United States Patent 3,816,274. Applied October 20, 1971.
Issued June 11, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States
Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2, p 673, June, 1974. 1 fig.
Waste water containing oil and water emulsions and dissolved
or suspended solids is de-emulsified and clarified by creating
a three dimensional anolyte stream. It was designed by care-
ful placement of anodes and by impressing direct or galvanic
current through the water. Waste water is first contacted
with an anode system in a restricted zone so as to give sub-
stantially all of the waste water a rapid p change of several
units. Water is then conveyed to a second zone where a three
dimensional anolyte stream is formed causing the oily particles
to float to the surface of the water where they can be skimmed
off.
*Dissolved solids, *Emulsions, Oily water, Waste water
*Anodes, *Anolyte stream, pH changes
238C
CLARIFICATION OF TAR SANDS MIDDLINGS WATER,
Schutte, R.
Gulf Oil Canada Limited,
Atlantic Richfield Limited, Canada
United States Patent 3,816,305. Applied December 23, 1971.
Issued June 11, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States
Patent Office, Vo. 923, No. 2, p 678, June, 1974.
A patent was issued for a process which involves the addition
of an acid to water to accelerate clarification of the water
and to reduce required sludge settling pond area. This process
is useful for treating tar sands to cause flocculation or
coagulation of the clays and other small solids particles
produced from the hot water process and present in middlings
and tailings streams.
*Flocculation, *Coagulation, *Clays, Waste water treatment,
Settling ponds
*Tar sands, Middlings, Tailing streams
194
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239C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING PARTICULATE
MATERIAL IN FLOW STREAM,
Baldwin, W. F., and Mullins, L. D.
Mobil Oil Corporation,
New York City, New York
United States Patent 3,816,773. Applied October 12, 1972.
Issued June 11, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States
Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2, p 771, June, 1974.
A system was patented for detecting the presence of particulate
material such as sand, in a fluid stream flowing through a
conduit. The system comprises an acoustical probe which is
positioned directly into the flow stream. The probe has a
housing in which a transducer (piezolectric crystal) is sus-
pended. The housing is filled with oil to acoustically
couple the transducer to the housing. Particulate material
in the flow stream gives up kinetic energy upon striking
the housing of the probe which in turn excites the transducer
to generate an output signal having a representative frequency
component. The system includes circuitry which amplifies
and filters the output signal to provide an alarm, activated
when a certain sand content condition in the flow stream is
exceeded.
*Patents, *Flow, *Fluids, *Sand, Automation, Systems
*Particulate matter, Detection
240C
SEWAGE AND EFFLUENT TREATING SYSTEM,
Briltz, R. P.
Canadian Patent 951,035. Applied July 6, 1971. Issued July 9, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 28, p 96-97, July, 1974.
A patent was issued for a sewage and effluent treatment system.
Effluent is pumped from the primary sewage treatment location
through an agitating module at which time a flocculating agent
is introduced into the sewage. This module includes a casing,
an intake header at one end, an outlet baffle chamber at the
other end, and a plurality of conduits extending between the
header and chamber. The sewage and flocculent are agitated
and thoroughly mixed in this flocculent module, and the maj-
ority of the flocculated material is separated out by baffles.
The deflocculated effluent then passes to conventional first
and second stage filtering tanks. Means are provided to
back flow the modules to remove the flocculated material
and cleanse the modules when necessary.
^Patents, *Effluents, *Sewage treatment, Pumping, Flocculents,
Conduits, Canada
195
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241C
OIL SPILL RECOVERY VESSEL,
Netherlands Patent NL 7315-128. Applied November 5, 1973.
Issued May 8, 1974. Netherlands Patent Report, Vol. 5, No. 21, p 1,
June 28, 1974.
Oil floating on water is recovered using a vessel with a cyclone
chamber into which a skimmed layer is admitted via a lateral
opening, one edge of which is defined by an adjustable skimmer
or weir plate, the inflow to the chamber being solely dependent
on the translational speed of the vessel. The oil is tapped
from the larger diameter end of the chamber while separated
water is discharged from the smaller diameter end. The chamber
may have a horizontal or vertical axis.
*Patents, *0il spills, *Recovery, Pollution abatement, Equipment,
Oil, Floating, Weirs
Netherlands
242C
CLARIFYING TANK FOR EFFLUENTS,
German Patent DS 1658-054. Applied May 10, 1967. Issued
May 16, 1974. German Patent Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 21, p 1,
June 28, 1974.
A patent has been issued for clarifying tank for effluents
which consists of a flocculation space, surrounded by a ring
on which rests the vessels containing the flocculant fluid
bed and the solid filter. This supporting ring has passages,
and covers a flushing trough. Flushing holes join the latter
to the passages to keep them clean. An external girder
ring supports the ring.
*Patents, Clarification, *Tanks, *Effluents, Flocculants, Filters,
Equipment
196
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243C
PRECIPITATING AGENT FOR WATER PURIFICATION PROCESSES,
AND A METHOD OF PREPARING SAME,
Kawert, K. G. K.
Aktiebolaget Gullhogens Bruk,
Skovde, Sweden
United States Patent 3,827,984. Applied June 1, 1972. Issued
August 6, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent
Office, Vol. 925, No. 1, p 240-241, August, 1974. 1 fig.
An agent for purification of water by precipitation, and a
method for preparing this precipitating agent has been patented.
The water is purified to such an extent that raw water becomes
potable and suitable for cooking and food preparing, and
sewage must be cleaned so that it can be released into receiving
waters with no deleterious effects. The substances to be re-
moved are primarily iron, manganese, aluminum and various
phosphates, but the water may also contain copper, lead and
mercury. The precipitating agent comprises a mixture of
minerals which, after a previous burning, have different
solubility products. The mixture has a mole ratio of 1.0-
5.0 between basic and acid oxides, and a content of 5-40 percent Si02,
5-15 percent A1203, 3-12 percent Fe203, 15-70 percent CaO and 0.1-20
percent MgO in an ignited sample. In the preparation of the precipitating
agent sufficient mineral formation is obtained, and the burnt mixture
contains minerals of different solubility products having a mole ratio
between basic and acid oxides of 1.0-5.0 and the above-mentioned analysis
data. The product is subsequently ground to a powder having a fineness of
10-20 percent by weight greater than 60 micrometers and 0-2 percent by
weight greater than 90 micrometers.
*Patents, *Water purification, *Potable water, Metals, Minerals
Solubility, Precipitation (Chemical)
244C
WATER TREATMENT FILTER BED FOR SEWAGE SYSTEMS,
Bergles, J. L. , and Nelson, M. A.
United States Patent 3,823,825. Applied June 15, 1973. Issued
July 16, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,
Vol. 924, No. 3, p 543, July, 1974. 1 fig.
A patent was granted for a trickle-type water treatment filter bed
formed in the ground for receiving water of a sewage plant. Its
absorption bed has a drain wall around its sides, and functions
to prevent saturation of the absorption bed. The drain wall
means for the absorption bed is useful in soils of poor perme-
ability. The drain walls have tile means located at a depth
lower than the tile means in the absorption bed. The drain
walls function to prevent surface water from running into the
absorption bed and contributing to its saturation, and also
function to drain off excess water in the absorption bed to
permit the absorption bed to function properly.
*Patents, *Water treatment, *Filters, *Sewage treatment, *Absorption,
Sewage systems
*Treatment plants, Trickle-type filters
197
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245C
STRAINER DEVICE FOR LIQUIDS,
LeBlanc, H. P.
United States Patent 3,823,831. Applied November 19, 1971. Issued
July 16, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,
Vol. 924, No. 3, p 545, July, 1974. 1 fig.
An invention for straining has been patented. It relates to an
in-line strainer without interrupting the fluid flow, meanwhile
allowing backflushing. The strainer device comprises a ball-
shaped strainer element rotably mounted within a strainer body,
the strainer element being provided with an inlet into which
the debris containing fluid is directed. The debris is con-
tinuously collected within the ball-shaped strainer element.
Screen closure means are provided within the strainer element
whereby its inlet can be closed off to retain the debris
within the strainer element which is back flushed by rotation.
During rotation the fluid stream is continued to be strained.
Clean out means are provided in conjunction with the ball-
shaped strainer element whereby the debris can be collected
in a sump resevoir, after which the ball-shaped strainer
elements is returned to its normal straining position.
*Patents, *Liquids, *Solids, *Separation, *Strainers, Equipment,
Flow, Waste water treatment
24 6C
TARGET SYSTEM FOR LAYING SEWER PIPES,
Roodvoets, R. J., and Stapert, J. Jr.
Laser Alignment, Incorporated,
Grand Rapids, Michigan
United States Patent 3,815,250. Applied September 30, 1971. Issued June 11, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2, p 419, June
11, 1974. 1 fig.
An adjustable target is described which has use in aligning pipes with a laser
beam or an other similar collimated light beam which is projected axially with the
pipe. The target has a base member, a level carried by the base member, and an
upright target carried by and vertically adjusted relative to the base. Extension
means for the base member extend the base laterally to permit the target to be
employed in larger pipes.
*Patents, *Sewers, Pipes, Installation, Equipment
*Sewer pipes, *Lasers
198
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247C
PROCESS FOR THE REACTIVATION OF POWDERED CARBON,
Corson, F. L.
CPC International Incorporated,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
United States Patent 3,816,338. Applied February 8, 1971. Issued June 11, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2, p 683-684,
June 11, 1974. 1 fig.
A process was patented which describes a method for the reactivation of spent
powdered carbon for purification of waste waters as well as other liquids. The
invention describes a continuous process for the reactivation of spent powdered
carbon containing adsorbed organic matter. Particle sizes are smaller than about
100 mesh, and have a reactivation efficiency of at least about 80 percent, and a
product yield of at least about 90 percent by weight. This process comprises
dispersing the spent carbon in water to form an aqueous suspension with a solids
content of from about 20 percent to about 35 percent by weight. The suspension
is atomized with steam and the atomized suspension is passed in an atmosphere
substantially free of oxygen through a radiantly heated reactor vessel, with a
wall temperature of from about 1200 F to about 1900 F. A time period of from
about 5 to about 30 seconds is used. The carbon to and from the reactor is
handled in a slurry form, which eliminates dust losses.
*Patents, *Carbon, *Liquids, Purification, Waste water, Organic matter, Suspension,
Slurry
*Reactivation
248C
UNIVERSAL BASIN FOR USE IN A SEWER SYSTEM,
Johannessen, J. M.
Pontoppidan Sorensen, Solrod Strand, Denmark
United States Patent 3,815,748. Applied September 26, 1972. Issued June 11, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 2, p 549, June 11,
1974. 1 fig.
A patent was issued for a basin to be used in a sewer system. The equipment has
a draining device designed as a cover and consists of a housing with a submerged
inlet opening and a centrally located outlet opening. The housing contains an
outlet chamber with a circular or helical sidewall. An inlet tube opens tangen-
tially along this sidewall into the outlet chamber. When the water level in the
basin rises, the water flowing into the outlet chamber circulates so that it works
as a centrifugal brake and retards the water flow.
*Patents, *Equipment, *Sewers, *Baslns, Flow
*Sewer systems
199
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249C
FLUID FILTER,
Firth, R. L.
Donaldson Company, Incorporated,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
United States Patent 3,819,052. Applied September 15, 1972. Issued June 25, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 4, p 1377, June
25, 1974. 1 fig.
A fluid filter was patented where a first cylindrical filter housing has an open
top and is at least partially surrounded by a second housing. This forms a passage-
way. A baffle with a central opening is mounted in the open top and a cylindrical
filter element is biased against the baffle member in the first housing. A dome-
shaped cover is attached on top of the second housing to provide a flow path for
fluid into the filter element. This gives passage through the filter element and
then through an opening in the second housing. A combination bypass-indicator
member is attached to the top of the movable filter element for guided sliding
movements in the central opening of the baffle member.
*Filters, *Patents, Equipment, Flow, Liquids
*Fluid filters
250C
PROCESS FOR TREATING WASTES CONTAINING CHROMATES AND/OR
COMPLEX IRON CYANIDES,
Henley, T. D., and Reeves, R. F.
Amchem Products, Incorporated,
Ambler, Pennsylvania
United States Patent 3,819,051. Applied August 31, 1972. Issued June 25, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 4, p 1377, June
25, 1974.
Dissolved hexavalent chromium and dissolved complex iron cyanide [Fe(CN)6] are
removed from a liquid waste effluent by adding a reducing agent with an anion
capable of reducing the hexavalent chromium to trlvalent chromium and a cation
which forms a solid or precipitate with the complex iron cyanide. The preferred
reducing agent is zinc hydrosulfite (ZnS204).
*Waste treatment, *Patents, *Liquid wastes, Effluents, Anions, Precipitates
*Chromates, *Iron cyanides
200
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251C
METHOD OF MAKING AND PIPELINE TRANSPORTING A NON-CORRO-
SIVE SULPHUR-WATER SLURRY,
Horvath, R. J.
Canadian Patent 950,944. Applied September 27, 1971. Issued July 28, 1974.
Canada Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 28, p 76, July, 1974.
A method of making and transporting a sulphur-water slurry by pipeline
is described. This maintains a non-corrosive and non-clogging process
by keeping a passivating film of ammonia between the sulphur-water slurry
and the interior wall of the pipeline or contacting equipment. Ammonia
is injected into the slurry line under such conditions that a passivating
film of ammonia is maintained between the interior of the pipeline wall
and the sulfur-water slurry transported in the pipeline. By this pre-
caution, hot corrosion and clogging of the pipeline can be inhibited or
prevented.
*Patents, *Pipelines, *Slurries, Ammonia, Equipment
*Sulphur-water slurries, Transport
252C
POLLUTED WATER PURIFICATION,
Box, E. O., and Farha, F.
United States Patent 3,823,088. Applied March 2, 1973. Issued July 9, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 924, No. 2, p 342,
July, 1974.
Organically polluted waters are purified by contacting them with a
catalyst of zinc aluminate promoted with at least one metal active
for initiating oxidative reactions in the liquid or gaseous phase
under oxidizing conditions. In one case, an aqueous stream obtained
from the effluent of an oxidative dehydrogenation containing contami-
nating oxygen-containing organic materials was subjected to oxidizing
conditions in the presence of a promoted zinc aluminate catalyst. This
converted the water to a potable aqueous product.
*Patents, *Water purification, *Water pollution control,
Oxidizing, Oxygen, Potable water
201
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253C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LAYING A PIPELINE,
Menzel, R.
United States Patent 3,827,155. Applied July 27, 1972. Issued August
6, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925,
No. 1, p 33, August, 1974. 1 fig.
A method and apparatus for laying a pipeline in which the pipes are
aligned along a preselected path with a collimated light beam is de-
scribed. Air is forced through the pipeline in a helical spiral to
prevent gases from building up within the pipeline as the pipes are
being laid. A blower unit coupled to an outlet nozzle has a clamp for
clamping the nozzle to the pipe at an angle to the longitudinal axis
of the pipe.
*Patents, Pipelines, Equipment, Pipes
*Collinated light, Pipelaying
254C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LAYING A PIPELINE,
Roodvoets, R. J., and Applegate, M. J.
United States Patent 3,827,156. Applied September 30, 1968. Issued
August 6, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol.
925, No. 1, p 33, August, 1974. 1 fig.
A method is described relating to the apparatus for laying a pipeline
in which the pipes are aligned along a preselected path with a collimated
light beam. Air is blown through the pipeline as the pipes are being
laid to prevent the build up of gas within the pipeline. A blower unit
and a flexible conduit are provided for this purpose.
*Patents, *Pipelines, Pipes, Equipment
*Pipelaying
202
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255C
AUTOMATED FLUID INJECTOR,
Harris, R. J.
United States Patent 3,824,859. Applied February 16, 1973. Issued July 23,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 924, No.
4, p 818-819, July, 1974. 1 fig.
An apparatus was patented for accurately measuring and injecting quantities
of fluid specimens, or samples, as received from a flowing sampled stream,
into various media. Such media include a receptacle or inlet of a modern
analytical instrument. The automatic fluid injector, or continuous flow
analyzer, is comprised of: a support means; a tubular mounting member,
generally mounted on the support means; a needle syringe, including a
barrel and a plunger reclprocable within the barrel, and the bore of a
needle for insertion into the axial opening; and an associated cylinder
piston unit, the needle syringe of which is mounted on the forward end of
the piston. Both the plunger of the syringe and piston of the cylinder
piston unit are reciprocable. On actuation in response to automatic control
means, they accurately measure, trap, and then inject fluid specimens from
the flowing stream, as desired.
*Patents, Water samples, Automation, Fluids, Experimentation, Streams
Fluid injection
256C
FILTERING AND CONCENTRATING MEANS AND METHOD,
Smith, E. W.
Canadian Patent 950,837. Applied December 23, 1970. Issued July 9, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 28, July, 1974.
An apparatus for filtering and concentrating liquid slurries is provided and
consists of a container with an encircling filter screen mounted about an
axis. Means are provided for torsionally oscillating the screen with
respect to the container; thus, liquid is removed from a liquid particle
mass in the container after it passes through the screen. The particles
remain in the mass with little or no tendency to clog the screen.
*Filters, *Patents, Slurries, Equipment, Particles, Screens
Oscillation
203
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257C
SAMPLING DEVICE,
Anderson, P. L.
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation,
Oakland, California
United States Patent 3,823,602. Applied November 20, 1974. Issued July
16, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol.
924, No. 3, p 485, July, 1974. 1 fig.
An improved centrifuge sampling device for the capture and size segregation
of particles less than two microns in diameter from a fluid has been
patented. The device consists of a rotating body and cap which define a
spirally shaped conduit having from 1.5 to about 2.5 convolutions. The
particulate-laden fluid is split by the sampler into a large stream and
a small stream. The large stream is directed to the beginning of the
spiral conduit where entrained particles are removed by centrifugal forces.
The smaller stream is introduced into the larger stream when nearly all
particulate matter has been removed from the larger stream and the flow has
become laminar.
*Sampling, *Water sampling, *Patents, *Centrifugation, *Conduits,
Equipment, Analytical techniques
Particulate matter segregation
25 8C
DEVICE AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING LIQUIDS SUCH AS
DRINKING WATER AND WASTE WATER,
Chappal, P.
United States Patent 3,823,923. Applied January 11, 1972. Issued July
16, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 924,
No. 3, p 569, July, 1974. 1 fig.
A device was patented which is comprised of a tube, immersed in the liouid
of a tank. This communicates at Its upper end with treating gas-supply
means. A diffuser with radial vanes fixed to a rotating disc is connected
with the lower end of the tube. A pump disposed under and coaxial with
the diffuser pumps the liquid from the tank through passages in the disc
into chambers defined by the vanes. This forms an emulsion of the gas
and liquid in the chambers which is then ejected into the liquid in the
tank.
*Patents, *Tanks, *Pumps, Equipment, Potable water, Waste water treatment,
Liquids, Gases
France
204
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25 9C
BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,
French Patent FR 2201-259. Applied September 28, 1973. Issued May 31, 1974.
Derwent French Patent Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 27, p 3, August, 1974.
A patent was granted for a biological degradation sewage treatment plant.
Its main treatment tank has feed pipes along one side for partly processed
raw sewage. These are parallel to the surfaces of the discs and effluent
pipes of the other side. The effluent is completely recycled once to three
times through a preceding denitrification tank, into which the settled/decanted
sewage is fed simultaneously. The handling capacities of both stages are
related to disc area. In the case of the main tank, the capacity is 1.6 to
10.0 cu cm per sq cm per day, where the atmosphere above the sewage is oxygen
enriched to 30 to 60 volume percent. In the denitrif ication tank, capacity
is 16 to 64 cu cm per sq cm per day.
*Patents, *Denitrification, *Sewage treatment, *Biological degradation,
Treatment, Effluents, Tanks
Treatment plants, Tank capacities
26 OC
WATER PURIFICATION PLANT,
Belgian Patent BE 810-790. Applied February 8, 1974. Issued May 29, 1974.
Derwent Belgian Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 26, p 1, August, 1974.
A water purification plant, using multi-cellular single tanks, with each
cell in a concentric, circularly symmetrical configuration within a common
pit was patented. The plant consists of a flocculation chamber which widens
as it deepens, communicating via a gap with a filtration compartment which
widens from the base upwards. This in turn is connected by a weir with a
sedimentation tank and guide walls. Clear water is collected in a common
chamber above the filtration chambers. The arrangement is useful for large
scale water treatment.
*Patents, *Water purification, Water treatment, Flocculation, Filtration,
Sedimentation tanks, Weirs
Treatment plants
205
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261C
TWO SECTION WATER CLARIFICATION COLUMN,
Netherlands Patent NL 7316-894. Applied December 11, 1973. Issued June 17,
1974. Derwent Netherlands Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 26, p 2, June, 1974.
A patent was Issued for the clarification of water, comprised of a container
delimiting a clarification chamber with a first section connected at its
lower end to an adjacent second section, and a device for feeding the water
to be clarified to the first section of the clarification chamber at a point
above its lower end. In addition, devices remove solids and liquids from a
space near the upper end of the first section of the chamber, and supply gas
bubbles to the chamber between the water feed and the water discharge devices.
A second section of the chamber is wider than the lower end of the first
section. The corresponding part of the second section thus projects outward
in the opposite direction to the lower end of the upper first section.
^Patents, *Water clarification, *Equlpment, Solids, Liquids, Removal
26 2C
DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT,
French Patent FR 2200-202. Applied January 12, 1973. Issued April 19, 1974.
Derwent French Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 25, p 3, July, 1974.
A compact, economically maintained unit was patented and is particularly
useful in domestic situations. The unit consists of a housing with a
detachable lid,'containing a first set of columns filled with activated
carbon. These absorb excess chlorine; the water inlet is fed there at the
base, followed in the purification circuit by a detachable container of
regeneration agent for the ion exchanger resin. This fills a second set of
columns, again bottom fed, and from whose top the softened water of improved
taste is fed to the outlet pipe. Interconnections between the internal ele-
ments are by flexible hoses and the sets of columns are retained by elastic
straps.
*Patents, *Water treatment, *Potable water, Equipment, Chlorine, Pipes
Treatment plants
206
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26 3C
CONDUIT WITH INTERNAL DRAIN,
Huggins, H. D.
Modine Manufacturing Company,
Racine, Wisconsin
Canadian Patent 953,287. Applied June 29, 1972. Issued August 20, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 34, p 52, August, 1974.
A patent for a conduit with an internal drain was granted . An apparatus
drains away a liquid from an interior wall surface of a conduit by gravity
flow. The conduit has located within it a capillary drain with spaced
gravity drain portions, each of a small cross sectional area in contact
with the wall surface at spaced locations. The portions are sloped so as
to provide gravity drain away from the surface. Liquid condensate will be
drawn by gravity capillary flow down the conduit wall, contacting portions
to an intermediate portion. From there it is conducted down out of contact
with the wall surface and the condensate will not interfere with heat
transfer through the conduit wall.
*Conduits, *Patents, *Drains, *Drainage, *Gravlty, Condensate, Equipment
264 C
SEWAGE TREATMENT SLUDGE CONCENTRATING PLANT—WITH IM-
PROVED HEAT RECOVERY FROM TREATED CONCENTRATE TO
INCOMING RAW SLUDGE,
Belgian Patent BE 808-258. Applied December 5, 1973. Issued June 5, 1974.
Derwent Belgian Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 25, p 1, July, 1974.
A patent was issued for a sewage treatment concentrating plant with improved
heat recovery from the treated concentrate to the incoming raw sludge. The
raw sludge is pumped at high pressure by an indirect heat exchanger into a
reactor vessel. This vessel delivers treated sludge back through the heat
exchanger to yield heat to Incoming raw sludge. A pressure reducing device
is then fitted between the heat exchanger and the reactor so that the pres-
sure of incoming sludge can be held well above the reactor pressure. The
sludge in the heat exchanger can also be raised to a correspondingly higher
temperature without danger of blocking.
*Patents, *Sewage treatment, *Heat recovery, *Sewage sludge, Pressure,
Equipment, Temperatures, Concentration
Sewage sludge treatment plants, Concentrating plants
207
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265C
AMMONIA ELIMINATION SYSTEM,
Caldwell, D. H., and Earth, E. F.
United States Patent 3,824,185. Applied September 5, 1972. Issued
July 16, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,
Vol. 924, No. 3, p 631, July, 1974. 1 fig.
A patent was granted for a process where the nitrogen content of
waste water is removed by air stripping ammonia from waste water.
The ammonia is then absorbed in water containing nitrifying micro-
organisms. Thus the ammonia is oxidized in the absorber water. The
absorber and nitrifier water becomes far more concentrated in nitro-
gen than the original waste water and can be denitrified by denitri-
fying microorganisms in a small reactor. Air and water are recycled
within this system.
*Patents, *Microorganisms, Water purification, Nitrogen, Ammonia,
Waste water treatment, Oxidation, Water recycle, Nitrification,
Denitrification
266C
LIQUID FILTER SYSTEM HAVING AUTOMATIC FILTER BACK
WASH CONTROL AND METHOD OF OPERATION,
Walters, T. M., and Brown, C. H.
United States Patent 3,826,368. Applied August 9, 1972. Issued
July 30, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,
Vol. 924, No. 5, p 1218, July, 1974. 1 fig.
A filter for removing solid particles from a fluid was patented in
which an inlet supplies the fluid to be filtered to one side of the
screen. An outlet carries away the filtered fluid from the other
side of the screen, where means coupled to the outlet are responsive
to an absolute drop In normal pressure. These introduce a higher
pressure back wash into the outlet. Additional means are coupled
to the inlet responsive to an Increase in normal pressure in the
inlet for terminating the flow of back wash into the outlet.
*Filters, *Patents, *Pressure, Solids, Liquids, Equipment, Screens
*Back wash
208
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267C
APPARATUS FOR SAMPLING LIQUIDS,
Weasels, G. R.
The Dow Chemical Company, Midland,- Michigan
United States Patent 3,826,144. Applied June 25, 1973. Issued
July 30, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,
Vol. 924, No. 5, p 1160, July, 1974. 1 fig.
Equipment was patented for collecting liquids, particularly water.
Included is a platform which supports one or more open-end containers.
A rigid bar is positioned upright to the platform and the lower end
of the bar is fastened into the platform. A line is used to raise
and lower the unit into a liquid body to collect the sample in the
containers. As the liquid fills each container, the apparatus is
raised to the surface and a hinged closure assembly seals the open
end of each container.
*Patents, Liquids, Equipment, Water sampling
Containers
268 C
NUTRITIONAL IRON-PROTEIN COMPLEXES FROM WASTE
EFFLUENTS,
Jones, S. B., Kalan, E. B., Jones, T. C., and Hazel, F.
United States Patent 3,823,127. Applied June 7, 1972. Issued July 9, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 924, No. 2, p 348,
July, 1974.
Proteins may be precipitated and recovered from industrial waste effluents
such as whey by the addition of Ferrlpolyphosphate to the effluents. The
recovered product, a Ferripolyphosphate-protein complex in powder form,
contains from 8 to 15 percent iron from 15 to 50 percent protein. It is
highly nutritional and highly assimilable, and has great potential as an
iron-protein enriching additive in food and other products.
*Patents, *Proteins, Iron, Industrial wastes, Effluents, Water reuse,
Food
Ferripolyphosphates, Food additives
209
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269C
METHOD OF SEPARATING METALLIC CHLORIDES FROM AN
AQUEOUS MIXTURE THEREOF,
Aue, A. I., Relnhardt, H., Rydberg, J. H. A., Frolunds,
B., and Skjutare, L.
Gullspangs Elektrokemiska A B, Gull spang, Sweden
United States Patent 3,824,161. Applied October 8, 1971. Issued July 16,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 924, No.
3, p 625, July, 1974. 1 fig.
A method for separating one or more metallic chlorides from an acid
aqueous mixture was patented. It employs a multi-stage, selective
extraction process and a water immiscible extraction agent which con-
sists of a solution of an amine capable of forming extractable compounds
with the metallic chlorides. Subsequently the metallic chloride or
chlorides are washed out of the mixture.
*Patents, *Mixtures, *Chlorldes, Metals, Extraction
Metallic chlorides
27 OC
FULL FLOW FLUID FILTER,
Troth, L., Hagler, R., and Keller, 0.
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
United States Patent 3,827,568. Applied January 12, 1973. Issued August
6, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925,
No. 1, p 138-139, August, 1974. 1 fig.
A filter has been designed to remove particulate impurities from a
fluid. It IB a hollow, generally cylindrical housing having axial
fluid channels along the inner surface and open opposite ends forming
an inlet and an outlet for the filter. Several annular, generally
disc-shaped filter elements are tightly stacked within the housing.
The outer edges of the filter elements bear on the inner surface of
the housing and combine to form the axial fluid channels while the in-
ner edges of the filter elements combine to form a hollow Inner core
communicating with one of the open ends of the housing. Each filter
element Includes radial channels between the axial channels and the
hollow inner core. Each channel has a low-velocity pocket for trap-
ping particulate impurities in a fluid flowing along. One end of
the hollow inner core is blocked so that the path for fluid flowing
between the inlet and outlet is through the axial and radial channels
and the hollow inner core.
*Patents, *Filters, *Flow, Fluid mechanics, Equipment, Filtration, Sediments,
Detritus, Sediment load, Sedimentation, Suspended load. Suspended solids,
Water pollution sources, Water pollution treatment, Water treatment
*Partlculate impurities removal
210
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271C
APPARATUS FOR REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS FROM WASTES,
Okubo, K., and Ueno, A.
Tokyo, Japan
United States Patent 3,827,964. Applied April 23, 1973. Issued August 6, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 1, p 236-237,
August, 1974. 1 fig.
This apparatus consists of an electrolytic cell partitioned by a membrane into
two electrolytic chambers. The chambers are filled with electric conductors
in a granular or fibrous form with positive and negative major electrodes
respectively thereby forming an anode chamber and a cathode chamber in abut-
ting relation through the membrane. The anode chamber or the cathode chamber
which are filled with the granular or fibrous conductors with major electrodes
may be replaced by a porous conductive metal sleeve.
*Patents, *Waste treatment, Seperation techniques, Equipment, Electricity,
Electrolytes, Suspended load, Suspended solids
*Contaminant removal, Electrolyte cell
27 2C
METHOD OF INTRODUCING OXYGEN INTO A LIQUID TO BE
CLARIFIED AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING THE METHOD INTO EFFECT,
Kaelin, J.
Buochs, Switzerland
United States Patent 3,827,679. Applied August 14, 1972. Issued August
6, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925,
No. 1, p 168, August, 1974. 1 fig.
A method of introducing oxygen into a liquid located in an activation
tank of a clarification plant is described. The liquid is circulated
in toroidal flows. Oxygen or air is then bubbled through.
*Patents, *0xygen, Aerobic treatment, Water pollution treatment, Water treatment,
Sewage, Sewage treatment, Oxidation, Sanitary engineering, Water supply
Clarification plants, Activation tanks
211
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27 3C
METHOD FOR THE DISPOSAL OF COMBUSTIBLE AMD
DILUTE AQUEOUS WASTES,
Grlmmett, E., and Lamont, P.
United States Atomic Energy Commission
United States Patent 3,827,946. Applied June 5, 1972. Issued August 6, 1974.
Officical Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 1, p 233,
August, 1974. 1 fig.
There is a new method for the disposal of combustible and dilute aqueous
wastes. This method produces both potable water and useful power. Com-
bustible waste, together with conventional fuel, is burned in a fluidized-
bed steam generator; the steam produced is used to evaporate dilute aqueous
wastes in the first stage of a two-stage fluidized-bed evaporator. The
steam in the first stage is used to evaporate dilute aqueous wastes in the
second stage of the two-stage fluidized-bed steam generator; the steam pro-
duced in the secorri stage is used to generate power. Spent steam from the
first and second fluidized-bed evaporators is condensed as potable water.
*Patents, *Water reuse, *Potable water, Reclaimed water, Evaporators,
Equipment, Water pollution treatment, Water supply, Steam
*Steam power, *Aqueous waste disposal, Steam generator, Potable water
production
274C
FLUID SYSTEM FOR INCLUSION IN A TOTAL AUTOMATED FLUID
SYSTEM OF A SAMPLE ANALYZER,
Smythe, W. J., Bellinger, S. L., Diebler, H. G., and
Dannewitz, R.
Technicon Instruments Corporation,
Tarrytown, New York
United States Patent 3,826,615. Applied June 9, 1972. Issued July 30, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 924, No. 5 i 1282-
1283, July 30, 1974. 1 fig.
A fluid system, serving to dilute each sample for subsequent division into
a large number of parts, has been developed for inclusion in an automated
fluid system for analyzing a series of liquid samples flowing seriatim.
Involved in the patented system is the same and equal dilution treatment
of each sample as the series. Also involved in the system is the effective
inhibition of cross contamination of samples from the point of introduction
of the samples into the dilution system to the point, after division of the
samples, where the samples flow into the respective ones of the analysis
subcomblnations.
*Patenta, *Dilution, Sampling, Analytical techniques, Instrumentation
Automatic control
212
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275C
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS SYSTEM WITH MULTICIRCUIT SINGLE
SHELL HEAT EXCHANGER,
Houser, E. A., and Schwlndt, B. W.
Beckman Instruments, Incorporated, Fullerton, California
Canadian Patent 948,881. Applied March 20, 1972. Issued June 11, 1974.
Canadian Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 24, p 18, June 11, 1974.
A modular water quality analysis system for steam electric power generating
plants is disclosed which includes a novel single shell multicircuit heat
exchanger that varies the rate of flow of cooling water through each of the
multiple circuits. The heat exchanger has a physical construction such that
it can be mounted on top of the system rack thereby replacing a plurality of
individually manifolded and valved heat exchangers formerly mounted at the
back of the rack. The flexibility of design in the modular system also per-
mits the same basic apparatus to be adapted to a large variety of different
sizes and types of power generating plants having different analysis re-
quirements .
*Patents, *Analytical techniques, *Instrumentation, *Water analysis, Water
quality. Power plants. Flow rate, Cooling water
276C
METHOD OF BLEACHING WOOD PULP,
Lincoln, R. M., and Meyers, J. A.
Atlantic Richfield Company, New York, New York
Canadian Patent 949,263. Applied May 26, 1971. Issued June 18, 1974.
Canadian Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 25, p 3, June 18, 1974.
A method to prevent both atmospheric and water pollution in the pulp and
paper industry has been patented. Under this process, pulping and bleaching
of wood chips is accomplished in a single stage using tertiary butyl hydro-
peroxide in an aqueous alkaline medium.
*Pulp and paper Industry, *Patents, *Water pollution control, Pulp
wastes, Bleaching, Methodology
Butyl hydroperoxide
213
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277C
SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM,
Long, H. G., and Long, V. E.
United States 3,819,054. Applied September 8, 1971. Issued June 25, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 923, No. 4,
p 1378, June 25, 1974. 1 fig.
A recently patented sewage treatment system especially adapted to be a
conversion unit for existing septic tanks is comprised of the following
equipment. An inner tank to receive raw sewage is within the septic tank
and spaced from the walls with its upper surface open above the liquid
line. An air diffuser system delivers compressed air within the inner
tank and draws activated solid portions settling from the clarifier zone
in the outer tank toward the sludge zone at the bottom and through the means
is attached to the outer wall of the inner tank. Lastly, a float skimmer
means is provided to insure the return of floating solids from the clarifier
zone to the interior of the inner tank for retreatment.
*Sewage treatment, *Treatment facilities, *Equipment, *Patents, Septic
tanks, Weirs
Float skimmer, Air diffuser
27 8C
FILTRATION PROCESS AND FILTRATION EQUIPMENT,
Murata, K., Ikeda, H., Ashida, K., and Sato, U.
Yuasa Battery Company Limited, Hakuhaicho, Tokotsuki City,
Osaka, Japan
United States Patent 3,826,369. Applied December 18, 1972. Issued July 30, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 924, No. 5, p 1218-1219,
July, 1974. 1 fig.
This invention provides a filtration process capable of intermittent repeti-
tion. The prefilt is fed under pressure through a filter medium to one
section of a pair of containers compressed to a watertight closure and the
filtrate is discharged from another section of the containers. The filtrate
is fed under pressure in the reverse direction of the filtration process,
while the filtration process is suspended, to remove plugging of the filter
medium. The filtration and backwash processes are alternately repeated a
predetermined number of times.
*Patents, *Filters, *Filtration, Equipment, Separation techniques, Water
treatment, Pressure
Backwash
214
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279C
TOTAL MKRCURY MONITOR,
Capuano, I. A.
Ionics, Incorporated, Watertown, Massachusetts
United States Patent 3,826,614. Applied May 17, 1972. Issued July 30, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 924, No. 5, July,
1974. 1 fig.
An apparatus and method are described for analyzing liquid streams for their
mercury content including elemental mercury, ionic mercury and undissociated
mercury compounds. The sample is automatically measured and treated with an
acidic metal salt reagent containing an oxidant for oxidizing elementary
mercury in the sample to ionic mercury. It is then treated with hydrazine
to form a catalytic colloid. Elementary mercury is formed by the action of
hydrazine and the catalytic colloid on the ionic and combined mercury. The
results are indicated and/or recorded by transferring the elemental mercury
to a photometric detector.
*Patents, *Mercury, *Analytical techniques, *Equipment, Monitoring
Total mercury monitor
28 OC
APPARATUS FOR AUTOMATICALLY EFFECTING VACUUM CONCENTRATION
AND RECOVERY OF WASTE LIQUID,
Takayasu, K.
United States Patent 3,826,718. Applied March 23, 1973. Issued July 30, 1974,
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 924, No. 5, July,
1974. 1 fig.
An apparatus which will automatically effect vacuum concentration and the
recovery of waste liquid is described. It consists of an evaporating vessel
of a relatively small volume and which is topped by a steam riser tube con-
taining a vapor separator and a condenser. A waste liquid is supplied to the
evaporating vessel and Is heated by a steam heater. The steam produced is
discharged through a drain tank to the outside. The liquid level in the
evaporating vessel, the water level in the drain tank and the liquid level
in the waste liquid recovery tank are controlled by relays so that the evapora-
tion and concentrating operations and discharge of the distilled water are
automatically repeated for a given number of times,
*Patents, *Reclaimed water, *Liquid wastes, Equipment, Waste water treatment,
Distillation, Water treatment, Evaporation, Evaporators
215
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281C
RECOVERY OF RESIDUAL AMMONIA FROM WEAK AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS THEREOF,
M&vrovic, I.
United States Patent 3,826,815. Applied October 15, 1973. Issued July 30, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 924, No. 5, July,
1974. 1 fig.
A method for recovering ammonia from a waste liquid effluent composed of a weak
ammoniacal aqueous solution is described. The solution is stripped with steam
and an inert gas in a fractionator at specific conditions. Substantially all
of the ammonia is recovered in a gaseous product and a liquid product is re-
covered that is substantially free of ammonia.
*I'atents, *Ammonia, *Equipment, Aqueous solution, Waste water treatment,
Liquid wastes, Water treatment
Ammonia recovery
28 2C
CARBONATION SYSTEM FOR RECOVERY OF SODIUM BASE PULPING
LIQUOR,
Anderson, C. G.
Owens-Illinois, Incorporated, Cincinnati, Ohio
United States Patent 3,826,710. Applied April 21, 1972. Issued July 30, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 924, No. 5, July,
1974. 1 fig.
An integrated closed carbonation system for recovering sodium base sulfite
pulping liquor has been invented. The system includes: smelt solutions which
contain from one third to two thirds mol percent sodium sulfide with the
balance primarily sodium carbonate; self-sufficiency in carbon dioxide for
displacement of the sulfide; temperatures during carbonation from 140 to 180
degrees F; an intermediate concentration of carbon dioxide for carbonation;
and systems for cycling different gas streams to conserve and reuse carbon
dioxide. The system also produces gases containing hydrogen sulfide suitable
for direct combustion to sulphur dioxide and purges gases relatively free of
hydrogen sulfide or sulphur dioxide.
*Patents, *Liquid wastes, *Equipment, *Pulp wastes, Sodium compounds, Sulfite
liquors, Sulphur compounds, Carbon dioxide, Waste treatment
Carbonation system
216
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283C
AERATING EFFLUENT AND KEEPING SLUDGE IN SUSPENSION,
Netherlands Patent 57251V/32. Applied January 29, 1973. Issued July 31,
1974. Derwent Netherlands Patents Report, Vol. 5, No. 33, p 2, September 24,
1974.
A patent was Issued for a process by which effluent Is aerated and activated
sludge Is maintained in suspension by jets of water obliquely striking the
surface. The vessel used is circular, elliptical, or polygonal in shape
and of constant cross-section through the greater part of its height.
The jets strike the surface at not more than 60 degrees, preferably 10 to
20 degrees to the surface with a speed of 3 to 12 m/sec. The horizontal
component of the tangent is in the general direction of flow.
*Patents, *Equipment, *Aeration, *Effluents, Sludge, Suspension, Jets,
Flow, Activated sludge, Sludge treatment
284C
SOLID BOWL CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR,
Peck, W. H., and Collier, S. A.
United States Patent 3,829,009. Applied March 15, 1973. Issued August 13,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925,
No. 2, p 514, August, 1974. 1 fig.
A centrifugal separator for the removal of solids from slurry was patented.
A high speed bowl rotates about a vertical axis and is centrally fed with
slurry in its upper region. A circular ceiling plate above the level of
slurry feed establishes a narrow annulus with the cylindrical upper rim section
of the bowl. This becomes sealed with sludge as the solid constituents build
up in the vicinity. A series of plows advance slowly around the annulus and
through the sludge seal and elevate the sludge above the ceiling plate, into
the path of a series of rotatable buckets. These buckets assume outside
ecliptic positions where they scoop wads of sludge from the sludge seal,
and assume inside ecliptic positions where their directional relationship
is reversed ao that centrifugal force dislodges the wads, causing them to
be flung radially over the rim of the bowl. The liquid constituent of
the slurry is then forced out through an outlet in the bowl bottom wall.
*Patents, *Centrifuges, *Slurries, *Solids, Equipment
Treatment methods
217
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285C
FLUID AERATING MEANS,
Canadian Patent 949,239. Applied July 6, 1971. Issued June 11, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 24, p 93, June, 1974.
A patent was granted for a method of fluid aeration. Sewage, particularly
when flowing, is aerated by many downwardly directed spaced air Jets in a
submerged deformable plastic tube, preferably one of circular transverse
cross-section. The tube is held down by a subjacent shot-filled anchor
tube held spaced by an underside connecting strip. When air is not holding
the tube inflated, the unstressed shape of the tube together with the pressure
against the outer lateral surface portions by the ambient water occlude water
and air, preventing the interior of the tube from becoming clogged.
*Patents, *Aeration, *Equipment, *Sewage treatment, Flow, Jets, Pressure
Fluid aeration
28 6C
SYSTEM FOR DETECTING PARTICULATE MATTER,
Hofstein, S. R.
Princeton Electronic Products, Incorporated,
North Brunswick, New Jersey
United States Patent 3,830,969. Applied October 14, 1971. Issued August 20,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 3,
p 1000, August, 1974. 1 fig.
A system and method for detecting and graphically visualizing partlculate
matter present in a fluid sample was patented. The liquid sample is held
in a transparent container and agitated by spinning the container for a
limited time period. This places the particles in transient motion relative
to the then stationary container. A television camera forms a time con-
tinuous image of the illuminated container and scattered points of light
from the moving particles. This television image is processed by a signal
converter tube. The processed image, now retaining only the light points
corresponding to the moving particles, can be displayed on CRT equipment.
The processed image signal may also be furnished to an electronic particle
detector and analyzer, which will examine the particulate matter for
characteristics such as movement, distribution, dimensions, and number or
concentration.
*Patents, *Waste identification, Liquids, Analyzers, Sampling, Matter
*Particulate matter, *Television image
218
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28 7C
APPARATUS TO COUNT PARTICLES SUSPENDED IN LIQUID,
German Patent E1837V/25. Applied January 11, 1967. Issued June 12, 1974.
Derwent German Patents Abstracts, Vol. 5, No. 25, p 2, July 30, 1974.
Equipment was patented which counts particles suspended in liquid. The
apparatus is comprised of two vessels, permitting liquid to flow successively
in opposite directions, to give two measurements. The liquid is contained
in one vessel in which a second measuring vessel stands upright. Suction
is applied by means of a bellows which permits liquid to be drawn into the
upright measuring vessel. Inside a measuring chamber are two electrodes
at different heights, which enter it from above through a wall of the
channel projecting from the circular chamber. Measurements are made twice
in succession on the same liquid by drawing it up initially by the bellows
and subsequently releasing it to flow back into the lower containing vessel.
*Patents, *Partides, Liquid, Suspension, Flow, Measurement
Particle counts, Bellows, Measuring chambers
288C
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER FROM DOMESTIC SEWAGE,
Smith, A. W.
Western Mechanical Incorporated,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Patent 449,369. Applied October 29, 1969. Issued June 13, 1974.
Official Journal of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs, Vol. 44, No. 21,
p 2265, June, 1974.
An apparatus and a continuous process for treatment of waste water from
domestic sewage was patented. Its goal is to recover usable water from
sewage, of sufficient purity for normal agricultural and domestic purposes,
including human drinking purposes. The method of treating this waste water
consists of the following steps: vigorously passing a controlled amount
of sulphur dioxide through the waste water, together with an amount of
gaseous oxygen greater than that needed to saturate the treated waste water;
bringing the treated waste water into contact with a source of metallic iron;
subjecting the source of metallic iron and treated waste water to continuing
vigorous passage of gaseous oxygen; and, monitoring the acidity of the
treated waste water. In addition, the amount of sulphur dioxide passed
through the waste water is controlled in response to the monitoring of the
treated waste water to maintain the monitored acidity at a level adequate
to insure bacterial kill; the treated waste water is neutralized by addition
of an alkaline material; and the vigorous agitation of the neutralized waste
water is continued by passing an amount of gaseous oxygen through it in
excess of that needed to saturate the neutralized waste water. The final
result is a separation of liquid and solid components of the waste water.
*Patents, *Waste water treatment, *Potable water, Domestic wastes, Sewage
treatment, Sulphur dioxide, Acidity, Liquids, Solids, Separation, Iron,
Equipment, Monitoring, Neutralization
Domestic sewage, Bacteria kill „,„
-------
289C
SLIME CONTROL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS
AND THEIR USE,
Brink, R., Shema, B. F., Justice, R. L., and Swered, P.
Betz Laboratories, Incorporated, Trevose, Pennsylvania
United States Patent 3,829,305. Applied July 6, 1971. Issued August 13, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 2, p 588-589,
August, 1974.
Water used in pulp and paper manufacture and water used in coling water systems
and other industrial waters, provide environments which are favorable to
slime formation. Slime is considered undesirable from an operational and/or
an aesthetic point of view. Compositions have been patented that are useful
for inhibiting and/or controlling the growth of slime in water. These mix-
tures exhibit synergistic activity against microorganisms, including the
bacteria, fungi and algae which produce slime in aqueous systems. The growth
of slime is inhibited by the biocldal action of the compounds in the mixture.
The mixture is composed of phenolic compounds such as phenol, ortho-
phenylphenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, 4-chloro-2-cyclopentylphenol and
2-chloro-4-phenylphenol.
*Patents, *Slime, *Phenols, *Bacteria, *Fungi, *Algae, Inhibition, Water
quality control, Industrial water, Pulp and paper industry, Industrial wastes
290C
FLUID FILTER DEVICE,
Brown, C. A.
Parker-Hannifin Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio
Canadian Patent 952,440. Applied April 15, 1971. Issued August 6, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 32, p 40, August, 1974.
A fluid filter apparatus is described. It consists of a fluid chamber with
the first two inlet portions connected to a fluid inlet and an intermediate
portion connected to a fluid outlet. A cylindrical filter element is in the
intermediate portion; fluid flows from the inlet portions into the interior
of the filter element, radially through its walls and into the intermediate
portion. In response to a predetermined pressure increase in the inlet
portions, the filter element moves and opens fluid communication between the
inlet portions and the intermediate portion. Fluid then flows from the
fluid inlet to the fluid outlet and bypasses the filter element.
*Patents, *Filters, *Filtration, *Separation techniques, *Waste water treatment,
Equipment, Pressure
220
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291C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING EFFLUENT,
Hopwood, A. P.
Mono Pumps Limited, London, England
Canadian Patent 952,237. Applied October 13, 1971. Issued July 30, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 31, p 88, July, 1974.
A method and apparatus for treating raw effluent such as sewage are described.
The effluent is sent through a vessel containing media. The media are
suitably short lengths of plastic tubing. Air is passed through the effluent
and media. A two stage process is possible by passing the effluent through
two containers of plastic tubing. The treated effluent then goes to settlement
tanks.
*Patents, *Sewage treatment, *Aerobic treatment, *Tubes, *Sewage effluents,
Liquid wastes, Waste water treatment, Settling basins
29 2C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING PARTICLE CONCENTRATION
IN A FLUID SUSPENSION OF PARTICLES,
Hogg, W. R., and Longman, M. D.
Canadian Patent 952,193. Applied April 28, 1972. Issued July 30, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 31, p 78, July, 1974.
Particle concentration in a fluid suspension is measured by the generation of
a signal each time a particle traverses a sensing zone; the duration of the
signal or particle pulse is related to the time occupied by the particle in
suspension while traversing the sensing zone. Concentration is proportional
to the percentage of time the particles are in the sensing zone to the total
time it takes the suspension to pass through the sensing zone. The apparatus
Includes electrical circuits for measuring the duration of a predetermined
portion of each particle pulse between two points. The direct current
component of these duration-measuring pulses averaged over the time during which
they occurred is proportional to the concentration and can be found with a
d.c. meter. The meter can be calibrated in terms of particle concentration.
*Patents, *Suspension, *Fluid mechanics, Sediment load, Suspended load,
Suspended solids, Analytical techniques, Equipment, Water quality control,
Current meters, Direct currents
221
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293C
OXYGEN-HYDROGEN GENERATION AND SEWAGE TREATMENT METHOD
AND SYSTEM,
Wesley, R. B.
United States Patent 3,829,368. Applied March 2, 1972. Issued August 13, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 2, p 602,
August, 1974. 1 fig.
A system to produce potable water from sewage is described. It is a regenera-
tive sewage treatment method which decomposes sewage into its constituent
elements, including oxygen and hydrogen gases. The elemental gases and the
recombination of these gases generate almost enough energy to make the system
self-supporting. Potable water is produced when the elemental gases recombine.
The system consists of a high-pressure electrolytic unit for producing
pressurized gases of decomposition, a pressure engine and mechanical electrical
generator for converting the potential energy of the gases to kinetic and
electrical energy, an oxygen-hydrogen fuel cell for producing potable water,
and an external energy source for supplying initial start-up energy.
^Patents, *Potable water, *Sewage treatment, *Energy conversion, *Water supply,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Energy
294C
SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM,
Corniah, A. H., DeLaney, R. E., and Davis, R. B.
Koehler-Dayton, Incorporated, New Britain, Connecticut
United States Patent 3,831,534. Applied July 2, 1973. Issued August 27, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 4, p 1180,
August, 1974. 1 fig.
A sewage treatment system is described. A surge tank receives the effluent
from a recirculating toilet or similar structure. The effluent received by
the surge tank is selectively and periodically delivered to a housing in an
incinerator. The incinerator contains a combustion chamber that directs a
flame down against the top surface of the sewage in the housing. The liquid
part of the effluent evaporates and passes through a stack on the combustion
chamber. The incinerator is turned off automatically when the level of the
effluent in the housing drops to a predetermined level.
*Patents, * Incineration, *Sewage treatment, *Burning, *Liquid wastes,
Sewage effluents, Waste water treatment
222
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295C
REDUCTION OF WATER POLLUTION BY BIOLOGICAL
DENITRIFICATION,
Hashimoto, S.
Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, California
United States Patent, 3,829,377. Applied February 7, 1973. Issued August 13,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 2,
p 604, August, 1974. 1 fig.
A process to biologically denitrify water that contains soluble nitrates has
been patented. Anaerobic bacteria is added to the water and a normally
gaseous Cl to C3 hydrocarbon for a long enough time so that the nitrate ions
can be biologically degraded to nitrogen.
*Patents, *Nitrogen, *Denitrification, *Nitrates, *Biological treatment,
Anaerobic bacteria, Waste water treatment, Nutrient removal, Chemical
reactions
296C
FILTER ASSEMBLY,
Thomsen, J. W.
Everpure, Incorporated, Oak Brook, Illinois
Canadian Patent 952,041. Applied May 5, 1970. Issued July 30, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol 102, No. 31, p 43, July, 1974. 1 fig.
A filter assembly has been patented that consists of a head with a built-in
shut-off valve and is adapted to be mounted in the line supplying the fluid
to be filtered. A replaceable filter unit is held by a clamping collar
to the head. Interacting cam means on the clamping collar and head engage
or disengage the filter unit to or from the head,
*Patents, *Filters, *Equipment, *Filtration, Waste water treatment,
Separation techniques
223
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297C
APPARATUS FOR FLUID TREATMENT,
Maroney, W. J.
Sybron Corporation, Rochester, New York
United States Patent 3,812,969. Applied October 16, 1972. Issued May 28, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 922, No. 4, p 1137,
May, 1974. 1 fig.
An apparatus has been designed for treating fluid in which the fluid passes
through a bed of solid particles such as filter media or ion exchange resins.
The apparatus provides better support and improved backwashing of the bed.
An inner container with an open bottom is positioned over the bottom of an
outer container with a closed bottom. The bed of solid particles is supported
by the bottom of the outer container and extends into one of the containers,
covering the opening between the inner and outer containers. Support items
such as underdrains and strainers are not required because the bed is
supported by the outer container. Fluid enters one of the containers, passes
through the bed and into the other container. One of the containers should
have a closed top and an outlet conduit located at an intermediate level.
Fluid accumulates in the container with the closed top, trapping air above it.
The trapped air is compressed by restricting the outflow. Backwashing is
effected by releasing pressure on the inlet side of the bed; the compressed
air forces the accumulated fluid back through the bed and through a backwash
outlet conduit. During the backwash cycle, air may be withdrawn from the
pocket of compressed air and injected into the bed, so that a mixture of air
and fluid will scour the particles in the bed.
*Patents, *Filters, *Filtratlon, *Equipment, *Waste water treatment, Ion
exchange. Separation techniques, Packed beds. Water treatment
298C
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR WASHING A CONTINUOUS FILTER WITH
A HORIZONTAL FILTRATION SURFACE AND CELLS,
Davister, A.
Societe de Prayon, Prayon (Commune de Foret), Belgium
United States Patent 3,830,658. Applied June 13, 1972. Issued August 20, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 3, p 942,
August, 1974. 1 fig.
A method has been patented for washing a continuous filter with a horizontal
filtration surface and cells. Washing is done after the discharge of the
filtration cake. Water jets of high kinetic energy and/or heavily turbulent
water flows are used to cause a mechanical scouring of possible sediments and
scales formed on the walls and cloths of the filters during filtration. The
wash water is supplied inside the cells.
*Patents, *Filters, Filtration, Water treatment, Waste water treatment,
Equipment, Sediments
224
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299C
CORRUGATED DRAINAGE TUBE WITH RESTRAINING SCREEN,
Slxt, M. E.
Advanced Drainage Systems, Incorporated,
Waterville, Ohio
United States Patent 3,830,372. Applied April 19, 1972. Issued August 20,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 3,
p 867, August, 1974. 1 fig.
A flexible corrugated drainage tube has been patented that consists of
alternating annular peaks and annular valleys with walls connecting the peaks
and valleys. Openings in selected valleys of the tube are arranged trans-
versely to the longitudinal axis of the tube so that liquid water can drain
into the tube through the openings. A water permeable restraining screen
surrounds the tube and engages the peaks. The screen prevents waterborne
particles above a certain size from entering the tube when water drains
into the tube. The water permeable screen allows waterborne silt and clay
to pass through, which keeps the screen from becoming clogged with these
particles.
*Patents, *Separation techniques, *Drainage, Water treatment, Tubes,
Filtration, Equipment
300C
ACTIVATED CARBON CHEMICAL ADSORPTION ASSEMBLY,
Economy, J. and Lin, R. Y.
The Carborundum Company, Niagara Falls, New York
United States Patent 3,831,760. Applied June 28, 1972. Issued August 27, 1974,
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 4, p 1241
August, 1974. 1 fig.
An apparatus for use in controlling chemical spillage on commercial waterways
is described. Activated carbon textile has a floating support and a sinking
weight. The activated carbon chemical adsorption assembly can be constructed
in configurations that are essentially one, two, or three dimensional.
Chemical spillage is controlled by the use of a combination of various
configurations. The more convenient configurations are somewhat less effective
and the more effective configurations are somewhat less convenient to use.
*Patents, *Activated carbon, *Chemical industry, *Equipment, *Pollution
abatement, Water pollution sources
*Chemical spillage
225
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301C
CENTRIFUGAL LYOPHOBIC SEPARATOR,
Booth, F. W. and Bruce, R. A.
United States Patent 3,828,524. Applied August 9, 1971. Issued August 13,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 3,
p 390, August, 1974.
A centrifugal separator using a lyophobic filter has been patented. It is
designed for removing liquid particles from a mixed stream of gas and liquid
under conditions of negative or positive external acceleration or weightlessness.
Rotating the filter and inclining it to the entering flow improves the
lyophobic properties of the filter. This position allows gross separation of
larger liquid particles and prevents prolonged contact of liquid droplets
with the spinning filter. If prolonged contact of droplets with the filter
was allowed to occur, the filter properties might be changed or the filter
could become blocked.
*Patents, *Filters, *Separation techniques, *Centrifugation, Equipment,
Waste water treatment, Filtration
302C
APPARATUS FOR REMOVING SLUDGE FROM A RECTANGULAR
FLOTATION TANK,
Lefur, J., Lauboutin, R., and Savall, V.
Degremont Societe Generale D'Epuration et
D'Assainissement,
Rueil-Malmaison, France
United States Patent 3,831,767. Applied May 18, 1973. Issued August 27, 1974.
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 925, No. 4, p 1243,
August, 1974. 1 fig.
An apparatus is described that removes sludge from a rectangular sewage
flotation tank. It is a bridge structure with a horizontal drum provided
with vanes mounted on a bridge structure. The direction of the rotation
of the drum and vane assembly is opposed to the direction of travel of the
bridge structure when the surface is being scraped. A scraper blade pushes
the sludge toward the front of the moveable vanes of the drum. The removed
sludge is fed to a discharge device mounted inside the tubular shaft of
the drum. The sludge is collected in a container fastened to the bridge.
*Patents, *Sewage treatment, *Sludge, *Equipment, Sludge disposal
226
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303C
DISCHARGE DEVICE FOR A VACUUM SEWAGE SYSTEM,
Andersson, J.
AB Cenenta, Malmo, Sweden
Canadian Patent 952,789. Applied December 13, 1971. Issued August 13, 1974.
Patent Office Record, Vol. 102, No. 33, p 30, August, 1974.
A discharge device for a vacuum sewage system is described. It consists
of a minimum of two sewage collection tanks, each with valve controlled
inlet and outlet ducts, a vacuum source and valve controlled passages which
connect each of the tanks alternatively to the vacuum source and to a source
of ventilation air. The inlet duct of each tank is connected to the vacuum
sewer which feeds the sewage to the discharge device. The valve controlling
the inlet ducts operate so that at any time there is at least one tank
receiving sewage and simultaneously connected to the vacuum source. When
the tank becomes filled with sewage, it is disconnected from the sewage
system and from the vacuum source and another tank is connected in its
place. Removal of the sewage from the full tank is effected by connecting
it to the source of ventilation air and opening the outlet duct so that
sewage flows out through the outlet duct. The outlet ducts may be connected
to a collecting tank under atmospheric pressure, to a sewer pit or to a
conventional gravity sewer.
*Patents, *Sewers, *Sewerage, Equipment, Wastes, Sewage, Water pollution
sources
*Vacuum sewers
304C
LIQUID PURIFICATION APPARATUS AND PROCESS,
Humiston, G. F., and Cotton, B. L.
United States Patent 3,837,491. Applied November 3, 1972. Issued
September 24, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,
Vol. 926, No. 4, p 1265-1266, September, 1974. 1 fig.
A method was developed for the continuous mechanical purification of a
liquid containing solid and dissolved pollutants. A liquid chamber is
charged with polluted liquid which is subjected to centrifugal separation
and vacuum distillation. The centrifugal separation influences the removal
of pollutants from the chamber, exposing more surface of relatively pure
liquid for the vacuum distillation. A stationary housing comprises the
purification apparatus, along with a cylindrical, circumferentially per-
forated screen member concentrically arranged within the housing. Vanes
inside the screen member are mounted for rapid rotation around the axis,
for centrifugation of the liquid . A vapor outlet in the housing apply a vacuum
to the liquid within the screen member. A sludge outlet in the housing
provides for the removal of sludge from the housing.
*Patents, *Liquid wastes, *Water pollution, *Water quality control, *Water
purification, Separation techniques, Distillation, Sludge removal
*Centrifugal separation, *Vacuum distillation, Liquid purification
227
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305C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PURIFYING FLUIDS,
Woods, M. D.
United States Patent 3,837,800. Applied January 11, 1973. Issued September
24, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 926,
No. 4, p 1347-1348, September, 1974. 1 fig.
A technique for continuously purifying a fluid by the emission of ultra-
violet rays has been patented. The apparatus consists of a body with a
series of spaced, parallel, elongated, cylindrical radiation chambers,
elongated, interconnected chambers with a height much less than the diameter
of the radiation chambers, and elongated, ultraviolet ray emitting lamps
mounted in jackets in the radiation chambers, extending from the front to
the rear of the radiation chambers. Fluid for purification is received in
an elongated chamber and spread into sheet-like flow and passed serially
and transversely between the lamp jackets and the radiation chambers' walls.
The fluid remains in the sheet-like flow between adjacent radiation chambers
by passing through the interconnecting chambers. The purified liquid is
discharged from the last radiation chamber.
*Patents, *Water purification, *Waste water treatment, *Ultraviolet
radiation, Irradiation, Waste treatment, Sterility
*Radiation chambers
306C
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING WATER SOLUBLE WASTES
OR SALTS FROM AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION,
Wallace, L. J.
United States Patent 3,833,044. Applied January 8, 1973. Issued September 3,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 926 No 1
p 98, September, 1974. 1 fig.
A method and apparatus for removing water soluble salts from aqueous salt
solutions have been patented. An unsaturated evaporating medium such as
unsaturated air is directed across a readily disposable, movable curtain
which has been saturated with an aqueous salt solution. The air carries
away the moisture leaving the salt residue on an expendable screen. The
incoming air is heated if its temperature falls below 38 degrees F and/or
its relative humidity is equal to or greater than 85 percent. The moisture
laden air is passed to a condenser where the moisture is condensed and
collected .
*Separation techniques, *Aqueous solutions, *Patents, *Equipment, *Waste water
treatment, Industrial wastes, Evaporation
223
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307 C
PLANT FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
Hampton, Q. L., and Matras, E. J.
JMC Corporation, Chicago, Illinois
United States Patent 3,828,933. Applied February 14, 1972. Issued August 13,
1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vo]. 925, No. 2,
p 495, August, 1974. 1 fig.
A method and apparatus are described for converting a basic unitary tank
structure into a series of communicating treatment zones. This is
accomplished by using a self-supporting modular settling tank which has
liquid tillable fillets as part of its structure. The tank nay be anchored
in position to provide watertight segments which function as cooperative
treatment areas. The modular tank provides the support for the aeration
apparatus necessary to convert an adjacent tank segment into an aeration
zone. It also provides support for the apparatus that removes sludge from
the mixed liquor. Part of the sludge can be returned to the aeration tank.
The rest of the sludge is discharged to any additional treatment processes.
The clarified effluent is discharged from an upper portion of the modular
tank.
*Patents, *Waste water treatment, *Aeratlon, *Sludge, Sewage treatment,
Structure, Equipment
308C
FILTERS,
Walker, A. J. W.
United States Patent 3,833,123. Applied February 16, 1973. Issued
September 3, 1974. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,
Vol. 926, No. 1, p 119, September, 1974. 1 fig.
A screen filter composed of a perforate and substantially flat screen is
described. Fluid material to be filtered is supplied to an outwardly
sloping face of the screen. Adherence of filtrate to the screen is
reduced and the filtrated is the collected as It falls free of the
screen.
*Patents, *Filters, *Separation techniques, *Waste water treatment,
*Filtratlon, Screens
229
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TREATMENT METHODS
001D
MAGNETIC CLARIFIER,
Engineering News-Record, Vol. 191, No. 20, p 23, November 15, 1973.
The application of an instream magnetic separation process for cleaning
the bottom waters of Boston's Charles River is described. The process
has previously been used only in the mining and clay industries. It
involves distributing very finely ground iron filings throughout water
that has been pumped up through a suction device from the river bottom.
Chemicals are added to coagulate the pollutants and iron filings, and to
improve the electrolytic property of the water. The water is run through
a high intensity electromagnetic field which attracts the solids. The
separated material is again put through a magnetic field to recover iron
filings for reuse. The treated water is returned to the river while the
sludge is temporarily stored in a barge.
Massachusetts, *Rivers, Treatment, *Recycllng, Sludge, Mining, *Iron
Magnetic Clarifier, Apparatus, Magnetic Separation, Boston, *Charles River,
Bottom Waters, *Iron Filings
002D
IRON REMOVAL IN MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANTS,
Goswami, S. R.
Diplomats American, Academy of Environmental Engineers
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 120, No. 10, p 52-55, 82-84, October, 1973.
7 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
The presence of iron in groundwater and in various stages of treatment in
selected municipal water treatment plants was related to field studies at
the same locations. Experimental parameters measured were pH, oxidation-
reduction potential (Eh), temperature, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, ferrous,
filterable ferrous, and total iron. Field data at particular raw water
wells and operational data of raw, aerated, filtered, and softened waters
of municipal treatment plants treating iron-bearing groundwaters were
compiled. The ranges of Eh for raw and aerated waters of treatment plants
treating iron-bearing groundwaters are between 180 to 370 mv and 380 to
500 mv, respectively. The Eh is considerably increased by chlorination at
any stage of treatment. The range of ferrous iron concentration varied
from 1.30 to 9.09 mg. The Eh appears to be a useful analytical test in
controlling the various stages of treatment of iron bearing groundwaters.
There is a general correlation between the increase in Eh with decrease in
filterable ferrous Iron content. The variation of Eh from raw to finished
water is an excellent parameter indicating the efficiency of treatment
processes. The Eh measurements could be incorporated in the water treatment
plants as an automatic monitoring device as used in waste treatment plants.
Treatment, *Groundwater, *Iron, Waste Water Treatment, Municipal Water,
*Monitoring, *Oxidation-Reduction Potential
230
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003D
THE PHOSPHATE PRECIPITATION IN COMMUNAL WASTE WATERS (Die
Phosphat-Faellung in kommunalem Abwasser),
Gleisberg, D. Kandler, J. and Peantek, G.
Chemie-Ing.-Techn., Vol. 45, No. 20, p 1225-1226, 1973. 2 fig. 1 tab.
The possibility of the chemical precipitation of phosphates and of the
reduction of the BOD and COD values in municipal wastewater was studied at a
wastewater treatment plant serving some 10,000 inhabitants. Preprecipitatlon,
coprecipitatlon, and direct precipitation were studied. The precipitants
used were aluminum sulfate containing 15 percent alumina, and ferric sulfate
with about 43 percent ferric oxide. The precipitation was conducted in a
mixing tank. The phosphate:Al and phosphate:iron ratios were set at
1:1.27 and 1:2.4, respectively. The pH value averaged 7.5. Precipitation
of 80 percent of the orthophosphate ions in about ten seconds was determined.
The efficiency of preprecipitation, coprecipltation, and direct
precipitation in terms of phosphorus removal was 97-99 percent, 93-94 percent,
and 97-98 percent, while mechanical-biological purification without pre-
cipitation had an efficiency of 10 percent only. The reduction in the BODS
values was 93-99 percent for preprecipitation, 83-88 percent for coprecipitatlon,
and 60-77 percent for direct precipitation, compared to a control value of
94 percent for the case of biological treatment. The corresponding figures
for the reduction of the COD were found to be 84-91 percent, 60-74 percent,
55-59 percent, and 67 percent. Water samples taken after chemical precipitation
of the phosphates, and incubated with Anabaena flos-aquae, considerably
inhibited algal growth.
*Phosphates, Treatment, *Biochemlcal Oxygen Demand, *Chemical Oxygen Demand,
Water Pollution Treatment, Treatment Facilities, *Anabaena, Algae
004D
STUDIES ON THE SUITABILITY OF MICRO STRAINERS FOR THE REMOVAL
OF SUSPENDED MATTER FROM BIOLOGICAL CLEARING FACILITY
EFFLUENTS (Unterauchungen ueber die Eignung des Mikrosiebes
zur Entnahme suspendierter Stoffe aus den Ablaeufen biologischer
Klaeranlagen),
Hanisch, B.
Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Vol. 91, No. 39, p 946-949, September, 1973.
6 fig, 2 ref,
Mlcrostrainers for the removal of suspended matter from biological wastewater
treatment plant effluents, and experiments with such microatrainers, are described.
Microstrainers constitute horizontal rotary drums with very fine steel wire
mesh of 23 or 35 microns on their surfaces through which the purified effluent
passes from the inside to the outside. The retained particles form a filter
layer on the inside of the drum, and thus help retain very small suspended
particles. Zooglea bacteria are controlled by UV irradiation. The strainer
resistance, i.e., the water level difference between the inside and the outside
of the drum, ranges from 10 to 15 cm. Experiments with a mlcrostralner on
the removal of suspended matter from biological wastewater treatment plant
effluents revealed a retention efficiency of 33-91 percent from an effluent
mixed with return sludge, and a BODS reduction of 26-73 percent. Purified
effluents from a percolation filter, passed through a microstrainer, experienced
a reduction in their suspended matter content from 24-164 mg/liter to 5-36
mg/liter, and a BODS reduction from about 110 mg/liter to less than 25 mg/liter.
The straining efficiency and the optimum operating parameters, such as the
rotational and peripheral speeds, strain resistance, and flushing water expenditure,
are basically determined by the properties of the suspended matter and of the
strainer fabric.
*Filters, *Separation Techniques, Bacteria, Suspended Solids, Treatment,
Waste Water Treatment.
*Mlcr o s traIner s
231
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005D
EXPERIMENTAL HYDROPONIC GARDENING WITH MUNICIPAL WASTE-
WATER,
Sias, D. R. and Nevln, T. A.
Dept. of Oceanography, Florida Institute of Technology,
Melbourne, Florida
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 5,
1973. 3 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref.
The use of hydroponics in a municipal wastewater reuse process was evaluated.
Tomatoes and radishes were grown in five beds irrigated as follows: irradiated
wastewater from a Cobalt 60 facility; potassium nitrate added to wastewater
before irradiation; KN03 added to wastewater after irradiation, and untreated
wastewater as a control. Growth in the chlorinated effluent was one quarter of
that in the control and was repressed when KN03 was added to irradiated effluent.
Radishes grown in irradiated wastewater were appreciably heavier than any crops
other than that grown as the control. Tomatoes also grew best in irradiated
wastewater, but seemed to do better when there was a higher concentration of
nitrogen as nitrate. They grew poorly in chlorinated wastewater, achieving only
one third the weight of the controls. It is concluded that hydroponics, in Its
present state of development, is readily adaptable to the use of wastewater
treatment plant effluents, probably removing plant nutrients which might
otherwise become pollutants, as well as producing foodstuffs economically.
Further, a repeated use of otherwise lost water can be accomplished.
*Hydroponics, *Aquiculture, Municipal Wastes, *Waste Disposal, Municipal Water,
Irradiation, Chlorination, Agriculture, Tomatoes, *Recycllng
Radishes
006D
CARBON TREATMENT OF A MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER,
Burns, D. E. and Shell, G. L.
Eimico Processing Machinery Division, Envirotech Corporation,
Salt Lake City, Utah
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 148-164,
January, 1974. 8 fig, 13 tab, 21 ref.
The use of powdered carbon for the removal of soluble organics from municipal
raw wastewater was evaluated in a Salt Lake City, Utah, pilot plant study.
The carbon treatment system included two carbon contactors, a granular media
filter, a gravity thickener, and a vacuum filter. Solid contact units were
very effective for contacting and removing powdered carbon for chemically
treated and gravity clarified municipal wastewater. The two-stage, counter-
current contacting was more efficient, (requiring less carbon) than single-
stage contacting. The total solids recycle and variable area clarification
zone features of the units used were key factors in providing a significant
level of biological activity without odor problems and In accomplishing
effective removal of carbon solids. Effective gravity clarification of carbon
suspensions was achieved at overflow rates of up to 0.8 gpm/sq ft without the
use of flocculation aids. Granular media filtration effectively removed carbon
particles from carbon contactor effluent. Alum treatment followed by a two-
stage counter-current carbon contacting with 75 milligram/liter dosage would
cost $0.83/1000 gal, including chlorinatlon. The predicted plant effluent
quality would be considerably better than a secondary biological treatment
effluent for all parameters, but particularly for phosphorus and suspended
solids.
Utah, *Pilot Plants, Carbon, Waste Water Treatment, Municipal Wastes,
*Sewage Treatment
*Salt Lake City, *Powdered Carbon
232
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007D
OZONE: AN ALTERNATIVE TO CHLORINE?
Slither, J. T.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 4-6,
January, 1974.
The advantages of ozone as an alternative to chlorine disinfection of wastewaters
is discussed. Beginning in 1977, all municipal treatment plants have to
disinfect their effluent to achieve a fecal coliform level of 200/100 milli-
liter. Pilot investigations show that ozone is a quicker and more efficient
disinfectant than chlorine by a factor of 3,000. A five milligram/liter
dose of ozone applied for less than two minutes yielded a significant reduction
in total plate count and fecal coliform levels in wastewater effluent. Ozone
can reduce the number of viruses, but the techniques are tentative, and actual
reductions uncertain. Ozone does not leave a residual of compounds toxic to
aquatic life. Ozone can reduce the concentration of suspended solids to less
than two milligrams/liter. Tertiary treatment plants have used ozone to reduce
the biochemical oxygen demand, the chemical oxygen demand, cyanides, and
phenols. It requires about two parts ozone to destroy one part phenol.
Production cost is the largest single item in ozone treatment. It would cost
a one mgd plant using ozone for tertiary treatment $0.26/1000 gal; but a
50 mgd plant, only $0.10/1000 gal.
Municipal Water, *0zone, *Coliforms, Sewage Bacteria, *Disinf ection, Viruses,
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Phenols
Cyanides
008D
A MEMBRANE BIOLOGICAL FILTER DEVICE FOR REDUCING WATERBORNE
BIODEGRADABLE POLLUTANTS,
McClure, G. W.
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonkers,
New York,
Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 11, p 1683-1690, 1973. 2 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
A membrane biological filter device for reducing waterborne biodegradable
pollutants was modeled by a laboratory system. A phenylcarbamate-degrading
population of microorganisms reduces the concentration of the herbicide
isopropylphenylcarbamate (IPC) in a continuously flowing stream. The
microorganisms are kept separate from the feed stream by an ultrafilter
membrane which retains the microorganisms, but allows passage of all smaller
materials. As the feed stream passes through the device, IPC is transferred
to the bath of microorganisms and metabolized. The percentage reduction of IPC
in the feed stream depends primarily on the efficiency of transfer across
the membrane, the velocity of the feed stream, the quantity of microbes
retained in the bath, and the factors affecting their activity. An
equation is derived relating these variables under the assumption of
complete transfer of IPC to the bath and a constant rate of IPC
degradation per unit of microbes. Problems and improvements are discussed.
Filtration, Membranes, *Biological Membranes, Membrane Processes,
*Herbicides, *Biodegradation
*Isopropylphenylcarbamate
233
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009D
ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING WASTEWATER,
Howe, R. S.
Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 28, No. 6, p 252-255,
November/December, 1973. 2 tab, 10 ref.
Strategies for managing wastewater are discussed; they include activated sludge,
physical-chemical treatment, and land disposal. The activated sludge procesf
consists of pretreatment, primary clarification, and single stage biological
treatment. The process requires some means for disposing of sludge, as
through dewatering at the plant and then transporting the dried solids to
a land disposal site, or it may entail transport of liquid sludge by barge,
truck, or pipe to a land disposal site. The physical-chemical process
requires a means for disposal of the substantial quantities of solids that
are generated. Chemicals frequently used are lime, alum, and iron salts.
land disposal systems can be categorized as infiltration systems (recharge
tasins, septic tanks, absorption fields, spray disposal, and ridge and furrow
basins) or irrigation systems (spray irrigation, flood irrigations, and the
living filter). Advantages of the activated sludge system include small land
area, lower initial capital investment, removal of certain toxic materials,
and ability to handle overload situations, and greater immunity to the
vagaries of weather. Disadvantages include higher operating costs, more
difficult operation, and use of chemicals that may introduce trace quantities
of impurities that result in water quality standard violations.
*Water Management (Applied), *Water Treatment, *Activated Sludge, *Land
Management, Land Use
*Physical-Chemical Treatment, *Land Disposal
01OD
SMALL TOWN SPENDS A BIG $8 MILLION,
Hickeman, R. E.
Whitman and Howard, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 12, p 42-44, December, 1973.
The design and operation of the secondary waste treatment plant in West Warwick,
Rhode Island are described. Renovation and enlargements were made on existing
plants to provide a 5.0 mgd facility to help clean up the Pawtuxet River.
The $2.5 million treatment plant can provide conventional complete mix
activated sludge and step aeration methods of secondary treatment depending
on the quality, quantity, and characteristics of the raw wastewater.
Septic from individual homeowner cesspools and septic tanks is delivered by
tank trucks In a daily volume ranging from 6,000 to 25,000 gallons. The
septage Is passed to a receiving tank, chlorinated for odor control, degritted,
and stored. There are four square aeration tanks each with one 7.5 hp
fiberglass mechanical surface aerator which register BOD levels ranging from
1000 milligrams/liter to 350 milligrams/liter. The system readily adjusts
to varying demands while maintaining a mixed liquor concentration between
2.900 and 4.700 milligrams/liter and dissolved oxygen levels between 2.0
and 3.0 milligrams/liter. The digester was converted into a post-chlorine
contact tank which pumps the excess activated sludge into two sludge flotation
thickeners. The thickened sludge is then dewatered.
*Water Treatment, *Rhode Island, Activated Sludge, Aeration, Septic Tanks,
Waste Treatment
West Warwick, Pawtuxet River, *Secondary Treatment
234
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011D
CHEMICAL ADDITION TO TRICKLING FILTER PLANTS,
Nlckerson, G. L., Robson, C. M., Morrison, R. D., and
Clinger, R. C.
Arthur Beard Engineering, Inc., Chevy Chase, Maryland
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 133-147,
January, 1974. 9 fig, 7 tab, 3 ref.
The application of a chemical addition system for increasing the overall BOD
and SS removals at two Fairfax County, Virginia, trickling filter wastewater
treatment plants is described. Ferric chloride was added at the influent and
of the grit chamber and cationic polymer was added in the Parshall flume,
just before the flow enters the primary clarlfiers. These additions achieved
approximately 85 percent SS and 60 percent BOD removals. Hydraulic capacity
was increased by raising the wall levels of critical manholes and structures
where overflows had previously occurred, but this correction frequently
caused an overflow at another. A total chemical cost to treat the liquid
flow averaged approximately $85 per million gallons at one plant and $71
per million gallons at the other plant. Increased sludge handling problems may
be expected when chemical addition to the liquid stream is practiced for
increased removal of oxygen demanding materials. Existing sludge handling
facilities should be carefully reviewed for adequacy. Any necessary improvement
should be made before liquid stream chemical addition. Further, addition
of chemicals to the sludge handling system may be required to enhance
thickening and dewatering operations.
*Filtration, *Virginia, Water Treatment, *Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
*Suspended Solids, *Hydraulic Engineering, *Chemical Engineering
Fairfax County
012D
COAGULATION OF STORMWATERS AND LOW ALKALINITY WASTEWATERS,
Ketchum, L. H., Jr, and Weber, W. J., Jr.
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 53-62,
January, 1974. 17 fig.
The clarification of low alkalinity wastewaters was investigated by the
chemical combination of lime and activated silica. To facilitate control
and to study significant variables, synthetic systems were made by adding
known quantities of selected substances to water to produce the desired
experimental characteristics. Studies of stormwaters and wastewaters were
subsequently conducted to confirm the observation made on the synthetic
systems. The lime and activated silica were effective. Low alkalinity
wastewater can be coagulated with .002 moles/liter of lime or .00075 moles/liter
moles/liter of lime plus 3.75 milligrams/liter of activated silica. Based
on these prices and dosages, the cost per million gallons of wastewater
treated using lime alone and lime plus activated silica are $11.92 and $8.72,
respectively. This chemical cost savings and the decreased sludge to be
handled make the use of activated silica economically advantageous when
alkalinity is in the ranges indicated.
*Chemical Engineering, Water Treatment, *Storm Water, Hydrogen Ion Concentration,
*Alkalinity, *Waste Water Treatment, Lime, Silica
Activated Silica
235
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013D
A CASE STUDY OF CHLORINE CONTACT TANK INADEQUACIES,
Araman, V. K. and Evans, R. L.
Illinois State Water Survey, Water Quality Section
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 1, p 59-62, January, 1974. 3 fig, 2 tab, 11 ref.
The physical, chemical, and bacteriological performance characteristics of
the chlorine contact tank of the Pekin, Illinois, waste treatment plant
were evaluated under air agitated and quiescent conditions. The hydraulic
flow characteristics were determined by adding Rhodamine-B dye at the outlet
end of the circular launder of the secondary settling tank. Samples were
taken at the outlet end. Simultaneously samples were obtained from the inlet
and outlet ends of the chlorine contact tank for pH and temperature measurements,
residual chlorine determinations, and bacteriological analyses. The injected
dye took five to ten minutes to be completely mixed, depending upon the
rate of flow through the tank. Chemical and bacterial performance characteristics
of the chlorine contact tank with and without air agitation were determined.
The dissolved oxygen at the outlet was high (3.3 to 6.0 milligrams/liter)
even though the dissolved oxygen content of the settling tank effluent in
the collecting launder was zero or 0.1 milligrams/liter. The residual
chlorine of the effluent samples was relatively high, varying from 1.6 to
3.6 milligrams/liter. The fecal coliform count, which is the controlling
parameter, was higher than the desired limit in six out of eight samples.
It was concluded that the residence time distribution of the flow-through
in a contact tank is important in obtaining satisfactory bacterial quality.
Waste Treatment, *Water Treatment, *Treatment Facilities, *Illinols, *Dissolved
Oxygen, Coliforms, *Chlorine, Municipal Wastes
*Chlorine Contact Tank
OUD
EVALUATION OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO THE
TECHNOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT, (Az eleveniszap-minoseg
ertekelese tisztitas-technologiai szempontbol) ,
Caanady, M.
Hidrologiai Kozlony, Vol. 53, No. 9-10, p 406-417, September-October, 1973.
16 ref.
A systematic analysis of activated sludge quality data obtained for biological
wastewater treatment plants in Hungary shows persistent impairnent of the
quality of the activated sludge during the last several years. The findings
also show the great Influence of the quality of the activated sludge on the
quality and nature of the wastewater. Wastewater treatment plants handling
typical domestic effluents feature activated sludge concentrations of 6-7
g/liter in the recirculation, and 3-3.5 g/liter in the aeration tank at 100
percent recirculation. The corresponding values were found to be 10-12 g/liter
and 5-6 g/liter in municipal wastewater treatment plants handling also
inorganic, mostly industrial, effluents. In industrial wastewaters with
high organic loads, e.g., such as those generated by dairies and other food
processing industries, sludge with poor settleability is obtained even with
normal specific sludge loads, which considerably reduces the sludge
concentration, and requires increased aeration tank volume if the necessary
purification efficiency is to be maintained. As the prescribed sludge con-
centration of four g/liter in oxidation ditches is reached only exceptionally,
a lower value of three g/liter is recommended for design purposes. The
settling of sludges with poor settleability can be increased through
increasing the settling time, or by means of adequate sludge thickening
facilities.
*Activated Sludge, Municipal Wastes, *Treatment Methods, Domestic Wastes,
Effluents, *Biologlcal Treatment
*Hungary
236
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015D
BIOLOGICAL WASTEWA.TER TREATMENT SYSTEM DESIGN. PART I.
OPTIMAL SYNTHESIS,
Mlshra, P. N., Fan, L-T., and Erickson, L. E.
Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 6, p 694-701,
December, 1973. 1 fig, 1 tab, 45 ref.
The optimization of both the structure and design of a biological wastewater
treatment system was Investigated using the structural parameter system
synthesis technique. The system was composed of a trickling filter, an
activated sludge aeration vessel, and a secondary clarifler. The results
of optimal synthesis Indicate that the activated sludge system by itself is
the most economical wastewater treatment system for the chosen set of parameters.
This was to be expected as activated sludge systems have been observed to
be generally more cost effective than trickling filter systems for high
degrees of treatment. It can be concluded that systems generated by optimal
synthesis are consistently the same and do not possess different structures
even if the general structures from which they are deduced are different.
Trickling filters have certain operational advantages, and combinations
of trickling filter systems and activated sludge systems may be optimal for
a different set of parameters. Results may be different if operating
costs are also accounted for.
*Waste Water Treatment, Municipal Wastes, *Biological Treatment, *Trickling
Filters, Activated Sludge, Aeration
Clarifier, *Structural Parameter System Synthesis
016D
BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM DESIGN. PART II. EFFECT
OF PARAMETER VARIATIONS ON OPTIMAL PROCESS SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND
DESIGN,
Mishra, P. N., Fan, L-T., and Erickson, L. E.
Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 6, p 702-708,
December, 1973. 10 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
The effects of parameter variations on optimal process system structures
and designs for biological wastewater treatment systems were investigated.
The strategy employed was to synthesize the system for different sets of
parameter values and examine the corresponding changes in the system structure
and design. The results indicate that optimal system structure and design
are sensitive to variations in the rate constants and feed concentration.
Some of the process flowsheets deduced are innovative and have surprisingly
low total costs. The process system structure and designs developed merit
careful consideration in the future planning of new wastewater treatment
plants and In the expansion of existing wastewater treatment facilities. The
results were based on capital costs alone, and operating costs were not
taken into account. Capital costs themselves can vary to a certain extent
and this may lead to different structures and designs for the biological
wastewater treatment system.
*Waste Water Treatment, Municipal Wastes, *Costs, Biological Treatment,
Trickling Filters, Activated Sludge, Aeration
*Structural Parameter System Synthesis
237
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017D
EFFICIENCY TESTS FOR MICROSTRAINER WASTE TREATMENT, (Maikuro
sutorena ni yoru shorisui kojo shiken),
Iwata, Y., Ito, Y., and Kamata, 0.
Nagoya Municipal Government Department of Sewage Works.
(Japan)
Mizu Shori Gijutsu, Vol. 14, No. 2, p 45-50, October, 1973. 14 ref.
Experiments were conducted for evaluating the efficiency of 510-mesh micro-
strainer using the secondary treatment water of a sewage treatment plant, and
a mixture of primary settling pond sewage screened by 60-mesh net and the
secondary treatment water. The drum rotation speed, cleansing water pressure,
and SS concentration were varied to see the turbidity, SS, BOD, permanganic
acid COD, and coliforms, by sampling water every two hours for 24 hours.
The most important point in the function of a microstrainer is the setting
of filter loss head, which has a close relationship with the SS and BOD
elimination rates. When a film is formed on the mesh, smaller SS can be
eliminated, and the elimination rate of a given mesh Improves. Therefore,
to get a maximum elimination efficiency, the loss water head must be set for
quick film formation; yet, if the loss water head is too great, the film
will be destroyed and the elimination rate will decrease. If SS concentration
of the treatment water is constant, the relationship among loss water head
and the drum rotation speed, and cleansing water pressure can be calculated.
If the filter speed and cleansing water pressure are constant, the slower
the rotation speed, the greater will be the loss water head. The results
of the experiments showed that when SS was 7 ppm, the filter index was 7/m
with the secondary treatment water; with the mixed sewage water of 15 ppm
SS, FI was 5.2/m. Loss water head and SS-BOD elimination rates have close
relationships, but the elimination conditions are quite different. With
the secondary treatment water, when loss head was 19mm, SS elimination rate
was 42.3 percent, but BOD elimination with H (loss head) 12 mm was 31.2 percent.
And when H (loss head) increased, BOD elimination decreased. In the mixed
sewage, with the loss head increase, BOD elimination rate decreased, but
SS elimination rate increased gradually. The maximum COD elimination rate
in any case was 10 percent; the microstrainer seemed ineffective for COD.
*Sewage Treatment, Water Treatment, Treatment Methods, Municipal Wastes,
*Biochemlcal Oxygen Demand, *Suspended Solids.
*Microstrainer
018D
SOLIDS THICKENING IN OXYGEN ACTIVATED SLUDGE,
Speece, R. E. and Humenick, M. J.
University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 43-52,
January, 1974. 9 fig, 2 tab, 6 ref.
The solids thickening limitation, which exists when oxygen activated sludge
Is designed according to conventional air activated sludge principles, was
analyzed. The mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration characterizing
the crossover point where the thickening function governs the area requirements
of the final clarifier instead of clarification was defined. The increased
capital costs for the aeration tank and final clarifier were demonstrated
for municipal wastewaters in the region beyond the crossover point. A
suggested design rationale was outlined to take advantage of some of the
options inherent in commercial oxygen activated sludge. Solids separation
can be achieved within the aeration tank by confining the turbulence within
the DBCA. The resulting relatively quiescent conditions within the sludge
blanket permit clarification in the region above the sludge blanket recycle
intake. Thus, solids separation can be achieved in an integrated aeration
solids separation system. The thickening function and its inherent limitation
are thereby eliminated, opening up the possibility of eliminating the final
clarifier. Savings of 33 percent in capital cost are projected for an
integrated aeration solids separation system over a conventional system.
The process is patented.
*Activated Sludge, Aeration, Suspended Solids, Waste Treatment, *Waste Water
Treatment, Municipal Wastes
*0xygen Activated Sludge, *Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
238
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019D
THE BEHAVIORS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE REGENERATION PROCESS OF
SEWAGE TREATMENT ACTIVATED CARBON, (Gesui short kasseltan no
kanetsu salseiji nl okeru jukinzoku no kyodo) ,
Urano, K and Nakamura K,
Yokohama National University (Japan), School of Engineering;
Fuji Chemical Co., (Japan), Department of Liquid Treatment
Gesuido Kyokai-shi, Vol. 10, No. 115, p 19-22, December, 1973. 6 ref.
The possibility of causing air pollution as a secondary pollution during the
regeneration of particulate activated carbon by a heating process utilized
in the tertiary tests of various sevage treatment plants was examined by
measuring the heavy metal content released from the carbon. Six kinds of
activated carbons used at various treatment plants were dried, packed in
quartz tubes, and heated at various temperatures between 200!j and 960^ C
for 10 to 80 minutes. After heating, the carbon was cooled in nitrogen, and
100 ml of 25 % nitric acid was added. After boiling for two hours the
carbon was filtered, diluted by distilled water, and analyzed for copper,
chromium, manganese, lead, zinc, and mercury by atomic absorption. The
results showed that activated carbon utilized in sewage treatment contained
(per 1 kg of dry material), 800-1700 mg of Cu, 150-1800 mg of Cr, 15-80 mg
of Mn, 5-20 mg of Pb, 500-1700 of Zn, and 0-5 mg of Hg. Since activated
carbon before being used for sewage treatment contained almost no heavy
metals, it was assumed that metals adsorbed on carbon due to the treatment
process was considerable. Hg compounds at 200% C or more, and Zn and Pb
compounds at 800JjC are gasified when regenerating carbon. Since part of
these metals will be released in the flue gas, it is necessary to install
flue gas treatment system for reactivating used activated carbon.
Sewage Treatment, *Activated Carbon, *Tertlary Treatment, Metals, Treatment
Methods, *Heavy Metals, Municipal Wastes
*Secondary Pollution, Reactivation
020D
ALUMINUM IN FLUORIDATED DRINKING WATER: ANALYTICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS,
Ruzicka, J, A. and Mrklas, L.
The Institute of Dental Research, Prague, Czechoslovakia
American Water Works Association Journal, Vol. 66, No. 1, p 53-55, January,
1974. 2 tab, 12 ref.
In a laboratory test mice drunk solutions and suspensions of sodium fluoride
and aluminum sulphate with controlled pH. The tests revealed the effects of
different forms of aluminum and of different pH levels on the utilization by
human beings of fluoride in drinking water. Aluminum that is used in the
coagulation process for treating drinking water is usually present in tap
water at various concentrations. Relatively firm complexes of aluminum Ions
with fluoride are formed at a ratio of up to six fluorine per one aluminum.
There is a decreased utilization of fluorine in solutions with a lower pH.
At high pH levels the utilization of fluorine gradually Increases. The
fluorine interacts with the aluminum flocculant present in the solution.
The fluorine concentration used was approximately 25 times higher than that
currently used for fluorldation of drinking water. The consequent increase
In the ratio between the complex bound fluorine and the free fluoride ion
was recognized, and it accounts for the difficulty that may arise in the
process of utilization of fluorine by mice. The coagulation process used
In drinking water treatment by means of aluminum salts does not diminish
the effectiveness of dental-caries prevention achieved by fluoridatlon of
drinking water.
Water, *Water Utilization, *Domestic Water, Consumptive Use, *Aluminum,
*Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Municipal Wastes
*Fluoridatlon
239
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D21D
TOXIC WASTE HANDLING BECOMES CHEAPER,
Materials Reclamation Weekly, Vol. 124, No. 1, January 5, 1974.
A process for the fixing of toxic wastes such as heavy metals in solution
so that the final solid product can be used as impervious landfill with very
low leaching levels is being introduced into the United Kingdom. The Chemfix
process involves the use of a 40 foot mobile road trailer in which reagents
are housed for metering into the toxic waste and pumping the fixed product,
which sets hard after a certain length of time, to the discharge point.
Costs for the system, including disposal, but excluding hauling charges,
were quoted at between 1.8 and 3.8 p/gallon, (approximately 4.3 to 9,1
cents/gallon) depending on the waste being processed. The process is
being operated wherever quantities of waste, either in lagoons or storage
tanks, exceed 50,000 gallons. In the United States, the process was developed
to handle a wider range of materials and to cope with more frequent occurrence
of homogenous wastes than those found in the United Kingdom. For economic
reasons it is preferred that the suspended solids are in a five percent or
more proportion to the liquid, and that the wastes contain appreciable
amounts of inorganic sludge and suspended solids, particularly heavy metals.
Waste Disposal, *Landfills, *Waste Water Disposal, Metals, *Heavy Metals,
Waste Storage, Municipal Wastes
*Chemfix, *England, Mobile Trailer
022D
SPEED UP WATER PLANTS,
Camp, J. R., and Kreske, W. J.
1705 Grand Drive, Deerfield, Illinois
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 1, p 27-29, January, 1974. 1 fig.
A process to condition floe for filtration is described that eliminates
sedimentation, reduces the needed size of flocculation units, and cuts chemical
costs, while giving faster throughput. The basis for the Thomas R. Camp
process is the relationship of floe volume concentration to mean velocity
gradient. The method as claimed in the patent, U.S. 3,660,284, applied
to operating conditions whereby water or wastewater is treated with from 6-50
ppm of floe-forming chemical in a mixing chamber operating at a mean velocity
gradient G corresponding to values of floe volume concentration between 50-300
ppm. The G values necessary to achieve the floe volume concentrations desired
vary from about 150 to 1000 per second, and flocculation is essentially complete
after five minutes of mixing at these speeds. A ten-month field test in New
Bedford, Massachusetts, indicated that the Camp process was commercially
feasible when applied to the highly colored water currently being used at
New Bedford. The process saved New Bedford $1.75 million in capital for a
new 30 mgd facility by eliminating the need for sedimentation basins.
Savings in annual operating costs of a minimum of $15,000 could be achieved
from reduced chemical requirements.
Water Treatment, Flocculation, *Filtration, *Pre-Treatment (Water), Costs,
''Monetary Benefits, Pilot Plants, *Massachusetts, Municipal Wastes
*Thomas R. Camp process, New Bedford
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02 3D
SELECTION OF THE IRON AND MANGANESE REMOVAL PROCEDURES TO BE
USED IN SMALL WATER TREATMENT PLANTS, (Alegerea schemelor de
deferizare si demanganizare a apel la statlile de tratare mici),
Nitescu, S.
Hidrotehnica, Vol. 18, No. 11, p 573-578, November, 1973. 13 ref.
A simplified method for selecting the iron and manganese removal procedures
to be used in small water treatment plants is presented. Usually the removal
procedures are selected by means of a pilot station. The cost of a pilot
plant at a small treatment plant is high, due to the fact that the cost of
the pilot station is almost equal to the cost of the production installation
itself. Various factors have been verified which allows its elimination.
The removal procedures are selected on the basis of physico-chemical indices
which are described and discussed. The procedures under consideration are
aeration of water, oxidation of ferrous and manganese compounds, treatment with
substances which increase the water's alkalinity, treatment of water with
coagulant substances, decantation and filtration. Methods for differentiation
of waters containing iron and manganese, treatment of waters with mineral
content, treatment of water with alkaline substances, or oxidizing substances,
as well as methods for treatment of waters with humic iron and manganese
compounds, are presented. After selection of removal method, it is necessary
to experiment on models in order to determine the optimum filtration para-
meters and chemical doses.
Effluents, Municipal Wastes, treatment Methods, *Pilot Plants, Aeration,
Oxidation, Metals, *Iron, ^Manganese
024D
THE LAND TREATMENT PROCESS FOR WASTEWATER RENOVATION,
Hlnesly, T. D.
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 2, p 62-66, February, 1974.
The land treatment process for wastewater renovation is discussed with emphasis
on spray irrigation. There are three distinct types of land treatment systems:
overland flow, rapid infiltration/percolation, and crop irrigation. An
overland flow land treatment system is used for soils with very low infiltration
and/or percolation capacities. Rapid Infiltration/percolation systems are
used where deep permeable soil materials are available. The crop irrigation
system may embody various methods of applying secondary-treated effluents
by spray applications or flooding on land through furrows or borders. Spray
irrigation has the greatest applicability to different soil types and cultural
practices. This treatment may be used on varying terrain, requires less land
preparation, and is less labor Intensive when compared to other methods of
irrigation. Maximum benefits are realized from the plant and animal nutrients
recycled in growing plants, which is a most important reason for choosing
irrigation over other systems. Maintaining a water^unsaturated aerobic zone
in the soil surface ensures more complete filtering and adsorbing of wastewater
pollutants. The site should be selected so that the frequencies and rates
of water applications will be limited by the soil's capacity to filter,
absorb, and precipitate pollutants, rather than by soil hydraulic characteristics.
Land Management, Land Use, *Soil Management, *lrrlgation, *Mist Irrigation,
Infiltration Rates, *Infiltration, *Percolation, *Water Treatment, Municipal
Wastes
241
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025D
A CHLORINE DEMAND STUDY OF SECONDARY SEWAGE EFFLUENTS,
Lin, S. and Evans, R. L.
Illinois State Water Survey, Peorla, Illinois
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 1, p 35-44, January, 1974.
1 fig, 4 tab, 10 ref.
Samples of sewage effluent from three types of secondary sewage treatment were
chlorinated with calcium hypochlorite and chlorine water at dosages through
12 milligrams/liter chlorine. Chlorine demands were ascertained by periodic
determinations of residual chlorine during a time span of 60 minutes. The
chlorine demands were observed to be influenced by the initial dosage, contact
time, and the source of chlorine. In general, the higher the dosage, the
greater the demand. The demand of the sewage effluents was consistently
less when using calcium hypochlorite compared to chlorine water. The demands
also varied from run to run and with the types of sewage treatment. Two
geometric expressions, one for contact times of 1-12 minutes, and the other
for times of 12-60 minutes, were useful for predicting the chlorine demands of
domestic sewage. These expressions utilize the weight ratio of the chlorine
dosage and the ammonia-N concentration of the sewage effluents.
*Sewage Treatment, *Chlorination, Mathematical Studies, Municipal Wastes,
Chlorine
*Chlorlne Demand, Calcium Hypochlorite
026D
DISINFECTION PRACTICES IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA,
White, G. C.
Wallace and Tiernan Division of Pennwalt Corp.,
San Francisco, California
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 89-101,
January, 1974. 7 fig, 1 tab, 11 ref.
The disinfection of wastewater in the San Francisco Bay area, based on an
Investigation of 36 treatment plants over a six month period in 1972 is discussed.
The data collected included: type of treatment process, characteristics of
Influent wastewater, chlorine dosage, chlorine consumption, chlorine residual,
biochemical oxygen demand of influent and effluent, suspended solids in the
effluent, contact time, contact chamber configuration, MPN of coliform in
effluent, dye studies of contact chambers, pH, ammonia nitrogen, mixing at
point of application, type of chlorine control system, monitoring if any,
reliability of operation, and method of measuring chlorine residual. The
data are organized in groups characterized by the basic treatment process:
11 primary, 15 activated sludge, four secondary using highrate recirculatlng
filters, four secondary followed by oxidation ponds, one tertiary, and one
consisting of oxidation ponds only. Conclusions drawn from the study were
numerous. Mixing was of major importance to good disinfection performance,
the mixing device being well-planned. The optimum dosage of chlorine for
disinfection of domestic wastewater is between 10 and 15 milligrams/liter.
Thy optimum residual with adequate mixing such as in a hydrualic jump seems
to be between 3-4 milligrams/liter with not less than 30 minutes contact
time.
*Disinfection, *Water Treatment, California, *Treatment Facilities, Domestic
Water, Activated Sludge, Filtration, Oxidation, Chlorine, Recirculated Water,
Municipal Wastes
*San Francisco Bay Area
242
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027D
FULL-SCALE TESTING OF A WATER RECLAMATION SYSTEM,
Horstkotte, G. A., Miles, D. G., Parker, D. S., and
Caldwell, D. H.
Central Contra Costa Sanitary District, Walnut Creek,
California
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 181-197,
January, 1974. 3 fig, 10 tab, 17 ref.
The full scale testing of a 300 mgd water reclamation system that will produce
water for industries located along the southern shore of Suisun Bay, California,
is described. Treatment in the planned plant will consist of lime coagulation-
sedimentation, nitrification, and denitrlfication. Performance data for a
representative three months of operation were tabulated and indicate that
the performance of the Advanced Treatment Test Facility (ATTF) is stable.
The concentration of organics in the nitrified and denitrified effluents
is low, as measured by BOD and organic carbon. Operation for complete
nitrification also results in high organic removals. Suspended matter
concentrations in the nitrified and denitrified effluents are also exceptionally
low. This is attributed in part to the fact that the sludge has tended to be
in a bulking condition, and effluents from bulking sludges are quite commonly
very clear. Total nitrogen in the denitrified effluent averages less than 2
milligrams/liter. More than half of the effluent nitrogen is organic nitrogen,
much of which will be removed by effluent filtration. Total phosphorus is
below the one milligram/liter limit. Based on the three months of performance,
it is concluded that the system can dependably produce the quality of
effluent required by Contra Costa County Water District.
Water Treatment, *Pilot Plants, *Coagulation, *Sedimentation, *Nitrification,
*Denitrification, Effluents, Municipal Wastes
*Advanced Treatment Test Facility
028D
SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION OF GRANULAR CARBON SOLVES QUALITY
PROBLEMS,
Bowling, R.
Water Works Superintendatit, Paris, Kentucky
Public Works, Vol. 104, No. 1, p 70-71, December, 1973.
The successful application of granular carbon in the four filters at the 1.5
mgd water treatment plant at Paris, Kentucky is described. Off taste and odor
appeared at Paris irregularly and could last from a day or two to a week or
more. Efforts to pinpoint the source of the trouble were never completely
successful. The plant had previously used powdered carbon, but switched to
granular because the granular appeared to offer a more efficient use of
adsorptive capacity of the carbon, decreased need for monitoring the raw
water, no capital expenditures requirements and suitable hydraulic
characteristics. During a two-week period 50,000 pounds of granular activated
carbon were loaded into four filters, each of 275 square feet. The carbon/sand
combination of dual media filtration increased the filter capacity. The
number of backwashes is less, but the volume of water used is not as low as
the frequency would Indicate because the filters are washed somewhat longer
than before. At 8 and 12 months the measurement of carbon bed depth revealed
no measurable loss of carbon due to the backwashlng. The minimum life of the
carbon is estimated at three years; it costs each of the 9,000 customers a
fraction of a cent per day for a dramatic improvement in water quality.
*Water Quality, *Filtration, Kentucky, Treatment Methods, Odor, Taste,
*Activated Carbon, Costs
*Granular Carbon
243
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029D
DRUG RESISTANT COLIFORMS CALL FOR REVIEW OF WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS,
Grabow, W. 0. K., Prozlesky, 0. W., and Smith, L. S.
National Institute for Water Research, South African
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,
P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, South Africa
Water Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 1-9, 1974. 1 tab, 126 refs.
The need for a reevaluatlon of the role of coliforms in water quality is
discussed. The therapeutic value of antimicrobial drugs is diminishing
due to the rapid increase of resistant bacteria. A current prominent type of
resistance is mediated by R factors (extrachromosomal nucleic acid elements)
which may cause high level resistance to many drugs. These factors may also
provide resistance to other antibacterial agents such as ultraviolet light,
heavy metals, bacteriocins, and phages, and may enhance the virulence
and infectivity of pathogens. Evidence is presented that sewage-polluted
water may play an important role in the spread of coliform and other
bacteria-carrying R factors. Since coliforms have joined forces with bacteria
increasingly involved in disease, they can no longer be regarded as harmless
indicators of fecal pollution. This calls for reevaluation of water quality
standards and for more advanced purification of sewage prior to discharge
into the environment.
Water Treatment, *Sewage Treatment, Coliforms, Microorganisms, Bacteria,
*Water Quality, Water Pollution, *Water Pollution Control
*Fecal Coliform
030D
NTA REMOVAL IN SEPTIC TANK AND OXIDATION POND SYSTEMS,
Klein, S. A.
University of California, Berkeley, California
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 78-88,
January, 1974. 11 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
The biodegradability of trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) in pilot scale septic
tanks and leaching field systems was investigated to determine its potential
as a replacement for phosphate builders in synthetic detergents. The removal
of NTA averaged 21.8, 23.3, and 23.1 percent in three septic tanks during the
nine months of operation. Effluents from the septic tanks flowed into
percolation fields contained in a four-compartment box. Five to seven weeks
were required for biological slimes to develop and become acclimated to NTA
in the fields. In normal aerobic percolation fields all the NTA was
essentially degraded from influents containing concentrations up to 60
milligrams/liter. Totally anaerobic fields degraded ten percent NTA, but
under nearly anaerobic conditions NTA degradation was virtually 100 percent.
The presence of NTA had no noticeable effect on performance of septic tank
percolation fields or sewage treatment systems. In aerobic soil columns,
NTA was nearly 95 percent degraded from influent concentration of 40 and
100 milligrams/liter. In anaerobic soil columns, degradation ranged from
10-15 percent for the three influent NTA concentrations examined. In oxidation
ponds, after a two-month acclimation period, steady state removal of NTA
was in excess of 90 percent when influent concentrations were in the range
normally expected in wastewater.
Leaching, *Septic Tanks, *Blodegradatlon, *Pilot Plants, *Nitrogen Compounds,
Oxidation Lagoons
*Leaching Fields, Nitrilotrioacetate
244
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031D
ENHANCED NITRIFICATION BY ADDITION OF CLINOPTILOLITE TO
TERTIARY ACTIVATED SLUDGE UNITS,
Sims, R. C. and Little, L. W.
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Environmental Letters, Vol. 4, No. 1, p 27-34, 1973. 2 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref.
A new technique for improving the efficiency of the nitrification process in
the treatment of wastewater is described based on the surface sorption property
of a natural zeolite, Hector Clinoptilolite. The process utilizes the zeolite
as a solid phase in an activated sludge unit. The zeolite selectively sorbs
ammonium ions from wastewater and therefore provides an ideal surface for the
attachment of nitrifying bacteria which oxidize ammonium ion to nitrate ion.
The removal of the adsorbed ammonium ion from the zeolite by nitrifying bacteria
allows regeneration of the zeolite surface and thus enables the same zeolite to
be used repeatedly.
*Nitrification, Water Treatment, *Sorption, *Activated Sludge, Oxidation,
Bacteria, *Zeolites
*Hector Clinoptilolite
032D
WATER AND POLITICS IN COASTAL CALIFORNIA - THE DIABLO
CANYON EXPERIENCE,
Lee, K. N.
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Science and Public Affairs, Vol. 30, No. 2, p 29-35, February, 1974.
The relationship between public utilities and public opinion is illustrated
through a discussion of the Diablo Canyon desalting facility of central
California. The primary capacity of the plant would have been the production
of fresh water. One of its secondary capacities would have been to use some
of the waste heat from a neighboring nuclear power plant. Less desirably,
the desalting plant would have altered the pattern of land use on its small
part of the California coast. The plant would have been a strong incentive
for population growth and would have provided important engineering and
technical benefits in terms of water decontamination and in giving the
United States a valuable International advantage. Environmental groups
opposed the desalting plant and aroused public opinion to the extent that
the voters passed an initiative requiring close scrutiny of future coastline
development plans. Eventually, the federal government cancelled the
construction of the plant due to budget restrictions and the announcement
of a similar plant being built in Hong Kong that would provide equivalent
learning benefits to the engineering community. The project failed because
it did not recognize that utilities have social consequences and responsibilities
that cannot be ignored.
Water Treatment, *Municipal Water, *Desalination, Treatment Facilities,
California, Social Impact, *Social Values, *Nuclear Powerplants, *Recycling
245
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033D
CHLORINE FOR EFFLUENTS IN SHORT SUPPLY,
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 2-4,
January, 1974.
The chlorine shortage is discussed as it relates to the disinfection of
wastewater effluent, and solutions are suggested. The total sanitary usage
for chlorine for 1973 is estimated at 460,000 tons. Manufacturers prefer
industrial contracts to municipal ones because many cities are restricted by
their charters from advertising for contracts that extend longer than one
year or provide for periodic price escalations. Municipal buyers frequently
include requirements for free extras (as containers) in their bid forms.
Legislation may be required to allow manufacturers to break long-term industrial
contracts in order to fill sanitary chlorine requirements preferentially.
Manufacturers are generally committed by contract to 100 percent of their
production and cannot legally allocate any fractions off the top to mun-
icipalities. The current policy is to supply 1973 contractees again in 1974,
allowing reasonable increases. The questions of how to handle either new
users or greatly increased demands on the part of old users have not been
resolved.
*Chlorine, Water Treatment, *Disinfection, *Municipal Water
034D
THERMAL DRYING OF MECHANICALLY DEHYDRATED URBAN SEWAGE SLUDGE
IN A BOILING LAYER SYSTEM (TERMICHESKAYA SUSHKA MEKHANICHESKI
OBEZVOZHENNYKH OSADKOV GORODSKIKH STOCHNYKH VOD V KIPYASHCHEM
SLOYE),
Yakovlev, S. V., Kalitsun, V. I., and Varlygin, A. P.
Vodosnabzheniye a Sanitarnaya Tekhnika, No. 12, p 5-9, 1973. 4 fig, 4 ref.
The thermal drying of mechanically dehydrated urban sewage sludge in a slot
type fluidized-bed drier was studied. Small pieces of mechanically dehydrated
sewage sludge were fed into an upright cylindrical space and were kept suspended
over a slot by hot gas stream entering the cylinder through that slot. The
dried sludge particles entrained by the hot gas stream were separated by a
cyclone. Slot type fluidized-bed driers were found highly suitable for the
drying of urban sewage sludge at thermal efficiencies of 57-58 percent, at an
initial moisture content of 60-65 percent and for particle sizes not larger
than 20 mm. The fluidized-bed height should not be less than 250 mm, and
the hot gas temperature should be between 450 and 500 C. The specific fuel
expenditure was found to range from 1,200 to 1,250 kcal/kg evaporated moisture.
The drying capacity, determined for final moisture contents of 20-30 percent
and 6-10 percent, amounts to 500-550 kg/cu m. h and to 600-650 kg/cu m. h,
respectively.
*Sewage, *Sludge, *Treatment Methods, *Dehydration, Forced Drying, Steam,
Municipal Wastes
Fluidized-bed Drier
246
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035D
EFFECTS OF EQUALIZING WASTEWATER FLOWS,
LaGrega, M. D. and Keenan, J. D.
Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 123-132,
January, 1974. 6 fig, 5 tab, 8 ref.
The effects of equalizing wastewater flows on treatment efficiency was
investigated in a full scale study at the Newark, New York, activated sludge
plant. The plant treats an average flow of approximately 1.8 mgd. The first
phase of the study characterized plant operation during normal flow conditions
by reducing the plant to marginal operating conditions. During the second
phase, the raw flow was diverted to the second aeration tank for equalization.
The total volume of the equalization tank was 412,000 gallons with an effective
depth of 12 feet. The raw wastewater in the equilization tank was aerated
to prevent sedimentation and avoid septic conditions. The results of a diurnal
sampling program indicate rather poor primary removals in the first phase.
Overall removal of BOD approached 90 percent, while COD and SS removals were
about 75 percent. Primary removals of BOD and COD were only 12 percent,
while SS were reduced by 23 percent. The only substantial difference in
phase two was in the SS and VSS data. If the influent to the primary
clarifier is compared with the effluent, the SS removal efficiency was
47 percent. It is concluded that the most significant change of composition
occurring in the equalization tank is the reduction in diurnal variability
and maximum concentration.
*Activated Sludge, Municipal Wastes, Municipal Water, Treatment Facilities,
New York, *EffIciencies, Sanitary Engineering, Aeration, *Biochemical Oxygen
Demand, *Chemical Oxygen Demand
*Wastewater Flow
03 6D
SMALL TOWN GETS AN EFFICIENT WASTE SYSTEM,
Geisinger, D. W. and Mastropietro, M. A.
C. T. Male Associates P. C., Schenectady, New York
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 1, p 32-34, January, 1974.
The efficient secondary wastewater treatment facilities installed in Nlskayuna,
New York, are described. The new plant is rated at 1.5 mgd capacity, uses
the conventional activated sludge process with anaerobic digstion of waste
sludges, and supplements the original plant constructed in 1966, The improved
facility consists of a coarse bar rack, aerated grit chamber, comminutor
chamber, primary settling tanks (2), aeration tanks(2), parshall flume
meter chamber, secondary settling tanks (2), chlorine contact tanks (2),
air flotation thickener, anaerobic sludge digesters (2), and sludge drying
beds. The existing primary settling tanks were converted to secondary
settling tanks by minor modifications. A second anaerobic digester was
added with floating gasholder to provide the added sludge handling capacity.
The cost totaled $980,000 with construction amounting to $894,750. The
plant serves approximately 5,000 people, or 1/3 of the design population.
The only problems with start up were grit removal and freezing in the winter.
All secondary sludge was continuously returned at an average rate of 50 percent.
Within two weeks, the MLSS was up to 2,000 ppm, and BOD and suspended solids
removal were in excess of 80 percent. In the first five months of 1973,
BOD efficiency ranged from 90-95 percent, while SS removal efficiency ranged
from 89-97 percent.
Treatment Facilities, *Activated Sludge, *Anaerobic Digestion, *Aeration,
*Costs, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Suspended Solids, *Sewage Treatment, New
York, Municipal Wastes
Niskayuna
247
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037D
DENITRIFICATION IN GRANULAR CARBON AND SAND COLUMNS,
English, J. N., Carry, C. W., Masse, A. N., Pitkin, J. B.,
and Dryden, F. D.
National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 28-42,
January, 1974. 13 fig, 5 tab, 1 ref,
The devitrification of secondary effluent in granular carbon and sand columns
was investigated in a four stage, fixed bed, 0.3 mgd pilot plant. The effect
of denitriiication on column operation, COD removal efficiency, and carbon
regeneration was determined. Supplementary nitrate was added to secondary
effluent during two carbon column adsorption sequences to obtain average
concentrations of 25.8 and 21.8 milligrams/liter N03-N. There were removals
of 80 and 92 percent, respectively, with most of the denitrification occurring
in the first stage (ten minutes detention time) and 3-4 milligrams/liter
N03-N removed, without methanol in the subsequent stages. The methanol
requirement was 1.9 times the N03-N removed plus 1.1 times the dissolved
oxygen removed. There was no significant impairment of the carbon's ability
to remove COD in either adsorption sequence, and removals of 72 percent of
COD in the first sequence and 66 percent in the second were within the
expected range. Biological growth made backwashing necessary twice a day and
headlosses average 30 to 50 psi after less than 12 hours of operation.
The total cost of a 10 mgd plant using sand as the media was estimated
at $71/million gallon. If denitrif ication is combined with dissolved organic
removal in an activated carbon system, the additional cost for denitrification
was estimated to be $25/million gallon.
*Pilot Plants, Effluents, Waste Treatment, *Sewage Treatment, Carbon,
*Denitrification, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Municipal Wastes
*Granular Carbon, *Sand Columns, Regeneration
038D
CYANIDE WASTE TREATMENT UTILIZING CATALYTIC OXIDATION,
Woolhiser, and Clark, D.
Air Force Weapons Laboratory Report No. AFWL-TR-73-37, October, 1973.
Two major sources of liquid cyanide wastes are electroplating operations
and color photograph processing having waste streams that vary in concentration
from under one mg/liter to over 100,000 mg/liter. To meet state effluent
standards which range from 0.25 mg/liter to undetectable levels, a system
utilizing a proprietary cobalt-based catalyst and chlorine-producing electro-
lytic cells was evaluated with actual photographic and electroplating wastes.
A prototype catalytic oxidation system capable of treating 0.25 gpm of 2000
mg/liter total cyanide waste produced effluent streams containing undetectable
amounts of cyanide with copper plating and nickel strip feeds. Treatment of
photographic wastes produced an 87 to 94 percent reduction of total cyanide.
Effluent cyanate levels were generally under 10 mg/liter for copper solutions
and ranged from 4 to 42 mg/liter for nickel strip solutions. The catalytic
oxidation system has a strong potential for decreasing the operation costs
of cyanide destruction systems. System designs are given for two full-scale
cyanide waste treatment systems.
Waste Treatment, Liquid Wastes, Effluents, Evaluation, Standards, Effluent
Streams, Design Criteria, Operating Costs, Industrial Wastes, Treatment
Facilities
Electroplating, Photographic Processing, *Catalytic Oxidation, *Cyanides
243
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039D
REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATES FROM WASTEWATERS WITH ELECTRO-
CHEMICALLY GENERATED GADOLINIUM IONS,
Onstott, E.
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
A method of electroprecipitation of phosphates from secondary sewage effluents
with anodically generated GD3+ was investigated using a gadolinium metal anode
and stainless steel cathode. At the anode Gd was oxidized to Gd3+, which
precipitated phosphates, and at the cathode H2 gas was evolved. For electro-
lysis times in excess of theoretical, removal of soluble orthophosphate was
greater than 99 percent to concentrations of about 0.02 mg/liter P; soluble
condensed phosphate removal was more than 90 percent to about 0.04 mg/liter P;
and, removal of soluble organic phosphate was greater than 80 percent to
about 0.07 mg/liter P. The electrolytic treatment increased the pH of
product filtrates and a fraction of the bicarbonate was converted to carbonate
depending on electrolysis times. Some Zn2+ and carbonate, if the concentration
of carbonate exceeded 30 mg/liter, were precipitated by this electrolytic
treatment.
*Electrochemistry, Chemical Precipitation, *Phosphates, Sewage Effluents,
Anodes, Cathodes, Waste Water Treatment, Hydrogen Ion Concentration,
Electrolysis, Zinc, Bicarbonates
Phosphate Removal, *Gadolinium
04 OD
WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN COMMERCIAL FISH PROCESSING: REDUCING
STICK WATER LOADINGS,
Stiuber, D., and Quigley, J.
University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Program and National Sea Grant Program
Report No. WIS-SG-72-401, November, 1972.
A wastewater disposal problem involving the inadequate treatment of wastewater
resulting from the processing of alewives for fish meal was investigated.
Inplant practice was examined to determine whether process revisions could
be made to reduce the amount of lipids, protein, and other suspended solids
in the discharge. A further processing step was developed to remove more
solids and to increase product recovery. The resulting wastewater discharge
was studied for purposes of improving treatment practice. Owing to the
complexity of the material in the discharge, an anaerobic treatment stage
was found to be required with subsequent design focusing on combination
anaerobic-aerobic systems, Laboratory scale studies on both glutaraldehyde
and lime coagulation methods were made. Both processes were subjected to
cost analysis with generally comparable results. Preliminary analysis conducted
on waste water effluent indicated that resulting effluents had comparable
chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand values.
Lake Michigan, *Waste Water Disposal, Liquid Wastes, Waste Water Treatment,
*Commercial Fish, Treatment Facilities, Industrial Plants, Suspended Solids,
Laboratory Tests, Cost Analysis, Coagulation, Design Criteria
Lime Coagulation, *Glutaraldehyde Coagulation, *Anaerobic-Aerobic Systems,
Fish Processing
249
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041D
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL TREATABILITY STUDIES AT C. F. B. BORDON,
PETAWAWA, TRENDON AND UPLANDS,
Shannon, E., and Rush, R.
(Canadian) Environmental Protection Service and (Canadian) Department of National
Defense; Technology Development Report EPS 4-WP-73-5, December, 1973.
Results of phosphorus removal treatabillty studies carried out at Canadian
Forces Bases Borden, Petawawa, Trenton, and Uplands during 1971 and 1972
are reported. Traditional phosphorus precipitants such as ferric chloride,
alum, and lime, were evaluated with respect to phosphorus removal efficiency
via standard jar testing procedures. Also the waste-water characteristics and
diurnal variations at each Base were determined and discussed. Costs for
phosphorus removal at each Base were estimated and recommendations made
regarding the type of full-scale system that should be Installed. The
impact of the phosphorus removal system on the receiving waters was evaluated.
Canada, *Phosphorus, On-Site Tests, Efficiencies, Evaluation, Waste Water
Treatment, Estimated Costs, Environmental Effects, *Treatment Facilities, Lime
*Phosphorus Removal, Waste Water Characteristics, Diurnal Variations,
Treatment Methods, Alum, Ferric Chloride
042D
USE AND PRODUCTION OF IRON SALTS FOR PHOSPHATE REMOVAL,
Scott, D.
Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality Report No 72-3-5
June, 1973.
The principal objective of this study was an assessment of the supply and
probably cost of iron salts for use as phosphate removal chemicals in
wastewater treatment. The use of iron salts for the precipitation of
phosphate from wastewaters is discussed. Evidence is reviewed which suggests
that ferrous and ferric salts behave in an equivalent manner due to rapid
oxidation of the former in neutral solutions. A summary is given of the
nature, source, composition, and reactivity with dilute sulfuric acid of
major iron containing waste materials available in Ontario, Canada. The
costs of manufacture of ferrous and ferric sulfate at different production
capacities from a number of theae materials has been estimated. Treating
coats for phosphate removal using iron sulfate could be as low as 10-20
dollars per million gallons. For almost all circumstances, the use of
locally manufactured iron sulfates should be competitive with or cheaper than
either alum of imported salts.
*Salts, *Waste Water Treatment, Phosphates, Chemical Precipitation, Canada,
Sulfates, Estimated Costs
*Phosphate Removal, Iron Sulfate, Sulfuric Acid
250
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04 3D
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF ORGANIC SLUDGES CONTAINING INORGANIC
PHOSPHORUS PRECIPITATES: PHASE I,
Ganczarczyk, J. and Hamoda, M.
Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality, 72-5-4, June, 1973.
Three series of laboratory batch and semi-continuous experiments carried
out at 20!j C on the aerobic digestion of activated sludges containing
aluminum salts or ferric salts used for phosphorus precipitation were
investigated. Treatment responses measured were digested sludge charac-
teristics, such as volatile solids destruction, oxygen uptake, settleability,
and dewaterability, and supernatant characteristics, including total organic
carbon, soluble nutrients, and suspended solids. The only variable that
was controlled for all experiments was the sludge hydraulic detention time.
The aerobic digestion of conventional activated sludge was not affected to
any significant degree by the presence of ferric of aluminum precipitates.
For both the control and chemically precipitated sludges an aeration period
of 10 to 15 days was required for stabilization. Release of soluble organic
carbon and nutrients during the aerobic digestion of activated sludges
was not altered appreciably in the presence of the chemical precipitates.
At the higher chemical dosages there was a reduction in nutrient release
in the supernatant. Dewaterability and settling characteristics of control
and chemically precipitated digested sludges did not differ significantly.
Laboratory Tests, *Aerobic Treatment, *Activated Sludge, Salts, Phosphorus,
Chemical Precipitation, Aeration, Nutrients, Organic Compounds, Carbons,
Suspended Solids
Total Organic Carbon Soluble Nutrients, Dewaterability, Settleability,
Oxygen Uptake, Volatile Solids Destruction, Ferric Salts, Aluminum Salts
04 4D
REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS AND ITS APPLICATION,
Mori, K. and Tsuge, H.
Kobe Steel Engineering Reports, Vol. 24, No. 1, p 20-26, January 1974.
12 fig, 2 tab, 54 ref.
The present status of research on reverse osmosis is briefly reviewed. Recent
work conducted at Kobe Steel Ltd. which includes preparation of semipermeable
membranes and separation of heavy metal ions from plating rinse water is
discussed .
*Research and Development, Reverse Osmosis, *Heavy Metals, Separation
Techniques, Reviews, Industrial Wastes, *Membrane Processes
Japan
251
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04 5D
AUTOMATION OF THE CONTROL AND OPERATION OF WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL WORKS,
Cotton, P.
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 72, No. 8, p 635-657, 1973.
25 ref.
The development of automation in the sphere of water pollution control does
not appear to have matched that in many other industries due mainly to the
following factors: inadequacy in fundamental process design knowledge; lack
of investment and hence development in process-control equipment; lack of
coordination between plant designers and plant operators; relatively wide
range of flow rates coupled with the rapid changes in character and strength
of crude sewage; and, methods of financing both capital and running expenses
of sewage treatment. Existing and potential system of automation of individual
process units are discussed with respect to their coordination in providing a
greater degree of automatic operation. The function and expected advantages
of the computer-controlled system at Norwich, England is described with the
purpose of providing evidence and data for future development and for providing
a greater store of operating and maintenance data.
*Automation, Equipment, *Water Pollution Control, Data Collections, Operation
and Maintenance, *Coraputers, Computer Programs, Control Systems, Filtration,
Sedimentation, Equipment, Activated Sludge, Sludge Treatment, Sludge Disposal,
*Sewage Treatment, Biological Treatment
Great Britain
04 6D
REDEVELOPMENT OF HAVEN SEWAGE-TREATMENT WORKS, COLCHESTER,
Suriyadasa, R.
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 72, No. 8, p 693-704, 1973. 6 tab, 1 ref.
Redevelopment of the Haven sewage treatment works, constructed in 1884, was
initiated in 1901, completed in November 1970, and stressed mainly the ex-
tensions to the main drainage system and sewage treatment works. Topics in
reference to this redevelopment scheme, discussed herein, include the low-
level pump house, sewage treatment, sludge treatment and disposal, power
generation, central control, aesthetics, and costs.
*Sewage Treatment, Treatment Facilities, Equipment, Pumping Plants, Storage
Tanks, *Storm Runoff, Sedimentation, Biological Treatment, Activated Sludge,
Tertiary Treatment, Sludge Treatment, Sludge Disposal, Powerplants, Control
Systems, *Costs
Great Britain, *Facillties Extension
252
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047D
LIME STABILIZATION OF PRIMARY SLUDGES,
Farrell, J. B., Smith, Jr., J. E., Hathaway, S. W., and
Dean, R. B.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 113-122,
January, 1974. 3 fig, 9 tab, 15 ref.
Preliminary studies conducted on sludges supplied by the Lebanon, Ohio
wastewater treatment facility's pilot plant operation Indicated that costs
of lime treatment would be low, pathogens and odor greatly reduced, and
filterability improved. These findings led to lime treatment of sludge on
a plant scale during alum and iron addition experiments and to documentation
of the results. The following results are reported from this investigation:
lower sludge solids are obtained when alum and iron are added to the primary
clarifier; the addition of lime to alum and Iron chemical-primary sludges
increases the vacuum filter yields to reasonable rates; lime addition does
not make the sludges chemically stable and that the pH eventually falls
and surviving bacteria may return if conditions are favorable, yet the
microbiological portions of this Investigation indicate that lime treatment
of sludge raising it to a pH of 11.5 reduces bacterial hazard to a negligible
value.
*Sludge Treatment, Treatment Facilities, *Pilot Plants, Investigations, Iron,
*Lime, Pathogenic Bacteria, Aluminum, Filtration, Hydrogen Ion Concentration,
Odor, Waste Water Treatment, Water Pollution Control, Effluents
Chemical Treatment
048D
NEW SLUDGE PROCESSING PLANT OF THE BEESTON AND STAPLEFORD
URBAN DISTRICT COUNCIL,
Water and Water Engineering, Vol. 77, No. 931, p 341-343, September, 1973.
After completing investigations involving pilot plants, long-term analytical
work, and negotiations with industrialists, it has been recommended that the
installation of a mechanical dewatering plant be undertaken and that provision
be made for the tankerlng of sludge to this central location. In the case of
the Beeston installation, a system of chemical conditioning followed by filter
pressing was recommended. The chemicals are mixed with the sludge to promote
easier separation of water from solid matter. The filter pressing involves
straining water under pressure through a fine fabric to leave a cake on the
fabric.
*Sludge Treatment, *Dewatering, Treatment Facilities, *Chemicals, Mixing,
Separation Techniques, Filtrat-ion, Equipment, Construction Costs
Great Britain
253
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04 9D
MAJOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT TO BE UPGRADED,
Foster, J. H.
Public Works, Vol. 104, No. 12, p 47-50, December, 1973. 2 fig, 3 tab.
Cleveland, Ohio's Southerly Treatment Plant, in meeting the most cost effective
solution, is an example of designing to meet high effluent quality standards
where major financial investments were required to modify facilities that have
been outmoded according to present regulations. As a prelude to finalizing
design concepts and selection of unit treatment processes, prototype and
bench scale studies, reported herein, were made to determine process parameters
for nitrification and phosphorus removal. Based on these studies and evaluation
of data on current and future conditions, a treatment system was selected
consisting of primary sedimentation, a two-stage activated sludge process, and
effluent polishing by filtration and disinfection. A summary of the basic
design criteria for the expanded facilities now under design is tabulated.
Construction of facilities is planned to start during 1974 at an estimated
cost of approximately $160 million.
*Sewage Treatment, *Treatment Facilities, Economic Efficiency, *Construction
Costs, Nitrification, Laboratory Tests, Phosphorus, *Design Criteria,
Sedimentation, Activated Sludge, Filtration, Disinfection
Cleveland, Ohio, Phosphorus Removal
050D
CARTMEN DEVISES TECHNIQUE FOR DISPOSING OF 3.5 MILLION GALLONS
OF LIQUID DISCARDS ANNUALLY,
Solid Waste Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, p 12-13, 24, 80, 105, January, 1974.
In order to accommodate the disposal of the vast quantities of liquid and
sludge wastes generated by an excess of 6500 containerized commercial and
industrial accounts in Canada's Ontario Province, the Superior Sanitation
Services, Ltd. installed a modified Carver-Davis incinerator at its plant.
It was not long after the plant opened that difficulties became evident in
the hauling, burning, and handling aspects of the enterprise. As a result
of experimentation, watertight modular containers have been constructed and
equipped with various systems of pipes, valves, and sieves designed for screening
out the foreign solid objects as the unit is either filled or emptied. To
compensate for the differences in Btu properties of the various kinds of refuse
handled, to reduce the incidence of necessity for supplemental support fuel,
and to maintain the more-evenly burning mixture in the combustion chamber, the
storage tanks have been equipped with control gauges and metering valves for
blending appropriate proportions of each type of liquid.
*Liquid Wastes, *Waste Disposal, Canada, *Incineration, Equipment, Treatment
Facilities, Storage Tanks, Screens, Gages, Measurement, Instrumentation, Sewage
254
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05 ID
TREATMENT METHODS FOR HEAVY METAL-CONTAINING LIQUID WASTE
(Text in Japanese),
Ishihara, T.
PPM, Vol. 5, No. 2 p 26-33, February, 1974. 10 fig, 7 tab, 13 ref.
Neutralization, sulfurization, reduction, oxidation, biological treatment, ion
flotation, and adsorption are discussed with respect to heavy metal-containing
liquid wastes. The neutralization method, in which metal ions in sc lution are
settled and form hydroxides, is the most widely used for recovering heavy
metals. Other methods are usually applied in combination with the neutraliza-
tion method either as pretreatment (biological, oxidation, or reduction), or
post-treatment (adsorption or sulfurization) methods.
Reduction (Chemical), Oxidation, *Blological Treatment, Adsorption, Flotation,
Neutralization, Liquid Wastes, *Heavy Metals, *Waste Treatment
Sulfurization
05 2D
THE TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER FROM INDUSTRIES AND COMMERCE
IN PUBLIC PURIFICATION PLANTS (Text in German),
Ott, R.
Industrieabwaesser, p 8-11, 1973. 6 ref.
Most domestic wastewater can be treated in public purification plants without
problems and in these mechanical-biological plants a balance can be maintained
which is disturbed only by the entry of industrial wastewater. Thus industrial
wastewater must be analyzed and its effect on the purification process studied
prior to its discharge to an existing facility if feasible. If the facility
Is inadequate, the wastewater goes to a regional purification plant. For
joint treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater, certain condition
procedures and requirements, detailed herein, must be followed.
*Waste Water Treatment, Treatment Facilities, *Ac.tivated Sludge, Domestic
Wastes, *Industrial Wastes, *Feasibility Studies, Efficiencies
255
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053D
A NOVEL DEVICE FOR IMPROVED AIR AH) LIQUID MIXING (UJ
TIPUSU KESQULEK FOLYADEKOK ERINTKEZTETESERE ES KEVERESERE
LEVEGOVEL),
Nagy, Z., Kovacz, A., Rauschenberger, J., and Hupka, G.
Magyar Kemikus Kapja, Vol. 28, No. 11, p 560-565, 1973. 6 fig, 1 tab, 16 ref.
In silty sewage purification processes, industrial aerobic fermentation
processes, and in purification of industrial waters containing emulsified oil
or fat, it is necessary to provide an intensive contact between the air and
the agitated liquids which contain large quantities of dispersed particles.
According to a new process, the potential energy of the air introduced through
the bottom of the vertical tubes immersed in the liquid is used for the intensive
agitation of the liquid. The material transfer rate (one to five kg 02/cu m
hour in the sodium sulf ite solution) obtainable in the equipment designed in
this way depends not only on the quantity of air, but also on the velocity
distribution obtained as a result of liquid agitation.
*Fermentation, Sewage, *Sewage Treatment, Industrial Wastes, *Aerobic
Treatment, *Aeration
Silty Sewage
05 4D
PURE WATERS PROJECT INCLUDES RESTORATION,
Dyment, R.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 3, p 52-53, March, 1974.
Monroe County, New York began a pure waters program in 1970 which will cost
$400 million by the time it is completed in 1975. It includes the laying of
hundreds of miles of sewer lines, constructing four treatment plants, tearing
up streets and private land, and restoring whatever was disturbed to its
original state. Lake Ontario and other water bodies in Monroe County are
polluted to degrees ranging from severe to moderate, with population growth
increasing rapidly, thus adding to the pollution problems. The county was
divided into four regions according to drainage basins, and sewer networks and
treatment plants constructed accordingly. The new treatment plants will provide
a minimum of secondary treatment of wastewater. Attempts have been made to
minimize the ecological disruptions during the construction of the sewers and
treatment plants.
Water Pollution, *Water Resources Development, Water Treatment, *Project
Planning, Projects, Management *Water Management (Applied), Treatment
Methods, New York *Lake Ontario, Great Lakes, Sewers
Monroe County, New York
256
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05 5D
LINEARLY VELOCITY - DECREASING WEIRS,
Chandrasekaran, D., and Rao, N. S. L.
Hydraulics and Water Resources Department, College
of Engineering, Madras, India.
Surveyor, No. 4263, p 30-32, February, 1974. 3 fig, 3 ref.
The problem of settling of sediment particles is important in sewage treatment
units as in grit chambers, water purification works and the treatments of
a variety of industrial wastes. Among the many factors that affect settling,
the mean velocity of flow can be readily controlled by the designer by fixing
suitably designed weirs at the outlets of sedimentation chambers. This paper
presents the exact design of such a weir. The type of proportional weirs pre-
sented in this paper have potential as velocity controlling devices and are
capable of trapping sediments to a removal efficiency of 60 to 85 percent.
Engineering Structures, Sewers, *Weirs, *Control, *Sediments, Treatment
Methods
*Proportional Weirs
056D
DIRECT-FILTRATION STUDIES FOR METROPOLITAN TORONTO,
Tredgett, R. G.
The Proctor & Redfern Group
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Journal of American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 2, p 103-109,
February, 1974. 6 fig, 5 tab, 17 ref.
The Municipality of Toronto will solve an unusual water treatment requirement
with a plant addition of modified design for $4.8 million less than the cost
of a conventionally designed plant. The old 72-mgd plant, located on an
offshore island in Lake Ontario, is to be doubled in size. The plant has
been operating since 1911 but now only operates seasonally to meet peak summer
demands. It has kept detailed records of the raw water quality. Analysis
of these, assisted by a computer, supported the possibility of direct
filtration. Pilot studies confirmed that efficient filtration at high rates
was feasible and that the flocculation and settling basins could be eliminated .
The new plant will incorporate these features with significant savings.
The size and quality of the floe produced for filtration is critical to this
design. Whereas settling requires a large flow, high-rate direct filtration
requires a strong, pinpoint floe barely visible to the eye. Although the
requirements of the new plant are unusual, the principles leading to its
design are quite basic and may be of interest in the Great Lakes area or
any area with good quality raw water.
*Water Treatment, Treatment Methods, *Filtration, *Municipal
Wastes, Vater Quality, * Flocculation, *Lake Ontario, Great Lakes,
Computers, Data Processing, Canada, *Waste Water Treatment
Toronto
257
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057D
BA3S TO CLEAN UP SEWAGE,
New Scientist, Vol. 61, No. 890, p 754, March, 1974.
An emergency sewage treatment system that kills cholera bacteria and dysentery
amoeba has been developed by James Howard, a public health engineer working
for Oxfam. It involves passing sewage into four or more seven meter diameter
sausage-shaped neoprene bags filled with water and linked in series by plastic
pipes. The water presents air getting to the microorganisms which settle
in the sludge at the bottom of the first neoprene section and die within a
week or two. Howard envisages a single seven meter section being used then
buried at the end of 24 hours, in the case of an emergency, such as an earthquake.
*Sewage, Municipal Wastes, *Water Treatment, Treatment Methods, Microorganisms,
*Bacteria, Sewers, Pipes, Plastic Pipes, *Waste Water Treatment
Cholera Bacteria, Dysentery Amoeba, * Emergency Treatment
058D
SOUND, OZONE ZAP GERMS,
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 56, March, 1974.
A wastewater treatment system combining ultra-high frequency sound and ozone is
as effective as conventional methods of disinfection and may be superior,
according to some scientists at Ibtre Dame University. Dr. Gary Burleson's
research showed that treatment with sonicatlon, ultra high frequency sound,
and ozone totally inactivated each of three virus types in 15 seconds and
six different bacteria, which cause such diseases as dysentery and cholera,
in a minute or less. When sonication is teamed with ozone a synergistic
effect seems to occur. A pilot plant using Sozone treatment has been in
operation on the Notre Dame campus since 1971. Plans for further research
on the ozone-sonication technique are being made to test the technique's
effectiveness on other bacteria and viruses.
Water Ibllution, V&ter Treatment, Treatment Methods, *Disinfection,
*0zone, *Pilot Plants, *Sound Waves, *Waste Water Treatment
Ultra High Frequency Sounds, Sonication, *Sozone Treatment
258
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059D
PLANT GETS NEW PROCESS,
Jeris, J. S., and Flood, F. J.
Ecolotrol, Inc., Bethpage, New York
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 45-48, March, 1974. 2 fig,
2 tab.
A novel biological denitrification process has been added to Nassau County's
wastewater renovation plant. Combining the demands of the increased population
with the growth of industry over the past 20 years, the amount of high quality
water needed and the corresponding quantity of wastewater requiring treatment
has more than tripled. The ground water table has been declining due to the
increased demand for water, with a corresponding evidence of salt water in-
trusion, high nitrate-nitrogen concentrations as well as other contaminants.
Protection of the ground water was incorporated into a master plan which
included a 500,000 mgd advanced wastewater treatment plant. A physical-
chemical treatment system was built on the site of Nassau County's 60 mgd
wastewater treatment plant at Bay Park. The goals of this plan were to learn
what quality water could be obtained using this advanced water renovation plan,
to determine the ability and ramifications of recharging this treated water
into the aquifer, and to obtain the cost of this extensive treatment and
recharge operation. Nitrate- and nitrite-nitrogen removal is encouraging,
the fluidized granular bed denitrification system being used showing promise
in supplanting the biological denitrification processes being used in the
field today.
Water Pollution, Water Treatment, Treatment Methods, Groundwater, *Water
Table, Aquifers, New York, *Aquifer Management, *Groundwater Recharge,
Saline Water Intrusion, *Waste Water Treatment
Nassau County, New York
06 OD
AN EXPERIMENTAL IRRADIATION FACILITY FOR THE STERILIZATION
OF SEWAGE SLUDGE (EINE VERSUCHSBESTRAHLUNGSANLAGE ZUR
HYGIENISIERUNG VON KLAERSCHLAMM),
Suess, A., Moetsch, H., Bosshard, E., Schurmann, G.,
and Luescher, 0.
Bayerische Landesanstalt fuer Bodenkulter und
Pflanzenbau, Muechen und Freising
Kerntechnik, Vol. 16, No. 2, p 65-70, 1974. 4 fig, 11 ref.
An experimental plant for sterilization of sewage sludge by irradiation with
a 120k Ci-Co 60 source is described. The main components of the facility are
the irradiation shaft with a built-in central tube in which the sludge is
recirculated during irradiation, and the recirculation system which consists of
an accessible pump shaft with recirculation and evacuation pumps, the necessary
shutoff and regulation valves, and pipework. In this system untreated digested
sludge Is pumped from the conventional part of the sewage treatment plant to an
above ground silo in which a voiding valve opens and allows a metered quantity
of sludge to flow into the irradiation chamber upon signal. In said chamber the
sludge is recirculated and forced to flow past both sides of the radiation
sources for a certain predetermined time. The filling and voiding times of the
irradiation chamber are at present about six minutes each.
*Pilot Plants, *Sewage Sludge, *Sludge Treatment, *Irradiatlon, *Treatment
Facilities, Cobalt
259
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0610
VIRUS REMOVAL BY DIATOMACEOUS-EARTH FILTRATION - PART 1,
Brown, T. S., Malina, J. F., Jr., and Moore, B. D.
Gibbs and Hill, Incorporated, New York, New York
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 2, p 98-102,
Feb., 1974. 3 fig, 6 tab, 11 ref.
This study, involving the removal of bacterial viruses from water using
diatomaceous earth filter aids, covers the comparative properties of uncoated
and polyelectrolyte-coated products as they affect the process. The work is
based on studies using bacteriophage T2 for Escherichia coli. The removal
eff ciencies presented were calculated to represent only that removal due to
attachment to the diatomaceous earth and filtration through the filter aid.
The optimal T2 recovery required attachment at pH 6.25 and desorption at pH 9.55.
The procedure for coating the filter aid with inorganic coagulants affects
the efficiency of T2 virus removal.
*Diatomaceous Earth, *E. Coli, *Viruses, *Bacteriophage, *Filtration,
Desorption, Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Efficiencies, Waste Water Treatment
*Virus Removal
06 2D
THE CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER (ZUR CHEMISCHEN
BEHANDLUNG VON STAEDTISCHEN ABWASSERN),
Bouveng, H. 0.
Schwedisches Forschungsinstitut fuer Wasser- und
Luftreinhaltung, Stockholm, Sweden
Staedtehygiene, Vol. 25, No. 11, p 260-261, 1973.
The Swedish government has adopted a policy of financing 50 percent of the
construction costs of municipal purification plants provided a 90 percent
reduction of BOD and of the total phosphorus is achieved. This action has
spurred the addition of chemical stages to the mechanical biologic purification
plants since this stage has a higher BOD reduction capability. In Switzerland
and Finland, simultaneous treatment through chemical precipitation is the most
common practice. Incorporation of this phase into the existing purification
plant scheme allows for better phosphorus concentration.
*Chemical Precipitation, *Waste Water Treatment, *Municipal Wastes, Treatment
Facilities, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Phosphorus
Sweden, Switzerland, Finland
260
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063D
POTABLE-WATER SUPPLY BY MEANS OF UPFLOW FILTRATION
(L'EAU CLAIRE PROCESS),
Haney, B. J., and Steimle, S. E.
Tulane University, Civil Engineering Dept.,
New Orleans, Louisiana
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 2,
p 117-123, Feb., 1974. 8 fig, 5 tab, 15 ref.
Upflow filtration is a recent development in the history of water filtration.
By using polyelectrolytes and progressively finer filter media a potable water
can be produced that compares favorably with waters treated by conventional
methods that require flocculatlon, sedimentation, and filtration. The L'Eau
Claire process is a water treatment method that uses both of these developments.
To recognize the potential of upflow filtration in potable-water production,
an upflow research project was initiated using a 4-foot diameter upflow filter
in the evaluation. Test results indicate that the process with effluent
disinfection can be used as a means of potable water treatment of surface supplies,
yielding excellent quality water under continuing operation. It should be noted
that at turbidities above 280 Jtu the utility of the process is limited by very
short filter runs. However, process parameters and plant configuration can
be altered to compensate for this deficiency.
*Filtration, *Evaluation, *Polyelectrolytes, *Potable Water, *Water Supply,
*Waste Water Treatment, *Performance, *Fllters, Turbidity, Water Quality,
Treatment Facilities
*Upflow Filtration, *L!Eau Claire Process
064D
COST EFFECTIVENESS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT,
Ramsden, I.
Manager, Lincolnshire Sewage Division,
Anglian Water Authority, Great Britain
Surveyor, Vol. 143, No. 4263, p 28-29, Feb., 1974.
The effects of the removal of slag media from filter beds at the East Kesteven
RDC and subsequent replacement with plastic filter media are described.
It is maintained that the capacity of the beds has been increased by at least
two-fold. This la an example illustrated by the author to stimulate cost
effectiveness ideas for the sewage treatment industry.
*Cost Analysis, *Project Planning, Optimum Development Plans, Project Purposes,
Sewage Treatment, Pipes, Personnel Management
Great Britain
261
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065D
OXYGENATION SYSTEM FOR ACCELERATED SEWAGE TREATMENT,
Weber, R. B.
Environmental Equipment Division, MAROX Diffusion
Systems, FMC Corporation, Englewood, Colorado
Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 96, No. 3, p 28-33, March, 1974. 7 fig, 4 ref.
The use of pure oxygen in sewage treatment has been investigated for several
years; however, the acceptance of a pure oxygen system has been delayed due to
a lack of satisfactory methods of diffusion oxygen into the sewage. The two
types of diffuser systems detailed herein are designated as the passive
system and the active system. The passive system has recently been installed
at a waste treatment facility which handles a relatively high BOD waste.
Testing of said system has demonstrated that excellent bubble quality exhibiting
greater than 95 percent efficiency of oxygen transfer in deep water is provided
and that bubble quality does not degrade with time because of plugging or
corrosion. The active system is being evaluated for performance in aerobic
digestion of waste activated sludge. Results of batch and flow-through tests
indicate superior wastewater treatment performance at a lower capital expenditure
and lower operating cost when compared to existing systems.
*Sewage Treatment, *0xygenation, *Waste Water Treatment, Performance, Capital
Costs, Testing, Operating Costs, Treatment Facilities
*0xygen Diffusion, ^Passive Diffuser System, *Active Diffuser System
06 6D
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT PROCESS SELECTION, PART TWO,
Gulp, G. L., and Hamann, C. L.
Culp/Wesner/Culp, Clean Water Consultants,
Corona Del Mar, California
Public Works, 10 Vol. 105, No. 4, p 69-74, April, 1974. 5 fig, 3 tab.
The use of chemical oxidation and adsorption for removal of organics and
application of coagulants for phosphorus reduction are discussed. It is main-
tained that chemical oxidation processes showing any potential for economic
use are limited to ozonation as the technique available at lowest cost, and
that chemical oxidation steps are unacceptable for application to removal of
organics from raw sewage. Carbon adsorption may be applied to raw sewage for
removal of organics rather than using biological processes, or it can be
applied to secondary effluents. Powdered carbon and granular carbon adsorption,
regeneration, and reuse are compared. Chemical coagulants for phosphorus
removal may be added to the primary clarifier influent, the activated sludge
aeration tank, or a tertiary chemical clarifier. The use of iron and aluminum
salts as coagulants in the aforementioned treatment stages is discussed.
*0xidation, *Phosphorus, *Adsorption, *0zone, *Chemicals, Economics,
Activated Carbon, Iron, Aluminum, Application Methods, Sewage Treatment,
Waste Water Treatment, Organic Wastes, Coagulation, Salts
Powdered Carbon, Granular Carbon, Phosphorus Removal
262
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067D
CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PURIFICATION PROCESSES FOR RESIDUAL
WASTEWATER AND CIRCULATING PROCESS WATER IN CARDBOARD AND PAPER
MILLS,
Morgeli, B.
Sulzer Technical Review, Vol. 55, p 205-212, March, 1974. 5 fig, 1 tab, 1 ref.
Chemical-physical processes such as flocculation, filtration, ozone oxidation,
and activated charcoal adsorption are discussed in relation to each method's
treatment of circulating and residual wastewater in paper and cardboard manu-
facture. The salient points of the individual processes are taken up with
examples employed to explain their action singly and in combination with
other processes.
*Reviews, *Flocculation, *Filtration, *0zone, *0xidation, *Actlvated Carbon,
*Adsorption, Methodology, Waste Water Treatment, Pulp Wastes, Pulp and
Paper Industry, Industrial Water
068D
FURNACE CONSTRUCTIONS FOR INCINERATION (OFENKQNSTRUKTIONEN
FUER DIE ABFALLVERBRENNUNG),
Wasser, Luft and Betrieb, Vol. 18, No. 1, p 28-30, 1974. 4 fig.
Various kinds of furnaces for incineration of a wide variety of waste products
such as odorous wastes gases, communal and industrial sludges, and solid
wastes are described. Such incineration processes include a fluidized bed
furnace, radiation recuperators, a rotary kiln, and a fourth process for the
specific treatment of liquid and gaseous wastes. In this process, waste
products are injected to the combustion chamber via concentrically arranged
burners after which fuel is injected through fine nozzles in a ring around the
burners. As combustion products, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride develop
apart from water vapor and carbon dioxide which are removed in scrubbers.
*Treatment Facilities, *Incineration, *Waste Treatment, *Liquid Wastes,
Sewage Sludge
Rotary Kiln, Fluidized Bed Furnace, Radiation Recuperators
263
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06 9D
NEW METHODS TO DISPOSE OF USED METALWORKING EMULSIONS, (NEUE
VERFAHREN ZUR BESEITIGUNG GEBRAUCHTER METALL-BEARBEITUNGS-
EMULSIONEN) ,
Moeller, U. J., Boor, U., and Runge, G.
Esso AG Forschungszentrum, 21 Hamburg 90,
Moorburger Strasse 21, West Germany
Erdoel und Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochemie, Vol. 27, No. 2, p 70-71, 1974. 11 fig,
11 tab, 32 ref.
A new method, flame evaporation, has been developed to separate emulsion into
water and oil phases with the aid of heavy fuel oil. The water content of the
emulsion is converted to steam and removed through the stack. Simultaneously,
the oil phase and the auxiliary fuel oil is combusted to C02 and water. The
consumption of the heavy fuel oil is low; the heat of combustion of the
emulsion and auxiliary fuel can be utilized. Disposal of emulsion by the landfill
method includes the absorption of the oil phase onto aluminum hydroxide and
the placement of the oil floe/water mixture in earth pits having a water
permeable lining. The oil is converted to a usable compost by means of
microorganistic activity or through use of activated sludge within six
months.
*Emulsions, *Separation Techniques, *0ily Water, *Burning, Landfills,
Waste Disposal, Absorption
*Flame Evaporation
070D
THE AUTOMATIC FILTER PRESS FPAKM (DIE AUOTOMATISCHE
:?ILTERPRESS FPAKM) ,
Ermakov, I. S., and Mesengisser, M. J.
Institut Urkniichimmasch, Charkov, Ukraine, SSR
Chemische Technik, Vol. 26, No. 1, p 32-33, 1974. 3 fig, 2 tab.
An automatic chamber filter press with horizontally arranged filter plates
Chat can be moved electromechanically or hydraulically up and down is described.
The endless filter band is conducted over rollers back and forth through the
filtering chambers which are formed by the filtering plates. The upper section
of the filtering plates forms the chamber for draining off the filtrate, the
lower section forms an open frame which upon closing of the filter plates forms
the chamber for formation of the filtering cake. Between upper and lower
sections of the filter plates a rubber membrane is installed for separation of
the liquid phase by water or compressed air. The operating time for opening,
cake discharge, and closing takes about one to two minutes. The application
of the chamber filter for sludge-containing industrial and communal wastewater
is being tested. In Japan as well as the Soviet Union, this filter press is
used for dewatering of sewage sludges.
*Filters, *Automation, *Sludge Treatment, Sewage Sludge, Application Methods,
Equipment
*Filter Press, *Filter Plates
264
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07 ID
REVERSE OSMOSIS AND ULTRAPILTRATION - A SURVEY OF AUXILIARY
APPARATUSES AVAILABLE IN THIS FIELD (tIMGEKEHRTE OSMOSE UNO ULTRA-
FILTRATION - EIN UEBERBLICK UEBER DIE AUF DIESEM GEBIET
VERFUBSBAREN APPARATIVEN HILFSMITTEL) ,
Murkes, J,
Firma Alfa-Laval AB, Tumba, Sweden
Chemische Technlk, Vol. 25, No. 10, p 601-603, 1973. 4 fig.
The principle of reverse osmosis is explained and a survey of the following
apparatuses for said method given: plate and frame modules, tubular modules,
spiral modules, capillary fiber modules, and ultraf iltration modules. In plate
and frame modules, round membranes are fastened to a porous supporting material
and stacked in a pressure-resistant casing. With tubular modules, membranes are
inserted into a tubular permeable supporting structures similar to the spiral
modules but with a smaller membrane surface. Capillary fiber modules are
comprised of many aromatic polyamide fibers wLth a large specific membrane
surface and whose throughput is smaller than with plane or tubular cellulose
acetate membranes.
*Reverse Osmosis, *Membrane Processes, *Surveys, Application Methods
Frame Modules, Tubular Modules, Spirial Modules, Capillary Fiber Modules,
Ultraf iltration
07 2D
BEST EFFLUENT THE GOAL,
Cotter, J. E.
Daniel, Mann, Johnson, and Mendenhall, Los Angeles
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 2, p 46-49, February, 1974.
4 fig.
The advanced control system which is being installed to aid water reuse at the
Sepulveda Water Reclamation Plant is described. The plant will provide secondary
treatment by an activated sludge process. In addition, the effluent from the
final settling tanks will be passed through filter beds for final polishing in
order to make it suitable for its end use. Raw sewage in amounts up to 40 mgd
will enter the headworks of the plant through screw pump lift stations. The
plant will have a distinctive control system Jn that almost all control outputs
will be derived from direct digital control logic supplied by a central computer
system. In addition, all inputs and outputs to the process will be multiplexed
remotely in the field and transmitted in serieal digital form to the computer
center over a common communications cable.
*Effluent, Automatic control, *Water Reuse, *Water Treatment, *Waste Water
Activated Sludge, Sewage, Facilities, Filters, Computers, Instrumentation,
Engineering, *Waste Water Treatment
* Plant Design
265
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073D
RIPPON SQUASHES CENTRAL WASTE TREATMENT PRECEDENT,
Shwer, M.
Surveyor, Vol. 143, No. 4263, p 10, February, 1974.
A decision regarding the site of a chemical waste treatment plant near
Birmingham, England is discussed. Environment Minister Geoffrey Rippon refused
the site because local residents put up a strong opposition to a waste treatment
plant on the grounds they had suffered from previous industrial development.
The proposed plant was to have handled up to 10 tons of solids and 45,000
gallons of concentrated aqueous wastes per week by chemical treatment. A
further two tons of both liquid and solid wastes were to have been incinerated
per hour, adding up to 350 tons per week incinerated. This last figure is the
equivalent of 80,000 gallons a day of solvents. The chemical plant effluent
would have been about 10-20,000 gallons per day, and residues were expected
to amount to some 20 tons per week from chemical treatment and 60-70 tons
per week from incineration.
^Administrative Decisions, *Chemical Wastes, *Waste Disposal, Sites, Waste
Treatment, *Waste water treatment
Great Britain
074D
AUTOMATIC PROCESS CONTROL OF SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS,
Casling, R. H.
Bolivar Treatment Works, South Australia
PACE, Vol. 26, No. 12, p 14-19, December, 1973. 7 fig.
The sewage treatment processes employed in the new major plants to be found in
the principal cities of Australia are described including the steps being taken
t:o instrument and control them. Such plants, designed to process the sewage
from populations in excess of 50,000 people can be economically instrumented
and automated. Conventional sewage treatment is a combination of mechanical,
physical, and biological processes. The intimate contact between the oxygen
and sewage which is the essential part of secondary treatment is achieved in
one of two ways. In activated sludge plants, the air is provided by air com-
pressors with capacities of thousands of cubic feet of air per minute at
pressures of approximately 6-8 Ib/sq in. In filter plants, the settle sewage
is distributed over thick beds of stone of graded size by some type of
distributor fitted with spreading nozzles. The process parameters measured
and used in treatment works can be classified as those concerned with
physical quantities and those termed fluid characteristics as dissolved oxygen
level, suspended solids, and BODS. Automatic controls are used which havee
reduced the operating costs at the major treatment works while giving a standard
of control which is closer to the optimum than can be achieved by manual
neans.
^Sewage Treatment, *Automatic Control, Activated Sludge, Filtration, *Sewage
Disposal, Operating Costs, Instrumentation, Aeration, *Wastewater Treatment
^Australia
266
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07 5D
ALL COSTS MUST BE COUNTED.. .,
Kalinske, A. A.
Camp Dresser and McKee, Boston, Mass.
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 49-51, March, 1974. 2 fig.
The determination of the costs of sludge and sidestreams is discussed. Often
these costs are not properly identified, especially when relatively polluted
streams are recycled. Recycling can significantly affect the loading on the
process generating the stream and other processes, both directly and indirectly,
To ensure that all pertinent costs are recognized, design engineers should
consider the use of a complete flow diagram which quantitatively identifies
all the recycled streams. By analyzing overall costs according to this scheme,
it is possible to determine proper loadings, under equilibrium conditions, on
various processes and equipment in the treatment plant. The analysis involve
mass balance and a knowledge of the biological, physical, and chemical conversion
processes.
*Waste Water Treatment, *Costs, *Sludge, *Engineering, Sludge Treatment,
Costs Analysis, Recycling
07 6D
DISINFECTION OF WATER USING CHLORINE DIOXIDE,
Malpas, J. F.
Wallace and Tiernan, Ltd.
The Journal of the Society for Water Treatment and Examinations, Vol. 22, No. 3,
p 209-221, 1973. 1 tab, 14 ref.
The use of chlorine dioxide for the disinfection of water is discussed. Although
chlorine dioxide is widely used as a water treatment chemical for the specific
purpose of taste removal, it is not generally thought of as an alternative to
chlorine for disinfection. It is pound for pound far more expensive than chlorine,
yet does not appear to have outstanding germicidal properties. There does appear
to be three areas in which chlorine dioxide could be used advantageously as an
disinfectant: firstly, in the potable water field, where abstraction from
rivers high in ammonia makes break point chlorination impossible, or difficult;
secondly, for the disinfection of sewage effluents; and lastly, in swimming
pools because chlorine dioxide reportedly does not cause eye irritation.
*Dislnf ection, Sewage Treatment, *Swimming Pools, Potable Water, Water Purification,
*Waste Water Treatment
*Chlorine dioxide. Great Britain
267
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07 7D
NEW TERTIARY SEWAGE PROCESS NEEDS NO CHLORINE TO DISINFECT,
Engineering News-Record, Vol. 192, No. 8, p 23, February 21, 1974.
A tertiary wastewater treatment process was developed that combines ultrahigh
frequency sound with ozone and could replace chlorlnation for disinfection.
Chlorine leaves a toxic residue that can be harmful to aquatic life. The cost
of an entire 1 mgd physical/chemical plant using the process would be competitive
with an activated sludge plant the same size. It would be feasible to expand
the process for use on plants in the 50 mgd range. The process kills most
viruses within 15 sec, as compared to 1-2 min when using ozone alone. Currently,
a 27,000 gpd pilot plant is in operation, with plans for a 600,000 gpd sonozone
plant.
*Tertiary Treatment, *Disinfection, *Waste Water Treatment, Water Purification,
Ozone, Ultrasonics, Aquatic Microorganisms
*Ultrahigh Frequency Sound
07 8D
COUNTERCURRENT WASHING TURNS THE TIDE AGAINST RISING EFFLUENT
COSTS,
Pier son, H. G. W.
Pier son and Co., Ltd., Manchester, England
Progress Engineering, p 47, February, 1974. 2 fig.
The use of countercurrent washing to reduce the volume of effluent by half and
so reduce treatment cost is discussed. The countercurrent washing process
is illustrated for a long slab like filter cake. The filter cake travels from
left to right while the successive washes are piped the other way. Each of
the three portions of the cake is washed three times. At each washing the
filter cake has a higher concentration of soluble solids than the wash water
and so the concentration of impurities in the cake is decreased at every
washing. A 1% level of impurities can be obtained in a three stage counter-
current washing compared to a four stage countercurrent washing process.
*Cleaning, *Filtration, Effluents, Treatment, Costs, *Waste water treatment
*Great Britain, Countercurrent Washing
263
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07 9D
THOSE NASTY PHOSPHATIC CLAY PONDS,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 4, p 312-313, Aprtl, 1974.
2 fig.
Methods of dewatering phosphate slimes are discussed. There are about 40,000
acres of active and inactive settling areas of phosphate slimes that are
surrounded by over 300 miles of earth dams. Since 1942, some 20 dam failures
occurred, releasing large amounts of phosphate slimes, and seriously, although
temporarily, polluting surrounding waters. Two dewatering methods are deemed
technically feasible and economically promising. One is mixing with tailings
sand, and the other is chemical flocculation together with coagulation with
tailings sand. Other possible feasible methods include filtering and the use
of a cross flow fluid bed dryer. The possibility of utilizing the slime is also
being explored in areas of fertilizers, bricks, and sewer pipes.
*Phosphates, *Slime, *Dewatering, Flocculation, Coagulation, Dryers, Economics,
Feasibility, Sands, Flocculation, Filtration
080D
THE PROS AND CONS OF AUTOMATED FILTERS,
Froman, C. A., Jr.
Gary-Hobart Corp., Gary, Ind.
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 43-44, 48, March, 1974. 1 tab.
The advantages and disadvantages of automated filters are discussed. An
automated filter is defined as a filter with numerous automated features and is
run without an operator who routinely inspects the filter during operation and
is not in attendance during the backwashing function. Some common problems
that have been associated with filter plant operations are filter bed clogging,
cracks in filter bed, air binding, gravel shifting and sand boils, and loss of
filter media. Some of these problems could be avoided if an operator were in
attendance, therefore, the biggest disadvantage of automated filters is the
loss of direct operator observation and control of process. Other disadvantages
include the investment required, high maintenance costs and depreciation.
Advantages include economy in operation and maintenance consistency of opera-
tion. One plant estimates its total annual savings at $17,500.
*Filtration, *Economics, Water Treatment, Filters, Automation, Operation and
Maintenance, *Maintenance Costs, *Wastewater Treatment
269
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08 ID
AUTOMATION COMES TO L.A.,
Flanagan, M. J. and Jones, G. M.
Brown and Caldwell, San Francisco, Calif.
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 2, p 41-46, February, 1974. 7 fig.
An expandable automated control system which will permit the addition of improved
processing techniques as they become available is being installed in a Los
Angeles waste water plant. The Hyperion sewage treatment plant provides primary
treatment for an average dry weather flow of 420 mgd and a peak wet weather
flow of 720 mgd. Secondary treatment by the activated sludge process is provided
to a constant flow of 100 mgd. Under dry weather flow conditions, primary and
secondary effluent are mixed and discharged to Santa Monica Bay through a 5 mi
long outfall. When excessive wet weather flows impose too great a load on the
5 mi conduit, effluent from the activated sludge process is discharged through
the plant's original 1 mi outfall. Solids from the treatment process are
discharged through a 7 mi outfall after reduction by the anaerobic digestion
process.
^Automatic Control, *Waste water Treatment, Facilities, *Sewage Treatment,
Activated Sludge, Effluents, Computers, Digestion
082D
PRIMARY SLUDGES PRODUCED BY THE ADDITION OF LIME TO RAW WASTE
HATER,
Mlnton, G. R. and Carlson, D. A.
Washington University, Seattle, Wash.
Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 12, p 1821-1947, 1973. 10 fig, 8 tab, 45 ref.
Information compiled on the primary sludge produced by the addition of lime
to the raw waste water is summarized. The removal of moisture content of
primary sludges containing lime will vary significantly with the waste water
hardness/alkalinity, insolubilization, pH, and possibly the phosphorus
concentration. The recommended minimum insolubilization pHs to ensure satisfactory
thickening, vacuum filtration, sand bed drying, and centrifuging are tabulated.
The minimum insolubilization pH required for satisfactory clarification cor-
responds to the minimum insolubilization pH for satisfactory removal of sludge
moisture content with the possible exception of vacuum filtration. The degree
to which the capacity and/or operating hours of the existing moisture removal
processes must be increased to handle the new sludge will depend upon the
aforementioned waste parameters and the existing operating characteristics,
solids contents, and loading rates of the facility, Lime will significantly
alter the quantity, composition, and quality of the solids and sludges produced
by the treatment process.
*Sludge, Waste Water, *Lime, Hydrogen Ion Concentration, *Waste Treatment,
Water Purification, Activated Sludge, Dewatering, Review, *Waste Water
Treatment
270
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083D
SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL,
Water and Water Engineering, Vol. 77, No. 934, p 495-498, December, 1973.
2 fig.
New sewage treatment and disposal facilities and projects are summarized.
A water management study on treating sewage at Melbourne is being conducted.
New sewers are being proposed for Banstead UDC and Bedworth UDC. Four
automatic pumps were installed at the Faversham Sewage Works. New facilities
have opened at the Isle of Sheppey, Northallerton RDC, Village, Rugby Newbold,
Spalding RDC, Stokesley RDC, Winchester RDC, and Zambia. In the United States,
the Rosemont Treatment plant is being evaluated by the Environmental Protection
Agency. A recent ruling made it unlawful to prohibit the discharge of sink
waste from boats on streams in the area of the Lancashire River Authority.
An important water management scheme is being developed in Greece to control
the irrigation of local farmland. A flood relief scheme is being planned
for South West Bristol.
Facilities, *Sewage Treatment, *Waste Water Treatment, Water Management
(Applied), Waste Disposal, Irrigation Systems, Flood Damage, Boating
*Flood Relief, *Great Britain, *Greece
084D
LETCHWORTH WATER POLLUTION CONTROL WORKS,
Taylor, E.
The Public Health Engineer, No. 7, p 21-34, January, 1974. 1 fig, 8 tab.
The extension of the Letchworth Water Pollution Control Works to a 4-5 mgd
facility based on the diffused air activated sludge process is described. The
numbers, dimension, and capacities of the following individual units are
tabulated: inlet works, sedimentation tanks, aeration tanks, final settlement
tanks, sludge pumps, sludge digestion tanks, sludge filter presses, biological
filter beds, scavenge pumping stations, the administration building and com-
pressor house, and tank washout and washdown facilities. The construction costs
of the extension are tabulated and total about $3 million.
*Facilities, *Water Pollution Control, *Costs Activated Sludge, Intakes,
Sedimentation, Separation Techniques, Sludge Digestion, Sludge Disposal,
Sludge Treatment, Filters, Filtration, Waste Water Treatment, Pumps, Pumping
Plants, Equipment
Great Britain, *Letchworth, England
271
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085D
PLANT EXPANDED FOR ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT,
McDuff, D. P. and Ward, D. B.
URS Forrest and Cotton, Inc., Dallas, Texas
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 3, p 56-59, March, 1974. 4 fig.
The expansion of the sewage treatment facility at Garland, Texas is described.
It will feature a new and innovative treatment unit in parallel with an existing
trickling filter plant in order to meet the demand for high quality waste
effluent. The plant is designed to increase the capacity from 7.5 to 30 mgd
and to provide treatment objectives of reducing both BOD and suspended solids
to a concentration of less than 10 mg/liter. The proposed additional treatment
processes at the existing plant include: equalization and aeration, pretreatment,
chemical clarification, recarbonation, filtration, carbon adsorption, dis-
infection, sludge dewatering, and scum disposal.
*Sewage Treatment, *Facillties, *Trickling Filters, *Water Quality,
Pre-Treatment (Water), Filtration, Aeration, Adsorption, Disinfection
Sludge Treatment, Dewatering, Waste Water Treatment, Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
Suspended Solids, Water Purification, Scum
Recarbonation
08 6D
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL BY MAGNETIC FILTRATION,
Bitton, G., Mitchell, R., Latour, C. de, and Maxwell, E.
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Division of
Engineering and Applied Physics
Water Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, p 107-109, 1974. 2 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
The removal of phosphate from natural water by magnetic separation was inves-
tigated under carefully controlled conditions. Water from the Charles River,
Boston, was sampled at three different locations and was treated by magnetic
filtration to reduce its phosphate content. The removal of phosphorus approached
the 90 percent level in the three locations. The suspended solid content and
the color of the Charles River samples were reduced significantly. The efflu-
ents obtained by magnetic filtration were all very clear and did not contain
any trace of montmorillonite. It is concluded that magnetic filtration is a
rapid process that requires only a few minutes retention after the addition of
magnetite, alumn, and clay to the water samples. The process could be used as
an alternative to settling tanks in the tertiary treatment of wastes.
*Phosphates, Investigations, *Filtration, Sampling, Color, *Rlvers, *Separa-
tion Techniques, Suspended Solids, Tertiary Treatment, Clays, Montmorillonite,
Effluents
*Charles River, Magnetic Separation, Magnetite, Alum
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087D
DIRECT FILTRATION: AN ECONOMIC ANSWER TO A CITY'S WATER
NEEDS,
Sweeney, G. E., and Prendiville, P. W.
Municipal Water Works, Springfield, Mass., Water Dept.
Journal of American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 2, P 65-71, February,
1974. 4 fig.
The history of the Springfield, Mass., water system and the background of
engineering investigations are descirbed. The first community water supply in
the city was developed in 1848. The city took over operations in 1872, and the
reservoir had a yield of 10 mgd. The total average daily water consumption
increased from 17 mgd in 1940 to 41 mgd in 1971. Currently about 33% of the
supply is used by industry. An engineering report of 1970 recommended the im-
mediate construction of a 60 mgd direct filtration plant, to be operated in
conjunction with the slow sand filters. It was also recommended that the new
facilities be designed to facilitate expansion of the plant to an ultimate capa-
city of 180 mgd. The report set a reasonable budget and schedule for the pro-
ject. The plant is scheduled to go into operation in early 1974. The construc-
tion cost of the direct filtration facilities is now estimated at about $88,000/
mil gal of capacity, considerably lower than expected for a plant of this
size.
*Municipal Water, *Filtration, *Waste Water Treatment, Facilities, Water Works,
History
*Springfield (Mass.)
088D
RESEARCH ROUND UP,
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 13, No. 12, p 791-792, December,
1973, 1 fig.
Current research in waste and water treatment is summarized. Studies on the
kinetics of packed bed denitrification at the University of California con-
cluded that the denitrification process can be operated near the maximum unit
removal rate and still obtain acceptable nitrogen conversion, regardless of
the reactor configuration. A bacterial mutant was isolated at the Canadian
Centre for Inland Waters from waste water after ultraviolet mutagenisation and
penicillin selection and was shown to have higher affinity for nitroiltriacetic
acid using concentrations up to 2.5 percent as sole carbon, nitrogen, and
energy source over a wide temperature and pH range, without acclimatization.
At the National Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati, pilot-plant ex-
periments on the effect of waterworks sludge on the activated sludge process
show there are no adverse effects. The Central Public Health Engineering
Research Institute at Hagpur successfully substituted bituminous coal for an-
thracite for use with sand for dual media filtration. A pressure and flow con-
trol pump manufactured by the Etruscan Engineering Co., Ltd. for use on appli-
cations involving sludges and sluries was developed.
*Waste Water, *Water Treatment, *Denitrification, Nitrogen, Packed Beds,
Nitrilotriacetic Acid, Investigations, Bacteria, Sludge, Activated Sludge,
Sand, Filtration, Coals, Sluries
England, India, Canada, Mutants
273
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089D
TURNKEY CONTRACTS FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS?,
Pinnell, S.
Civil Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 44, No. 1, p 86, January, 1974.
The disadvantages of turnkey contracting procedures for sewage treatment plants
are summarized. Conventional contracting can provide better organization of
pollution control efforts. The direct costs of turnkey contracting will normally
be substantially higher than conventional contracting. Turnkey contracting does
not generally result in design innovation unless special provisions are written
into the design construction contract. Turnkey contracts would tend to limit
competition to large design constructors. This restriction is too serious to
justify the use of turnkey contracting in public works, especially when other
contractual arrangements or improvements in conventional contracting could
produce similar time reduction and at less cost.
Contracts, Sewage, Facilities, Costs, Utilities
Turnkey Contracts
090D
CITY OF BRADFORD WATER DEPARTMENT CHELLOW HEIGHTS TREAT-
MENT PLANT,
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 16, No. 11, p 21-22, November, 1973, 3 fig.
The Chellow Heights water treatment plant is discussed. A filter building was
constructed to replace, with a higher capacity, the existing outmoded filters,
and the provision of a precipitation tank to increase existing precipitation
capacity. Maximum throughput was designed to be 40 mgd (1.60 cu m/sec).
A covered service water reservoir is currently under construction and has a
capacity of 140,000 cu m (30.8 mg). It is based on the prime elements of a
reinforced concrete walls, reinforced concrete columns, and a reinforced con-
crete roof.
*Water Treatment, *Filtration, *Reservoirs
Great Britain
274
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09 ID
HERE AND THERE,
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, p 751-752, December, 1973.
Research and newsbriefs on effluent and water treatment throughout the world
are summarized. The question whether industry should use public sewers or
provide its own treatment plants is being debated. There is renewed interest
in the United States in the use of land as a means of disposing of sewage.
The growth of the use of synthetic polymers in the dewatering of sludges il-
lustrates that it takes a long time to prove the worth of chemicals that are
gradually replacing those inorganic chemicals as precipitants and flocculants
that greatly increase the amount of sludge to be handled. A consultant group
convened by the WHO International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply
recommends that polyelectrolytes should be employed in the purification of water
for public supply only after careful consideration of possible toxic hazards.
The Water Research Association and the Testing and Research Institute of the
Netherlands Water Undertakings will hold a conference to discuss improvements
in techniques for the distribution of drinking water.
*Effluents, *Water Treatment, Industrial Wastes, *Sewage Disposal, Land Use,
Sludges, Dewatering, Organizations, Polymers, Polyelectrolytes, Flocculation,
Water Purification, Potable Water, Water Resources
*Great Britain
092D
DEEP-BED FILTRATION,
Jung, H., and Savage, E. S.
BAMAG Verfahrenstechnik GmgH, Butzbach, Germany
Journal of American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 2, p 73-78, February,
1974. 10 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
The advantages and disadvantages of deep bed filters which are utilized in
Europe and other parts of the world are illustrated. Their chief advantage is
their high specific loading. They make possible long filter runs and more fin-
ished water per wash than do shallower systems. They need less backwash water
than do other systems. In some cases pretreatment can be reduced or elimina-
ted. A disadvantage of deep bed systems is that deeper filter vessels are re-
quired which may preclude using such a system. In general, the trend is toward
the deeper vessels because they avoid negative head loss in the filters at the
end of each cycle. With deep beds and air water backwash, coarse media and low
head loss filter bottoms may be used. The overall head loss is no more than
generally experienced with shallower filters and in many cases may be less.
Special consideration should be given to deep bed systems for process and po-
table water filtration when filter optimization is desired or the quantity of
backwash water generated must be held to a minimum.
*Design Standards, *Filtration, Filters, Potable Water, Water Treatment
*Germany, Deep Bed Filters, Backwash
275
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09 3D
DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN POLLUTION-FREE PROCESSES,
Chemical Economy and Engineering Review, Vol. 5, No, 67, p 59-60, November,
1973. 2 tab.
The development of closed systems of production in Japan as a method of pollu-
tion control is discussed. Central to this system is the recycling of materials
used in the production process. According to a survey made by the Agency of
Industrial Science and Technology, the process accounts for 31.9% of pollution
abatement devices now being developed. The share is likely to increase to
42.5% five years later. There are plans to recover urban sewage as industrial
water or to utilize gypsum by-produced from the desulfurization of flue gas. The
closed system is designed to prevent secondary and tertiary pollution. As
such it is part of a comprehensive system of pollution control. Efforts to
clean the environment also involve attempts to change the sources of heat and
some of the raw materials and, more importantly, to change the nation's indus-
trial structure.
*Recycling, Industrial Production, *Pollution Abatement, Sewage, Water Reuse.
Japan
094D
TALE OF TWIN CITIES CUTTING THE HIGH COSTS OF POLLUTION
CONTROL,
Instrumentation, Vol. 27, No. 1, p 12-15, 1974, 5 fig.
The centralized waste water treatment facility of the Twin Cities area in Min-
nesota is described. It serves a 3000 sq mile area with a population of over
2 million people and a commercial/industrial population equivalent to an addi-
tional million persons. The plant is completely integrated, meaning that its
processes include secondary as well as primary treatment, sludge incineration,
and chlorination of the effluent prior to discharge into the Mississippi River.
Average flow capacity through the plant today is 218 mgd. A major expansion
program over the next five years will boost this to 290 mgd in a first step,
with a potential flow capacity of 350 mgd in the long range future.
*Waste Water, *Water treatment, *Facilities, *Sewage Treatment, Aeration,
Sludge Disposal, Incineration, Effluents, Chlorination, Flow
Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, Mineapolis, Minnesota
276
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095D
MID CALDER WATER BOARD OPENS TWO NEW TREATMENT WORKS,
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 935, p 22-24, January, 1974.
Two new water treatment plants with a total capacity of 9 mgd have been opened
by the Mid Calder Water Board, England. The plants employ sodium hydroxide,
ferrous sulfate, and chlorine for conditioning of raw water, followed by
clarification using sludge blanket tanks, and final processing by rapid
gravity filtration. Dirty water after backwashing is delivered to the waste
water recovery plant.
*Water treatment, *Treatment facilities, *Coagulation, *Filtration, Chemicals,
Waste water treatment
Great Britain
096D
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF SEWAGE FROM SMALL
COMMUNITIES,
Department of the Environment Notes on Water Pollution, No. 60, p 1-4,
March, 1973. 14 ref.
The treatment of sewage from small communities is discussed and recent
developments are described. Many of the problems of small treatment plants
relate directly to the fact that small plants can normally provide little
supervision or maintenance and privately owned plants are especially liable
to serious neglect. Before 1960, there was essentially only a combination
of septic tanks and percolating filters for treating sewage from small
communities. During the last decade a variety of modified activated sludge
systems has been actively developed particularly for small scale use. Three
forms of plant have evolved: extended aeration, contact stabilization, and
the oxidation ditch. Purification plants using rotary disc biological
contactors have recently been introduced into the United Kingdom. Extended
filtration and submerged bed aeration plants have been commercially developed
to a small scale as small package plants. The main developments in effluent
polishing for small systems have been with the simplest systems: grass
plots, upward flow clarifiers; and slow sand filters. The use of separate
aerobic digestion plants to stabilize raw or septic tank sludge at central
collection works has overcome the problem of sludge disposal.
*Sewage treatment, *Treatment plants, *Rural areas, Maintenance, Septic tanks,
Percolation, Activated sludge, Aeration, Stabilization, Oxidation lagoons,
Biological treatment, Filtration, Effluents, Suspended solids, Filters,
Digestion tanks, Sludge disposal
United Kingdom
277
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09 7D
WASTEWATER SYSTEM ALTERNATES: WHAT ARE THEY. . .AND WHAT
COST?
Monti, R. P. and Silbermann, P. T.
Anderson Nichols and Company, Boston, Massachusetts,
Environmental Sciences Division
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 4, p 36-40, April, 1974.
5 fig, 1 tab.
Alternatives to conventional secondary waste water treatment that will meet
the best possible practical treatment requirements of 1983 are discussed.
Because the Federal requirements are not entirely clear on BOD, ammonia,
and suspended solids, an additional treatment step is proposed. If land is
available, the least costly treatment may be a polishing pond. If no land is
available, rapid sand filtration columns could be used. A microstraining
device could remove additional suspended solids and their associated BOD
from treatment plant effluents. The most economical method of ammonia removal
is single stage nitrification. This biological process converts ammonia to
nitrates in an aeration tank. The most troublesome of the pollutants is
nitrate which has a maximum allowable groundwater limit of 10 mg/liter. If
ground disposal is chosen, the most reasonable type of denitrification process
would be a packed column reactor added after conventional treatment and using
methanol addition as a source of carbon for the denitrifying organisms. In
the case of land disposal, there are three basic techniques for surface
application of waste water effluent to the land: spray irrigation, overland
runoff, and rapid infiltration.
*Waste water treatment, *Alternate planning, Ammonia, Suspended solids,
BOD, Waste disposal, Filtration, Filters, Nitrification, Nitrates,
Denitrification, Effluents, Infiltration, Irrigation, Runoff
Polishing pond, Microstraining device
098D
USE OF LIME FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL,
Le Clair, B. P., and Ladouceur, E.
Wastewater Technology Centre, Canada Centre for
Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great
Lakes Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 15 p, 6 fig, 3 tab, 7 ref.
Process design information and operating experience on the use of lime,
including the direct use of dry unslaked lime for phosphorus removal, are
summarized. Of the three methods demonstrated at full scale, the method in-
volving dry hydrated lime storage in a silo and batch continuous slurry make-
up is preferred. Approximately 25 percent chemical cost saving should be
realized with the method as well as fewer operating difficulties.
*Lime, *Design criteria, *0peration and maintenance, *Cost comparisons,
Waste water treatment, Chemical precipitation
*Phosphorus removal
278
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099D
ACTIVATED SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION AND SETTLING,
Zaloum, R.
Environmental Protection Service
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great
Lakes Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 15 p, 6 fig, 6 ref.
This study is a portion of a sludge dewatering and reduction project aimed
at the characterization of sludges with respect to physical, chemical, and
biological properties and the correlation of these properties with various
process units. Some of the progress achieved in this area is presented and
discussed. The methods presently used for the determination of clarifier
areas is evaluated. Only typical results are presented as the data from all
tests yielded similar trends.
*Activated sludge, Physical properties, Chemical properties,
Biological properties, Investigations
*Sludge characterization, *Phosphorus removal
100D
A CURSORY LOOK AT THE IMPACT OF PHOSPHORUS LADEN SLUDGES ON
CONVERSION PROCESSES,
Villiers, R. V.
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great
Lakes Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 20 p, 6 tab, 14 ref.
Conversion processes alter sludge constituents to make them inoffensive,
nonviable, or unextractable to permit reuse or return of the sludge to the
environment. Such processes include heat treatment, incineration, anaerobic
digestion, aerobic digestion, chlorination, or lime treatment. All processes
are temperature and pH dependent; sensitive to change in loading, time, and
mixing; sensitive to change in air and food supply; and concerned with organic
matter destruction or stabilization. Cause-effect relationships between
the process and phosphorus-sludge are predicted by relating the following
three categorizations to the various conversion processes. The categorizations
are: changes in sludge characteristics; process operating parameters; and,
changes in sludge components during conversion.
*Sludge treatment, *Heat treatment, *Incineration, *Anaerobic digestion,
*Aerobic treatment, *Chlorination, *Lime, *Phosphorus, Temperature, Hydrogen
ion concentration, Mixing, time, Organic matter, Operations
*Phosphorus removal, *Sludge characteristics, Loading
279
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10 ID
LAND APPLICATION OF PROCESSED ORGANIC WASTES,
Wood, G. M.
Ministry of the Environment, Waste Management
Branch, 880 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on
Great Lakes Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 29 p 2 tab.
Under the authority of the recent amendments to REGULATION 824 of the REVISED
.REGULATIONS OF ONTARIO, 1970, the Ministry of the Environment is undertaking
the certification of haulers, organic waste management systems, and
organic soil conditioning sites for the disposal of processed organic waste.
According to the amendment, "No person shall use, operate, establish, alter,
enlarge, or extend a waste management system or a waste disposal site" unless
governmental approval has been received. Standards for the location, main-
tenance, and operation of an organic soil conditioning site which include such
topics as site location, land characteristics, site management, and sludge
application rates are discussed.
*Regulation, *Governments, *0rganic wastes, *Waste disposal, *Waste treatment,
*Soil disposal fields, Soil engineering, Sites
*Phosphorus removal
102D
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL COSTS,
Powell, G., and Crawford, P.
Gore & Storrie Limited
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great
Lakes Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 38 p, 9 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
A significant factor to phosphorus removal costs pertaining to waste water
plants is the designer's familiarity with the effect of the phosphorus removal
chemicals on the treatment processes. Insufficient data is presently available
for accurate costs on phosphorus sludge disposal and the effect of lime on the
biological treatment at elevated hydrogen ion concentrations. As effluent
standards are made more stringent to safeguard waters, treatment costs will
increase. Thus, with higher and more sophisticated degrees of treatment,
a better understanding of the operation and the economics of the treatment
processes involved will result.
*Costs, *Economic efficiency, *Waste water treatment, Lime, Sludge disposal,
Data collections, Water quality control, Effluents, Treatment facilities,
Chemical precipitation
*Phosphorus removal
280
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103D
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL ON SECONDARY EFFLUENTS,
Shannon, E. E.
Wastewater Technology Centre,
Environmental Protection Service
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great
Lakes Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 16 p, 7 fig, 30 ref.
Phosphorus precipitation by chemical addition to the secondary effluent requires
the addition of separate equipment onto the existing facility and reduces the
effluent total phosphorus levels in the order of .1 to .5 mg/liter and reduces
the BOD to less than 10. Some alternatives for post-precipitation are depicted,
with the individual components being flash mixing, flocculation, and clarifi-
cation, or the three combined in a reactor clarifier, pH adjustment, and fil-
tration. Design aspects of the various stages in post precipitation are
discussed.
*Chemical precipitation, *Phosphorus, Equipment, Biochemical oxygen demand,
Mixing, Flocculation, Hydrogen ion concentration, Filtration
*Phosphorus removal, Clarification
104D
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION FOR BIOLOGICAL AND POSTBIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT,
Norman, J. D.
Pollutech Pollution Advisory Services, Limited
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes
Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 14 p, 6 fig.
Chemical precipitation at full-scale treatment plants in several plants in
Ontario, Canada has been observed. Comments are made on some of the factors
(chemical choice, point and rate of application, control of chemical feed,
and the effect of plant operation) affecting the performance of chemical pre-
cipitation processes and the effect or lack of effect of several variables
tested. Conclusions resulting from this investigation suggest the following:
chemical solutions are not difficult to obtain, the jar testing procedure
is consistent for a given waste, equipment for chemical application is inexpen-
sive and portable, systems should also provide improved effluent quality, and
system optimization requires a longer testing period than eight weeks.
*Chemical precipitation, *0n-site testing, *Treatment facilities, *Performance,
Equipment, Effluents, Optimization, Efficiencies, Canada
*Phosphorus removal
281
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105D
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY CHEMICAL ADDITION USING PRIMARY
TREATMENT,
Wilkes, A.
James F. MacLaren Limited
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes
Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 17 p, 1 fig.
Phosphorus removal by chemical addition ahead of primary clarification is a
vaiable technique for controlling phosphorus discharges at sewage treatment
plants. For the purposes of this study, primary treatment for phosphorus
removal is defined in terms of the point of addition of chemical. The types
of phosphorus compounds present in sewage such as ortho-phosphates, polyphos-
phates, and organic phosphates are discussed. The mechanism of phosphorus removal
which includes precipitation of phosphorus compounds, chemical reactions,
and solids flocculation, together with practical considerations and experience
are mentioned.
*Chemical precipitation, *Sewage treatment, *Phosphates, Chemical reactions,
Flocculation, Methodology
*Phosphorus removal
106D
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN ONTARIO,
Van Fleet, G. L.
Ministry of the Environment, Sanitary Engineering
Branch, 135 St. Clair Avenue, West, Toronto M3V1P5,
Ontario, Canada
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great
Lakes Water Quality, May 28, 29, 1973. 25 p, 1 fig, 6 ref.
The integration of chemical treatment into existing waste water treatment plants
in Ontario has necessitated thy development of a research methodology capable
of providing in a very short time period sufficient design information to
successfully implement the Province's phosphorus removal program. This metho-
dology has involved both treatability studies and intensive research investi-
gations. The treatability studies are proceeding at all waste water treatment
plants requiring phosphorus removal and it is expected that the resultant data
will contribute to the design of the most efficient and economical chemical
process for each particular plant within the required timing. Research and
demonstration projects have made it possible to demand permanent facilities to
meet the required percent phosphorus removal or effluent quality criteria.
Continuing investigations will produce more accurate information on sludge hand-
ling and disposal and will improve upon existing waste water treatment tech-
nology.
*Research and development, *Waste water treatment, *Treatment facilities,
*Methodology, Data collections, Design criteria, Economics, Efficiencies,
Chemical precipitation, Canada
*Phosphorus removal
282
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10 7D
GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING TREATABILITY STUDIES FOR PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL AT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS,
Rupke, J. W. G., and Van Fleet, G. L.
Ministry of the Environment,
135 St. Clair Avenue,
West, Suite 400, Toronto M4V1P5, Ontario, Canada
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great
Lakes Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 24 p, 1 fig, 2 tab.
An information brief for consulting engineers and municipal officials as well as
a supplement to GUIDELINES FOR INITIATING TREATABILITY studies is given. These
guidelines are designed to assist personnel involved in carrying out phosphorus
removal treatability studies in determining the most efficient and economical
means to implement phosphorus removal through chemical addition at existing
waste water treatment plants. The methodology, which includes both jar testing
and pilot study phases, allows the prediction of the prime coagulant best
suited for phosphorus removal at any particular treatment facility and a
determination of whether the chemical used has any affect on the existing
waste water treatment process, facilities, method of sludge treatment, and
subsequent sludge disposal practices. The choice of chemical is limited to
the process most compatible with sewage characteristics and the existing
facilities, taking into account the physical layout of the plant and the
delivered cost and availability of the particular chemical.
*Waste water treatment, *Treatment facilities, Investigations, Coagulation,
Chemical treatment, Pilot plants, Methodology, Sludge disposal, Sludge
treatment
*Phosphorus removal, Investigation guidelines
108D
THICKENING AND DEWATERING SLUDGES PRODUCED IN PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL,
Knight, C. H., Mondoux, R. G., and Hambley, B.
Canadian EVT Limited
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great
Lakes Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 17 p, 4 fig, 7 ref.
The effect of adding 80 percent phosphate removal facilities on the
capacity and efficiency of dewatering processes is examined. Material and
water balances and average capacity figures are developed for the various
dewatering processes and different chemical additions. It is noted that
no two sludges are alike and that bench scale and plant scale tests are
desirable to confirm critical design conditions. The various treatment methods
studied include gravity thickening, flotation thickening, nozzle discharge
disc centrifuge thickening, vacuum filtration, and conveyor type centrifuge
dewatering.
*Treatment facilities, *Efficiencies, *Dewatering, *Sludge treatment,
*Chemical precipitation, Water balance
*Phosphorus removal, *Sludge thickening, *Treatment methods
283
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109D
INSTRUMENTATION AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
PROCESS,
Daniels, S. L.
Environmental Control Systems, The Dow Chemical
Company, 2020 Dow Center, Midland, Michigan
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes
Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 21 p, 7 fig, 1 tab, 17 ref.
Significant reductions of all phosphorus species present in municipal waste
water are technically feasible in existing treatment plants before effluents are
discharged into receiving waters. These reductions are accomplished by modify-
ing conventional precipitation and flocculation processes. Instrumentation
in both coagulation and flocculation processes has been limited to controlling
the storage and preparation of chemicals, the metering of chemical additions,
and the monitoring of influent and effluent qualities. Comparisons of typical
flocculant preparation systems, flocculant addition systems, and coagulant
addition systems for five ranges of total plant flow are summarized.
*Waste water treatment, *Phosphorus, *Chemical precipitation, *Flocculation,
Instrumentation, *Control systems, Monitoring, Measurement
*Phosphorus removal
HOD
SOME PLANT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
FACILITIES,
Aldworth, G. A.
James F. MacLaren Limited
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes
Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 19 p, 2 fig.
Described herein are areas related to detailed design for phosphorus removal
with the following topics being explored: effects of encrustation and corro-
sion; representative chemical feed systems; and, the effect of chemicals on
plant elements such as air diffusers, pumps, tanks, and piping. Emphasized
are schemes involving the storage and feeding of large amounts of chemicals
received in bulk form. A summary of guidelines for the use of lime treatment
and alum or ferric chloride treatment in phosphorus removal is included
*Design criteria, *Phosphorus, *Chemical treatment, Equipment, Corrosion,
Treatment facilities, Lime, Aluminum, Chlorides, Iron
*Phosphorus removal, Feed systems
234
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HID
DESIGN CONSIDERATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ONTARIO'S
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PROGRAMME,
Boyko, B. I., and Rupke, J. W. G.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment,
Research Branch, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes
Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 34 p 8 fig, 5 tab, 10 ref.
The predictive methodology, operational results, problem areas, and design
considerations that have resulted from the full scale phosphorus removal studies
conducted at waste water treatment facilities ranging in size from 0.05 to
24.0 mgd capacity are discussed. Also, the results of studies involving
phosphorus removal through continuous chemical addition to waste stabilization
pond systems are disclosed. The following conclusions have resulted from this
investigation: a satisfactory predictive technique was developed that allows
a rational selection of prime coagulant to be used for phosphorus removal at
a treatment facility; phosphorus removal was readily implemented with minimal
capital expenditure; satisfartory effluent quality was attained by the
activated sludge process and its modifications when phosphorus removal was
practised; increased sludge production was experienced at all systems; and,
anaerobic digestion of chemical sludges associated with phosphorus removal
was successful with no significant phosphorus release being observed.
*Waste water treatment, *Phosphorus, *0n-site testing, *Treatment facilities,
*Chemical precipitation, Coagulation Activated sludge, Effluents, Anaerobic
digestion, Sludge treatment
*Phosphorus removal
112D
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN SEASONAL RETENTION LAGOONS BY BATCH
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION,
Graham, H. J., and Hunsinger, R. B.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Research Branch,
135 St. Clair Avenue, West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great
Lakes Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 25 p, 4 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
Alum, ferric chloride, and lime have been tested as a means of phosphorus
removal in the batch chemical treatment of seasonal retention lagoons. The
required dosages were determined by jar tests, a highly reliable method in
predicting the post-treatment results in a lagoon. Lagoon discharge was usually
begun the day after treatment and continued for an average of eight days.
Both alum and ferric chloride produced a high quality effluent, low in
phosphorus and BOD. The lime application initially produced a higK quality
effluent, but deteriorated rapidly over the drawdown period.
*Aluminum, *Lime, *Chlorides, *Iron, *Testing, *Chemical precipitation,
Effluents, Phosphorus, Biochemical oxygen demand, Performance
*Phosphorus removal
285
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113D
CHLORINE RESIDUALS IN TREATED EFFLUENTS,
Snoeyink, V. L., and Markus, F. I.
Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois,
Department of Civil Engineering
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 4, p 35-38, April, 1974. 3 tab,
16 ref.
Toxicity studies on chlorine residuals in treated effluents are reviewed and
the results of a field survey is presented wherein the concentration and type
of chlorine residual present in treated effluents were determined. Chlorine
residuals in the concentration range of 1-5 mg/liter as C12 are being dis-
charged to receiving waters in central Illinois as a result of chlorination
of effluents for disinfection. The residual is predominantly monochloramine
and in most instances it is being discharged to streams which provide little
dilution. Other research has shown that chlorine residual imparts a definity
toxicity to the discharge; stream crtieria of 0.002 to 0.2 mg/liter total
chlorine residual have been recommended depending on the. type, of fish to be
protected in the receiving water and on whether the residual is continuously
or intermittently present. Dechlorination can be achieved by use of sulfur
compounds or by activated carbon. The carbon will also remove any ammonia.
*Chlorine, *Toxicity, *Effluents, *Streams, Inlet, Illinois, Chlorination,
Reviews, Ammonia, Water pollution, Water pollution sources, Water pollution
control, Activated carbon, Sulfur compounds, Investigations, Waste water
treatment
Dechlorination, Sulfur dioxide
114D
NEW ARIZONA WASTEWATER PLANT TO ALLEVIATE PROBLEMS,
Roll, E.
John S. Collins and Associates,
Tucson, Arizona
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 4, p 60, April, 1974.
The Tuscon, Arizona $1.5 million waste water reclamation plant now under con-
struction is described. The new, nearly constant flow (1,417 gpm) plant will
have automatic sampling equipment, electronic metering and control, and will
automatically record pH and chlorine residual levels. It will utilize automatic
air injection and solids control for the aeration basin. The control building
also has a small but efficient facility for on site laboratory analysis and an
equipment maintenance shop. The activated sludge biological process will be
used in handling an average flow of 1.5 mg/d and a peak of 2.0 mg/d. Influent
to the reclamation system has 180 mg/liter of suspended solids and 200 mg/liter
of biological oxygen demand. The cost of the plant is estimated at $84,293
per year of $154 per million gallons of reclaimed water produced.
*Reclaimed water, *Waste water treatment, *Treatment plant, Equipment,
Automation, Automatic control, Activated sludge, Biological treatment,
Suspended solids, Biological oxygen demand, Costs, Measurement
Flow,
Biological oxygen demand, Costs, Measurement
*Tucson, Arizona
236
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115D
TURBIDITY CONTROL BY AUTOMATIC DIVERSION,
Markalunas, J. J.
Treatment and Supply,
Aspen, Colorado
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 2, p 44-45, February, 1974.
The automatic raw water diversion system and automatic chemical dosage system
for turbidity control at the Aspen, Colorado treatment plant are described.
At times the water supply for Aspen (Castle Creek) becomes highly turbid and
high in iron content. To assure that this water does not enter the city's
reservoir, a system was devised to turn off the raw water diversion and restore
the raw water pipeline to service after the water cleared up. An intake
diversion dam on Castle Creek conducts the flow through a pipe line to a
structure where a 30 in diameter butterfly valve is located. When the valve
is closed, the flow passes over a weir and returns to the creek. When the
valve is open, the water flows on through the pipe line to the water treatment
plant some 2 miles away. This unit has an automatic alarm system that enables
the operator to maintain a chemical dosage for a limited range of turbidities
and also increases the length of filter fruns. The raw water storage reservoir
does not silt up as quickly and the net water production of the plant is
greater.
*Diversion structures, *Turbidity, *Automatic control, *Chemical treatment,
Treatment facilities, Water purification, Iron compounds, Industrial wastes,
Water
Aspen, Colorado, Turbidimeters
116D
THERMAL SLUDGE CONDITIONING IN KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN,
Swets, D. H., Pratt, L., and Metcalf, C. C.
Jones and Henry Engineers, Toledo, Ohio
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 3, p 575-581,
March, 1974. 5 fig, 5 tab.
Economic advantages of thermal sludge conditioning over chemical conditioning
are shown. Costs of operating and actual system performance indicate a close
correlation. These relate to reducing labor costs, as certain operator
training processes are no longer required. With partial oxidation as a part
of the process, a sterile end product is produced, particularly useful for
communities with diverse industrial wastes. The process of this conditioning
as well as its effects on the chemical and physical structures of waste water
sludge are explained.
*Waste water treatment, *Sludge, Cost analysis, Costs, Economics, Sewage sludge
*Thermal sludge, Chemical sludge conditioning, Labor costs
287
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117D
EVALUATION OF A ROTATING DISK WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT,
Antonie, R. L., Kluge, D. L., and Mlelke, J. H.
Autotrol Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Bio-systems
Division
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 3, p 498-511,
March, 1974. 11 fig, 4 tab, 5 ref.
After nine out of twelve months of an evaluation period, a 0.5 ragd (1.9-mil
liter/day) rotating disk municipal waste water treatment plant has been highly
successful. Capability is shown of achieving high degrees of biochemical
oxygen demand and suspended solids removal and nitrification. The variables
investigated included rotational disk velocity, hydraulic loading, and exposure
to different climatic conditions. The plant exhibited stable operation under
conditions of fluctuating hydraulic and organic loading and waste water tem-
perature. High density of sludge solids indicate significant potential savings
in treatment plant construction and operating costs.
*Waste water treatment, *Biochemical oxygen demand, *Nitrification, *0rganic
loading, *Suspended solids, Hydraulics, Sludge treatment
Waste water treatment plant, Hydraulic loading, Treatment plant construction,
Sludge solids
USD
THE BALANCE BETWEEN WASTE TREATMENT AND WASTE DISCHARGE
IN THE U.S., 1957-2000,
Wallis, I. G.
Monash University, Clayton, Australia, Department of
Mechanical Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 3, p 438-457,
March, 1974. 3 fig, 11 tab, 54 ref.
If overall river quality level is to improve, treatment efficiency must in-
crease even faster than the rate of increase of waste generation. The treat-
ment level required to maintain a constant level of waste discharge is esti-
mated for years 1970 to 2000. Two ubiquitous wastes are phosphorous wastes—
generated primarily from domestic and agricultural sources, and oxygen deman-
ding wastes—produced from industrial sources. Factors for increase in phos-
phorus wastes were population increase, growth in detergent use, expansion of
the sewerage system, and increased rural runoff of phosphoric fertilizers.
High costs of waste treatment include changing raw material input, production
process, recovering materials from the effluent, and transforming effluents into
a useful by-product. This broad analysis gives, impressions about the techno-
logical advances necessary to reduce waste discharge and hence improve water
quality, a feasible but costly process.
*Waste water treatment, *Water quality, *Phosphorus, Agrucultural wastes,
Domestic wastes, Human population, Costs, Effluents, Waste treatment, Waste
water treatment, Sewage systems, Oxygen demand
288
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119D
CONTROL OF BIOLOGICAL SOLIDS CONCENTRATION IN EXTENDED
AERATION,
Yang, P., and Gaudy, A. F.
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 3, p 543-553,
March, 1974. 10 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
A 200-day test period showed that extended aeration activated sludge process
with total sludge recycle can be operated successfully using hydrolytic assist
to control the mixed liquor biological solids concentration. Thus, the process
was made independent of natural periods of accumulation and de-accumulation
of biological solids and showed a good ability to accept shock loading. Sludge
carbohydrate and protein were within ranges indicating a metabolically active
biomass, and the unit respiration activity of the sludge (endogenous 02 uptake
values) were slightly higher than those obtained using total cell recycle with-
out hydrolytic assist. Pilot plant operation using the process is still in
progress to provide design and design and operating guidelines.
*Pilot plants, *Activated sludge, *Aeration, Recycling, Carbohydrates, Solids,
Biomass, Hydrolysis, Waste treatment
Sludge proteins, Biological solids, Hydrolytic assist
120D
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM WASTE,
Stafford, D. A.
University College, Cardiff
Effluent Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, p 73-75, 77, 79, February,
1974. 4 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
Much of the fundamental microbiology is not yet known for the organisms in-
volved in the production of methane. In order to use domestic sewage as a
source of power, research must be done to solve the practical problems of
operating a two stage hydrolysis/gas production anaerobic digesting plant.
The methane bacteria all have the reaction: 4H2 + C02 yields 2H20 + CH4,
common to different species of anaerobic organisms in degrading organic car-
bon. Discussed here are the nutrient requirements of the bacteria, practical
applications of anaerobic digestion, inhibitors of digestion gas production,
and the financial considerations and market potential for the use of these
processes.
*Methane, *Sewage treatment, *Microbiology, Domestic wastes, Costs, Decomposing
organic matter, Anaerobic bacteria, Anaerobic digestion, Organic wastes, Methane
bacteria, Biochemistry
Hydrolysis/gas production, Digester gas production
209
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121D
DIGESTION BY-PRODUCT MAY GIVE ANSWER TO ENERGY PROBLEM,
Goeppner, J., and Hasselmann, D. E.
Knoerle, Gender, Stone & Associates, Chicago, Illinois
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 4, p 30-35, April, 1974. 6 fig,
1 tab.
The methane gas which is produced during the anaerobic digestion of sludge is
discussed as a possible source of energy. The volume of methane generated in
anaerobic digestion is dependent upon the nature and volume of the wastes.
Current data indicates that 15 to 20 cubic feet of gas are produced per pound
of volatile organic material destroyed. The gas produced by fermentation con-
tains about 60-70 percent methane, carbon dioxide being the predominant
remaining constituent. It is estimated that from 100 gallons of sewage it
would be theoretically possible to obtain more than one cubic foot of combustble gas
having a heating value of 650 BTU. Construction costs of digestion
units are integral in determining economic feasibility of such an energy source.
It was found that for fuel generation alone anaerobic digestion would not
be economically possible. However, the process can be used to affect the
use of outside procured energy to operate the treatment plant. The possi-
bility of using this process with animal wastes is explored. The estimated
electrical power capacity potentially available from the wastes of 12 million
beef cattle represents >about one percent of the total U.S. capacity. Assets
of this system of energy production are ease of storage of digester gas, and
ease of transport. Anaerobic digestion facilities at existing sewage treatment
plants incorporate design features which are compatible with adoption of gas
recovery systems.
*Energy, *Methane, *Anaerobic digestion, *Sludge digestion, Sewage, Waste
treatment, Treatment methods, Waste disposal
*Energy sources
122D
OZONE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY TREATMENT LIQUID (Niji shorisui
no ozon shorl),
Goda, T., Munemiya, I., and Kawahara, 0.
Gesuido Kyokaishi, Vol. 10, No. 122, p 14-27, September, 1973. 28 fig, 2 tab,
6 ref.
Basic studies were made on various characteristics of the strong oxidation pro-
perty of ozone in tertiary treatment. Experiments were conducted on the ef-
fects of ozone oxidation on secondary treatment water (treated sewage water
from the Kyoto Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant). The procedure consisted of
sampling water for 24 consecutive hours, preparing a composite sample with
four time segment samples, filtering, ozone treatment for 5, 10, 20, and
40 minutes each, filtering by a 0.45 micron mlllipore filter, vacuum con-
centration at 39 C, gel filtering, fraction sampling, and preparation of a
composite. The total COD of the treated waste water and the pH time change
pattern were measured and presented in tables. The composition of organic
substances in the treatment water was clarified. The molecular weight dis-
tribution of less-than-0.45 micron substances and other peaks were examined.
The findings were as follows: the organic substances in treatment water gen-
erally revert to lower molecules by ozone treatment; BODS increases temporarily
and then decreases; BOD5/COD(Cr) increases as a result of decrease of COD(Cr);
these phenomena are closely related to the transformation of the molecular
weight distribution; substances of molecular weight of about 1200 mainly re-
main after an ozone treatment, and these substances are mostly susceptible to
biological degradation.
*0zone, *Waste water treatment, treatment Methods, *Sewage treatment,
Disinfection, Water purification, Water treatment
290
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123D
ODOR ELIMINATION BY OZONE (Ozon-ho ni yoru akushu jokyo),
Azuma, T.
Kankyo Sozo, Vol. 4, No. 2, p 79-84, February, 1974. 10 fig, 2 tab, 13 ref.
Ozone deodorlzation process is achieved by both oxidation and neutralization of
bad odor elements. Oxidation is enhanced by coexistence of steam, and ozone
reacts to many organic substances quickly - the reaction to inorganic sub-
stances is believed to be instantaneous. Most effectively neutralized or
decomposed odors ary mercaptans, sulfides, amines such as trimethylamine and
dimethylamine, phenol, and low class nonsaturate hydrocarbons. Ozone deodoriza-
tion is effective in emission sources which emit the above mentioned odor ele-
ments, such as sewages, Kraft pulp mills, and fishmeal processing plants. The
reaction chemical formulas are presented. Odor emission sources in the actual
environment in all cases produces complex odors, and ozone oxidation seldom
achieves complete deodorization. The process therefore is often combined with
a pre-or post-treatment system. The most common combination is with a scrubber.
The basic structure of a deodorization system comprises an aeration tank, an
ozone aeration tank, an ozonizer, and a neutralization tank with alkaline
solution. Various odors were tested by a special deodorization system com-
prising a scrubber with ozone and alkaline solution, a demister, and an
activated carbon layer. The scrubber absorbed amine and other soluble odors,
and the liquid interface achieved oxidation decomposition; activated carbon
oxidized and adsorbed sulfides and other nonsolubles, and decomposed excess
ozone. The results showed that an appropriate amount of ozone (5 ppm) could
deodorize 98.7 percent of 15 ppm triethylamine, 90-95 percent of 4.5 ppm hydro-
gen sulfide, and close to 100 percent of 3.2 ppm methylmercaptan. This system
was applied to the treatment of exhaust from the trickling filter of a sewage
treatment plant. The gas odor concentration of 400-1000 can be reduced to
8-16 by 5 ppm of ozone.
*0zone, *Sewage treatment, *Waste water treatment, *0dor, *Water pollution
effects, *Treatment methods
124D
REMOVAL OF AMMONIA-NITROGEN AND HEAVY METAL ION BY ZEOLITE
FROM SEWAGE WATER (Zeoraito ni yoru osuichu no anmoniasei chisso oyobi
jukinzoku ion no jokyo),
Sanko, S. Takahashi, H., and Kurata, Y.
Gesuido Kyokai-shi, Vol. 11, No. 616, p 2-8, January, 1974. 12 fig, 1 tab,
2 ref.
Experiments were conducted on removal of ammonia—nitrogen in sewage using various
kinds of natural and synthetic zeolites. The results on ten zeolite specimens
showed that, in general, the greater the concentration of NH3-N in sewage water,
the greater was NH3-N absorption. When the initial concentration of NH3-N was
greater than 100 mg/liter, all zeolite specimens showed a tendency to approach
the saturation adsorption point (ion exchange capacity). Ordinary urban sewages
contain about 20-40 mg/liter of NH3-N. The absorption varied from 2.5 to
7 mg/g. Tests were given to one natural zeolite, repeating the performances
by recovering activity by heating zeolite in a furnace at 600 C for 30 minutes.
The NH3-N removal rate was 53.6 percent initially with 5,000 mg/liter of new
zeolite; the rate improved to 73 percent after the first recovery treatment.
After that, the rates ranged from 30 percent to 60 percent for six consecutive
repeated tests. The results of two series of tests averaged 49.5 percent removal
rate with the adsorption quantity of 3.59 mg/g. Repeated heat recovery only
slightly decreased the removal rate. Of the ten zeolite specimens, five
natural zeolites had 28.8 percent to 50 percent of removal rates, whereas
three synthetic ones had 50 percent to 73 percent removal rates, and two had
very low rates. Cadmium ion in sewage was removed more than 90 percent with
a relatively small amount of zeolite with stirring of the liquid for 30 minutes
when concentration is about 100 mg/liter, high removal rates for copper, zinc,
and cadmium ions can be obtained.
*Waste water treatment, *Treatment methods, *Zeolites,
*Denitrification, Ammonia, Nitrogen, Sewage
291
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125D
SEVEN ARCHES WORKS,
Walton and Weybridge U. D. C.
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 16, No. 12, p 20-22, December, 1973.
Sewage treatment works are described at Seven Arches, Weybridge, Surrey; the
Borough of Mossley in Lancashire, and at Kitwe, Zambia. At Seven Arches no
storm water Is discharged into the River Wey. Overflows pass through two storm
water tanks. The supernatant liquor is mixed with the primary sedimentation
tanks effluent and then passes through the filters. An average of 15/15 stan-
dard is being achieved. At Mossley, the existing works were reconstructed and
modernized due to increases in domestic and industrial wastes in the 1950's. By
1972 there was need for further extension or modernization. As a temporary
measure a Flocor Roughing Filter Tower Is being incorporated between the sedi-
mentation tanks and the percolating filters. This substantially reduces the
BOD content of the sewage whi^h enables the existing filter beds to produce a
much improved quality of effluent. The new works at Zambia are based upon the
treatment of sewage in a two stage activated sludge process, where the first
stage consists of biological filters which are intended to act in parallel with
the secondary aeration tanks.
*Treatment facilities, *Sewage treatment, Rivers, Storm water, Filters, Storage
tanks, Sedimentation, Water purification, Water quality standards, Percolation,
Filters, Biochemical oxygen demand, Activated sludge, Sludge treatment, Aeration,
Suspended solids
Kitwe, Zambia; Borough of Mossley, Lancashire, England; Seven Arches, Weybridge,
Surrey, England; Great Britain
126D
STUDY ON THE REMOVAL OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC MERCURY IN
WASTE WATER BY THE FLOTATION METHOD,
Mukai, S. and Nakahiro, Y.
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Department of Mineral
Science and Technology
Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering Kyoto University, Vol. 35, No. 4, p 361-
380, October, 1973. 20 ref.
The removal of inorganic and organic mercury in waste water by the flotation
method was investigated as a part of the intensive studies of the water pollu-
tion control. Inorganic mercury was efficiently removed by the Fe(OH)3 copre-
cipitation flotation method with 80 mg/liter cumulative addition of ferric
ions in the pH about 0 after the third stage flotation using sodium oleate as
a collector. Sodium sulfide was added to the waste water to completely preci-
pitate the mercury. Organic mercury was removed by decomposing the compound con-
taining the organic mercury into inorganic mercury with gaseous chlorine, fol-
lowed by the Fe(OH)3 coprecipitation-flotation method and the Fe(OH)3 copreci-
pitation Na2S precipitation flotation method. The optimum conditions were at a
pH below 1. The removal of excess chlorine in the flotation pump is important
for a successful flotation of the precipitates. The excess chlorine was elimi-
nated by 8 g/liter sodium thiosulfate or the aeration over 40 min. Mercury de-
composed by C12 gas was completely removed by the flotation method with an addi-
tion of 50-100 mg/liter ferric ions and 1 equivalent of sodium sulfide to the
total amounts of mercury at the pH 5.0-9.5.
*Waste water treatment, *Flotation, Chemical precipitation, Water pollution con-
trol, Hydrogen ion concentration, Investigations, Organic compounds, Inorganic
compounds, Chlorine, Water purification
*Mercury compounds, Japan, Iron hydroxide, Sodium sulfide, Sodium thiosulfate
292
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127D
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW WATER TREATMENT,
Finan, M., and Atkinson, A.
CIBA-GEIGY (UK) Limited, Water Treatment Application and
Technical Service
The Steam and Heating Engineer, Vol. 43, No. 507, p 6-10, February, 1974. 4 fig,
3 tab.
The techniques used by CIBA-GEIGY (UK) Ltd. to develop, from laboratory to
full scale use, the new Belgard range of water treatment formulations are des-
cribed. The laboratory tests included: magnesium hydroxide deposition on heat
transfer surfaces: static conditions; magnesium hydroxide deposition on heat
transfer surfaces: flowing conditions; activities in simulated water recircu-
lating. The additional following laboratory tests are described: threshold
effects of various scale forming salts; crystal modification effects; calcium
carbonate deposition on heat transfer surfaces: flowing conditions; and acti-
vities in simulated water recirculating cooling systems.
*Waste water treatment, Salts, Crystals, Laboratory tests, Methodology, Heat
transfer, Magnesium hydroxide, Flow, Calcium carbonate, Recirculated water,
Cooling water, Boilers
*Belgard water treatment formulations, United Kingdom
128D
AN EXPERIMENTAL IRRADIATION FACILITY FOR THE STERILISATION
OF SEWAGE SLUDGE (VERSUCHSBESTRAHLUNGSANLANGE ZUR HYGIEN-
ISIERUNG VON KLARSCHLAMM),
Suss, A., Moetsch, H., Bosshard, E., Schurmann, G., and
Luescher, 0.
Bayerische Landesantalt fuer Bodenkultur und Pflazenbau,
Muehchen und Freising, Germany
Kentechnik, Vol. 16, No. 2, p 65-70, January, 1972. 4 fig, 11 ref.
An experimental irradiation facility for the sterilization of sewage sludge was
designed and built at the sewage treatment plant of the Ampergruppe in Geisel-
bullach. It is at present: equipped with a 120 kCi Co 60 source and can process
a daily flow of about 30 cu m sewage sludge at an exposure of 300,000 R. The
treatment capacity of the facility can be raised for four or five times the
present level without any structural alterations by using a stronger source.
The main components of the facility consists of the irradiation shaft with a
built in central tube in which the sludge is recirculated during irradiation and
the recirculation system consisting of an accessible pump shaft with the re-
circulation and evacuation pumps the necessary shutoff and regulation valves
and pipework.
*Sludge treatment, *Treatment facilities, *Radiation, Agriculture, Design data,
Sewage sludge, Sterilization, Waste water purification, Equipment, Evaluation,
Costs
Ge rmany
293
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129D
SURFLEET SEWERAGE SCHEME,
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 935, p 13-14, January, 1974.
The design and construction of the Surfleet sewage works is described. Because
of the typical fenland topography, the area is served by a system of sewers, in-
corporating six pumping stations and associated rising mains. The bulk of the
sewage flow discharges into the first pumping station at the center of the vil-
lage from which point it is pumped to the sewage treatment works. A total of 5500
m of 225 mm diameter and 150 mm diameter pipes were laid to serve an existing
population of 845 persons. The sewers have been designed on the separate sys-
tem so that storm water has been excluded as far as it is possible. A new
sewage treatment works has been constructed to the North of the village and
consists of inlet works, settlement tanks, hoppers, pumping stations, filter
beds, and humus tanks. Provision has been made for incorporating tertiary treat-
ment in the future.
*!>ewage treatment, *Treatment facilities, Pumping plants, Filters, Topography,
Ssiwers, Pipes, Sludge, Equipment, tertiary treatment
Surfleet, England
130D
LONGBRIDGE SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS,
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 936, p 44-47, February, 1974.
The design and operation of the new joint sewage works at Longbridge for the
Boroughs of Warwick and Leamington Spa, England are described. The works re-
places the existing Warwick sewage works and will treat up to 60% of the flow
from Leamington Spa. The works operates on the double filtration system of
treatment involving two successive applications of settled sewage on to two
sets of biological filters with intermediate sedimentation. The facilities
consist of the following: inlet unit, flow separation and storm sewage treat-
ment, primary sedimentation tanks, high level pumping station and main control
room, primary filters and humus tanks, secondary filters and humus tanks, outfall,
and sludge dewatering plant. The plant will meet the effluent standards pre-
scribed by the Severn River Authority.
*Sewage treatment, *Treatment facilities, Sludge treatment, Dewatering, Water
quality standards, Effluents, Filtration, Flow, Sedimentation, Biological
treatment, Pumping plants, Filters
England, Warwick, England, Leamington Spa, England
294
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131D
CONTACT STABILISATION—A PROCESS WITH A FUTURE?
Goddard, J. E.
Permutit Company, Limited
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 935, p 16-17, January, 1974.
The contact stabilization process, which was one of the earliest developments
in the application of biochemical engineering to sewage treatment, is described.
The process employs two aeration zones separated by a secondary clarification
tank. Raw sewage and activated sludge are aerated together in the first zone,
known as the contact zone, for a short period after which the mixed liquor is
passed to the settlement stage. At this point the treated sewage can be dis-
charged, being below the normal Royal Commission standard of 20/30 i.e., BODS
less than 20 mg/liter and suspended solids less than 30 mg/llter. Most plants
give an effluent of around the 10/15 standard. The sludge from the settlement
stage is returned for further aeration before being mixed with more raw sewage
in the contact zone. Such a plant is smaller than an equivalent conventional
plant by a factor of nearly two. The development of the process was somewhat
empirical but was based on the observation that the initial removal rates of or-
ganic matter by activated sludge was very high. The most important factor
in the contact stabilization process is that the two phases of the reaction are
separated and this leads to more efficient and quicker purification.
*Sludge treatment, *Biochemical oxygen demand, Suspended solids, Water quality
standards, Activated sludge, Aeration, Sewage treatment, Chemical oxygen demand,
Nitrification, Engineering
*Contact stabilization, England
132D
i500,000 SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT,
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 16, No. 12, p 17, 19, December, 1973.
The design and operation of the recently completed sludge treatment and pres-
sing plant at the Motney Hill Treatment Works of the Rochester, Chatham, and
Gillingham Joint Sewage Board (England) are described. The installation will
chemically condition and press the sewage sludge separated out at the treatment
works. The sludge pressing plant forms part of the program of major extensions
to the Motney Hill sewage treatment works to enable it to cater for the expan-
ding population of the Medway Towns. The existing works serves a current popu-
lation of approximately 215,000 and provides for comminution, grit removal, pre-
aeration and primary settlement of the sewage before it is discharged to the
River Medway. Additions are scheduled for the primary and sludge treatment
facilities and the construction of a partial secondary treatment plant designed
to hold the pollution load on the estuary at its present level. The following
processes at the plant are described: existing sludge treatment, new sludge
treatment arrangements, screening and copperas conditioning, lime conditioning,
filter presses, sludge feed to the presses, sludge disposal, liquor treatment,
conditioning agents, and the building services.
*Sludge treatment, *Treatment facilities, Filtering, Lime, Sludge disposal,
Water pollution control, Estuaries, Design data
England, Iron sulfate
295
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133D
ALL PROCESSES CENTRALLY CONTROLLED AND MONITORED, NORWICH
CORPORATION,
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 16, No. 12, p 11, 13, December, 1973.
The sewage treatment facilities at Norwich, England which are currently being
extended to treat 55,000 cu m/day DWF of sewage from a contribution population
of 197,000 persons is described. There are two treatment plants. One has cir-
culation sedimentation radial flow tanks, biological filters and humus tanks
with effluent pumping facilities, and the other has circular radial flow sedi-
mentation tanks, diffused air activated sludge plant, and final settlement. The
processes have been automated and interlinked into one central control system.
The system is the Kent K70 system which has a complete range of both hardware
and software for computer process control The system is compatible with most
digital computers.
*Sewage treatment, *Treatment facilities, *Automation, Computers, Sludge treat-
ment, Equipment, Monitoring
England
134D
TECHNICAL TOUR FEATURES LULU ISLAND SEWAGE PLANT,
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 3, p 26-27, March, 1974.
The design and operation of the Lulu Island sewage plant of Greater Vancouver,
Canada are discussed. The treatment plant serves an area of over 16,000 acres
with a system of lateral sewers draining to local pump stations and pumping
through shallow force mains to a truck sewer. The plant was designed for an
average dry weather flow of 13.45 mgd in 1980, with provisions for expansion
to handle an estimate of 29 mgd by 2021. The plant was designed to reduce BOD
by a minimum of 60%. Primary treatment includes influent sampling, prechlorina-
tion, pumping from a subsurface wet well to an above ground screen room housing
multiple barminutor units, preaeration and grit removal, sedimentation, sludge
removal followed by thickening, dewatering, incineration, and sterile ash dis-
posal. Post chlorination in chlorine contact tanks has a one hour detention
time and automatic chlorine residual control. There is provision for sampling
and metering of effluent. The plant was also designed to accomodate possible
future construction of secondary treatment facilities.
*Treatment facilities, *Sewerage, Canada, Sewers, Sewage treatment, Biochemical
oxygen demand, suspended solids, Sludge, Pumping plants, Equipment, Dewatering,
Sludge treatment, Construction, Operation, Costs
Lulu Island, Canada
296
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135D
COMPUTERISED SEWERAGE SCHEME,
Measurement and Control, Vol. 7, No. 3, p 83-84, March, 1974.
The computerized sewerage scheme which serves the Boru Borough of Motherwell
and Wishaw in Lanarkshire, England is described. It consists of a new man sew-
age works with a processing capacity of 682,500 cu m/day of raw sewage and two
outlying works with capacities of 68,200 cu m/day and 6800 cu m/day. All
three works are supervised through a computerized telemetry and control system.
The system provides a high degree automatic control for two works each of which
are controlled on three push buttons. Without the facilities of the computer
based system, 298 push buttons would have been needed for control of the outly-
ing works. A major feature of the control system philosophy is the amount of
information processing carried out by the computer. The plant is run on the
management by exception principle, only information about deviations from nor-
mal are presented to the operator. The control system will also initially be
used in a data gathering mode to amass information about the performance of
the plant in a variety of situations.
^Computers, *Sewerage, Treatment facilities., Automatic control, Sewage,
Data collections, Water pollution control
England
136D
80/80 STANDARD INTO BRISTOL CHANNEL YEO VALLEY MAIN
DRAINAGE SCHEME,
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 16, No. 12, p 7-9, December, 1973.
The Yeo Valley Main Drainage Works at Kingston Seymour, Clevedon, Somerset are
described. The effluent discharges to an estuary into the Bristol Channel. The
works has been designed hydraulically to handle a maximum rate of flow of 1578
liters/sec or six time ultimate dry weather flow to allow for storm flows from
the old combined sewerage systems connected into the new regional scheme. The
treatment consists of maceration, grit removal, filtration through high rate
polyvinyl chloride filters, sedimentation and discharge through an effluent
pipeline to the head of the Kingston Pill. Sludge is disposed of by heat
treatment sludge conditioning followed by Filter pressing to produce a sterile
sludge cake with a moisture content of 50% suitable for disposal to tip. Speci-
fically described are the sewage treatment processes, biological oxidation,
settlement, sludge disposal, inlet pipes, inlet pumping station, recorders,
barminutors, detritors, filters pumping station, filters, humus tanks, booster
pumping station, outfall pipeline, sludge pumping station, sludge holding tanks,
transfer sludge pumping station heat treatment plant, administration building,
and the remote control system, and the electricity supply and services.
*Sewerage, *Treatment facilities, Design data, Equipment, Filtration, Sedimen-
tation, Sludge treatment, Activated sludge, Biological treatment, Pumping sta-
tion, Filters, Sewage, Storage tanks, Organic matter, Pipelines, Remote con-
trol, Electricity
Barminutors, Recorders, Detritor, Great Britain
297
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137D
RESPIRATION AND DENITRIFICATION STUDIES ON LABORATORY AND
WORKS ACTIVATED SLUDGES,
Clayfield, G. W.
Upper Tame Main Drainage Authority, England
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 78, No. 1, p 51-76, 1974. 13 fig, 20 tab, 46 ref.
The respiratory, denitrifying, and dehydrogenase activities of activated sludges
from full scale and laboratory scale plants were investigated. The activated
sludges were always washed to remove soluble and weakly absorbed substrates.
Synthetic sewage was used to facilitate comparison of the estimated potential
activities of the sludges. Measurement of carbonaceous metabolic activity,
nitrification and denitrification of activated sludges from the various sources
made the examination of the interrelationship and dependence on operating
variables such as BOD possible. An attempt was also made to account for oxy-
gen uptake and to use the relationship obtained to suggest a means of estima-
ting the quantity of surplus activated sludge produced during treatment. Among
the conclusions are these: it is advantageous to operate at low loadings; de-
nitrifying ability tends to fall with decreasing BOD loading; endogenous res-
piration is a variable and depends upon the history of the sludge; respiration
rates support the view that conventional activated sludges are low in viable
bacteria; and respiration rate measurements could profitably be included in the
examination of activated sludge.
^Activated sludge, *Respiration, *Denitrification, Investigations, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Sludge treatment, Nitrogen, Ammonia, Chemical oxygen demand,
Equipment, Sewage bacteria
*Dehydrogenase activity, Great Britain
COMPUTER OPERATED SEWAGE TREATMENT AT NORWICH,
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, p 79, February, 1974.
The annual report of the City of Norwich Sewage Purification Works is summarized.
Figures are given for total volume of sewage received at the works during the
year, the average daily volume of raw sludge removed from the sedimentation
tanks, average rate of application of settled sewage to biological filters,
average daily volume of recirculated final effluent, solids loading of the
sludge digestion plant, overall average reduction in total solids fed to the
digestion plant, and the average daily flow of trade effluent. The final ef-
fluent quality failed to comply with the River Authority/s relaxed limits for
most of the year. It was anticipated that the commissioning of four new humus
tanks late in 1972 would contribute to some improvement.
*Sewerage, *Treatment facilities, *Administration, Waste water purification,
Sewage treatment, Sludge digestion, Sludge disposal, Effluents, Solid wastes,
Maintenance
Norwich, England
298
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139D
IN CONFERENCE: METROPOLITAN TORONTO'S EXPERIENCE IN
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL,
Baldock, E. H.
Water and Pollution Control Division, Toronto, Canada
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 3, p 47-51, 63, March, 1974.
The results of laboratory studies to establish the phosphate balance of the
North Toronto Sludge Treatment Plant streams are discussed. Plant trials were
made with iron and aluminum salts. Total phosphorus reduction to meet a mini-
mal requirement of 80% was achieved with both salts. The total phosphorus re-
duction to meet a minimal requirement of 90% was achieved with the iron salt and
could have been achieved with the aluminum salt with a slight increase in dose
rate. The total phosphorus reduction to meet a requirement of less than 1
mg/liter was achieved with both salts. The best results were achieved when
the precipitant salts were added at the end of the aeration tanks. The final
effluent had higher values for suspended solids and BOD when both salts were
used than before the test period. Digester performance remained satisfactory
with a slight increase in gas production, an increase in digested sludge solids,
and a decrease in supernatant solids. No adverse effects were experienced in
the sludge dewatering process using a coil type vacuum filter. This improve-
ment is more marked with the use of ferric chloride than with alum.
*Sludge treatment, *Treatment facilities, *Phosphates, Investigations, Alumi-
num, Salts, Iron, Phosphorus, Effluents, Suspended solids, Biochemical oxygen
demand, Digestion
Ferric chloride, Toronto, Canada
140D
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF AIRPORT WASTEWATER CONTAINING
AIRCRAFT DE-ICING FLUIDS,
Jank, B. E., Guo, H. M., and Cairns, V. W.
Environmental Protection Service, Ontario, Canada, Waste-
water Technology Centre
Report No. EPS-4-WP-73-5, July, 1973. 113 p, 26 fig, 43 tab, 7 ref, 2 append.
The feasibility of treating a combination of de-icing fluids and airport
waste water using an activated sludge process was investigated to provide in-
formation for the design of treatment facilities at the new airport at St.
Scholastique, Quebec, and for assessing alternatives at other airports across
Canada. The first part of the study was a bench scale activated sludge study
to determine the optimum loading condition and to obtain design parameters
for the treatment of de-icing fluids and municipal sewage at low temperatures.
A 131 cu m/day IGPM pilot plant was operated at the optimum organic loading
to verify the results from the laboratory scale study and determine whether
there were any operational problems. The second part of the program bioassay
studies was carried out to determine whether the aircraft de-icing fluids and
process effluents were acutely toxic to rainbow trout. The results show
that an activated sludge system treating a combination of de-icing fluid and
domestic sewage at less than 10 C produces an effluent have BOD and suspended
solids concentrations not exceeding 20 mg/liter and 25 mg/liter respectively
at a loading of 0.15 kg BOD/kg MLSS/day. Growth of filamentous microorgan-
isms and the resulting bulking condition were responsible for the low loading
condition.
*Waste water treatment, *Deicers, *Activated sludge, Investigations, Pilot
plants, Air temperature, Canada, Design criteria, Bioassay, Rainbow trout,
Toxicity, Domestic wastes, Biochemical oxygen demand, Suspended solids,
Microorganisms, Organic wastes, Effluents, Aeration, Equipment, Nutrients,
Oxidation
299
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141D
TERTIARY PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL AND LIMITING NUTRIENT STUDIES
AT C. F. S. LAC ST. DENIS,
Shannon, E. E., and Salvo, J. M.
Environmental Protection Service, Ontario, Canada, Waste-
water Technology Centre
Report No. EPS 4-WP-74-1, February, 1974. 60 p, 16 fig, 16 tab, 24 ref.
Pilot plant experiments on the treatment of the stabilization pond effluent from
C. F. S. Lac St. Denis are described. The plant was a 10 Igpm chemical treat-
ment system consisting of chemical coagulation, flocculation, tube settling,
and mixed media filtration components. Various alum and polymer feed condi-
tions were evaluated over the 10 mo period of continuous operation. Algal
assays were carried out on the receiving water, Lac Depatie, to determine the
limiting nutrient and to ascertain the effect of treated and untreated pond ef-
fluent upon algal growth. Because of seasonal variations in the quality of
the stabilization pond effluent, it was observed that the recommended summer
alum dosage level of 100 mg/liter must be increased to 150 mg/liter to achieve
equivalent phosphorus removal. Filter backwash requirements and backwash
sludge production and characteristics were determined. For several chemical
feed conditions the pilot plant demonstrated a limited capability for zinc, lead,
iron, and nitrogen removal and a high efficiency for coliform removal. Phos-
phorus was shown to be the probable limiting nutrient in Lac Depatie and the
planned efforts to reduce phosphorus loading to the lake from C. F. B. Lac St.
Denis should significantly reduce the present eutrophic conditions. Chemical
operating costs are estimated at 5.3 cents/1000 I gal.
*Waste water treatment, *Pilot plants, *0xidation lagoons, Chemical treatment,
Coagulation, Flocculation, Filtration, Algae, Nutrients, Growth, rates, Efflu-
ents, Filters, Phosphorus, Investigations, Zinc, Lead, Iron, Nitrogen, Coliforms,
Eutrophication, Operating costs, Canada
Alum, Backwash, C. F. B. Lac St. Denis, Canada
142D
DOMESTIC WASH WATER RECLAMATION FOR REUSE AS COMMODE WATER
SUPPLY USING A FILTRATION—REVERSE OSMOSIS SEPARATION
TECHNIQUE,
Hall, J. B., Jr., Batten, C. E., and Wilkins, J. R.
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
Report No. NASA TN-D-7600, April, 1974. 34 p, 3 fig, 9 tab, 17 ref.
A combined filtration reverse osmosis water recovery system was evaluated to
determine its capability to reclaim domestic wash water for reuse as a commode
water supply. The system produced water that met all chemical and physical
requirements established by the U. S. Public Health Service for drinking
water with the exception of carbon chloroform extractables, methylene blue
active substances, and phenols. It is thought that this water is of sufficient
quality to be reused as commode supply water. The filters were not capable of
removing particles less than 1 micron in size from the waste water. The pro-
cess rate of the reverse osmosis unit was degraded by approximately 46.9% for
the 2.7 cu m of filtered wash water processed. Treatment of the process water
with 5 ppm chlorine was sufficient to reduce the microorganisms in the. commode
tank to zero. Efficient dissemination of chlorine was required in order to
rapidly inhibit microorganisms in the processed water tank. The use of the
combined process for wash water recovery will require a maintenance filter to
remove solid materials including those less than. 1 micron in size from the
wash water. The reverse osmosis module, if sufficiently protected from plug-
ging, is an attractive low energy technique for removing contaminants from do-
mestic wash water.
*Reverse osmosis, *Filtration, *Water reuse, Water supply, Potable water, Phe-
nols, Carbon, Chlorine, Chlorination, Water purification, Sewage bacteria,
Investigations, Evaluation, Waste water treatment, Water conservation, Water
pollution, Domestic wastes, Operation, Water quality standards
Commode water supply, Methylene blue, Chloroform
300
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14 3D
REPLACES NEW WORKS 1900 INSTALLATION,
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 16, No. 12, p 13, 15, December, 1973.
The complete reconstruction of the sewage disposal works at Faversham (Kent,
England) is described. Before the reconstruction, the works were mainly as
they had been constructed just after 1900 and tanks. Sludge settled out in
the main pumping station and was desludged manually once a week and put into
open sludge lagoons with no underdrainage. In 1971 alterations began on the
existing pumping station involving work below Ordnance Datum and the increase
in pumping capacity at that station to avoid the storm overflows functioning.
The existing rising main was found to be adequate for the new flows at an
increased velocity.
*Sewage disposal, treatment facilities, Sludge, Pumping plants, Construction,
Design, Filters, Filtration, Sludge treatment
England
144D
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF STRONG MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER,
Rebhun, M., and Streit, S.
Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Environmental Engineering Laboratories
Water Research, Vol. 8, p 195-201, March, 1974. 3 fig, 5 tab, 14 ref.
Direct chemical flocculation—clarification of strong new waste water followed
by adsorption on activated carbon has been investigated. The fate of specific
organic components (low organic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, fats as well
as BOD and COD) in the chemical treatment process was also studied. Excellent
removals of phosphates, fats and suspended solids and a clear effluent were
obtained in the chemical treatment. The clear 'primary chemical' effluent is,
however, of high soluble organic content, the largest fraction being the soluble
(low) organic acids and carbohydrates. Adsorption of the chemically treated
waste water on activated carbon gave a 60 percent removal and a final effluent
of a relatively high organic content including BOD. The high concentration of
remaining organics is ascribed to poor adsorbability of the low organic acids
anions on activated carbon.
*Municipal waste water, *Biochemical oxygen demand, *Chemical oxygen demand,
Waste water treatment, Suspended solids, Effluents, Phosphates, Fats, Carbo-
hydrates, Organic acids, Flocculation, Clarification
*Physico-chemical treatment, Israel
301
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145D
OXYGEN ACTIVATED SLUDGE SELECTED BY PHILADELPHIA,
Nelson, M. D.
Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
Water Pollution Control Division
Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 44, No. 4, p 42-45,
April, 1974. 3 fig, 1 tab.
The Philadelphia Water Department compared three different pilot treatment fa-
cilities at one site. These were an oxygen activated sludge unit, a conven-
tional activated sludge unit, and a physical-chemical plant. Design criteria
for the future were determined. It was felt that either biological plant could
meet the effluent standards with the air plant giving more marginal performance.
The oxygen activated sludge plant was also slightly lower in installed and
operating costs. In a proposed site plan for the future plant, aerator tanks
using pure oxygen will be placed downstream of existing primaries. The expanded
plant will be highly automated, with on-site direct digital computer to monitor
all processes of plant operation.
*Waste water treatment, *Pilot plants, Design criteria, Activated sludge, Ef-
fluents, Aeration, Planning, Computers, Municipal wastes, Treatment facilities
*Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Oxygen activated sludge, Physical-chemical plants,
Effluent standards
14 6D
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER SLUDGES,
Vesilind, P. A.
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,
Department of Civil Engineering
Science Editor, p 1, Spring 1974.
A book review is given for a new publication, to be used by both the student
and the practicing engineer. Solids (sludge) treatment as an operating cost
of waste water treatment is the focus of the book. It is said to be design-
oriented, including practical data for conducting laboratory tests.
*Sludge treatment, *Solids, *Costs, Reviews, *Sludge disposal, Waste water
treatment, Universities, Municipal wastes, Treatment facilities, Data collec-
tions, Publications
*Book reviews, Municipal engineers, Ultimate disposal, Data calculations
302
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147D
PROCESS DESIGN MANUAL FOR CARBON ADSORPTION,
Environmental Protection Agency
National Technical Information Service, PB-227 157, October, 1973. 79 fig, 29 tab.
The use of activated carbon for removal of dissolved organics from water and
waste water is one of the most efficient organic removal processes available
to the engineer. Both the great capability for organic removal and the
overall flexibility of the carbon adsorption process have encouraged its ap-
plication in a variety of situations. Activated carbon adsorbs a great vari-
ety of dissolved organic materials including many which are nonbiodegradable.
Biological degradation occurring on the granules complements the adsorption
process in removing dissolved organic material. Carbon in certain configura-
tions also functions as a filter. The greatest cost within the carbon treat-
ment process is the cost of the carbon itself. Thermal regeneration of the
spent carbon makes the process economically feasible. The most important
design parameter is contact time. Hydraulic loading, within the ranges nor-
mally used, has little effect on adsorption. The basic process configurations
of the physical plant include upflow or downflow, either under force of gra-
vity or pump pressure, with fixed or moving beds, and single (parallel) or
multi-stage (series) arrangement. Data from both pilot and laboratory tests
are given. Procedures for preliminary tests are discussed and the character-
istics of some full-scale plants, planned or operating, are presented.
*Activated carbon, *Waste water, *0rganic matter, Biodegradability, Filters,
Costs, Hydraulics, Pilot studies, Laboratory tests, Data, Plants, Flow
*Dissolved organics, Carbon adsorption, Hydraulic loading, Organic removal
processes, Upflow, Downflow
1480
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR SETTLING TANKS FOR
THE REMOVAL OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL FLOGS,
Heinke, G. W.
Toronto University, Toronto, Ontario Institute of Envi-
ronmental Sciences and Engineering
Research Program for the Abatement of Municipal Pollution Within the Provisions
of the Canada-Ontario Agreement of Great Lakes Water Quality, Research Report
No. 10, Vol. 1, March, 1973. 82 p, 20 fig, 12 tab, 44 ref.
The objective of this research was to study, both on a laboratory and full-scale
plant basis, the settling behavior of physical-chemical suspensions and to pro-
duce design and performance criteria for mixing—coagulation and settling tanks
in waste water treatment plants. Approximately 50 long and short tube settling
tests were carried out at the university laboratories on Humber Sewage Treat-
ment Plant raw waste water, without and with chemical addition (alum, ferric
chloride, lime, polymers). Plant studies at Sarnia over a period of eight
months and at Windsor for one month only were carried out. Long tube settling
tests were carried out at the plants for comparison of plant to test results.
The results are presented in relation to type and dosage of chemical used, ef-
fluent suspended solids and BOD, overflow rate, and detention time. Results
of the laboratory tests show that all three coagulants (alum, ferric chloride,
lime) used in this study increased settling rates of solids, but to varying
degrees. Lime produced fastest settling floes, ferric chloride intermediate
and alum slowest rates. Addition of polymer and recycling of sludge further
increased settling rate. For the Sarnia clarifiers a scale-up factor of 2.0
was determined, meaning that laboratory settling rates (or overflow rates)
must be halved for plant design to allow for the effects of turbulence in the
clarifier. Variations in plant overflow rate between 300 to 600 gpd/sq ft (15
to 30 cu m/sq m/day) effected effluent quality only slightly. Work will be
continuing in 1973/74 on this study.
*Settling, laboratory tests, *Pilot plants, Suspensions, Physicochemical
properties, Mixing, Design criteria, Sewage treatment, Lime, Biochemical oxy-
gen demand, Effluents, Suspended solids, Coagulation, Overflow, Canada
*Settling tanks, Ferric chloride, Alum, Polymers, Toronto University, Toronto,
Ontario
303
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149D
TO ESTABLISH VIABLE METHODS OF MAINTAINING WASTE TREAT-
MENT FACILITY EFFICIENCIES WITH REFERENCE TO FLOW VARIA-
TIONS,
James F. Maclaren Limited, Environmental Engineers and
Scientists, Willowdale, Ontario
Research Program for the Abatement of Municipal Pollution Within the Provisions
of the Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality, Research Report
No. 11, 1974. 91 p, 34 fig, 13 ref.
Equalization of sewage flow variations has several major benefits: reduced
unit size requirements for treatment facilities; more stabilized process oper-
ations; and, reduced bypassing of the incoming flow. Limited attention has been
given to these aspects. The first step was to develop a methodology for sizing
equalization facilities taking into account diurnal, daily and seasonal varia-
tions in sewage flow. Actual flow data from a treatment plant having a 40-50
MIGD (million imperial gallons per day) capacity were used in development of
methodology. The significance of flow equalization to the design of treatment
facilities was developed by revising design criteria for sizing treatment
facilities. These were established using basic design concepts incorporating
modified hydraulic characteristics of equalized sewage flow into the design.
The methodology was then applied to sizing treatment facilities for a plant of
similar size to the selected plant operating under equalized and varying
flow conditions. It was found that a saving in capital costs would be realized
by installing equalization facilities. In conclusion, the study verified
the need for further investigation into the potential benefits of flow equali-
zation.
*Sewage, *Flow, Waste water, Treatment facilities, Design, Hydraulics,
Costs, Methodology, Data Efficiency, Canada
*Flow equalization, *Sewage flow, *Treatment plants, Process operations,
Ontario
150D
INTEGRATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PROCESSES,
Dryman, W. R., and Haycock, D. H.
Waterloo University, Research Institute
Research Program for the Abatement of Municipal Pollution Within the Provisions
of the Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality, Research Report
No. 7, 1973. 112 p, 23 fig, 37 tab, 7 ref.
Alum was added to an activated sludge process for phosphorus removal. The
effects on the operation and performance of the process were investigated. Two
pilot plants, each with a design capacity of 2.0 mgd, were operated in parallel
at various hydraulic loadings. One plant was operated as a control and 100
mg/liter of Alum and 4 rag/liter Activated Silica were added to the aeration
tank of the other for phosphorus removal. Laboratory studies were also per-
formed with continuous flow bench-scale models to gain information unobtain-
able from the pilot plant operations. The effects of the Alum addition on
phosphorus removal, organic and solids removal, general plant operation, oxygen
utilization and transfer, and sludge production and characteristics were
evaluated at 1.5 mgd, 2.0 mgd and 2.5 mgd hydraulic loadings.
*Pilot plants, *Hydraulics, Design, Phosphorus, Organic matter, Sludge,
Operation, Silica, Models, Physicochemical properties, Biological treatment,
Waste water treatment, Canada
*Alum, *Phosphorus removal, Hydraulic loading, Organic and solids removal,
Bench scale models, Ontario
304
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151D
SEWAGE TREATMENT METHODS IN FINLAND,
Vlitasaarl, M.
Research Institute, National Water Board of Finland,
Helsinki, Finland
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of Northern
Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 29-44, August 22-24, 1973. 10 fig,
2 tab, 4 ref.
The Finnish Water Conservation Policy is reviewed in this paper. The goals
and achievements of using different treatment methods (e.g. simultaneous pre-
cipitation, direct precipitation, final coagulation, stabilization ponds,
mireinfiltration) are discussed and compared. Four examples of various treat-
ment plants' reduction of BOD in percent vs. monthly average temperatures are
given. Long term BOD studies were done to compare the effects of treated
and untreated effluent. It was shown that untreated effluent exerts a two
stage BOD on receiving waters, the second stage coming after approximately 30
days. Treated effluent was found to have a low and constant BOD value.
*Sewage treatment, *Chemical precipitation, *Biological oxygen demand,
*Temperature, Oxidation ponds, Infiltration, Cold regions
*Simultaneous precipitation, *Direct precipitation, *Final coagulation,
*Mireinfiltration, *Finland
152D
SWEDISH EXPERIENCES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT,
Ulmgren, L.
National Environmental Protection Board,
Solna, Sweden
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institution of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 45-64, August 22-24, 1973.
6 fig, 6 tab.
Various methods of sewage treatment are compared including: chemical vs
biological treatment; precipitation with lime (slaked or un-slaked) as compared
with alum (aluminum sulphate) or iron salts; and various types of sludge
treatment. Design guidelines are provided and a recommendation that any plant
located in an area with more than 30 days where the temperature is below -10 C,
should be covered. It is also recommended that in the colder areas chemical
treatment is superior to biological treatment.
*Sewage treatment, *Temperature, *Lime, Biological treatment, Chemical
treatment, Chemical precipitation, Cold regions
*Sweden, *Alum, *Iron salts
305
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1531)
SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE NORTHERN AREAS OF THE U.S.S.R.,
Alferova, L. A., Sklrdov, I. V., Ponomarev, V. G., Hudenko,
B. M., and Gladkov, B. A.
All - Union Scientific Research Institute,
VODGEO Komsomolsky Prospect, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 64-74, August 22-24, 1973.
3 tab.
Various types of treatment units are discussed with special reference to
compact units for small settlement areas. Temperature effects on biochemical
processes are reviewed. It was found that as the temperature was reduced the
biochemical purification of activated sludge was reduced and the specific
oxidation rate of organic substances was decreased. The number of bacterial
types also decreases with a drop in temperature. Numbers and activity of
bacteria associated with the second phase of nitrification showed a reduction at
temperatures above 37 C or below 15 C, especially below 10 C.
*Treatment facilities, *Temperature, *Biological treatment, Specific oxidation,
Nitrification, Bacteria, Cold regions
*U.S.S.R., *Qu unit, *MOCVODOKAMALNIIPROJECT, *Apt units, *0xitank,
Specific oxidation
154D
EXTENDED AERATION, CLARIFICATION AND ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
CYCLE,
Hughes, C. D.
City of Brandon,
Manitoba
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of Northern
Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 85-98, August 22-24, 1973. 3 fig,
3 tab.
The City of Brandon, Manitoba required a sewage treatment facility to handle
4 to 5 million gallons of industrial and domestic sewage per day during a 4
month winter period. Test results indicate that a mixed system with effectiva
clarification and sludge return is very effective and not drastically affected
by temperature, oxygen variation, or sludge quantity. Twenty hours extended
aeration, followed by anaerobic treatment in cold temperatures, can give
an economical method of treating sewage and give BOD reductions of 92 percent
or better. Some design criteria were included.
*Aeration, *Temperature, *Anaerobic digestion, *Anaerobic conditions,
Treatment facilities, Sewage treatment, Biological oxygen demand, Cold regions,
Design criteria, Costs
*Extended aeration, Clarification, *Manitoba (Brandon), Mixed system
306
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155D
FURTHER FIELD INVESTIGATION ON AERATED LAGOONS IN THE CITY
OF WINNIPEG,
Girling, R. M., Pick, A. R., and Van Es, D. W.
City of Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Waterworks, Waste, and Disposal Division
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of Northern
Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 89-124, August 22-24, 1973. 12 fig, 7
tab, 5 ref.
The City of Winnipeg made modifications to several of its aerobic-anaerobic
lagoons to operate them in series and test effectiveness of this method.
Included was a test of reduction in total solids during a no feed period.
Results obtained: good BOD reduction (82 percent for system, 50 percent'for
first lagoon); suspended solids decline through system; dissolved oxygen was
generally above 1 mg/liter in all system parts; temperature decreases through
the cell sequence; total organic carbon decreases through the cell sequence;
observed significant nitrification well below 10 C; the four month no feed
period (aeration) had a negligible effect on reducing sludge accumulation;
effluent was determined to be satisfactory.
*Aerated lagoons, *Aerobic conditions, *Anaerobic conditions, *Nitrification,
*Temperature, Cold regions, Sludge digestion, Biological oxygen demand,
Carbon, Aeration, Suspended solids, Performance
*Total organic carbon, Winnipeg, Manitoba
156D
THE EFFECTS OF WATER TEMPERATURE AND ELEVATION UPON AERATION,
Hunter, J. S. and Ward, J. C.
Colorado State University
Ft. Collins, Colorado, Civil Engineering Department
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institute of
Northern Studies University of Saskatchewan, p 125-169, August 22-24,
1973. 8 fig, 2 tab, 24 ref.
A laboratory scale mechanical aeration system simulating near perfect mixing
conditions was used to study variation in oxygen transfer rates into water as
a function of changes in water temperature (0-40C) variation in overall
volumetric mass transfer coefficient for aeration systems which varies linearly
with temperature and can be predicted from equation provided. This equation in
conjunction with others is usable to construct diagrams of combined effects
that elevation and water temperature have on aeration. These diagrams show
that factors related to increasing altitude which reduce aerator output pre-
dominate over these factors tending to exhaust aerator output.
*Water temperature, *Aeration, *Elevation, Cold regions Mass transfer,
Colorado, Efficiencies, Equations
307
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157D
DIFFUSION SYSTEMS FOR COLD CLIMATE LAGOONS,
Christiansen, C. D., and Smith, D. W.
Environmental Protection Agency
College, Alaska
Arctic Environmental Research Laboratories
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 170-206, August 22-24, 1973.
13 fig, 2 tab, 34 ref.
Studies to compare coarse and fine bubble aerators were carried out at the
Fort Greely lagoon. Dissolved oxygen levels were monitored in both water and
sludge. Horsepower requirements of different systems were calculated.
Conclusions reached were that fine bubble diffusers are more efficient in
oxygen transfer than coarse bubble diffusers, but not necessarily more eco-
nomical; power requirements in Ib 02 per horsepower-hour may be higher for
fine bubble diffusers; maintenance requirements are higher for fine bubble
diffusers. Oxygenation efficiencies published in the literature may be used
for aerated lagoon design but where ice fog is a problem, one must use a
larger number of diffusers at increased spacing.
*Diffusion, *Cold regions, *Aerated lagoons, Alaska, Dissolved oxygen,
Efficiencies, Costs, Maintenance, Ice fog
*Fine bubble diffuser, Coarse bubble diffuser
158D
WASTE TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA AT PRINCE ALBERT PULP
COMPANY,
Aschun, 0. K.
Prince Albert Pulp Company,
Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 207-219, August 22-24, 1972.
8 fig, 3 ref.
This paper is a presentation of steady state waste treatment data gathered
over an 18 month period. These data illustrate the effects of long term
trends in production changes and seasonal effects. There was a marked
decrease in BOD during the warm summer months attributed to higher water
temperatures. Toxicity tests and results are given.
*Pulp and paper industry, *Pulp wastes, Waste treatment, Biological oxygen
demand, Cold regions, Toxicity, Performance
*Saskatchewan (Prince Albert)
308
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159D
SURFACE AERATION OF DOMESTIC WASTES SECTION 1 - THE
BONNYBROOK SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,
Meckelborg, E. I.
The City of Calgary
Bonnybrook Treatment Plant, Alberta, Canada
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 220-229, August 22-24, 1973.
4 fig, 1 tab.
The article is a description of the Bonnybrook plant and some problems in
the secondary treatment facilities during winter months. Aerator icing
emerged as the number one problem. Frozen scum on final clarifiers appears
to be infrequent. A minor problem is dense fog over aeration tanks. Ana-
lysis of the performance data indicate that during winter months (final
effluent temperature below 52 F) there was an increase in BOD removal effi-
ciency with an increase in final effluent temperature.
*Water temperature, *Ice fog, *Aeration, Canada, Waste treatment, Biological
oxygen demand, Efficiencies, Cold regions, Performance
Alberta (Calgary), Clarifier
160D
SURFACE AERATION OF DOMESTIC WASTES OPERATING EXPERIENCES AT RED
DEER, ALBERTA, SECTION II,
Lawson, P. D.
Reid Crowther and Partners Limited
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan p 230-239, August 22-24, 1973.
6 fig.
A description of lagoon treatment facilities at Red Deer is given, along with
conclusions concerning temperature effects. There is a rapid initial drop
in temperature in aerated lagoons when there is a large thermocline from
air to water. Ice cover reduces temperature loss. Equilibrium (thermal)
is quickly reached.
*Water temperature, *Ice, Cold regions, Aerated lagoons, Canada, Efficiencies,
Performance
*Alberta (Red Deer)
309
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161D
ON THE COMBINED TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE AND WASTE WATER
FROM WOOD INDUSTRIES,
Airaksiner, J. U.
Oulu University, Finland
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 241-257, August 22-24, 1973.
4 fig, 3 tab, 15 ref.
A review of wood industries' contribution to the waste load of Finnish waters
is presented. Eighty-eight percent of Finland's BOD is a result of wood
industry processes. Combined treatment of domestic and wood industry ef-
fluent is discussed as to its advantages and disadvantages. Results of three
pilot plant investigations are presented. The three treatment methods are:
activated sludge process, extended aeration method, and waste ponding.
Results show good standards can be achieved by combined treatment of domestic
and wood industry effluent. Temperature has a strong effect on efficiencies,
especially in waste ponding where the volume of the ponds must be increased
to achieve the desired results.
*Pulp and paper industries, *Pulp wastes, Domestic wastes, Waste treatment,
Water temperature, Performance, Efficiencies, Activated sludge, Cold regions
*Finland, Extended aeration, Waste ponding, Wood industries
162D
PSYCHROPHILES IN WASTE TREATMENT,
Henry, J. G.
Toronto University, Toronto, Canada
Department of Civil Engineering
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 305-331, August 22-24, 1973.
3 fig, 4 tab, 32 ref.
A study of the relationship between low temperature, psychrophilic bacteria
and their metabolic activity is compared to mesophiles. The study was
divided into four areas: full scale treatment plants, pure culture batch
tests, continuous mixed culture model studies, and identification of bac-
teria from model systems. One outcome of study was the lack of a distinct
line separating psychrophiles from mesophiles. It was also found that psychro-
phlles are present in substantial numbers in activated sludge plants, at
normal operating temperatures (7 C to 27 C). Also, the relation between
microbial activity and temperature is non-linear. A decrease in activity
accelerates at the lower temperatures. Psychrophilic species include
Pseudomanas, Flavobacterium, Achromobacter, and Vibrio.
*Bacteria, *Temperature, *Metabolism, Treatment facilities, Models,
Canada, Cold Regions, Pseudomanas, Actinomycetes, Activated sludge, Waste
treatment
*Psychrophiles, *Mesophiles, Flavobacterium, Vibrio, Achromobacter
310
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163D
BIO-PROCESSES OF THE OXIDATION DITCH IN A SUB-ARCTIC CLIMATE,
Murphy, R. S., and Rananthau, K. R.
Dames and Moore,
Fairbanks, Alaska
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institution of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 332-357, August 22-24, 1973.
7 fig, 6 tab, 12 ref.
Waste treatment in Arctic areas shares the same problems as treatment needs
world wide, that is: climate, economics, and low population. The extended
aeration modification of the activated sludge process appears to be a highly
suitable alternative for the treatment of small volumes of waste. This paper
examines one form of the extended aeration process, the oxidation ditch.
One such facility at College, Alaska was studied during 1967-1968 and showed
a 90 percent BOD and suspended solids reduction at 50 percent loading. It
was also found that biological processes operated at essentially the same
rate at low temperatures as at higher temperatures in more moderate climates.
Some design criteria are also included.
*Biodegradation, *Temperature, *Cold regions, Waste treatment, Alaska,
Activated sludge, Aeration, Costs, Biological oxygen demand, Suspended solids,
Design criteria, Treatment facilities
*0xidation ditch, *Extended aeration
164D
LOW TEMPERATURE EXTENDED AERATION THROUGH THE USE OP1 A FLOATING
TUBE SETTLER AND WOOD STAVE TANKAGE,
Buzzell, T. D., Sherwood, C. R., and Wilbur, P. F.
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Hanover, New Hampshire,
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratories
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 358-379, August 22-24, 1973.
8 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
A single tank extended aeration system is described which provides satisfac-
tory secondary treatment performance, reduces logistics problems, lowers costs,
and does not require encapsulation. The system consists of a 2000 gallon
redwood stave tank, dual low head air blowers, dual cycle time clocks,
necessary air flow piping, a Marlof Rollmix Air Diffuser Assembly, and a
floating tube settler. The most significant development is that of the
floating tube settler which provides automatic adjustment to peak flow de-
mands, and significantly reduces retention time as compared to typical
clarifier units. Design criteria are included.
*Cold regions, *Aeration, *Temperature, *Design criteria, "Treatment facilities,
New Hampshire, Waste treatment, Biological oxygen demand, Suspended solids,
Performance, Clarification
*Floating tube settler, *Air diffuser, Low head air blower
311
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165D
LOW TEMPERATURE DENITRIFICATION OF WASTEWATER,
Sutton, R. M., Murphy, K. L., and Dawson, R. N.
McMaster University,
Ontario, Canada
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 380-403, August 22-24,
1973. 9 fig, 4 tab, 29 ref.
A study was done to determine the rate of denitrification under various con-
ditions of loading and temperature to ascertain the practicability of the
biological denitrification process. The experimental design employed five
temperature levels, and two levels of sludge in a stirred tank reactor,
as well as five detention time intervals in packed columns. Results showed
the stirred tank method providing water with a concentration of less than
1 mg/liter nitrate plus nitrite N2 at temperature 10 C or higher, whereas
packed columns required temperatures of 20 C to 25 C to achieve the same
results. Packed columns did appear to be superior to the stirred tank in
suspended solids reduction.
*Denitrification, *Temperature, *Cold regions, Waste water treatment,
Treatment facilities, Canada, Performance, Efficiences, Nitrates, Nitrites
*Stirring tanks, *Packed columns
166D
A DESCRIPTION OF SOME RECENT RESEARCH WORK OF PARTICULAR
INTEREST FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW WASTEWATER TREATMENT
METHODS IN NORWAY,
Abrahamsen, J.
Ministry of Environment,
Norway
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 403-422, August 22-24, 1973.
7 fig, 6 tab, 8 ref.
A review is made of Norway's PRA program which has been surveying the theore-
tical and practical knowledge of different processes of waste water treatment.
Areas in which PRA has concentrated its efforts include: chemical removal
of phosphorous salts; operation and study of mechanical, chemical, and bio-
logical effects on different recipients of different treated water, and
aerobic stabilization of sludge.
*Waste water treatment, *Treatment facilities, *Nutrient removal, *Biologi-
cal treatment, *Chemical treatment, Performance, Efficiencies, Design, Cold
regions, Costs, Sludge treatment, Phosphorous
*Norway, *Mechanical treatment
312
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167D
AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEMS OF DISINFECTION,
Chambers, C. W.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, Ohio,
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratories
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, The Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 423-437, August 22-24, 1973.
4 fig, 1 tab, 15 ref.
A variety of disinfectants are discussed, with primary emphasis on factors
having major impacts on the effectiveness of the physical and chemical agents
being considered, especially low temperatures. Among the disinfectants con-
sidered are chlorine, iodine, bromine and bromine chloride, chlorine dioxide,
ozone, ultraviolet light, and heat. Chlorine exhibited lowered disinfectant
potency at low temperatures and high pH values. Bromine and bromine chloride
exhibit similar responses. Chlorine dioxide would appear unfeasible for
Arctic use. Ozone seems a. promising alternative but needs more testing.
Excess lime creates the need for pH adjustment before release of the effluent.
Ultraviolet radiation and heat may have cost constraints.
*Disinfection, *Chlorination, *Environmental sanitation, *Temperature, *Cold
regions, Costs, Performance, Efficiencies, Bromine, Chlorine, Ozone, Lime,
Ultraviolet radiation, Heat
*Bromine chloride, *Chlorine dioxide
168D
CHLORINE DISINFECTION OF WASTEWATER,
Gordon, C. R., Davenport, C. V., and Reid, B. H.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
College, Alaska
Arctic Environmental Research Lab
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMTATE, Institute of
Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 438-481, August 22-24,
1973. 11 fig, 7 tab, 35 ref.
A two-phase study was carried out to determine if chlorination could provide
satisfactory disinfection of waste water at temperatures less than 1 C. The
first phase consisted of batch treatment with rapid chlorination and continuous
stirring. Four effluents were tested (primary sedimentation system, a 15 day
detention time aerated lagoon, and two extended aeration systems). The tests
were run at less than 1 C with controls run at 25 C. Effective disinfection
was achieved in all four effluents at less than 1 C with a 60 minute contact
time and no more than 1 mg/liter residual chlorine. The second phase of
the study consisted of running primary sedimentation effluent through a well
baffled flow-through chlorine contact chamber at less than 1 C. Acceptable
reduction of coliforms was not reached in the flow-through chambers at less
than 1 C until residual chlorine reached 2 mg/liter. Doubling contact time
to 120 minutes allowed proper disinfection with only 0.5 to 0.6 mg/liter.
Conclusions are drawn, the most important being that contact time appears
to be as important as maintenance of a particular chlorine residual level.
*Disinfection, *Chlorination, *Temperature, *Toxicity, Environmental sanitation,
Cold regions, Performance, Efficiencies, Alaska, Hydraulic structures,
Design flow
Batch flow, Contact time, Plug flow
313
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16 9D
LIME DISINFECTION OF SEWAGE BACTERIA AT LOW TEMPERATURE,
Morrison, S. M., and Martin, K. L.
Colorado State University
Ft. Collins, Colorado
Department of Microbiology
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of Northern
Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 482-506, August 22-24, 1973.
9 fig, 3 tab, 21 ref.
Studies were conducted to determine: the effects of high pH on raw and treated
sewage bacteria at low temperatures (1 C to 15 C); degree of BOD removal from
waste water at high pH and low temperature; effectiveness of lime as a precipi-
tator of orthophosphate from sewage at low temperature. Results showed
that raw domestic settled sewage and secondary sewage effluent could be dis-
infected to a relatively safe level by lime contact for less than 90 minutes
at a pH of 11.5 or higher. The high pH lime systems also significantly reduced
both BOD and orthophosphate concentrations. Recommendations for additional
studies are made.
*Disinfection, *Temperature, *Lime, *Biological oxygen demand, *Phosphates,
Performance, Efficiencies, Environmental sanitation, Waste treatment,
Colorado, Cold regions
*0rthophosphate
170D
OZONE DISINFECTION OF WASTEWATERS AT LOW TEMPERATURES,
Kinman, R. N.
Cincinnati University
Cincinnati, Ohio
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of Northern
Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 507-521, August 22-24, 1973. 2 fig,
6 tab, 12 ref.
In this study 03 was used to disinfect poorly treated effluents and well treated
effluents under low temperature (1 C and above) conditions. The pH effect was
also tested under these conditions. The study revealed that 03 is more inde-
pendent of pH effects or temperature effects than any other readily available
disinfectant. 03 was found to destroy coliform, total bacteria and Fecal
streptococci more rapidly at any pH or temperature than chlorine or iodine.
Problems with the use of 03 for arctic treatment facilities are: power costs
of generation, need for onsite generation; and the difficulties of 03 transfer
from gas to liquid medium.
*Disinfection, *Hydrogen ion concentration, *0zone, *Temperature, Performance,
Efficiencies, Environmental sanitation, Waste treatment, Cold regions,
Water quality control, Ohio, Coliforms
Fecal streptococci
314
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171D
FEASIBILITY OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF RAW SEWAGE
AT LOW TEMPERATURES,
Maqsood, R. and Benedek, A.
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
Department of Chemical Engineering
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of Northern
Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 523-548, August 22-24, 1973. 14 fig, 24
ref.
The article is a discussion of the effects of low temperatures on the per-
formance of Physico-Chemical treatment plants. These units operate after
the large particles are removed from the effluent and after it has been treated
with metallic coagulents (alum, etc.) and polymeric flocculants. The PTC
method employs either Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) or Powdered Activated
Carbon (PAC). The use of PAC requires an additional step, the separation by
sedimentation of the PAC particles from the sewage. Powdered carbon sludge is
not currently susceptible to regeneration though GAC is, by thermal means.
The advantages of PTC over biological treatment include: delivery of 10 mg/
liter BOD and 30 mg/liter COD on a continuous basis; insensitivity to hydraulic
and organic variations of influent; improved removal of phosphorous and
heavy metals. Disadvantages of PTC include: high operating costs and
inadequate design and operational experience. Conclusions drawn include:
chemical coagulation is influenced by temperature but not to the extent of
infeasibility. PAC absorption is little effected by low temperature; and
kinetics are temperature dependent but less sensitive than biological pro-
cesses.
*Water quality control, *Temperature, *Chemical treatment, Performance,
Efficiencies, Canada, Cold regions, Biological oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen
demand, Water quality control, Environmental sanitation
*Granular activated carbon, *Powdered activated caron, *Physico-Chemlcal
treatment
172D
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY LIME ADDITION TO A CONVENTIONAL AN-
AEROBIC STABILIZATION FACILITY,
Lechner, L. J., and Davis, E.
Department of Environment
Regina, Canada
Air Pollution Control Branch
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of Northern
Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 570-586, August 22-24, 1973. 8 fig,
9 ref.
An investigation was conducted to determine the phosphorous removal capacity
of three different dosages of lime in an anaerobic lagoon. Secondarily, it was
hoped that a determination might be made of the effect of lime on the removal of
carbonaceous material. The lime used in this study was a high calcium chemi-
cal grade hydrated lime. The efficiency of phosphorous removal at a dosage of
187.5 ppm and 100 ppm were similar, about 82 percent, and little effected by
temperature. Removal efficiency at 50 ppm was considerably below the other
levels. Percent BOD removal for all three dosages was similar and not above
10 percent greater than the conventional untreated anaerobic process. COD
removal was also similar for all three dosage levels. Only the highest
dosage produced any increase in the removal of total carbon over that of the
untreated lagoon process. The high dosage removed 93 percent of the SS, while
the moderate dosage removed 89 percent. The untreated lagoon and the low
dosage both removed 84 percent of SS. All dosages appeared to be temperature
independent in SS removal.
*Phosphorous, *Lime, *Anaerobic digestion, *Temperature, Water quality control,
Cold regions, Canada, Performance, Efficiencies, Biological oxygen demand,
Chemical oxygen demand, Carbon, Suspended solids
*Anaerobic stabilization, Phosphorous removal, Carbonaceous material
315
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173D
REFINERY EFFLUENTS NEED EFFICIENT CONTROL,
Energy Digest, Vol. 3, No. 1, p 37-39, January/Febraury, 1974. 2 tab.
Refineries share the major problem of effluent control. Three components make
up effluent water: process steam, mixed with oil vapors which condense and
separate into oil and water; rain water in drainage areas which must be treated
to separate the oil they have picked up enroute; and water employed for cooling
purposes. These three water streams are generally treated separately, by
gravity separation, flocculation with chemicals, biological treatment, acti-
vated sludge treatment, or air flotation plants. The type and degree of water
treatment required is dependent upon the volume of the water, the quality, and
the size of the receiving water. In addition, radioactive material can be a prob-
lem. Considered too, are problems relating to pollution by the gas industry and
lack of effective sulphur legislation.
*Effluents, *0il, Flocculation, Waste water treatment, Sewage treatment, Acti-
vated sludge treatment, Aeration, Separation techniques, Gas, Water pollution,
Sulphur, Legislation, Biological treatment, Water quality
*Refineries, Effluent control
174D
WASTEWATER SYSTEM ALTERNATES: WHAT ARE THEY. . . AND
WHAT COST?
Monti, R. P., and Silbermann, P. T.
Water Quality Management Group, Anderson Nichols & Com-
pany, Boston, Massachusetts, Environmental Sciences
Division
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 5, p 40-48, 75, May, 1974. 10 fig.
As the third article of four, this presentation describes objectives and ac-
tions for achieving zero discharge and effecting better waste water treatment
methods. To achieve the high degree of BOD reduction and nutrient removal to
reach required discharge levels, a two-stage chemical precipitation with alumi-
num and ferric salts, and three-stage aeration followed by sand filtration, car-
bon column filtration, disinfection, and final effluent aeration is recommended as
a waste water treatment. Phosphorus removal systems are discussed and a chemi-
cal system of removal was agreed upon as most efficient. Ozonation and its ad-
vantages and potentials are also summarized. All of the waste water treatment
processes outlined are facilities oriented to comply with the 1985 discharge limi-
tations to navigable waters mandated by Congress.
*Waste water treatment, *0zonation, *Biochemical oxygen demand, Aeration, Fil-
tration, Phosphates, Effluents, Standards, Chemical precipitation, Aluminum,
Salts, Legislation, Navigable waters
*Zero discharge, *Phosphorus removal, Congress
316
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175D
FILTRATION MECHANISMS DURING THE REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS
FROM NITRIC ACID,
Rybakov, K. V., Kovalenko, V. P., and Rozanova, L. M.
International Chemical Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 2, p 263-264, April, 1974. 2
fig, 2 ref.
It is known that the filtration process can proceed with complete clogging
of the pores according to some intermediate law, with sludge formation, as well
as with a simultaneous or sequential combination of the above-mentioned phenome-
na. In order to determine the filter surface area for clarification by filtra-
tion, it is necessary to establish the mechanisms which describe the process un-
der given specific conditions. Illustrated are graphic methods for calculating
the nitric acid filtration process using various filter media. The process is
found to take place by a sequential two-stage mechanism. This involves first,
the partial clogging of the pores of the filter media and second, the sludge
formation.
*Filtration, *Sludge, *Clarification, Simulation, Mathematical studies, Inves-
tigations, Nitrogen, Filters, Pores, Removal, Contaminants
*Nitric acid, Sludge formation, Filter media
176D
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT PROCESS SELECTION, PART THREE,
Gulp, G. L., and Hamann, C. L.
Corona Del Mar, California
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 5, p 71-14, May, 1974. 3 fig.
As the concluding part of a study of modification of existing waste water treat-
ment plants to meet higher effluent standards with respect to discharge of
suspended solids and aquatic growth nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus,
this deals with ammonia stripping, chlorination, ion exchange, and solids re-
moval by coagulation/filtration processes. Ammonia stripping is the only one
of the three physical-chemical techniques which has been actually tried on a
full plant scale. The process consists of raising the pH of water to 10.8 to
11.5; formation and reformation of droplets in a stripping tower; and providing
air-water contact and droplet agitation by circulation of large quantities of
air through the tower. This method is effective and reliable for nitrogen re-
duction in climates which are not too cold. For areas of cold weather, other
methods such as breakpoint chlorination are necessary. This is a method whereby
chlorine is added to waste water containing ammonia nitrogen and reacts with
hypochlorous acid to produce chloramines. Six United States plants are planning
to use this process. Its advantages are low capital costs, assurance of dis-
infection, and conversion of ammonia to elemental nitrogen with no disposal
problem. Disadvantages are the large increase in total dissolved solids.
Selective ion exchange uses zeolites which are selective for ammonia relative to
calcium, magnesium, and sodium. It is still in the pilot stage but seems to re-
move nitrogen without adding objectionable quantities of other materials, and
is effective in cold weather.
*Ammonia, *Chlorination, *Ion exchange, *Suspended solids, *Treatment facilities,
Coagulation, Filtration, Waste water treatment, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Cold,
Disinfection, Zeolites, Pilot plants, Phosphorus
*Ammonia removal, *Solids removal, pH, Treatment plants, Breakpoint
chlorination
317
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17 7D
HIGH RATE FILTRATION MEDIA CONCEPTS,
Morey, E. F.
The Taulman Company, Atlanta, Georgia,
Turbitol Division
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 5, p 80-83, May 1974. 3 fig.
High rate filtration has become a viable alternative to conventional silica
sand media filters. Five types of filter media are in existence. These are:
silica sand only, where grain size is distributed from fine to coarse from
top to bottom; the so-called "ideal filter" with grain size gradually decreases
throughout bed depth; the conventional dual-media filter incorporating an anthra-
cite coal layer on top of silica sand; the mixed or tri-media concept, uti-
lizing a combination of anthracite, silica sand and garnet or ilmenite; and
the uniform dual-media filter comprised of highly uniform anthracite and silica
layers. The last three are approaches to the so-called ideal filter bed
design. Three plants throughout the country were compared using dual, uni-
form dual, mixed media, and one inch caps (a slightly modified conventional
sand filter). Based upon their data, uniform dual-media and mixed media fil-
ters exhibited better performance than conventional dual media filters.
The efficiency increase from significantly longer filter runs will offset costs
of installation.
*Filtration, *Water treatment, *Filters, *Sand, Silica, Design criteria, Pilot
plants, Experimentation, Costs, Installation
Filter bed, Dual filters, Uniform dual filters, Mixed media filters,
One inch cap filters
178D
MARKETS FOR CHEMICALS GROW AND GROW,
Gross, A. C.
Cleveland State University and Predicasts, Incorporated,
Cleveland, Ohio
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 5, p 414-418, May, 1974.
1 fig, 2 tab.
The economics of chemical companies in the antipollution field is discussed.
Although inflationary forces will raise costs of these chemicals to perhaps
15 percent by 1980, growth of water and waste water treatment chemicals is
expected to exceed the growth rate of the economy. Specific chemicals will
significantly increase. Polyelectrolytes should grow more rapidly than inor-
ganic coagulants, membranes faster than other filter media, ion exchange resins
faster than lime, with oxygen used more widely than air. The industry is frag-
mented; six specialty firms control almost half of the formulations. These are
Betz Laboratories, Chemed, Mogul, Merck, Nalco, and United States Filter.
Chemical filter materials, pH neutralizers and salts, biological action chemi-
cals, and internal water preparations are discussed. Waste water treatment
chemicals seem to forecast a larger market than water treatment, but both will
be on the increase.
*Costs, *Chemicals, *Waste water treatment, *Water treatment, Costs, Coagula-
tion, Membranes, Polyelectrolytes, Lime, Ion exchange, Resins, Filters,
Forecasting
Economic markets, Betz, Chemed, Mogul, Merck, Nalco, U. S. Filter, pH,
Manufacturers
318
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179D
HIGH-RATE FILTRATION,
Rice, A. H.
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 4, p 258-261,
April, 1974.
High filtration rates for improved filtered-water clarity are a trend in
industry. Practices of filtration vary widely because of a number of variables
in design and mechanisms of filters. Filters become steadily finer as materials
deposit and head loss increases exponentially. By being sure that filter-media
grain size is too large to permit straining to occur, this is prevented; and
removal is therefore by chance adhesion of the relatively small suspended
particles onto the relatively large surface of the filter media or previously
deposited material. Flow rate, kind and amount of suspended solids, desired
effluent quality, and water temperature are the major variables in filtra-
tion. Depth of filter and media size also influence head-loss, floe penetra-
tion, and water quality. While the majority of United States watei-filter plants
use a sand filter, dual media filters with anthracite coal and three-media
filters with garnet or ilmenite are described. In the use off multi-media fil-
tration, materials with different specific gravities are necessary, and the
materials must be relatively inexpensive and durable under filter conditions.
An additional problem in filtration, seasonal variabion of floe, has been solved.
Polyacrylamides and activated silica as floe-strengthening agents are a ne-
cessary part of new methods of high-rate filtration.
*Filtration, Clarification, *Water quality, *Filters, Water temperature,
Effluents, Suspended solids, Flocculation, Head loss, Silica, Design criteria
Polyacrylamides, High rate filtration, Floe penetration, Anthracite coal,
Filter-media
180D
THE DIRECT REUSE OF RECLAIMED WASTEWATER: PROS, CONS,
AND ALTERNATIVES,
Phillips, W. J. II.
John Carollo Engineers, Walnut Creek, California
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 4, p 231-237,
April, 1974. 9 tab, 21 ref.
Both sides of the waste water reuse issue hav,e been represented. Reuse is
defined as the general use of a reclaimed resource and recycle is defined as
the use of a reclaimed waste water in a domestic water supply. The argu-
ments in favor of waste water recycling are illustrated by ongoing research
and projects including: treatment methods such as utilizing industrial waste
heat in adding treatment processes, polyelectrolytes to complex heavy metals
for removal, and activated carbon to remove organic contaminants such as
refractories and petroleum products; and measurement techniques such as gas
chromatography for monitoring drinking water supplies, or detection of
organisms by filter fluorescent antibody techniques. The negative aspects
of water reuse are the unknowns in the areas of bacteriology, parasitology, and
virology both because of system unreliability and possible catastrophic break-
downs leading to epidemics and because of viruses, bacteria, and new chemicals
which may be toxic and resistant to treatment methods. Alternatives to waste
water reuse are in the areas of water salvage—control of seepage, evapora-
tion control, vegetation management, water harvesting, desalination,disposal—and
water conservation. Control and development of either water reuse or water con-
servation are seen as applicable to regional governments and public insti-
tutions on a large scale.
*Water reuse, *Recycling, AWaste water treatment, *Dotnestic water, Polyelec-
trolytes, Activated carbon, Petroleum products, Monitoring, Potable water, Fil-
tration, Bacteria, Toxicity, Water conservation, Public health, Evaporation
control
*Waste water reuse, Treatment methods, Parasitology
319
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181D
FACTORS IN REGIONAL ASSESSMENT OF WASTEWATER REUSE,
Horsefield, D. R.
Camp Dresser and McKee, Incorporated
Boston, Massachusetts
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 4, p 238-239,
April, 1974.
Feasibility of waste water reuse in any region should be evaluated on the
basis of specific local conditions of quality, quantity, and economics. The
North Central Texas Council of Governments assessed their area by asking what
the needs for present and future supplemental water supplies were, what
the best method of reuse for the region might be, what the potential markets
for renovated waste water were, and what water quality criteria for beneficial
uses needed to be. The Texas Water Plan is long range and takes into account
methods of water reuse aside from domestic reuse twenty years from now. These
include groundwater recharge, agricultural irrigation, recreational lakes,
industrial process water, and cooling water. Disease prevention is foremost
as a consideration. The only currently marketable method of the five above is
cooling water for steam-electric power plants. If these operate at capacity,
for 1990, with recycled cooling water (high quality effluent), the make-up
requirement could be reduced by up to 40 fold. Advantages of waste water
reclamation are in economics and in long-range planning.
*Water reuse, *Waste water disposal, *Recycling, *Cooling water, Water quality,
Standards, Water supply, Planning, Costs, Domestic water, Groundwater,
Recharge, Agriculture, Recreation, Industrial wastes, Diseases, Electricity,
Effluents, Power plants
Texas Water Plan, Texas, Waste water reclamation, Economics
18 2D
SELECTING MIXING FOR TREATMENT OPERATIONS,
Winter, R. L.
Philadelphia Mixers Corporation,
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 4, p 262-264,
April, 1974. 5 fig.
Designs for mixers in water treatment and waste treatment vary according to
particular applications but basic operating principles are the same. Waste
treatment is broken down into primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment.
Primary treatment removes solids with the aid of some type of liquid-solid
separation mechanism. In secondary treatment, a biochemical process is
usually involved to get rid of undesirable bacteria and other impurities.
In tertiary treatment, this water is converted to a reusable state. Mixers
are used for each phase, and vary in speed as well as size. An additional
application of mixers in industrial operations are in automatic control of
pH value of waste water by a response valve which allows control of the flow
of lime. Costs and flexibility determine the type mixer for any application.
Factors for consideration are speed changes, power changes, impeller changes,
gear-reducer load ratings, and agitator and support bearings.
*Mixing, *Water treatment, *Waste treatment, *Design criteria, Costs,
Liquids, Solids, Biological treatment, Tertiary treatment, Industrial wastes,
Lime, Waste water treatment, Separation, Equipment
*Mixers, pH
320
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183D
FEASIBILITY OF WATER REUSE AT HIGHWAY REST STATIONS,
Parker, C. E.
Virginia Highway Research Council,
Virginia Department of Highways,
Charlottesville, Virginia
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 4, p 247-249,
April, 1974. 4 tab, 9 ref.
Work was done to determine the current effluent quality from an existing rest
station, the treatment required to upgrade the waste water from the rest
area for recycle, the requirements of the rest area, and the response ne-
cessary for a recycle system to meet peak demands. Water use was correlated
with rest area use and traffic flow. Waste water was examined from an area
employing an extended aeration system and a holding pond, and evaluated re-
garding requirements for toilet flushing at peak needs. It appears that by
changing the flow scheme and storage and disinfection scheme, the present
effluent could be used for flushing toilets. Capital costs were compared
with the necessary system for effluents which are free from phosphorus and
low in organic carbon. This recycling alternative would save about $35,000
per rest area. On a test basis, it is indicated that waste water reuse for
flushing toilets at highway rest areas offers an alternative to releasing
high-quality effluent to a stream. Further demonstration projects are
needed for more conclusive statements.
*Water reuse, *Water recycle, *Effluents, *Costs, *Waste water treatment,
Water quality, Phosphorus, Organic carbon, Aeration
*Flush toilets, *Highway rest areas
184D
MERCURY CONTAMINATION OF VEGETATION DUE TO THE APPLICATION
OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AS A FERTILIZER,
Van Loon, J. C.
Toronto University, Toronto, Canada,
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
and the Departments of Geology and Chemistry
Environmental Letters, Vol. 6, No. 3, p 211-218, 1974. 1 tab, 7 ref.
Vegetation grown on sludged and control plots were tested for mercury con-
tent. Washed and unwashed samples were also tested. Of various plants,
leaves and seeds of wild barley and quack grass; tomato roots, plants and
fruit; bean roots plants and pods; carrot roots and tops and lettuce leaf,
only tomato fruit showed increase of mercury levels for the washed plant
material from the sludged plot. In this case, levels up to fifty times higher
compared to specimens from unsludged plots were found. In addition, further
investigation is recommended for surface contamination of vegetation by
mercury containing dusts and soils which can cause elevated levels in un-
washed material.
*Vegetation, *Mercury, *Sewage sludge, *Contamination, Soil contamination,
Experimentation, Soil surfaces, Tomatoes
Washed materials
321
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185D
KINETICS OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE OXYGENATION,
Humenick, M. J., and Ball, J. E.
Texas University, Austin, Texas,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of Water Pollution Control, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 735-747, April, 1974.
10 fig, 2 tab, 31 ref.
The purpose of this study was to determine the basic causes for reported
greater sludge settleability, higher kinetic rates, and lower sludge produc-
tion using oxygenation. It was determined that high purity oxygen is, in
fact, a realistic alternative to conventional aeration in the activated
sludge process. The additional costs for production, distribution, and
utilization of oxygen may be justified by the benefits of an oxygenation
system. However, these benefits seem to be derived not from metabolic change
in the organisms but from the ability to transfer oxygen rapidly across the
gas-liquid interface at low turbulence and to meet high oxygen uptake demands
per unit volume of mixed liquor. Conclusions were that no significant dif-
ferences were found in the sludge yield coefficient, decay coefficient, or
substrate removal kinetics under aeration or oxygenation; no significant
difference was found in the initial settling velocity of activated sludge
developed in the zone settling range of mean cell retention time, suspended
solids concentration, and mixing history in the zone settling range; and
the choosing of oxygenation over aeration must depend on overall economic ana-
lysis. Specific benefits of oxygenation include ability to supply oxygen
demands at the influent end of a reactor, significant DO concentration in the
plant effluent, and the reduced size of sludge processing equipment.
*Aeration, *0xygenation, *Costs, *Activated sludge, *0xygen, Experimentation,
Effluents, Influents, Sludge, Liquor, Treatment facilities, Gas, Liquids,
Settling, Kinetics, Waste water treatment, Equipment
Treatment plants
186D
OCEAN INCINERATION OF TOXIC WASTES,
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 4, p 46-47, April, 1974.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons and other toxic wastes may be destroyed by a new
method, the incineration at sea. A converted German cargo vessel was specially
constructed so that its combustion chambers may take toxic wastes from British,
Dutch, and Scandinavian companies. An American counterpart is proposed for
1975. The ship, named "Vulcanus", reduces the cost of incineration to nearly
one half of land incineration. Chlorinated hydrocarbon wastes are disposed
of by incineration at 1400 C. This temperature consumes 99 percent of the
materials; fumes settle in the ocean and are converted into mild hydrochloric
acid, which can be absorbed into the marine life without harm. Burning is
done in combustion chambers in the rear of the ship and fumes fall astern
into the wake. Burning in the North Sea is done fifty to sixty miles away
from the nearest coastline, and clear of shipping lanes. Disposal is checked
for keeping within government regulations after each trip.
*Hydrocarbons, *Toxicity, *Incineration, *0ceans, Burning, Ships, Hydro-
chloric acid, Marine animals
*Toxic wastes, *0cean incineration, Combustion chambers, Vulcanus
322
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187D
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL EFFLUENTS,
Pound, C. E., and Crites, R. W.
Metcalf and Eddy, Incorporated
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 49-61. 12 tab, 19 ref.
A summary of the characteristics of municipal waste water and effluents from
common treatment processes is given. The range of constituents varies from
weak to strong, and involves pre-treatment, primary, or secondary treatment
accordingly. Characteristics of waste water are physical, chemical, or
biological. Physical properties include total solids content, color, and
odors; chemical characteristics are organic matter, inorganic matter, and
gases; microorganisms, predominantly bacteria, make up the biological charac-
teristics. Pre-treatment involves screening and sedimentation which yields
primary effluent. Primary treatment by coarse screens and grit chambers does
not affect the biological characteristics. These must be removed by secon-
dary treatment, biological oxidation and flocculation, as well as secondary
sedimentation. Disinfection, or the selective destruction of disease-causing
organisms, is a final technique. Decisions for application of effluents to
the land must take into account all water and soil quality data as well as
environmental conditions. Irrigation systems can be designed using available
technology for the various treatment processes, depending upon the waste water
constituents.
*Municipal water, *Municipal wastes, *Irrigation, *Waste water treatment, Ef-
fluents, Biological treatment, Chemical treatment, Sedimentation, Screens,
Flocculation, Biological oxidation, Pre-treatment (water), Primary treatment,
Secondary treatment, Bacteria
188D
ORGANICS,
Broadbent, F. E.
University of California
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 97-101. 1 fig, 3 tab, 5 ref.
Sludge from domestic and industrial sewages may contribute to soil improvement
by affecting soil properties such as moisture holding capacity, structural
stability, and cation retention. Organic components include partly undecom-
posed substances and partly microbial cells and by-products synthesized during
the treatment process. Most are biodegradable, and are readily converted to
water, carbon dioxide, and other inorganic substances during aerobic treatment.
Little is known, of the nitrogen transformations attendant to sludge applica-
tion on soils and this area of research should be expanded.
*Domestic wastes, *Industrial wastes, *Soil properties, *0rganic matter,
Soil microbiology, Biodegradation, Aerobic treatment, Nitrogen, Soils, Soil
treatment, Carbon dioxide, Sewage sludge, Research
Soil holding capacity, Cation retention
323
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189D
THE PROPERTIES OF SLUDGES,
Dean, R. B., and Smith, J. E. Jr.
Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 39-47, 2 fig, 8 tab, 33 ref.
Because a typical digested sludge contains about twenty tons of water associa-
ted with each ton of solids, the major cost of sludge treatment and disposal
is related to dewatering and drying processes of this water. Types of
sludge are categorized by the contaminants removed from waste water by physi-
cal, biological, and chemical treatments. Raw primary sludge consists of
readily settleable fine silt and organic matter. Waste-activated sludge (WAS)
is the biological multiplication of microorganisms feeding on suspended
and soluble organic matter in the presence of dissolved oxygen. Controlled
putrefaction of either type sludge is known as anaerobic digestion. This pro-
cess is easily upset by various toxic influents, and aerobic digestion to
stabilize sludge is often used as well. Chemical precipitation by lime, alum,
or iron slats is frequently used for agricultural sludges, especially for
phosphate removal. Toxicity caused by heavy metals is an additional problem.
*Sewage, *Sludge treatment, *Sludge disposal, *Biological treatment, *Chemlcal
treatment, Aerobic digestion, Anaerobic digestion, Lime, Alum, Heavy metals,
Agricultural wastes, Phosphates
Waste activated sludge (WAS)
190D
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMICS OF SLUDGE HANDLING,
Bauer, W. J.
Bauer Engineering, Incorporated
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 161-167. 1 fig, 2 tab.
It is difficult and costly to dewater municipal sewage sludge and an alterna-
tive method is transportation and land application. One such project was
the excavating and transport of over one million wet tons and land application
of over half a million wet tons of sewage slurry from the Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago. By open and competitive bidding, land application
could be an economically feasible alternative to incineration and make use of
the organic potential of sludge. Transport systems suggested include truck,
rail, pipeline, and barge.
*Costs, *Dewatering, *Incineration, Municipal wastes, Sewage sludge, Pipelines,
Planning, Slurry
*Sewage transport, *Land application, Chicago, Illinois (Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago)
324
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191D
RECYCLING MUNICIPAL SLUDGES AND EFFLUENTS ON LAND,
Williams, T. C.
Williams and Works
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 169-173.
Williams and Works has designed schemes involving land treatment involving
pre-treatment considerations, energy requirements, and costs of operation.
Pre-treatment processes include: no pre-treatment other than maceration;
primary treatment; trickling filters; activated sludge; aerated lagoons, and
anaerobic-aerobic pond systems. Methods for land application, using spray ir-
rigation, utilize equipment such as center pivot machines, winched pulled guns
that travel back and forth across the field, portable aluminum pipe systems,
and solid set systems. Research needs are listed. These include: air
pollution around treatment plants; inflow and outflow quality comparison on
mature pond systems; quality of ice on ponds; muck and peat soils; swamp
irrigation; entomology; animals, thermal studies; movement of groundwater in
the unsaturated zone; pond recirculation; dissolved oxygen in the effluent;
and study of the quality of the drinking water supply system.
*Municipal wastes, *Effluents, *Recycling, Pre-treatment (water), Primary
treatment, Trickling filters, Activated sludge, Aerated lagoons, Ponds, Irri-
gation, Equipment, Pipes, Air pollution, Treatment plants, Ice, Groundwater,
Dissolved oxygen, Potable water, Water supply
*Land applications, *Treatment methods
19 2D
HIGH-RATE LAND TREATMENT I: INFILTRATION AND HYDRAULIC
ASPECTS OF THE FLUSHING MEADOWS PROJECT,
Bouwer, H., Rice, R. C., and Escarcega, E. D.
U. S. Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, May, 1974.
3 fig., 5 tab., 11 ref.
An experimental high-rate land treatment system, the Flushing Meadows project,
was initiated to study renovation of secondary sewage effluent for irrigation,
recreation, and some industrial uses. The project attempted the renovation
through high-rate infiltration basins in the bed of the Salt River. It was
found that infiltration rates decreased linearly during flooding and were re-
stored sigmoidally during drying of the basins. One acre of basin area could
renovate 0.36 mgd of effluent due to a hydraulic loading of 400 feet per year
obtained by 20 to 30-day flooding periods alternated with 10-day drying periods
in summer and 20-day drying periods in winter. The bottom conditions most
desirable for high infiltration rates was mature grass stand, followed by
bare soil and then gravel. A deep, nonvegetated basin is thought to be most
conductive to high infiltration rates over the long run. A uniform, aniso-
tropic aquifer was assumed and showed good agreement with horizontal and verti-
cal hydraulic conductivities obtained by a resistance network analog from
groundwater level response to recharge and those obtained by well tests. The
existence of active and passive flow regions was inferred by the effective
transmissibility for recharge of twelve percent of the transmissibllity for
the entire saturated height of the unconfined aquifer. The hydraulic conduc-
tivity of the aquifer was not noticably affected by groundwater recharge with
sewage effluent.
*Secondary treatment, *Infiltration rates, *Flooding, Basins, Effluents,
Irrigation, Recreation, Water reuse, Hydraulics, Aquifers, Groundwater, Flow,
Sewage effluents
High-rate infiltration, Flushing Meadows Project, Phoenix, Arizona
325
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193D
HIGH-RATE LAND TREATMENT II: WATER QUALITY AND ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF THE FLUSHING MEADOWS PROJECT,
Eouwer, H., Lance, J. C., and Riggs, M. S.
I. S. Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 844-859,
May, 1974. 9 fig., 3 tab., 15 ref.
Water quality and economic aspects of the Flushing Meadows project in Phoenix,
Arizona, were investigated. The filtration of the secondary effluent through
the gravel and sand resulted in almost complete removal of SS, BOD, and fecal
coliforms, but total organic carbon was still present in concentrations of
about five mg/liter. No fecal coliforms were encountered after 300 feet of
horizontal travel. Total nitrogen load at the design hydraulic loading rate
of 300 feet per year was 24,000 pounds per acre. Cyclic flooding and drying
periods of several days each yielded essentially complete conversion of the ni-
trogen in the effluent to nitrate in the renovated water, but no removal of
nitrogen. With flooding and drying periods of two weeks each, ammonium was
adsorbed in the soil during flooding and nitrified; it was partially denitri-
fied during drying. This yielded a net nitrogen removal of about 30 percent,
which could be doubled or almost tripled by addition of organic carbon, recyc-
ling part of the renovated water, or by reducing the hydraulic loading rate.
Phosphate removal was about 50 percent after 30 feet of underground travel,
as was fluoride. Copper and zinc were removed by about 80 percent. Dissolved
E:alts of the renovated water was about two percent higher than that of the
effluent. The pH was lowered from 8 to 7. It was concluded that high-quality
renovated water suitable for unrestricted irrigation and recreation can be ob-
tained. Cost was about $5.3/acre-foot which is significantly less than the
cost of equivalent in-plant tertiary treatment required to produce a water of
similar quality.
*Water quality, *Costs, *Filtration, *Secondary treatment, Suspended solids,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Coliforms, Flooding, Nitrogen, Recycling, Recrea-
tion, Irrigation, Water reuse, Ammonium, Tertiary treatment
*Hydraulic loading, Organic carbon, pH
194D
BIOLOGICAL TREATABILITY OF LANDFILL LEACHATE,
Boyle, W. C., and Ham, R. K.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 860-872,
May, 1974. 4 fig, 14 tab, 5 ref.
A substantial portion of the organic pollutants in sanitary landfill leachate
can be removed by biological treatment. Anaerobic treatment of raw leachate
provided more than 90 percent BOD reduction for hydraulic detention times
greater than ten days at temperatures of 23 to 30 C. Aerobic polishing of
the anaerobic effluent produced BOD values proportional to surface water dis-
charge. Leachate can be added to domestic waste water in an extended aeration
activated sludge plant at a level of at least five percent by volume without
serious impairment of quality. At greater than five percent, leachate addi-
tions caused substantial solids production, increased oxygen uptake rates,
and poorer mixed liquor separation.
*Blological treatment, *Biochemical oxygen demand, *Landfills, Pollutants,
Organic matter, Anaerobic treatment, Domestic wastes, Activated sludge,
Oxygen, Solids, Liquors, Effluents, Waste water treatment
Landfill leachates, Organic pollutants
326
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19 5D
JET AERATOR HAS HIGH OXYGENATION CAPACITY,
Chemical Engineering, Vol. 81, No. 10, p 70, May 13, 1974.
A jet aeration system has been developed which consumes less power and is
much cheaper than pure-oxygen processes. Its system design is based on oxygena-
tion capacities calculated from temperature, solids concentration, basin
geometry, BOD, COD, and equipment efficiencies. The Eddy-Mix Jet Aeration
system features fiber-glass ductwork, submersible heavy-duty pumps and large-
diameter jets, and can be used in waste lagoons, oxidation ditches, or aera-
tion tanks. Compressed air and recirculatlng liquor are brought into the jet
and form small, entrained bubbles. The mixture is discharged on the bottom in
a horizontal stream. Plumes are formed which provide turbulence. Unlike
surface aeration systems, mixing is not limited by tank depth.
*Jets, *Aeration, *0xygen, Basins, Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen
demand, Equipment, Efficiency, Pumps, Lagoons, Oxidation, Liquors, Streams,
Mixing
*Jet aeration, Basin geometry, Tank depth
I960
VORTEX CLARIFIER ACHIEVES FAST SEPARATIONS,
Canadian Chemical Processing, Vol. 58, No. 4, p 32-33, April, 1974. 1 fig.
A new clarifier has been designed by Queen's University Engineering Department,
Kingston, Ontario and will have its first commercial use and installation
by 1975. This clarifier will process 200 gallons per minute or more of li-
quids which contain less than 1 percent solids. It is designed to bridge the
gap between centrifuges and settling tanks used for this purpose. The Bird Mach-
ine Company will use this "forced vortex" in which the liquid in the cone ro-
tates as if it were a solid body, minimizing fluid shear and hence turbulence.
By applying large rotational accelerations (500 to 2000 g) the particles
quickly agglomerate and reduce retention time to 40 seconds (rather than hours
in a settling tank). Applications being considered are in recovering fibers
from paper mill effluents and the reduction of water pollution. Possible
future uses include separation of immiscible liquids.
*Separation, *Clarification, Vortices, Installation, Liquids, Solids, Water
pollution control, Equipment,, Canada, Solids
Vortex clarifier, Kingston, Ontario, Forced vortex, Retention time,
Acceleration, Immiscible liquids
327
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19 7D
GAMMA RADIATION AS AN EFFECTIVE DISINFECTANT,
Murphy, K. L.
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,
Department of Chemical and Civil Engineering
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 4, p 24, 26, 28, April, 1974.
5 fig, 7 ref.
Gamma radiation has not been used as a disinfectant for waste waters primarily
because of costs. However, while chlorine is currently the most widely used
disinfectant for potable water treatment, serious questions have been raised
about both its effectiveness and its possible toxicity over time. A further dis-
advantage of chlorine is its high energy consumption, especially in time of
energy shortages. By laboratory studies, gamma radiation from radioactive
cobalt 60 has been demonstrated to be an effective disinfectant; it
cannot induce radioactivity or add to contaminants present. A pilot plant in
Georgetown, Ontario was designed to test reactor efficiency, disinfecting
ability of radiation, reactor performance, effect on soluble organics, and
toxicity effects. Significant results on effectiveness of treatment and re-
production of an effluent non-toxic to fish were shown. Costs of cobalt are
presently half the price of ten years ago. This coupled with a lower energy
consumption as compared to chlorine, could make gamma radiation a viable al-
ternative as a waste water disinfectant.
*Gamma rays, *Cobalt radioisotopes, *Disinfection, *Chlorination, Chlorine,
Potable water, Water treatment, Laboratory tests, Energy, Contamination, Pilot
plants, Toxicity, Fish, Waste water treatment, Canada
*Gamma radiation, Cobalt 60, Laboratory studies, Energy consumption, Ontario
19 8D
BRANDON SEWAGE PLANT FEATURES NOVEL CLARIFIER,
Brandon, Manitoba, City Engineering
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 4, p 50-52, April, 1974.
Specific problems exist in cold regions such as Brandon, Manitoba, where biologi-
cal sewage treatment processes were difficult to maintain by conventional anaero-
bic lagoon methods. The new treatment facility is essentially an extended
aeration plant, incorporating an aeration tank in which Penberthy jets are in-
stalled. These produce a stream of water and air simultaneously, and react to
produce a fine bubble. These jets promote complete mixing action and are not
prone to freezing, as the aerator is always submerged. Using a pilot plant, it
was found that a completely-mixed system with effective clarification and sludge
return is a very efficient system; it should not be critically affected by
temperature variation, sludge quantity, or variation in oxygen content. An ad-
ditional feature of the Brandon plant is a clarifier which removes settleable
solids. This is done by a tube or set of tubes or a channel with flushing in
the direction of the flow with flushing water either directed to a separate
basin or returned to the original basin. Essentially, 100 percent of the sludge
from the clarifier is returned to the aeration tank and eventually will be waste
into the lagoon system. A full cycle of sewage treatment will consist of 24
hours of aeration, followed by clarification before discharge to a lagoon for
three weeks storage, then cascading down an open channel to re-absorb a maximum
oxygen before discharge to the river.
*Sewage treatment, *Biological treatment, *Aeration, *Anaerobic treatment, *Jets,
Lagoons, Treatment facilities, Pilot plants, Clarification, Oxygen, Solids,
Sludge, Temperature, Rivers, Bubbles, Canada, Cold regions
Settleable solids, Anaerobic lagoons, Aeration tanks, Penberthy jets, Brandon,
Manitoba, Fine bubbles
323
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19 9D
FURTHER PURIFICATION OF BIOLOGICALLY TREATED WASTE WATER
TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENTS BY MEANS OF MICROSTRAINERS (WEI-
TERREINIGUNG BIOLOGISCH BEHANDELTER KLAERANLAGENABLAEUFE MIT
HILFE VON MICROSTRAINERN) ,
Hanisch, B.
Gas-Wasser-Abwasser Vol. 54, No. 3, p 75-77, April, 1974. 6 fig.
The principle and the use of microstrainers for the reduction of the suspended
matter content in biologically purified effluents in waste water treatment
plants are described. The microstrainer is composed of a horizontal, slowly
rotating drum covered by fine wire mesh serving as filter. It emerges to two
thirds into the effluent which passes through it from the inside to the outside.
The suspended matter settling on the inside of the drum acts as an additional
filter. The proliferation of Zooglea is prevented by UV irridation. Experi-
ences from the practical use of microstrainers in connection with biological
waste water treatment plants and percolation bodies show that microstrainers are
able to retain up to 60 percent of the suspended matter content, and to reduce
the residual BOD content by about 50 percent. While the suspended matter reten-
tion efficiency of microstrainers is lower than that of rapid sand filters, mi-
crostrainers are superior to the latter in terms of lower investment costs and
reduced susceptibility to great load variations.
*Water purification, *Waste water treatment, *Filtratlon, *Biological treatment,
*Equipment, Suspended solids, Retention, Biochemical oxygen demand, Ultraviolet
radiation, Filters, Costs
*Microstrainers, Treatment plants, Suspended matter, Germany
200D
WASTE TREATMENT: UPGRADING METAL-FINISHING FACILITIES TO
REDUCE POLLUTION,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C.
Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Transfer, July, 1973. 27 p,
6 fig, 1 tab, 25 ref.
Metal processing in manufacturing includes a number of finishing steps
that improve and condition the surface for further processing for the
intended final purpose of an article. Most of these finishing steps employ
wet processes and require rinsing steps. Water pollution is caused by
the deliberate or accidental discharge of the processing solutions and
the contaminated rinse water. In an activity centered around various pro-
cesses employing water as a solvent, it is evident that water pollution
problems will be encountered whenever an effluent is discharged. The
severity of the pollution naturally will depend on the source of waste,
the type of process employed, the size of the installation, and the
relative concentration of the effluent. These aspects as well as
commonly used waste treatment systems, economic considerations, metal
recovery, and process-solution regeneration and recovery are discussed.
*Waste treatment, Industrial wastes, Water pollution sources, Waste water
(pollution), Ion exchange, Reverse osmosis, Evaporation, Economics
*Treatment methods, Metal recovery, Metal processing
329
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201D
ROYAL SEND-OFF FOR SEVERN SCHEME,
Surveyor, Vol. 142, No. 4245, p 30-31, October 19, 1973. 5 fig.
The Severn Scheme is the largest undertaken by the Bristol Waterworks
Company of England since its formation, and when completed will yield a
total of 61 mgd. For phase I of the scheme, four vertical-spindle pumping
units were installed which deliver water from the treated-water reservoir
to the new Puckelchurch reservoir through a 46-inch diameter steel trunk
main. Surge protection is by means of a conventional small surge
vessel at the pumping station and an atmospheric feed tank at the highest
intermediate point of the main. Phase II of the scheme will supply an
extra 12 mgd bringing the combined Purton throughput to 61 mgd.
*Water resources development, Water storage, Pumping plants, Future
planning (projected), Waterworks, Treatment facilities, Equipment
Great Britain
202D
THE LAND CAN BE RETURNED,
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 4, p 18-19, April, 1974.
1 tab, 4 ref.
Research at Guelph University in Ontario, Canada includes field trials
directly incorporating shredded garbage onto land alone, or in combina-
tion with sewage sludge and poultry manure, and the application of lime,
alum, and iron-precipitated sludges. Corn corps were then planted.
Results in terms of corn yields and soil nitrate-nitrogen distribution
during the tests have been promising. A general summary of the data shows:
a sludge application of 0.5 acre-inches was sufficient to produce 112
bu/acre corn; up to 30 percent of the total nitrogen applied as sewage
sludge remained in the cultivated soil layer as residual solids; zinc
levels were highest in treatment involving solid waste or poultry manure;
the greatest cadmium level found in the corn stover from the highest
application of milled refuse and sludge; maximum lead level in corn
grain was related to the treatment of milled refuse plus poultry manure;
and, levels of metals in crops of corn and rye after one application of
waste did not appear to reach toxic concentrations.
*Sewage sludge, *Waste disposal, Crop production, Farm management,
Nitrogen, Corn (field), Sludge treatment, Farm wastes, Solid wastes,
Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Metals, On-site tests, Canada
330
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203D
MAKING POLLUTION CONTROL EASIER: PART 2 - WATER
TREATMENT & CONTROL,
Bacchetti, J. A.
General Electric Company, Environmental Protection
Operation, Schenectady, New York
Automation, Vol. 21, No. 5, p 56-60, May, 1974. 1 tab.
A brief description of the legal aspects cited from the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, 1972 Amendment is given together with regulations
now being proposed and promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency
to implement this water act. Design criteria for treatment facilities
and methodology must be consistent with present and future regulations
always operating within specification and consistent with the daily
effluent standards specified in the permits. Such criteria are explored
for the following potential pollutants: heavy metals and other inorganics,
nutrients, and water flow regulation.
*Legal aspects, *Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Regulation, Design
criteria, Treatment facilities, Methodology, Heavy metals, Nutrients,
Flow control, Inorganic compounds, Environmental Protection Agency
204D
COSTS OF CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLICLY-OWNED WASTEWATER
TREATMENT WORKS. 1973 'NEEDS' SURVEY,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Report to the Congress, Prepared Pursuant to Sections 205 and 516, Public
Law 92-500, 1973. 14 p, 4 tab.
In conformance with Section 516(b) (2) of the 1972 Act, the 1973 Survey
asked local authorities to report the costs for construction of municipal
treatment and collection facilities which were eligible for Federal fund-
ing under the 1972 Act and the guidelines published by the Environmental
Protection Agency for construction grants, and which met definitions and
criteria established in the survey and outlined herein. Costs were re-
ported for facilities in five categories, two for treatment and three for
sewer systems. The limitations of the survey as well as survey results
and possible allocation formulae are presented.
*Surveys, Construction costs, *Treatment facilities, *Sewers, Municipal
wastes, Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Grants, Federal project policy,
Cost allocation, Environmental Protection Agency, Costs
331
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20511
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE REACTOR,
Kiel, H. E., Sundstrom, D. W.
Connecticut University, Storrs, Connecticut,
Department of Chemical Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 993-998,
May, 1974. 9 fig.
Biological reactors, and activated sludge reactors in particular, can be
difficult to control. Part of the problem is in the long residence times (1
to 8 hr). Other characteristics of these facilities that create difficulties
include: nonlinear reaction kinetics; undefined mixing; autocatalytic nature
of the processes, and mixed nature of both substrate and bacteria. To maintain
consistent water quality with biological treatment procedures it is important
to detect a change in the process as soon as possible by measuring input pro-
perties rather than waiting until the change becomes apparent in the output
stream. A feed forward control system was constructed and demonstrated on a
pilot activated sludge reactor using primary effluent from a municipal
sewage treatment plant. This control system can be used to both control air
and recycle solids rates to the reactor to compensate for increases in the
carbon level of the feed stream. When the test system was operated at residence
times comparable to those of a municipal plant, the effluent concentration was
held constant when the return rate of recycle solids was controlled as a func-
tion of the input of the carbon level. Lower conversion and residence times
produced unsatisfactory results.
*Waste water treatment, *Biological treatment, *Activated sludge, *Automatic
control, Monitoring, Treatment facilities, Pilot plants
*Connecticut
206D
ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION OF PETROCHEMICALS,
Giusti, D. M. , Conway, R. A., and Lawson, C. T.
West Virginia University,
Morgantown, West Virginia,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 947-965,
May, 1974. 10 fig, 5 tab, 46 ref.
Activated carbon adsorption is an advanced method for the removal of residual
organic compounds from waste water. There are two stages of waste treatment
where the adsorption technique can be employed: a tertiary treatment stage
for removing refractory organics after conventional secondary (biological)
treatment; or application at the source of the specific pollutant emission.
This study was conducted to test the adsorptive capacity of various carbons
under differing physico/chemical parameters. Among the findings of the study
were: when the molecular weight of the compounds increases, and as the
solubility, polarity and branching decrease, the adsorptive capacity of the
carbon increases in a predictable fashion; aromatics showed the greatest tendency
to be adsorbed; the adsorptive capacity of the various carbons was higher at
high pH values. The following sequence of susceptibility to carbon adsorption
for straight chained hydrocarbons of 4 carbons or less was determined; from
most to least susceptible the sequence is: undissociated organic acids
greater than aldehydes greater than esters greater than ketones greater than
alcohols greater than glycols.
*Activated carbon, *Adsorption, *Waste water treatment, *Tertiary treatment,
Aromatic compounds, Alcohols, Esters, Aldehydes, Organic acids, West Virginia
Ketones, Glycols
332
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207D
AIR DIFFUSION UNIT,
Aberley, R. C., Ratray, G. B., and Dougas, P. P.
Caldwell Connell Engineers,
Melbourne, Australia
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 895-910,
May, 1974. 18 fig, 3 tab, 11 ref.
A description of the design criteria, final design, and performance testing
of a prototype air diffusion unit and aeration system for an activated sludge
treatment facilities is given. Seven different diffuser arrangements were
studied. Results of testing showed that the initial assumption of complete
mixing was justified by the uniform DO levels at all sampling points for each
run. Testing also showed that flat porous plates arranged in a closely spaced
pattern over the entire floor of an aeration tank produces a bubble and cir-
culation pattern resulting in very high oxygen transfer efficiencies (13-19
percent at a submergence of 15 ft). This oxygen transfer efficiency greatly
increased at air flow rates of 40-50 cfm. It was also discovered that sodium
metabisulphate is unsuitable for oxygen uptake tests.
*Aeration, *Diffusion, *Circulation, Activated sludge, Waste water treatment,
Design criteria, Design standards, Pilot plants, Efficiencies, On-site tests,
Performance
*Australia, *Air diffusion unit, *Aeration system
208D
WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC GROUNDWATER,
Gibb, J. P.
Illinois State Water Survey,
Urbana, Illinois
Circular 118, 1973. 17 p, 3 fig, 1 tab, 21 ref.
Each year the Illinois State Water Survey receives numerous requests from
individuals for advice on locating, developing, or treating home or farm water
supplies. This report on water quality and treatment presents basic information
on water quality and treatment of domestic and farm groundwater supplies. It
describes tests and practices that assure a safe sanitary water quality, and
discusses in detail the common minerals and natural gases that are of concern
to home water supplies in Illinois. Described also are water treatment procedures
and equipment for disinfection, iron removal, softening, methane and hydrogen
sulfide gas removal, and their costs.
*Water quality, *Water treatment, *Groundwater, *Water supply, Costs, Domestic
water, Illinois, Agriculture, Tests, Disinfection, Methane, Sanitation, Water
softening
Iron removal, Hydrogen sulfide gas removal, Domestic groundwater supply
333
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20 9D
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST FOR THE POTABILITY OF WATER
TREATED BY A DIRECT REUSE SYSTEM,
Christian, R. T.
Cincinnati University, Cincinnati, Ohio
National Technical Information Service Report No. AD-771 131, September, 1973.
27 p, 11 fig, 12 tab.
A test system was developed to determine the potability of direct reuse water.
The test system is composed of both a biological and chemical test. Mammalian
cell culture is the technique employed in the biological test system. The
cell culture system has been shown to be capable of distinguishing between direct
reuse waters which have received different degrees of treatment. Cytotoxicity
of certain metals included in drinking water standards has been demonstrated.
The level at which such toxicity occurs is within an order ot magnitude of
the level specified in the standard. An analytical laboratory for the analysis
of inorganic and organic contaminants in direct reuse water has been stablished.
Gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy analysis has identified five compounds
that ary present in reverse osmosis permeate of direct reuse water: methanol,
ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, and acetic acid. Several methods for precon-
centration of such waters were studied. Promising techniques include adsorp-
tion and freeze concentration. Included for study were group of mono- and
dihydroxy-substitute phenolic compounds - hydroquinone, xylenols and pyrogallol.
The report includes the plans for a bench scale water reuse system to supply
water for chemical and biological test systems and to determine the effective-
ness of the various unit processes.
*Water reuse, *Testing procedures, *Systems analysis, *Water treatment, *Potable
water, Treatment methods, Toxicity, Gas chromatography, Mass spectroscopy,
Chemical analysis, Concentration
*Direct reuse water, Biological testing, Chemical testing
210D
FILTER PRESS FOR SLUDGE TREATMENT,
Matsuno, Y., Nishi, K., Kawazoe, S., and Uratsuka, K.
Technical Review, Vol. 11, No. 1, p 49-60, February, 1974. 15 fig, 4 tab,
3 ref.
Products of dewatering equipment now available include not only the vacuum
press and centrifuges, but also the filter press. The filter press appears to
be the most powerful in dewatering performance of these types of dewatering
equipment. Demand for the filter press is due to the future Act of Water
Pollution Control which will prohibit the discarding into rivers of the sludge
produced in the course of treatment of both industrial and municipal waters.
The Act will also prohibit discarding the sludge cake containing a large amount
of water (over 85 percent). In addition, when sludge cake is treated by
burning, the lower its water content, the lower the treating cost. On the
basis of the technique developed for the soy bean sauce press now under mass
production, the filter press was developed. It was planned to treat every
kind of sludge in order to get a lower water content in the sludge cake.
Water content has been reduced to below 70 percent, a level previously unat-
tained by the other types of dewatering equipment.
*Dewatering, *Equipment, *Sludge treatment, *Filters, *Water pollution control,
Rivers, Sludge, Vacuum, Industrial wastes, Municipal was.tes, Waste water
treatment, Water Pollution Control Act, Centrifuges, Municipal water
*Vacuum press, *Filter press, Sludge cake
33 it
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211D
CHLORINATION EFFECTS ON ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS IN EFFLUENTS
FROM DOMESTIC SANITARY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS,
Jolley, R. L.
Tennessee University
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report No. ORNL-TM-4290, October, 1973.
Sensitive radioactive tracer monitoring was used to determine the effects of
chlorination in the chlorinated effluents by coupling chlorination by 36C1
radioactive tracer with separation by high-resolution anion-exchange chroma-
tography. Chlorine-containing stable organic constituents are present after
chlorination of effluents from domestic sanitary sewage treatment plants.
Effects of these effluents on the receiving water ecosystems and upon mankind
need to be assessed. Seventeen of these organic compounds were identified and
quantified at the 0.5 to 4.3 microgram/liter level; none had been so identified
previously. Based on these results, it is roughly estimated that 1,000 tons
of chlorine in the form of stable chlorine-containing organic compounds are
discharged annually from sewage treatment plants to American waterways.
*Chlorination, *Monitoring, *Radioactive tracers, *Effluents, *0rganic com-
pounds, Discharge, Sewage treatment, Water pollution, Chromatography, Anion
exchange
Chlorine-containing organic compounds, Treatment plants, 36C1, Sensors,
Chlorination effects
212D
OPERATION CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS,
PART I, OBSERVATIONS,
West, A. W.
National Field Investigations Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio
National Technical Information Service Report No. PB-228 741, April, 1973.
11 fig.
Aeration tanks and final clarifiers are described and illustrated. Informative
physical characteristics which help identify sludge quality and process are
given. Particular clues indicate the type of control adjustments needed to
achieve optimum plant performance. Inferences from these findings supplement
the results of more specific control tests, which dictate direction and
magnitude of the essential control adjustments.
*Aeration, *Control systems, *Sludge, *Quality control, Analytical techniques,
Clarification
*Aeration tanks, Final clarifiers, Plant performance
335
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213D
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS,
PART II, CONTROL TESTS,
West, A. W.
National Field Investigations Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
National Technical Information Service Report No. PB-228 742, April, 1973.
3 fig.
Control tests reveal sludge quality, process status, and final effluent quality
at intervals throughout each 24-hour cycle. By results of a settleometer, centri-
fuge, and final clarifier sludge blanket, calculations may be made for solids
distribution ratios between the aeration tanks and the final clarifiers, as
well as sludge detention time in the final clarifiers and other factors which
influence process performance. By coordinating results of the full test
series—flow records, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen test data—one deter-
mines the return sludge flow, excess sludge wasting and air discharge rates
which are necessary to maintain or restore excellent final effluent quality.
*Control systems, *Quality control, *Centrifuge, *Sludge, Tests, Turbidity,
Dissolved oxygen, Discharge, Aeration, Measurement
*Final clarifier, *Calculations, *Final effluent quality, *Sludge blanket,
Sludge wasting, Aeration tanks, Settleometer
214D
FEASIBILITY OF OZONE DISINFECTION OF SECONDARY EFFLUENT,
Greening, E.
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality
National Technical Information Service Report No. PB-228 524, January, 1974.
40 p, 10 fig, 13 tab, 33 ref.
The use of ozone in treating secondary waste water effluents was studied.
The use of ozone rather than chlorine for secondary disinfection has the
advantage in removal of viruses; ozone was shown to be more effective as a
viricide than chlorine. Higher levels of ozone were required for disinfection
and reduction of the parameters measured in the study than previously expected.
Also, ozone-iron induced flotation was not as efficient as was expected.
Although ozone was a good viricide, its use as a disinfection method for
secondary treated effluents was not recommended for Illinois.
*0zone, *Secondary treatment, *Effluents, Waste water treatment, Chlorine,
Viruses, Flotation, Illinois
Ozone-iron induced flotation, Secondary effluents, Viricides
336
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215D
COSTS OF DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION THICKENING OF WASTE
ACTIVATED SLUDGE AT MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS,
McMichael, W. F.
Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental
Research Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory
National Technical Information Services Report No. PB-226 582, February, 1974.
9 p, 4 fig, 2 ref.
Presented are estimated capital and operating costs and operation and main-
tenance labor man hours. These are associated with flotation thickening.
Equipment supplied by Komline-Sanderson Engineering Corporation and Rex-Chain-
belt Incorporated was used for cost analysis. Capital costs were determined
by loading rates, operating schedules, and excess capacity factors. Operation
and maintenance costs were made up principally of labor, electric power, and
chemical (polymer price and dosage) costs.
*Capital costs, *0peratlng costs, *0peratlon and maintenance, *Maintenance
costs, Labor, Polymers, Electric power costs, Equipment
Polymer dosage, Polymer costs, Komline-Sanderson Engineering Corporation,
Rex-Chainbole Incorporated
216D
CHLORINE RESIDUALS IN TREATED EFFLUENTS,
Snoeyink, V. L.
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality,
Chicago, Illinois
National Technical Information Service Report No. PB-227 268, August, 1973.
59 p 7 fig, 8 tab, 37 ref.
The occurrence and effect of residual chlorine in treated waste water effluents
was discussed. A field study which Involved analysis of effluents from 20
waste water treatment plants In Central Illinois showed total chlorine
residuals ranging from 1 to 5 rag/liter. Most of these plants discharged to
streams which have 7-day 10-year low flows of zero. A study was made of the
rate of decay of residuals in receiving waters, and this rate proved to be
an important function of the type- of residual (free or combined) and the
amount of sunlight. Free chlorine in secondary effluent exposed to bright
sunlight decayed most rapidly. Chlorine residual can be eliminated by
chemical reduction of the residual either by sulfur compounds (S02, HS02,
S03) or activated carbon.
*Chlorine, *Effluents, *Waste water treatment, Treatment facilities,
Discharge, Decay, Sulfur compounds, Activated carbon, Waste water, Illinois,
Streams
*Zero discharge, Residual chlorines, Sunlight exposure, Treatment plants
337
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217D
VACUUM DISTILLATION/VAPOR FILTRATION WATER RECOVERY,
Honegger, R. J., Remus, G. A., and Krug, E. K.
General American Transportation Corporation,
Niles, Illinois,
General American Research Division
Technical Report, CARD Project No. 1528, Contract No. HAS 8-27467, July,
1973. 104 p, 28 fig, 14 ref.
A vacuum distillation/vapor filtration (VD/VF) water recovery system was
designed, fabricated, and tested. The system employs vacuum distillation,
vapor-phase catalytic oxidation, and condensation as the basic processes for
recovering potable water from urine. Both the evaporator and condenser utilize
a rotating impeller to create an artificial gravity for separation of liquid
and vapor in zero gravity. Each impeller is driven through a magnetic coupling,
thus eliminating shaft seals. A six-day performance test indicated good
system thermal efficiency. Water recovered from urine was of good quality as
determined by selected analyses. Daily analysis of recovered water were made.
Total organic carbon was less than 12 mg/liter, pff varied between 6.0 and 6.9,
turbidity was below one Jackstm Unit, and ammonia concentration was less than
1 mg/liter.
*Vacuum, *Filtration, *Water reuse, Oxidation, Evaporation, Condensation,
Equipment, Potable water, Tests, Analytical techniques, Organic carbon,
Ammonia, Distillation, Water quality, Turbidity
*Vacuum distillation, *Vapor filtration, pH, Water recovery, Zero gravity
218D
TUCSON TACKLES TWO PROBLEMS,
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 5, p 66, May, 1974.
A $1.5 million waste water reclamation plant, now being built by the city of
Tucson, Arizona, will hopefully eliminate two problems for that city. First,
the new plant will help relieve the present overload on one of the main 10"
sewer lines serving the rapidly growing southeast side of the city. Secondly,
it will provide irrigation water for the city's two golf courses. Currently,
irrigation water for these golf courses is purchased from the city water de-
partment. The new practice will be cheaper and will conserve 547.5 million
gallons per year of precious groundwater supplies in this desert region. A
brief summary of the plant's operation and hardware is included.
*Water reuse, *Waste water treatment, *Irrigation, *Municipalities, Costs,
Efficiencies, Water Conservation, Arizona, Facilities
338
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219D
ANDOVER GIVES SHOT TO SUPPLY,
McQuade, R. E., Fuller, C. E.
Andover, Massachusetts
Public Works Department.
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 5, p 32-37, May, 1974.
11 fig.
Andover, Massachusetts recently completed construction of a new drinking
water filtration plant with an ultimate capacity of 24 mgd. The plant cur-
rently draws water from Haggets Pond to supply the town's 24,000 residents
and commercial and industrial users. In the future it is planned to augment
this supply by drawing water from the Merrimack River. Included in the
report are the costs breakdown of building as well as basic design data,
equipment used in the plant, and estimated operating costs for 1974.
*Water treatment, *Municipal water, treatment facilities, *Design criteria,
*Costs, Filtration, Construction, Engineering, Water supply, Massachusetts
Public works
220D
PICKIHG THE BEST COAGULANT FOR THE JOB,
Brodeur, T. P., Bauer, D. A.
Daytona Beach, Florida, Water and Wastewater
Plants
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 5, p 52-55, May, 1974. 4 fig.
The problem was raised as to which chemical is most cost-effective in coagula-
tion application. This article reports the findings of a study done to try to
resolve this problem. Alum has been used with great success by the municipali-
ties of Daytona Beach, Florida for over 40 years. This study was conducted not
so much to find something better than alum as it was to alleviate some of the
drawbacks of its use. Typical problems with alum use are: dry power causes
handling problems; soluble alumina which carry through into the distribution
system can cause fouling and dirty water; increased lime dosages are needed
to counter the acidifying characteristics of alum; carryover of light floe
reduces filter runs by formation of gelatinous layers on the bed; and sludge
production with increased water flow causes crowding in the save-all tank and
lagoons. The study compared plant-scale applications of aluminum sulphate,
activated silica, and a high molecular weight anionic polymer (Nalcolyte
8174).
*Coagulation, *Alum, *Costs, *Sludge, Waste water treatment, Silica, Florida,
Filters
Nalcolyte 8174, Daytona Beach, Florida
339
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221D
NIAGARA FALLS WATER PLANT CONVERTS GRAVITY FILTERS
HYDRAULICALLY,
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 4, p 66-67, April, 1974.
3 fig.
Niagara Falls (Ontario) sewage treatment plant of 16 rapid gravity filters and
maximum capacity of 40 million Imperial gallons per day was having its output
impeded by a sluggish rate of filtration. It was necessary to improve this
rate without sacrificing water quality. Consulting engineers recommended that
the 8 new filters in the expanded portion of the plant be operated at 4 gal/
sq ft/minute (twice the original rate); the eight older filters be operated
at 1 gal/sq ft/minute; and each of the two settling tanks be operated at
rates that would give comparable effluent quality. The new filters were con-
verted to the dual media type. The dual media configuration gives the fol-
lowing structure: anthrafilt on top, a layer of sand below this, a layer of
gravel below the sand which is underlaid by the draining system. Unfortunately,
in this case the anthrafilt was already in place and it was necessary to de-
vise a way of introducing the sand layer beneath the anthrafilt with minimum
disturbance to the filter. This was done by placing sand on top of the
anthrafilt and then using a backwash flow (gradually increasing in rate
with time) to fluidize the two media which then sorted themselves properly
with the sand ending up beneath the anthrafilt.
*Filters, *Hydraulics, *Gravity, Water treatment facilities, Sand, Gravel,
Canada, Municipal water, Sewage treatment
*Dual media filters, Niagara Falls, Anthrafilt system
222D
PROBLEMS ON POLLUTION AND WATER RESOURCES IN THE NEW YORK
CITY METROPOLITAN AREA,
Lang, M.
New York City,
Department of Water Resources
Hudson River Colloquium, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol.
250, p 178-181, May 24, 1974.
The size and scope of New York's sewage treatment effort are discussed. The
City has made substantial progress toward its goal of high-degree secondary
treatment. Of the 1.5 billion gallons/day of sewage in the city, 75 percent
currently receivessecondary treatment. The other 25 percent is discharged
untreated into the estuary, principally from the west side of Manhattan. The
city has currently embarked on a program to construct two new treatment plants
and upgrade 12 existing ones, the cost of which is estimated to be $2.3 billion.
Plans for a storm water treatment plant on the shore of Jamaica Bay are dis-
cussed as well as a comprehensive ecological analysis and monitoring program
for the bay and parts of the estuary. A more detailed breakdown of expendi-
tures on the basis of Federal, state, and local shares is also given.
*Waste water treatment, *Storm drains, *Storm water, *Ecosystems, Financing,
New York, Costs, Municipal wastes, Sewage treatment
*Ecological Analysis, *Ecological monitoring
340
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223D
APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL FILTERS IN WATER TREATMENT
SYSTEMS,
Hurley, T. L., Bambenek, R. A.
Chemtric, Incorporated
Nasa Tech Brief, B73-10404, November, 1973.
Regular bacteria filters tend to accumulate bacteria and, when nutrients
become available the bacteria, increase exponentially, which increases the
possibilities of a breakthrough. Present effective lifetime of most filters
is about 10 days. If a bactericide is used to kill bacteria near the filter,
the lifetime of the filters can be extended. Silver chloride placed on or
close to the barrier will kill the bacteria as they arrive. Dead bacteria
accumulate linearly rather than increasing exponentially and hence filter
life can be extended to up to 30 days.
*Bacteria, *Filters, *Bactericides, Equipment, Water treatment
*Silver iodide, NASA
224D
FILTER AND CENTRIF GES FOR THE DEHYDRATION OF WASTE WATER
SLUDGES (FILTER HND ZENTRIFUGEN FUER DIE ENTWAESSERUNG
VON ABWASSERSCHLAEMMEN) ,
Rueb, F.
Wasser Luft und Betrieb, Vol. 18, (5/6), p 279-289, 1974. 9 fig.
Thin sludges left from various water purification processes must be thickened
for deposition in sanitary landfills or other kinds of disposal including
reuse. This had frequently been accomplished by drying in drying beds.
Machines such as filter presses, drying drums, belt filter presses and sludge
centrifuges gained recent increasing interest. Filter presses proved very
efficient with dewatering sludges from pickling stations or galvanizing
stations. A special construction is the tower filter press comprising two
vertical filtering belts. The thin sludge enters on top and proceeds down-
ward between the two belts which in the lower section exert a pressure of 1.8
to 2.5 bar. The filter cake falls out at the bottom. The tower filter press
combines hydrostatic and mechanical pressure. The operating principles of
drum filters, the belt filter press and the centrifuge are reviewed and illus-
trations of these machines are given.
*Dehydration treatment facilities, *Filters, *Centrifugation, *Sludge,
Solid wastes, Waste water treatment
Germany
341
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22.5D
PURIFICATION PLANT EUTIN, APPLICATION OF SIMULTANEOUS
PRECIPITATION FOR PHOSPHATE ELIMINATION, (KLAERANLAGE
EUTIN, ANDWENDUNG DER SIMULTANFAELLUNG ZUR PHOSPHAT-
ELIMINIERUNG,)
Mudrack, K. and Stobbe, G.
Wasser Luft und Betrieb, Vol. 18, No. 5/6, p 289-292, 1974. 4 fig, 2 tab, 2 ref.
In the city of Eutin, Germany, treating the sewerage of a population of over
17,800, waste water from a military caserne, a police training camp, and
the usual small trade, the possibilities of phosphate-elimination and of in-
fluencing the sludge index by addition of iron sulfate into the activation
basin were studied. This was done both in the laboratory and in practical
operation of the cities mechanical-biological treatment plant. Amounts of
16g Fe/cu m, 23g/cu m and 46g/cu m were added. Phosphate elimination rates
of about 80 to 90 percent were achieved, leaving a residual concentration
of 2 to 5mg/liter of phosphate. The sedimenting properties of the sludge
were improved and the volume of surplus sludge was reduced. The purification
efficiency of the plant, as measured by BOD and KMn04 consumption, was im-
proved.
*Phosphates, *Precipitation, *Iron compounds, Sludge, Waste water treatment,
Efficiencies, Biochemical oxygen demand
*Simultaneous precipitation, *Iron sulphate, *Germany
22.6D
THE EFFECT OF SURPLUS ACTIVATED SLUDGE IN FILTER PRESS
PERFORMANCE,
Brade, C. E., and Sambidge, N. E. W.
Mansfield Sewage Works Manager, England
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 2, p 138-149, 1974. 10 fig, 7 tab,
6 ref.
Experiments to press raw primary and humus sludge, raw mixed sludge which
contains surplus activated, digested mixed sludge, and elutriated digested
mixed sludge are recounted. Test results led to the following conclusion:
raw primary/humus sludge was readily dewatered using batch conditioning
techniques; the poor cakes were due to aging after addition of the conditioner;
raw mixed sludge could be pressed more satisfactorily using an in-line con-
ditioning system when proportions of activated sludge were not high; and,
the mixed sludge, after digestion and elutriation, was easily pressed in a
short time and gave excellent cakes.
*Sludge treatment, *Dewatering, Activated sludge, Treatment facilities, Diges-
tion, Filters
*Filter press, Filter press cakes, Elutriation, Treatment methods, Great
Britain
342
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227D
INVERSE SEPARATION OF HEAT-TREATED SLUDGE,
Rotsides, C., and Everett, J. G.
University College, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Cardiff, England
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 2, p 210-213, 1974. 6 fig, 7 ref.
An examination of the problem of floating sludge was undertaken with experi-
ments showing that agitation and air entrainment of heat-treated sludge may
play a part in causing sludge to float. It was found that the amount of
floating sludge is not influenced by either temperature or period of heat
treatment but that solids concentration does have a pronounced effect on the
settling of the sludge. Continuous operation of the decanter also may in-
fluence sludge floating.
*Sludge treatment, *Heat treatment, Air entrainment, Temperature, Settling,
Laboratory tests
*Floating sludge, Solids concentration
228D
THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE SOLUBILIZATION OF
HEAVY METALS, SOLIDS AND ORGANIC MATTER FROM DIGESTED
SLUDGE,
Everett, J. G.
University College, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Cardiff, England
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 2, p 207-209, 1974. 4 tab, 9 ref.
The effect of heat treatment on the solubility of five metals and other di-
gested sludge components has been investigated. Nitrogen was found to be
more soluble than most sludge components and metals were found to be the
least soluble. This has important implications for the use of the liquor as
an agricultural fertilizer. The liquor solids averaged 12 percent of the
toxicity of the sludge. For equal applications of nitrogen the liquor was
only six percent as toxic as the sludge.
*Heat treatment, *Sludge treatment, *Heavy metals, *Solubility, Effluents,
Nitrogen, Fertilizers, Organic matter, Zinc, Copper, Nickel, Chromium, Lead,
Sludge digestion, Solid wastes
Great Britain
343
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229D
A STUDY OF CONDITIONING SEWAGE SLUDGES WITH LIME,
Webb, L. J.
D. Balfour and Sons, Consulting Engineers
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 2, p 192-206, 1974. 7 fig, 7 tab,
12 ref.
The following two project objectives were investigated with respect to lime
treatment of sewage sludges: to understand further the mechanism of lime
conditioning of sewage sludges with a view to improvements in process effi-
ciency and to compare various lime conditioning systems on a variety of sludge
types. It is shown that lime with copperas is the most effective conditioning
system on typical examples of primary, digested, and activated sludges.
There is a much larger variation in the liquid phase lime demand than in the
solid phase demand. And, the great efficiency of lime in conditioning pri-
mary sludges is attributed to its interaction with the fat/grease content of
the sludge.
*Sludge treatment, *Sewage sludge, *Lime, Efficiencies, Investigations,
Liquids, Solids
*Lime conditioning, *Copperas
230D
THE SSP-BELT FILTER FOR THE DEHYDRATION OF COMMUNAL AND
INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE SLUDGES (DAS SSP-BANDFILTER KUR ENTWAS-
SERUNG KOMMUNALER UND INDUSTRIELLER SCHLAMME) ,
Emrath, E. E.
Wasser Luft Und Betrieb, Vol. 18, No. 3, p 154-157, 1974. 2 fig, 3 tab.
A new sludge dewatering machine is described, the SSP band filter, whose ini-
tials indicate the processes of sifting, suction and pressing, performed by
the band filter. The arriving sludge is mixed intensely with flocculents.
Cationic flocculents usually lead to good results with most sludges, the mole-
cular weight and the amount of cationic substance being of major importance.
With certain industrial sludges the use of anionic flocculents brought better
results. In stjme cases only the combination of two flocculents brings the
desired results. The sludge which Has been mixed with the adequate flocculent
passes to the sifting band by way of a distributor. The sifting band glides
over a perforated synthetic plate. The mesh width of the sifting band should
match the size of the sludge flake. The band proceeds with the sludge to the
sifting zone where the free water flows off. In the suction zone a slight
vacuum prevails. Here the sludge is dewatered to the extent that the sludge
layer contacting the band is dry while most of the fine water is removed from
the top layer. In the following pressing zone the water from the sludge
surface is pressed out. The throughput varies greatly and depends on the kind
of sludge to be dewatered. If sodium perchlorite is to be added for deodoriza-
tion the flocculent consumption will rise.
^Dehydration, *Dewatering, *Sludge, *Equipment, Pressure, Industrial wastes,
Domestic wastes, Flocculents, Vacuum, Oil, Odors
*Band filter, Suction, Sifting, Sludge dewatering
344
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231D
SOURCE CONTROL KEY TO WASTE SYSTEM,
Chapman, W. A.
City of Palo Alto, California
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3, p B-20-B-22, March, 1974.
The city of Palo Alto, California, considers source control to be the basis
of its program to treat industrial wastes. Industrial disposal problems were
anticipated by the city, and an industrial waste treatment works was designed
and built at the waste water treatment plant. Concentrated chemical wastes
and septic tank sludge will be transported by truck to this facility for
special treatment and disposal. A questionnaire was sent to 68 businesses
in the area to ascertain monthly volumes of deleterious wastes they produce
and interest in a pick-up and disposal service. On the basis of their response
the treatment plant was planned, and proposed rules were drafted.
Industrial wastes, *Municipal wastes, *Waste treatment, *Water pollution
sources, *Chemical treatment, Septic tanks, Waste disposal, Treatment facili-
ties, California, Planning
Treatment plants, Chemical wastes, Septic tank sludge
232D
POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS IN THE COMBINED PURIFICATION
OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS (MOCGLICHKEITEN UND
GRENZEN DER GEMEINSAMEN REINIGUNG HAEUSLICHER UND GEWER-
BLICHER ABWAESSER),
Irhoff, K. R.
VDI-Berichte, No. 207, p 93-101, 1973.
Possibilities and limitations of the combined treatment of domestic and indus-
trial waste waters are discussed. Joint treatment is economically motivated by
the fact that the specific costs of treatment sharply reduce with increasing
throughput capacities, especially up to 100,000 inhabitant equivalents. The
combined treatment creates no particular problems provided that the industrial
waste waters are non-toxic and their share does not exceed 30 percent of the
total volume to be treated. Most industrial waste waters require mechanical-
chemical pre-treatment, such as precipitation and neutralization prior to their
discharge into the municipal sewer system. The addition of industrial waste
water is also essential for establishing the correct nutrient balance of the
waste water for efficient biological purification. Waste waters that are too
concentrated should be treated anaerobically rather than by the aeration
method due to the limit capacity of the latter. Special waste waters may
require two-stage biological purification with separate sludge systems and
different kinds of bacteria. Examples demonstrating the combined purification
of domestic and pre-treated industrial waste waters are presented.
*Domestic wastes, *Industrial wastes, *Waste water treatment, *Costs, Pre-
treatment, Sewer systems, Nutrients, Aeration, Biological treatment, Chemical
treatment, Precipitation
Joint treatment (municipal/industrial)
345
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233D
VACUUM FILTRATION EQUIPMENT INNOVATIONS,
Bosley, R.
Stockdale Engineering Limited,
Bollington, Macclesfield, Cheshire
Filtration and Separation, Vol. 11, No. 2, p 138-148, March/April, 1974. 31 ref.
Recent developments were made in the design and application of all types of
vacuum filters. Equipment dealt with includes rotary drum, rotary disc, ro-
tary table, rotary multi-tipping pan filters, single tipping pan, linear belt
and other cake filters. Rotary drum precoat, and other media type vacuum
filters were described. The cost and influence on design of new materials of
construction for vacuum filtration equipment is reviewed. The mechanical de-
sign and features of very large vacuum filters (drum filters of 150 sq m and
disc filters of 5 m diameter), and the development of automatic control systems
for vacuum filtration equipment, were considered. The influence of improved
mechanical design features on processing, including cake washing, drying,
discharge systems and filter cloth washing techniques is discussed. New pro-
cess applications can now be economically handled by vacuum filtration because
of wider range of equipment, improvements in design, new materials of construction,
and new filter media.
*Deslgn criteria, *Equipment, *Filters, *Vacuum drying, Construction costs,
Construction materials, Drying, Discharge
*Vacuum filters, Cake washing, Filter media
234D
REMOVAL OF AMMONIA FROM RIVER WATER,
Short, C. S.
Water Research Association, Ferry Lane,
Medmenham, Marlow, Bucks,
Treatment Group
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 937, p 81-85, March, 1974. 10 fig, 2 tab, 3 ref.
An evaluation of the performance and costs of ammonia removal processes was
undertaken by the Water Research Association (WRA) as part of research into
problems of river water quality. Pilot-scale investigations of three promising
processes—biological sedimentation, biological filtration and air-stripping—
were carried out over a period of 18 months. Capital and operating costs of
these processes and of breakpoint chlorination were estimated. Biological
sedimentation was found to be effective and considerably cheaper than the
alternative processes.
*Costs, *Ammonia, *Capital costs, *0perating costs, Chlorination, Sedimentation,
Filtraton, Methodology
*Ammonia removal, *Water Research Association, Pilot investigations, Biological
filtration, Biological sedimentation, Breakpoint chlorination, Air-stripping
346
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235D
DEEP BED AUTOMATIC CARBON FILTER IN OPERATION,
Koppers Company,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
Environmental Systems Division
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 4, p 40, April, 1974.
The town of Amesbury, Massachusetts has the first deep bed (48 inch media
depth) automatic backwash carbon filter (ABW). This type of filter eliminates
costly time of maintenance and permits automatic cleaning of the filter media
without interrupting the water processing. Filter media of either sand or
granular carbon are available; carbon controls tastes and odors better. The
ABW filter bed operates in the following manner: clean filtered water is
forced up through one cell, sweeping particulate matter into a hood which
is suspended from the automated carriage above the cell; washwater is discharged
to waste; as the carbon media is cleaned, the hood and carriage move to an
adjacent filter cell; and while one cell is being backwashed, the others contin-
ue to filter.
*Filters, *Automation, *Maintenance, *Costs, *Sand, *Carbon, Waste water treat-
ment, Filtration, Water purification, Carbon filters, Filtering systems
*Automatic backwash carbon filter (ABW), Backwashing, Filter media
236D
MALEIC RECOVERY PROCESS OFFERED BY UCB,
Chemical Age, Vol. 108, No. 2855, p 15, April 5, 1974.
The recycling of valuable wastes from treatment plants has economic advantages
over traditional disposal methods. The UCB process in Brussels has tested pro-
duction plants for the recovery of maleic anhydride (MA) from effluent streams
of plants producing phthalic anhydride by the catalytic oxidation of naphthalene
or oxylene. Maleic anhydride can be recovered as polyester grade product
or for use in processes such as the production of fumaric acid and maleic
esters. In addition, products contained in the effluent stream from phthalic
anhydride production (phthalic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, benzoic acid,
or traces of maleic anhydride) can be separated off as anhydrous melt for
disposal by incineration. Investment costs for the recovery are low and
the market value is attractive in view of rising benzene prices.
*Recycling, *Waste treatment, *Waste disposal, Effluents, Costs, Oxidation
*Maleic anhydride, *Benzene, *Polyesters, Investment costs
347
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237D
SHORTAGES: WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITIES FACE THE
CRISIS,
Sliter, J. T., and Ward, P. S.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 616-622,
April, 1974.
Waste water treatment plants are faced with recent shortages of energy and
materials. Uncertainty about delivery times for fuel and its availability
for running sludge incinerators has created crises in several areas of the
United States. In addition, materials to build and operate the plants are
in demand, and costs are a particular problem. This holds true for high
prices of not only oil and gas but also chlorine. One remedy proposed for
fuel shortages is the use of methane gas generated by anaerobic digestion of
waste water sludge. The concept of digester gas was used previously and has
already been instituted at several plants, at least as a supplementary re-
source.
*Waste water treatment, *Energy, *Fuel, *0il, *Chlorine, *Methane, Recycling
Costs, Materials, Sludge, Resources, Anaerobic digestion
*Digester gas, *Sludge gas, *Energy shortages, Treatment plants, Treatment
methods
238D
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FILTER PLATES AND FILTER PRESSES,
Cherry, G. B.
Fletcher Filtration Limited,
Mirifield, Yorks, Great Britain
Filtration and Separation, Vol. 11, No. 2, p 181-192, March/April, 1974.
3 fig.
The whole concept of filter press utilization has changed because of innova-
tive mechanical developments and a reduction in manual labor requirements.
Cleanliness of operation has been achieved by using rubber moulded plates with
a high degree of compressibility, and synthetic cloths sealed on the gasket
surface. Good cake release properties without leakage have resulted as well.
The interaction of press plate size, cake thickness, dead time for opening,
closing, and cake removal and labor utilization were improved with the transi-
tion from manually to automatically operated plate and frame presses.
*Filters, *Filtering systems, *Automation, Labor, Equipment, Treatment
methods, Treatment facilities, Plastics
*Filter press, *Filter plates, Cake removal, Great Britain
348
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239D
CATFIELD, LUDHAM, AND POTTER HEIGHAM SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE
PURIFICATION WORKS,
Whimster, K. W.
John Dosser and Partners, The Moors, Worcester, Great
Britain
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 937, p 77-79, March, 1974. 5 fig.
A new sewerage and sewage purification system was opened which serves three
villages in the Norfolk Broads region of England. The area needed this addi-
tional facility to accomodate a summer population of about 9000 visitors as
well as the residents. The purification works are conventional in their treat-
ment methods, removing solid matter and oxidizing the liquid. Solids are
disposed of on land and the liquid is discharged to the river. Sludge is de-
watered by a rotating disc vacuum filtration plant and disposed of to farmers
or tipped.
*Sewage treatment, ^Treatment facilities, *Water purification, Waste disposal,
Solid wastes, Liquid wastes, Dewatering, Sludge
*Treatment plants, Great Britain, Vacuum filtration plant, Tipping
240D
RECOVERY OF HEAVY METALS FROM WASTE ACID (HAISAN KARA NO
JUKINZOKU NO KAISHU),
Matsumura, A., Matsuda, Y., Masuyama, K., Murakami, K.,
and Imamura, T.
Sumitomo Denki, No. 108, p 20-26, March 1974. 12 fig, 3 tab.
The treatment of waste acid containing heavy metals has posed a problem in Japan
even prior to the initiation of environmental control. A method for treating
such acid waste has been investigated which permits the recovery of such
valuable metals as copper, nickel, and chromium. Described is a process for
separating nickel and iron by stepwise neutralization and recovering this nickel
by electrolysis.
*Heavy metals, *Nickel, *Chemical wastes, Waste treatment, Separation tech-
niques, Iron, Neutralization, Electrolysis, Copper, Chromium
*Japan
349
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241D
SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLIDS,
Kaplovsky, A. J., and Genetelli, E.
Rutgers University, College of Agriculture and Environ-
mental Science, Department of Environmental Sciences,
New Brunswick, New Jersey
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 3-18. 6 tab.
The practice of land disposal is analyzed historically emphasizing that the
degree of sophistication is dependent upon the local, social, and economic
conditions as well as the sludge characteristics. The formation of sludge
from municipal wastes and solids handling are reviewed with the composition
of this sludge being calculated. It is concluded that in light of existing
constituent composition found in waste sludges, the inherent concentration
variability and the many factors which must be considered for crop management
indicate that the true feasibility and economics of land disposal are largely
unanswered. More specifically, the practices of ultimate disposal, its
management, and economic and social implications are directly or indirectly
related to the composition and character of the material requiring disposal.
*Sludge, *Sludge disposal, Landfills, Municipal wastes, Economics, Farm
management, Feasibility
*Sludge characteristics
242D
DISPOSAL AND REUSE OF SLUDGE AND SEWAGE: WHAT ARE THE
OPTIONS?
Dean, R. B.
Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental
Research Center, Advanced Waste Treatment Research Labora-
tory, Ultimate Disposal Research Program, Cincinnati,
Ohio
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 19-30. 1 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
Some of the properties and quantities of municipal waste solids are reviewed
briefly. Sludge when applied to the land is discussed in general with regards
to water, organic matter, and inert minerals, and specifically nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, zinc, lime, heavy metals, and salts.
*Sludge disposal, Landfills, Water reclamation, Organic matter, Minerals,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Zinc, Lime, Heavy metals, Salts
*Sludge characteristics
350
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243D
SOILS AS SLUDGE ASSIMILATORS,
Evans, J.0.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washing-
ton, D. C., Division of Forest Environment Research
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 31-52. 1 tab, 10 ref.
General concepts concerning factors which determine the relative ability
of soils as sludge assimilators are presented. Soil properties that facili-
tate sludge assimilation such as ion exchange capacity and buffer capacities,
soil filterability and microbial transformations, as well as various applica-
tion techniques are mentioned. Physical factors relating to sludge assimi-
lation (sludge characteristics, physical soil characteristics, climatic,
biotic, and land influences, and loading rates), and the sludge chemical
analysis and soil chemistry, and micro- and macro-organisms are discussed.
*Soil chemical properties, *Soil physical properties, *Sludge, Soil disposal
fields, Soil microorganisms, Soil management, Soil investigations, Soils
244D
MODES OF TRANSPORTING AND APPLYING SLUDGE,
Bauer, W. J.
Bauer Engineering, Incorporated, Chicago, Illinois
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
P 53-66. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Alternative methods for dewatering, transporting, and applying sludges re-
sulting from treatment of municipal sewage are discussed. Sludge characteris-
tics, costs of dewatering, and hydraulic characteristics are generalized.
Pipeline, truck, barge, and rail transportation systems are discussed. Five
application methods are presented with the preferred being the plowing in of
a slurry fed continuously through a hose to a moving plow. Illustrated are
various combinations of systems indicating their economic significance.
*Sludge disposal, *Application methods, Transportation, Dewatering, Pipelines,
Barges, Roads, Railroads, Economics, Comparative costs, Comparative benefits
351
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24 5D
SOME CONSTRAINTS OF SPREADING SLUDGE ON CROPLAND,
Dotsoii, G. K.
Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental
Research Center, Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory,
Ultimate Disposal Research Program, Cincinnati, Ohio
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers, University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 67-79. 15 ref.
The composition of sewage sludge is discussed emphasizing nitrogen, metals,
and pathogens. The various aspects of soil nitrogen include mineralization,
digestion, denitrification, plant uptake, and runoff removal. The fate of
heavy metals, trace elements toxicity, and the permissive levels of trace
elements also are reviewed. Methods of pathogenic destruction are mentioned
as well as the application of sewage sludge to soil for crop production and/
or scil improvement.
*Sludge disposal, *Farm management, *Nitrogen, *Toxicity, Heavy metals, Trace
elements, Pathogenic bacteria, Sewage sludge, Application methods
24 6D
METHODS OF LIQUID FERTILIZER APPLICATION,
Lynam, B. T., and Carlson, R. 0.
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago,
Illinois
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 81-90a. 3 fig, 1 ref.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, Illinois applies anaero-
bically digested sewage sludge to strip mine land to restore its organic matter
content and to supply plant nutrients for crop production. The methods of
application used include: a tank truck equipped with a manifold across the
rear end; various irrigation systems; and an incorporation method that is
being developed. Each of the systems used is described briefly.
*Sewage sludge, *Sludge disposal, Organic matter, Crop production, Nutrients,
Irrigations systems, Fertilizers, Flood irrigation, Transportation, Appli-
cation methods
Chicago, Illinois
352
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247D
EQUIPMENT FOR INCORPORATING SEWAGE SLUDGE AND ANIMAL
MANURES INTO THE SOIL,
Reed, C. H.
Rutgers University, Department of Biological and Agricul-
tural Engineering, New Brunswick, New Jersey
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 91-100a. 6 ref.
The incorporation of wastes directly into the soil is superior to surface
spreading because there is no odor, no opportunity for flies or other pests
to feed or breed, and no runoff or surface erosion of wastes. Also, the wastes
are placed in the best possible media for immediate degradation to plant nu-
trients and utilization by plants. The design of an effective land treatment
system and the selection of appropriate equipment necessitates the considera-
tion of many factors, some of which are outlined. Presented are equipment
and devices used for such application techniques as the rldge-and-furrow
method, sub-sod-injection, and plow-furrow-cover.
*Equlpment, *Sewage sludge, *Sludge disposal, Farm wastes, Soil disposal
fields, Application equipment
*Land application
248D
SLUDGE DISPOSAL STUDIES AT BELTSVILLE,
Walker, J. M.
USDA, ARS, AEQI, Biological Wastes Management Laboratory,
Beltsville, Maryland
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 101-116. 2 fig, 3 tab.
Results of four different field studies and a number of laboratory studies on
the use of dewatered sewage sludge for soil improvement are highlighted. The
primary concern has been with what limits the amount of sludge can be safely
applied to soils. These limitations were grouped into categories: short-term
limitations including the initial toxicity of sludges to plants, pathogen pre-
sence and survival, and excessive quantities of nitrogen; and, toxicity from
heavy metals such as zinc, cadmium, copper, and nickel. The research goal
has been to use sewage sludge to improve soils at a reasonable cost, with
minimum hazard to health, and with minimum soil and water pollution.
*0n-slte tests, *Laboratory tests, *Sewage sludge, *Sludge disposal, *Soil
management, Crop production, Toxicity, Pathogenic bacteria, Nitrogen, Zinc,
Nickel, Cadmium, Copper, Soil disposal fields
353
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249D
MERCHANDISING HEAT-DRIED SLUDGE,
Wilson, C. G.
Sewerage Commission, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 117-123.
Employing the activated method of municipal sewage disposal since 1920, the
city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin has used heat-dried sludge, named Milorganite,
to help offset costs. In merchandizing such sludge, the following points
have been found important: knowledge of what the byproduct can and cannot
do in growing plants; national market to balance seasonal and climatic vari-
ables; sales based on agronomic service; and, a strong distribution system.
*Sludge disposal, *Activated sludge, *Byproducts
*Sludge merchandising, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
250D
OCEAN COUNTY SEWERAGE AUTHORITY WASTEWATER SOLIDS
UTILIZATION ON LAND DEMONSTRATION PROJECT,
Gritzuk, M.
Ocean County Sewerage Authority, New Jersey
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 125-132. 2 fig.
Ocean County, New Jersey will soon start construction of a sewerage system
that will produce about 25,000 dry tons of sludge annually. A demonstration
project has been initiated to determine if sludge reuse is possible, economi-
cally feasible, and environmentally desirable for the County. A description
of the following project aspects are outlined: sludge characteristics for
reuse; project goals; project activities such as site selection, application
methods, hydrologic and geologic characteristics, soil conditions and vegeta-
tion, atmospheric and meteorological monitoring, loading rates, aesthetic
evaluation, and, a cost comparison.
*Pilot plants, *Sludge disposal, Application methods, Sites, Monitoring,
Comparative costs, Evaluation, Soil disposal fields, Sewage sludge
*0cean County, New Jersey
354
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25 ID
EPA VIEWPOINT ON LAND APPLICATION OF LIQUID EFFLUENTS,
Trax, J. R.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Monitoring, Municipal Technology Branch, Treatment and
Control Optimization Section, Washington, D. C.
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, p 133-
142.
For purposes of this paper, land treatment is intended to be used in its broad-
est context and confined to its use for treatment and renovation of municipal
waste water. Land treatment can be divided into the following categories:
infiltration-percolation, cropland irrigation, spray-runoff, and solids bene-
faction. Approximately 14 percent of the total budget for fiscal 1974 for
the Municipal Technology Research Program, or about $1.2 million, is planned
for development of land treatment technology which includes sludge application
to the land. The philosophy behind the Program is outlined.
*Municipal wastes, *Latid management, Federal project policy, Irrigation systems,
Crop production, Infiltration, Overland flow, Application methods, Waste dis-
posal, Liquid wastes
Environmental Protection Agency, Opinions, Land application
25 2D
LAND TREATMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ALTERNATIVES,
Reid, B.
Project on Clean Water Natural Resources Defense Council
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 143-150.
Statistics and examples of problems of water pollution and its control are
presented as a general introductory statement emphasizing the need for zero
discharge of pollutants and proposing land disposal as a viable, natural alter-
native. Land treatment is defined as a complex system which must be carefully
planned and engineered to assure that the rate of application of treated
waste water conforms to local climate so as not to overload the desired treat-
ment levels. Questions are raised on the following four considerations of
land treatment: performance; costs, in terms of capital, operations, outlays,
and returns or profits; political acceptance; and, public health.
*Water pollution control, *Land management, *Waste water treatment, Waste
disposal, Performance, Costs, Public health, Political aspects
355
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253D
NEW YORK STATE'S VIEW OF LAND DISPOSAL,
Bogedain, F. 0.
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation,
Bureau of Municipal Wastes
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, p 151-
164. 2 tab, 7 ref.
A history of the initiation and implementation of the land disposal method
for waste water is described briefly. Municipal, industrial, and individual
system statistics are mentioned. The following conclusions are drawn as re-
garding the State of New York and its position on land disposal. Land disposal
is an established method of waste disposal, but is little used. Numerous
problems can be encountered with this approach even when competent planning,
design, construction, and operation stages are not omitted. More detailed
studies of the increasingly larger installations are needed to assist in
decisions involving the use of land disposal.
*Land management, *Waste disposal, Waste water treatment, *New York, Sewerage,
Research and development, Municipal wastes, Industrial wastes
Viewpoint, Land disposal
25AD
MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS,
Hunter, J. V.
Rutgers University, College of Agriculture and Environ-
mental Science, Department of Environmental Sciences,
New Brunswick, New Jersey
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 165-180. 9 tab, 16 ref.
The physical and chemical characteristics of secondary effluents are presented
with results of the following investigations statistically tabulated: total
solids distributions for an activated sludge effluent, variation in effluent
quality of an activated sludge plant, organic parameter distributions for an
actual sludge effluent, chemical composition of soluble-colloidal organic
matter in a trickling filter effluent, composition of trickling filter efflu-
ent particulates, average inorganic composition of municipal secondary ef-
fluents, general composition of secondary treatment plant effluents, and
heavy metal constituents of secondary treatment plant effluents. It is noted
that although there have been extensive investigations into the nature of the
organic constituents of effluents, most of the particulate organics are still
unknown and even the soluble organics have only been classified by solubility
and extractive procedures rather than by molecular species present.
*Municipal wastes, *Effluents, Investigations, Chemical properties, Physical
properties, Activated sludge, Organic matter, Heavy metals, Inorganic com-
pounds
Waste characteristics
356
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255D
FATE OF MATERIALS APPLIED,
Thomas, R. E.
Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, National Water Quality Control
Research Program, Ada, Oklahoma
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, p 181-
200. 15 ref.
The fate of suspended solids, major plant nutrients of environmental concern,
and other selected constituents of waste water when this waste water is applied
to the soil are summarized. Methods of application include the crop irriga-
tion, infiltration, and spray-runoff approaches to waste water management.
An insight into the mechanism involved and the practical aspects involved in
the treatment or renovation of waste water by applying the waste water to the
land is presented.
*Suspended solids, *Nutrients, *Waste water treatment, Infiltration, Irriga-
tion systems, Land management, Waste disposal, Overland flow
Crop irrigation
256D
EXPERIENCES WITH LAND SPREADING OF MUNICIPAL EFFLUENTS,
Thomas, R. E., and Harlin, C. C., Jr.
Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Water Re-
search Center, National Water Quality Control Research
Program, Ada, Oklahoma
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 211-225. 1 tab, 8 ref.
The Environmental Protection Agency's involvement in land spreading of munici-
pal effluents for treatment and/or reuse is summarized. Coverage of the many
research projects introduced has been limited and selective in order to high-
light the objectives of this presentation. The three areas of interest In-
clude infiltration-percolation, cropland irrigation, and spray-runoff which
have well-defined differences regarding land area requirements and the resul-
ting interactions with the plant, soil, and water components of localized
ecosystems.
*Land management, *Municipal wastes, *Waste disposal, Waste water treatment,
Waste water disposal, Water reuse, Irrigation systems, Soil-water-plant rela-
tionships, Research and development, Federal project policy, Overland flow
*Envlronmental Protection Agency, Crop irrigation, Infiltration-percolation
357
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257D
NATIONWIDE EXPERIENCES IN LAND TREATMENT,
Pound, C. E., and Crites, R. W.
Metcalf & Eddy, Incorporated, Palo Alto, California
In: Proceedings of Confernece on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 227-244. 1 fig, 6 tab, 21 ref.
The three basic modes of land application of waste water are crop irrigation,
overland flow or spray-runoff, and infiltration-percolation. The methods are
presently being studied to determine the following project objectives: key
parameters for design, effects on the environment, health and safety risks,
costs, and additional study areas. Site and waste water characteristics are re-
viewed and general statistics are given for the three modes. A detailed des-
cription including design, management, costs, and health aspects, is included
only for the crop irrigation systems.
*Waste water disposal, Waste water treatment, Overland flow, Investigations,
Design, Environmental effects, Costs, Administration, Public health, Safety,
Sites
Crop Irrigation, Infiltration-percolation, Site characteristics, Waste water
characteristics
258D
A SURVEY OF LAND APPLICATION OF WASTEWATER FACILITIES,
Sullivan, R. H.
American Public Works Association
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal and Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 245-261.
A field survey of 100 facilities where land application of domestic and indus-
trial waste water effluents was utilized gave the following results: communi-
ties generally use their land application system on a continuous basis; ground
cover utilized for municipal systems is divided between grass and crops;
land application systems are generally used on a daily basis; and application
rates for crop irrigation are very low in terms of inches of water per week.
Many types of soils were used, with sand, loam, and silt being the most common.
Most operating agencies are planning to expand or continue their installations;
industries surveyed treat their total waste flow by land application; secondary
treatment is generally provided by municipalities prior to land application;
spray irrigation is the most frequently used method of application. Land
use zoning for land application sites is predominantly classified as farming.
Waste water generally is transported to the application site by pressure lines;
many community land application facilities have been in use for several years,
more than hair over 15 years. Renovated waste water is seldom collected by
underdrains. Land application facilities do not make efforts to preclude pub-
lic access and water, soil uptake, and crop uptake monitoring is not carried
out with any consistency.
*Surveys, *Waste disposal fields, Municipal wastes, Industrial wastes, Land
management, Application methods, Soil types, Installations, Irrigation systems
358
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259D
STUDY ON MECHANICAL SURFACE AERATOR,
Shiramasa, I.
Mitsui Zosen Giho (Mitsui Shipbuilding Technical Review), Vol. 85, p 61-66,
January, 1974. 9 fig.
Mechanical aerators have become widely used in the activated sludge process
due to their simplicity of design and construction and superiority in
oxygen transfer capacity per unit horsepower. Hydraulic and oxygen-transfer
tests were conducted with the following results being obtained. Oxygen
transfer efficiency is directly proportional to the horsepower, and oxygen
transfer capacity is approximately equivalent to 2.5 kg 02/kWH. The shape
of the blade is very important in controlling oxygen transfer capacity
by change in the depth of its submergence. Aerator speed must be between
3 and 6 m/sec at the extremity of the blade. A baffle must be provided
for the aeration tank to prevent surging. A change in the number of blades
plus a change in the depth of submergence results in a change in the oxygen
transfer coefficient.
*Aeration, *Equipment, *Activated sludge, Design criteria, Oxygen requirements,
Efficiencies
*Mechanical aerators, Oxygen transfer
260D
TREATMENT OF OILY WASTE WATER USING ACTIVATED CARBON,
Matsumoto, T., Inoue, M., Takeuchi, T., and Sugimoto, E.
Mitsui Zosen Giho (Mitsui Shipbuilding Technical Review), Vol. 85, p 1-10,
January, 1974. 14 fig, 1 tab, 6 ref.
Experiments were carried out on the treatment of oily waste water using
activated carbon with about 10 ppm oil at the inlet and less than 1 ppm
at the outlet of the fluidized bed adsorption column. Results are
presented in mathematical formulas.
*Waste water treatment, *0ily water, *Activated carbon, Adsorption, Mathematical
studies
369
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261D
VARENNES WATER PLANT PLANNED FOR EXPANSION,
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 5, p 16-17, May, 1974.
The city of Varennes, located on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River
opposite Montreal, Canada, has recently completed a major expansion of
its water supply facilities. Designed with an initial capacity of 2.0 mgd
with provision for expansion to 6.0 mgd, the facility provides for flocculation,
sedimentation, plus rapid sand and anthracite filtration. Built at a cost
of $1.25 million, the new plant also incorporates a laboratory equipped
with sample taps to analyze raw, mixed, flocculated, pre- and post-filtered,
and finished water. Instrumentation and equipment includes a Zeta potential
meter, filterability plague, void pump, and turbidimeters. Polyelectrolite
can be added to assist filtration. Chlorine dioxide is used to help
remove occasional taste and odor. Lime can be incorporated to correct
pH, and fluor is also available.
*>Tater supply, *Treatment facilities, Canada, Design criteria, Flocculation,
Sedimentation, Filtration, Construction costs, Instrumentation, Equipment,
Sand, Lime
Anthracite filtration, pH
262D
RECOVER ALUM TO REDUCE WASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS,
Fulton, G. P.
Metcalf and Eddy, New York, New York
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 5, p 312-318,
May, 1974. 4 fig, 2 tab, 1 ref.
Alum is widely used in water treatment, but current investigations of
other coagulants to be used were held, due to the difficulty in disposing
of alum sludge. A relatively easy, inexpensive method that makes possible
pre-treatment of alum sludge so that it can be dewatered and reused is
described. This convertible alum-recovery process offers several advantages.
The aluminum hydroxide-raw-water suspended-matter wastes are relatively
easy to separate from the discharge carrier flow. This leaves a supernatant
of good quality for recycling through the water plant. Since an alternative
method of waste disposal is mandatory for any type of waste recycle, alum
recovery is the most economical to install and to operate. The reduced
need for new or make-up alum decreases both delivery handling and delivery-
truck traffic. In addition, the use of alum as a coagulant without affecting
well-established water treatment methods is retained.
*Aluminum, *Water treatment, *Sludge treatment, Dewaterlng, Recycling,
Waste disposal, Methodology, Costs, Treatment facilities, Equipment
360
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263D
WATER-TREATMENT-PLANT WASTES DISPOSAL - PART 1,
Westerhoff, G. P., and Daly, M. P.
Malcolm Plrnle, Incorporated, Consultant Environmental
Engineers, Paramus, New Jersey
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 5, p 319-324,
May, 1974. 6 tab, 4 ref.
The Sturgeon Point Water Treatment Plant, located about 15 miles south of
Buffalo, New York, treats raw water from Lake Erie and is the principal
source of potable water for the Erie County Water Authority. The water
authority presently serves about 426,100 persons and is constructing and
evaluating primary concentration facilities for achieving a zero discharge
of waste water to Lake Erie. The first phase of the program was to con-
struct primary waste water-concentration facilities for interim lagooning
until the second phase could be designed and constructed. Phase 1 facilities
included a 210 x 60-foot one-story waste water treatment building, two
holding basins, two 200 x 200 x 10-foot and one 150 x 200-foot earth lagoons,
three 40-foot-diameter clarifier-thickeners equipped with upflow clarifiers,
two 15.5-foot high x 7-foot-diameter sludge holding tanks, and various pumps,
piping, and valves for transferring the wastes between the various treatment
units. These facilities are designed to achieve a degree of liquid-solids
separation. The liquid phase of the waste water is returned to the plant
raw water; the solids are concentrated and stored in lagoons.
*Treatment facilities, *Waste water treatment, Construction, Equipment,
Design criteria, Filters, Sludge treatment, Investigations, Polyelectrolytes
Vol. 11, No. 5,
264D
BIODEGRADATION OF MIREX BY SEWAGE SLUDGE ORGANISMS,
Andrade, P. S. L., Jr., and Wheeler, W. B.
Florida University, Gainesville, Florida, Pesticide
Research Laboratory
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,
p 415-416, May, 1974. 1 tab, 3 ref.
Uniformly labelled 14C-Mirex was incubated in the dark with 100 ml of
sewage sludge in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks under aerobic and anaerobic con-
ditions at 30 C. Controls composed of 14C-Mirex in sterilized sludge were
maintained for both aerobic and anaerobic samples. After 2.5 months of
incubation all samples were extracted. The autoradiograms of the thin-
layer plates showed two distinct spots for the anaerobic samples but only
one spot for the aerobic samples and the controls. The data indicate
that under experimental conditions sewage sludge microbes degrade Mirex
under anaerobic conditions.
*Microbial degradation, *Sewage sludge, Laboratory tests, Aerobic conditions,
Anaerobic conditions
*Mirex
361
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265D
PACKAGE TYPE WASTE WATER TREATING APPARATUS,
Technical Review, Vol. 11, No. 1, p 83-84, February, 1974. 3 fig, 1 tab.
A package type apparatus can be widely used for effective treatment of waste
water by the chemical flotation method including the treatment of oily
wat€:r, that of waste water arising from the marine products processing
industry, and that of non-precipitating waste water containing suspended
solids. For treating oily water, a coalescer is used for the primary
tres.tment behind which this apparatus is installed to be used for the
seccndary treatment to guarantee that the final oil content in the waste
water treated is below 1 ppm. For other waste water treatment, the coales-
cer is not required. Examples of the performance of this waste water
trea.tment apparatus against various kinds of waste water are tabulated.
*Equipment, *0ily water, *Waste water treatment, Flotation, Treatment
faci.lities, Performance
266D
EMULSIFIED OILY WATER TREATING EQUIPMENT,
Technical Review, Vol. 11, No. 1, p 79-82, February, 1974. 6 fig, 3 tab.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has recently developed systems for treatment of
waste water contaminated with soluble cutting oil. These systems have been
effectively utilized on practical scales, and are illustrated. An outline
of t'ite systems for treating such waste water is provided.
*0ily water, *Waste water treatment, *Treatment facilities, Equipment
362
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267D
REVERSE OSMOSIS CUTS SOLIDS,
Burns, V. T., Jr.
Gibbs and Hill, New York, New York
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 5, p C-6 - C-12, May, 1974. 2 fig,
3 tab.
A new reverse osmosis unit with a capacity of 250 gpm is reducing total
dissolved solids while providing water to the Harrison Power Station near
Haywood, West Virginia. The station consists of three 600 MW units with
steam design conditions at 3675 psig with reheat to 1000 F. The primary
fuel is pulverized coal which is normally delivered by overland conveyor
from a nearby mine. Water supply for make-up to recirculating cooling
systems is from the West Fork River. Two natural draft towers serve the
three units. Water for make-up to the thermal cycle, potable use, fire
head tank, and filtered water for miscellaneous service is designed for
supply from an existing reservoir. Emergency backup comes from the West
Fork River. This emergency backup supply of 650 gpm is taken from the
36-inch pipelines providing make-up supply to cooling systems.
*Reverse osmosis, *Waste water treatment, Industrial water, Dissolved
solids, Treatment facilities, Water supply, Coal, Equipment
268D
STATE OF THE ART-ACTIVATED CARBON TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER,
Suhr, L. G., and Gulp, G. L.
CH2M/H111 Engineers,
Reston, Virginia
Water and Sewage Works, p 104-108, 110-112, April 30, 1974. 3 fig, 6 tab,
17 ref.
Currently there are two approaches for the use of granular activated carbon
in waste water treatment. One approach is to use activated carbon in a
tertiary treatment sequence following conventional primary and biological
secondary treatment. Another approach utilizes activated carbon in a physical-
chemical treatment (PCT) process in which raw waste water is treated in a
primary clarifier with chemicals prior to carbon adsorption. Filtration
and disinfection also may be included in PCT, but biological processes are
not used. The PCT approach seeks to make maximum use of granular activated
carbon by extending its function of removing refractory dissolved organics
to adsorption of biodegradable organics as well. In some cases, the granular
bed of carbon is used as a filter to remove suspended and colloidal materials.
The capabilities of PCT must be evaluated in light of specific effluent
quality requirements to determine its applicability.
*Waste water treatment, *Activated carbon, *Tertiary treatment, Adsorption,
Suspended solids, Waste treatment
Physical-chemical treatment
363
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269D
WASTE PLANT CORROSION MUST BE TREATED WITH CARE,
Lopata, J. R., and Leutwiler, C.
Carboline Company, St. Louis, Missouri, Pollution Control
Division
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 5, p 46-47,
May, 1974.
The protection of steel and concrete in waste treatment plants should be
a matter of increasing concern to design engineers and operating personnel.
These plants have been given the additional burden of processing highly
corrosive industrial wastes previously directed into rivers and streams. The
South Charleston Waste Treatment Plant in West Virginia is an example of
the advantages and long range economics of proper corrosion control planning
and execution. Most of the protective coating systems and tank linings used
on steel in this new facility consist of modified phenolic, epoxy-amine, and
epoxy-polyamide basins, submerged steel, interiors and exteriors of pipes,
industrial clarifiers, steel in the aero-accelerator activated sludge
basins, and floors of flumes. After ten years of operation, complete repainting
of the plant has never been necessary. In some isolated areas the coatings
that were damaged mechanically were spot repaired.
*Treatment facilities, *Corrosion control, Protective coatings, *Linings,
Industrial wastes, Waste treatment, Repairing, Design criteria
270D
DESIGN FOR JOINT TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL AND PAPER MILL
WASTE AT LYNCHEURG, VIRGINIA,
Clingenpeel, W. H., and Jones, M. K.
Wiley & Wilson, Incorporated, Enginerers-Architects-
planners, Lynchburg, Virginia, Environmental Department
Water and Sewage Works, p 12, 14, 18-19, 24-25, April 30, 1974. 3 fig, 6 ref.
In order to upgrade the existing primary treatment facility in Lynchburg,
Virginia to secondary treatment, the city was requested to consider joint
treatment with the Mead Corporation's Paperboard Plant. In complying with
this request, the investigation of joint treatment of pulp and paper wastes
with municipal wastes involved the following: a close evaluation of the
existing Lynchburg treatment facilities: a study of the Mead Corporation's
waste sources and characteristics; an investigation of joint treatment results
elsewhere. Also included were: study of combined Mead and Lynchburg waste
treatability; the development of a joint treatment process concept; and, design
of the joint treatment facility. The Lynchburg Project has demonstrated
that: in many instances municipal and industrial wastes are compatible for
joint treatment that is mutually beneficial.
*Treatment facilities, *Design criteria, *Sewage treatment, Pulp wastes,
Municipal wastes, Pulp and paper industry, Investigations
Joint municipal-industrial waste treatment
364
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271D
A SLUDGE CAKE INCINERATION PROCESS AND AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL SYSTEM,
Cho, P.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, Chicago,
Illinois, Surveillance and Analysis Division, Air
Surveillance Branch, Air Data and Analysis Section
Water and Sewage Works, p 76-80, April 30, 1974. 2 fig, 4 tab, 4 ref.
A study was completed in 1970 on basic design data for the proposed Secondary
Treatment Facilities for Fort Southworth Sewage Treatment Plant in Kentucky.
The proposed facility was designed to provide for a minimum BODS removal of
90 percent and to effect comparable suspended solids removal and peak flow
disinfection. The following design alternative was accepted by the City of
Louisville and Jefferson County: five trains of oxygenation tanks designed
to operate with pure oxygen generated by on-site units; twenty final settling
tanks with 14-foot SWD; a return sludge pumping station; chlorination facilities
and chlorine contact tanks; a final effluent pumping station; and a building
containing sludge thickener tanks, sludge vacuum filters, chemical handling
facilities, and three multiple hearth incinerators; and, miscellaneous
structures and facilities. The sludge treatment phase using the Zimpro wet
air oxidation units as well as computer simulation techniques employed are
described.
*Design criteria, *Sewage treatment, *Treatment facilities, Equipment, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Suspended solids, Sludge treatment, Simulation analysis,
Computers, Incineration
*Sludge cakes, Air pollution control
272D
TRICKLING FILTER VERSUS ACTIVATED SLUDGE: WHEN TO
SELECT EACH PROCESS,
Kincannon, D. F., and Sherrard, J. H.
Oklahoma State University, (School of Civil Engineering)
Stillwater, Oklahoma
Water and Sewage Works, p 32-34, 36, April 30, 197.4. 1 fig, 4 tab, 9 ref.
Secondary treatment of waste waters containing biodegradable organic matter
usually requires a choice between the trickling filter process and the
activated sludge process. An attempt has been made to offer a reasonable
basis for comparison of these two biological processes. To accomplish this
objective, a comparison of process similarities and differences is presented,
a discussion of process modifications is made, and a criteria for process
selection established. Results indicate that if activated sludge and trickling
processes are compared on an equitable basis, effluent quality and operational
characteristics are similar. Therefore, a rational selection procedure should
be based on desired treatment objectives and then on economic and operational
considerations.
*Sewage treatment, *Waste water treatment, *Trickling filters, *Activated
sludge, Biological treatment, Comparative analysis, Effluents, Operation and
maintenance, Performance, Methodology
365
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273D
FE WASTES HELP REMOVE PHOSPHATES,
Canadian Chemical Processing, Vol. 58, No. 5, p 44-46, May, 1974. 3 fig.
Environment Canada sponsored a study on available waste products that could
be used for phosphate removal. Results indicate that both carbide lime and
pickle liquor, or heptahydrate crystals, consistently removed phosphates
from sewage plant effluent, and at doses matching commercial iron and lime
coagulants. Meanwhile, the Canada Centre for Inland Waters located in
Burlington, Ontario, set up a joint venture with three Ontario municipalities
which house metal processors with waste pickle liquor. For the cost of
haula.ge, the liquor was taken to the town sewage plant where it was mixed with
secondary effluent. Results to date are e-ncotiraging. Currently li-me, ferric.
chloride, and alum are the main coagulants for use in phosphate removal.
Lime has produced worker opposition at sewage plants and is limited by pH
specifications on released water. The Fe and Al salts generally are preferred
with iron winning most of the new business. Cost of the materials are
computed.
*Waste treatment, *Phosphates, *Industrial wastes, Coagulation, Iron, Aluminum,
Costs, Canada, Lime
Phosphate Removal
274D
ADSORPTION-BIOOXIDATION PROCESS FOR REMOVAL OF ORGANIC
AND NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS FROM WASTEWATERS,
Besik, F.
Ontario Research Foundation, Ontario, Canada,
Department of Applied Chemistry
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 6, p 24-29, 37-39, June, 1974. 5
fig, 1 tab.
Results of the Ninth Canadian Symposium on Water Pollution Research are presented
with an explanation of a new process for treatment of domestic and municipal
waste waters. This method removes suspended and dissolved organic and
nitrogenous compounds from waste waters in one stage without addition of
chemicals or an external source of energy. The process was tested on a pilot
scale: with sewage flow rates from 7000 to 10,000 GPD. The name of this process
is Acsorption-Biooxidatlon or A-B and refers to action whereby the activated
carbon is not consumed and does not require external reactivation. The flowsheet
is described and allowed a 96-day virtually unattended and maintenance-free
operation. Except for ammonia, all contaminants were efficiently removed from
the start up of the plant. Ammonia was efficiently removed after 10 to 14
days of system operation. Applications of the A-B process are in water
renovation and reclamation, particularly for the design of small to medium
sized package systems.
*Waste water treatment, *Municipal waste waters, *0rganic compounds, *Nitrogenous
compounds, Adsorption, Canada, Contaminants, Ammonia, Energy, Activated carbon,
Flow, Pilot plants, Water reclamation
*Adsorption-Biooxidation process, Sewage flow rates
366
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275D
CYANIDE DISPOSAL BY OZONE OXIDATION,
Garrison, R. L., Mauk, C. E., and Prengle, H. W.
Houston Research, Incorporated,
Houston, Texas
N.T.I.S. Report No. AD-775 152, 99 p, 33 fig, 7 tab, 10 ref.
Aqueous cyanide and complex metal cyanide wastes from the Air Force's routine
electroplating operations and color photographic film processing reauire extensive
treatment to satisfy stringent water quality standards. No proven process
existed which was effective for the complete destruction of total cyanide
influent as high as 100,000 mg/liter, or below one mg/liter, to produce an
effluent with total cyanide below the limit of detection. A process was
developed by laboratory experimentation. This used ozone for the total
destruction of cyanide and metal cyanide complexes. It was found that the
destruction of concentrated cyanide was limited by mass transfer of ozone from
the gas to liquid phase, and the destrction of dilute cyanide was limited by
the chemical reaction rate. Mass transfer and kinetic rate constants were
determined by experimentation. It was found that ozone alone reacted with the
iron cyanide complexes (found in all photographic and electroplating wastes)
much too slowly for practical application, but ozone at slightly elevated
temperature in the liquid became much more effective, and ozone with
ultraviolet light became effective enough to permit the design of a successful
system. Using the laboratory data, a pilot scale prototype was designed,
fabricated, and operated to destroy actual Air Force cyanide wastes. A
conceptual design of a full scale system to treat electroplating waste is included.
*0zone, *0xidation, *Waste disposal, *Waste treatment, *Water quality standards,
Pilot plants, Laboratory data, Mass transfer, Temperature
*Cyanide disposal, *Metal wastes, Electroplating, Iron cyanite, Photographic
wastes, Ultraviolet light
276D
FLUORIDATION ENGINEERING MANUAL,
Bellack, E.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., Office
of Water Programs
N.T.I.S. Report No. PB 228 371, 94 p., 19 fig, 6 tab, 55 ref.
Quality of fluoridation of water supplies is dependent upon proper use of the
facilities and the organization of the water plant. Accurate feed rates, choice
of chemical, and choice of equipment are equally important. In this manual
are described compounds used in controlled fluoridation, feeders used for adding
fluorides, preparation of fluoride solutions, selection of the optimal fluori-
dation system, and control and surveillance methods. In addition, maintenance,
safety and hazards in handling fluoride chemicals, and the technical problems
attributed to fluoridation are discussed.
*Fluoridation, *Water supply, *Treatment facilities, *Equipment, *Manuals,
Chemicals, Design criteria, Maintenance, Safety
*Fluoride chemicals, Fluoride engineering
367
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277D
LAKD DISPOSAL...WHAT'S THE REALISTIC VIEW?
Michel, H. L., Gilbert, P. H., and Creed, H. K.
Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas,
New York
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 6, p 30-35, June, 1974. 6 tab.
One. of the first comprehensive study programs in the field of land application
has been completed with facts emerging to offer a much clearer outline of the
concept. The study area for this program encompassed the 12-county San
Francisco Bay-Delta Area of California, approximately 10,000 square miles.
The application areas were to be drawn from the 12-county study area and from an
additional 27 counties in the central portion of California. To approach the
problem five broad areas were explored: site selection, process effectiveness,
benefits, environmental impact and unknown problems, and implementation and
costs. Results of these investigated topics are disclosed.
*Investigations, *Land management, Waste water treatment, *Waste disposal,
Sites, Landfills, Performance, Cost-benefit analysis, Environmental effects
*Ls.nd application
27SD
ENIi-OF-PIPE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL DOMINATE CONFERENCE,
Tappi, Vol. 57, No. 6, p 22-24, June, 1974.
The 1974 Environmental Conference held in New Orleans, Louisiana drew a record
attendance of over 400 delegates. Reports included alternates for capture
and disposal of pollutants for air emission control, color reduction,
biotreatment, sludge disposal, and local environment impact. Only two of the
twenty technical papers dealt in a direct manner with in-plant water reuse
and recycle. The main theme of this conference was the disposal of the
residues which cannot be eliminated by in-plant methods.
*Conferences, *Environmental effects, *Waste disposal, Water reuse, Recycling,
Biological treatment, Reverse osmosis, Sludge disposal, Pollution abatement
New Orleans, Louisiana
368
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279D
WASTEWATER SYSTEM ALTERNATES: WHAT ARE THEY. . .AND
WHAT COST?
Monti, R. P., and Sllbermann, P. T.
Anderson Nichols and Company, Environmental Sciences
Division, Water Quality Management Group,
Boston, Massachusetts
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 6, p 52-56, June, 1974. 3 fig.
2 tab.
Because the increment of inorganic ions added to waste water during average
use is much higher than background levels of these constituents in water, an
additional demineralization process is required beyond the advanced treatment
scheme. The ion exchange process is from 85 to 95 percent efficient but
generates a considerable quantity of waste brines which pose a disposal
problem. Distillation has always been and is currently a prohibitively
expensive operation. Presently reverse osmosis (RO) can efficiently
remove 85 to 90 percent of dissolved minerals in waste water with conversion
ratios of 80 percent. The RO process has the advantage of being able to
tolerate higher organic wastes water loadings than ion exchange without
experiencing operating problems. It is stressed that because RO is relatively
new, it is almost certain that operation will become more efficient and costs
will decrease as time goes on. The capital and operating costs for RO
treatment of highly treated effluent and the total costs for RO applied to a
biological waste water treatment plant with ozonation are summarized.
*Waste water treatment, *Reverse osmosis, *Demineralization, Operating costs,
Capital costs, Project planning, Inorganic compounds, Treatment facilities,
Biological treatment
280D
ELECTROKINETIC AND CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF WATER
FILTRATION,
Wnek, W.
IIT Research Institute,
Chicago, Illinois
Filtration and Separation, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 237-238, 240-242, May/June, 1974.
3 fig, 54 ref.
The role of electrokinetic and chemical phenomena in liquid filtration,
particularly water filtration, is discussed in terms of colloid chemistry.
The effects of surfactants, pH, and ionic strength on filter efficiency
are explained. These provide a basis for selecting conditions which
enhance operation.
*Filtration, *Colloids, Physical properties, Chemical properties, Zeta
potential, Hydrogen ion concentration, Surfactants, Ions, Efficiencies
pH
369
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IILTRAPURE WATER AND REVERSE OSMOSIS TECHNOLOGY,
Kohout, R.
Microsystems International Limited,
Ottawa, Canada
Solid State Technology, Vol. 17, No. 6, p 60-65, June, 1974. 4 fig, 2 tab,
14 ref.
The new concept of treatment plants incorporating the reverse osmosis process
has proved to be capable of producing water of greater purity. Evaluated are
the attributes of the new technology, the problem areas experienced in the
field, and the contribution of reverse osmosis to the state-of-art in
production of high-purity water. Operating results of two water treatment
systems representing the two technologies (classical and RO) are compared
product water purity and its effect on fabrication of various generations of
semiconductor devices. It is suggested that the old concept of what constitutes
ultrapure water may have to be reinvestigated in the era of LSI devices.
*Reverse osmosis, *Water purification, Evaluation, Reviews, Treatment
facilities, Operations, Performance, Coagulation, Filtration, Ion exchange,
Water treatment
*Semiconductor devices
282D
STUDY OF THE WATER PURIFICATION BY MEANS OF ELECTROLYZER WITH
ALUMINUM ANODE (ISSLEDOVANIYE PROTSESSA OCHISTKI VODY V ELEKTROLIZERE
S ALYUMINIYEVYM ANODOM) ,
Strokach, P. P., Slipchenko, V. A., Kul'skiy, L. A., and
Belaya, V. P.
Bilektronnaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 4, p 41-45, 1973. 3 fig, 3 tab, 16 ref.
The physicochemical, electrical and hydrodynamic factors influencing the
efficiency of the electrocoagulation method of water purification in the
removal of silicon, iron, and oxygen from water were studied in laboratory
experiments, using aluminum anode. The optimum pH values for the removal
of silicon and iron, as well as phytoplankton and suspended matter were found
to be 6.5-9, 8.2 and over, and 4-7, respectively. Finely dispersed clay
particles increased the purification efficiency, while humus matter interfered
with the purification. The increase of the water flow rate in the electrode
zone from 1.6 to 70 m/sec had practically no effect on the efficiency of the
removal of silicon and iron, and the efficiency was largely determined by the
quantity of the aluminum hydroxide available for adsorption. The increase in
the flow rate decreased the efficiency of oxygen removal. Increased current
density resulted in reduced efficiency of iron and silicon removal, and in
slight increase in the efficiency for oxygen removal. The optimum values
of the current density and of the electrode potential were found to be
1-2 mA./sq cm and 2.5-4 V, under which conditions economical removal of
pollutants, such as silicon, iron, coloring contaminants, suspended matter,
phytoplankton, and oxygen was possible at an efficiency of 60-80 percent.
(Takacs-FIRL)
*Water purification, *Aluminum, Flow rate, Pollutants, Iron, Suspended solids,
phytoplankton
*Electrocoagulation, *Electrolyzers, Oxygen removal
370
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283D
STABILIZATION OF HIGHLY CONCENTRATED ORGANIC WASTE WATERS AND
SEWAGE SLUDGES BY AEROBIC-THERMOPHILIC DECOMPOSITION PROCESSES
(STABILISIERUNG HOCHKONZENTRIERTER ORGANISCHER ABWAESSER UNO
ABWASSERSCHLAEMME DURCH AEROB-THERMOPHILE ABBAUPROZESSE) ,
Loll, U.
Gas-Wasser-Fach - Wasser/Abwasser, Vol. 115, No. 4, p 191-198, April, 1974.
10 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
The stabilization of highly concentrated organic waste waters and sewage
sludges with BODS values ranging from 8,000 to over 100,000 mg/liter by
aerobic-thermophilic decomposition was studied. Exothermal stabilization
of highly concentrated organic waste waters and sludges was found possible
by aerobic-thermophilic treatment for which the necessary energy is
supplied by the aerobic microorganisms participating in the metabolic
processes. The process temperature is spontaneously stabilized over 45 C.
The quantity of heat released amounts to 3.5 kcal per one g COD. Of the
identified microorganisms participating in the stabilization process,
Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus coagulants and related bacilli are
dominant. The magnitude of the rise in temperature above the initial
substrate temperature increases with increasing initial BODS value and with
increasing rates of decomposition. The pH value tends to end values of
8.7-9.5 by the end of the stabilization process that requires 2.5-7 days.
*Thermophilic bacteria, *Sewage sludge, *Aerobic treatment, *Microorganisms,
Temperature, Stabilization, Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen
demand, Waste water treatment
*pH, *Aerobic-thermophilic decomposition
284D
SECURITY MEASURES AGAINST PRESSURE SURGE FOR THE CLEANED WATER
OUTLET RUHLEBEN-TELTOWCANAL OF THE BERLIN SEWAGE PURIFICATION
PLANT (DRUCKSTOSSSICHERUNGSMASSNAHMEN FUER DIE KLARWASSER-
ABFLUSSLEITUNG RUHLEBEN-TELTOWKANAL DER BERLINER ENTWAESSERUNGS-
WERKE),
Franke, P.
Wasserwirtschaft, Vol. 64, No. 6, p 174-181, 1974. 8 fig, 3 refs.
The outlet system and the water hammer of the 15 km long cleaned water outlet
Ruhleben-Teltowkanal of the Berlin sewage purification plant was investigated
under transient conditions to determine adequate security measures against
pressure surge. The security measures should be designed for the outflow
of all pumps in the discharge line. As security measures against water
hammer, either an increase of the mass of the rotating system, an air chamber,
or a surge tank are possible. Each of these measures was computed and
compared. Because of specific local conditions, a surge tank installed
at the outlet system of the sewage purification plant was chosen as the best
solution. Trial runs have shown that the surge tank prevents the water
pressure from exceeding the rated pressure of the discharge line and from
falling below the atmospheric pressure.
*Sewage treatment, *Water purification, *Pressure, *Surges, Surge tank,
Pump, Outlet works, Discharge, Atmospheric pressure
*Purification plants, Treatment methods
371
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285D
EXPERIENCES WITH TWO LAYERS OF ION EXCHANGERS IN FULL DESALINATION
PLANTS (ERFAHRUNGEN MIT SCHLICHTBETTAUSTAUSCHERN IN VOLLENTSAL-
ZUNGSANLAGEN) ,
Brunner, R. E., and Hoffmann, W.
VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, Vol. 54, No. 4, p 235-242, 1974. 10 fig, 6 tab, 7 ref.
Experiences with the use and regeneration of two-layer ion exchangers In full
desalination are presented. Two-layer anion exchangers, composed of strong
and weak acidic exchangers, especially suitable for the separation of sodium
ions, are regenerated in counterflow. These use 0.7-1 percent sulfuric acid
for the weak acidic exchanger, and 1.5-5 percent sulfuric acid for the strong
acidic exchanger. If regeneration is done with hydrochloric acid, its
concentration should not exceed 5 percent. The use of hydrochloric acid-
regenerated counterflow two-layer ion exchangers is the most economical
solution for waters with high carbonate hardness. Counterflow-regenerated
anion exchangers, composed of a strong basic and another weak basic exchanger,
are an ideal solution for full desalination. However, the elution of chlorine
ions from the strong basic exchanger is problematic.
*Ion exchange, *Anion exchange, *Desalination, Carbonates, Acidity
Counterflow, Hydrochloric acid, Chlorine ions, Elution
286D
THE PROBLEMS OF THE DISCHARGE AND OF THE TREATMENT OF THE WASTE
WATERS OF THE PARIS URBAN AGGLOMERATION (LES PROBLEMES D'EVACUATION
ET DE TRAITEMENT DES EAUX USEES DE L'AGGLOMERATION PARISIENNE),
Olives!, J.
Industrie Minerale, Vol. 56, No. 3, p 118-123, March, 1974. 5 fig.
The waste water treatment and disposal method adopted at the Acheres waste
water treatment facility servicing the Paris urban agglomeration is outlined.
The waste waters received at the treatment plant are first pretreated for
the mechanical removal of sand and voluminous objects, after which the
supernatant is eliminated by decantation. The waste water thus pretreated is
then subjected to two-stage biological treatment using aeration and activated
sludge. The purified effluent is discharged into the recipient. The sewage
sludge is digested, then conditioned thermally by exposing it to steam at
200 C for 15 minutes, and after dehydration in vacuum press, it is disposed
of on a sanitary landfill.
*Waste disposal, *Treatment facilities, *Urban areas, Pre-treatment,
Biological treatment, Sewage sludge, Aeration, Activated sludge, Vacuum
drying, Landfills
*Paris, France, Treatment plants, Thermal conditioning
312
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287D
EVALUATION OF THE EXPERIENCES GAINED DURING THE OPERATION OF THE
AEROBIC SEWAGE SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT IN NYIREGYHAZA (A NYIREGYHAZI
AEROB ISZAPKEZELO BERENDEZESSEL SZERZETT UZEMI TAPASZTALATOK
ERTEKELESE),
Olah, J.
Hidrologiai Kozlony, Vol. 54, No. 1, p 41-48, January, 1974. 5 fig, 3 tab,
10 ref.
Experiences gained with a partly oxidizing aerobic sewage sludge stabilizing
plant are evaluated. Comparative experiments and economic considerations
concerning the anaerobic and aerobic stabilization of excess sludge and raw
sludge mixtures revealed the superiority of aerobic treatment. The excess
activated sludge or the mixture of the raw and activated sludge was treated
in a 700 cu m earth basin by means of an Abtaerator aerator of 2.4 m in
diameter in semicontinuous operation, using purified waste water as wash
liquid. The aerator organic matter load was maintained at 1.54-1.95 kg/cu m/day
at an excess activated sludge concentration of 15 kg/cu m and at a hydraulic
hold time of 6.8 days, and a reduction by 17-20 percent in the organic matter
content was achieved. The treated sludge could be easily dehydrated in drying
beds without decomposing of odors. During the treatment of the excess
sludge, foam and suspension formation was observed after 3 weeks operation
that could be controlled by increasing the wash liquid expenditure. To
maintain the aerator temperature above 10 C in the winter period, it is
necessary to increase the wash liquid expenditure by 10 times.
*Aerobic treatment, *0rganic matter, *Sewage sludge, *Stabilization, Activated
sludge, Waste water, Dehydration
Stabilizing plant
288D
TREATMENT AND DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE PRODUCED BY WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANTS (TRATTAMENTO E SMALTIMENTO DEI FANGHI PRODOTTI
DAGLI IMPIANTI DI DEPURAZIONE DELLE ACQUE DI SCARICO),
Songa, T., and Aveni, A.
Ingegneria, No. 2, p 81-93, February, 1974. 7 fig, 7 tab, 11 ref.
The complex system of the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge produced
by waste water treatment plants is surveyed. The sewage sludge, a mixture of
different sludges generated by the different waste water treatment processes
steps, is either sterilized by pasteurization or chlorination, or conditioned
thermally or chemically for the conversion of colloids to settling floccules
by aggregation, or digested anaerobically or aerobically. Anaerobic digestion
at a constant temperature for 20 to 30 days, and especially between 16 and 38 C
(mesophilic digestion) is the most commonly used digestion process, as compared
with aerobic digestion. Conditioned sludge is subjected to dehydration on
drying beds, by centrifugation, vacuum filters, or filter presses, while
anaerobically digested sludge is dried on drying beds, in rotary furnaces, in
fluidized beds, and in the form of atomized suspension. After drying and
dehydration, the sludge can be incinerated in multistage or rotary furnaces,
in fluidized-bed furnaces, and atomization furnaces, or stabilized by
composting or the Zimpro process. Following such treatment, the ashes and
sludge can be disposed of safely, and the compost obtained, possibly mixed with
peat, can be used for agricultural purposes.
*Sewage sludge, *Sludge disposal, *Anaerobic digestion, *Aerobic digestion,
Chlorination, Dehydration, Incineration
Mesophilic digestion, Agricultural uses, Sludge conditioning, Treatment methods
373
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289D
NEW HIGH-EFFICIENCY METHODS FOR THE DESALTING OF NATURAL WATERS
AND FOR THE PURIFICATION OF WASTEWATERS (NOVYYE VYSOKOEFFEKTIVNYYE
METODY OPRESNENIYA PRIRODNYKH I OCHISTKI STOCHNYKH VOD) ,
Yasimov, A. A., and Mayzlik, D. L.
Khimicheskaya Promyshlennost', No. 3, p 182-189, 1974. 7 fig, 3 tab, 52 ref.
The uses and advantages of reverse osmosis and ultrafiltratlon by means of
semipermeable membranes, especially those made of acetylcellulose membranes,
in seawater desalination and in the purification of industrial effluents are
surveyed. These methods often are less expensive than conventional treatment
methods. Modern multistage reverse osmosis units are suitable for the
effective and inexpensive desalination of seawater even, with high salt contents.
Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration are suitable for the purification of
effluents in the pulp and paper industry, electroplating industry, and for the
removal of pathogenic germs, viruses, microorganisms, surfactants and enzymes
from water. Ultrafiltration is suitable for the concentration and removal of
substances with high molecular weight, but also of low-molecular substances
such as urea, phenol, acetone from protein, nucleic acid and polypeptide
solutions, and for the separation of aqueous solutions of glucose, lactose,
maltose, ethyleneglycol, and propyleneglycol.
*Reverse osmosis, *Waste water purification, *Pulp and paper industry,
*Semipermeable membranes, Desalination, Water purification, Separation,
Industrial wastes, Proteins, Microorganisms, Enzymes
*Ultrafiltration
29 OD
TERTIARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS,
Kato, S., and Araki, Y.
Sewerage Bureau, Tokyo Metropolitan Government,
Tokyo, Japan
Mitsubishi Denki Giho, Vol. 48, No. 4, p 444-451, April, 1974. 6 fig, 1 tab.
Tertiary treatment is seen as a new treatment method from the perspective of
prevention of water pollution and effective utilization of water resources.
There are several types of tertiary treatment under development, depending on
the. objects of removal and the removing rate. In Morigasaki Treatment Plant,
a tertiary treatment plant has been constructed for treated water by high speed
sand filtering method on secondary treated water from the activated sludge
method. This plant intends to supply water for miscellaneous purposes, such
as pumps sealing water, and to gather data of a tertiary treatment plant.
Installations and ongoing experiments are described.
*Tertiary treatment, *Water quality control, Treatment facilities,
Filtration, Activated sludge, Sand
Morigasaki Treatment Plant (Japan), High speed sand filtration
374
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291D
BALTIMORE HAS A LOT GOING FOR IT - INCLUDING ITS WATER,
Ramsay, A. St. A.
National Engineer, Vol. 78, No. 5, p 11-12, May, 1974.
In Baltimore as in other sections of the country where the mineral content
of the raw water is low, the basic treatment procedure as outlined below
is used for the two Montebello plants and the Ashburton plant. Chlorine
as a sterilizing agent is applied to the water immediately after it passes
through a meter which measures and records the rate of flow. Alum is
used as a coagulating agent to collect the mud and suspended material in
the raw water. The alum reacts with the alkalinity in the water and forms
aluminum hydroxide which will precipitate as a floe. After mixing, the
water moves into the settling basins. The basins are designed so that
sufficient time elapses in the passage of the water for the particles of
floe with their absorbed materials to settle to the bottom. The last step
in clarifying the water is accomplished by passing it through about 20 inches
of sand. Fluoridation of the water supply was begun in 1952. So as to
counteract corrosiveness, lime is added to the filtered water in the amount
of approximately one half grain per gallon.
*Treatment facilities, *Water treatment, Chlorination, Lime, Aluminum,
Filtration, Fluoridation, Corrosion control, Equipment
*Baltimore, Maryland
29 2D
KEEPING WATCH ON WASTEWATER,
Rogers, M. E.
Camp, Dresser and McKee, Boston, Massachusetts
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 6, p 38-40, June, 1974. 2 fig.
Lower first cost and the integrating of data handling and modern process
control into the existing operating staff are two of the advantages of a
new computer installation at one New York City waste water plant. The
modern instrument and computer-based data handling system is being provided
in connection with the upgrading and enlarging of the Tallman Island
pollution control plant serving the Borough of Queens area. The plant
was designed to use a computer-based data handling system with advanced design,
solid-state electronic instrument systems. Only the minimum number of
recording instruments and several spare recorders are used. In this way,
any of the process variables or derived values can be assigned for trending.
*Computers, *Instrumentation, *Waste water treatment, New York, Data storage
and retrieval, Treatment facilities, Design criteria
375
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29 3D
THE MINI-SIZE TREATMENT PLANT,
Excavating Contractor, Vol. 68, No. 6, p 25, June, 1974.
Practical sewage treatment systems are now available for small community
waste treatment application. A privately owned sewage plant installed
near Lakewood, New Jersey is described. The question of concrete or steel
construction materials is debated mentioning problems such as corrosion,
space, and maintenance. Both precast and poured methods for concrete
construction are discussed.
treatment facilities, Construction materials, *Steel, *Concrete,
Sewage treatment
29 4D
SONICS PLUS OZONE A WINNER?
Heckroth, C. W.
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 6, p 41-44, June, 1974.
Sonics has been combined with ozonation in a quick-step tertiary treatment
at Indlantown, Florida to yield a fully-acceptable effluent. The complete
system, using chemical/mechanical, filtration, and sonics/ozone steps,
inactivates pathogenic viruses and kills bacteria detrimental to public
health within two hours. The Sonozone system encompasses a primary stage
of settling and contact with coagulants, followed by a filtration system
to remove microsized solids and organics, and finally the tertiary step
that takes the waste stream through ultrasonic bombardment and ozonation.
All equipment is back-flushed using effluent and the back-flush water is
recycled through the plant. Residual ozone and dissolved oxygen appear
in the treated effluent. The sludge is sent to sand beds and the excess
sludge liquid is recycled to the plant. The dried sludge is collected
and periodically transported to a sludge disposal area.
*Waste water treatment, *Sewage treatment, *0zone, *Tertiary treatment,
Effluent stream, Equipment, Treatment facilities, Sludge treatment
*0zonation, *Ultrasonic bombardment, Indiantown, Florida
376
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295D
HOUSTON SUBURBS PROFITS FROM BUILDING THE STATE'S BEST
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT,
Water and Sewage Works, p 38-40, April 30, 1974.
The unincorporated area, Montgomery County Fresh Water Supply District
No. 2, produces a clean effluent by one of Texas' first three-stage
sewage treatment plants. The district installed a big, advanced plant
then sold excess capacity to neighboring districts. Within two months of
starting plant operation, (in September 1971) the district had found
buyers for 700,000 of the plant's one mgd capacity. The plant is a
factory-built field-erected system whose major components were built by
Ecodyne Corporation's Smith and Loveless division. The secondary stage
of the treatment system employs a contact stabilization type of activated
sludge biological treatment. The tertiary step is gravity filtration,
in which secondary effluent filters through layers of anthracite and sand.
Instruments in the plant's control station continuously monitor effluent
flow volume, pH, chlorine residual and other key operating indicators.
Switches at a single panel permit control of aeration tank blowers, settling
basin skimmers, sludge concentrator and filter pumps.
*Treatment facilities, Texas, Sewage treatment, Tertiary treatment,
Equipment, Filtration, Activated sludge, Biological treatment,
Instrumentation, Economics, Operating costs.
296D
EXPANSION SPARKS NEW DESIGN,
Westerhoff, G. P.
Malcolm Pirnie, Incorporated, White Plains, New York
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 6, p 44, 46, 66, June, 1974.
1 fig, 1 tab.
A report outlining a program for the evaluation and testing of plant
pre-treatment on a full plant scale including a six-month study program
was initiated in conjunction with the reviewing authority in 1973 at the
Sturgeon Point, New York plant. Results of the study and the recommendations
for future plant operations are presented. The water treatment processes
at Sturgeon Point consist of aeration, chemical addition, rapid mixing,
flocculation and sedimentation, followed by filtration and chlorinatlon.
The study program required turbidity measurements at several critical
points and used continuous-sampling and recording turbidimeters to measure
turbidity. Examinations for total microscopic count were made during the
filtration study as an additional indicator of water quality during the
testing program. Based on the results of the one-year filtration study
program, filtered water quality goals were established for the Sturgeon
Point Water Treatment Plant. These goals should be met consistently,
with the existing standard pre-treatment presently approved by the State
Department of Health.
*Pre-Treatment (water), *Project planning, *Evaluation, Treatment
facilities, New York, Operations, Waste water treatment, Turbidity,
Filtration
377
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29 7D
BOD: A RE-EVALUATION,
Clark, D. W.
Wastewater Treatment Plant, Las Cruces, New Mexico
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 5, p 68-69, May, 1974. 9 ref.
There Is growing dissatisfaction with the standard five-day biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) determination as a basic control parameter for waste-
water treatment plant operation. Limitations associated with BOD include:
the length of time it takes for test analysis, difficulties in correlating
results with observed conditions, and uncertainty as to what is actually
being measured. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) testing was an attempt to
improve upon the speed and precision of the BOD. It utilizes dichromate to
oxidize the organic materials under harsh conditions. The COD includes
not only carbonaceous oxygen demand, but other forms as well. Total
organic carbon (TOC) analysis improves upon organic and inorganic source
differentiation by measuring a different parameter. It does not rely
upon oxygen demand; rather it measures the carbon dioxide produced upon
complete oxidation of the organic material in the waste. By using BOD,
COD, and TOC results, a descriptive profile of a waste can be accumulated
which includes the specific concentrations of organics in the waste, the
rate at which these organics will be decomposed, the oxygen required to do
this, and finally the portion of organic material which will remain inert.
*Biochemical oxygen demand, *Chemical oxygen demand, *Analytical techniques,
Waste: water treatment, Water analysis, Treatment facilities, Operations
*Total organic carbon
298D
OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM OPERATES EFFECTIVELY IN ROUGH WATER,
Gascciigne, P,
World Oil, Vol. 178, No. 7, p 93-94, June, 1974.
A versatile type of oil spill pickup equipment has been developed by MARCO
Pollution Control Corporation, Seattle, Washington. The equipment is an
oil skimmer which can operate efficiently even under bad weather conditions.
The skimmer vessel is 58 feet long, 24 feet wide, weights 35 tons and is
driven by twin 210-hp diesel engines. Oil is pumped into storage tanks
by two 250-gpm guiding-type screw feed pumps. Special features of the
system include oil sump heat exchangers, materials handling crane, screw
conveyors in sumps, bow thrusters, combustible gas detection, and high
intensity lighting.
*0il spills, *Skimming, *Equipment, Storage tanks, Water pollution control
378
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299D
DESIGN OF BASIN COLLECTION TROUGHS,
Boyle, W. H.
Envirex Incorporated, Rexnard Companu, Waukesha, Wisconsin
Water and Sewage Works, p 136-137, April 30, 1974.
Collection troughs have a direct bearing on both the process and the economic
aspects of a facility. The process aspect of collection troughs involves
the requirement to handle a maximum specific flow rate. They must be
sized properly so the hydraulics of the troughs will not adversely affect
the intended unit process design and must be designed properly so that
flooding of the weirs does not occur. Another important aspect of the
design of the collection trough would be that of economics. A proper
economic sizing of the trough should be a compromise between an economic
determination of the cost of the trough, versus the cost of handling
additional headless. Finally, it is important for the design engineer to
determine if the collection trough will have free or submerged discharge,
and size accordingly.
*Economics, *Design criteria, *Conduits, Treatment facilities, Flooding,
Weirs, Mathematical studies, Flow rates
300D
WATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN IS FLEXIBLE,
Bolllnger, K. A.
City Manager, Allegan, Michigan
Water and Sewage Works, p 116-118, April 30, 1974.
In 1968 the city of Allegan, Michigan began construction of a water treatment
system that would replace the hard water supplied by natural wells located
in the valley of the Kalamazoo River. The treatment plant was designed
by Williams and Works of Grand Rapids, Michigan. The design capacity is
3 mgd, the hydraulic capacity is 4 mgd. The plant flow sheet provides
flexibility in hardness removal, as either a split or straight lime
system. For most of the year, the split treatment provides softening to
130 mg/liter, iron removal, taste and odor control and disinfection. The
plant can be operated by means of manual, automatic, or remote control
methods. The control panel is located in the laboratory so that the
equipment and processes can be under constant observation.
*Water treatment, *Treatment facilities, Hardness (water), Design criteria,
Operation and maintenance, Equipment, Automation
Michigan
379
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301D
FOAM SEPARATION OF LEAD(II) AND CADMIUM(II) FROM WASTE
WATER,
Ferguson, B. B., Hinkle, C., and Wilson, D. J.
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee,
Department of Chemistry
Separation Science, Vol. 9, No. 2, p 125-145, 1974. 18 fig. 2 tab, 21 ref.
Feasibility studies were conducted to evaluate the efficiencies of lead(II)
and cadmium(II) removal from contaminated waste water using foam separation
techniques. Variables such as pH, ionic strength, collector concentration,
and interfering ions were studied to determine their effects on ion
flotation. Adsorbing colloid flotation gave excellent results; lead sulfide
and cadmium sulfide were adsorbed to ferrous sulfide which was then removed by
foaming with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Lead(II) levels were
reduced from 0.80 to 0.025 ppm in 34 minutes foaming with 15 ppm iron(III)
added. Cadmium(II) levels were reduced from 1.0 to 0.008 ppm in 45 minutes
foaming with 25 ppm iron(III) added.
*Foam separation, *Feasibility studies, Evaluation, Waste water treatment,
Lead, Cadmium
Ion flotation
WASTE WATER RENOVATION THROUGH SOIL PERCOLATION,
John, M. K.
Research Station, Canada Department of Agriculture,
Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 3, No. 1, p 3-10, March, 1974.
3 tab, 12 ref.
A laboratory experiment simulating high-rate effluent renovation by soil
percolation involved leaching secondary sewage effluent through columns of three
differing soils. Analyses of phosphorus in 22 leachate collections and
distribution of both organic and inorganic phosphorus in column sections
revealed the mechanisms of phosphorus removal, the influence of differing soil
properties, and the effect of continuous utilization. The leachate N03-N levels
were lower than the original N03-N content of effluent for the first ten
leachings but N03-N enrichment occurred for the last effluent percolations
through all three soils.
laboratory tests, *Simulation analysis, *Waste water treatment, *Percolation,
Soil physical properties, Sewage treatment, Phosphorus, Leaching, Water
pollution control
*Phosphorus removal
380
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303D
PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES FOR THE TREATMENT AND CONDITIONING
OF WATER (PRODUITS ET PROCEDES DE TRAITEMENT
ET DE CONDITIONNEMENT DES EAUX),
La Technique Moderne, Vol. 66, No. 4, p 38-40, April, 1974.
Chemicals and processes for the preparation of drinking water and industrial
waters, and for the purification of municipal and industrial waste water
are described. Following mechanical separation of bulky materials, water
is further purified by coagulation and flocculation by means of ferric
chloride, and aluminum sulfate for the preparation of drinking and industrial
water. Drinking water is further purified by filtration and adsorption by
means of activated silica or carbon, and sterilization by means of chlorine
dioxide. Algal proliferation can be prevented by the addition of polyamides,
quaternary ammonium salts, and chlorine dioxide in industrial waters. To
prevent encrustation and corrosion in pipelines, precipitation-retarding
agents, such as polyphosphates, dispersing agents, and film-forming
metasilicates are added. Cyanides are neutralized by means of sodium
hypochlorite, and chromates are oxidized by sodium metabisulfite and ferrous
sulfate. Dilute effluents can be concentrated by ion exchange resins,
electrolysis, evaporation, or reverse osmosis.
*Potable water, *Industrial water, *Water purification, Chemicals,
Separation techniques, Waste water treatment, Coagulation, Filtration,
Adsorption, Corrosion control
304D
THE FATE OF PHENOL1CS IN WASTEWATER - DETERMINATION BY
DIRECT-INJECTION GLC AND WARBURG RESPIROMETRY,
Baird, R. B., Kuo, C. L., Shapiro, J. S., and Yanko,
W. A.
The County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,
San Jose Creek Water Quality Laboratory,
Whittier, California
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 2, No. 2,
p 165-178, May, 1974. 6 fig, 4 tab, 13 ref.
The effects of phenol, cresol isomers, and chlorinated phenols on the
respiration of activated sludges have been studied using Warburg techniques.
The biodegradability of these materials under simulated treatment conditions
in activated sludge also was determined. Results show that less than
10 mg/liter concentrations of phenol and chlorophenols, while being biodegraded,
proved toxic to sludges unacclimated to phenolics. The toxic effects of the
cresols were not so severe for the sludges tested. Phenolic analysis in these
studies was accomplished employing GLC techniques with a new column packing,
dinonylphthalate on Chromosorb G. This chromatographic technique was
effective in rapidly identifying phenolic materials in activated sludge,
treatment plant effluents, and industrial discharges. Separation of all
isomers tested, except m- and p-chlorophenol, was possible using this
technique.
*Activated sludge, *Biodegradation, *Respiration, Simulation analysis,
Phenols, Toxicity, Analytical techniques, Chromatography, Effluents,
Industrial wastes
Cresol isomers, Chlorophenols, Warburg technique
381
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305D
SATISFYING VENEZUELA'S QUALITY WATER REQUIREMENTS,
Rohm and Haas Reporter, Vol. 32, No. 2, p 20-23, Summer, 1974.
A large and sophisticated conditioning plant that produces up to 780
gpn of ultra-high-quality water has been developed for a $50 million
petrochemical complex near Moron, Venezuela. The system consists of
three activated carbon filters for removal of organic matter; three cation
exchange columns to remove sodium and hardness elements such as calcium
and magnesium; a degasification tower to remove carbon dioxide; three
anion exchange columns to remove mineral acidity by cation exchange resin
treatment; and, two final polishing units to totally remove traces of
silica and other mineral salts. The Illinois Water Treatment Company
supplied part of the equipment and assisted in the design and installa-
tion phases. All of the cation exchange columns are charged with Amberlite
IR-120 and the anion exchange columns contain Amberlite IRA-402. The
final polishing units contain a mixture of Amberlite IR-122 and Amberlite
IRA-900.
*Treatment facilities, *Water treatment, *Water quality control,
Industrial plants, Equipment, Filters, Activated carbon, Organic
matter, Installation, Cation exchange
Venezuela
306D
LIFTING THE LID OFF PITSEA,
Surveyor Public Authority Technology, No. 4275, p 13, May 17, 1974.
The lagooning area at the Pitsea, England landfill site consists of a
series of long, narrow interlinked trenches dug in surveyed positions in
fully composted refuse. The trenches have a shallow weir constructed
where they join and the waste is introduced from the pipeline at one
end of the system. It then flows along the first trench over the weir
and then along the rest of the system. Phase separation of the oily
wastes using acids to aid the separation is a feasible proposition on a
large scale showing that mixing and dilution of suitable wastes resulted
in pumpable sludge, acceptable for site disposal. Finally, it is noted
that the most efficient way of disposing of liquid wastes at Pitsea is
to utilize the high potential evaporation from the site rather than
rely on groundwater flow away from it.
*Landfills, *Lagoons, Waste storage, Trenches, Waste treatment, Treatment
facilities, Liquid wastes, Evaporation, Separation techniques, Oil wastes
Great Britain
382
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307D
U. S. NAVY JETTISONS 'HEAVE-HO1 HANDLING OF
PACKAGING ITEMS AT SEA,
Solid Wastes Management/RRJ, Vol. 17, No. 6, p 22-23, 57-58, 66, 70,
June, 1974.
72,
In compliance with executive orders, an environmental protection program
has been initiated in a major effort to reduce or eliminate the wastes
accumulated by Naval ships and currently disposed of at sea. The Navy
has set a goal of reducing the amount of packaging materials going aboard
ships by 50 percent over the next five years and by 75 percent in 15
years. Maximum usability will be sought for anything judged absolutely
essential. Guidelines for hazardous materials, disposability and com-
pactibility ratings of materials, as well as the feasibility of incinera-
tion approaches and establishing rough ratings are discussed.
*Environmental control, Solid Wastes, Navigable waters, Water pollution
control, Waste disposal
United States Navy
30 8D
WASTE INTO WEALTH,
Searle, S. S., and Kirby, C. F.
Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works Farm,
Victoria, Australia
Water Spectrum, Vol 945, No. 36, p 15-21, January, 1973. 2 fig.
About twenty-two miles outside of the city of Melbourne, Australia,
a combination beef cattle ranch and sewage treatment facility functions.
The ranch, called the Board of Works Farm, is systematically irrigated by
waste waters of the highly industrialized city. Suspended material is
filtered by the soil and transformed into humus and plant food by the action
of soil micro-organisms. The total flow includes domestic wastes,
industrial wastes, and groundwater infiltration into the sewers. Industrial
waste water provides about half the biochemical oxygen demand and suspended
solids. Channels, drains, and ditches were carefully constructed and are
inspected daily by laboratory analyses. The efficient disposal by soil
filtration depends on the grasses being kept short; sheep and cattle both
have the role of grass mowers. The farm remains highly productive, eco-
nomically sound, as well as an efficient waste water treatment project.
*Municipal wastes, *Farms, *Sewerage, Sewage treatment, Costs, Industrial
wastes, Waste water, Irrigation, Soil
*Melbourne, Australia, *Board of Works Farm, *Land treatment, Cattle
333
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30 9D
STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE REMOVAL OF BENZO
(A)PYRENE FROM URBAN WASTE WATER BY BIOLOGICAL
PURIFICATION,
Yershova, K. P., Nefedov, Y. I., Kanunnlkova, L.S.,
and Krylova, M. G.
Gigiyena i Sanitariya, No. 2, p 102-103, 1974. 1 tab.
The efficiency of the removal of benzo(a)pyrene and ether-soluble petroleum
products from municipal wastewater by biological purification was studied
in full-scale and laboratory experiments. The mechanical purification
step comprising the sand trap had an efficiency of about 40 percent in the
removal of benzo(a)pyrene. Total biological treatment in the activated
sludge aeration basin and an after-treatment basin resulted in a rate of
benzo(a)pyrene removal of 77.5-98.6 percent averaging 91.2 percent. The
efficiency of the biological treatment in the removal of ether-soluble
hydrocarbons ranged from 62.9 to 88.4 percent. Some correlations between
the rates of removal of benzo(a)pyrene and ether-soluble hydrocarbons
were observed. The efficiency of the biological treatment was found to
gradually decrease in the course of aeration. The reduction of the
benzo(a)pyrene content in the waste water during the biological treatment
was partly due to absorption on the activated sludge particles and partly
to metabolism.
*Municipal waste water, *Petroleum, *Biological treatment, *Purification,
Laboratory tests, Waste water treatment, Absorption, Activated sludge,
Hydrocarbons
Benzo(a)pyrene, Ether-soluble petroleum
310D
EXAMPLES OF THE EFFECTIVE USE OF PLASTIC MATERIALS
IN A MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANT (BEISPIELE DER EFFEKTIVEN PLASTANWENDUNG
IN EINEM VEB WASSERVERSORGUND UNO ABWASSERBEHANDLUNG),
Koehler, D.
Wasserwirtschaft-Wassertechnik, Vol. 24, No. 3, p 95-98,
1974. 4 fig.
Examples of the various uses of plastic materials in municipal water supply
and waste water treatment in East Germany are presented. Compared with
conventional materials, plastics excel by their long useful life, reduced
production and maintenance costs, light weight, and increased resistance to
physical and chemical effects. Venthole covers, instrument cabinets, waste
water pipes, sludge manifolds for sludge drying rows, percolation bodies
for waste water treatment, and insulating layers are made of PVC, while
polyethylene is used for coating tanks and pipes. Epoxy resin as filler is
used for the repair of pump blades damaged by cavitation, of surfaces exposed
to wear, and of concrete pipes, as well as for coating tanks. Polyester
resin is used as construction material for tanks, and for the repair of
broken pipes.
*Plast:ics, *Municipal water, *Water supply, Waste water treatment,
Germany, Materials, Percolation, Pipes, Construction materials
*Treat:ment plants, PVC
384
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311D
MODEL PROCESS FOR BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHATE ELIMINATION FROM
COMMUNAL WASTE WATER II. BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHATE ELIMINATION
FOLLOWING DENITRIFICATION OF THE WASTE WATER NITROGEN
BY MEANS OF METHANOL,
Bringmann, G., and Kuehn, R.
Gesundheits-Ingenieur, Vol. 95, No. 5, p 135-138, 1974. 1 fig, 8 tab.
Biological phosphate elimination from municipal waste water in connection
with and following denitrification by means of methanol in a model bio-
logical waste water treatment plant is described. The first stage of
the treatment plant constitutes an aerated nitrifying tank for the quanti-
tative nitrification of the ammonium nitrogen in the waste water. The
methanol denitrification in the second stage has an efficiency of 94.8 percent
with respect to an initial nitrate content of 65.3 mg/liter. One mg
nitrate-nitrogen required 3.3 mg methanol for its denitrification. The
effluent from the third stage (trickling body) showed a secondary in-
crease in the residual nitrate-nitrogen content. However, the nitrate-
nitrogen consumption in the fourth stage (phosphate elimination) re-
sulted in a residual nitrate-nitrogen level of 2.35 mg/liter, corres-
ponding to a total nitrate-nitrogen elimination rate of 96.4 percent. The
phosphate elimination in the nitrification was dependent on the waste
water quality: while there was practically no phosphate elimination
at neutral pH, phosphate elimination at akaline pH reached efficiencies
of up to 74.1 percent. Depending on the phosphate content in the nitrifica-
tion effluent, the efficiency of phosphate elimination in the denitri-
fication stage ranged from 80.35 to 41.3 percent. Relative to the trickling
body effluent, the phosphate elimination was 92.7-89.5 percent. Following
filtration of the effluents from the phosphate elimination stage by
means of ferrooxidizing bacteria at neutral pH, a residual phosphate
content of 0.006-0.007 mg/liter, corresponding to an overall efficiency
of 99.96 percent, was achieved.
*Phosphate, *Biological treatment, *Municipal wastes, *Waste water
treatment, Denitrification, Methanol, Model studies, Aeration
*Treatment plants
312D
CLEAR-SPAN DOMES COVER WATER TANKS,
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 7, p 90, July, 1974. 1 fig.
The installation of Geodesic-type domes on two potable water
storage tanks brought the City of Bend, Oregon, into compliance
with State water storage regulations. The city had experienced
problems with pollen, pine needles and other objects falling
into the open-topped 1.5 MG steel tanks. Temcor all-aluminum PolyFrame
Domes were selected to roof the tanks. They are made of aluminum struts
and gussets assembled to form a fully triangulated space truss, and are
covered with triangular closure panels of 16-gauge aluminum sheet. An
all-aluminum vent with bird screen and a 3 by 3-ft. aluminum access hatch
completes the structure. The domes were assembled at ground level and
hoisted into position atop and riveted steel tanks with a crane. Cost
of the two domes was $95,380 installed. Little maintenance cost is
anticipated since the domes require no painting.
*Tanks, *Potable water, *Water quality control, *Aluminum,
Construction materials, Pollution abatement, Maintenance costs,
Installation
Bend, Oregon
385
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313D
THIS WATER FILTER CLEANS ITSELF,
Medlar, S.
Whitman and Howard, Incorporated, Engineers and
Architects, Boston, Massachusetts
The American City, Vol. 89, No. 6, p 63-65, June, 1974. 1 tab.
Burlington, Massachusetts uses a new water treatment technique. Using an automatic
backwash carbon filter, the town's 6.0-mgd filtration plant treats water from its
new 500-million gal reservoir for color, iron, taste, odor, turbidity, bacteria,
corrosiveness and contamination. The plant's two filters are a silica sand with
an effective size 0.60 mm, and an 8 x 30 mesh granular activated carbon.
(Leibowitz-FIRL)
*Filtration, Water treatment plant, Contamination, Bacteria, Turbidity, Iron,
Reservoirs, Filtration
314D
JOINT TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL AND PULP MILL EFFLUENT,
Voelkel, K. G., Martin, D. W., and Deering, R. W.
Charmin Paper Products Company and the Green Bay
Metropolitan Sewerage District
Journal of Water Pollution Control, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 634-656, April,
1974. 14 fig., 11 tab., 11 ref.
The Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District and four paper product companies
undertook a project in 1966 of experimentation on the treatment of municipal and
pulp irill effluents. Four activated sludge treatment processes were tested. The
combined wastes included calcium-based bisulfite pulping, de-inking waste water,
Whitewater from paper machines, neutral sulfite semi-chemical pulping, domestic
sewage, waste water from two large meat packing plants, and effluent from a
pickle processing plant. Of all methods tried, the contact stabilization was
most successful in treating combined wastes; filamentous sulfide bacterial growth
in the mixed liquor was controlled by adding 5 to 10 mg/liter of chlorine to the
returned activated sludge nitrogen and phosphorous additions were demanded for
satisfactory biological activity.
*Wast& water treatment, Sewage, Effluent, Pulp mill wastes, Municipal wastes,
Pulp & paper industry, Activated sludge
* Joint: wastes
336
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315D
SLUDGE DEWATERING WITH THE AID OF CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING PRESS-
TYPE FILTERS (SCHLAMMENTWASSERUNG MIT KONTINUIERLICHEN PRESSFILTERN),
Reuter, I. J., and Beckrath, H.
Aufbereitungs-Technik, Vol. 15, No. 5, p 253-259, May, 1974.
10 fig, 3 tab, 14 ref.
For the past eight years the filter belt press has been applied as a continuously
operating press-type filter for dewatering municipal and industrial sludges.
Recently, additional continuous press-type filters have been developed and tested.
These include the tower press, the angle-type press, and the drum-type filter
press. The machines differ primarily with regard to the operating direction of
the filtering belts and the pressure to which the sludge is exposed while being
dewatered. The paper quotes practical results. However, the figures available
do not allow a direct, reliable comparison of the results and cost of sludge
dewatering by using the four machines is compared.
*Filters, *Municipal wastes, *Industrial wastes, *Costs, Equipment
316D
WATER TREATMENT PLANT (1140 CU M/HR) FOR SUNABEDA,
Mishra, B., Joshi, S. R., and Savalappan, K. N.
Government of Orissa,
Public Health Department
Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 54, Part PH2, p 61-65,
February, 1974. 6 fig.
The location of an industry is often governed by the availability of an adequate
quantity of water. The various unit operations involved in the 1140 cu m/hr
water treatment plant at Sunabeda (Orissa) are discussed. Details of units and
the design parameters of units are also given. Merits and demerits of separate
flocculation and clarification versus combination of both unit operations in one
unit are shown. Construction and operation of an unconventional rapid sand
gravity filter underdrainage system is described. One-year performance of the
plant is graphically shown with emphasis on clarified water turbidity and filtered
water clarity.
*Water treatment, *Water quality control, Clarification, Flocculation, Water
quantity, Industrial water, Design criteria, Turbidity
*Treatment plants, *India, Sunabeda, India
387
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317D
BERRY SEED SHELL AS FILTER MEDIA,
Bhole, A. G., and Nashikkar, J. T.
Visvesvaraya Regional College of Engineering,
Nagpur, India
Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 54, Part PH2, p 45-47,
February, 1974. 5 ref.
It was found experimentally that berry seed shell satisfies the criteria required
for a dual media filter. Conventional sand filtration involves the flow of
materials from fine to coarse media. Its drawbacks include filter clogging and
shorter filter runs. Ideally the flow should be from coarse to fine, giving
longer filter runs. Upflow filters can not be universally used. For backwashing
of an ideal filter, coarse media must remain at the top, even after fluidization.
This is achieved by density differences between the two materials. Denser
materials like sand can be of fine size which settles at the bottom. For the top
layer, many lighter materials have been tried. Anthracite is most commonly used
as coarse and light medium, but was replaced by coal because of its higher cost.
A locally available berry seed is described which resembles anthracite in almost
all characteristics.
*Sand filtration, *Flow, Filtration, Filters, Dual media filters, Anthracite,
Backwashing, Design criteria
*Berry seed shell
318D
LOOE SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE-TREATMENT SCHEME,
Martin, C.
L. G. Mouchel and Partners,
Bath, Great Britain
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 3, p 331-335, 1974. 1 fig.
Since 1955, sewerage facilities in Looe have been planned. Treatment and disposal
has been a problem, enlarged by different populations in summer and winter. Storm
sewerage overflows have also been necessary to complement the combined sewer sys-
tems. The Cornwall County Council has agreed to make a substantial contribution to
the cost. Looe is a holiday resort and discharge of sewage into its harbor cannot
continue. Design and location of the works in an enclosed valley and removal of
sewage pollution are detailed.
*Sewerage, *Combined sewers, *Sewage treatment, Storm runoff, Pollution abatement,
Sewage districts, Planning, Costs
Cornwall County Council, Great Britain, Treatment methods
388
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319D
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SEWAGE EFFLUENTS,
Hunter, J. V., and Kotalik, T. A.
Rutgers University, Department of Environmental
Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 6-27. 14 tab, 70 ref.
The chemical and biological composition of effluents reflects the quality
of the waste water entering the plant and the changes that occur during the
physical, chemical, and biological processes in the plant. The chemical
changes that occur during treatment reflect the biological removal of
80-90 percent of the organic matter and the production of more oxidized
organics. Interest in the removal of microorganisms during treatment
lies mainly in the area involving the efficiency of pathogen removal. In
addition to waste water bacteria, viruses that have persisted through
the plant, large numbers of protozoa and nematodes can be developed during
biological treatment. Interest here has centered on the nematodes which
can ingest pathogens and thus have public health significance. Effluent
chlorination is largely for disinfection; however, actual practice may not
always achieve this end. Excessive chlorination without dechlorination may
lead to toxicity problems in receiving waters.
*Waste water treatment, *Sewage, Effluents, Water quality, Microorganisms,
Chlorination, Public health, Biological properties, Chemical properties
*Effluent composition
320D
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF MUNICIPAL SLUDGE,
Peterson, J. R. , Lue-Hing, C., and Zenz, D. R.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
Illinois
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 28-39. 3 tab, 16 ref.
Sewage sludge is derived from the organic and inorganic matter removed from
waste water at sewage treatment plants. The nature of sludges depends on
the waste water sources and the method of waste water treatment. If waste
solids are to be evaluated as a soil amendment or as a fertilizer, it is
important to understand their chemical and biological properties. A
comparison of sludge analyses from various treatment plants would be
confounded by the individual treatment processes; therefore, some of the
more common waste water treatment methods are described.
*Sewage sludge, *Municipal wastes, Waste water treatment, Chemical properties,
Biological properties, Sludge treatment, Treatment facilities, Methodology
389
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321D
SITE SELECTION CRITERIA FOR WASTEWATER DISPOSAL —
SOILS AND HYDROGEOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS,
Parizek, R. R.
The Pennsylvania State University, Department of
Geosciences and The Mineral Conservation Section
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 95-130. 5 tab, 48 ref.
Site selection criteria for sewage effluent spray irrigation sites are
discussed. Soils, geology, hydrology, topography, project management,
and other factors are considered to maximize the chances for achieving
a high degree of renovation of waste constituents while at the same time
minimizing secondary environmental problems that can result. Site con-
ditions suitable and unsuitable for groundwater recharge and reuse are
pointed out as are factors to be considered when designing monitoring
programs necessary to prove the degree of treatment being achieved.
Finally, the importance of the hydrogeologic-soil condition is discussed
for the benefit of administrators who are responsible for defining
environmental procedures to be used for waste water irrigation projects.
*Sites, Irrigation systems, Soil, Geology, Hydrology, Topography,
Project planning, Waste treatment, Recycling, Environmental control
*Spray irrigation
322D
RENOVATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER THROUGH LAND DISPOSAL BY
SPRAY IRRIGATION,
Kardos, L. T., and Sopper, W. E.
The Pennsylvania State University, Department of
Agronomy
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 131-145. 8 tab, 3 ref.
In a Penn State project soil solution samples were extracted with suction
lysimeters installed at various depths in the soil profile. The chemical
quality of the chlorinated secondary treated waste water was monitored by
obtaining a composite of the waste water being applied through the sprinkers
during each irrigation sequence. Average annual concentrations of various
constituents in the applied waste water are shown for the corn rotation area
for 1963-1970 and are representative of the concentrations in waste water
applied to the other areas. The extent of renovation of the applied waste
water may be expressed as the change in mean annual concentration of a
particular constituent in the applied waste water when compared with that
found in the soil solution in the suction lysimeters. The data allow one to
conclude that with appropriate management of nitrogen loads to maximize
utilization by the vegetation and with hydraulic loads adjusted to the soil site
to maximize denitrification it should be possible to recharge water of
drinking water quality into the aquifer below a waste water disposal site.
*Soil disposal fields, *Irrigation systems, Data collections, Evaluation,
Waste disposal, Waste water treatment, Groundwater recharge, Potable water,
Water reuse
*Spray irrigation
390
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323D
RESTORATION OF ACID SPOIL BANKS WITH TREATED SEWAGE SLUDGE,
Lejcher, T. R., and Kunkle, S. H.
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Shavmee National Forest, Eastern Region
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 165-178. 4 tab, 15 ref.
Preliminary results of a strip mined reclamation demonstration project in
Southern Illinois are detailed. The initial observations indicate that
treated municipal sludge, when applied to the spoil in sufficient amounts,
improves spoil pH, allows establishment of vegetation, and reduces acidity
and concentrations of some of the chemicals in the runoff issuing from
the tract.
*Sludge treatment, *Spoil banks, Municipal wastes, Investigations, Hydrogen
ion concentration, Vegetation establishment, Acidity, Chemcontrol, Runoff,
Illinois, Strip mines, Sewage sludge
324D
EFFECTS OF LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATERS ON SOIL
PHOSPHORUS RELATIONS,
Hook, J. E., Kardos, L. T., and Sopper, W. E.
The Pennsylvania State University, Department of
Agronomy
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater
Through Forest and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, p 179-195. 5 tab, 11 ref.
The movement and fixation of phosphorus, a major constituent of many
waste waters, are important considerations in land disposal systems. In
the Wastewater Renovation and Conservation Research Project at The
Pennsylvania State University, the fate of phosphorus has been monitored
as treated municipal sewage effluent was applied to cropland and forested
areas. Ten years of monitoring has indicated a high degree of efficiency
of the soil-plant system to retain and use phosphorus. The chemical forms
in which the phosphorus was being retained and to what depth in the soil
it was accumulating are described. It is concluded that when the system
is properly managed most of the added phosphorus remains in the soil at
the disposal site or leaves as a nutrient in harvested crops.
*Phosphorus, Soil disposal fields, Landfills, Monitoring, Sewage effluents,
Municipal wastes, Forests, Farm management, Agronomy, Nutrients
*Land disposal
391
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32 5D
EFFECT OF LAND DISPOSAL OF WASIEWATER ON EXCHANGEABLE
CATIONS AND OTHER CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN THE SOIL,
Kardos, L. T., and Sopper, W. E.
The Pennsylvania State University, Department of
Agronomy
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 196-203. 1 fig, 1 tab, 7 ref.
In a literature review by Ivor K. Edwards (1968) it was indicated that
most of the concern with respect to soil chemical changes was with respect
to changes in the amounts of sodium relative to the other exchangeable
cations in the soil. In soil samples taken in 1966 Edwards found no
significant change in the status of the exchangeable cations from that
found in 1963 after 48 inches of waste water had been applied. By 1966
the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the waste water treated areas
had increased with respect to the control area about 4-fold in the upper
foot and 1.5 to 2-fold in the next four feet. However, the maximum ESP
value in 1966 was only 3.3 and occurred in the upper foot of the 2-inch
per week treatment area. The present report extends the information
through the soil sampling in 1969 and also reports on changes in the status
of exchangeable Mn, adsorbed chloride and boron, kjeldahl nitrogen, and
organic matter in the crop rotation area and in some of the forested areas.
*Reviews, *Sampling, *Sodium, Cations, Waste water treatment, Forests,
Rotations, Boron, Chlorides, Nitrogen, Organic matter
*Excharigeable sodium percentage
326D
FACTORS AFFECTING NITRIFICATION-DENITRIFICATION
IN SOILS,
Broadbent, F. E.
California University, Department of Soils and
Plant Nutrition, Davis, California
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 204-214. 5 tab, 18 ref.
Nitrifying bacteria are present in almost all soils and are active over
a wide range of moisture and temperature conditions. Variations on the
theme that nitrification and denitrification can and do occur simultaneously
in the same soil lake, pond, or stream, often in locations which are
physically separated by only very short distances, are examined.
*Nitrification, *Denitrification, Soils, Soil chemical properties,
Bacteria
392
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327D
MICROBIAL HAZARDS IN DISPOSING OF WASTEWATER ON SOU.,
Foster, D. H., and Engelbrecht, R. S.
Illinois University, Department of Civil Engineering
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 217-241. 4 tab, 74 ref.
The public health dangers that may arise from the ultimate disposal of
wastes on land are explored; public apprehension concerning health hazards
are assessed. This work was undertaken to provide officials with the
type of information that will allow a rational, unemotional, and realistic
assessment of the potential public health problems associated with the
application of waste water to land. It is shown that the literature is
quite unusual in the paucity of information available on irrigation-caused
epidemics, reflecting either an absence of a problem despite other evidence
indicating that significant quantities of pathogens are placed on soil
by this practice, or that prejudices wnich regard only significant outbreaks
of disease are worthy of investigation.
*Reviews, *Public health, Waste disposal, Irrigation systems, Waste water
treatment, Investigations
328D
VEGETATION RESPONSES TO IRRIGATION WITH TREATED MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER,
Sopper, W. E., and Kardos, L. T.
The Pennsylvania State University, School of Forest
Resources
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 242-269. 19 tab, 7 ref.
The Penn State waste water renovation and conservation project is reviewed.
Under this plan, treated municipal sewage effluent has been spray irrigated on
cropland and in forest stands for a 10-year period. Effluent has been applied
in various amounts ranging from one inch per week to six inches per week and
over various lengths of time ranging from 16 weeks during the growing season on
cropland to the entire 52 weeks in forests. Rates of application varied from 0.25
to 0.64 inch per week. Types of crops irrigated with effluent were wheat, oats,
corn, alfalfa, red clover, and reed canary grass. Forested areas irrigated con-
sisted of a mixed hardwood forest, a red pine plantation, and a sparse white
spruce plantation established on an abandoned old field. It is shown that
sewage effluent irrigation during the past ten years has produced beneficial vege-
tation responses. Crop yields and tree growth were significantly increased. In
addition the value of the vegetation as a renovating agent has been demonstrated
to be a vital part of the system. For year-round operations a combination of
cropland and forestland provide the greatest flexibility in operating a system
using the living filter concept.
*Irrigation systems, *Sewage effluents, *Waste water treatment, Water reuse,
Investigations, Application techniques, Forests, Farm management, Crops
Spray irrigation
393
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3 29D
ANATOMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RED OAK AND RED
PINE IRRIGATED WITH MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER,
Murphey, W. K., Brlsbin, R. L., Young, W. J., and
Cutter, B. E.
The Pennsylvania State University, School of Forest
Resources
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 270-285. 6 tab, 24 ref.
The technique of using the forest to ameliorate treated sewage plant effluent
while charging the groundwater can alter the properties of the wood being pro-
duced. Primarily this study was concerned with the utility of wood grown in
such a forest for pulp wood. The morphology of the pulp fiber is important
in the strength and conformity of the paper sheet and, therefore, the utility
of the pulp. Alteration of the dimensions of the pulp fibers by the waste
water were such as to enhance their use as a raw material for paper. The lack
of a separate control area restricted the findings. The results of these
experiments indicate that a 1-inch spray enhanced the fiber properties of red
pine. A 2-inch application of the effluent was beneficial if red oak is used
as a pulp species.
*Forests, *Sewage effluents, Waste disposal, Groundwater recharge, Pulp and
paper industry, Waste water treatment
*Spray irrigation, Pulp fibers
330D
DEER AND RABBIT RESPONSE TO THE SPRAY IRRIGATION OF
CHLORINATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT ON WILD LAND,
Wood, G. W., Simpson, D. W., and Dressier, R. L.
The Pennsylvania State University, School of Forest
Resources
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, ? 286-298. 6 tab.
The first efforts in evaluating the effects of sewage effluent irrigation treat-
ment areas on wild animals have been directed toward the principal game species,
the cottontail rabbit and the white-tailed deer. Experimental results indicate
that the spray irrigation of chlorinated sewage effluent at the rate of two
inches per week appears to have a favorable influence on the nutritive value of
rabbit and deer forages. Generally the crude protein, P, K, and Mg can be
expected to be raised in these forages while the Ca is lowered. Reed canary-
grass, the only forage tested for changes in digestibility due to treatment,
showed no significant response with respect to digestible dry matter and pro-
tein. Studies using the lead deer technique to determine preference for or
avoidance of irrigated sites and forage from these sites indicate that the deer
use treated sites at least as readily as untreated sites. During the winter
period wild deer do not avoid the area but appear to use it quite readily for
resting and feeding.
*Evaluation, *Sewage effluents, Irrigation systems, Deer, Wildlife, Forages
*Rabbits, Spray irrigation, Forage nutrition
394
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331D
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: DESIGN AND OPERATION
CRITERIA,
Myers, E. A.
The Pennsylvania State University, Department of
Agricultural Engineering
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 299-308. 1 fig, 2 ref.
Waste water must be applied uniformly over the land surface at the proper rate
in inches per hour and the appropriate amount in inches per week if adequate
renovation is to be expected. Two areas which greatly affect this judicious
application are proper design and diligent management. This paper first
lists the variables involved in the design of an irrigation distribution sys-
tem, then discusses a number of factors which affect the choice of specific
value for each variable. Comments concerning the various management decisions
that must be made when operating the system are included.
*Waste water treatment, Water reuse, Application techniques, Design criteria,
Administration, Irrigation systems, Operations, Land management
332D
COST OF SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR WASTE WATER RENOVATION,
Nesbitt, J. B.
The Pennsylvania State University, Department of
Civil Engineering
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 309-314. 2 fig, 1 tab, 1 ref.
The net cost of effluent disposal by spray irrigation is dependent upon the
system required to do a specific job, at a specific location, at a specific
time, as well as the procedures adopted for management of the spray field.
Since different situations require different designs and management pro-
cedures, no general overall cost information can be given; however, if certain
basic assumptions are made about design and management, a rough cost estimate
can be made. The figures presented are based on work done by Allender with
estimated cost of hypothetical systems carrying flows of one, five, and ten
million gallons per day being presented. The figures are based on certain assump-
tions regarding design and management. These assumptions may or may not fit
another specific situation but they will define the basis of the estimates
discussed under the general areas of pumping system, delivery system, and
operation.
*Estimated costs, Irrigation systems, *Design criteria, Land management,
Operations, Waste disposal
Spray irrigation, Pumping system, Delivery system
395
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333D
FINANCING MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES,
INCLUDING LAND UTILIZATION SYSTEMS,
Seabrook, B. L.
Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Municipal
Waste Water Programs
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 315-321.
A continuing need for pollution abatement facilities will always exist after
standards have been achieved to compensate for a growing population, obsoles-
cence, and industrial expansion. Accomplishing this goal will require the
cooperation of industry and dedication at all levels of government. Herein
detailed are General Accounting Office (GAO) studies, recent Federal regula-
tions, industrial waste cost recovery guidelines, and clean water bills.
*Pollution abatement, *Regulations, *Investigations, Industrial wastes,
Waste water treatment, Water reuse, Costs, Legislation, Treatment facilities
334D
LARGE WASTEWATER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: MUSKEGON COUNTY,
MICHIGAN AND CHICAGO METROPOLITAN REGION,
Bauer, W. J., and Matsche, D. E.
Bauer Engineering, Inc.
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 322-341. 1 tab.
The capital and operating costs for the Muskegon County, Michigan project and
for the Chicago Regional Wastewater plan are presented in a form useful for
making comparisons with alternative systems. Auxiliary uses of land irrigation
sites are described briefly and the approximate potential revenues from each
estimated. The operating costs of the system would be largely, if not en-
tirely, offset by using the same land irrigation site for many other purposes
in addition to that of renovating the wastewater. No discussion of the
benefits of treating the waste water to drinking water standards is presented
as these benefits would be comparable for any other system which would achieve
the same end result.
*Capital costs, Operating costs, *Irrigation systems, Project planning,
Waste water treatment, Land management, Water reuse, Michigan, Illinois
396
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335D
UTILIZATION OF SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR WASTEWATER DISPOSAL
IN SMALL RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS,
Williams, T. C.
Williams and Works, Incorporated
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 362-374. 3 tab.
Williams & Works has designed sixteen pond and irrigation waste water treatment
systems for various governmental units in Michigan. Designs for the systems
developed include: two facultative ponds designed to operate either in
parallel or in series at the discretion of the operator; a series of ponds,
consisting of an anaerobic cell followed by at least three facultative cells;
and, mechanically aerated ponds followed by holding ponds. Performance and
application of these systems are discussed.
*Waste water treatment, *Treatment facilities, Michigan, Irrigation systems,
Ponds, Performance, Design criteria
336D
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER DISPOSAL ON THE LAND AS AN ALTERNATE
OF OCEAN OUTFALL,
Cowlishaw, W. A., and Roland, F. J.
Bauer Engineering, Incorporated
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 387-399. 1 tab.
Land treatment as an alternative to ocean disposal of partially treated indus-
trial and municipal wastes is examined. The specific decision choice for
Falmouth, Massachusetts, is used to highlight the political, engineering, and
resource management factor of decisions that juxtapose land treatment and ocean
disposal. Analysis indicates that the land disposal-spray irrigation alter-
natives for managing waste water would better serve the needs of the Falmouth
region for its effects in treating waste water; the spray irrigation system
is superior. Its pollutant removal efficiency clearly exceeds the ocean out-
fall system in its effective removal of pollutants. In addition to the effi-
ciency and reliability of this system for purifying waste water, it provides
numerous related benefits applicable to the regional water resources. These
include: a large percentage return of the treated waste water to the ground-
water resources; flexibility for retrieving and transferring treated water;
provision of usable crops from the irrigation of marginal land for agricultural
purposes; no adverse affect on any marine life or on the recreational value of
the waters; and, an integration of the spray irrigation site with numerous
other publicly funded projects.
*Land management, *Waste disposal, Waste water treatment, Irrigation systems,
Massachusetts, Groundwater recharge, Water pollution control, Project
feasibility
397
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337D
THE ROLE OF LAND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER IN THE CORPS
OF ENGINEERS WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAM,
Johnson, J. F.
United States Army Corps of Engineers, Wastewater
Management Task Force
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 400-409. 14 ref.
The continuing problems of environmental degradation, particularly that caused
by the discharge of a broad spectrum of pollutants into water courses, have
prompted the Corps of Engineers to assist state, regional, and local govern-
ments in developing waste water management plans toward their solution. As a
part of its urban studies program, the Corps will develop an array of plans
in consonance with local planning agencies from which the people of the region
could choose the specific plan which best meets their needs. The role of land
treatment is discussed with particular emphasis upon its relationship to the
planning process, the impacts associated with land disposal, and certain re-
search needs related to land disposal of waste water.
*Project planning, *Land management, *Waste water treatment, Waste disposal,
Project feasibility, Project purposes
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
338D
RESEARCH NEEDS — LAND DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
WASTES,
Evans, J. 0.
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Washington, D.C.
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 435-442. 1 fig, 6 ref.
A review of topics discussed throughout the conference is presented. Immediate
research needs with regards to municipal sewage waste disposal are discussed.
*Reviews, Conferences, Research and development, Municipal wastes, Sewage
disposal, Recycling, Soil disposal fields
393
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339D
DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS BY
PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA,
Prasad, D., and Jones, P. H.
Toronto University, Department of Civil Engineering,
Canada
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7, p 1686-1691,
July, 1974. 4 fig, 25 ref.
The proteolytic activity and other physiological activity of a mixed bacterial
population adapted to a peptone feed In a laboratory model of the activated
sludge process operating at 2 C has been studied. The environment was
selective for psychrophiles. The physiological activity of organisms inhabit-
ing this sludge was considered to be a measure of psychrophilic activity. Re-
sults indicate that in spite of the apparent metabolic stability of proteins
at low temperatures, the psychrophilic bacteria may use other nitrogenous
compounds such as urea, amino acids, and creatinine as a nitrogen source. The
comparative degradation rates of various organic compounds by psychrophilic
bacteria at 20 and 2 C indicate that these microorganisms play an important
role in the stabilization of organic matter in the biological waste treatment
processes. However, their activity at 2 C is lower indicating that biological
waste treatment processes can operate at low temperatures provided sufficient
time is allowed for these organisms to degrade the organic wastes.
*Laboratory tests, *Model studies, *Aerobic bacteria, Activated sludge, Nitrogen
compounds, Microbial degradation, Organic compounds, Biological treatment,
Microorganisms, Temperature
*Waste stabilization, *Psychrophilic activity, *Psychrophiles
340D
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER USING ALGAE AND
ART EMI A,
McShan, M., Trieff, N. M., and Grajcer, D.
Texas University, Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7, p 1742-1750,
July, 1974. 4 fig, 6 tab, 21 ref.
A new system for controlled eutrophication for either waste water or high
organic wastes, such as shrimp ponds, has been researched. This system
utilizes algae and brine shrimp as its main components. In such a system
the algae fix the organic and mineral components by using a light source;
the brine shrimp graze on the algae, thus keeping the algae at a constantly
high productivity level. The choice of brine shrimp is based on their
ability to withstand wide fluctuations in salinity and pH and to remain
there. The system is adaptable to coastal and inland communities and the
produced brine shrimp could offset some of the costs of the system.
*Waste water treatment, *Biological treatment, *Algae, *Brine shrimp,
Methodology, Operating costs, Biomass
399
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341D
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM DUCK FARM WASTES,
Loehr, R. C., and Johanson, K. J.
Cornell University, Civil and Agricultural Engineering,
Ithaca, New York
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7,
p 1692-1714, July, 1974. 10 fig, 7 tab, 6 ref.
Studies of phosphate removal from industrial waste water resulting from
the production of ducks for slaughter are detailed. These studies were
conducted over a period of two years, initially in the laboratory and subse-
quently in two full-scale field systems. The most effective chemicals,
predictive relationships for chemical dosages, operating costs, and sludge
production levels were evaluated.
Investigations, *Phosphates, *Industrial wastes, *Waste water treatment,
Farm wastes, Chemicals, Operating costs, Evaluation
*Phosphate removal, Sludge production
342D
INJECTING HIGHLY TREATED SEWAGE INTO A DEEP-SAND
AQUIFER,
Faust, S. D., and Vecchioli, J.
Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey, Department of Environmental Sciences
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 6, p 371-377,
June, 1974. 9 fig, 12 tab, 20 ref.
The growth in population in Nassau County, L.I., over the past twenty years
has greatly increased the demand for water. At the same time, urbanization
has reduced the recharge capacity of the local aquifer. In an effort to
solve the problem, a series of.artificial-recharge experiments are being
carried out which examine the feasibility of injecting reclaimed water into
a network of wells. The effect on the resultant water quality is discussed.
*Water quality, *Water demand, Urbanization, *Aquifers, *Artificial recharge,
Feasibility studies, Water reuse, Sewage disposal, Injection wells
400
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343D
EFFLUENT TREATMENT AT PLESSEY CO LTD,
Metal Finishing Journal, Vol. 20, No. 233, p 147-150, June, 1974.
As part of an extensive expansion and modernization program, a new electro-
plating and metal finishing department was recently put into service at The
Plessey Company's headquarters in Ilford, England. A very wide range of
processes are utilized, including nickel, cadmium, tin, silver, and gold
plating, in addition to the usual vapor and aqueous degreasing, derusting,
and chromate passivation processes. Fume extraction is provided for all
process tanks, and a temperature controlled ventilation system delivers
filtered air at a controlled rate to the entire plating shop. This ensures
exceptional cleanliness and pleasant working conditions.
*Treatment facilities, *Industrial plants, Effluents, Automatic control,
Water reuse, Waste water treatment, Polyelectrolytes, Equipment, Metals
Great Britain
344D
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT MINIMIZES EFFLUENT,
Modern Power and Engineering, Vol. 68, No. 4, p 50-51, 83-84, April, 1974.
A waste treatment plant at Air Canada's new 500,000 square foot maintenance
base provides efficient waste treatment to a wide variety of liquid effluents
from cleaning, stripping, electroplating, surface metal finishing, heat
treatment, and machining of aero engine parts. The system handles 500,000
pounds of alkalies, 12,000 pounds of cyanides, 4500 pounds of potassium
permanganate, and 4000 pounds of hexavalent chrome each year. Toxic chemical
wastes from the maintenance processes are destroyed, neutralized, or extracted
before the plant's liquid wastes are discharged into the sewage system.
Design features and performance of the system are detailed.
*Treatment facilities, *Waste water treatment, Industrial wastes, Waste
treatment, Performance, Chemical wastes, Design criteria, Effluents
401
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345D
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF LEACHATES FROM SANITARY LANDFILLS,
Ho, S., Boyle, W. C., and Ham, R. K.
Wisconsin University, Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7,
p 1776-1791, July, 1974. 4 fig, 12 tab, 5 ref.
The treatability of leachate by physical-chemical methods has been studied.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the ability of various chemicals
to remove key contaminants from leachate; the approach was to determine the
potential usefulness of each class of chemicals that conceivably could be
used to treat leachate. The results of this study should not be considered
adequate for design purposes. Because of variations in leachate composition,
treated water quality objectives, and site limitations, it is expected that
more detailed laboratory testing should be conducted prior to final design
for any given installation. Results of this study can be used in determining
which of the various treatment schemes available should be examined further.
*Leachate, *Evaluation, Chemical reactions, Water quality, Laboratory tests,
Chemicals, Landfills
*Treatment methods, *Physical-chemical treatment
34 6D
WASTE WATER TREATMENTS INCLUDING OZONATION PROCESS,
Suzuki, S., Mizukami, Y., Kuji, Y., Morikawa, M., and
Matsuoka, H.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Head Office
Mitsubishi Denki Giho, Vol. 48, No. 4, p 405-417, April, 1974. 37 fig,
14 tab, 13 ref.
The characteristics of ozonation are described and various practical treatment
systems presented. Cases and experimental results of ozonation of phenol and
cyanide containing water for sterilization are reported. Finally, results at
a tertiary treatment test plant for reuse of sewage water are disclosed.
*0zone, *Waste water treatment, Water purification, Tertiary treatment,
Water reuse
*0zonation, Japan
402
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347D
DEODORIZATION WITH OZONE,
Azuma, K., Doi, K., Morikawa, M., and Kose, M.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Central Research Laboratory
Mitsubishi Denki Giho, Vol. 48, No. 4, p 431-437, April, 1974. 19 fig,
3 tab, 11 ref.
The theory of deodorization using ozone is outlined and examples of successful
deodorization of exhaust gas and waste water from kraft pulp factories and
marine product processing plants are given. Similar treatment of exhaust
gas from food processing works also is discussed. The possibility of
accelerating the reactions on the surface of activated carbon with ozone in
the case of mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide in which gas phase oxidation is
too slow is explored. Finally, the manufacture of a deodorizing apparatus
consisting of a scrubber with ozone dissolved water as an absorbent is
examined.
*0zone, *Waste water treatment, Industrial wastes, Pulp and paper industry,
Activated carbon, Equipment, Performance
*Deodorization
348D
ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER,
Kuji, Y., Kato, T., and Maeda, M.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Nagoya Works
Mitsubishi Denki Giho, Vol. 48, No. 4, p 418-423, April, 1974. 16 fig,
6 tab, 4 ref.
In the past a drawback to the electrochemical treatment of industrial waste
water has been the accumulation of scale on the surface of the electrode which
prevents current from flowing, thus stopping the function device. Mitsubishi
Industries has developed an epochal electrochemical treatment device with
minute gap high speed flow to eliminate this problem. The features of the
unit and examples of its application are presented. Basic theory of electro-
chemical flocculation is also explained.
*Equipment, *Electrodes, Electrochemistry, Application techniques, Industrial
wastes, Waste water treatment
Electrochemical flocculation, Japan
403
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34 9D
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OZONIZERS AND EVALUATION OF
"'MITSUBISHI OZONIZER",
Tabata, N., Yagi, S., Inoue, S., Noda, S., and
Koikawa, S.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Central Research Laboratory
Mitsubishi Denki Giho, Vol. 48, No. 4, p 424-430, April, 1974. 17 fig,
4 tab, 7 ref.
Ozonizers are recognized effective devices for purification of water and
air. Their systemizing has become increasingly important with their efficiency
and enlargement of scale. The basic concept of discharge physics with regards
to ozonizers developed by Mitsubishi Industries is examined. Fundamental
data regarding ozone generating efficiency are presented; the type and
construction of Mitsubishi ozonizers marketed together with ozone generation
characteristics are included.
*0zone, *Equipment, *Water purification, Data collections, Construction
materials, Performance
*0zonizers, Japan
350D
STUDIES ON THE PURIFICATION OF PETROLEUM REFINERY-
GENERATED EFFLUENTS BY PRESSURE FLOTATION WITH RE-
AGENTS (issledovaniya v oblastl stochnykh vod NPZ meto-
dom reagentnoy napornoy flotatsii),
Sokolov, V. P., and Pusteseleva, Z. I.
Neftepererabotka i Neftekhimiya, No. 2, p 11-13, 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab, 3 ref.
Possibilities of increasing the efficiency of the purification of
petroleum refinery-generated effluents by pressure flotation by means
of reagents, combining flocculation and flotation, were studied in
laboratory and full-scale tests. The efficiency of the removal of
mechanical impurities and petroleum products from such waste waters
was found to be determined primarily by the formation of metal hydro-
xide floccules which in turn adsorb the petroleum products. Low-in-
tensity aeration, low flow rate from the flocculator Co the flotator,
and reclrculation of part of the purified effluent at a rate of about
50 percent are required for efficient purification.
*Purification, laboratory tests, *Flocculation, Flotation, Effluents,
Petroleum, Industrial wastes
Pressure Flotation
404
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351D
THE SEWAGE PURIFICATION PLANT AROSA (DIE ABWASSERRENINIGUNGSANLAGE
AROSA),
Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Vol. 92, No. 22, p 534-536, 1974. 2 fig.
The municipal waste water treatment plant of the ski resort Arosa in
Switzerland, established at 1,618 m over sea level, is described. The
basins for mechanical separation and biological treatment are built as
one unit, and are then roofed over. The treatment is conducted in two
pre-treatment stages, two aeration basins, and two biological after-
treatment basins. The sludge is stabilized by anaerobic digestion at
33 C in two stages with dwell times of 18 and 26 days, respectively.
The sludge is then conditioned by means of polyelectrolyte and pressed
in filter presses.
*Municipal waste water, Waste water treatment, Pre-treatment,
Aeration basins, Biological treatment, Polyelectrolytes
*Sewage purification plants, *Filter press, Switzerland
352D
PLANT EXPANDED FOR ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT,
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 7, p 86, July, 1974.
Expansion of the sewage treatment facility at Garland, Texas, will feature
a new and innovative treatment unit in parallel with an existing trickling
filter plant in order to meet the demand for high quality waste effluent.
The proposed additional chemical-physical treatment processes are equali-
zation and aeration, pre-treatment, chemical clarification, recarbonation,
filtration, carbon adsorption, disinfection, sludge dewatering, and scum
disposal. The process control system is designed for automated plant
operation with all unit systems within the complex either directly con-
trolled or monitored for optimization purposes.
*Sewage treatment, *Treatment facilities, Equipment, Automatic control,
Tertiary treatment, Monitoring, Optimization
Garland, Texas
405
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35 3D
FERRIC CHLORIDE INCREASES WATER PLANT EFFICIENCY,
Hess, A. F., and Schervin, E. J.
Philadelphia Water Department, Torresdale Plant,
Pennsylvania
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 7, p 77-78, July, 1974.
The Philadelphia Water Department has reduced costs and increased effic-
iency towards planned automation, of water treatment by substituting fer-
ric chloride for alum. Corrosion of water treatment equipment has been
reduced, the ability to control the pH in the plant effluent has been im-
proved, and the entire operation simplified by converting to the ferric
chloride system at one plant. The basic ferric chloride treatment system
includes prechlorination and presedimentation, ferric chloride and lime
treatment, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and post-chemical
treatment. 217 million gallons of raw water are processed per day at the
Torresdale plant and an average of 80 pounds of ferric chloride are used
for every million gallons.
*Treatment facilities, *Chlorides, *Water treatment, Equipment, Hydrogen ion
concentration, Corrosion control, Operations, Flocculations, Sedimentation,
Filtration, Automation
*Ferric chloride, *Philadelphla, Pennsylvania, Prechlorination, Presedimenta-
tion, Post-chemical treatment, Lime treatment
354D
NITRIFICATION IN THE BIOLOGICAL FIXED-FILM ROTATING DISK
SYSTEM,
Weng, C. -N., and Molof, A. H.
Buck, Seifert and Jost, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7, p 1674-
1685, July, 1974. 10 fig, 2 tab, 13 ref.
The biological fixed-film rotating disk (BFFRD) system consists of a series
of reactors each of which contains a number of closely spaced rotating ver-
tical disks partially submerged in the waste water. It is used as a support-
ing media for biological growth, as a mechanism for aeration, and as a means
of contacting the microorganisms with the waste water. Although many advan-
tages of this process enhance the possibility of its selection over the
trickling filter and the activated sludge process, additional basic studies
are required to provide data for the optimum design and operation, of waste
water plants that oxidize ammonia to nitrate. This investigative work con-
centrates on the use of a single rotating disk in each reactor in a six-stage
system. Among conclusions established, it is shown that the BFFRD system is
an efficient treatment unit for nitrification.
*Biological treatment, Waste water treatment, Nitrification, Equipment,
Investigations, Efficiencies, Design criteria, Operations
BFFRD system
406
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355D
OZONATION OF LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION EFFLUENT,
Walter, R. H., and Sherman, R. M.
Cornell University, New York State Agriculture Experiment
Station, Geneva, New York, Department of Food Science
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7,
p 1800-1803, July, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab, 10 ref.
Lactic acid fermentation of cabbage to produce sauerkraut generates a
strongly buffered, acidic brine that is not conducive to stabilization
by conventional biological methods. Because of its high oxidation po-
tential, rapid reactivity, and almost complete removal of carbon by car-
bon dioxide evolution, ozone is investigated as a possible treatment
method for sauerkraut brine. Preliminary calculations showed that the
ratio of ozone consumed to chemical oxygen demand reduced in a 72-hour
period was approximately 2.0. It is concluded that where ozone genera-
tors already have been installed in the food processing industry and where
small batches of refractory effluents are not ammenable to biological
stabilization, ozonation may be applied as a chemical alternative.
*0zone, *Waste treatment, Food processing industry, Chemical reactions,
Fermentation
Lactic acid, Sauerkraut brine
356D
THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT OF FERROUS PHOSPHATE,
Chen, P.-J., and Faust, S. D.
Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick,
New Jersey, Department of Environmental Sciences
Environmental Letters, Vol. 6, No. 4, p 287-296, 1974. 3 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
Experimentation on the chemical precipitation of phosphate using ferrous iron
indicates that the solubility product constant of ferrous phosphate can be mea-
sured as 1.07 x 10 to the minus of 29th power at 0.1 M ionic strength and 25C.
The free energy of the dissolution reaction of ferrous phosphate was calculated
as 39.8 Kcal/mole; the free energy of formation of ferrous phosphate was com-
puted as -590.0 Kcal/mole.
*Chemical precipitation, *Laboratory tests, *Phosphates, *Iron,
Solubility, Free energy
407
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35 7D
REVERSE OSMOSIS TREATMENT WITH PREDICTABLE WATER QUALITY,
Luttinger, L. B., and Hoche, G.
The Permutit Co., Paramus, New Jersey
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 7, p 614-618, July, 1974.
A review of the reverse osmosis process is detailed. Areas of consideration
include: treating water contaminants, such as particulate matter, calcium
sulfate, iron and manganese, and colloids; handling contaminants such as
dissolved organics, bacteria and their metabolic products, and silica and
silicates. Methods for judging the effectiveness of a chemical pre-treatment
step are mentioned.
*Reverse osmosis, *Reviews, Water quality, Waste water treatment,
Contaminants
358D
REGIONAL PLANT SOLVES SMALL-TOWN WASTEWATER PROBLEM,
Cuttica, H. C., and Armstrong, R. A.
Gloversville-Johnstown Sewer Board, New York
The American City, Vol. 89, No. 7, p 31-33, July, 1974. 3 fig.
In 1967, the towns of Gloversville and Johnstown built an interceptor sewer
and treatment plant to purify both the domestic and industrial wastes, having
a population equivalent to about 200,000. The plant, designed for treatment
of 13 mgd, uses two-stage biological treatment which includes a high-rate
trickling filter and activated sludge. Wet-air oxidation of sludge is fol-
lowed by dewatering on vacuum filters with final disposal at a landfill.
Hazard warning devices include a Mine Safety Appliance combustible gas detec-
tion cell and two Solvay chlorine leak detectors. Sewer service charges have
been levied to retire the debt and to operate and maintain the facilities.
The charge amounts to 75 percent of the water bill for residential consumers;
commercial and industrial users pay surcharge on the water bills, depending
upon the strength of their waste.
*Waste water treatment, *Treatment facilities, Interceptor sewers, Biological
treatment, Trickling filters, Activated sludge, Sludge treatment, Dewatering,
Landfills, Equipment, Control systems, Taxes, New York
408
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359D
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR SMALL COMMUNITIES: PART ONE,
Tchobanoglous, G.
University of California, Davis, California,
Department of Civil Engineering
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 7, p 61-68, July, 1974. 2 fig, 9 tab, 12 ref.
Seventy-five million people in the United States are served by small treatment
systems of various design, and the problems associated with these plants are
becoming apparent. Some of these general problems are defined, and alterna-
tive treatment processes usable by small communities with some design consid-
erations of major importance for small plants are reviewed. The alternative
treatment processes are compared from an economic standpoint.
*Treatment facilities, Operation and maintenance, Trickling filters,
Activated sludge, Oxidation lagoons, Irrigation, Overland flow, In-
filtration, Operations, Performance, Design criteria, Equipment
Imhoff tank, Biological rotating disks
360D
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON A KINETIC MODEL FOR DESIGN
AND OPERATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSES,
Gaudy, A. F. , Jr., and Srinivasaraghaven, P..
Oklahoma State University, Bioengineering Laboratories,
Stillwater, Oklahoma, School of Civil Engineering
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 16, No. 6, p 723-738, June, 1974.
6 fig, 5 tab, 16 ref.
Previous laboratory experimentation has shown that the classical theory
developed for continuous growth of pure cultures in completely mixed
aerobic systems in which the recycle cell concentration factor is a selec-
table system constant, did not provide a suitable model for the hetero-
geneous populations of the activated sludge process. Another model was
derived in which the recycle cell concentration was employed as a system
constant and computational analysis was performed. Laboratory pilot plant
experimentation was undertaken in order to determine whether a steady state
in aerator biological solids concentration and substrate concentration
could be approached under this mode of operation. It was found that the
model approached the steady state condition with heterogeneous populations
more closely than did the classical model, and the high degree of treatment
efficiency predicted by the model was demonstrated experimentally.
*Laboratory tests, *Growth rates, Activated sludge, Model studies, Pilot
plants, Aerobic conditions, Cultures, Cultural control, Efficiencies,
Waste treatment
Recycle cell concentration
409
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36 ID
OPERATING A SMALL CONTACT STABILIZATION PLANT,
Black, R. D., and Anderson, W. C.
Weedsport Department of Public Works, New York
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 6, p 78-81, June, 1974. 2 ref.
Operating experiences at the Weedsport, New York waste water treatment
plant are recounted. The problems encountered and the solutions
implemented are offered as suggestions for the design, construction, and
operation of other such treatment facilities. A description of the
community and the waste water treatment plant is detailed with specific
mention of the aeration, solids handling, and chlorination steps in the
plant. Equipment purchasing and costs are mentioned and the performance
of the facility is indicated.
*Waste water treatment, *Treatment facilities, Design criteria, Equipment,
Aeration, Chlorination, Solid wastes, Performance, Economics
362D
DECONTAMINATE WATER BEFORE IT GETS INTO THE GROUND,
Miller, D. W.
Geraghty and Miller, Consulting Ground Water Geologists
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 6, p 51-53, June, 1974.
Some of the principles governing movement of a water body containing
pollutants within the groundwater system are reviewed. The principal
factors involved in the difficulty of monitoring the safety of groundwater
resources in any particular region and of providing a means for adequate
warning against use of waters that may be harmful are presented. The
author advocates increased research directed toward developing new methods
for the correction of groundwater contamination problems; the development
of new strategies directed toward the control of potential future problems;
and a greater appreciation of the importance of protecting this resource
from water quality degradation.
*Groundwater, *Groundwater movement, Water pollution sources, Water
pollution effects, Monitoring, Research and development, Aquifers, Water
quality control, Water pollution control
410
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363D
ORGANICS,
Mineat, R. A., and Pagoria, P. S.
Tennessee University,
Knoxvllle, Tennessee, Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1058-1100, June, 1974. 2 tab, 434 ref.
A review of the 1973 literature concerning various organic material is
grouped into several categories. These include oxygen demand and organic
carbon, detergents and surfactants, oils and greases, pesticides, and
other organic species.
*Reviews, *0rganic matter, Detergents, Surfactants, Oil, Pesticides
Oxygen demand, Organic carbon, Grease
364D
ANAEROBIC PROCESSES,
Ghosh, S., and Conrad, J. R.
Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, Illinois
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1145-1161, June, 1974. 98 ref.
An increasing interest in investigating the microbiology and biochemistry
of some of the non-methanogenic processes has been indicated through a
review of the 1973 literature. Specifically, significant advances were
made to elucidate the mechanism of the following reactions: cellulose
degradation; reduction of inorganic and organic sulfur compounds; photo-
synthetic and non-photosynthetic hydrogen production; anaerobic nitrogen
fixation; and anaerobic denitrification. In the areas of process develop-
ment and process application, much effort had been directed toward the
development of anaerobic digestion-based systems capable of reclaiming the
intrinsic energy content of municipal, industrial, and agricultural liquid
and solid wastes.
*Reviews, *Anaerobic conditions, *Anaerobic digestion, Nitrogen fixation,
Denitrification, Waste treatment, Liquid wastes, Energy
Cellulose degradation, Sulfur compound reduction, Photosynthetic
hydrogen production
411
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365D
DETERGENTS,
Banerji, S. K.
MCA Engineering Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1140-1145, June, 1974. 26 ref.
A review of the literature reported in 1973 indicates a continued interest
in detergent builder compounds. Major topics include the control of
phosphorus, environmental effects from the use of nitrilotriacetic acid
(NTA); the influence on the major cation mobilization by STPP, NTA, or
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); aquatic effects such as fertility
and toxicity from exposure to surfactants; microbial metabolism of alkyl-
benzene sulfonate (ABS); blodegradation and recovery of nonionic surfac-
tants; and, the biodegradation of cationic surfactants in activated sludge
pilot plants.
*Reviews, *Detergents, Phosphorus, Environmental effects, Nitrilotriacetic
acid, Aquatic environment, Toxicity, Surfactants, Biodegradation, Pilot plants
EDTA, ABS, STPP, Cation mobilization
366D
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND TERTIARY TREATMENT,
Evers, D.
D. Evers and Associates, Lichfield
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 17, No. 5, p 13-14, May, 1974.
Through a simple physico-chemical treatment, dyes of all types can be
removed successfully from water along with the elimination of remaining
substances. Gaschromatograms of the compounds taken from the water
treated prove the effectiveness of this treatment. The purification effect
can be controlled and continued until drinking water quality is reached.
The process is insensitive to disinfectants, temperature, and intermittent
discharge. There is no feed-in phase, and the water may be recirculated.
Cost is very low, and the space needed amounts to approximately 6x3x3 m for
a 5 cu m/hr. unit. The sludge produced is firm and may be further processed
to obtain scatter manure with no odor. No long pipe-lines are needed.
Minimal attendence is required.
*Tertiary treatment, *Water purification, *Effluent control, Water
pollution, Dyes, Sewage treatment
Physico-chemical treatment
412
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36 7D
CHEMICAL AND TERTIARY TREATMENT UNITS,
Inka Division, A. Johnson Construction Company Limited,
Scotland
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 17, No. 5, p 20, May, 1974.
Various systems have been developed to utilize chemical and tertiary treatment
for waste water purification by the Inka Division of the northern Scotland
company. The treatment process has three main steps, which are: 1)
mechanical operations of screening and grit removal, 2) biological acti-
vated sludge treatment followed by settlement, 3) and chemical dosing,
flocculatlon and precipitation. The separated sludges are fed into aerobic
digesters before sludge processing. This form of treatment will generally
produce an effluent quality better than 10/10 standard with 90 to 95 percent
total removal of phosphorus. Currently being used by the A. Johnson Con-
struction Company is a biological sewage treatment plant with tertiary
treatment and nutrient reduction. The effluent discharged into a small
stream necessitated a high effluent quality. The nutrient removal prevents
unwanted algal growth.
*Waste water treatment, *Tertiary treatment, *Nutrient removal, Sludge
treatment, Flocculation, Precipitation, Sewage treatment, Water pollution
Chemical dosing
368D
NITROGEN MOVEMENT RESULTING FROM SURFACE APPLICATION
OF LIQUID SEWAGE SLUDGE,
King, L. D., and Morris, H. D.
University of Georgia Agricultural Experimental Station,
College Station, Athens, Georgia
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3, p 238-243, July-September,
1974. 5 fig, 6 tab, 15 ref.
There is increased interest in applying liquid sewage sludge to soil both
as a disposal method and as a method to increase crop production. One of
the limiting factors on the rate at which sewage sludge can be applied to
soil is the speed at which Inorganic N is formed and the fate of that
inorganic N. A greenhouse lysimeter study was initiated in order to quantify
some of the sinks into which nitrogen from sludge applications might move.
It was found that NH4-N in the liquid fraction of the sludge was susceptible
to volatilization, more so on bare soil than on sod. Leaching losses of
N03-N were increased by increasing water rates and decreased by the presence
of grass. A. Grass-F treatment, imposed in an effort to increase denitrifica-
tion, did not reduce leaching loss of N03-N.
*Sewage disposal, *Crop production, *Denitrification, Leaching,. Nitrogen
*Soil application, *Land disposal
413
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36 9D
HANDLING, PREPARATION, AND APPLICATION OF
POLYELECTROLYTES,
Elphick, A., and Lake, L. J.
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 5, p 378-382, July, 1974.
3 fig, 5 ref.
A wide range of polyelectrolytes and polymer emulsions are available for use
in Great Britain. Differing compounds were examined for their feedability,
ease of mixing with water, and solubility, as well as parameters for the
resulting solution such as viscosity and pH. Natural polyelectrolytes in-
clude the alginates, modified starches and cellulosic materials. Synthetic
polyelectrolytes are usually based on polyacrylamide and its co-polymers
with polyacrylic acid. The function of polyelectrolytes in industry and
waste water treatment include clarification aids in potable water and effluent
treatment, conditioners in sewage and other sludge thickening, and filter
aids in processed materials. In all cases, the polyelectrolytes act to bring
about a cohesion between particles in the water. Most recently, the intro-
duction of liquid polyelectrolytes in the form of emulsions has occurred.
Their application and preparation techniques include aging, metering, and
dilution, the same steps necessary for preparation of previously used
solutions made from powder.
*Polyelectrolytes, *Sewage treatment, *Polymers, *Emulsions, Fillers,
Cohesion
Great Britain, Liquid polyelectrolytes
370D
COLUMNS REPRESENTING MOUND-TYPE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR
SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT: II. NUTRIENT TRANSFORMATIONS
AND BACTERIAL POPULATIONS,
Magdoff, E. R., Keeney, D. R., Bouma, J., and Ziebell, W. A.
Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin,
Soil Science Department
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3, p 228-234, July-September,
1974. 6 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
The purification of liquid wastes is associated with health problems
relating to the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses or a high
nitrate concentration in potable waters, and eutrophication of ground and
surface waters due to nutrients from the effluents. Carbon, nitrogen, and
phosphorus transformations and bacterial populations were studied in columns
representing a mound disposal system. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus,
and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the influent (septic tank
effluent) averaged 41, 21, and 257 mg/liter, respectively. It was concluded that soil
materials, arranged as 60 cm of fill over 30 cm of silt loam to simulate a
mound, considerably improved the quality of percolating septic tank effluent.
Techniques for applications to remove COD, nitrogen, and phosphorus are
currently being developed both in field and laboratory experiments.
*Septic tanks, *Effluents, *Liquid wastes, Potable waters, Eutrophication,
Public health, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Chemical oxygen demand, Soil,
Laboratory experiments, Bacteria
Mound-type disposal systems
414
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371D
DESIGN OF A MULTILAYER FILTER FOR USE IN THE WATER
TREATMENT INDUSTRIES,
Fox, G. T. J., and Metcalf, S. M.
Imperial College, London, Great Britain,
Department of Public Health Engineering
Filtration and Separation, Vol. 11, No. 4, p 383-386, July/August, 1974.
2 fig, 1 tab, 4 ref.
The inherent size grading resulting from backwashing a bed of material of
the same density but slightly differing sizes is a major problem in the
improvement of water filters of the "packed bed" variety. It is practically
infeasible to obtain large quantities of single sized grains, and a size
gradation of small-to-large in the direction of filtration is found in a
sand bed after backwashing. The effect of this on the operating efficiency
of such a water filter is discussed, and the way in which these problems
can be overcome by the use of a multiplicity of layers composed of materials
of differing sizes and densities is outlined. While a filter with a gradation
of large-to-small in the direction of filtration, produced by using more than
one material, may be more efficient, it is also much more difficult to de-
sign. The conclusion reached was that the best method of design is one
which uses maximum removal by the center layer. Possible flow rates are also
discussed.
*Water treatment, *Backwashing, *Filters, Filtration
*Multilayer filters, Grain size
372D
STUDY OF THE REMOVAL OF COPPER ION AND CADMIUM.
ION FROM WASTE WATER BY FLOTATION METHOD UTI-
LIZING XANTHATE,
Hasebe, S., Sato, H., and Sugata, Y.
Department of Mining and Civil Engineering,
Iwate University
Report on Technology of Iwate University, No. 26, p 41-46,
November, 1973. 9 fig, 1 tab, 13 ref.
A small number of cadium and copper ions are occasionally contained
together with ferric and zinc ions in waste water. Research was done
to investigate the removal of copper and cadium ions from waste water
by flotation using xanthate. Copper ion was found to be easily removed
as copper xanthate by adding about 2 or 3 equivalents of methyl or ethyl
xanthate with cadium ion being removable by the adding of 2 or 3 equiva-
lents of butyl or amyl xanthate. The removal of the cadium or copper
ions was influenced by the peripheral speed of the impeller; the scum
being stabilized by adding frother such as methyl iso-butyl carbinol.
Copper or cadium ions were reduced by the secondary treatment method,
in artificial waste water, from 10 mg/liter of copper and 1 mg/liter of
cadium ions to less than 0.1 mg/liter each, and it was determined that
the co-existence of zinc and ferrous ions prevented the removal of that
copper and cadium of xanthate salt from the waste water. It is required
that ferric ions be turned into ferric hydroxide by adding calcium car-
bonate, because xanthate ion is oxidized by ferric ion, when ferric ion
is contained in waste water.
*Copper, *Cadmium, *Waste water treatment, *Flotation, Zinc, Water
pollution
*Xanthate, *Calcium carbonate, Ferric ions
415
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373D
A BASIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION AND
DENITRIFICATION,
Yamanouchi, T., and Sugata, K.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 87-95,
May, 1974. 13 fig, 11 ref.
Advanced ways of treating waste water and sewage are increasingly in
demand, because of the phenomenon of eutrophication. The total re-
moval of nitrogen is the most significant problem facing these treat-
ments for nutrient removal. Biological nitrification and denitrifica-
tion systems are investigated as nitrogen removal methods. The study
is summarized by: biological nitrification and denitrification being
subjected to such environmental conditions as pH value and temperature,
nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria being domesticated easily,
and these systems considered as a total biological treatment systems
would be the most effective method.
*Nitrification, *Denitrificatlon, *Waste water treatment, Nitrogen,
Nutrients, Eutrophication, Biological treatment
*Biological nitrification, Biological denitrification
374D
MIXING AND TRANSPORT,
Ditmars, J. D.
Delaware University, Newark, Delaware,
Department of Civil Engineering and
College of Marine Studies
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1991-1604, June, 1974. 126 ref.
Dispersion and mixing in open-channel flow was reviewed by Fisher.
The theoretical bases for the one-dimensional, cross-sectionally
averaged concentration equation and the longitudinal dispersion co-
efficient were also investigated. Lab and field data were provided
for both vertical and transverse turbulent mixing coefficients. The
effect of sinuous channel geometry on longitudinal dispersion was ex-
plored experimentally along with the relationships between the bulk
flow and channel geometry parameters and the longitudinal dispersion
coefficient. Using lab and natural stream data, the dispersion and
decrease with increases in bend length and mean depth. Solutions
were found to the convective-diffusion equation for point and line
sources in rivers. Integral transform techniques were used to arrive
at the solution, and accounted for the presence of surface, bottom,
and bank boundaries, assuming constant values for the longitudinal
vertical, and lateral turbulent diffusion coefficient, and for the
longitudinal current.
*Mixing, *Transport, Streams, Rivers, Lakes, Reservoirs, Bays,
Estuaries, Coastal areas, Dispersion, Open channel flow, Current,
Water pollution, Waste water treatment, Jets, Plumes
Sinuous channel geometry, Longitudinal dispersion, Transverse turbulent
diffusion, Dissolved oxygen
416
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375D
TREATMENT FOR OILY WASTE WATER USING
MAGNETIC POWDER,
Water Purification and Liquid Waste Treatment, Vol. 15, No. 7,
p 37-44, July, 1974. 9 fig, 1 tab, 3 ref.
Chemical coagulation processes are often used to treat waste water
that contains fine oil droplets. When these processes are performed
by the addition of fine magnetic powder, suspended in oily waste
water layers, the produced flocks containing oil droplets include
these magnetic powders. Coagulated flocks containing oil droplets,
metal hydroxide and magnetic powder are tightened and sedimented in
magnetic field. These sediments are easily removed with the moving
of the magnetic belt or rotation of the magnetic drum.
*Waste water treatment, *0ily water, *Coagulation, Water pollution
*Magnetic powder
376D
THE THREE SLUDGE SYSTEM FOR NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL,
Mulbarger, M. C.
Office of Research and Monitoring, Environmental
Protection Agency, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
Laboratory
National Technical Information Service Report PB-213 778, April, 1972.
57 p, 16 fig, 29 ref.
The three sludge (carbon removal, nitrification and denitrification)
system with alum added was evaluated for the effectiveness of phosphorus
and nitrogen removal. Eight months of performance data from a pilot
plant was obtained. The data included measurements of pH, temperature,
substrate concentration, COD removal, phosphorus removal, nitrification
and nitrogen removal, solids production, solids characteristics, effluent
suspended solids, nitrification inhibition, alkalinity losses, dissolved
solids introduction, aeration and mixing requirements, chemical addition,
clarifiers, solids wasting, spray water, disinfection, instrumentation, and
costs. The following conclusions were made: the three sludge system is
preferred over other biological nitrogen removal systems; nitrification
and denitrification are temperature dependent and are pH dependent in non-
acclimated cultures; phosphorus removal to a high level can be easily
obtained with split alum addition and pH optimization; good removals of
soluble COD and carbonaceous BOD5 are achieved with two-stage nitrifi-
cation system; negative or small solids production values occur in the
nitrification system and the values are temperature dependent; and alka-
linity dependent addition for the pH optimization should be automated to
insure maximum system dependability.
*Waste water treatment, *Phosphorus, *Nitrogen, Activated sludge,
Water pollution treatment, Waste treatment, Sewage treatment, Teri-
ary treatment
*Phosphorus removal, *Nitrogen removal, *Three sludge system
417
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405D
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF EXTRACELLULAR MICROBIAL
POLYSACCARIDES,
Obayashi, A. W. and Gaudy, A. F.
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma,
School of Civil Engineering, Bioenvironmental
Engineering Laboratories
OWRR Official Research Report A-035-OKLA, May, 1972. 32 p, 5 fig, 2 tab,
30 ref.
The extended aeration, or total oxidation, sludge process is based on the
premise that the increase in biological solids resulting from metabolism
of the incoming waste is balanced by the decrease in biological solids due
to their aerobic digestion. The question about this method is whether all
the organic constituents of the cell, such as those in the cytoplasm, the
walls and membrane and the capsular slime layer, can be metabolized and con-
verted to carbon dioxide. The slime layer is usually complex heteropoly-
saccharides. This investigation was made to determine whether extracellular
heteropolysaccharides of microorganisms can be used as sources of organic
carbon for the growth of other microorganisms. The results show that
extracellular polysaccharide cannot be considered biologically inert material
and that it can metabolized. These results support the idea of total oxida-
tion of biological solids.
*0xidation, *Microorganisms, *Sludge, *Waste treatment, Aerobic treatment,
Aeration, Bacteria, Organic matter
Total oxidation, Extended aeration, Polysaccharides, Slime layer
406D
PROBLEM DEFINITION STUDY: EVALUATION OF HEALTH AND
HYGIENE ASPECTS OF LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER AT
MILITARY INSTALLATIONS,
Sorber, C. A., Schaub, S. A. and Guter, K. J.
United States Army Medical Environmental Engineering Research Unit Report
Number 73-02, August, 1972. 32 p, 72 ref, 5 append.
The most important variables in the health and hygiene aspects of waste water
treatment by land disposal are: the ultimate use of the contaminated waste
water; the method of application; and the degree of pre-treatment. These
variables have physical, biological, and chemical effects. The United States
Army studied waste treatment by land disposal and drew the following conclu-
sions: many detrimental health and hygiene effects of land disposal would
be reduced by proper waste water pretreatment; biological contamination of
groundwater could be avoided by choosing a disposal site with five to ten
feet of continuous fine soil. There exists a significant probability of
inhaling pathogenic aerosals near a spray irrigation site; chemical components
of sewage can increase the viability of bacteria, virus and protozoans in
aerosols; pathogenic microorganisms may survive longer in sewage aerosols and
in soil than common indicator organisms. More mosquito breeding is an effect
of ponding in disposal areas; and, if land disposal is the first step in a water
recycle program, total dissolved solids, sodium and nitrate ion build-up in
the groundwater can be problems.
*Waste water disposal, *Aerosols, Pathogenic bacteria, Microorganisms,
Pre-treatment, Public health, Waste water treatment, Waste disposal,
Application methods, Bioindicators
Land disposal, United States Army
432
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407D
MIXING IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION,
Verhoff, F. H., Tenney, M. W. and Echelberger, W. F.
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 16, No. 6, p 757-770, June, 1974.
6 fig, 4 ref.
The efficiency of this technique is highly influenced by the mixing of the
anaerobic digester. Hydraulic dead zones are hazardous to the reaction
kinetics involved in anaerobic digestion. An analysis of the significance
of thermal fluid movement in the digester to those caused by fluid inflow
and outflow is discussed. The principles are exemplified in a digester at
the South Bend Wastewater Treatment Plant, South Bend, Indiana. The
theoretical estimations are confirmed by experimental measurements. Differ-
ent types of optimization can be achieved on this operation. One example is
the application of this mixing to gas lift mixers.
*Anaerobic digestion, *Mixing, Thermal properties, Hydraulics, Waste water
treatment, Flow
Hydraulic dead zones, Reaction kinetics, Fluid inflow and outflow, Thermal
fluid movement
408D
APPLICATION OF MICRO-CONTROLLERS MELMIC 100 TO WATER
TREATMENT FACILITIES,
Moriguchi, Z.
Mitsubishi Denki Giho, Vol. 48, No. 6, p 750-765, June 1974. 11 fig, 3 ref.
Complication of city water service and sewage treatment facilities has in-
creased with the upgrading of public welfare and municipal development.
Electric equipment makes it necessary to emphasize the reliability and ease
of operations. Micro-controllers MELMIC 100 has been developed and manu-
factured as a static sequence controller with arithmetic counting apparatus.
This process promotes the serviceability of the facility. Examples of
application are presented for consideration of water treatment systems.
*Water treatment, *Water supply, *Sewage treatment, Water quality control
*Micro-Controllers MELMIC 100
433
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409D
TREAT WASTEWATER LIKE DOWNTOWN TRAFFIC,
Martin, R. J.
The American City, Vol. 89, No. 8, p 61-62, August, 1974.
A 340,000 gpd waste water treatment plant in Sherburne, New York is a
single-stage, high-rate trickling filter operation that has held costs to
a minimum, obtained quality results, and reduces labor requirements by
installing a process controller. All steps involved in handling sludge or
supernatant are started and stopped by a Tenor preset controller system.
The program interval is controlled by a timer that can be set from one
hour to 60 hours. Any malfunction will either return all units to the "at
rest" mode or permit the program to continue, if it is safe to do so. The
cost of the complete system is around $25,000.
*Automatic control, *Control systems, *Waste water treatment, Equipment,
Sludge treatment, Costs, Performance
410D
EXTENSIONS TO HANNINGFIELD WORKS OF ESSEX WATER COMPANY,
Water Service, Vol. 78, No. 940, p 190-196, June, 1974. 6 fig.
The extensions to the Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex, Great Britain, were
opened on May 10, 1974. The present situation, the new works, and future
plans are discussed. Figures and a schedule of technical data are included.
The new extensions are: effluent pipelines; aqueducts; a pilot plant;
vertical flow tanks; accelerators; a chemical house; a chemical plant;
electrical and control stations; a carbon dioxide generator; gravity filters;
pumping stations; filtered water tanks; wash water tanks; and, roads and
drains. The new works cost approximately four million pounds and are the
first two phases of Stage 1 of works required to deal with the additional
yield of 12 mgd from the Ely-Ouse-Essex scheme at Hanningfield.
*Water supply, *Reservoirs, *Water supply development, *Facilities,
Pipelines, Pumps, Filters, Chemicals, Equipment, Costs
Great Britain, Water works, Essex
434
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411D
THEY'RE FOREVER BLOWING BUBBLES,
Compressed Air, Vol. 79, No. 8, p 10-11, August, 1974.
One of the simplest and most effective air diffusers for sewage treatment is
the so-called inverted reservoir type developed and manufactured by Sanitaire
Water Pollution Control Corporation of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In this mech-
anism air passes from a header into the diffuser with exit ports being two
rows of holes, one on each side of the air reservoir. Below the diffuser's
open base, a V-shaped deflector plate directs the flow of waste liquor up
along its outer wall. As the air comes out, it is sheared into relatively
small bubbles and then well distributed throughout the waste water in the
basin. Determinations influencing the design of the Sanitaire diffuser are
outlined.
*Equipment, Design criteria, Waste water treatment, Sewage treatment,
Bubbles, Liquid wastes
*Air diffusers
412D
VIRUS REMOVAL BY DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTRATION,
Chaudhuri, M., Amirhor, P., and Engelbrecht, R, S.
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE4, p 937-953,
August, 1974. 9 fig, 1 tab, 34 ref.
Diatomaceous earth filters have been increasingly employed by municipalities
for water filtration, and their effectiveness in removing viruses is eval-
uated. Previous research in this area is reviewed. Methods and materials
used in the experimental study of the effectiveness of DE Filter media
(flux-calcined) in virus removal, the ability of polyelectrolyte coated DE
filter media to remove viruses, and the influence of certain operational
parameters on virus removal by DE filtration were discussed and results
analyzed. It is concluded that DE filter media coated with water soluble
cationic polyelectrolyte can efficiently remove virus particles.
*Diatomaceous earth, *Viruses, *Filters, *Filtration, Potable water, Water
treatment, Evaluation
Cationic polyelectrolyte, Flux calcined
435
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417D
SAFE TO DRINK TREATED WASTEWATER?,
Civil Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 44, No. 8, p 63-64, August, 1974.
The problems associated with direct reuse of water for domestic purposes are
discussed. The bases for deciding whether or not to reuse treated waste
water focus on cost and relative risk. To decide the risk factor one must
find biologically and chemically what and how much is in the water and then
decide how safe the water is. Pollutants of concern when estimating risk
include: viruses; pesticides that might be carcinogenic; inorganic chemicals
such as arsenic, asbestos, selenium; organometallic forms of metals that
become concentrated as they move up the food chain; enteric organisms; spore
formers such as tetanus and borulinum; and ova and cysts. Two particular ways
of treating waste water were particularly interesting: granular and diato-
maceous filters when combined with chemicals such as alum and polyelectrolytes
can do a good job of removing small asbestos fibers and the usual particles
such as bacteria and viruses; and filtration of waste water through activated,
granular carbon can be very effective in removing dissolved chemical pollutants.
*Water reuse, *Domestic water, *Water quality, *Costs, Reclaimed water,
Recirculated water, Activated carbon, Pesticides, Chemicals, Metals, Viruses,
Waste water treatment, Filtration
418D
BIOLOGICAL FILTERS,
Bunch, R. L.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1121-1123,
June, 1974. 25 ref.
A review of the current literature demonstrates that the emphasis last year
was on upgrading trickling filters to meet the more stringent effluent
requirements and to remove nutrients before discharge. Biological filters
were used for nitrification and denitrification. Expressions for the perfor-
mance of trickling filters were developed. The use of corrugated polyethylene
sheets and PVC grids as packing for a biofilter were studied. Industrial
applications for trickling filters were found. Mathematical models of the
rotating biological disk process were formulated, with equations for both the
dynamic and steady-state models.
*Trlckling filters, *Filters, *Water quality, *Reviews, Industries,
Model studies, Water Pollution Control Federation, Nitrogen, Plastics
Rotating biological disk process
438
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419D
WATER ECONOMY ANNUAL REPORT-RHEINLAND PALATINATE,
Wasser und Boden, Vol. 26, No. 6/7, p 202-207, 1974. 4 fig.
The sludge purification and incineration plant of the city of Kaiserlautern,
Federal Republic of Germany, is described. The purification plant serves a
population of about 120,000 plus a population equivalent of 130,000 from
commerce and industry. The purification plant yields daily 430 cu m fresh
sludge which first goes to the sludge digestion station. After a residence
time of 20 days the sludge is dewatered by added flocculants which reduce the
sludge volume to one fifth of the original volume. The dewatered sludge is
continuously supplied to the incinerator with a capacity of 7.5 ton/hour.
The ash, at a rate of 8 cu m/day, is transported to containers and tipped.
The flue gas stack has a height of 50 m, the flue gases are cleaned with
water from the post purification basin. The scrubbing water is then returned
to the purification plant. Total expenditures for the incinerator amounted
to 4 mill. DM. The biological sewage sludge digestion plant in Lambsheim/
Palatinate, Federal Republic of Germany is also described. The essential
part of the plant is bio-reactor made of heat insulated steel on concrete
foundation. It has a diameter of 5.55 m and a height of 4.30 m. The resi-
dence of the dewatered sludge is about 14 days. The sludge passes through
six zones of different temperatures. For the zone with the highest temperature
of 70 to 75 C the sludge needs two to three days to pass through. The oxygen
is supplied according to need.
*Sewage treatment, *Facilities, Sludge treatment, Biological treatment, Costs,
Foreign countries, Water purification
Federal Republic of Germany
420D
WATER PURIFIERS,
Product Finishing, Vol. 27, No. 7, p 32, July, 1974.
Paterson Candy International Limited has made available two models of water
purifiers. The purifiers operate on the reverse osmosis principle and can
reduce the dissolved solids content of brackish or mains water by more than
90 percent. The reverse osmosis process is continuous, requires no regenera-
tion, needs little or no chemical addition, is bacteria resistant, and will
operate over a wide pH range. Model series 01 has an output of 4500 liters
per day and series 02 has an output of 9000 liters per day. The purifiers
are expected to be used in installations requiring absolutely pure water.
*Water purification, *Reverse osmosis, *Potable water, *Equipment, Water
treatment, Water quality control, Membranes, Dissolved solids
*Water purification, Paterson Candy International Limited
439
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421D
WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE,
Kugelman, I. J.
National Environmental Research Center, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Treatment Research Laboratory
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1195-1201,
June, 1974. 61 ref.
A renewed interest in the area of waste water renovation and reuse has been
the result of the 1972 amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
which stated that the discharge of pollutants to the nation's waterways must
be ended by 1985. This article reviews the current literature on reuse in
water resource planning, industrial reuse of treated municipal waste water,
irrigation and groundwater recharge, indirect reuse resulting from the dis-
charge of waste waters to rivers or lakes that are used as sources of water
supply, direct potable reuse, and development of reuse technology.
*Water reuse, *Planning, *Reviews, Irrigation water, Reclamation, Recharge,
Potable water, Water Pollution Control Federation, Federal Water Pollution
Control Act
422D
SILVER GETS THE BUGS OUT,
Chemical Week, Vol. 115, No. 6, p 37-38, August 7, 1974.
Better Living Laboratories, Memphis, Tennessee, has designed a portable
water purifier that utilizes a silver-impregnated filter system to kill coli-
form bacteria. The purifying system consists of fine particulate silver
forced into the pores of activated carbon. The carbon removes impurities
including odor-causing contaminants and the silver enters solution at a
steady rate of less than 50 ppb, killing coliform bacteria that can cause
cholera, dysentery and typhoid. The unit will purify one gallon of water
in five minutes and will purify up to 750 gallons of water and is then dis-
carded. Iron-rich water cannot be treated (the iron would clog the filter)
and neither can water with a high level of hydrogen sulfide.
*Potable water, *Water purification, *Activated carbon, *Filters,
Coliforms, Bacteria, Equipment,, Water quality
440
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42 3D
KINETICS IN OZONE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY SEWAGE EFFLUENTS
(Ozon short ni okeru sokudoron—nlji shorlsui no baal),
Goda, T., Kawahara, 0., and Eda, M.
Gesuido Kyokai-shi, Vol. 11, No. 123, p 41-49, August, 1974. 20 fig, 3 ref.
The absorption of ozone in water, the autodegradation of ozone, and the
oxidation of ozone are some phenomena not yet satisfactorily explained. As
a basic study for the ozone treatment of secondary treatment liquid waste,
the question of kinetics was examined. The experimental apparatus consisted
of a batch bubble tower which was made of an acryl cylinder with a glass
filter at the bottom where ozone from the ozone producer was supplied. The
liquid and ozone were contacted there. The emitted ozone was measured
between the bubble tower and emission exit. The test liquid sample was
taken every hour for 24 hours from the secondary treatment water of a Kyoto
sewage treatment plant; from four time belts, equal amounts were taken and
a composite test material was prepared. The water was filtered to remove
suspended substances before the ozone treatment. The measurements were
taken for BODS, COD(Cr), COD(Cr) removal speed, ozone consumption/COD
removal, and BOD5/COD(Cr). The COD(Cr) removal process was satisfactorily
explained by a hypothetical model for multiple reactions of different
speeds and an equation induced from COD removal speed data. The relation-
ship between ozone consumption and COD removal was experimentally confirmed
to be about 2, and the ratio increase with the progress of treatment was
theoretically clarified. The initial five minutes of BODS increase had a
correlation with COD(Cr) removal.
*0zone, *Secondary treatment, *Sewage treatment, Effluents, Models,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand, Absorption, Filters,
Measurement
Japan, COD removal
424D
STATE OF THE ART OF THE WATER PREPARATION TECHNOLOGY IN
THE USSR (DER GEGENWAERTIGE STAND DER WASSERAUFBEREITUNGS-
TECHNOLOGIE IN DER UDSSR),
Bagozkij, J. B.
Wasserwirtschaft-Wassertechnik, Vol. 24, No. 6, p 184-187, 1974.
6 fig, 2 tab.
Latest achievements in the drinking-water preparation technology in the USSR
were surveyed. The use of new flocculants and flocculation aids, design
improvements, the use of new filter materials and layer filter designs,
as well as the use of modern integrated analytical instruments for automatic
process control are the basic trends of the technological development.
Aluminum sulfate with 14-15 percent active alumina, and, less often, iron
chloride are used as flocculants, combined with activated silicic acid
and polyacrylamide as flocculation aids. The minimum interval between
the flocculant and flocculation dosaging is 30 to 90 seconds, depending
on the water temperature. The aggressivity of the water as caused by
the flocculants is eliminated by slaked lime. Ozone is used as a reagent
for the elimination of slight coloration and turbidity in the ozonization -
filtration - ozonization or chlorination scheme, or for the improvement of
the organoleptic properties of the drinking water. Ozonization alone is
sufficient if the turbidity and coloration of the raw water do not exceed
6 mg/liter and 60 degrees, respectively. The sludge contact process and
reverse filtration for the better utilization of the sludge retention
capacity of the filter are among principal equipment design improvements.
*Potable water, *USSR, *Flocculation, Design criteria, Filters, Ozonation,
Lime sludge, Equipment, Ozone, Turbidity, Aluminum sulfate, Color
441
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425D
THE RECLAMATION OF WATER FROM SEWAGE EFFLUENTS BY
REVERSE OSMOSIS,
Bailey, D. A., Jones, K., and Mitchell, 0.
Water Pollution Research Laboratory of the Department
of the Environment,
United Kingdom
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 4, p 353-366, 1974. 8 fig,
3 tab, 40 ref.
A major water supply source in the United Kingdom is provided by river waters;
the problem of reclamation of this source of water from effluents for direct
reuse is discussed. Several techniques have been considered for reclaiming
water of sufficiently high quality from secondary sewage effluents. These
include treatment with activated carbon, chemical treatment, treatment with
ozone, ion exchange, and thermal and membrane processes. A recently used
type of membrane process is described in detail, the process of reverse
osmosis. A reverse-osmosis system gives adequate mechanical support to a
membrane while providing suitable hydrodynamic conditions for the process
water to reach and be removed from the membrane surface. The process re-
moves organic and inorganic substances present in solution. The efficiency
of removal of each species depends on ionic charge, molecular weight, and
chemical properties. Bacteria and viruses can be removed from solution
by this treatment method. In economic terms, the performance and useful
life of membranes critically affects the costs of a reverse-osmosis plant.
The maximum flux which can now be economically maintained is of the order
of 0.5 cu m/d. Further study, however, is being conducted on developing
membranes with increased permeability without loss of desalinating properties.
*Water supply, *Reverse osmosis, *Effluents, *Sewage treatment, Water reuse,
Reclamation, Costs
Reverse osmosis plant, Secondary treatment
426D
THE EFFECT OF THE CHEMICAL WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY ON
THE EFFICIENCY OF FILTERS (Vliyaniye tekhnologii reagentnoy
ochistki vody na effektivnost' raboty fil'trov),
Nakorchevskaya, V. F., and Kul'skiy, L. A.
Vodosnabzheniye i Sanitarnaya Tekhnika, No. 5, p 16-18, 1974. 1 fig,
2 tab, 5 ref.
The effect of aluminum sulfate as a coagulant and activated silicic acid
as a flocculant on the efficiency of sand filters was studied. Aluminum
sulfate is generally used for pre-treatment of water before filtration.
The maximum possible duration of the protective action of the sand filter
may exceed the minimum duration by a factor of two to seven. However,
the duration of the efficient filter operation decreases with the increase
in the contact time between aluminum sulfate and silicic acid. This
reaction is due to the increase in the size of the aluminum sulfate floccules
with increasing contact time. Therefore, the contact time should not be
longer than 10 to 20 seconds. The most durable filtration efficiency is
obtained in heterocoagulatlon or when the flocculant is introduced immediately
after the coagulant.
*Coagulation, *Flocculation, *Filters, *Pre-treatment, Filtration
*Chemical treatment, *Aluminum sulfate, *Sand filters, Silicic acid,
Filter efficiency
442
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427D
A SURVEY OF THE YOKOHAMA MUNICIPAL NANBU SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT (Yokohama-shi nanbu gesul shorijo no gaiyo),
Ogura, S.
Gesuido Kyokai-shi, Vol. 11, No. 123, p 54-61, August, 1974. 8 fig, 1 tab.
A total sewage works and treatment plan in Yokohama was Initiated in 1962,
consisting of nine treatment districts and ten sewage treatment plants. One
of the plants, the Nanbu plant, covers an area of 2965 ha, and services a
population of 670,000. Construction was started in 1962 and the operation
was begun in July, 1965. With subsequent gradual expansion plans and
additions, the final plan is to be completed during 1974. The service area's
constituents are 32 percent commercial, 8 percent industrial or sub-industrial,
and 60 percent residential. The sewage BOD is about 200 mg/liter, and
suspended solids are about 300 mg/liter, of which 200 mg/liter is settled.
The treatment is designed for a step anaerobic digestion sludge treatment
designed to eliminate 90 percent of BOD—down to 20 mg/liter, and 85 percent
of suspended solids—down to 45 mg/liter. In the adjacent area is a city
refuse incinerator with the maximum capacity of 450 ton/day, and part of its
steam production is used for heating the sludge digestion tank. After the
digestion gas is desulfurized, part of it can be used as supplementary fuel
for the incinerator. Scrub water for the incinerator is supplied with treated
sewage water, and the waste water is returned to the plant for treatment after
a pre-treatment. The main facilities of the plant are: settling ponds,
electrical machinery rooms, initial precipitation ponds, aeration tanks, final
precipitation tanks, chlorine mixture tanks, return sludge pump rooms, sludge
condensation pump rooms, sludge condensate tanks, blowers, sludge treatment
rooms with deodorization systems, sludge digestion tanks, sludge scrubbers,
and sludge dryers.
*Planning, *Municipal wastes, *Sewage treatment, Construction, Equipment,
Design criteria, Sludge, Waste treatment, Biochemical oxygen demand, Suspended
solids
*Sewage treatment plants, Japan, Nanbu Sewage Plant
428D
FIRST INSTALLATION IN THE WORLD FOR THE STERILIZATION OF
SEWAGE BY GAMMA RAYS (PREMIER INSTALLATION DU MONDE POUR
L'HYGIENISATION DES BOUES D'EPURATION AUX RAYONS GAMMA),
Gas-Wasser-Abwasser, Vol. 54, No. 5, p 170-171, May, 1974. 1 fig.
A new installation for the sterilization of sewage sludge by gamma rays,
developed by Sulzer Company, and installed in the Munich area, West Germany,
is described. The batch type sterilizer is composed of an underground,
concrete irradiation shaft, and uses Co-60, Cesium-137, and other radioactive
wastes from nuclear reactors for irradiation of a predetermined duration.
The closed circuit design and the automatic control of the charge and
discharge processes guarantee maximum radiation protection. The irradiated
sewage sludge, which cannot itself become radioactive, is subsequently
dewatered and used as manure on farmlands.
*Sewage treatment, *Gamma rays, Radioactive wastes, Dewatering, Water reuse
Munich, Germany, Sewage treatment plants, Sterilization
443
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429B
PLASTIC FILTER TRICKLING BED WASTE WATER TREATMENT
(Purasuchikku sansul rosho ho ni yoru haisui shori shisutemu),
Otsuka, Y.
Shokuhin Kaihatsu, Vol. 9, No. 7, p 32-35, July, 1974. 2 fig, 4 tab.
The trickling filter bed method of waste water treatment utilizes propagation
of aerobic bacteria on a filter of large mesh, thus contacting bacteria with
organic waste water. The system is similar to other types of biological
treatment, but compared with the activated sludge method which results in
0.4-0.6 kg(SD)/kg BOD, the trickling bed method gives 0.3-0.4 kg(SD)/kg BOD.
Pretreatment is necessary if suspended solids and oil content are large, to
reduce oil to about 30 ppm; if an oil film does not form, there is no problem.
If nutrients are lacking in the waste water, about 5 portions of nitrogen and
one portion of phosphorus should be added to 100 of BOD; however, this should
be kept to a minimum to avoid eutrophication. When using a plastic filter
packed bed, the waste water is mixed with already treated water and sprayed
over the bed. Aerobic bacteria multiply rapidly and eliminate BOD(COD)
efficiently. The water is returned to the circulation tank and part of it is
discharged. The circulation ratio is determined by waste water concentration,
treatment water concentration and the filter bed load. With the plastic bed,
M3/M2/day is 30-200. In an open aeration tank, a natural ventilation (for
oxygen) always takes place because of the different temperatures of the air
and water; but in an enclosed air-tight bed, ventilation should be forced
by fans. The number of stages for trickling beds depends on the initial cost,
maintenance, and the running cost, but usually two or three stages are used.
The amount of sludge is very small and its high self-digestion eliminates the
necessity for large quantity sludge treatment.
*Trickling filters, *Waste water treatment, Plastics, Biochemical oxygen
demand, Sludge treatment, Aeration, Biological treatment
430D
ADSORPTION PROCESSES,
Weber, W. J.
Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Michigan, College of
Engineering
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 37, No. 3, p 375-392, 1974. 6 fig 1 tab
15 ref. '
Adsorption is a basic process in the physiochemical treatment of municipal
waste water. This treatment can economically meet the higher effluent
standards and water reuse requirements of today. Activated carbon is
the most effective adsorbent for this method. Expanded-bed contact systems
are the most efficient means for utilizing granular carbon for waste
treatment. Augmentation of the adsorption process occurs as an in-situ
partial regeneration resulting from biological growth on the surfaces of
the carbon. The system produces high levels of treatment and has a
high degree of stability and reliability. It is very resistant to shock
loads and toxic waste constituents. The advantages of a physicochemical
system over a biological system include: less land is required; a lower
sensitivity to diurnal variation exists; it is unaffected by toxic
substances; and the former has a potential for significant removal
of heavy metals. In addition, a physicochemical system gives excellent
removal of phosphates and organic waste constituents and greater flexibility
in design and operation.
*Waste water treatment, *Adsorption, *Activated carbon, Biological
treatment, Water reuse, Costs, Municipal wastes, Effluents, Organic loading,
Toxicity, Heavy metals, Phosphorus, Design, Operation and maintenance
*Physicochemical treatment
444
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431D
DESALINATION-NEW WATER FOR OLD (FRISCHWASSERVERSORGUNG
UND ABWASSERAUFBEREITUNG),
Pugh, 0.
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, London,
Great Britain
Meerestechnik, Vol. 5, No. 4, p 119-123, August, 1974. 7 fig.
Previously desalination has been used to provide an essential commodity for
man—potable water. It is now apparent that the newer desalting processes
are becoming more important in waste treatment. Desalination technology,
which has been mainly distillation processes, contributes to only one
aspect of the complete watercycle. The advent of the reverse-osmosis
system introduces the technology to the area of protection of clean
water resources from the discharge of polluting waste. Reverse-osmosis
can also be used for the renovation of waste water.
*Desalination, *Potable water, *Reverse osmosis, *Waste water treatment,
Distillation, Water quality control, Water resources, Water reuse
432D
MEMBRANES AND MODULES FOR THE WATER DESALINATION WITH
REVERSE OSMOSIS (MEMBRANEN UND MODULE FUR DIE WASSER-
ENTSLZUNG MIT UMGEKEHRTER OSMOSE),
Ermert, U., and Bauermann, H. D.
Meeresteckik, Vol. 5, No. 4, p 125-128, August, 1974. 6 fig, 4 ref.
Beginning with the demarcation line between reverse osmosis (hyperfiltration)
and ultrafiltration, the structure and materials of the usual types of
membranes are discussed. The membranes are presented as complete modules.
A comparison is made between the different modules including the plate
and frame module, the wound spiral module, the pipe module, and the
hollow fiber module. The various aspects of choosing membranes and
modules are considered.
*Reverse osmosis, *Filters, *Membranes, *Separation techniques, Desalination,
Waste water treatment, Filtration, Equipment, Design
Ultrafiltration, Plate and frame module, Wound spiral module, Pipe
module, Hollow fiber module
445
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433D
COMBINED CHEMICAL-BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT STUDIES,
Bouveng, H. 0.
Swedish Water and Air Pollution Research Laboratory,
Stockholm, Sweden
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 37, No. 3, p 329-341, 1974. 10 fig.
The OECD study of chemical treatment of urban sewage is discussed with
special reference to the relation between cost and performance of alternative
processes. The application of combined chemical and biological treatment
processes is discussed with emphasis on the factors which influence the
stability of performance. It was concluded that considering chemical
treatment of urban sewage only as a method for phosphorus removal is
an unjustified limitation of its field of application. Chemical pre-
cipitation of urban sewage is a profitable alternative when an effluent
having a low and stable level of residual BOD is desired. Chemical treatment
is a useful supplement to biological treatment of industrial waste water
when the latter is not able to achieve the required effluent quality.
*Sewage treatment, *Biological treatment, Chemical precipitation,
Phosphorus, Biochemical oxygen demand, Waste water treatment, Costs,
Municipal wastes, Industrial wastes
*Chemical treatment
434D
HIGH RATE BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION USING A GRANULAR
FLUIDIZED BED,
Jeris, J. S., Beer, C., and Mueller, J. A.
Manhattan College, Bronx, New York, Civil Engineering
Department
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 9,
p 2118-2128, September, 1974. 11 fig, 4 tab, 11 ref.
Using fluidized, small media for biological removal of contaminants in
a reactor has the advantages of greater surface area available for
growth per unit of reactor volume, very small head loss, no danger of
clogging, and easier carrier removal procedure. A fluidized bed is a
solid, granular carrier medium in a columnar reactor suspended in an
upflowing fluid. An experimental apparatus was designed and tested for
denitrification capabilities. A major problem with the process was the
continual growth of the organisms on the carbon particles. This caused
bed expansion and necessitated the removal of part of the biologically
coated carbon torevent bed overflow. The idea of achieving a balance
between growth and washoff similar to that found in a trickling filter was
dropped because increasing the- flow failed to affect the growth on
the media. It was estimated that the chemical costs would be slightly
over $0.02/1000 gal for removal of 25 rag/liter nitrate nitrogen. The
nitrogen removals obtained ranged from 257 to 424 Ib inorganic nitrogen/
day/1000 cu ft of reactor capacity. When the hydraulic loading was
12 gpm/sq ft, the superficial detention time required was about seven
minutes for removal of 20 to 35 mg/liter nitrogen. The fluidized biological
bed concept has demonstrated the ability to remove more nitrogen than the
activated sludge process and requires less detention time than other
biological waste treatment systems.
*Biological treatment, *Activated sludge, *Carbon, *Nitrogen, Research
and development, Microorganisms, Microbial degradation, Equipment, Trickling
filters, Waste water treatment, Nutrient removal
Granular fluidized bed
446
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435D
COMPARISON OF COMPLETELY MIXED AND PLUG FLOW
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS,
Toerber, E. D., Paulson, W. L., and Smith, H. S.
Fehr and Graham Consulting Engineers, Freeport,
Illinois
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 8,
p 1995-2014, August 1974. 26 fig, 9 tab, 3 ref.
The performance of a completely mixed activated sludge system and
the performance of a plug flow system under parallel operating conditions
were compared. The two systems were tested with waste from Freeport,
Illinois. It was found that under normal operating conditions both the
completely mixed and the plug flow systems had similar removal efficiencies.
If there were separate operating conditions and constant influent flow
rates, both systems showed a rapid leveling off of removal efficiency
after a nominal aeration detention time of 2 to 3 hours. The completely
mixed system exhibited an overall removal efficiency ten percent greater
than the plug flow system when both were subjected to a severe shock
load.
^Activated sludge, *Waste treatment, Evaluation, Flow rates, Organic loading,
Construction, Design, Illinois, Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical
oxygen demand
*Completely mixed system, *Plug flow
436D
BACTERIAL PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES IN ACTIVATED
SLUDGE SYSTEMS,
Handin, L. and Sands, D. C.
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station,
New Haven, Connecticut, Biochemistry Department
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 8,
p 2015-2025, August 1974. 14 tab, 14 ref.
The five important stages (raw Influent, primary effluent, mixed liquor,
activated sludge, final effluent) in four activated sludge treatment
facilities were examined to determine the numbers and percentages of bacteria
capable of producing specific enzymes. It was found that the activated
sludge contained the greatest total number of bacteria, followed by the
number in the mixed liquor. A 17- to 93-fold increase was evident
between raw influent and mixed liquor and activated sludge. It appears
that there is not a selective removal of any one specific bacterial
type in the primary effluent stage. From the primary effluent to the
mixed liquor stage, a selective process seems to occur which favors
bacteria with certain enzymatic capabilities. Bacteria in enzyme categories
not readily precipitated in the sludge appear in higher numbers in the
final effluent. The fact that the increase of bacteria from the mixed
liquor and the activated sludge was not greater than was found may
indicate that activated sludge contains more undegraded material than
bacterial cells or, if the sludge is predominately bacteria, that they
are dead cells. The lack of significant difference between these two
stages may mean that the percentage of active bacteria tends to equalize
in the aeration step. Information obtained in this study could be useful
when considering the possible use of stabilized enzymes in lieu of,
or in addition to, microorganisms.
*Sludge treatment, *Waste treatment, *Bacteria, *Activated sludge,
Enzymes, Biological treatment, Microbial degradation, Sludge, Effluents,
Biodegradation, Microorganisms
447
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437D
TREATMENT FACILITY INCORPORATES UNIQUE DESIGN FEATURES,
Lynch, G. P.
John Carollo Engineers, Santa Ana, California
Public Works, Vol 105, No. 9, p 106-107, September, 1974. 3 fig.
The city of Redlands, California, is currently upgrading and increasing
the capacity of their existing waste water treatment facilities.
Two unique design features of the new system include a digester
supernatant degasification facility to allow further concentration
of supernatant following high rate primary-secondary anaerobic
digestion and a peaking pond to limit peak flow rates to existing
secondary treatment facilities and to third-stage ammonia conversion
facilities. The new facilities are two rectangular tanks with a
bottom width of 21 feet and length of 11 feet, side slopes at 3
to 1 covered with 4 inches of concrete, a normal working depth of
6 feet, and 2 feet of freeboard. A decant box pump at one end, with
a scumbaffle and adjustable overflow weir, return the decanted liquid
to the plant influent flow. A sump at the opposite end from the
decant box collects the concentrated sludge. Effects of the facilities
which have not yet been evaluated include: optimum process control of
third stage biological facilities due to more uniform flow rates; greater
effluent solids control caused by reduction of peak flow rates on
second and third-stage sedimentation facilities; equalization of
organic loadings; and, operational flexibility.
*Waste water treatment, *Facilities, *Design, Digestion, Flow rates,
Sedimentation, Operation and maintenance, California, Municipal wastes
Degasification, Peaking pond
438D
LIME SLUDGE: SOME PROBLEMS — SOME SOLUTIONS,
Hazelswatts, D. E.
Municipal Water Plant, C-rand Rapids, Michigan
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 72-73, July 1974. 3 fig.
The Grand Rapids municipally owned water system operates from two sources
of supply, Lake Michigan and Grand River. Lime-softened river water produces
2260 pounds of solids per million gallons, producing at maximum rate 90,400
pounds of sludge per day. When the sludge was put in sewers to be dewatered,
lime precipitates formed a pasty sludge heavier than sewage, causing the
machinery to break down. After investigation, a Bird 36x72 inch solid bowl
centrifuge with a spiral scraper was installed. Flocculant was injected
through a 3/4 inch diameter pipe inside the feed pipe; however, results with
the flocculant were no better than without; the flocculant pipe had broken.
The baffle hole surrounding the flocculant pipe was enlarged; the machine is
still operant. Because of problems of dissolving the sludge and also poor
working conditions caused by the accumulation of the powdered flocculant on
walkway surfaces, a new liquid flocculant from Nalco was tried. The liquid
flocculant probed as effective as the dry flocculant, but it twice the
amount was required. However, the cost of the required quantity of liquid
is about half. Therefore the overall cost is the same, and the convenience
and safety are much improved. The cake produced by the centrifuge is hauled
to a driving yard.
*Waste water treatment, *Sludge, *Centrifuges, *Flocculant, Costs, Lime
*Lime sludge, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Grand River, Bird centrifuge, Nalco
"Instant" polymer
448
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439D
UPFLOW FILTRATION IMPROVES OXIDATION POND EFFLUENT,
McGhee, T. J. and Patterson, R. K.
Engineering Research Center, College of Engineering and
Technology, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Nebraska
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 82-83, July 1974. 3 fig, 11 ref.
Oxidation ponds are an effective, uncomplicated and economical way of treating
domestic sewage and certain industrial wastes. The system requires no skilled
operator or maintenance. Through evaporation and seepage the total reduction
in BOD through an oxidation pond can approach 95 percent, although the actual
concentration of BOD and suspended solids may not meet the new standards of
30 mg/liter monthly average, and 45 mg/liter weekly average determined for
secondary treatment. The material which contributes to the BOD effluent
and suspended solids of oxidation ponds is largely algal cells utilizing
inorganic byproducts of the bacterial oxidation of the waste. Techniques
listed for removal of algae include coagulation with alum, coagulation with
alum and polyelectrolytes, flocculation and aggregation on cationic exchange
resins, chlorine disinfection, anaerobic rock filters, fly ash slurry
filtration, pressure filtration through a diatomaceous earth filter, and
sand filtration.
*0xidation lagoons, *Effluent treatment, Sewage treatment, Water quality
control, Filtration, Biochemical oxygen demand, Coagulation, Alum, Secondary
treatment, Flocculation, Aggregation, Polyelectrolytes, Algae
*Upflow filtration
440D
TREATMENT OF WASTE-WATER CONTAINING SURFACE ACTIVE SUBSTANCES,
Hagiwara, K. and Murakami, Y.
Bulletin of the Government Industrial Research Institute, Osaka, Vol. 24,
No. 4, p 325-330, December, 1973. 8 fig, 3 tab, 5 ref.
A condensed product of polyhydric phenol and polysaccharose was discovered to
be effective for removal of nonionic surface active substances, in a new
method of waste water treatment. This can also be used in the treatment of
emulsified oil. The condensed product is added to waste water and ferric or
aluminum ion is added as a coagulant, with the pH value of the solution
adjusted to between 5 and 6. The solution is filtered and the sludge
treated by a method such as burning. The treatment's efficiency is dependent
upon the number of ethylene glycol molecules in the surface active substance.
Efficiency decreases as the number of ethylene glycol molecules increases.
The solubilities of the reaction product of the surface active substance and
the condensed product of polyhydric phenol and polysaccahrose increases as
the ethylene glycol molecule increases. With the surface active substance
at a concentration of 1,000 ppm, more than 90 percent of the surface active
substance was removed.
*Water pollution, *Waste-water treatment, *Sludge disposal, Hydrogen ion
concentration (pH)
*Polyhydric phenol, *Polysaccharose, *Ethylene glycol molecule, *Surface
active substance, Ferric ion, Aluminum ion
449
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441D
CONCENTRATION OF POLARISATION IN REVERSE OSMOSIS FLOW
SYSTEMS UNDER LAMINAR CONDITIONS. EFFECT OF SURFACE
ROUGHNESS AND FOULING,
Carter, J. W., Hoyland, G., and Hasting, A. P. M.
Birmingham University, England, Department of Chemical
Engineering
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 29, No. 7, p 1651-1658, 1974. 11 fig,
3 tab, 18 ref.
Experimentation in reverse osmosis was conducted under laminar flow conditions
in a channel of cross-section 3x38 mm. Solution concentrations giving
pi f/delta p up to 0.66 and cellulose acetate membranes having high
rejections and distilled water fluxes of 12-15x 0.0001 cm/sec were employed.
A close prediction was made by a numerical solution of the theoretical
equations of the product fluxes and concentration polarisation. The effects
of rough membrane surfaces in increasing polarisation and decreasing product
flux were also predicted utilizing a roughness depth determined from a
profile of the surface irregularities. A rust layer on the membrane surface
had like effects on flux and polarisation which were calculable.
*Reverse osmosis, *Transition flow, Membranes
*Cellulose acetate membranes, *Distilled water fluxes, *Polarization, Rough
membrane surfaces
442D
NEW CONCEPTS FOR CLARIFICATION OF WATER USING SOME
ALTERNATIVES TO ALUM,
Rao, M. N., and Datta, A, K.
Regional Engineering College, Durgapur, India
Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 54, No. PH2, p 57-60,
February, 1974. 5 fig, 12 ref.
Alum has been fundamental in the clarification of municipal waste water for
drinking purposes for centuries. The employment of alum as a coagulant in
sophisticated water treatment plants is nearly universal. New concepts in
the field of clarification of water recommend the use of polyelectrolytes,
foam, and magnesium carbonate as alternatives to alum. Polyelectrolytes
are polymers with only the cationic being used as prime coagulants. They
exhibit a high charge density, and when added as a coagulant, the positively
charged polymers are absorbed on the surface of the negatively charged
colloidal impurities of water. The particle surface charged is reduced
or used sufficiently to allow cohesion and aggregation on collision. Foam
has only a limited field of application in treatment of turbid water. A
cationic surfactant is added to and mixed with the raw water, and passes to
a flotation cylinder. The surfactants are both collector for the colloidal
turbidity particles and frothing agent for carrying particles from the solution.
When using magnesium carbonate as a coagulant, the sludge problem is often
totally eliminated.
*Water purification, *Alum, *Polyelectrolytes, *Magnesium carbonate, *Foaming,
Coagulation, Waste water treatment, Colloids, Bacteria, Dyes
*Cationic polymers
450
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44 3D
U.S. CHECKING UP ON FIRMS' SPILL-PREVENTION, CLEANUP PLANS,
The Oil and Gas Journal, Vol. 72, No, 30, p 117, July 29, 1974.
Spot checks are being taken of possibly hazardous oil facilities by government
agents, in areas of navigable waters or their tributaries which have a
pollution prevention program. Such programs, certified by registered
professional engineers, were have been completed by July 10, 1974. These
plans are not required to be filed with the EPA. Oil companies are requested
to build dikes around storage tanks or any other steps for containment
of oil spills. If spills should occur, the EPA would probably dictate the
terms of the prevention plan required under the regulations.
*0il spills, *Water pollution, Federal government, Water policy
*Environmental Protection Agency
444D
UNIQUE NEW SECONDARY OXYGEN TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR EFFLUENT,
Paper Trade Journal, Vol. 158, No. 31, p 22-23, August 5, 1974. 2 fig.
A forced free-fall oxygenation (F30) waste water treatment system has been
developed by a unit of Airco Industrial Gases. This system is designed
for municipal, chemical, pulp and paper waste usage. Conventional aeration
tank capacity may be doubled or tripled by this system. It can also be
used in conjunction with new activated sludge plants of existing operations.
The waterfall principle is used in induvidual modular mixing and dissolving
units. Also developed was a simple pipeline waterfall reactor useful in
black liquor oxidation.
*Effluent treatment, *Waste water treatment, Water pollution, Chemical
wastes, Pulp and paper wastes, Aeration, Activated sludge, Municipal wastes
*Secondary oxygen treatment system, *PIpeline waterfall reactor, *Black
liquor oxidation
451
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44 5D
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ORGANIC MATTER,
Hobson, P. N., Bousfield, S., and Summers, R.
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen,
Scotland
Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, Vol. 4, No. 2, p 131-191, July
31, 1974. 6 fig, 197 ref.
Treatment of waste products is of primary current concern. The biochemistry
of anaerobic digestion is discussed with regards to anaerobic metabolism in
the rumen and in digesters, to the composition of digester feedstocks,
cellulose digestion, to digestion of nitrogenous and lipid materials,
minor bacterial metabolites in digesters, effects of growth rate,
substrate concentration, and pH, and fermentation. Theoretical digester
systems and modeling of digester systems are presented with emphasis on the
high rate digester, two-stage digester, and the anaerobic filter system.
The bacterial populations of anaerobic digesters and practical aspects
of anaerobic digestion systems are mentioned.
*Reviews, *Anaerobic digestion, *Waste treatment, Equipment, Models,
Theoretical analysis, Bacteria, Biochemistry
446D
APPLICABILITY OF CONTROL STRATEGIES TO THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS,
Lech, R. F.
Purdue University
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 1, p 211, July,
1974.
The potential improvements to be gained by the addition of control
systems to the activated sludge waste water treatment process are
evaluated. Approximate models for the important transfer functions
in the process are developed. The applicability of single and multiple-
loop feedback control systems is evaluated on activated sludge plants
characterized by two types of final settler behavior. It was found that
the most significant improvement in performance is achieved by
feedforward and combinations of feedforward and feedback control systems
among all the control systems considered. Also, the applicability of
control strategies is limited by the design of the process.
*Activated sludge, *Waste water treatment, Evaluation, Model studies,
Control systems, Performance, Design criteria
Feedforward, Feedback
452
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447D
VIROLOGICAL STUDIES IN WATER SYSTEMS: NATURAL
OCCURENCE OF REOVIRUSES AND THEIR INACTIVATION BY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL AGENTS,
Mehta, S. C.
Iowa University
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 1, p 284, July,
1974.
Field investigations of two water systems were undertaken to evaluate
the detection of reoviruses in water samples collected from the Cor^lville
Reservoir, Iowa River, and the Cedar River. A two-phase separation method
was used to concentrate the viruses from the water samples. L
cells and KB cells were used to propagate the virus. Iramunofluorescent
staining was employed to Identify the viruses. Reovirus was found to
be resistant to heat, less resistant to ultraviolet, and least resistant
to chlorine and ozone. A comparison of resistance to inactivation
between reoviruses and polio and coxsackie viruses exposed to various
physical and chemical agents also is presented.
*0n-site investigations, *Viruses, Water samples, Evaluation
*Reoviruses, Viral resistance
448D
TURBIDITY REMOVAL USING POLYMERS AND ACTIVATED CARBON,
Miller, R. D.
Purdue University
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 1, p 284, July, 1974.
A possible coagulation-adsorption process for turbidity removal has been
investigated. For clay destabilization using only polycations, optimum
clarity was achieved over a narrow range of polymer dosages. Residual
polymer concentrations below one mg/liter were determined for polycations
using clay coagulation tests and for polyanions and nonionic polymers using
a filtering technique. Combined use of carbon and polycations for clay
removal was inferior to the use of polycations alone. Use of carbon and
polyanions or nonionic polymers for clay removal produced some clarity at
relatively low carbon dosages and nearly complete clarity at carbon dosages
of 5.0 g/liter or higher with a mixing time of thirty minutes and settling
time of ten minutes.
*Turbidity, *Polymers, Coagulation, Adsorption, Activated carbon
*Turbidity removal
453
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449D
SOME EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION ON A
BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS,
Wu, Y. C.
Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 1, p 229, July, 1974.
The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation on substrate removal, sludge
productivity, biochemical behavior of sludge, and capsule and electric charge
production on the surface of treatment organisms has been studied using two
laboratory activated sludge units with heterogeneous populations. Experimental
results indicate that the treatment efficiency of the biological-chemical
process is highly dependent on the chemical nature of the waste to be treated.
Also, an increase in sludge protein and sludge phosphorus content was observed
as the sludge yield and carbohydrate content decrease. Finally, results of
chemical flocculation studies showed that lower chemical doses per unit of
effluent biological solids were required at high initial solids and low
initial phosphorus conditions. The relationship between quantity of chemical
precipitant and percentage of phosphorus removal was not a stoichiometric
function. Indications are that following phosphorus removal there is a
chemical separation of dispersed microorganisms.
*Nitrogen, *Phosphorus, *Waste water treatment, *Waste treatment, Biological
treatment, Treatment facilities, Sludge treatment, Activated sludge,
Laboratory tests, Efficiencies
Chemical treatment, Charge production
4 500
ALUM RECOVERY FROM WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
SLUDGES,
Chen, B. H. H.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 1, p 217, July, 1974.
Under this investigation, the extent of alum recovery achievable is defined,
the effectiveness of recovered alum is demonstrated, the properties of the
remaining sludge are characterized. The economy of the alum recovery process
in water and waste water treatment systems was also analyzed. Results showed
that the amount of alum recovered can be controlled by noting the associated
stoichiometric relationship and by pH measurement. An extensive cost analysis
cf the alum recovery technique developed in the laboratory was conducted with
two illustrative problems demonstrating the economic advantage of this
recovery process. Alum recovery and reuse may be a viable alternative to
the conventional method of water and waste water treatment.
*Invest!gations, *Alum, *Sludge treatment, Economics, Waste water treatment,
Treatment facilities, Hydrogen ion concentration
*Alum recovery
454
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451D
WATERLESS SANITATION FOR REST .AREAS,
Fullerton, R. W.
Chrysler Corporation Space Division, New Orleans,
Louisiana
Water & Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 6, p 86-88, June, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Since 1970, the Chrysler Corporation's Space Division has been developing
marine and land based sewage disposal systems. One such system, described
here, is a closed loop no-discharge nonbiological sewage disposal system
which uses mineral oil as the flush fluid to transport human waste instead
of water. The flushing fluid carries waste from conventional commodes to
a separation tank where the sewage is separated by gravity. The fluid is
filtered, purified, and reused indefinitely. Disposal is by burning in a
pollution—free incinerator.
*Sewage disposal, *Sewerage, Separation techniques, Treatment facilities,
Domestic wastes, Waste treatment
Mineral oil
452D
DISINFECTION,
Davis, E. M., Whitehead, L. W., and Moore, J. D.
Texas University, Houston, Texas
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1181-1191,
June, 1974. 102 ref.
The methodology and techniques developed and used in disinfection which have
been reported in recent literature are reviewed. The need for increased
attention in providing safe water supplies, adequately disinfecting waste
water, and overall research have appeared periodically. Disinfection kinetics
and other properties as well as chlorine research are highlighted. The
possibility of using biological filtration and chlorinatlon as tertiary treat-
ment methods and the biological effects of chlorine are mentioned. Finally,
three patent applications appearing in the literature on disinfection are
discussed.
*Disinfection, ^Reviews, Publications, Water supply, Waste water treatment,
Research and development, Patents, Chlorination, Tertiary treatment
455
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453D
SLUDGE TREATMENT, UTILIZATION, AND DISPOSAL,
Dick, R. I.
Delaware University, Department of Civil Engineering,
Newark, Delaware
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1161-1181,
June, 1974. 220 refs.
A review of the 1973 published literature concerned with various aspects of
sludge treatment and control is presented. This work outlines the research
and technical achievements as well as on-going projects involved in the
treatment of sludge. The topics mentioned include conditioning, composition,
thickening, dewatering, combustion and heat drying, reclamation, and
ultimate disposal. These processes are discussed in view of the impact of
the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The legislation
seems to encourage regionalization but at the same time may increase the
scattering of solids handling problems.
*Reviews, *Publications, *Sludge treatment, Sludge disposal, Dewatering,
Research and development, Legislation
Sludge conditioning, Sludge composition, Sludge thickening, Combustion,
Heat drying, Sludge reclamation
454D
LIQUID WASTE TREATMENT METHOD USING MICROORGANISM AS
ADSORBENT (Blseibutsu o kyuchakuzai to shita haisui
shoriho),
Kobayashi, H.
Gijutsu to Kagai, Vol. 4, No. 4, p 39-43, July, 1974. 3 fig.
The use of a type of pseudomous bacteria for decomposition of organic mercury
compounds was developed by the Fermentation Research Institute (the present
Microbiol Industrial Technology Research Institute). Generally, continuous
treatment of toxic heavy metals by this method is extremely difficult. Heavy
metal ions are considered water pollutants because of their easy accumulation
in living organisms. Research was performed on the ability of yeast, chlorella,
and bacteria to remove heavy metal ions, detergent, and dyes both by adsorption
on the cell surfaces and by internal absorption. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(store bought bread yeast) and Torulopsis utilis (feed yeast) were used because
of their easy accessibility. The results showed that depending on the
bacterial cell, sodium potassium, potassium bichromate and arsenic oxide were
not adsorbed, but mercury, lead, cadmium, and other plus metal ions and
aluminum ion were relatively well adsorbed. Basic dye, which turns into plus
ion in a neutral solution, was adsorbed well, but acidic dye and catalytic dye
were not. These physiochemical reactions are explained and their application
for liquid waste treatment is discussed. However, at the present stage of
research, the unsolved problems are too many, the cost of such a system is
unfeasible, and the development of much less expensive microbial agents is not
yet foreseeable.
*Bacteria, *Mercury, *Adsorption, *Heavy metals, *Yeasts, Water pollution
sources, Water treatment, Pollutants, Chlorella, Liquid wastes, Foreign
research, Foreign countries
Japan, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulopsis utilis
456
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455D
BACTERIOLOGY OF CHLORINATED AND UNCHLORINATED WASTEWATER
EFFLUENTS,
Silvey, J. K. G., Abshire, R. L., and Nunez, W. J.
North Texas State University, Denton, Texas,
Department of Biological Sciences
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 9, p 2153-2162,
September, 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab, 20 ref.
Chlorination has not been widely practiced in the treatment of waste water
although chlorination of finished water is standard procedure for the purpose
of eliminating pathogenic bacteria. The current emphasis on curtailment of
further massive pollution of water by waste products has made necessary a
re-evaluation of waste water treatment methods. A bacteriological and chemical
study was made on part of the Trinity River in Texas. High numbers of fecal
coliforms and fecal streptococci were attributed to the presence of waste
effluents. Chlorination was found to be effective in reducing the quantities
of microorganisms only where the chlorine was directly applied. Bacterial
populations recovered immediately after chlorination was ended. Decreasing
susceptibility of microbial organisms to chlorine was, in this order:
beneficial heterotrophic organisms, fecal coliforms, nonfecal coliforms and
fecal streptococci. Chlorination did not effectively destroy Salmonellae.
The BOD and DO of the effluent improved as a result of chlorination. The
data obtained in this investigation indicates that chlorination did not
effectively improve the conditions of the river.
*Chlorination, *Pathogenic bacteria, *Waste water treatment, Pollution
abatement, Streptococcus, Coliforms, Salmonellae, Biochemical oxygen demand,
Dissolved oxygen, Microorganisms, Texas, Chlorine
Trinity River, Fecal coliforms, Nonfecal coliforms, Fecal streptococci
456D
WASTEWATER DEGASSING BY ADIABATIC FLASHING,
Wilson, D. B. and Tsao, H. Y.
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico,
College of Engineering, Department of Chemical
Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 9, p 2209-2214,
September, 1974. 3 fig, 3 tab, 11 ref.
Aqueous solutions of dissolved gases can result from a variety of industrial
and water treatment operations such as the production of oil from petroleum,
domestic waste water treatment, petroleum refining, hydroelectric production,
fish-farming operations, and the scrubbing of power plant stack gases. The
dissolved gases must be removed before the water is released to the environment
if the gaseous components are corrosive or toxic to the biological life in the
water system. These gases can be physically separated either by stripping or
flashing. Adiabatic flashing is recommended because the equipment is
relatively simple, a short residence time for phase separation is provided
and eliminates mist entrainment, the gaseous solute produced is in a high
concentration, and the discharge temperature of the water steam is lowered.
A mathematical analysis of adiabatic flashing was performed. The analysis
indicated that if the quantity and condition of the feed, adiabatic operation,
and the flash temperature are specified, all the other design variables may
be calculated by using the system material and energy balances. The design
variables include the pressure of the flash, and the ratio of the quantity of
gas phase produced to the quantity of feed. The recommendation of adiabatic
flashing is based on the results of the analysis, an estimation of economic
costs based on equipment prices, and estimated operating costs.
*Separation techniques, *Flash distillation, *Waste water treatment, Gases,
Aqueous solutions, Industrial wastes, Domestic wastes, Equipment, Costs,
Economics, Mathematical studies, Algorithms
Adiabatic flashing
457
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457D
TEMPERATURE-SUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS IN BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT,
Novak, J. T.
Missouri University, Columbia, Missouri, Department of
Civil Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 8,
p 1984-1994. 12 fig, 3 tab, 23 ref.
Temperature correction factors are used in biological waste treatment processes
to modify microorganism growth rates or substrate utilization rates to
correspond to variations in the temperature. The modified Arrhenius equation
is usually used to characterize the temperature correction for these modifica-
tions. The temperature response of biological processes was found to depend
on the substrate concentration present in the system. Therefore, the
applicability of the Arrhenius equation is limited because one of its factors
(the temperature coefficient) is substrate dependent. It was observed that
aerobic processes were nearly Independent of temperature variations at low
substrate levels and anaerobic processes were dependent on temperature at
all substrate levels. Although temperature models provided reasonable
descriptions of process response, they must be used with care, keeping in mind
the fact that temperature can affect the organism yield coefficient and
decay rate, the dominant organism groups and the availability of nutrients,
which in turn can alter the kinetic response. The following basic temperature
model clarifies the temperature-substrate relationships present in biological
waste treatment systems: for aerobic degradation both k and Ks increase
logarithmically with increased temperature; for anaerobic decay k increases
logarithmically with increased temperature and Ks decreases logarithmically
with increased temperature.
*Biological treatment, *Waste treatment, *Kinetics, Aerobic treatment,
Anaerobic treatment, Temperature
Arrhenius equation
458D
WATER TREATMENT PLANT WASTES DISPOSAL-PART 2,
Westerhoff, G. P. and Daly, M. P.
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 6, p 379-384,
June 1974. 3 fig, 6 tab, 5 ref,.
The available alum-sludge treatment and disposal methods were evaluated by
pilot plant studies so that the Sturgeon Point Water Treatment Plant could
be improved in accordance with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972. Processes evaluated included alum recovery, recycling
of recovered alum, pressure filtration, scroll centrifugation, basket
centrifugation, vacuum filtration, chemical coagulation, a belt-filter-press
system, and artificial freeze-thaw. It was concluded that the processes or
combinations of processes most feasible at the Sturgeon Point Plant are
pressure filtration, precoat rotary-vacuum filtration, scroll centrifugation,
freeze-thaw plus vacuum filtration, and alum recovery plus horizontal vacuum
filtration.
*Waste treatment, *Waste disposal, *Sludge treatment, *Sludge disposal,
Filtration, Coagulation, Centrifugation, Chemical precipitation, Evaluation
*Alum
458
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459D
NEW APPROACH TO PREVENTING BULKING SLUDGE,
Rensink, J. H.
Agricultural University, Wageningen, Holland, Department
of Water Purification and Waste Water Disposal
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 76, No. 8,
p 1888-1894, August, 1974. 4 fig, 2 tab, 26 ref.
One of the problems associated with the activated sludge treatment of waste
water is bulking sludge which settles and compacts poorly. Bulking sludge
causes the loss of activated sludge and a breakdown in the process. The
occurrence of bulking sludge in batch, completely mixed, and plug-flow systems
was studied. It was found the sludge volume index (SVI) of the batch system
was constant at a loading of 300 g BOD5/day/kg MLSS and had a value below 100
(normal). The SVI of the completely mixed system rose as the loading increased.
If the loading was above 300 g BOD5/day/kg MLSS, the sludge of the batch system
bulked after many days of operation but the completely mixed system bulked
immediately after one or two days. The SVI at a loading of 100 and 300 g
BOD5/day/kg MLSS in the plug-flow system was low, stable, and similar to the
SVI of the batch system. The filamentous microorganisms that caused bulking
were Sphaerotilus natans, Flavobacter, Flexibacter, or Haliscomenobacter.
One of the microorganisms usually predominated depending on the initial sludge
and organic loading. The batch system had more sludge growth than the
completely mixed system.
*Actlvated sludge, *Bulk density, Microorganisms, Organic loading,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Waste water treatment, Biological treatment
*Sludge volume index, *Bulklng
460D
RECOVERY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM CHLORINATED SECONDARY
SEWAGE,
Braswell, J. R., and Hoadley, A. W.
Florida University, Gainesville, Florida, Department
of Environmental Engineering Sciences
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 28, No. 2, p 328-329, August, 1974. 1 fig,
1 tab, 5 ref.
If bacterial assays are to be used to test the efficacy of chlorination of
secondary sewage effluents and if effluent standards are to place limitations
upon discharges of indicator bacteria, then dependable standardiEed methods
must be employed for their enumeration. This study examined injury to
E. coli that occurred during chlorination and evaluated the current methods
for counting the fecal coliforms in chlorinated effluents. Methods studied
included most probable number (MPN) determined on 5-tube serial dilutions
in lactose broth and in EC broth incubated at 44.5 degrees C and membrane
filters incubated on m-FC medium and spread plates on Trypticase soy agar.
Decreases in viable counts obtained by all methods tested occurred exponen-
tially. The decrease in viable count determined by the membrane filter
technique had a higher and more variable rate than the other techniques.
Recovery of unstressed cells occurred equally well by all the methods. The
results of the study demonstrated that counts of fecal coliforms in chlorinated
secondary effluents must be considered low when measured by currently used
techniques. The difference between counts made with present methods and
the true viable counts increased with the length of exposure to chlorine.
*Bioassays, *Bioindicators, *Standards, *Coliforms, Chlorination, Sewage
treatment, Disinfection, Chlorine, Bacteria, Analytical techniques
Escherichia coli, Standard methods
459
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461D
OYSTERS, ALGAE AND SEWAGE,
Douglas, J. H.
Science News, Vol. 106, No. 11, p 170-171, September 14, 1974. 3 fig.
Scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution have in the pilot plant
stage a method of removing the inorganic compounds of nitrogen and phosphorous
by using them to grow algae to feed oysters. The laboratory expects facilities
like their pilot plant to produce about 6,000 bushels of oysters per acre of
tank per year. The seaweed that is being grown, Irish moss, is also economi-
cally attractive because it contains carrageenan, a binder used in ice cream
and cosmetic manufacture which has no synthetic substitute. A crop of 25 to
50 tons of seaweed per acre per year is expected. It is estimated that a
facility large enough to provide tertiary sewage treatment for a coastal town
of 50,000 might have an annual income of $4 or $5 million from the sale of
oysters and seaweed. Problems with the system that have not been solved
include the presence of viruses which might become concentrated in the oysters
and the removal of heavy metals which will become concentrated in the oysters.
*Tertiary treatment, *Nutrient removal, *0ysters, *Agriculture, *Economic
feasibility, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Biological treatment, Sewage treatment,
Heavy metals, Viruses
Seaweed
462D
SUTTON TO SOFTEN WATER BY ION EXCHANGE,
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 17, No. 8, p 44, 46, August, 1974. 1 fig.
A 470,000 pound contract for equipment to soften drinking water supplies was
awarded to PD Process Engineering by Sutton District Water Company, Surrey,
Great Britain. The softening is accomplished by dealkalization which reduces
the total hardness and reduces the dissolved solids. The water produced
reduces scale and is more acceptable to industry. The water to be treated
enters a ion exchange resin where the calcium and magnesium hardness salts
are exchanged for hydrogen ions. Bicarbonates in the water combine with the
hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide is released when the water passes through
a degasser. Seventy percent of the total flow is treated; the total hardness
is reduced from 290 ppm to 125 ppm. The treated water is blended with the
remainder. The ion exchange resins are automatically regenerated after a
set limit of impaired ability is reached. The final system will consist of
two streams each having three ion exchange resins operating while one is
being regenerated. The plant is designed to fail safe in the case of a
failure.
*Ion exchange, *Water softening, ^Hardness (water), *Scaling, Water
purification, Water quality, Equipment, Costs, Potable water, Foreign research
Dealkalisation, Great Britain
460
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463D
ACHIEVEMENTS IN WASTE WATER PURIFICATION AND MECHANICAL
SLUDGE DRYING BY MEANS OF SYNTHETIC ORGANIC POLYMERS (PROGRES
REALISES DANS LA CLARIFICATION DES EAUX RESIDUAIRES ET LE
SECHAGE MECANIQUE SES BOUES PAR L'EMPLOI DE POLYMERES
ORGANIQUES DE SYNTHESE),
Boeglin, J. C.
Institut de Recherches Hydrologiques de Nancy, France
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 37, No. 3, p 343-374, 1974. 13 fig, 4 tab,
19 ref.
Solid-liquid separation is found in all waste water treatment processes.
Solid-liquid separation eliminates suspended matter from the waste water,
purifying the water before disposal or for reuse in the plant by recycling.
It also allows the maximum concentration of the solids in the form of
slurries or sludges. The sludges and slurries can undergo a mechanical
dehydration treatment to produce a solid sediment that can be incinerated
or removed with almost no cost and handling problems. The synthetic
flocculants now on the market greatly improve purification and treatment
methods that include solid-liquid separation. In order to use these polymers
in an exact manner, the mechanism of their action must be known. Examples
are given illustrating the actions of flocculants in the different phases
of purifying and treatment processes for waste water and sludges.
*Separation techniques, *Waste water treatment, *Flocculation, *Water
purification, Incineration, Slurries, Sludge, Polymers, Suspended solids,
Dehydration
464D
COLUMNS REPRESENTING MOUND-TYPE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR
SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT: 1. SOIL-WATER AND GAS RELATIONS,
Magdoff, F. R., Bouma, J., and Keeney, D. R.
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3, July-September, 1974.
8 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
Columns were designed to model a mound-type disposal system for receiving
septic tank effluent on problem soils. The columns were filled with gravel
to represent creviced bedrock, silt loam to represent the original topsoil,
a sand or sandy loam fill representing fill material, gravel to represent
the seepage bed, and another layer of silt loam to represent the mound
cover. Septic tank effluent was applied to the columns at a rate of 2 cm
every 6 hours. Until permanent ponding at the fill-gravel interface caused
by crusting occurred, the fill was aerobic and the silt loam representing
the original topsoil was anaerobic. Higher redox potentials were present
in the fill than in the silt loam. After the continuous ponding, moisture
tension fluctuations almost stopped, the subcrustal soil became anaerobic,
and the redox potentials greatly decreased and became negative. When field
conditions were simulated by perforating the column walls, aerobic conditions
were maintained in the subcrustal fill.
*Model studies, *Sewage disposal, *Aerobic conditions, *Anaerobic conditions,
Landfills, Puddling, Methane
*Mound-type disposal system
461
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465D
TWO AWT PLANTS FOR FITCHBURG, MASS.,
Parker, W. H., and Callahan, W. F.
Camp Dresser and McKee Incorporated, Boston,
Massachusetts
Civil Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 44, No. 9, p 90-93, September, 1974. 5 fig.
The city of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, is currently building two advanced
waste water treatment plants. One plant is a two-stage activated sludge
plant for treating the domestic waste waters of Fitchburg and Lunenburg.
The second plant is a physical-chemical plant using activated carbon to
treat the industrial waste waters of the two large paper companies near
the town which contribute 90 percent of the pollutional load. The design
a.Ti(l operation of the two plants is described. Two plants were necessary
for Fitchburg because of the high volume of waste water produced by the
paper companies. The activated carbon plant was chosen to process the
industrial waste water because pilot plant studies showed that it produces
a better quality effluent with more consistent BOD and COD removal and
better color removal. The activated carbon was less prone to upsets from
highly variable loads and could be shut down or operated at much less than
full capacity.
*Activated sludge, *Domestlc wastes!, Industrial wastes, *Pulp and paper
industry, Facilities, Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand,
Massachusetts, Waste water treatment, Design, Pilot plants
*Physical-chemical treatment
466D
COAGULATION-FILTRATION PRACTICE AS RELATED TO
RESEARCH,
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 8,
p 502-503, August, 1974. 24 ref.
In the field of water treatment, clarification generally means the solids-
liquid separation process which may include coagulation, flocculation,
sedimentation, and filtration. Filtration is merely one step in the total
process. The laboratory jar test is the conventional method for determining
the optimum coagulant dosage for plant operation. Plants with expert staff
may also employ zeta potential measurements, filterability test, pilot-
filter monitoring, residual-coagulant analyses, or interfacial-turbldity
monitoring. The jar test is limited because of the subjective nature of
the floe evaluation and the difficulty of duplicating conditions of water
being treated in a plant. The filterability of a floe is a measurable
property of the raw water, the equipment, or the floe itself. Iron floes
ware discovered to filter best near the isoelectric point of the floe. The
efficiency of removal of negatively charged clay particles was improved by
charging the surface of sand columns electropositively. It has been found
the turbidity removal improves with increased electrophoretic mobility of
suspended clay materials and that coagulating chemicals are required in the
influent to a filter for the removal of algae and particles of activated
carbon.
*Coagulation, *Filtration, *Flocculation, *Sedimentation, *Water pollution,
*Water treatment, Algae, Activated carbon, Turbidity, Zeta potential
*Filterability tests, Pilot-filter monitoring, Residual-coagulant analyses,
Electrophoretic mobility, Jar test
462
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467D
SPLIT CHLORINATION: YES7-NO?,
Kothandaraman, V., and Beuscher, D. B.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 90-92, July, 1974. 3 tab, 9 ref.
Illinois has made the continuous disinfection of waste water effluents con-
taining fecal coliform bacteria mandatory. Chlorination is the primary
method used. Better efficiency results in better economy, and split chlor-
ination has been advocated since 1956 for this reason. This process consists
of a portion of the total applicable chlorine dosage administered at the
head end of the contact chamber and the remainder being added at another
location along the contact basin. It has been suggested that split chlor-
ination improves the bacterial kill when it reduces the chlorine demand that
is exerted. Collins and Selleck concluded that the germicidal activity of
chlorine residual decreases measurably with time, suggesting that chlorina-
tion of waste water effluent at two different points in the contact basin
could improve the efficiency of the process. A grab sample of about 20 liters
of secondary effluent was gathered each day of an experimental run at the
Greater Peoria Sanitary District treatment plants. Initial bacterial density
was enumerated prior to chlorination on each sample. Two batch reactors were
installed in which 2 liters of effluent samples were placed. Total chlorine
dosage rates and contact time were chosen so that results of bacterial
analyses of the samples could be compared. It was determined that split
chlorination does not enhance the waste water chlorination process.
*Water pollution, *Waste water treatment, *Effluent control, "^Disinfection,
*Chlorination, Water purification, Sampling, Bacteria membrane processes
*Split-chlorination, Fecal coliform bacteria, Secondary waste effluents
468D
OLD CANAL CONVERTED TO TREATMENT PLANT,
Dutton, C. S.
Procter and Redfern Limited, Toronto, Canada
Water and Pollution Control, p 24-25, July, 1974. 1 fig.
A waste treatment facility was required by the Canada Starch Company, due
to a high-strength effluent. The BOD readings for its corn wastes was up
to 3000 ppm. A scarcity in suitable land for a conventional treatment plant,
because of river configuration and the plant's proximity to a village, re-
sulted in a 1968 waste sampling and flow measurement program under the
direction of Procter and Redfern engineers. In-plant modifications ensued,
with certain process waste streams isolated, allowing a recycling of high-
strength by-products and a collection of the more potent wastes for treat-
ment. One waste source had a daily BOD equivalent to a town of 20,000 people,
and the volume and type of effluent varied daily. A single-cell aerobic
facultative lagoon was decided upon, having a low capital cost and a capa-
bility of 85 to 90 percent BOD removal. This is a dilute biological system
in which the mixed liquor solids developed within the aerated waste do not
exceed a concentration of 100 ppm. The suspended solids concentration in
the treated effluent just about equals the mixed liquor solids concentration
within the lagoon itself. There is adequate intensity to maintain the total
supernatant liquid with a positive dissolved oxygen residual. Anaerobic de-
composition on the bottom of the lagoon results.
*Waste water treatment, *Water pollution, *Effluent control, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Industrial wastes, Lagoons, Biological treatment, Aerobic
treatment, Suspended solids, Activated sludge
*Mixed liquor concentration, Hydrogen sulfide, Sulphuric acid, Low-rate
stabilization pond systems
463
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469D
SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE POTTERIES,
Banks, P. A.
John Taylor and Sons, Great Britain
The Consulting Engineer, Vol. 38, No. 7, p 41, 44, 45, July, 1974. 4 fig.
At Stoke-on-Trent, Great Britain, a new sewage treatment plant is being
completed to help the redevelopment of Stoke into a city with an expanded
economy with a larger range of social and municipal services. The reclama-
tion work on derelict clay pits and slag heaps has fostered redevelopment
in industrial towns within their boundaries. A proposed motorway-standard
link with the M6, along with other new programs, has helped combine what
was once six towns into one. The Strongford sewage works on the River Trent
is an extension of a plant first constructed on the southern city boundary
in 1930. A policy of centralization of sewage treatment resulted in the
reduction of the number of works maintained in the general area and the
transfer of flow to Strongford. The plan to close the Hanley works and
three other smaller works necessitated a sewer 2 m in diameter for the
transfer of up to six times the dry weather flow 5 miles south. A scheme
to route the link sewer was developed according to an assessment of the
subsidence risk arising from two active coal mines in that area. The works
require a high effluent standard, including preliminary treatment units and
primary sedimentation arranged in two inter-connected streams.
*Sewage treatment, *Water pollution, *Water quality management, *Municipal
water, Industrial wastes, Effluent control, Rivers, Coal mine wastes
*Preliminary treatment, Link sewer, Clay pits, Slag heaps
470D
DISINFECTION: THE LAST LINE OF DEFENSE FOR
POTABLE WATER,
White, G. C.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 66-67, July, 1974.
A survey by the Community Water System revealed that 77 percent of water
treatment plant operators are inadequately trained in elementary water
microbiology, with 46 percent deficient in chemistry relating to the
operation of the facility. A review of the important aspects of chlorina-
tion chemistry was presented. In the free residual process, free chlorine
displays the most powerful germicidal ability of all chlorine compounds,
with the exception of chlorine dioxide. This process should be operated so
that the HOC1 content of the final residual is 85 to 90 percent of the
total residual. Ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen cause the most inter-
ference with the process. Ammonia nitrogen may be removed by chlorine
easily, requiring approximately 10 parts of chlorine for each part of
ammonia. Organic nitrogen compounds can produce a system of unstable
residuals, with reactions lasting for days before completion, often re-
sulting in N-chloro compounds with taste and odor problems in the distri-
bution system. The coliform concentration is a salient factor in the
evaluation of raw water quality. At Lake Tahoe, California, a plant pro-
duces effluent with a coliform concentration less than 2.3/100 ml. This
potable standard is achieved with chlorine doses of 2 to 3 mg/liter in the
presence of 2 to 15 mg/liter of ammonia nitrogen.
*Water pollution, *Water quality management, *Disinfection, *Water
purification, *Chlorination, Nitrogen compounds, Waste water treatment,
Potability, Coliforms
*Free residual process, *Ammonla nitrogen, *0rganic nitrogen, N-chloro
compounds
464
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471D
PEAT MOSS: AN ALTERNATIVE ADSORPTION MEDIUM,
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 8, p 18, August, 1974. 2 fig.
The University of Sherbrooke, Quebec is studying the application of peat moss
as effective filtration and adsorption medium, as an alternative to activated
charcoal in pollution abatement. The price of peat at 3 to 4 cents per Ib is
desirable in comparison with that of activated charcoal at 40-60 cents per Ib.
Peat moss is made up of decomposed tissue of various plants, primarily that
of the genus Sphagnum, which can be found over an area of about 37,000 square
miles in Canada itself. It is a sponge-like, highly porous structure with an
approximate surface area of 200 sq m/g. It is composed of humic acids, and
provides cationic exchange properties. On a weight basis, peat moss' adsorptive
capacity is significantly inferior to activated charcoal, but it has a positive
comparison on an economic basis. This has prompted investigation into low
efficiency application of peat moss in control of agricultural sewage and some
industrial odors. Studies are being conducted on the possibility of peat
moss filters in the treatment of industrial waste waters, since peat is known
to adsorb oils in amounts 8 to 12 times its own weight. However, where there
are surfactants in substantial numbers, the adsorptive capacity of peat moss
is greatly diminished. Also under investigation is the application of peat
moss in the adsorption of metals in industrial wastes.
*Water pollution, *Waste water treatment, *Peat, *Adsorption, Filtration,
Industrial wastes, Agricultural wastes, Activated charcoal, Surfactants,
Dyes, Oil, Mercury, Proteins, Oil spills, Sewage treatment, Hydrogen sulfide,
Iron, Zinc, Nickel, Copper, Ammonia
*Peat moss, Humic acids, Dimethylamine
472D
SOLID ADSORBENTS FOR GAS AND LIQUID TREATMENT,
Pick, P. E.
Process and Chemical Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 6, p 23-27, June, 1974. 3 fig,
2 tab.
Solid adsorbents such as silica gel and the synthetic or naturally occurring
zeolites called molecular sieves can be utilized in the purification,
separation and dehydration of gases and liquids. Davison gel, a pure form of
silicon dioxide (99.7 percent S102), which is made under carefully controlled
conditions from sulphuric acid and sodium silicate results in an amorphous
polymeric structure with the following percentage composition: Si as Si02,
99.7; Fe as Fe203, 0.03; Al as A1203, 0.10; Ti as T102, 0.09; Ca as CaO, 0.01;
Na as Na20, 0.02; Zr as Zr02, 0.01; trace elements, 0.03. This structure
consists of beads with pores with a diameter ranging from 20-40 A. The pore
size and particle sizes can be determined by controlling the reaction
conditions during their manufacture, with the granules being sieved into
particle-size ranges. An extrusion process is used in the formation of bead
form silica gel. The result is a pure, chemically inert material which is
structurally strong with a high attrition resistance. The total surface
area will range around 700-800 sq m/g, depending upon pore size. Silica gel
has a great affinity for water, and can hold 40-100 percent of its weight
as water. It can adsorb organic molecules, with the selectivity order based
on polarisability, degree of unsaturation and volatility. This gel can be
utilized in the dehydration of air, carbon dioxide, natural gas, alcohol
mixtures, aromatics like benzene, and for chromatographically separating
organic fractions.
*Silica gels, *Gases, *Liquid wastes, *Separation techniques, *Purification,
*Dehydration, Zeolites, Water pollution, Waste water treatment
*Solid adsorbents, *Gas and liquid treatment, Silicon dioxide, Sulphuric
acid, Sodium, Silicate, Amorphous polymeric structure, Extrusion process,
Molecular sieves
465
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473D
REVERSE OSMOSIS AND ULTRAFILTRATION,
Del Pico, J., and White, P. W.
Abcor, Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Metal Finishing, Vol. 72, No. 8, p 29-31, August, 1974. 6 fig.
The practical application of reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration now includes
the concentration, purification and/or fractionation of a large spectrum of
industrial streams. Both processes utilize a semi-permeable membrane as the
separating agent, and pressure is used for the driving force to achieve
separation. The semi-permeable membrane is considered a "surface" filter,
allowing the passage of water and some of the smaller sized solutes, while
being capable of retaining larger solutes, particulates and colloidal matter.
A counterpressure is produced, depending on the numerical concentration of
molecules retained by the membrane. This osmotic pressure must be overcome
before water removal can occur. The nature of the membrane is the primary
factor in determining which species are retained, and which permitted passage.
Ultrafiltration membranes, on the other hand, are relatively open membranes,
retaining only large molecules and colloidal particles, allowing salts
passage through the membrane with water. The osmotic counterpressure is low
and operating pressures are usually below 100 psi, and throughput per unit
area is 1 to 10 times greater than with RO membranes. The size of the
molecule to be retained determines: the type of membrane utilized.
*Reverse osmosis, *Waste water treatment, *Water pollution, Filtration,
Semipermeable membranes, Industrial wastes, Separation techniques,
Colloids, Water purification, Distillation
*Ultrafiltration, Osmotic pressure, Particulate matter, Membrane configuration
474D
PRECOAT FILTRATION ON ROTARY VACUUM FILTER,
Berndt, H.
Aufbereitungstechnik, Vol. 15, No. 3, p 137-140, November 3, 1974. 5 fig,
11 ref.
A pre-coat filter, which was developed from the rotary vacuum filter, operates
continuously to filter suspensions by utilization of gas pressure. The filter
includes the stationary filter tank where the suspension is introduced,
the filter drum, provided with filter cells subdivided by the chamber division
strips, the control valve, the swinging agitator, the filter cake removing
device, and the driving mechanism. The pre-coat filter may consist of various
materials. A detailed description of the pre-coat filtration process is
presented. Pre-coat filtration on the rotary vacuum filter permits the
separation of suspensions which are unable to be separated into the solid
and liquid phase by other conventional continuous filtration processes.
^Filtration, Water treatment, Separation techniques
*Precoat filters, *Rotary vacuum filter, Gas pressure, Filter cake removing
device, Swinging agitator, Chamber division strips, Stationary filter tank,
Filter drum
466
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475D
TERTIARY TREATMENT: THE WRONG SOLUTION TO A NON-PROBLEM?,
Stokes, H. W., and Hedenland, L. D.
Civil Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 44, No. 9, p 86-89, September, 1974. 1 fig.
Design criteria and operating techniques are suggested that allow higher levels
of BOD removal than those generally thought to be possible with activated
sludge treatment. The Tapia Water Reclamation Plant, California, reliably
achieves 98 percent BOD and suspended solids removal by optimizing the
secondary treatment. The process design for this plant is given. It covers:
primary treatment; aeration system; process air requirements; secondary
sedimentation tanks; chlorine contact tanks; reaeration tanks; aerobic
digestion; and, designed effluent quality criteria. The most important
parameters for precise operation are aeration control through the use of
nitrate nitrogen profiles, precise daily solids balance of the aeration
system, and constant activated-sludge return rate. A secondary sludge plant
that can produce 98 percent BOD removal and nitrify the ammonia, will have
a effluent that contains almost no colloidal material, should not need
filtering, and will have a turbidity of less than one Jackson Unit. A
properly designed and operated secondary treatment (activated sludge) plant
can adequately remove suspended solids, BOD, ammonia, coliform, and virus.
Tertiary treatment is needed only to remove the heavy metals, phosphorus
and nitrate-nitrogen.
*Activated sludge, *Tertiary treatment, *Design criteria, *0peration and
maintenance, Biochemical oxygen demand, Treatment facilities, Suspended
solids, Heavy metals, Nutrient removal, Water quality control, Biological
treatment, Nitrogen, Phosphorus removal, Bacteria, Viruses
476D
ACTIVATED SLUDGE BULKING (Kassei odei no barukingu),
Sona, K., and Kyushin, S.
Kemikaru Enjiniyaringu, Vol. 19, No. 7, p 37-41, July, 1974. 6 fig, 2 tab,
12 ref.
The sedimentation ability of activated sludge and bulking, the causes of
bulking, the hypothetical mechanism of filamentous bulking, and countermeasures
for bulking are discussed. In an operating aeration tank, the maintaining of
MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solid) concentration at an appropriate level and
the BOD load at a relatively low level (usually less than 0.3 kg BOD/kg
MLSS/day) is important. The ratio of nutrients in the sludge is important,
and if the ratio of carbon/nitrogen increases, the amount of carbohydrates in
bacteria will increase; one way of preventing bulking.is to add enough
nitrogen. Chlorine is deleterious to filamentous fungi rather than to
Zoogloea, and the addition of about 0.3-0.6 percent (to dry sludge weight)
in the return sludge can improve the settling of bulking sludge greatly.
To prevent other deleterious effects, chlorine must be carefully measured.
Intermittent adding of other oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide is
reported to be effective; the limits are 20-400 ppm, but less than 20 ppm
will be ineffective and over 400 ppm will cause partial deflocculation.
Radical changes in the quantity and composition of waste water flow will
induce bulking; for this reason, a pre-treatment of water is desirable. The
type of pre-treatment will affect the efficiency of activated sludge greatly.
The low temperature of aeration tank water can cause bulking both by SVI
increase and the increase of carbohydrate at a lower temperature. An
intermittent fill and draw method of waste water flow has been successful in
preventing bulking.
*Activated sludge, *Bulk density, *Settling basins, Nutrients, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Chlorlnation, Pre-treatment, Temperature
*Bulking, Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)
467
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477D
DIGESTION AND DEWATERING OF PHOSPHORUS-ENRICHED SLUDGES,
O'Shaughnessy, J. C., Nesbitt, J. B., Long, D. A., and
Kountz, R. R.
Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania, Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 8, p 1914-1926,
August, 1974. 10 fig, 1 tab, 17 ref.
Chemical-biological treatment for the removal of phosphorus appears to be
the most economical method because it can use the existing treatment
facilities. Several aspects of the chemical precipitation of phosphorus are
discussed: the effects of aluminum-phosphorus precipitate on the anaerobic
digestion process; the identity of the different forms of phosphorus and
the effects of anaerobic digestion on them; whether the excess sulfate ion,
released into solution during phosphate removal with alum, increases the
production of hydrogen sulfide; and, the effects of the aluminum-phosphorus
precipitate on the dewatering properties of raw sludges. It was found that
a biological sludge containing a complex aluminum phosphate precipitate will
not harm the anaerobic digestion stage and will not be redissolved in the
digester. Sulfate ion added during the removal of phosphorus did not cause
hydrogen sulfide to be produced during anaerobic digestion. Sludge containing
the precipitates of chemical additives dewaters more readily than a sludge
without these precipitates. It was concluded that removal of phosphorus
from waste water by chemical precipitation with alum or sodium aluminate and
the addition of sludge containing these precipitates to an anaerobic digester
has no adverse effect on the anaerobic digestion process.
*Phosphorus removal, *Chemical precipitation, *Activated sludge, *Digestion,
Anaerobic conditions, Waste water treatment, Sludge treatment
*Alum, Sodium aluminate
478D
BIODEGRADABILITY OF A CARBOXYMETHYLOXYSUCCINATE
DETERGENT BUILDER,
Klein, S. A., and Jenkins, D.
California University, Berkeley, California, Sanitary
Engineering Research Laboratory
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 9,
p 2107-2117, September, 1974. 10 fig, 4 tab, 7 ref.
Trisodium carboxymethyloxysuccinate (CMOS) is being used as a detergent
builder that contains no phosphorus or nitrogen. The fate of CMOS during
waste water treatment by pilot scale septic tank-percolation field systems
and oxidation ponds is discussed. Septic tanks with a two-day residence
time are ineffective in removing CMOS; 10 percent CMOS removal was achieved
by the septic tanks. CMOS degradation was essentially total in aerobic
percolation fields following septic tank treatment. CMOS degradation in
excess of 90 percent was obtained in anaerobic percolation fields. The
removal of CMOS is virtually complete when the dissolved oxygen of the
percolation field effluent is one mg/liter. Algal oxidation ponds required
an acclimation period of 150 days (about five times average hydraulic
residence times) before significant CMOS removal occurred. The ponds
receiving 30 mg/liter CMOS acclimated to CMOS slower and achieved lower
levels of CMOS removal than ponds receiving CMOS levels of 15 mg/liter.
*Detergents, *Degradation, *Septic tanks, *Percolation, Biological treatment,
Waste water treatment, Oxidation lagoons
*Trisodium carboxymethyloxysuccinate (CMOS)
468
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479D
GRANULAR FILTERS FOR TERTIARY WASTE WATER TREATMENT,
Baumann, E. R., and Huang, J. Y. C.
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 8,
p 1958-1973, August, 1974. 14 fig, 3 tab, 24 ref.
A dual-media filter (coarse anthracite over finer sand) overcomes the problems
of head loss across the filter and no penetration of the solids into the bed
that are present when a normal, graded, single-medium filter is used to filter
the suspended solids left after secondary treatment. A pilot plant was
constructed and operated at the Ames, Iowa, Pollution Control Plant to test
procedures to be used in the design of tertiary waste water filters and to
determine the effectiveness of granular filtration in reducing the pollution
potential of the effluent from a water pollution control plant. The results
showed that the final effluent from the control plant should be filtered
through a dual-media filter with 38.10 cm of uni-sized 1.84 mm anthracite
on top of 38.10 cm of uni-sized 0.55 mm sand. The filtrate suspended solids
should be about 4 to 5 mg/liter, the filtration rate can be as high as
6 gpm/sq ft, and the influent suspended solids can be as high as 40 mg/liter.
The following steps should be included in a design of a pilot plant operation
to determine the optimum economic design of a tertiary filter plant: determin-
ation of the proper size and depth of anthracite and sand based on the
particular type of waste water; determination of the backwash rate required for
the chosen media size and depth combination; development of curves relating the
net water production to the filtration rate under different run lengths; and,
development of the curves relating run length to the filtration rate at
different suspended solids concentration.
*Filters, *Filtration, *Tertiary treatment, Design criteria, Pilot plants,
Suspended solids, Waste water treatment, Iowa
Dual-media filter
480D
TRICKLING FILTRATION OF A WASTE CONTAINING NTA,
Cleasby, J. L., Hubly, D. W., Ladd, T. A., and
Schon, E. A.
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, Department of Civil
Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 8, p 1873-1887,
August, 1974. 8 fig, 4 tab, 20 ref.
Interest is being shown in the use of the sodium salt of nitrilotriacetic
acid (NTA) as a replacement compound for polyphosphate detergent builders.
However, before NTA can be allowed to replace phosphates in our environment
its ultimate fate as it goes through the water ways and waste treatment plants
must be known. The effect of NTA on a trickling filter and the NTA-removal
ability of the trickling filter are presented. There was no effect on the
efficiency of a trickling filter to remove BOD, COD, and TOC at NTA levels
of 4, 8, and 16 mg/liter. Two to three weeks were needed at an NTA feed
level of 4 mg/liter before substantially complete NTA removal occurred.
NTA levels of less than 0.5 mg/liter were consistently reached at dosage
levels of 4 and 8 mg/liter Na3NTA during the summer and fall. During cold
weather operation, the NTA removal was less complete (less than 2 mg/liter
in the effluent when the NTA level was 8 mg/liter). No functional relationships
between NTA removal and the removal of other organic substances were observed.
The NTA had no effect on nitrification efficiency or on the ability of the
trickling filter to remove heavy metals.
*Trickling filters, *Nitrllotriacetic acid, *Detergents, Biochemical oxygen
demand, Chemical oxygen demand, Nitrification, Heavy metals, Waste water
treatment
469
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481D
FLUIDIZED-BED SLUDGE INCINERATOR DESIGN,
Liao, P. B.
Kramer, Chin, and Mayo, Incorporated, Seattle,
Washington
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 26, No. 8,
p 1895-1913, August, 1974. 6 fig, 3 tab, 22 ref.
Theories of fluidization and sludge combustion, methods for development of
design criteria, equations, and procedures for design calculations for a
fluidized-bed waste water sludge incinerator are discussed. The design
criteria and equations derived are the result of the pilot plant operation.
They can be used for prototype incinerator design, i design method is given
which ranges from determining the amount and rate of sludge to be incinerated
to determining the best air pollution control equipment. An incinerator
can be designed by using the equations and the relationships between sludge
loadings, air supply, and fuel requirements. Fluidized-bed treatment is a
sanitary and efficient method of waste water sludge disposal and has a
minimum of detrimental effects on the environment.
*Sludge disposal, *Waste water treatment, *Incineration, Design, Ultimate
disposal, Design criteria, Pilot plants, Burning, Facilities
482D
AMMONIA DESORPTION BY DIFFUSED AERATION,
Srinath, E. G., and Loehr, R. C.
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Agricultural
Waste Management Program
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 8,
p 1939-1957, August, 1974. 12 fig, 2 tab, 18 ref.
The removal of nitrogen from waste water is becoming increasingly important.
Since nitrogen in untreated waste water exists as ammonium nitrogen, ammonia
desorption is a viable method of nitrogen control. Theoretical considerations
to predict ammonia desorption from water and waste water, experiments on
removal of ammonia from waste water by diffused aeration, and predictive
equations relating ammonia desorption efficiency to environmental and process
conditions are discussed. The quantity of ammonia desorbed from a solution
depends on the concentration of undissociated ammonia, the gas-liquid surface
area, the mass-transfer coefficient, and the partial pressure exerted by
ammonia in the gas phase. The rate of diffusion is influenced by pH,
temperature, and viscosity. The equations presented allow better estimates
of the ammonia loss from artificial and natural aerated systems to be made.
Equations were developed to determine the ammonia desorption coefficient
under quiescent and aerated conditions and to determine the quantity of ammonia
lost under various environmental conditions.
*Nitrogen, *Waste water treatment, *Ammonia, *Waste water, Air-water
interfaces, pH, Temperature, Viscosity, Mathematical models
Ammonia desorption
470
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48 3D
BUBBLE SIZE AND CONTACT TIME IN DIFFUSED AERATION
SYSTEMS,
Mavinic, D. S., and Bewtra, J. K.
Windsor University, Windsor, Ontario, Department of
Civil Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 9,
p 2129-2137, September 1974. 7 fig, 4 ref.
One of the most common ways of supplying oxygen to aeration basins is by
diffused bubble aeration. The contact time of air bubbles with the liquid
is one of the most important parameters influencing the efficiency of
diffused bubble aeration. The procedure for determining bubble contact
time, ways to increase this time, and the effects of different parameters
on this time are discussed. Four systems were observed: a simple column of
water; water circulation and an upward cocurrent air-water flow caused by
diffused air; water circulation and counter-current air-water flow caused by
pumping; and, water circulation and downward cocurrent air-water flow caused
by pumping. The unit contact time in each system was dependent on the air
flow rate and the unit contact time decreased with an increase in air flow.
The unit contact time is independent of the depth for the first three systems.
The total contact time will increase almost linearly with the diffuser
submergence. System three (water circulation and counter-current air flow
caused by pumping) provides: the highest unit contact time. This is caused
by the slowing of the air bubbles by countercurrent air-water flow.
*Aerobic treatment, *Activated sludge, *Aerated lagoons, *Aeration, Sewage
treatment, Waste water treatment, Flow, Water circulation, Pumping
484D
REBIRTH OF THE SEWAGE FARM,
The Consulting Engineer, Vol. 38, No. 7, p 49-51, July, 1974. 2 fig.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Chicago has developed a land reclamation
program. Digested sludge has been disposed of mainly by a barge down the
Illinois River to Fulton County, 200 miles from Chicago. From this location
it is pumped eleven miles underground to reservoirs, where it is sprayed
by sprinklers over a portion of 11,000 miles purchased by the MSD. More than
1500 M gallons of sewage is treated each day. The treatment removes 90 percent
of the solids in settling tanks, and high-rate heated digestion treats the
solids and accompanying liquids. The Chicago district produces approximately
1,000 dry tons of digested sludge. A new scheme of expansion includes the
construction of deep tunnels and underground reservoirs for storing storm
sewage awaiting treatment. The Muskegon County Wastewater Management System
of Michigan is pumping sewage from ten towns through a rising main to a
treatment plant north-west of Muskegon. BOD is reduced 70-90 percent by
conventional primary and secondary treatment. Vast lagoons store the effluent
where solids settle out. The lagoons will be dredged in five years. From
the lagoons the effluent flows to an irrigation system where it is disinfected
with chlorine.
*Sewage treatment, *Waste water treatment, Water pollution, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Sludge removal, Chlorination, Reservoirs, Storm sewage,
Lagoons
*Digested sludge, Settling tanks, High-rated heated digestion
471
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485D
AN OVERLOADED SLUDGE PLANT? TRY CHEMICAL TREATMENT,
Pearson, S. C., and Soltis, R. G.
Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 56-58, July, 1974. 2 fig, 8 ref.
It has been determined that the solids transport capacity is the sum of two
parts, one of which, the capacity due to sludge withdrawal, is alterable by
the plant operation. An increase of solids loading on the clarifier from
12 to 16 Ib/sq ft/day necessitates that the sludge recycle be increased
from 50 to 65 percent to prevent solids carryover. A limited activated
sludge recycle capacity can influence the chemical treatment objectives to
a large extent. These objectives include the reduction of solids loading
on the final clarifiers and maintenance of good solids capture across the
final clarifiers in the face of flow increase; both objectives depend
upon the accomplishment of maximum BOD removal in the primary basin by
adding an inorganic coagulant and flocculant to the raw sewage and by
adding a flocculant to the mixed liquor to ensure complete clarification.
A flocculant is added to the sludge thickener for the prevention of a
hydraulic overload on the digesters. The experiment had three different
phases, including the establishment of a baseline by operating the plant
at overload with no chemical treatment; the evaluation of the potential
flocculation of mixed liquor as the only form of treatment; and full chemical
treatment in primary and secondary systems.
*Sludge removal, *Chemical treatment, *Clarification, *Flocculation, Waste
water treatment, Separation techniques, Solid wastes, Mixed liquor,
Digestion, Biochemical oxygen demand
*Solids transport capacity, Inorganic coagulant, Hydraulic overload
486D
TREATMENT OF CRUDE SEWAGE IN TWO HIGH-RATE ACTIVATED-
SLUDGE PLANTS OPERATED IN SERIES,
Boon, A. G., and Burgess, D. R.
Water Pollution Research Laboratory of the
Department of the Environment, Great Britain
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 4, p 382-395, 1974. 4 fig, 4 tab,
11 ref.
Experiments by the Water Pollution Research Laboratory of the Department of
the Environment have determined that during the treatment of settled domestic
sewage from Stevenage, England at a temperature of 17 degrees C the growth
rate constant ranged from 0.15 to 0.59 d to the minus first power apparently
as a result of different degrees of inhibition of the nitrifying bacteria
under various conditions of treatment. Recently it has been shown that when
treating similar sewage, nitrification is achieved consistently when the
wastage rate of the activated-sludge is 0.36 d to the minus first power
corresponding to a sludge age of 2.78 d, when the temperature is in the range
of 16 to 21 degrees C. The implication is that the growth rate is constant
for Nitrosomonas at more than 0.36 d to the minus first power. The average
BOD of effluent has been shown to be attainable consistently at 50 mg/liter,
maintaining at the same time a high-rate of treatment with the activated
sludge settling in the final sedimentation stage. Results confirmed that when
treating settled sewage in the same plant, the high quality of effluent can
be achieved with short periods of aeration of sewage at high sludge loadings,
as long as the rate of treatment is not limited by the concentration of
dissolved oxygen in the mixed liquor.
*Water pollution, *Effluent treatment, *Sewage treatment, *Activated sludge
treatment, Biochemical oxygen demand, Nitrification, Sewage bacteria,
Sedimentation, Aeration
*Settled domestic sewage, *Nitrosomona
472
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487D
FILTRATION ENGINEERING'S SYMPOSIUM ON MEMBRANE
SEPARATION,
Heneghan, W. F.
Filtration Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5, p 7-8, 10-12, 14-18, 23-24, 26, 28,
July/August, 1974. 7 fig, 1 tab.
Ultrafiltration is defined as a solvent and a solute placed in a pressure side
of a membrane. A permeate flows through the membrane with a concentrated
solute remaining on the same side of the membrane. The solute may be solids,
colloids or various organic molecules. Pore structure and the material of
the membrane influence significantly the efficiency of the separation. This
is a low-energy separation process, and is an alternative to spray drying,
evaporation, selective precipitation and other fine media filtration processes.
Applications of ultrafiltration cover a large range of particle sizes, ranging
from ten microns on the high side to ten angstroms on the low side. On the
low side the membranes are similar to reverse osmosis membranes. Ultrafiltra-
tion 's basic characteristic; however, is that the osmotic pressure is extremely
low in solution and operating pressures are about 50 psi, whereas reverse
osmosis is closer to 500 to 1,000 psi. The flux per unit area is the same or
higher than the reverse osmosis separation. Ultrafiltration is less costly
than chemical treatment for the treatment of oil emulsions. It involves no
chemical usage, therefore adding no pollution to the system. In the General
Electric system discussed, a 2.0 percent emulsion is concentrated up to about
50 percent, at the point of combustibility. Because the membrane is only a
physical barrier to the passage of oil droplets, the changes in waste
characteristics have no effect on the Ultrafiltration system's performance.
*Membrane processes, *Filtration, *Separation techniques, Reverse osmosis,
Organic matter, Oil wastes, Colloids, Centrifugation
*Membrane separation, *Ultrafiltration, Hydrocyclones, Oil emulsions
488D
4632 IDS REDUCED TO 322 BY REVERSE OSMOSIS,
Wold, P. B.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 67, July, 1974.
Reverse osmosis was used to convert water with 4,000 ppm total dissolved solids
to water of the quality described by the Environmental Protection Agency and
the North Dakota State Health Department as potable. It was determined that
systems based on the hollow nylon fiber devices were feasible because of the
fiber membrane's resistance to high and low pH and bacterial degradation.
An operating pressure of 400 psig or lower was required. Smaller space is
needed for a hollow fiber membrane system. Included in the system was a sand
filter for removing suspended solids from the feed water. Hardness is removed
by a weak acid ion exchange installation. The reverse osmosis system can
remove 90 to 95 percent of the dissolved solids, based upon the DuPont
"Permasep" permeaters. Rejected water is used for the regeneration of the ion
exchange unit and sand filter backwash. Under consideration is the use of
the reject water for spraying gravel roads for dust control. The water should
contain over 25,000 ppm TDS, with many being deliquescent in nature.
*Reverse osmosis, *Water pollution, *Memb,rane processes, *Water quality
control, Ion exchange, Bacteria, Electrodialysis
*Hollow nylon fiber membrane treatment system, EPA, DuPont "Permasep"
pemeators, Total dissolved solids (TDS)
473
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489D
WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
DiGiane, F. A., and Scaramelli, A. B.
Massachusetts University, Amherst, Massachusetts,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1109-1121, June, 1974. I. tab, 131 ref.
Physical-chemical techniques for removing nutrients, biodegradable organic
and colloidal suspensions were reviewed. A new physical-chemical plant at
Rosemount, Minnesota, consists of pretreatment, clarification, filtration,
adsorption, ion exchange, and disinfection; with a capacity to reduce BOD
from 200 ing/liter to 10 mg/liter, and ammonia and phosphorus to one mg/liter.
Treatment by coagulation, filtration, adsorption, ion exchange, reverse
osmosis, flocculation, sedimentation, foam separation, and carbon adsorption
techniques were explored. In one instance, a mobile 18 process, trailer
mounted pilot plant was empiloyed to evaluate physical-chemical treatment for
industrial waste, using various integrated processes to gain a desired
effluent quality. U. S. installations where the removal of phosphorus has
been achieved and European phosphorus removal by coagulation were compared.
Domestic and paper mill waste treatment utilizing the low lime process was
examined in both bench and pilot plant studies. Eighty-five percent removal
of suspended solids and complete phosphorus and 60 percent removal of COD
was accomplished by the addition of lime to pH 10.0 and the recarbonation to
pH 8.5. Laboratory tests dealing with the removal of phosphorus from laundry
wastes indicated that calcium chloride was the most effective precipitant,
with optimum removal occurring at pH 10.0.
*Reviews, *Waste water treatment, *Phosphorus, *Water pollution, *Coagulation,
*Adsorption, *Nutrients, *Folymers, *Filtration, *Clarification, Ion exchange,
Reverse osmosis, Disinfection, Biochemical oxygen demand, Ammonia, Solids
separation, Nitrogen, Membrane processes, Ozone, Pulp wastes
*Physical-chemical waste water treatment systems, Nonionic polyacrylamide
polymer, Microstrainers, Sand filters, Ultra-high-rate filtration
490D
ACTIVATED SLUDGE,
Azad, H. S., and Weddle, C. L.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1123-1135,
June, 1974. 124 ref.
Activated sludge treatment of waste was reviewed. Yeast was found to be
effective in the conversion of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon in domestic
waste water into a marketable protein, if sugars were added to the feed.
Photosynthetic bacteria was utilized in the treatment of certain industrial
waste water, with excess sludge used as food for animals and fish. Hydrogen
peroxide was discovered as a.n effective source of oxygen in activated sludge
treatment. After acclimation, the H202-fed sludge showed a BOD reduction
of 385 to 15 mg/liter. The contact stabilization process was examined in
the treatment of combined sewer overflows, with a reported 82 percent BOD
removal with 15 minute contact and 2.7 hour aeration period. Extracellular
heteropolysaccharides were determined to be readily biodegradable, verifying
the theory of total oxidation. Heat-treatment liquor of activated sludge
was discovered to be as amenable to biological treatment as settled domestic
waste water. The effect of the addition of p-amino-benzoic acid on the
biotreatability of coke-oven waste waters was investigated. When the acid
was added to the influent at a few mg/liter, it accelerated the biodegradation
rate of some nitrogenous constituents. Bio-chemical factors, including
p-amino-benzoic acid and glucose, were discovered to greatly enhance the
rates of thiocyanate, cyanide, and ammonia bio-oxidations. The growth factors
were also determined to promote the biochemical oxidation of conventionally
resistant organic bases like pyridine.
*Activated sludge, *Waste water treatment, *Water pollution, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Domestic waste water, Yeasts, Biochemical oxygen demands, Feed,
Industrial waste water, Biodegradation, Biological treatment, Oxidation,
Bacteria, Mathematical models, Separation techniques, Aeration, Effluents,
Cyanide, Ammonia
Hydrogen peroxide, Thiocyanate, Pyridine
474
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49 ID
SEWAGE SLUDGE CENTRIFUGING GETS SCOTTISH OK,
Surveyer, Vol. 4285, p 39-40, July, 1974. 2 fig.
A report has been published by the Scottish Development Department on full-scale
trials to investigate the efficiency of centrifuging as a means of dewatering
sewage sludges. The Lockerbie Composting Center has composted partially
dewatered sluo" with organic residue from domestic waste. Sludge enters
the center at an average rate of 36.5 cu m per day from many sewage treatment
works and a few septic tanks. The original vacuum filter dewatering plant,
utilizing wood flour as filter medium, processes sludge at a maximum rate
of 5 cu m per hour. An hour is required to prime the filter drum, being
effective only 4 1/2 hours. A machine was installed of the solid bowl scroll
discharge type, with a rated capacity between 6 and 10 cu m per hour.
Polyelectrolyte is added to help flocculation. It is fed into the machine
so that mixing and floe formation occur within the feed zone. Experiments
with the sewage sludge centrifuge were performed with various pond depths,
polyelectrolyte dosing rates and concentrations, centrate quality, and the
applicability of the capillary suction time technique in the assessment of
appropriate polyelectrolyte dosages. At Lockerbie, sludge cakes are composted
with domestic organics in a biostablilizer. There has been no apparent
diminuation in composting activity, nor has any biological inhibition from
the usage of polyelectrolytes been noted.
*Sludge disposal, *Centrifugation, *Polyelectrolytes, *Sewage sludge, Domestic
wastes, Water pollution, Dewatering, Septic tanks
*Sewage sludge centrifuge, Vacuum filter, Capillary suction time
492D
INTERFACING NEWLY DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGY WITHIN PRESENT
WASTEWATER TREATMENT TRAINS,
Belfort, G.
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel,
School of Applied Science and Technology, Human
Environmental Sciences Program
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 8, p 504-505,
August, 1974. 1 tab, 6 ref.
Much research and pilot plant experimentation is underway to investigate the
usefulness of membrane processes for waste water treatment in the pulp and
paper, mining, photographic, paint, food and pharmaceutical, textile and
electronic industries. The concern has formerly been with the evaluation of
membrane performance or permeator design with different municipal effluents,
and its longevity. Advanced processes, being more complicated, cost more to
operate, although their rate of treatment is high and their land utilization
is low. For conventional processes less external energy is required.
Traditional biological treatment processes have lower operating and maintenance
costs but higher capital investment than the advanced processes including
the pressure-driven membrane processes. However, the buildup of conservative
constituents resulting from multiple recycling, will have to be taken into
consideration. Dissolved inorganic ions, refractory organics, and viruses
are among the conservative constituents for normal biological secondary
treatment. Reverse osmosis is one of the only processes that can totally
remove such conservative constituents from the effluent stream. There exist
many differences in structure and operation between a specific group of
advanced processes (pressure-driven membrane) and the traditional processes
for waste water treatment. Research and planning can minimize or avoid
potential problems associated with the integration of diverse methods.
*Waste water treatment, *Membrane processes, *Water pollution, Reverse osmosis,
Pilot plants, Municipal wastes, Effluents, Economics, Biological treatment,
Filtration
*Pressure-driven membrane processes, Inorganic ions, Conservative constituents
475
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493D
CONTAINING THE FLOW OF SEWAGE SLUDGE,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 8, p 702-703, August, 1974.
1 fig, 1 tab.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, conducted a simple "unit" operation for the con-
tainment of sewage sludge. The sludge is anaerobically digested and pumped
to a lagoon for thickening: to about 12.5 percent solids. This thickened
sludge is transferred to a 2 million gallon holding barge which is towed out
to sea. The discharge of the sludge occurs over a 6 mile course at approxi-
mately 30,000 gpm. No lasting harmful effects were determined by a joint
study on this process. Because of an increase in ocean and outfall sludge
dumping, ocean disposal regulations and restrictions have increased to such
an extent that land disposal is expected to increase. Landfilling sites,
however, are scarce and expensive, precipitating the old technique of land
use of sludge for agricultural needs like soil conditioning and fertilizing
supplementation. For example, sludge disposal takes care of 80,000 gpd
near Pensacola, Florida. The optimum rate of sludge application for corn,
sorghum and soy growth was estimated at 1 inch per week. Cattle fed these
grains for 6 months are to be tested for heavy metal and other toxic sub-
stances in the animals' tissues. The U.S. Department of Agriculture is
investigating composting and trenching of sludge. Estimates are that primary
sludge provide only 1 percent of nitrogen usable for agriculture. Allegheny
County Sanitary Authority introduced vacuum filters for dewatering sludge,
utilizing the maximum heat, so as to generate steam as a final product by
burning a mixture of sewage solids and solid waste materials.
*Sewage sludge disposal, *Digestion, Water pollution, Heavy metals,
Pesticides, Pathogenic bacteria, Landfills, Sewage treatment plants,
Fertilizer, Agriculture, Dewatering
*Sludge incineration, Environmental Protection Agency
49 4D
FLOCCULANTS FLOURISHING,
Chemical Week, Vol. 115, No. 11, p 34, September 11, 1974.
The demand for high-polymer flocculants in Japan in 1974 will be 9000 metric
tons, an increase of 3600 metric tons over 1973. There is a predicted
30 percent growth in the demand for 1975. Predicted demand is 15,000 m.t. in
1976 and 18,000 m.t. in 1977. The major use of Japanese-produced organic
flocculants is for waste water treatment. Eighty percent of the high-polymer
flocculants used are produced from acrylamide. The oil crisis of 1973 caused
the price of flocculants to increase to $3.60-4.00/kilogram in the last months
of the year. Labor cost increases have caused further increases in the
flocculant price to $4.00-4.60/kilogram. Major producers of chemical
flocculants in Japan include Sanyo Chemical Industries, Sumitomo Chemical,
and Asahi-Dow. These figures were reported by the Chemical Economy Research
Institute, a private chemical research group generally regarded as a reliable
source of information, particularly for chemicals not covered by statisticians
of Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry.
*Flocculation, *Waste water treatment, *Chemical industry, Chemical
precipitation, Coagulation, Foreign research, Costs
*Flocculants, Japan, Chemical Economy Research Institute
476
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495D
TREATMENT OF SERVICE WATER WITH OZONE,
Tabata, N., and Mori, M.
Mitsubishi Denki-Giho, Vol. 48, No. 5, p 639-645, May, 1974. 17 fig, 6 ref.
Ozone treatment of service water is being practiced in European countries.
In Japan, it is being studied as a method to deodorise service water. Ozone
treatment presents several technical problems which require further investi-
gation because of the differences in conditions of Japanese and European
service water. The first question asked was whether ozone treatment or
activated carbon treatment is superior in its deodorising effect. Reports
on the study of this question show that the ozone treatment is more effective
than activated carbon. Many problems of treatment technique such as the
nitric acid radical, residual ozone in water, and ozone decomposition of
exhaust gas are discussed. The performance of a contact tank of gas and
liquid which is the most important part of a study of treatment devices is
also discussed.
*0zone, *Activated carbon, Waste water treatment, Chemical treatment
*Service water, *Deodorisation
496D
PHILADELPHIA PILOTS — BUILDS OXYGEN ACTIVATED SLUDGE,
Guarino, C. F., Nelson, M. D., and Edwards, A. B.
Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE4,
p 919-935, August, 1974. 14 fig, 7 tab.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is expanding all three of its large water pollution
control plants. The city has been running oxygen activated sludge pilot
plants since March, 1971. UNOX pilot units were operated at each plant.
Comparative cost studies between air activated and oxygen activated systems
were made. The construction costs and annual costs for the oxygen system
were estimated to be $11,060,000 and $1,418,000, respectively. The air
system would have construction costs of $13,165,000 and annual costs of
$1,506,000. The extensive pilot work indicates that the activated sludge
process using pure oxygen is a feasible unit process for treating waste water.
During the pilot study, high levels of treatment were consistently achieved
even when the organic loading and oxygenation time varied widely. The total
cost of a system using pure oxygen is less than using air even though using
air has a lower annual cost in the aeration part of the system. The city
of Philadelphia has decided to build activated sludge facilities using pure
oxygen at two of its plants. The facilities will have capacities of 150 mgd
and 210 mgd.
*Activated sludge, *0xygen, *Municipal wastes, *Waste treatment, Facilities,
Pilot plants, Pennsylvania
UNOX, Oxygen activated sludge, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
477
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497D
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF URBAN SEWAGE WORKS,
Hatfield, J., Ormerod, K., and South, C.
Leyland Urban District Council, Great Britain
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 4, p 369-381, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Sewage treatment and sewerage works of three relatively small local authorities
in Great Britain and their problems of management are discussed. Included
are details concerning the division of works within the three authorities,
a description of the treatment units at the works, and the management of the
labor force employed. It was concluded that where competent management
staff are available on sewage works, they should be included in consultations
with the persons responsible for the design of treatment plants. More stress
needs to be placed on determining the ecologically best method of sludge
disposal and on providing the most appropriate treatment method. The small
works described can produce results comparable with the results of much
larger units when reasonably designed and well run. Smaller works also
maintain much of the team spirit and pride of achievement which often can not
be found on larger works.
*Sewage treatment, *Sewerage, *Management, *Design, Facilities, Sewage
districts, Sludge treatment, Sludge disposal
49 8D
ASBESTOS REMOVAL SYSTEMS PERFECTED,
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 17, No. 6, p 13, June, 1974.
Scientists at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters have assembled systems
that can remove up to 99.8% of the asbestos fibers from drinking water.
The treatment costs an estimated five cents per 1000 gallons. Ordinary
sand filtration removes approximately 90% of the asbestos-like fibers
in water. However, the remaining 10% consists of very small fibers
which may present the greatest health hazard. The most effective system
for removal of these fibers is coagulation and filtration used together
with a polyelectrolyte. The polyelectrolyte acts to refine the precipita-
tion and coagulation so that even the smallest asbestos particles are
removed. This work has important implications for the asbestos mining
industry as well as for municipalities on affected waterways.
*Asbestos, *Water treatment, *Potable water, Coagulation, Filtration,
Polyelectrolytes, Filters, Public health, Costs
Sand filters, Asbestos mining industry, Treatment methods
478
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499D
HIGH-RATE FILTRATION FOR TORONTO'S ISLAND WATERWORKS,
Tredgett, R. G.
Proctor and Redfern Group
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 8, p 37-39, 41, August, 1974.
2 tab.
Since 1917, Toronto's old Island Filtration plant has been operated on
what is loosely referred to as coagulation followed by direct filtration.
Alum is added at pump suctions to raw water which is then pumped to the
filters without flocculation and settling. The plant performs acceptably
confirming the idea that good quality raw water can be filtered with
minimum treatment. This fact was of significant consideration in the
design of new facilities. Records of raw water quality kept by the plant
were analyzed. Lake Ontario was shown to be generally a source of g< od
quality raw water with isolated occurrences of high turbidity. Two pilot
studies were performed early in 1971. The mechanical mixing required to
produce a satisfactory floe for direct filtration and the direct filtration
of coagulated water at rates not less than 4 g/sq ft/min were examined.
The investigation resulted in the recommendation to build a plant employ-
ing rapid coagulation followed by direct filtration. Plans include
immediate expansion to 60 mgd capacity and further extensions to replace
the old plant when the demand increases. Chemical treatment will include
alum, chlorine, sulphur dioxide, and fluoride which have been used pre-
viously. Improvements of chemical treatment include prechlorination,
addition of ammonia hydroxide and polyelectrolyte filter aids. The esti-
mated cost for construction of the first phase of the extensions is $9.0
million.
*Water treatment, *Water purification, *Water quality, ^Facilities, Water
supply, Chlorination, Coagulation, Filtration, Chemical precipitation,
Costs, Lake Ontario, Canada
Toronto, Canada
500D
TREATED EFFLUENT GOES "UNDERGROUND",
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 9, p 60-61, September, 1974.
2 fig.
A new regional water pollution control facility for the City of West Palm
Beach, Florida includes wells to inject treated effluent more than one half
mile underground, rather than disposing of wastes through an ocean outfall.
The secondary treated effluent will be disposed of by well injection into
the boulder zone of the Floridan aquifer. A testing phase is now underway;
a 3500 foot deep well will be constructed so that it can be used for test
injection purposes and later as a monitoring well for the final disposal
system. In addition, a 1200 foot deep well will tap an aquifer of saline
water, which will be used as an injection well to dispose of the salt water
that will be produced when the deep test hole is being drilled. The wells
are part of an overall plan for treatment facilities capable of handling
up to 128 million gallons of sewage per day. Separate management of sewage
and storm water for the City of West Palm Beach and the Town of Palm Beach
are planned. The projects will also test the capabilities of extended
aeration on a very large size municipal treatment plant. The extended
aeration, with long retention time in the aeration basin, is not subject
to shock loading, and requires no highly skilled operations, thus reducing
operational costs. The system has been designed to include growth poten-
tial and to meet federal effluent requirements for advanced treatment,
essentially to the potable water stage by 1983.
*Waste disposal wells, *Injection wells, *Effluents, Sewage disposal,
Water pollution control, Water resources management (applied), Municipal
wastes, Aeration, Operating costs, Legislation, Potable water, Florida
West Palm Beach, Florida
479
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•snip
ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY COSTS SUGGEST OXYGEN ACTIVATED
SLUDGE AS WASTEWATER TREATMENT APPROACH,
Kulperger, R. J.
Union Carbide Corporation
Professional Engineer, Vol. 44, No. 10, p 29-31, October, 1974. 4 fig.
The UNOX System technology for an oxygen-activated sludge system for waste
water treatment is currently used by 125 treatment plants in several coun-
tries. The system consists of a covered, staged aeration or oxygenation
basin where oxygen rather than air is used as the aerating gas. Feed oxygen,
waste water and return sludge all flow through the basins in the same direc-
tion. High dissolved oxygen levels (4 to 8 mg/liter) and high solids levels
(4000 to 8000 mg/liter) are maintained in the oxygenation basin. Treatment
time is reduced and the system possesses high stability to shock organic
loads. The costs of energy and power in recent years have escalated, and
the UNOX System has an economic advantage in terms of power usage. Total
power to operate an oxygen activated sludge system compared to a diffused
air system will be reduced from 30 to 50 percent. For example, in Detroit,
Michigan, both types of plants are operated and the relative annual operating
costs of the UNOX system showed a savings of $311,500 per year, most of which
is the result of reduced power usage. In addition, the ability of a system
to turn down in response to organic loads imposed on the plant is an important
factor, relative to power usage. The typical UNOX System reduces average
consumption by 20 percent, calculated by the early design years of a plant
plus diurnal variations at full plant load. At 1.5 cents per KWH, 100 Hp
costs over $10,000 per year. The amount of land required for oxygen-activated
sludge systems is also less than that of air diffusion systems because of the
reduced sewage residence time. The residence time is reduced because of the
high mixed liquor concentrations maintained in oxygenation basins. With in-
creases in power costs, and decreases in available land, this method is a
viable alternative to traditional air systems for secondary waste water treat-
ment.
*Activated sludge, *0xygenation, *Aeration, Costs, Energy, Power, Dissolved
oxygen, Secondary treatment, Waste water treatment
*UNOX System
502D
WATER FACTORY 21,
Chandler, C. R.
Orange County Water District Board of Directors,
Fountain Valley, California
National Water Supply Improvement Association Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1,
p 23-30, July, 1974. 6 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
The Orange County Water District is constructing an advanced fresh water
factory called Water Factory 21 in Fountain Valley, California. It is a
combination waste water reclamation plant and desalting module with an
ultimate capacity of 30 mgd of high quality domestic water. The Water Factory
is part of a massive hydraulic barrier project initiated to prevent further
intrusion of seawater into the groundwater basin in Orange County. The water
produced will be injected into the groundwater basin for replenishment and
will act as a deterrent to seawater intrusion. The injected water develops
an underground hydraulic pressure mound and creates a false fullness to the
groundwater basin. Deep well water, imported water, reclaimed waste water,
and desalted seawater were evaluated as potential sources of water for the
injection program. The source of water adopted is a combination of half re-
claimed waste water and half desalted seawater. Reasons for choosing this
combination include: the reduction of 15,000 acre feet of waste discharge
to the ocean annually; the reduction of dependency on northern California and
Colorado River water supplies; and, the addition of ocean brine to waste water
discharge in the ocean, thereby reducing the impact on the marine environment.
Water Factory 21 is providing the design, construction, and operating tech-
nological experience that is needed for the future development of water supply
facilities in different areas throughout the United States.
*Water reuse, *Desalination, *Groundwater recharge, *Water quality control,
Waste water treatment, Facilities, Water management (applied), Groundwater
resources, Design, Construction
Colorado River, Fountain Valley, California
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503D
THE CLOSE LINK BETWEEN WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE
PURIFICATION,
van Duuren, F. A.
Die Siviele Ingenieur in Suid-Afrika, Vol. 16, No. 6, p 216-217, June, 1974.
The control and the prevention of pollution are now equally important and
the gap between water supply and sewage purification has narrowed at an
exponential rate; a practical linking of water supply and sewage purification
must occur. Acceptance of the fact of the indivisibility of water resources
in South Africa is demonstrated by the cooperation shown between the Water
Engineering Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineers
and the Institute of Water Pollution Control (South Africa). The problems
of pollution in South Africa are intensifying because of the concentration
of the population and the rapidly increasing industrialization. Industrial-
ization is the more important cause because of the synthesis of new chemical
compounds being about 400 new compounds are on the South African market
annually. The treatment of domestic sewage is considerably less difficult
than treatment of industrial wastes because domestic sewage is usually of
known properties and at constant strengths. It is proposed that treatment
of domestic wastes and industrial wastes should be separate. Industries
should utilize closed water circuits.
*Waste water treatment, *Domestic wastes, *Industrial wastes, *Water
pollution control, *Water purification, Water quality control, Chemical
wastes, Pesticides, Chemicals, Recirculated water, Sewage treatment
South Africa
481
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ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
001E
APPLICATION OF REAL-TIME MASS SPECTROMETRIC TECHNIQUES TO
ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY. II. ORGANIC MATTER IN
SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA WATER,
Simoneit, B. R., Smith, D. H. Eglinton, G., and Burlingame, A. L.
Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley,
California
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 1, No. 3,
p 193-208, 1973. 5 fig, 1 tab, 24 ref.
The solvent soluble (organic) matter passing through a fine fitted filter
was investigated in samples of water taken from the San Francisco and San
Pablo bays, the Carquinez Strait, and an estuary in the confluence of the
Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. The petroleum ether extracts (ranging
from 2.5 to 102 microgram/liter) were analyzed using gas chromatography,
computer coupled gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and high resolution
mass spectrometry. The organic compounds identified in these extracts are
quite diverse and consist mainly of hydrocarbons from various sources.
Some phthalate esters occur at various sampling sites. It is concluded
chat the techniques of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and high
resolution mass spectrometry are ideally suited to the assessment of some
of the potential interactions of pollutants and other organic compounds
in the aquatic environment.
Rivers, *Bays, Solvents, Solubility, Sampling, Water Sampling, *0rganic Matter,
"Oil Wastes, Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry
*San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, Sacramento River,
San Joaquin River
002E
TRACEMETAL CONTAMINANTS,
Dimensions/NBS, Vol. 57, No. 10, p 244-245, October, 1973. 2 ref.
The determination of trace levels of toxic metals in natural waters is being
investigated at the National Bureau of Standards. A joint study of
the chemical, biological, and other mechanisms operative in natural water
systems for mobilization and transport of heavy metal focuses on the
transformation of inorganic mercury into highly toxic forms. Field samples
of sediment and water are being analyzed for total mercury and organic
mercury by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. In another
similar project, cathode ray polarography has led to the development of
improved methods for determining metals and organic substances, such as
nitriloacetic acid. A stable isotope dilution procedure was developed
using the spark source mass spectrograph for simultaneously determining
a dozen trace elements in river water samples. Concentrations in parts
per billion were determined for mercury, cadmium, lead, and copper.
Natural Resources, *Water Quality Standards, *Metals, Mercury, *Toxicity,
Cadmium, Lead, Heavy Metals, Copper, Organic Acids
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Mass Spectrometry, Polarography
482
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00 3E
EVALUATION OF A LOW-COST ARSENIC AND SELENIUM DETERMINATION
AT MICROGRAM-PER-LITER LEVELS,
Caldwell, J. S., Lishka, R. J., and McFarren, E. F.
Environmental Protection Agency, Water Supply Research
Lab, Cincinnati, Ohio
Journal of the American Water Works, Vol. 65, No. 11, p 731-735, November
1973. 2 fig, 7 tab, 9 ref.
New methods and modification of known methods of detecting arsenic and
selenium in water are described. In a modification, inorganic arsenic and
selenium are converted into gaseous hydrids by moving a balloon, which
serves as an expansion chamber for the generated gas, away from the
reaction vessel and the insertion of a length of vinyl plastic tubing
between them. A method using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and
data for differentiating between organic and inorganic arsenic are
presented. An open system was used for selenium. The balloon was not
needed as an expansion chamber since selenium hydrid is apparently formed
almost instantaneously and the hold was unnecessary. The procedures can
be performed in a few minutes and permit routine monitoring of water
supplies for arsenic and selenium.
Chemical Wastes, Water Pollution, *Monitoring, *Arsenic Compounds,
Waste Water
*Selenium
004E
WATER MONITORING THROUGH CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF SEVERAL
PARAMETERS (Gewaesserueberwachung mit kontinuierlicher Multi-
parametermessung) ,
Umwelt, No. 5 p 48, October-November, 1973.
Water quality monitoring instruments developed by Rheinmetall GmbH, Dusseldorf,
West Germany, for measurement of several parameters in flowing and standing
waters, including wastewaters, are described. A buoy-secured instrument is
designed for the fully automatic, continuous measurement and recording of
temperature, oxygen content, pH value, and electric conductivity in river
waters and in moving sea water. The modular system permits extensions for
the measurement of additional parameters, and the instrument can be integrated
in water quality monitoring networks. Such monitoring networks give alarms
whenever specific pollution limit values are exceeded. Another portable,
floating instrument with analog recording and digital output measures
the same parameters in wastewaters. It can be powered by battery or from mains.
*Water Quality Control, *Rivers, Instrumentation, Dissolved Oxygen Analyzers,
Analog Models, On-Site Tests
*West Germany, Dusseldorf, Rheinmetall GmbH
483
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005E
PROPERTIES OF GB IN WATER,
Epstein, J.
U.S. Dept of the Army, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving
Ground Maryland
American Water Works Association Journal, Vol. 66, No. 1, p 31-37, January,
1974. 5 fig, 3 tab, 28 ref.
The possibility of contamination of water supplies with the nerve gas
isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (I), usually referred to as GB or Sarin,
at levels injurious to the consumer is discussed. It is unlikely that GB
could be used to contaminate the water in the reservoir of any city. The
hazards in handling GB, because of its high vapor toxicity, preclude the
use of quantities sufficient to contaminate reservoirs with a capacity on
the order of 100 million gallons to levels necessary to cause symptoms of
intoxication of the consuming public. Although contamination of a small
volume of water is conceivable, it would still be hazardous to accomplish.
Should a water supply become contaminated, adequate methods (enzymatic,
chemical, and bioassay) for detection and analysis of the GB in water, and
treatment procedures to remove or destroy it, are available.
*Water Pollution, *Reservoirs, Cities, Domestic Water, Municipal Wastes
*Nerve Gas, *Isopropyl Methylphosphonofluoridate (I), GB, Sarin
00 6E
PESTICIDE ANALYSIS IN WATER,
Hurley, J. T.
State of Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
Springfield, Illinois
American Water Works Association Journal, Vol. 66, No. 1, p 27-31, January,
1974. 12 fig.
The detection and analysis of pesticides in drinking water supplies are
discussed. Pesticides can be divided into several classes according to
their chemical structure as follows: chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, and phenoxy herbicides. In
investigating the levels and types of pesticides in water, it Is important
to know toxicity, extent of usage, persistence in the environment, biomagni-
fication, and sensitivity of detection. The chlorinated insecticides are one
of the most important groups. They are widely used, toxic to mammals,
persistent, have a long half-life, and undergo biomagnification, ultimately
being stored in the fatty tissue, of the body. This gas chromatograph system
consists of five parts: pressure regulator and flowmeter for the carrier
gas, sample-injection system, a column, a detector, and a recorder.
It is sensitive, selective, and suitable for determining pesticide levels in
water.
Instrumentation, Chromatography, *Gas Chromatography, *Measurement, *Pesticides,
*Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Organophosphorus Pesticides, Carbamate Pesticides,
Herbicides, Water Pollution, Pollutant Identification, Municipal Wastes
Phenoxy Herbicides
484
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00 7E
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER FACILITIES WATER ANALYSIS,
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 1, p 27, 45, January, 1974.
The use of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer for analyzing water at the
Ben Nesin Laboratory (New York) is described. The laboratory is one of seven
which analyzes water from 18 reservoirs and four controlled lakes which supply
New York City. At Ben Nesin, 40,000 samples a year are collected and 400,000
annual analyses performed, checking for 60 different substances, inclusive of
heavy and trace metals. The atomic absorption technique is baser' on the fact
that the atoms of an element will when vaporized, absorb radiation passed
through them at specific wavelength limits which are different for each
element. For the detection and measurement of most metals, the instrument
vaporizes the sample by flame in an air-acetylene, or air-propane burner.
Samples being tested for cadmium, copper, cobalt, nickel, and lead are
extracted with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. Concentrated solutions
are prepared for analysis of zinc, chromium, strontium, iron, and manganese.
Silver, sodium, cadmium, and magnesium are run without concentration. The
spectrophotometer is extremely reliable and sensitive, more so than automated
monitoring systems.
*Municipal Water, Instrumentation, *Spectrophotometry, *New York, Municipal
Wastes, Metals
*Atomic Absorption
008E
WATER-SEDIMENT SPLITTER FOR RUNOFF SAMPLES CONTAINING COARSE-
GRAINED SEDIMENT,
Fleming, W. G. and Leonard, R. A.
United States Department of Agriculture
Watkinsville, Georgia
Soil Sciences of America Proceedings, Vol. 37, No. 6, p 961-962,
November-December, 1973. 2 fig, 1 tab.
A water sediment sample splitter was designed and constructed for dividing
samples up to 20 liters into three equal and representative smaller samples for
chemical and physical analyses. This funnel-shaped device for a mechanical
agitator divides samples containing particles up to two millimeters without
first separating the sediment from the water. Evaluation showed that the
splitter divided samples containing coarse sediments into three parts with a
distribution of 33 percent plus or minus two percent in each. The device has
application in assuring representative samples of runoff from watershed or
similar runoff studies.
Runoff, *Surface Runoff, Watersheds (Basins), *Sediments, *Sampllng,
Ins trumentation
*Sample Splitter
485
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009E
THE DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN DOMESTIC SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANT WASTES,
Van Loon, J. C., Lichwa, J., Ruttan, D., and Kinrade, J.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 2, No. 4, p 473-482, December, 1973.
9 tab, 10 ref.
Atomic Absorption spectroscopy procedures are outlined for the determination
of some important heavy metals in sewage treatment plant solids and liquids.
Problems associated with sample preparation and sample solution interferences
are described. It is recommended that reference standards and internal
laboratory control samples be used to allow some assessment of the validity of
results. Sewage treatment plant products both liquid and solid were analyzed
and results given for samples representing a wide range of sewage imput
patterns.
*Spectroscopy, *Heavy Metals, Analytical Techniques, *Sewage Treatment,
Treatment Facilities, Solid Wastes, Liquid Wastes, Waste Treatment, Sampling,
Laboratory Tests, Control Systems
010E
INTERDISCIPLINARY MONITORING OF THE NEW YORK BIGHT,
Egan, W. G., Cassin, J. M., and Hair, M. E.
Environmental Letters, Vol. 2 No. 4, p 205-215, 1972. 5 fig, 7 ref.
Measurements were made in the New York Bight during 1969-1970 using in situ
instrumentation together with associated monitoring devices for performance
verification. Feasibility studies indicated that in situ instrumentation can
measure chlorophyll, bioluminescence, Gellbstoff, hydrogen ion concentration,
dissolved oxygen, salinity and the location of the thermocline. It is main-
tained that in situ instrumentation may be adapted to continuous synoptic
monitoring of the estuarine and oceanographic parameters necessary for
mathematical modeling.
*Measurement, *On-Site Investigations, Feasibility Studies, *Instrumentation,
Monitoring, Performance, Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Dissolved Oxygen,
Chlorophyll, Mineralogy, Thermocline, Salinity, *Water Pollution
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011E
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF A LABORATORY FERMENTER FOR KINETIC
MEASUREMENTS IN WASTE WATERS (BAU UND BETRIEB EINES LABORATORIUMS-
FERMENTORS FUR KINETISCHE MESSUNGEN AND ABWASSERN),
Behrens, U., Ringpfeil, M., Thielemann, H., Klappach, G.,
and Pohland, D.
Institut fur organisch-technisch Chemie der Akademie der
Wissenschaften der DDR. Leipzig
Fortschritte Der Wasserchemie, No. 15, p 203-215, 1973. 7 fig, 6 ref.
The construction of a laboratory fermenter for studying biological
purification processes in wastewaters is described. It consists of a 16 liter
suspended vessel of Jena glass having an efficient aeration system. Bio-
logical wastewater treatment can proceed discontinuously, continuously and
continuously with sludge return. Control of temperature and pH value is
possible. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are automatically determined in the
outgoing air.
Treatment Methods, *Biological Treatment, *Water Purification, Aeration,
Fermentation, Kinetics, *Waste Water Treatment
*Laboratory Fermenter
012E
A MODIFIED PROCEDURE FOR THE TTC-DEHYDROGENASE TEST IN
ACTIVATED-SLUDGE,
Klapwijk, A., Drent, J., and Steenvoorden, H. H. A. M.
Department of Water-purikfication, Agricultural
University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Water Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, p 121-125, 1974. 7 fig, 4 tab, 13 ref.
The procedure for the determination of TTC-dehydrogenase activity of activated
sludge has been critically examined with respect to the termination of the
enzyme reaction, the extraction of formazan (TF), the exclusion of oxygen in
the sample, the incubation temperature and the organic substrate used. The
dehydrogenase activity measured by a modified TTC test correlates fairly well
with oxygen uptake. Toxic substances such as zinc, phenol, cyanide and 2-4D
do not influence the oxygen uptake and dehydrogenase activity to the same extent.
*Activated Sludge, *Analytical Techniques, Toxicity, Oxygen Demand, Zinc, Phenols
TTC-dehydrogenase, Formazan, Cyanide
487
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013E
APPLICATION OF THE CARBON CUP ATOMISATION TECHNIQUE
IN WATER ANALYSIS BY ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY,
Dolinsek, F., and Stupar, J.
The 'Jozef Stefan' Institute, University of Ljubljana,
Ljubljana, Yugoslavia
The Analyst, Vol. 98, No. 1173, p 841-850, December, 1973. 8 fig, 8 tab, 16 ref.
A modified, laboratory-made small-scale Massmann carbon cup atomiser is
described, with particular reference to the atomic-absorption determination
of copper, lead, and cadmium in water samples. Several parameters (sample
volume, time and temperature of the atomisation steps, sample composition)
have been investigated. It was found that injection of a ten-microliter
sample in one portion is the most convenient technique with respect to sensi-
tivity and speed of operation. Addition of EDTA causes an enhancement of
sensitivity, considerable when determining lead. The absorption of these
elements on the polyethylene containers has also been examined in order to
evaluate possible errors that may arise after sample storage. The detection
limits are 0.45 ng/ml of lead, 1.7 ng/ml of copper and 0.04 ng/ml of cadmium,
and the average precision is + three percent in a single measurement. The
method permits the direct and rapid determination of these elements in various
water samples.
Water Pollution, *Analytical Techniques, *Spectroscopy, *Copper, *Cadmium,
*Lead, Water Pollution Sources
*Atomic Absorption, EDTA, *Carbon Cup
014E
THE DETERMINATION OF VEGETABLE AND MINERAL OILS IN THE
EFFLUENTS AND SEWAGE SLUDGES OF THE UPPER TAME BASIN,
Bennett, M., Dee, H. J., and Harkness, N.
Upper Tame Main Drainage Authority,
156/170 Newhall Street,
Birmingham B3 1S#, England
Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 12, p 1849-1859, 1973. 6 fig, 3 tab, 20 ref.
A method for the quantitative analysis of vegetable and mineral oils in
effluents and sewage sludges is described. The oils are extracted from acidi-
fied effluents by a liquid-liquid extraction, and from acidified dried sewage
sludges by Soxhlet extraction using carbon tetrachloride as solvent. The
vegetable oil is transesterified at room temperature, quantitatively esti-
mated by gas-liquid chromatography, and neutralized. After separation of
the methyl esters of the vegetable Foils on a silica gel column, the mineral
oils are qualitatively estimated by gas-liquid chromatographic "fingerprinting"
analysis, and quantitatively estimated by infrared spectrophotometric methods.
Analysis, *Analytical Techniques, *Spectrophotometry, *Chromatography,
Chemical Analysis, *0il, *Sewage Sludge
Liquid-Liquid Extraction, Soxhlet Extraction
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015E
DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN WATER BY THE FLAMELESS ATOMIC
ABSORPTION METHOD (Higany meghatarozasa vizben lang nelkuli
atomabszorpclos modszerrel),
Harsanyi, E. G., Polos, L., Bezur, L., and Pungor, E.
Magyar Kemiai Folyoirat, Vol. 79, No. 11, p 471-476, November, 1973. 9 fig,
1 tab, 40 ref.
In comparison with other analytical procedures, the flameless atomic absorption
method has a great advantage in the determination of small amounts of mercury
in water and biological materials because of its simplicity and sensitivity.
A system has been constructed in which mercury is reduced by tin (II) chloride,
and the vapor is driven into the absorption cuvette by an air stream. In
a volume of 100 cu cm water the detection limit was four nanograms with a
reproducibility of 2-7 percent. An enrichment method has also been elaborated.
It is based on the tin (II) chloride reduction technique. According to the
procedure, mercury is reduced in a volume of 800 cu cm and driven into a
50 cu cm solution volume where it is absorbed under oxidative conditions.
The mercury is then reduced in the smaller volume again with tin (II) chloride.
The mercury vapor driven out from the solution is measured by the atomic
absorption method. The detection limit of the technique has been found to
be 0.008 ng/cu cm, its variation coefficient being four percent and the
efficiency of the enriching operation 93 percent.
*Mercury, Metals, Water Pollution, *Analytical Techniques, Water Pollution
Sources
*Atomic Absorption, Flameless Atomic Absorption
016E
CONFIRMATION STUDIES ON POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB) FROM
RIVER WATERS USING MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY,
Ahnoff, M., and Josefsson, B.
Department of Analytical Chemistry
University of Gothenburn
Fack, S-402 20 Goteborg 5, Sweden
Analytical Letters, Vol. 6, no. 12, p 1083-1093, 1973.
A sensitive method for confirming the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) in river water is detailed. Mass fragmentography is shown to be a helpful
technique especially when using naturally-occurring stable isotopes of chlorine.
Synthesized tetrachloro-, pentachloro- and hexachloro biphenyls were used to
focus the mass spectrometer at the three selected masses, so-called multiple
ion detection (MID).
*Analytical Techniques, *Mass Spectrometry, Water Pollution, Chlorine,
*Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Water Pollution Sources
*Fragmentography, Multiple Ion Defection
439
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017E
MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING UNITS FOR WASTE WATER (MESS-
UND UEBERWWACHUNGSGERAETE FUER ABWASSER),
Enke, Chr. Gg.
Wasser, Luft und Betrieb, Vol. 18, No. 1, p 20-25, 1974. 12 fig, 1 ref.
Measurement and monitoring units for wastewater include pH measuring instru-
ments which check the pH of the cleaned water leaving purification plants.
Rake cleaning facilities are used for better operation of the purification
plants and pumping stations with new automatic devices that remove the mater-
ial from the rakes in the opposite direction to the water flow. Oxygen
measurement mains and battery-operated oxygen analyzers are available whose
measurement ranges between 0 and 30 mg 02/liter and are stabilized against
the ambient temperature, A COD measuring unit involving the use of bichromate
oxidation is illustrated, with the consumed quantity of bichromate being
the measurement for the COD value. Descriptions of electric C02 meters and
conductivity analyzers are included.
*Measurement, *Monitoring, ^Instrumentation, *Equipment, Waste Water Treat-
ment, Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Treatment Facilities, Oxygen Requirements,
Turbidity, Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand
018E
AUTOMATED METHOD FOR ORTHO-, ORTHO-PLUS HYDROLYZABLE AND
TAL PHOSPHATE IN SURFACE AND WASTEWATERS,
Osburn, Q. W., Lernmel, D. E., and Downey, R. L.
The Proctor & Gamble Co., Ivorydale Technical Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 4, p 363-366, April, 1974.
2 fig, 5 tab, 7 ref.
All the titled classifications of phosphates are concurrently measured
colorimetrically as orthophosphate using appropriate modifications of the
Murphy and Riley reagent. Features of the method include a means of compen-
sating for the high bias effect of turbidity on orthophosphate results and
elimination of a need for neutralization of the acidic sample streams of the
hydrolyzable and total phosphate determinations prior to color development.
*Phosphates, *Measurement, *Colorimetry, *Automation, Methodology, Turbidity,
Neutralization, Surface Waters, Waste Water (Pollution)
Orthophosphates
490
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019E
THE COUNTING OF AEROBIC ACTINOMYCETES IN WATER SAMPLES
(DENOMBREMENT DBS ACTINOMYCETES AEROBIES DE L'EAU),
Eak-Hour, C., and Leclerc, H.
Institut Pasteur, Laboratoir d'Hydrobiologie
Lille, France
Armales de Microbiologle (Institut Pasteur), Vol. 124, Part B, No. 4,
p 533-546, 1973. 3 tab, 22 ref.
A practical method for the quantification of actinomycetes in water and in
sediments has been determined. Factors investigated include: suppression
of bacteria and of fungi by the use of antibiotics; the purification, con-
centration, and homogenization of samples; and, the comparative efficiency
of different culture media. Techniques for different types of water samples
are suggested.
*Methodology, *Water Sampling, *Soil Analysis, Antibiotics (Pesticides),
Bacteria, Fungi, Efficiencies
*Antinomycetes, Samples Treatment
020E
COLIFORM COUNTS OF POLLUTED WATERS: A COMPARISON OF
MEDIA AND METHODS,
Mara, D. D.
Nairobi University, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Nairobi, Kenya
Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 12, p 1899-1903, 1973. 1 fig, 3 tab, 8 ref.
Samples of sewage and polluted river water were used to compare various
media for the enumeration of collform organisms, including Escherichia
coli, by the membrane filtration, pour-plate, and multiple tube fermentation
techniques. The pour-plate method with Lactose teepol agar was found to be
at least as good as the other techniques, and is preferred as it is more
economical, both in terms of time and material.
*Coliforms, *E. Coli, *Sewage Bacteria, *Water Sampling, Water Pollution,
Bioindicators, Economics, Methodology
^Membrane Filtration, *Pour-Plate Method, *Multiple Tube Fermentation
491
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021E
THE CALIBRATION AND USE OF A CONICAL HOT FILM ANEMOMETER
PROBE IN RECIRCULATING WATER FLOW,
Stoy, R. L.
Connecticut University, Storrs, Connecticut
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 45, No. 2, March, 1974. 3 fig, 5 ref.
A calibration for directional sensitivity of a conical hot film anemometer
probe is described. It is usually assumed that the conical probe in insensi-
tive to the velocity vector direction but, in fact, this is not true because
deviations of + or - 607, of the mean velocity can occur at low water speeds.
In this study, the probe is aligned at right angles to the velocity vector,
but the trend of the results applies to probes aligned along the velocity
vector. An application of the conical probe to velocity measurements in
a vortical water flow for speeds from 0.66 to 3 m/sec is discussed.
*Flow, *Anemometers, Flow Measurement, Calibrations
022E
INSTRUMENTATION IN FULL SCALE SELF-AERATED FLOWS (APPAREILS DE MESURE
DBS CONCENTRATIONS ET DES VITESSES DANS UN COURANT MIXTE D'AIR ET
D'EAU EN GRANDEUR NATURE),
Keller, R. J.
Karlsruhe University, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic
of Germany, Institute for Hydromechanics
Journal of Hydraulics Research, Vol. 11, No. 4, p 325-351, 1973. 8 fig, 1 ref.
The development of field instruments which measure accurately air concen-
trations and velocities at points in the flow of open channels is described.
The development included the design of a field unit by means of which depth
profiles of air concentration and velocity could be obtained at various
locations in the channel. After extensive use of the instruments, it is
concluded: the methods used to measure air concentration and stagnation
pressure were satisfactory. Furthermore, except near the flow surface,
the errors associated with the computer values of tine average air con-
centration, stagnation pressure, and velocity were small. However, measured
values of air concentration near the fluctuating surface and computed values
of velocity very near the flow surface could not be relied on.
*0pen Channel Flow, *Velocity, *Air Circulation, Flow Measurement,
Instrumentation, Analytical Techniques
Germany
492
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023E
IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF POINT-GAUGE MEASUREMENT IN HIGH-
VELOCITY FLOWS (AMELIORATION DE LA PRECISION DE LA POINTE DE
MESURE DANS LES ECOULEMENTS RAPIDS) ,
Jayaraman, R. and Sethuraman, V.
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India,
Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory
Journal of Hydraulics Research, Vol. 11, No. 4, p 317-323, 1973. 2 fig,
1 ref.
A new instrument was developed to improve the accuracy of point-gauge mea-
surement in high-velocity flows. The Gauge Contact-Time Indicator can be
used with any point gauge to improve the accuracy of depth measurement.
The instrument indicates the percentage of time in which there is contact
between the water level prove and the pulsating water surface. Since the
instrument shows a 6 sec moving mean indication, the readings are fairly
steady even in the presence of low-frequency pulsations. The unit, which
is self-contained and portable, is built inside an aluminum chassis and is
powered by four pen light cells. The instrument eliminates the personal
error inherent in point gauge measurement in high velocity flows. With
this instrument, all observers can get readings within + or - 0.01 cm.
"^Instrumentation, *Measurement, Gauges, Flow, Water Levels, Depth
*India, High Velocity Flow
024E
PROCESS INNOVATIONS,
Canadian Chemical Processing, Vol. 58, No. 3, p 8-10, March, 1974.
Water pollution can be detected at night by a new airborne instrument. A blue
light from a low-powered laser excites fluorescence in the target area, an eight-
inch telescope focussed on this area collecting the light. Optical filters
are used to block the reflected laser light and select pertinent wavelengths
from the fluorescent spectrum of the target. This light is converted to an
electrical signal by a photomultiplier tube, processed and recorded on a strip
chart. It has two advantages over other systems: it is small and light, and
does not require a sample of the material to be identified. The apparatus has
detected fluorescence from oil refinery wastes and pulpmills' settling ponds,
as well as controlled spills of oils and dyes. The instrument has measured
the fluorescence of water at ranges up to 75 meters and detected oil slicks from
altitudes of 300 meters. It has also detected rhodamine dye and chlorophyll in
open water, and lignin sulphonates in pulpmill ponds. At ground level, the
system has been used to examine river water and on board a ship to monitor
chlorophyll concentrations in Lake Erie.
*Analytical Techniques, *Water Pollution Sources, *Fluorescence, *0il Wastes,
Oil Spills, Rhodamine, Dyes
*Lasers
493
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025E
DETERMINATION OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL IN NATURAL AND WASTE
WATERS,
Chau, A. S. Y., and Coburn, J. A.
Special Services Section, Water Quality Branch, Canada
Center for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7R4A6. •
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
Vol. 57, No. 2, p 389-893, March, 1974. 5 fig, 3 tab, 11 ref.
A sensitive, reliable method for routine determination of pentachlorophenol (PGP)
in natural and wastewaters is described. PCP is extracted from the sample with
benzene and from the benzene into a potassium carbonate solution. The addition
of acetic anhydride to the aqueous solution produces the acetate derivative of
PCP. It is extracted in hexane and analyzed by electron capture gas-liquid
chromatography. The analysis of PCP in lake water and sewage effluent is
presented, along with the retention times of other phenolic acetates. As little
as 0.01 ppb PCP in one liter of water can be determined by this method.
*Analytical Techniques, *Gas Chromatography, *Sewage, *Phenols, *Water Pollution
Sources
Pentachlorophenol
026E
TRITIUM WATER TRACING,
Smith, D. B.
Nuclear Physics Division, AERE, Harwell
Water Treatment and Examinations, Vol. 22, No. 4, p 250-258, 1973. 2 fig, 4 ref.
Tritium tracing techniques are a valuable tool for groundwater investigations.
These techniques are reliable, practical, and complementary to other methods.
Unique information about relatively long-term movement and the behavior of
pollutants can be gathered from natural tritium measurements. Examples of
tritium tracer studies are given for drainage of water from mines and for a
river recharge investigation.
*Tritium, *Analytical Techniques, *Radioactivity Techniques, *Radiochemical
Analysis, *Tracers, *Rivers, Recharge, Mining, Mine Drainage
494
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027E
ELECTROANALYTICAL STUDIES OF METHYLMERCURY IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION,
Heaton, R. E., and Laitlnen, H. A.
Hercules Research Center, Wilmington, Delaware
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 547-553, April, 1974. 6 fig, 31 ref.
The electrochemical reduction of monomethylmercury compounds in solution has
been studied using pulse polarography, cyclic voltammetry, and related tech-
niques. Reduction of these compounds at a mercury electrode occurs in two
one-electron steps. The first results in the formation of a methylmercuric
radical on the electrode. This step is reversible under polarographic condi-
tions, but the polarographic wave is distorted due to involvement of the
methylmercuric radical in subsequent chemical reactions. Addition of the
second electron results in reduction of the methylmercuric compound to ele-
mental mercury and methane, giving rise to the second polarographic wave.
This reduction is irreversible; the wave is distorted. The first reduction is
irreversible; the wave is distorted. The first pulse polarographic wave has
analytical utility arising from a linear peak current vs. concentration curve
between concentrations of .0000001 and .0001 M. The analytical implications
of the reduction mechanism are discussed; attention is given to effects of
coordinating agents and to detection limits.
*Electrochemistry, *Polarographic analysis, Analytical techniques, Methane,
Polarographic Waves
*Monomethylmercury, Electroanalytical techniques, Voltammetry
028E
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEDLOADS,
Swanson, N. P.
USDA, Lincoln, Nebraska
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 4, p 790-792, July-August, 1973.
5 fig, 5 ref.
A programmed, automatic sampler that collects a sequence of composite samples
of runoff and accompanying bedloads that has been in use on a feedlot research
installation near Lincoln, Nebraska, for over four years is described. The
samples consists of an arm and dipper electrically driven by a gear reduction
motor through sprockets and a chain, a tipping bucket that collects the samplings
from several rotations of the dipper and delivers them as a single sample, a.
turntable holding successive sample containers, a gear reduction motor moving
the turntable by a friction drive, and a program timer. Composites samples
are collected over five minute sampling periods with volumes of about three
liters. The sampler can be programmed to obtain individual samples for any
of the 144 five-minute periods during 12 total hours of actual operation. The
runoff need not be continuous. The time of collection of each sample is
recorded to relate to the runoff hydrograph and recording rain gage chart. Bed-
load particles up to 5/8 inch in diameter can enter the rotating sampler dipper
which passes under the discharge. The sampler permits both qualitative and
quantitative analyses of runoff with relation to time for an event. Main-
tenance and field servicing requirements have been minimal.
*Feedlots, *Runoff, *Bed load, Nebraska, Chemical analysis, Samplers, Rain
gauge, Hydrograph analysis
Feedlot research, Quantitative analysis
495
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029E
WATER QUALITY MONITORING EXPERIENCE IN THE SOMERSET RIVER AUTHORITY
AREA, 1968-1972,
Elvlns, B. J.
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 78, No. 1, p 33-40, 1974. 4 fig.
The Somerset River Authority has concentrated its resources on obtaining con-
tinuous information for dissolved oxygen and temperature parameters, sup-
plemented by the use of automatic samplers to give information on other chemi-
cal factors. The stations are simple and battery-operated, requiring regular
maintenance with the probes being immersed directly in the river. System dif-
ficulties are maintaining sufficient flow aroung the probe when the water is
penned and the formation of algal and Sphaerotilus growths on the probe, thus
preventing accurate readings. The chief problem that occurs in the collection
of data from quality stations is the presentation of the information in a form
which can be easily related to other factors in the river. It is felt that
the two forms of monitoring described when combined with flow measurement and
with regular semi-quantitative biological sampling of rivers, can give most
useful information.
*Dissolved oxygen, *Temperature, *Monitoring, Instrumentation, Gaging stations,
Data collections, Flow measurement
Great Britain
030E
USE OF BASE-RUNOFF RECESSION CURVES TO DETERMINE AREAL
TRANSMISSIVITIES IN THE UPPER POTOMAC RIVER BASIN,
Trainer, F. W., and Watkins, F, A., Jr.
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Journal of Research, U.S. Geological Survey, Vol. 2, No. 1, p 123, 125-131,
January-February, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab, 17 ref.
The recession curve of base runoff is used in geohydrologic study of the upper
Potomac River basin. The slope of the recession curve is used with other data
to estimate average basin values for transmissivity from streamflow data.
Two general recession curves characterize the tributary basins: (1) A
continuous (simple) curve approximately straight on a semllogarithmic plot,
which represents a constant set of diffusivity values within a basin and
(2) a discontinuous (compound) curve, composed of a steeper first segment
and a gentler second segment. Simple curves represent basins underlain by
sandstone, shale, or crystalline rock; by combinations of these rocks; or by
carbonate rock. Compound curves, which represent basins underlain in part
by carbonate rock and in part by noncarbonate rock, are believed to reflect
seasonal changes in relative discharge of these unlike aquifers, with the
carbonate rock providing most of the ground-water runoff during summer-
autumn and during drought.
*Potomac River, *Streamflow, *Data collections, *Transmissivity, *Recession
curves, *Hydrogeology, Aquifer characteristics, Storage coefficient,
Groundwater basins, Runoff
496
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031E
CORRELATION BETWEEN TURBIDITY AND IRON CONTENT OF THE
FILTER EFFLUENT OF WELL ORIGIN,
Filip, A., Vuskovic, B., and Strundjalic, P.
Department of Water Treatment Plant Automation,
Mihallo Pupin Institute Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 3, p 166-168, March,
1974. 4 fig, 2 ref.
Experimental results indicate that the turbidimeter and iron analyzer can be
used for continuous monitoring of the filter effluent of well-origin water,
except when there are iron compounds present or when there is any solid phase
other than insoluble iron compounds suspended in the water. Turbidimeters
are preferable because they have shorter time constants, are less expensive,
and are easier to operate and maintain.
^Laboratory tests, *Monitoring, *Effluents, *Iron, *Turbidlty, *Instrumentation,
*Well filters, Correlation analysis
*Turbidimeters, *Iron analyzer
032E
DISCHARGE COEFFIEIENTS OF FLOAT-AREA-TYPE FLOW METERS,
Maki, H.
Tokyo Science University, Noda, Japan
The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 17, No. 103, p 83-87,
January, 1974. 6 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
It is experimentally noted that the commonly used discharge coefficients of
float-area-type flow meters do not always have constant values over a wide
range of characteristics Reynolds numbers even in the region of Re larger than
critical characteristic Reynolds number Rec. It is shown that floats having
special shapes or geometrical dimensions have constant value discharge
coefficients. A semi-empirical formula to predict flow rate characteristics
has been obtained and limits of applicability of said formula are explained.
*Flow measurement, *Instrumental ion, *Reynolds nunfcer, *Mathematical studies,
Flow rates, Application methods.
*Discharge coefficient
497
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033E
A GAMMA-RAY SPECTRUM ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE FOR LOW-LEVEL
ENVIRONMENTAL RADIONUCLIDES,
Wood, R. E., and Palms, J. M.
Emory University,
Atlanta, Georgia, Physics Department
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21, No. 1, p 536-542,
February, 1974. 5 fig, 1 tab, 48 ref.
The requirements for gamma-ray spectra analysis for low level environmental
radionuclides are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the routine and
rapid analysis of large numbers of samples. Pertinent requirements for analysis
include the system energy and efficiency calibration, the library of gamma rays
of concern, criteria of establishing the limits of sensitivity, and techniques
used for gamma ray intensity and background determinations. An analysis code
(CETUS) used with a Ge(Li) detector and multichannel analyzer interfaced
to a programmable desk top calculator is described.
*Spectrometers, *Gamma rays, Analytical techniques, Measurements,
*Radioisotopes, Reviews, Equipment
*Ge(Li) spectrometer
034E
COMPARISON OF GE(LI) AND ANTICOMPTOM SYSTEMS FOR MEASURE-
MENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES,
Wogman, N. A.
Battelle, Richland, Washington, Pacific Northwest
Laboratories
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21, No. 1, p 526-535,
February, 1974. 17 fig, 2 tab, 21 ref.
A variety of sensitive low level counting systems are discussed from an
analyst's viewpoint, centering on a variety of Nal(Tl) and Ge(Li) gamma ray
spectrometers. The coincident gamma ray emitters are most sensitively detected
through Nal(Tl) multi-dimensional gamma ray spectroraetry, while single gamma
ray emitters are very sensitively detected with Ge(Li) detector systems.
Nal(Tl) detector systems are superior in general for environmental
measurements.
*Spectrometers, *Gamma rays, *Radioisotopes, Measurements, Equipment,
Evaluations
*Ge(Li) spectrometers, Nal(Tl) spectrometers
493
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035E
DETECTION SYSTEMS FOR THE LOW LEVEL RADIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
IODINE-131, IODINE-129 AND NATURAL IODINE IN ENVIRONMENTAL
SAMPLES,
Brauer, F. P. and Kaye, J. H.
Battelle, Richland, Washington, Pacific Northwest
Laboratories
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21, No. 1, p 496-502,
February, 1974. 10 fig, 1 tab, 25 ref.
A procedure based on chemical separation techniques and activation analysis
has been developed for the sequential analysis of low levels of 1131, 1129,
and natural iodine in environmental samples by oxidation. The separated
iodine is then counted by low level, beta-gated gamma-ray spectrometry for
the measurement of 1131. The chemical yield for the separation ismeasured
by means of 1125 tracer. Activation analysis is used for measurement of the
separated natural iodine, 1127 and 1129. The natural iodine is estimated
from either the 1126 or 1128 activity produced in the sample. The induced 1130
is used to estimate the 1129 concentration. Measurements have been made of
iodine radioactivity in the environment at concentrations below the limits
established for radiation protection purposes.
*Iodine radioisotopes, *Neutron activation analysis, *Separation techniques,
*0xidation, Gamma rays, Spectrometers, Measurement
*I129, *I125, *I126, *I128, *I130
036E
GE(LI) LOW LEVEL IN SITU GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETER APPLICATIONS,
Phelps, P. L., Anspaugh, L. R., Roth, G. W., Huckabay,
G. W., and Sawyer, D. L.
California University, Livermore, California,
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21 No. 1, p 543-552, February
19, 1974. 8 fig, 4 fig, 10 ref.
The application of a Ge(Li) spectrometer for in-situ measurements of radio-
nuclides contained in soil is described. This is being done at nuclear reactor
sites and in complex radionucllde fields at the Nevada Test Site. The metho-
dology and precision of the in-site spectrometer techqniue has previously been
established for analysis of radionuclides in soil. Application of the technique
to gaseous and liquid effluents containing radionuclides has shown a great
deal of promise.
*Spectrometers, *Radioisotopes, *Soils, Measurements, Methodology, Liquid
wastes, Gases, Effluents, Analytical techniques
*Ge(Li) spectrometer
499
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03 7E
FLOC BLANKET CLARIFICATION,
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, p 51 January, 1974.
Laboratory experiments at the Technical College at Zillna and full scale tests
at Brno in Czechoslovakia have been investigating the floe blanket clarifiers
in terms of hydraulic and chemical characteristics. In the laboratory a
300 mm diameter by 3 m high column received chemically dosed water entering
tangentially at the base. At upflow velocities of 1.2 mm/s floe volume con-
centrations were uniform with depth at about 20%, but solids fraction
values increased with depth usually increasing by about 20% from top to bottom.
The actual values of solids fraction depended on the chemicals which had been
added. River water was utilized at Bmo and when the water temperature
exceeded 10 C the upflow rate was 1.3 mm/s, but during winter the output
fell to about 0.8 mm/s. Previously, output had been sustained by 25 mg/llter
bentonite, but it was learned that 0.3 rag/liter starch produced the required
results. Performance was assessed in terms of residual iron in the clarified
water. The iron could be measured against performance characteristics with
the flocculation product as the most sensitive parameter with an optimal
value of 3000.
*Chemical properties, *Hydraulic properties, Water purification, Equipment,
Flocculation, Iron compounds, Rivers
*Floc blanket clarifiers, *Czechoslovakia
038E
A STOCHASTIC STUDY ON THE CONCENTRATION PROCESS OF RADIO-
ACTIVE SUBSTANCES TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS,
Aoyama, I., and Inoue, Y.
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,
Department of Sanitary Engineering
Health Physics, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 191-198, February, 1974. 9 fig, 7 tab,
9 ref.
A stochastic study using a birth death process is presented on the concen-
tration process of radioactive substances to aquatic organisms. A. formula
was calculated to show that the concentration step of organisms is in the
concentration step at an arbitrary time. Using this analytical method, it is
found that the theory can be applied generally to cases in which the concen-
tration in the environmental water varies with time and that the concentration
distribution follows the Poisson distribution whose parameter is equal to the
mean value of the concentration steps.
*Stochastic processes, *Radioactivity, *Aquatic life, Formulas,
Mathematical studies, Analytical techniques
Ireland, Japan
500
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039E
LIGHTING UP THE HAZE OF TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT,
Process Engineering, p 68-71, March, 1971. 4 fig, 1 tab,
The measurement of turbidity and turbidity measuring instruments which utilize
optical methods and operate on several different principles are described.
Some instruments operating on the reflected beam or scattering principles
measure the scattering at 90 degrees and others measure low angle scattering
up to 45 degrees. In some cases the ratio between the amount of transmitted
light and of scattered light is measured. Measurement of the intensity of
light transmitted through a liquid is known as turbidimetry and instruments
operating on this principle are turbidimeters. Measurement of the intensity
of scattered light is known as nephelometry and instruments using this principle
are nephelometers, but instruments measuring the ratio of the transmitted
and scattered light are also often known as turbidimeters. Diagrams of four
different turbidimeters are illustrated and their operation is explained.
*Turbidity, ^Measurement, *Light, Light intensity, Optical properties,
Instruments
Turbidimeters, Nephelometers, Scattered light, Transmitted light
040E
THE EFFECT OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON THE ZETA-
POTENTIAL OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS (Hidrometeorologiai viszonyok
hatasa a lebego anyagok Zeta-potencialjara) ,
Buklai, L., Licsko, I., and Szepkuti, L.
In: Hidrologiai Kozlony, No. 12, p 557-565, 1973. 6 fig, 4 tab, 2 ref.
The effect of hydrometeorological conditions on th° zeta potential of suspended
solids was investigated in the Danube River. The colloidal particles had a
negative charge and almost every particle within a sample had a different
zeta potential. Therefore, it was impossible to describe a particular hydro-
meteorological situation positively and unambiguously by a single zeta
potential value. An attempt was subsequently made to describe the electro-
static charges of the colloidal particles present by the distribution of the
zeta potential values observed, The observation data were processed with
the help of a computer, but there was no correlation between either the sus-
pended solids content and zeta potential or between conductivity and zeta
potential. There was a relationship of limited validity between the number
of algae counted in unit volume and the value of the zeta potential. At an
increasing alga count the zeta potential tended to zero, whereas decreasing
counts were accompanied by increasing zeta potential values. A relationship
of similarly limited, but more general validity was found to exist between
river stage and the zeta potential.
*Zeta potential, *Suspended solids, Rivers, *Hydrometeorology, Electric
properties, Conductivity, Water level, Seasonal, Temperature, Algae
*River Danube, Electrostatic charges, River stages, Poland
501
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04 IE
TURBIDIMETERS MONITOR DUBAI FLOOD WATER,
The Oil and Gas Journal, Vol. 72, No. 15, p 68, April 15, 1974. 1 fig.
Turbidimeters utilizing a forward light scattering technique are monitoring
water purity for waterflooding oil fields in the Arabian Gulf. The instru-
ments use two modular subsystems, a transmitter and a converter. The trans-
mitter is mounted in the process line and projects a beam of light through
the process stream. The turbidimeters are insensitive to color and bubbles
so produce accurate measurements of solids loading. Linear solid state de-
tectors convert the varying intensity of the light scattered from the parti-
culates into electrical signals. These signals are processed by the converter
to produce an instantaneous computation and display of turbidity.
*Turbidity, *Measurement, Water quality, Treatment facilities, Waste water
treatment, Equipment
*Hght scattering *Turbidimeters, Dubai
042E
ENVIRONMENTAL DOSE MEASUREMENTS IN THE VICINITY OF NUCLEAR
FACILITIES,
Hall, R. M. Jr., and Ross, D. I.
E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company,
Savannah River Plant, Aiken, South Carolina
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21, No. 1, p 451-455, February,
1974. 6 fig, 1 tab, 6 ref.
The environmental radiation monitoring program for the Savannah River plant
was recently altered to make more detailed readings at more locations in
the plant's environs. Monitoring stations were increased from 40 to about 500.
Additional stations were selected to improve the delineation and measurement
of natural radiation. Monitoring stations near each operating area were
supplemented by additional stations near effluent streams and at one mile
intervals along the plant perimeter. Thirty five towers within a 50 mile radious
of the plant are used to place monitors up to 80 ft above the ground to aid
in distinguishing between airborne and terrestrial radioactivity. Most mea-
surements are taken quarterly, but several locations are measured biweekly to
detect short term variations.
*Monitoring, *Nuclear powerplants, *Radiation, Measurements, Radioactivity,
Instrumentation, Filters
*Savannah River Plant (Aiken South Carolina), *Dosimeters, Dosimetry systems
502
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04 3E
AN AIRBORNE GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETER AND ITS APPLICATION IN
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITE SURVEYS,
Fryer, G. E., and Adams, J. A. S.
Rice University,
Houston, Texas
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21, No. 1, p 572-584, February,
1974. 8 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
Airborne radiometric surveys from low flying helicopters have been completed
for three nuclear power plant sites in Texas. The gamma ray counting data
acquired in the air are converted to ground dose rate and plotted as a series
of profiles. A radial flight line pattern provides easy position control and
concentrates sampling density over the plant site. The 5-8 fold range of
natural and man made radiation background within 10 miles of the three
plant sites is statistically well characterized by over 14,000 spectra
taken directly from 3.8% of each 314 sq mi survey area. The aerial dose
estimates agree closely with thermoluminescence dosimeter data taken on
the ground over 3 mo periods. The instrumentation system, survey rationales,
data reduction, and analysis procedures are described. One of the major
complications of the area is the periodic and extensive flooding of the rice
fields, attenuating the gamma ray flux from the ground.
*Nuclear powerplants, *Gamma rays, *Spectrometers, Monitoring, Air pollution,
Radioactivity, Measurements, Texas, Instrumentation, Surveys, Flooding
Thermoluminescence dosimeters, Helicopters
044E
ACTIVATED SLUDGE pH SHOCK,
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, p 165, March 1974.
The study at Oklahoma State University on laboratory cultures has as its objec-
tives to characterise the response to terms of biomass and effluent substrate
concentrations, types of microbiol populations present and chemical composition
of the biomass. Guidelines were obtained for allowable pH in waste water. With
severe acid shock, the population changed from bacterial-protozoan to one of
filamentous fungi. Based on the results it was estimated that pH changes of
no more than one unit from the neutral preshock range can be tolerated, without
disrupting the biochemical efficiency of substrate removal.
*Biomass, *Effluent, *Waste water, *Bacteria, *Laboratory analysis, Microorgan-
isms, Filamentous fungi, Chemistry, Analytical techniques
*pH, Bacterial-protozoan, Biochemical efficiency, Acid shock
503
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045E
DETERMINING THE BIODEGRADABILITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, p 161, March, 1974.
Organic carbon in aqueous solution or suspension may be measured by catalytically
oxidizing it to carbon dioxide, with a Model 915 TOC Analyser by Beckman In-
struments. Application of the total organic carbon analyser is the determina-
tion of degradability of various organics by a given culture in the activated
sludge treatment process. The process incorporates the aerobic oxidation of
organic compounds to simple, harmless inorganics such as carbon dioxide, water,
nitrates, sulphates, and cellular organic matter. Because widespread require-
ments for determining organic pollution of water are increasing, this measure-
ment of organic carbonaceous matter as a major oxygen-demanding pollutant is
important. Total organic carbon analyser measurement is rapid and produces du-
plicate results on duplicate samples. The process is applicable for measure-
ment of effluents from water pollution control plants, industrial waste treat-
ment plants, and the measurement of organics in surface waters.
instrumentation, *0xygen demand, *Pollutants, *0rganic compounds, *Biodegrada-
tion, Effluents, Water pollution control, Measurement, Surface waters, Indus-
trial wastes
*0rganic carbon analyser, *Model 915 TOC Analyser, Water pollution control
plants
046E
STREAM STANDARDS: DEAD OR HIDING?
Wolman, M. G.
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Depart-
ment of Geography and Environmental Engineering.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 3, p 431-437,
March 1974. 6 ref.
Water quality is not easily quantifiable, but is rather dependent upon percep-
tion of use. While the public is attuned to attributes such as algae, murki-
ness, suds, foam, cans, glass, and debris, scientists try to measure river
quality by standard parameters such as dissolved oxygen, acidity, temperature,
dissolved solids, turbidity, and biological measures such as the diversity
of species, size of the population, and complexity of the system. To translate
quality objectives into standards is quite difficult. In addition, economic
benefits, as opposed to costs, are vaguely defined. Every water body has more
than one polluter along with a number of pollutants, and reasonable standards
must vary with perceived use of a particular river.
*Rivers, *Streams, *Stream pollution, *Water quality standards, Water pollu-
tion, Costs, Dissolved oxygen, Dissolved solids, Turbidity, Water quality
standards
Stream standards, Biological measures, Standard parameters
504
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047E
HINDERED SETTLING AND SLUDGE BLANKET CLARIFIERS,
Gould, B. W.
Public Health Engineering, New South Wales University,
Australia
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, p 131-135, March, 1974.
2 fig, 6 ref.
In the treatment of water and waste water, one common application is in sludge
blanket, or solids-contact, clarifiers. The theory of hindered settling,
whereby particles are hindered by other particles in the suspension, is es-
sential to this treatment. The relationship between the sludge flux intensity,
velocities, and concentration distribution, was found to depend upon continu-
ity conditions for a particular sludge. The stability of flow in fluidized
beds, such as a slurry pool in a clarifier, cannot be achieved unless the in-
coming fluid is mixed as thoroughly and evenly as possible with the settling
sediment. Thus, efficient mixing at the inlet to a sludge blanket clarifier
is most necessary to obtain efficient operation.
*Waste water treatment, *Water clarification, Flow, Settling, Slurries,
Fluid movement, Water treatment
*Sludge blanket clarifiers, Sludge flux intensity, Hindered settling, Slurry
pool, Fluidized bed, Efficient mixing
048E
STABILITY OF LAMINAR FLOW AT SEABED,
Sleath, J. F. A.
Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, Department of
Engineering
Journal of the Waterways Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division, Vol. 100,
No. WW2, p 105-122, May, 1974. 11 fig, 13 ref.
The problem of determining the flow produced by water waves in the boundary
layer above a two-dimensionally rough bed is studied analytically. It is ac-
cepted that at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, this flow ceases to be lami-
nar. Previous work in this field was done by Li and Manohar and the new tests
are with their results. By numerical interaction and small-perturbation
process, this paper concluded that: at high Reynolds numbers and bottom rough-
ness, vortices are found during each half cycle of the wave; for a small part
of each half cycle, an instability occurs in the form of sudden jets of fluid
in opposite directions at the crest and trough of the bed roughness. No light
was shed on the conditions under which turbulence first occurs with a rough
bed and the study is not intended to imply that turbulence does not develop
at higher Reynolds numbers.
*Laninar flow, *Seabed, *Reynolds numbers, Numerical analysis, Jets, Fluids,
Turbulence
Li and Manohar, Small-perturbation process
505
-------
049E
CARBON MEASUREMENTS IN WATER QUALITY MONITORING,
Maier, W. J., and McConnel, H. L.
Minnesota University,
Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 623-633.
3 fig, 5 tab, 25 ref.
Review of the literature indicates that continuous monitoring programs to
measure organic and inorganic carbon concentrations in rivers and lakes are
necessary. In a one-year test program with the State of Minnesota Water Quality
Sampling Program, an instrument for the rapid (2 min/sample) an/ precise
(nearest mg/liter) determination of organic and inorganic carbon was demon-
strated. Comparison of TOC and BOD measurements indicate different aspects
of the organic pollutant load in natural waters. These measurements have
three uses: in pollution abatement work as a simple method for monitoring
pollution levels regarding the accumulation of nonbiodegradable organic materials,
in study of ecology, as quantitative information about the carbon cycle, and
in public health work as a nonspecific measure for monitoring potential toxic
organic materials in drinking water.
*Monitoring, *Carbon, *Water quality control, *Rivers, *Lakes, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Pollutants, Organic loading, Reviews, Biodegradability, Public
health, Ecology, Measurements, Toxicity, Carbon cycle, Minnesota
*0rganic carbon
050E
BACTERIOPHAGES AS VIRAL POLLUTION INDICATORS,
Kott, Y., Roze, N., Sperberg, S., and Betzer, N.
Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel,
Environmental Engineering Laboratories Technion
Water Research, Vol. 8, p 165-171, March, 1974. 7 tab, 10 ref.
The use of bacteriophages as viral pollution indicators was investigated.
2 Phage, attenuated Polio I (LSC) strain introduced daily to a 350 liter ex-
perimental oxidation pond showed no decrease in bacterial viruses 2 or other
coliphages or Polio I strain. Ratios of coliphages to human enteric viruses
ranged in flood waters from concentrations as low as 1:1 to as high as
10,000:1; in wastewater at various seasons the ratio was 1,000,000:1; in
trickling filter effluents in winter it was 100,000:l;in spring 1,000,000:1,
in summer and fall 100,000:1, in oxidation pond effluents in winter 10,000:1;
in spring 100,000:1; and in summer and fall 10,000:1. Out of three epidemics
in small communities caused by failure of water supply, coliphages were found
to be positive. At the same time only two samples of human enteric viruses
were positive (the third was contaminated with yeasts). Chlorination ex-
periments using the experimental oxidation pond showed that 2 was most re-
sistant. MS2 was very resistant, and coliphages were more resistant than
attenuated Polio I virus. Experiments with the oxidation pond effluents
showed that coliphages were at least as or even more resistant to chlorine
than human enteric viruses. For the purposes of routine microbiological
examinations the use of E. Coll B bacteriophages provides an adequate measure
of the viral quality of water.
*Analytical techniques, *Bioindicators, *E. coli, *Enteric bacteria, *Bacterio-
phage, *Viruses, Water pollution sources, Coliforms
Coliphages
506
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051E
A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF A DISCRETE SAMPLE ANALYZER FOR
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER,
St. Jean, R., and Kasatiya, S. S.
Department of Social Affairs,
P. 0. Box 412, Ville de Laval,
Quebec, Canada
Environmental Letters, Vol. 6, No. 3, p 193-203, 1974. 9 fig, 1 tab, 11 ref.
The BECKMAN DISCRETE SAMPLE ANALYSER (DSA-560) (KLiNa Accessory) was used to
determine chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, nitrites, sodium, and potassium
in drinking water samples. It was found to be precise, accurate, and rapid
and was thought to be a potentially useful instrument in environmental ana-
lysis. However, it is necessary to continually supervise its use and
ensure its careful handling. It is versatile, and requires small samples.
*Analytical techniques, *Water pollution sources, *Chemical analysis, in-
strumentation, *Pollutant identification, Water analysis, Chemical wastes
Beckman Discrete Sample Analyser
052E
DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF COPPER, LEAD, CADMIUM, NICKEL,
ZINC AND IRON IN SILVER HALIDS BY PULSE POLAROGRAPHY,
Taddia, M., Lippolis, M. T., and Lanza, P.
Chemical Institute "G. Ciamician", Bologna University,
Bologna, Italy
Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 51, No. 1,
p 221-225, March, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
A method is described for the analysis of traces of copper, lead, cadmium,
zinc, nickle, and iron in sliver halides by pulse polarography with the stan-
dard addition procedure. Copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and zinc were deter-
mined after dithizone extraction. Iron was determined after oxine extraction.
For elements added at 6-1 ppm levels, the accuracy was better than 10%.
*Trace elements, *Polarographic analysis, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, Zinc,
Iron, Investigations, Methodology
*Silver halides, *Pulse polarography
507
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053E
THE EFFECT OF ACID CONCENTRATION ON THE DETERMINATION OF
BICHROMATE VALUE,
Stones, T.
City of Salford, Salford, England
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 78, No. 1, p 121-124, 1974. 1 fig, 3 tab, 3 ref.
A procedure for the determination of the dichromate value of sewage was reinves-
tigated to avoid significant losses of dichromate due to decomposition. The
procedure recommended that the volume of sulfuric acid used should be 1.2 time
the aqueous volume, i.e., 54.5% of the total volume. Various amounts of water
were added to a series of flasks containing 25 ml of n/4 potassium dichromate
solution, 80 ml of sulfuric acid, and 10 ml of 0.63% W/V of silver sulfate in
sulfuric acid. After refluxing for 2 hr, the residual amounts of dichromate
•were determined. The results show that the decomposition of the dichromate,
which begins when the acid concentration exceeds about 45% V/V, increases
rapidly above 55 F and is complete at 80%. Increasing the acid concentration
leads to an elevation of the boiling point of the solution, and the breakdown
of the dichromate was due to thermal decomposition. In determining the di-
chromate value of a sewage or an industrial waste water an appropriate correction
must be made for the amount of dichromate decomposed. This will not be constant
but will be dependent upon the amount of dichromate which is in excess of that
required for oxidation.
*Sewage, Methodology, Investigations, Acidity, Decomposition, Sulfuric acid,
Industrial wastes, Oxidation
*Dichromate value, England, Potassium dichromate
05 4E
THE DESIGN OF SAMPLING PROGRAMMES FOR RIVERS AND EFFLUENTS,
Montgomery, H. A. C. and Hart, I. C.
Water Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of the
Environment
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 78, No. 1, p 77-101, 1974. 7 fig, 7 tab, 39 ref.
Guidelines for the design of sampling programs for rivers and effluents are
discussed based upon a survey of conditions in the United Kingdom. In develop-
ing a program, it is advisable t:o seek various types of average, percentile
values, or frequency distribution of concentration or load, as well as indivi-
dual values or sequences of values. Loads and flow weighted concentrations tend
to become more useful than time based average concentrations as the flow be-
comes more variable. Accidental or illegal incidents of short duration cannot
be detected with certainty by long term sampling programs. Sampling should
be carried out only where lateral or vertical mixing is complete and sampling
locations should be numerous enough to allow the results to be interpreted
in the manner decided upon. Six: samples are tentatively suggested as an appro-
priate number for characterizing a cyclic fluctuation or a period of persistently
high or low concentration. Time of sampling should either be randomized or
arranged so that the frequency of sampling is different from that of any daily,
weekly, or other cyclic fluctuation. Formulae are proposed for estimating the
number of samples needed to obtain a summary result with a given precision
at a given level of confidence.
*Sampling, *Rivers, *Effluents, *Water sampling, Time, Flow, Water treatment,
Water quality, Water analysis, Methodology, Surveys, Numerical analysis, Mix-
ing, Formulas
United Kingdom
508
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055E
ADVANCED X-RAY CRAWLER,
Anti-Corrosion, Vol. 21, No. 2, p 17, February, 1974. 1 fig.
Criterion Ltd. of Hitchin, Herts has built an advanced X-ray crawler for pipe-
line radiography of 20 in diameter pipes and above. One major feature is a
central steel chassis with three afixed parts to give added strength with a
rigid frame. This enables the crawler to be easily lifted into and out of
pipelines. The component parts are an x-ray tube, an electric motor, a drive
mechanism, an electronic brain and a rechargeable battery unit. The crawler is
remotely controlled and may be despatched in forward or reverse.
*Pipelines, *X-rays, *Pipes, *Equipment, *Measurement
*X-ray crawler, Radiography, Great Britain
056E
RAPID DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENCE OF ENTERIC BACTERIA
IN WATER,
Kenard, R. P., and Valentine, R. S.
Atlantic Research Corporation, Alexandria, Virginia
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 27, No. 3, p 484-487, March, 1974. 10 ref.
A rapid and sensitive method is described for the detection of bacteria in water
and various other natural substrates by the isolation of specific bacteriophage.
By the addition of large numbers of the organism to the sample, the presence
of virulent bacteriophage is demonstrated in as little as six to eight hours.
Fecal coliform, total coliform, and total coliphage counts were determined for o
over 150 water samples from several geographical areas over a period of two
years. Computer analysis of the data shows a high degree of correlation be-
tween fecal coliforms and the coliphage present in the samples. With a high
correlation coefficient between fecal coliform and coliphage counts, preduc-
tions of the fecal coliforms may be made by enumeration of the phage.
*Bacteria, *Analytical techniques, *Bacteriophage, Microbiology, Coliforms,
Enteric bacteria, Water sampling
*Coliphage, Virulent bacteria, Computer analysis, Fecal coliforms, Virulent
bacteriophage
509
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057E
CORRELATION BETWEEN BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) AND
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND OF POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (CODcr) IN
THE WASTE WATER FROM BOILED NOODLE (SPAGHETTI AND JAPANESE
NOODLE),
Kadooka, K., Ohata, M., Tsukamoto, M., and Hattori, R.
Journal of Food Science and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 9, p 426-428, September, 1973.
A method of calculating BOD from COD was determined because the regulation for
the waste water from a boiled noodle plant is generally restricted by BOD whose
measurement is more complicated and lengthy. The BOD value of the waste water
from boiled noodle was highly correlative with COD value and the equation ob-
tained by a least squares method is BOD = 0.630 times COD + 43. The correlation
coefficient is 0.99 and it is significant at the one percent level of confidence.
*Biochemical oxygen demand, *Chemical oxygen demand, *Industrial waste water,
Waste water, Potassium compounds, Least squares method, Correlation analysis,
Calculations, Measurement
*Boiled noodle plant, *Potassium dichromate, *Japan
058E
CHEMICAL DOSAGE CONTROL FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL,
Pollutech Pollution Advisory Services Limited, Oakville,
Ontario
Research Program for the Abatement of Municipal Pollution Within the Provisions
of the Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality, Research Report
No. 4, March, 1973. 79 p, 44 fig, 6 tab, 7 ref.
A study was done to determine whether a simple monitoring procedure could be
utilized to control chemical addition in municipal waste treatment plants.
It was intended to demonstrate that proportional control of chemical feeding
would be economically advantageous and to determine which specific parameters
could be monitored to enable chemical dosage control and at which locations
within a treatment plant. Bench-scale jar studies and measurements at a full-
scale plant were conducted. Jar-test studies demonstrated that the chemical
dosage required for a 1 ing/liter phosphorus residual can be predicted when jar
tests are repeated on the same waste sample, and that potential savings in
chemicals of 30-40 percent could theoretically be achieved if a controller
capable of measuring chemical requirements to the same accuracy as the jar
test could be developed. However, no correlations could be established be-
tween the common waste water parameters in raw sewage and phosphorus concen-
trations, or the amount of chemical required to achieve a 1 mg/liter phos-
phorus residual. Observations taken at a full-scale treatment plant at various
sampling points during chemical addition revealed a reasonable correlation
between final effluent phosphorus and soluble phosphorus in the aeration tank
effluent after chemical addition, i.e., limiting the aeration tank effluent
soluble phosphorus concentration to 0.2 mg/liter, would be expected to result
in a 1 mg/liter phosphorus residual in the final effluent 80 percent of the
time. It was postulated that the observed phosphorus removal takes place in
three distinct steps with the majority being removed in the aeration tank.
This observation can be extended to postulate that phosphorus must be removed
in the aeration tank by aluminum hydroxide. It was found that the addition
of alum to mixed liquor results in the immediate precipitation of a fairly
constant percentage of the soluble phosphorus. Increasing the dosing rate
causes an eventual increase in the amount of phosphorus removed by the system.
*Monitoring, *Municipal wastes, *Treatment plants, Chemical control, Costs,
Laboratory tests, Sewage, Phosphorus, Effluents, Aeration, Alum, Waste water,
Canada
*Phosphorus removal, Chemical feeding, Chemical dosage, Jar-test studies
510
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059E
JUST A MOMENT!,
Wallis, J. R., Matalas, N. C., and Slack, J. R.
IBM Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 211-219, April, 1974. 6 fig, 4 tab,
1 ref.
Water resources systems are designed according to decision variables which are
functions of various parameters, including those that characterize the sto-
chastic properties of hydrologic inputs to the systems. Distribution functions
for the three statistics, the mean, the standard deviation, and the coeffici-
ent of skewness, were obtained by Monte Carlo experiments for small samples
of various distributions. Any particular set of hydrologic parameters to be
estimated depends upon the purposes and objectives underlying the proposed
development of the water resource system. Here sample sizes of 10 (10) 90
were considered, and the distributions used were the normal, Gumbel (extreme
value type 1), log normal, Pearson type 3 (gamma), Weibull, and Pareto type 1
(Pearson type 4). Pronounced skews, biases, and constraints in the sampling
properties of the statistics were observed.
*Water resources development, *Hydrologic data, *Statistical methods, Monte
Carlo method, Mathematical studies, Sampling, Decision making
Mean, Standard deviation, Coefficient of skewness, Parameters
060E
RESULTS FROM MULTI-TRACE-ELEMENT NEUTRON ACTIVATION
ANALYSES OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS,
Guinn, V. P., and Kishore, R.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California Univer-
sity, Irvine, California, Department of Chemistry
Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 19, No. 2, p 367-371, 1974. 6 ref.
Traces of mercury in marine specimens had been previously investigated and
this study showed the reproducibility of replicate analyses of a given sample
and of different samples (aliquots) of the same tissue from a given marine
specimen. A considerable body of data was obtained on the Hg, Se, and Zn
levels for several different spiecies of Pacific Ocean fish and mammals. Three
variables which affect the levels of these trace elements include species,
tissue, and size or age of the specimen. Sample dissection was carefully
conducted and the data of specimen size was recorded for a large number of
specimens. Whereas Hg, Se, and Zn all appear to concentrate markedly in the
liver of marine mammals such as dolphins and killer whales (relative to
their levels in muscle tissue), only the latter two appear to concentrate
appreciably in the liver of large fish such as the albacore.
*Mercury, *Marine fish, *Marine biology, *Radioactivity effects, Measurements,
Analyses, Sampling, Pacific Ocean, Zinc, Aquiculture
Albacore, Dolphins, Killer whales, Aliquots, Selenium, Trace-element levels,
Muscle tissue, Species
511
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06 IE
ALGEBRAIC BOUNDEDNESS OF SAMPLE STATISTICS,
Kirby, W.
U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, Water Resources
Division
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 220-222, April, 1974. 2 ref.
Seemingly puzzling results from computer experimentation and simulation study
about random sampling behavior of the sample mean, sample standard deviation
and sample skew coefficient are clarified. It is shown that the sample skew
coefficient has population-independent bounds depending only on the sample
size. Similar results are obtained for the coefficient of variation of positive
data, the maximum standardized deviate, and the standardized range. The upper
bounds of these statistics are summarized in a table.
*Samples, *Statistical methods, *Computer simulation, Computer models,
Simulation analysis
Sample mean, Sample standard deviation, Sample skew coefficient, Sample size,
Algebraic boundedness
062E
A METHODOLOGY FOR PLANNING LAND USE AND ENGINEERING AL-
TERNATIVES FOR FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT,
Seisz, R. N.
Arizona University, Arizona
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 34, No. 8, p 3899, 1974.
Analytical and decision-making methodology is developed in terms of planning land
use and regulations, development policies, and engineering measures. The ob-
jective of the floodplain management system is to select the most economically
efficient combination of land use and engineering alternatives. A test applica-
tion and computer study makes decision rules for combining: spatial and tempor-
al distribution of urban land uses; site elevation through dirt fill; floodproof-
ing; public acquisition of undeveloped land for open space uses; public acquisi-
tion and removal of existing improvements from the floodplain; dams; and channel
improvement. The methodology can be used to formulate floodplain management
system plans, to evaluate the economic impact of floodplain management system
plans, to perform "with and without" analyses, and to perform incremental analy-
ses of development policy and engineering alternatives.
*Mathematical models, *Land use, *Computers, *Engineering, *Flood plains, Land
management, Floodproofing, Costs, Channels, Dams, Engineering structures, Dis-
tribution
Floodplain management, Land distribution
512
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063E
THE PHOSPHORUS STATUS OF EUTROPHIC LAKE SEDIMENTS AS
RELATED TO CHANGES IN LIMNOLOGICAL CONDITIONS—TOTAL, IN-
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS,
Wildung, R. E., Schmidt, R. L., and Gahler, A. R.
Environmental Chemistry, Battelle
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 2, p 133-138, April-June,
1974. 2 fig, 3 tab, 19 ref.
The role of sediments as a source of phosphorus to lake waters and the
factors which may influence sediment phosphorus release, changes with time
in the phosphorus statement of noncalcareous sediments of a eutrophic lake were
assessed. These were related to changes in sediment carbon and nitrogen, surface
water composition, pH, temperature, and phytoplankton growth. Sediment
phosphorus status and the relationship of these changes to limnological con-
ditions differed with locations in the lake. Changes in sediment composition
were greatest in a bay which received agricultural runoff in the early spring,
additional nutrients apparently providing the initial impetus for increased
surface water biological activity in the spring relative to other locations.
s was reflected in increased surface water organic carbon and nitrogen,
turbidity, and phytoplankton growth. At this location, total sediment
phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen decreased during the late spring and early
summer corresponding to the period of exponential growth of the lake phyto-
plankton population. Results indicate that sediment inorganic phosphorus
is directly related to the biological productivity of the surface waters, and
in at least one location, sediments serve as a significant source of phos-
phorus to these waters supporting increased biological growth.
*Sampling, *Phosphorus, *Sediments, *Eutrophication, *Lakes, Carbon, Nitrogen,
Organic matter, Phytoplankton, Runoff, Biological communities, Surface
waters, Turbidity
Biological growth
064E
HISTORY OF METAL POLLUTION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTAL ZONE,
Bruland, K. W., Bertine, K., Koide, M., and Goldberg, E. D.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla,
California
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 5, p 425-432,
May, 1974. 3 fig, 7 tab, 10 ref.
Measurements were made of the anthropogenic and natural fluxes of elements
into the sediments of the San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Santa Barbara Basins,
off the coast of Southern California. These included Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ag,
V, and Mo. Use of the sedimentary record to reveal metal fluxes to the
environment is dependent upon rapid removal of metal from water following
its entry, as is the case for lead. Samples were taken; dating techniques
and elemental analyses were performed, including fractional extraction. By
identifying those elements whose fluxes to the sediments as a result of human
activities are significant compared with natural mobilization rates, traport
paths from the continents to the sediments for individual elements are
indicated. These account for waste outfalls, river and storm runoff, and
composition of the atmosphere. Conclusions include marked similarity in the
anthropogenic sedimentary fluxes and the rainfall fluxes, indicative that
atmospheric transport of these metals to the coastal areas and the area
of the Soledad Basin are a possible explanation.
*Metals, ^Pollution, *Sediments, *Measurements, Analytical techniques,
Lead, Zinc, Chromium, Silver, Sampling, Water pollution, Human resources,
Storm runoff, Coastal areas, Environmental effects, Atmosphere
California (San Pedro, Santa Monica, Santa Barbara), Anthropogenic fluxes
513
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065E
MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER EFFLU-
ENT AND SLUDGE APPLICATION TO THE LAND,
Balkeslee, P. A.
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 183-198. 2 tab.
Monitoring the performance of the many interrelated systems which are involved
in any project employing waste water or waste water sludge application to
the land is not reviewed as a substitute for a full understanding of system
response prior to project commitment. The role of an on-going monitoring
program should be to confirm judgments made at the design stage. Where inadequate
information is currently available about the nature of system response, adequate
safeguards must be provided and assured. Data presented represent an overview
of current effluent and waste water sludge quality at Michigan municipal
waste water treatment plants. Additional model guidelines are being used in
Michigan for groundwater monitoring associated with on land disposal systems.
*Monitoring, *Waste water, *Waste water treatment, Treatment facilities,
Effluents, Sludge, Michigan, Systems analysis, Municipal wastes, Municipal
water, Groundwater
*Municipal waste water, *Land disposal, Guidelines
066E
ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL
SAMPLES USING PROTON-INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION,
Walter, R. L., Willis, R. D., Gutknecht, W. F., and
Joyce, J. M.
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, Department of
Physics and Triangle Universities Nuclear University
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 46, No. 7, p 843-855, June, 1974. 19 fig, 16 ref.
A 3-Mev beam of protons 2 to 150-nanoampere intensity has been used to excite
x-ray emission from a wide range of environmental and biological samples.
These include human tissue, body fluids, soil extracts, leaves, coal, fly ash,
ion-exchange membranes, and proteins. The x-rays have been detected using a
Si(Li) solid state detector for the elements P (Z=15) through Pb (Z=82).
Linear response has been demonstrated for the elements Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, and Mn
from 5 ng to greater than 2 micrograms. A lower limit of sensitivity of approxi-
mately 200 picograms in the irradiated area has been attained with the more
responsive elements when they are deposited on very thin substrates. The
proton-induced x-ray emission technique seems well suited to rapid and economical
multielement analyses for samples of environmental and clinical interest.
Data observations give critical evaluation.
*X-rays, *Analytical techniques, *X-ray fluorescence, *Sampling, Coal, Human
pathology, Ion exchange, Membranes, Data collections, Irradiation
*Proton-lnduced x-rays, Solid state detector, Biological sampling, Clinical
sampling, Environmental sampling, X-ray emissions, Durham, North Carolina
514
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067E
THE USE OF AN ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF PESTICIDES IN WATER,
Uhnak, J., Sackmauerova, M. , Szokolay, A., and Palusova, 0.
Research Institute of Hygiene, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
Journal of Chromatography, Vol. 91, p 545-547, April, 1974. 10 ref.
An electron capture detector is used for the determination of chlorinated in-
secticide residues in water. Linear response of the detector was found for
BHC and DDT isomers and metabolites in the range 0.03-1.20 micrograms/ml.
Results for the determination of chlorinated insecticide (alpha-BHC; alpha-
+ beta- +• delta-BHC; DDT + DDE) residues in waters in Slovakia (for the years
1971-72) are given. BHC and DDT contents in Slovakian rivers ranging from 0.01
to 0.80 micrograms/liter, in the Danube from 0.01 to 0.60 micrograms/liter
and in ground waters from 0.02 to 0.30 micrograms were found. The DDT content
was lower than the content of BHC residues. The results agree with the actual
consumption of chlorinated insecticides in agriculture in the area studied.
*Pesticides, *Water pollution, Insecticides, Chlorine, Water pollution sources,
Groundwater, Agriculture, Rivers
*Electron capture detector, Czechoslovakia
068E
INVESTIGATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS IN AIR
AND WATER USING LOW-TEMPERATURE CAPILLARY GC-MS,
Bergert, K. H., Betz, V., and Pruggmayer, D.
Batelle-Institute e.V., Hauptabteilung Chemie, Frankfurt
am Main, Am Roverhof, Bundersrepublik Deutschland
Chronatographia, Vol. 7, No. 3, p 115-121, March, 1974. 6 fig, 24 ref.
This paper describes a method allowing routine separation and identification
of organic micropollutants within a concentration range 10 to the minus 4th
power to 10 to the minus 8th power percent by volume. Enrichment of the com-
ponents occurs in a microgradient tube. Separation on glass-thin film open
tubular columns by linear-programmed low-temperature gas Chromatography
(LTGC) and identification by a mass spectrometer are coupled to it. Evaluable
mass-spectra are obtained for concentrations as low as 0.02 ppb . Analyses
can be performed on commercial equipment.
*Pollutants, *Gas Chromatography, *Mass spectrometry, Concentrations,
Equipment, Analytical techniques
*0rganic micropollutants, Microgradient tubes, Low temperature
515
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069E
PORTABLE DEVICE TO MEASURE INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER FLOW,
Forester, R., and Overland, D.
North Star Research Institute,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 4,
p 777-778, April, 1974.
Many industrial plants do not have provisions for the installation of
temporary open channel flow recording systems. Data are often difficult
to interpret because lift pumps, used to move waste water from a pump to
the treatment plant, tend to cycle on and off at frequent intervals
resulting in badly smeared recorder charts. Herein described is a means
of monitoring the pumps to provide a record of pump operating time which
defines both the total flow and the flow during any time period. The
data obtained by the pump cycle recorded can be used to proportion in-
dividual samples from an automatic sampler into a composite sample and
also to measure total flow. The pump cycle measuring device is rugged,
inexpensive, small, lightweight, requires no precision in alignment,
and is easily and rapidly installed by one person.
*Monitoring, *Flow measurement, Data collections, Open channel flow,
Pumps, Instrumentation, Sampling
070E
SPECTROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SEWAGE
SLUDGES,
Beech, G.
The Polytechnic, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY,
Great Britain
Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 51, No. 5, p 328, May, 1974. 1 tab.
Sewage sludge has many advantages such as the high organic content, the
presence of trace elements, and its ready and continued availability.
Yet the use of sludges as fertilizers can lead to the accumulation of toxic
levels of heavy metals in soils which may then be picked up in crops and
passed on to man. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to quan-
titatively analyze samples for copper, nickel, and zinc. Results for
domestic and industrial sludge samples indicate a total of 7340-7800 ppm
of zinc of which 3100-4760 ppm are extractable; 930-1250 ppm of copper
with 10-19 ppm extractable; and, 280-580 ppm nickel with 252-357 ppm
being extractable.
*Sewage sludge, *Fertilizers, *Copper, *Nickel, *Zinc, *Spectrophotometry,
Analytical techniques, Heavy metals, Toxicity, Domestic wastes, Industrial
wastes
Great Britain
516
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071E
ADSORPTION OF MBAS FROM WASTEWATERS AND SECONDARY EFFLUENTS,
Rlckert, D., and Hunter, J. V.
Rutgers University,
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 911-919,
May, 1974. 5 fig, 2 tab, 13 ref.
In most municipal waste waters, methylene blue active substances (MBAS)
make up a significant part of the potentially adsorbable, dissolved organics.
This study was done to establish the characteristics of MBAS adsorption onto
activated carbon from waste water and secondary effluent. On the basis of
adsorption behavior observed in this study, it would appear that there are
three groups of MBAS. One group is observed at low carbon doses, contains
the bulk of the total MBAS, and is readily adsorbable. A second group is
noted at intermediate dosages, contains little of the total MBAS and is poorly
adsorbable. At high carbon dosages a third group appears, again making up
only a small portion of the total MBAS. This latter group is essentially
nonadsorbable. Freundlich plots of the groups exhibit two stages, with
each high concentration (lower carbon dose) segment corresponding closely to
the range of readily adsorbable MBAS. By the use of Freundllch equation
constants, the carbon dosages necessary to reduce MBAS over defined concen-
tration ranges were calculated for the readily adsorbable segment of each plot.
The results indicated that organic materials in the systems have a strong
competitive effect on the adsorption of MBAS. It is postulated that the
greater part of MBAS in waste water is undegraded or slightly degraded linear
alkylate sulfonates, whereas in secondary effluents the bulk of the MBAS is
a mixture of partially oxidized LAS.
*Adsorption, *Effluents, Waste water treatment, Activated carbon, Total
organic carbon, New Jersey, Analytical techniques
*Freundlich equation, *Methylene blue active substances, *Linear alkylate
sulfonates, Secondary effluents
072E
STABILITY OF CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS,
Chen, E. C.
Inland Waters Directorate,
Environment Canada, Ottowa, Canada
The Journal of Canadian Petroleum, Vol. 13, No. 1, p 38-41, January-March,
1974. 3 fig, 1 tab, 11 ref.
A Coulter counter was used to measure the droplet-size distribution of crude
oil-in-water emulsions. The stability of the emulsions was determined by the
decrease in oil concentration and the change in specific surface with time. All
experiments were carried out at room temperature with initial oil to water
volume ratios of 0.005 and 0.01. Six different types of crude oil were investi-
gated. All behaved similarly. Creaming was predominantly responsible for
the instability of the emulsions. However, all the emulsions finally at-
tained stability with an oil concentration of between .00001 and .001 percent
volume, a specific surface of around 3 x 1000 sq cm/g and a droplet size
below 4 millimicrons.
*Emulsions, *Stability, Oil spills, Measurements, Temperature
*0il-in-water emulsions, *Crude oil, *Coulter counter, Droplet size, Creaming
517
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073E
APPLICATION OF NASA-DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGY TO THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL
OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS,
Hiser, L. L.
Southwest Research Institute,
San Antonio, Texas
National Technical Information Service Report No. N74-11903, November, 1973.
28 p, 8 fig, 6 tab, 4 ref.
A search was made of NASA-developed technology and commercial technology for
process control sensors and instrumentation which would be applicable to
the operation of municipal sewage treatment plants. Process control con-
cepts were formulated that incorporated specific items into systems to auto-
matically operate municipal sewage treatment plants. A preliminary design
of the most promising concept was developed into a process control scheme
for an activated sludge treatment plant. This design included process
control mechanisms for maintaining constant food to sludge mass (F/M) ratio,
and for such unit processes as primary sedimentation, sludge wastage, and
underflow control from the final clarifier.
Instrumentation, *Technology, *Municipal wastes, *Sewage treatment, Clarifi-
cation, Activated sludge, Automation, Control
NASA, Commercial technology, Treatment plants, Municipal sewage treatment,
Process control mechanisms, F/M ration (food to sludge mass), Sensors
074E
INVESTIGATION OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING OPTIMUM POWDERED CARBON AND
POLYELECTROLYTE DOSAGES IN MILITARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS,
Wang, L. K.
Department of the Army,
Research and Development Center,
Fort Belvoir, Virginia
Calspan Report No. N0-5296-M-5, February 15-November 15, 1974. 109 p.
21 fig, 26 tab, 108 ref.
Physical and chemical characteristics of waste waters generated by typical
field laundries, showers, and kitchens were compiled. Previous investigations
of the use of polymers and carbon in the treatment of waste waters with
characteristics similar to those generated at military bases were surveyed
and assessed. Laboratory investigations were conducted to optimize the
controlling parameters of a waste water treatment system involving powdered
carbon adsorption, polymer coagulation and diatomite filtration. Analytical
studies were conducted to develop the methods and a field test kit necessary
for determining the nature and concentration of pollutants likely to be
present in waste water generated at field laundries, showers, and kitchens.
The test method and the test, kit developed were designed for use in the field
by military personnel with limited training to provide guidance for deter-
mining the optimum carbon-polymer dosages.
*Waste water treatment, *Military aspects, Domestic wastes, Carbon,
Laboratory tests, Coagulation, Filtration, Analytical techniques, Polymers,
Chemical analysis
Powdered carbon, Carbon-polymer dosages, Diatomite filtration
518
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07 5E
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY,
Ludzack, F. J.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, Ohio,
Municipal Permits and Operations Division
National Technical Information Service Report No. PB-228 148, December, 1973.
A collection of instructional materials to assist the student to upgrade
performance of biological treatment facilities is provided. Information
gathering techniques related to waste water characteristics, concentrations,
and loading are described. The influence of these data upon common treatment
operations and correction of treatabllity difficulties are considered. Opera-
tional control to maximize the performance of existing facilities are dis-
cussed along with selection of add-on operations or design of new facilities
to upgrade the treatment system to a performance compliance status.
*Publications, ^Training, *Biological treatment, Methodology, Activated
sludge, Analytical techniques, Cost-benefit theory, Environmental control,
Disinfection, Laboratory tests, Industrial wastes, Measurements, Municipal
wastes, Nutrients, Maintenance, Project planning, Recycling, Safety,
Separation techniques, Toxicity, Waste water treatment, Trickling filters
*Manuals, Treatment operations, Instruction
076E
A GROUNDWATER PROFILE SAMPLER,
Hansen, E. A., and Harris, A. R.
USDA Forest Service,
Cadillac, Michigan,
North Central Forest Experiment Station
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 375, April 1974. I fig, 1 ref.
With increasing concern over groundwater contamination, new data collection
methods are needed. Analysis of the chemical composition (including contami-
nants) of groundwater at several depths would permit the determination of
the thickness of any contaminated zone and the depth of maximum concentration.
Such profiles collected over an area would then indicate the rate of contami-
nant movement due to groundwater flow and its dissipation (by absorption,
diffusion, or decomposition) in time and space. To meet this need, a "ground-
water profile sampler" was developed. The instrument is a series of fiber
glass probes spaced in sandpacked compartments in a screened well point which
permits the collection of a number of discrete groundwater samples from pre-
determined depths in a single borehole.
*Groundwater, *Sampling, *Data collections, Wisconsin, Analysis, Flow, Con-
tamination, Profiles, Instrumentation
*Groundwater profile sampler
519
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077E
QUALITY OF BERLIN SURFACE WATERS: MEASURING SCHEME, (DAS
GUTEMESS PROGRAMS DER BERLINER OBERFLACHENGEWASSER) ,
Frenzel, H., and Sarfert, F.
Umwelthygiene, Vol. 25, No. 5, p 97-99, 1974. 1 fig, 2 ref.
A scheme to measure the quality of Berlin surface waters has "been extended
to a present total of 98 sampling points. The program includes the examina-
tion of physical/chemical, bacteriological, biological, and partly, radiologi-
cal parameters. It was necessary to make arrangements between the participa-
ting laboratories as to the methods of analysis to be used. The resulting
data will be subject to automatic data processing.
*Water quality, *Surface water, *Measurement, *Data processing, Monitoring,
Automation
Physical parameters, *Chemical parameters, *Bacteriological parameters, *Bio-
logical parameters, *Radiological parameters, Berlin
078E
HOW TO MEASURE AMBIENT POLLUTION,
de Veer, S. M.
Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken
Eindhoven, Netherlands,
Department Philips Pollution Measuring
La Tribune du Cebedeau, Vol. 27, No. 364, p 129-133, March, 1974. 5 fig, 6 ref.
The best way to measure ambient pollution quite often depends on the reason
why one wishes to measure it. Efficient control is only possible if the
feedback control loop "process - measurement - control" is closed and all
three segments are working optimally. For adequate pollution control continu-
ous measurement is required. Field monitoring is usually done without an
operator or data processor on hand. Extra reliability of the monitoring equip-
ment is therefore essential. Automatic calibration, representative sampling,
proof against environmental influences, and automatic data transmission are
necessities of remote monitoring. This paper gives examples of the develop-
ment of monitors for air and water pollution meeting the above requirements.
Some remarks are made relative to the application and costs of monitoring.
*Monitoring, *Remote sensing, *Data transmission, Costs, Water pollution,
Water quality measurement, Air pollution, Automation
Netherlands, Field measurement
520
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079E
INFORMATION ON THE RECENT PRACTICE OF HYGIENIC QUALIFICA-
TIONS OF SURFACE WATERS, (TAJEKOZTATO A FELSZINI VIZEK
HIGIENES MIOSITESENEK JELENLEGI GYAKORLATAROL),
Schiefner, K., Maar, I., and Rako, J.
Egeszsegtvdomany, Vol. IS, No. 1, p 58-63, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab, 6 ref.
Based on the results of detailed tests (chemical, bacteriological and biologi-
cal), the authors suggest the extension of parameters for determining the
hygienic quality of surface vaters (as based on oxygen consumption, coliform
counts, and saprobic character). For this reason they advise the adoption of
"trophic character" which they evaluated by the number of algae they found in
a volume of water. "Trophic character" determined on the basis of floral or-
ganisms has no direct relationship with the saprobiological feature which
determines the group classification for hygienic surface water utilization. The
water qualification involving new parameters generally results in a worse
grouping of classifications. Evaluation of floral microorganisms (algae)
draws attention to biological phenomenon (mass production, flourishing of
water) that influence water consumption primarily from the technological
point of view, and hint at their effects (mechanical, taste and odor effects).
Statistical evaluations also confirm the necessity of adopting the new para-
meters in water qualification.
*Water quality standards, *Trophic level, *Algae, Oxygen demand, Coliforms,
Sampling
*U.S.S.R., *Trophic character
080E
COUGHING FISH MAY MONITOR WATER QUALITY,
Chemical and Engineering News, Vol. 52, No. 20, p 64, May 20, 1974.
The tendency of some species of fish to "cough" (or at least make a sound
similar to it) may be useful in monitoring water quality in lakes and
streams. Tests have shown that concentrations of copper and mercury that
inhibit growth and reproduction also cause an increase in the frequency
of coughing. The coughing is a normal process that clears the gills of
debris. Some fish which are known to exhibit this behavior include blue-
gill, sunfish, fathead minnows, and all trout and salmon. Testing is under-
way on ten heavy metals and pesticides to see if, indeed, this type of bio-
assay would be reliable.
*Fish, *Water quality, *Monitoring, Bioassay, Mercury, Copper
521
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081E
WATER AND EFFLUENT INSTRUMENTATION MADE SIMPLE,
Maddinson, C.
Taylor Instrument Companies (Europe) Limited
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 938, p 116-117, April 1974. 5 fig.
A considerable amount of money will be spent in England during the next few
years on sewage treatment representing a growth for the instrument industry,
though instrumentation represents but a small percentage of the expenditures
anticipated. Discussed are various sewage flow measurement techniques such
as level, differential pressure, and venturi measurements or the use of a
magnetic flow meter. Also mentioned are pollution control devices and appli-
cations to pumping and speed control.
*Sewage treatment, *Instrument:ation, *Flow measurement, *Water pollution con-
trol, Application methods, Effluents, Pressure
Great Britain, Magnetic flow meter
082 E
SUSPENDED SOLIDS ANALYSIS USING ERTS-A DATA,
Kritikos, H., and Yorinks, L.
Pennsylvania University, The Moore School of Electrical
Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 3, No. 1, p 69-78, 1974. 6 fig, 4 tab, 19
ref.
Analysis of magnetic digital tapes of the imagery obtained by ERTS-A for
selected areas of the Potomac River has been carried out with statistical
analysis of all four bands being performed. Results indicate that band III is
useful in determining the water-to-land interface. Data on bands II suggest
the existence of three distinct types of water, those having low, medium,
and high reflectivity; the high reflectivity type was identified as having
high concentrations of suspended solids. Areas of low reflectivity were
identified as having relatively lower concentrations of suspended solids.
A commonly used computer technique with some additional refinements has been
used to generate thematic maps which Identify the above areas and show
their geographic distribution.
^Remote sensing, *Analytical techniques, *Statistical analysis, *Suspended
solids, *Earth-water interfaces, Potomac River, Computers, Water types, Re-
flectance, Data collections
522
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083E
THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYSIS OF
EFFLUENTS AND WATER,
Lloyd, A.
Sussex River Authority, England
Water Pollution Control,, Vol. 73, No. 2, p 224-229, 1974. 1 fig, 4 tab,
16 ref.
The application of solvent extraction atomic absorption spectrophotometry
(AAS) to the analysis of effluerts and stream samples provides a rapid and
accurate means of determining a variety of metals at the microgram/liter
level. The ammonium pyrollidine dithiocarbamate/methyl isobutyl ketone
system, which uses simple AAS equipment, can be applied to an even wider range
of metals including Ag, Hg, and As9. The most important step in the analysis
is the extraction stage, and potential interferences are likely to be of a
chemical nature involving a lowering of the extraction efficiency of the
chelate. When wet oxidation is necessary or when the sample contains a diver-
sity of metals at the mg/liter level, a double extraction is required. How-
ever, for relatively clean samples a single extraction is suitable. Standard
addition offers the advantage of allowing a single extraction to be applied
to a wide range of sample types.
*Solvent extractions, *Spectrophotometry, *Analytical techniques, *Metals,
Effluents, Effluent streams
*Ammonium pyrollidine dithiocarbamate/Methyl isobutyl ketone system,
Wet oxidation, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)
084E
SELF-CONTAINED SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FEATURES
RESPIROMETER,
Robertshaw Controls Company,
Richmond, Virginia
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 2, p 53, February, 1974.
A self-contained sampling and measuring system for use in waste water treatment
operations has been introduced by Robertshaw Controls Company. It utilizes
a continuous bacterial respirometer and is designed to provide municipal and
industrial sewage treatment plant operators with continuous information con-
cerning the treatment process. The on-line data provided by the respirometer
is convertible to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values. A waterproof en-
closure houses the respirometer which samples from the aeration basin or pri-
mary clarifier effluent. The sample is aerated and metered through an internal
residence chamber at a constant rate. The differential oxygen utilized by
the active bacteria throughout the system is sensed by dissolved oxygen sensors
located at both ends of the residence chamber. Toxic or inhibitory materials
which adversely affect the bacterial metabolism are identified readily. The
system has an automatic cleaning cycle which prevents bacterial growth within
the system.
*Sampling, *Measurement, ^Municipal wastes, Industrial wastes, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Aeration, Clarification, Dissolved oxygen, Bacteria, Monitoring,
Toxicity, Cleaning
*Respirometer
523
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085E
MEASURING OPEN CHANNEL WASTEWATER FLOWS,
Blols, R. S.
Leupold and Stevens, Incorporated
Beaverton, Oregon
Industrial Wastes, Vol. 19, No. 6, p 20-22, November/December, 1973. 3 fig, 2 ref.
Since the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments, industrial and
municipal wastes must be recorded in terms of amount of discharge. Measurement
of flow is not only legally required for monitoring pollution, but is also
economically useful for an individual industry to be able to locate unnecessary
discharge caused by accident such as by the opening of valves in fresh-water
washlines for extended periods of time. Types of flow measurements include
recording devices such as a weir with a stilling well and recorder. Other
methods are remote operation, the capacitance type probes, or bubbler devices.
Selection of a feasible method should depend upon site conditions, expected
flow range, type of liquid (sewage, waste water, water supply for irrigation),
allowable head loss, required accuracy, and allowable expense.
*Measurements, *Flow measurements, *0pen channel flow, *Waste water, Instrumen-
tation, *Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Recording, Weirs, Water supply,
Sewage, Liquid wastes, Monitoring, Industrial wastes, Municipal wastes,
Discharge, Water pollution, Costs
086E
PHOSPHORUS STUDIES IN LOWER GREEN BAY, LAKE MICHIGAN,
Sridharan, N., and Lee, G. F.
Wisconsin University,
Madison, Wisconsin,
Water Chemistry
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 684-696,
April, 1974. 9 fig, 7 tab, 16 ref.
Green Bay, Wisconsin, receives excessive amounts of aquatic plant nutrients
from municipalities, industries, and agricultural facilities. Water samples were
collected and analyzed to study the chemistry of phosphorus in lake sediments
of this area. The Fox River seems to be the major source of the area's phos-
phorus. Dredge and core methods indicated an association of phosphorus with
iron; mechanisms were proposed to explain the phosphorus release under oxic and
anoxic conditions. Orthophosphate concentrations in water of lower Green Bay
are quite high, two to three times higher than the critical concentrations for
excessive algal growth. Despite the reduction of phosphorus input from waste
water sources by 80 percent, algae are not likely to become phosphorus limited.
Water quality problems are complex and include high BOD and turbidity. However,
by removing 80 percent of phosphorus from waste water sources, Lake Michigan
may be protected from future water quality deterioration.
*Phosphorus, *Lake Michigan, *Municipal wastes, industrial wastes, *Agricul-
tural wastes, Nutrients, Algae, Measurement, Analytical techniques, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Turbidity, Water quality control, Water pollution, Waste
water disposal, Chemistry, Sediments
Orthophosphates, Green Bay, Wisconsin
524
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087E
WATER POLLUTION SAMPLING, MONITORING AND ANALYSIS INSTRU-
MENTATION,
Chermisinoff, P. N.
Newark College of Engineering,
Environmental Engineering Department
Pollution Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 4, p 36-48, April, 1974. 37 fig.
Sampling and monitoring of water quality include on-site measurements and pro-
cedures which remove water from its environment for off-site analyses. Purposes
cited include: ensuring proper operating conditions in the process plant;
providing a continuous and permanent record of process and waste water handling;
ensuring efficiency and reliability of manufacturing operations and waste pro-
cessing; providing a basic tool for pollution control; and ensuring that stan-
dards of environmental quality set by regulatory agencies be met. Types of
samples are the individual grab sample, simple composite sample, sequential
composite sample, continuous sample, hand proportioned composite sample, and
automatic proportioned composite sample. In analyzing waste water systems,
separation and concentration methods are used. These include carbon absorption,
ion exchange, freeze concentration, chromatography, and liquid-liquid extraction.
Types of spectrophotometry are detailed. Physical parameters for water pollu-
tion recorded include temperature, electrical conductance, density, turbidity,
viscosity, volatility, and particulate and dissolved solids. Temperature is
also measured by varying methods. A list of about one hundred corporations for
instrumentation is given for additional information about specific methods.
Instrumentation, *Monitoring, *Measurement, *Sampling, *Water quality, On-site
investigations, Recording, Water pollution control, Regulation, Carbon absorption,
Ion exchange, Spectrophotometry, Temperature, Density, Information, Systems
analysis, Reviews
Waste water systems, Corporations
088E
THE MEDWAY WATER BOARD TELEMETRY AND TELECONTROL SYSTEM,
Howard, D. W., and Insley, M. G.
Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company, Limited,
Chippenham, Wiltshire, United Kingdom,
Automation Division
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 937, p 90-95, March, 1974. 6 fig, 1 tab.
Telemetry equipment has been proven in both the United Kingdom and elsewhere,
using Westinghouse Style F2 "Westronic" equipment. The County of Kent on the
River Medway decided to institute a Remote Control and Telemetry scheme which
employs computer control, visual display by cathode ray tube units, data logging,
and a closed circuit television link. The daily log gives outputs in two
parts, daily water outputs (amounts of flow) and chemical alarms (chlorine,
pH, temperature, oxygen content, etc.). Components of the system are: a com-
puter controlled master telemetry station capable of expansion to cover future
phases of the scheme; associated logging and visual display units under the
computer's control; two Mimic diagrams to cover the "Area of Supply" and the
"River Medway Scheme"; three outstations at the River Intake, the Treatment
Works, and the Low Lift pump house; a manual standby panel for obtaining data
and operating controls when the computer is off line; a private telephone exchange;
and a closed circuit television system.
*Equipment, *Control, *Telemetry, Computers, *Recording (logging), Chlorine,
pH, Temperature, Rivers, Treatment facilities, Water supply, Automatic control,
Data collection, Equipment
Great Britain (River Medway, Kent), Chemical alarms, Westinghouse F2 Westronic
equipment, Telecontrol, Mimic diagrams
525
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089E
DETERMINATION OF THE BREAK-THROUGH VOLUME OF SODIUM
CHLORIDE FOR SOIL COLUMNS IN PESTICIDE LEACHING,
Dannals, L. E., and Kucharczk, N.
Uniroyal Chemical, Division of Uniroyal, Incorporated,
Naugatuck, Connecticut,
Agricultural Chemicals Research and Development
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 4, p 348-
351, 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab, 2 ref.
Factors such as column matrix geometry, diffusion, and retardation due to
adsorption and ion exchange influence and mobility of any chemical through a
soil column. The extent to which pesticides leach in soils is a measure of
potential groundwater contamination. This can be commonly determined in soil
columns. A highly-leachable substrate such as NaCl is used for standardization
to determine the breakthrough volume for every column and soil used. The de-
finition for the break-through volume of sodium chloride is defined as the
volume needed to elute 50 percent of the applied salt out of the column. This
is determined by 36NaCl and liquid scintillation counting. In this way, column
leaching studies become more accurate and intercomparable.
*Pestlcides, *Soil leaching, *Soil analysis, *Groundwater, *Sodium chloride,
Contamination, Water pollution, Measurement, Analytical techniques
*Break-through volume, Liquid scintillation, Soil columns, Standardization
090E
COLLABORATIVE TESTS OF WATER ANALYSIS (THE CHEMAQUA
PROGRAMME),
Kingsford, M., Stevenson, C. D., and Edgerley, W. H. L.
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,
Lower Hutt, New Zealand,
Chemistry Division
New Zealand Journal of Science, Vol. 16, p 895-902, March, 1973. 2 tab, 4 ref.
Sixteen New Zealand laboratories have analysed two water samples for various
inorganic constituents. The methods used to determine carbonate were unsatisfac-
tory, and a better method is needed to analyse for low levels of sulphate. The
total errors for the remaining estimations were less than 25 percent. These
estimations could be rated as excellent, the most precise being that of con-
ductivity.
*Analytical techniques, *Water supply, *Sampling, *Inorganic material, *Car-
bonates, Conductivity, Laboratory analysis, Estimating
*Sulphates, New Zealand
526
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091E
POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINATES AFTER
EXTRACTION WITH NAPHTHALENE. TRACE ANALYSIS OF CADMIUM
AND LEAD,
Fujinaga, T., and Purl, B. K.
Bulletin of the Institution of Chemistry Research, Kyoto University, Vol. 51,
No. 5, p 253-267, September, 1973. 4 fig, 9 tab, 12 ref.
A rapid extraction-polarographic method has been developed for the direct de-
termination of cadmium and lead extracted into the organic phase. 8-Hydroxy-
qulnolinates of cadmium and lead were extracted with molten naphthalene in
the pH range of 7-10 and 9-12 respectively; as the temperature was lowered,
naphthalene separated out as a solid mass containing the metal-oxinate. This
solid mass was dissolved in dimethylformamide and the polarograms were recorded
using 0.1 M sodium perchlorate-0.1 M perchloric acid in case of cadmium and
0.1 M pyridine-0.1 M perchloric acid in case ofead as the supporting elec-
trolytes. Under these conditions, these metal-oxinates gave well defined waves
with E sub 1/2 of -0.63 V and -0.47 V versus SCE respectively. The relation be-
tween diffusion current and concentration is linear in the range of 0.0-112
micrograms/10 ml for Cd and 0.0-207.0 micrograms/10 ml for Pb. The interferences
of various ions had been studied in detail. The method is simple, rapid, and
sensitive, and applicable for the determination of cadmium, mercury, and
lead in various complex materials.
*Polarographic analysis, *Cadmium, *Mercury, *Lead, Separation techniques,
Analytical techniques
092E
RAPID METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FAECAL CONTAMINA-
TION IN OYSTERS,
Qadri, R. B., Buckle, K. A., and Edwards, R. A.
New South Wales University, Kensington, Australia,
Department of Food Technology
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 37, No. 1, p 7-14, 1974. 6 tab, 15 ref.
The fact that food poisoning outbreaks are known to result from the consumption
of fecally contaminated oysters makes it desirable that such products should
be examined for enteric pathogens. Two methods for the rapid detection and
estimation of numbers of fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli type I in oysters
have been developed. That for fecal coliforms involves incubation of tubes
of MacConkey broth for 2 h at 37 F and then for 22-24 hours at 44 F. The
second method, a modification of MacKenzie, Taylor & Gilbert's (1948) specific
method for E. coli type I, makes use of the same system of incubation, but
requires the inoculation of tubes of peptone water as well as MacConkey broth,
the former tubes being used for subsequent testing for indole formation.
Both methods take only 24-26 hours and are as sensitive and accurate as the
Most Probable Number methods which are in common use and which take upwards
of 72-96 hours to complete.
*Escherichia coli, *Incubation, laboratory tests, *0ysters, Contamination,
Analytical techniques, Food
*Fecal coliforms, *Enteric pathogens, Most Probable Number method, MacConkey
broth, Peptone water, Food poisoning
527
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093E
A MEMBRANE FILTRATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE ENUMBERATION OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI IN SEAWATER,
Halls, S., and Ayres, P. A.
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fisheries
Laboratory, Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex, England
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 37, No. 1, p 105-109, 1974. 2 tab, 7 ref.
Membrane filtration has become an accepted method for enumerating Escherichia
coli in water, but little published evidence could be found to judge the
specificity of the method to assess faecal contamination in either fresh or
saline waters. A laboratory method was used to monitor the extent and degree
of sewage pollution in coastal areas. There is still need for information
on what proportion of lactose-fermenting colonies from seawater, developing
at 44 F on a 4 percent enriched Teepol medium, are E. coli type I. A total
of 1352 colonies from seawater was tested for production of indole and for
gas from lactose at 44 F. In addition, 46 percent of the colonies were screened
by the IMVEC series of tests. The proportion of colonies tested ranged from
10-100 percent, depending on the number of colonies on the membrane. Many
of the colonies (81.9 percent) to which IMVEC tests were applied were E. coli
type I; a further 10.9 percent were Irregular type I.
*Bacteria, *Escherichia coli, *Sea water, Filtration, Sewage, Pollution,
Contamination, Saline water, Fresh water, Laboratory tests, Monitoring,
Costal areas
*Membrane filtration, *Fecal contamination, Enumeration
094E
LASER LIGHT SPOTS WATER POLLUTION,
Canadian Chemical Processing, Vol. 58, No. 4, p 31-32, April, 1974.
A remote sensing laser fluorometer device has been developed by the Inland
Waters Directorate of Environment Canada. This instrument is able to
detect specific substances at a distance, to operate at night, to perform
well in bad weather, to monitor large areas from land, shipboard, or air-
borne platforms, and to run unattended for long periods. The entire
system, including power supply, weighs 100 kilograms with about 600 watts of
120-volt AC required to run it. Considerable sophistication is required
to interpret the readout of the instrument. Other than water quality
monitoring, the laser fluorometer can be applied in looking for oil pipe-
line leaks and performing airborne forest health surveys.
Instrumentation, *Remote sensing, *Fluorometry, Water quality control,
Application methods, Monitoring
528
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095E
BIO-DEGRADATION OF NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS - II: BIO-
DEGRADATION ASSESSMENTS (BIODEGRADAZIONE DI TENSIOATTIVI
NON IONICI. NOTA 2: MISURE DELIA BIODEGRADAZIONE),
Albanese, P., and Capuci, R.
Montedison, Institute Ricerche "G. Donegani" Dipartimento
problem! ambientali, Novara, Italy
La Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse, Vol. 51, No. 2, p 70-81, February,
1974. 3 fig, 9 tab, 23 ref.
Research was performed to determine whether the EMPA test could be used
to assess biodegradation in non-ionic surfactants, polyethoxylated alkyl-
phenols, and alcohols using different analytic procedures as appropriate.
Standard-error values were discussed for the test and for concentration
assessments obtained from surface tension measurements.
*Biodegradation, *Surfactants, *Phenols, *Alcohols, Analytical techniques,
Testing, Measurements
096E
INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY-
LIQUID AND SOLID PHASE DETECTION SYSTEMS,
Stedman, D. H., and Meyers, P. A.
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Departments
of Chemistry and of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
BioScience, Vol. 24, No. 6, p 346-349, June, 1974. 5 tab, 47 ref.
Analytical methods which depend upon detection in the liquid or solid phase are
described. Thus, according to arbitrary separation, methods which analyze
solids or liquids after vaporizing them, such as gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry, are not included in this review. The object of this review is
general capacities with selected references being mentioned. Methods discussed
include liquid chromatography, infrared analysis, ultraviolet and visible
analysis, electron spin resonance, nuclear mangetic resonance, electroanalytical
techniques, and neutron activationaand x-ray fluorescence.
*Analytical techniques, *Reviews, Chromatography, Infrared radiation,
Ultraviolet radiation, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Electrochemistry,
Electronics, Neutron activationanalysis, X-ray fluorescence
529
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097E
FLUORIDE VARIATION IN DOMESTIC SEWAGE RELATIVE TO TAP
WATER AND PRECIPITATION,
Hwang, C. P.
Saskatchewan University, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada, Civil Engineering Department
Water and Sewage Works, p 138-139, April 30, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab, 3 ref.
Due to increasing population and lack of adequate water resources it may be
necessary to utilize sewage as reclaimed water for public drinking. A
knowledge of the variation of fluoride content of sewage can be important for
dental purposes as well as in determining if troublesome sewage is from
groundwater or sewage and estimating the amount of infiltration or direct inflow
to the sewerage system. The distribution of precipitation and of tap water
and domestic sewage fluoride concentration for one year is tabulated for the
area of Saskatchewan, Canada. Also the relationships between monthly total
precipitation and average fluoride content in tap water and domestic sewage
is presented.
*Potable water, *Water reuse, *Fluorides, *Precipitation, Domestic wastes,
Sewage treatment, Water pollution sources, Canada
098E
PREDICTION OF EFFLUENT MIXING PATTERNS USING A
BACTERIOPHAGE TRACER,
Statham, M.
University College, Cardiff, England, Department of
Microbiology
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 17, No. 3, p 20, 22, 24, March, 1974.
5 fig, 3 ref.
To investigate mixing patterns in water it is necessary to resort to some
tracing technique. The technique chosen will depend upon the following
factors: volume of water to be labelled, composition and concentrations of
dissolved solids in the water, quality and quantity of suspended solids in
the water, subsequent use to which labelled water may be put, and information
required from the experiment. The use of bacteriophage as a water tracer is
a reliable and well tried technique. The use of a bacteriophage marker to
trace water movement in a fairly turbid estaury is examined.
*Mixing, *Tracers, *Bacteriophage, Water circulation, Discharge (water),
Suspended solids, Hydrogen ion concentration, Volume
Great Britain
530
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099E
THE DETERMINATION OF FORMALDEHYDE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
IN WATER AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS,
Afghan, B. K., Kulkarni, A. V., Leung, R., and Ryan, J.
F.
Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Water Quality Research
Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Environmental Letters, Vol. 7, No. 1, p 53-65, 1974. 3 fig, 1 tab, 11 ref.
The automation of colorimetric and fluorometric methods for the determination of
low levels of formaldehyde and related compounds in drinking water, natural
water, and industrial effluents is described. The colorimetric method
utilizes chromotropic acid; the fluorometric method is based on the reaction
of formaldehyde with 2, 4-pentanedione and ammonia to form a fluorescent
product. The fluorometric method was found to be much more specific than
the colorimetric procedure and both methods are capable of determining
formaldehyde down to 10 mg/liter at a rate of 10 to 20 samples per hour. A
preliminary survey concerning the occurrance of formaldehyde and related
compounds in a wide variety of samples, ranging from drinking waters to
industrial effluents was conducted with results indicating that considerable
quantities of these compounds are present in some waters receiving industrial
wastes. These results also show that samples which contain formaldehyde
indicate the presence of other carbonyl compounds.
*Analytical techniques, *Water analysis, Industrial wastes, Automation,
Colorimetry, Fluorometry, Surveys, Potable water
*Formaldehyde, Carbonyl compounds
100E
MECHANICAL SEPARATION PROCESSES,
Lehrer, I. H.
Monash University,
Department of Chemical Engineering
PACE, Vol. 27, No. 2, p 21-26, February, 1974. 7 fig, 2 tab, 6 ref.
Heterogeneous systems which consist of continous phases and dispersed phases
and which may be treated by mechanical separation processes are discussed.
Such separation is required for preparation of raw materials and purification
of products in the complete process. Applications of mechanical separation
pertain to waste treatment and water reuse. Theoretical derivations from
basic principles are given as a guide in design of equipment. These derivations
are shown to be fallible and often the purchaser of such equipment must expect
modifications to be necessary after installation. Specific processes for
which equations are given include sedimentation, filtration, and electrical
separators.
*Separation techniques, *Design criteria, *Equipment, Equations, Waste treatment,
Water reuse, Sedimentation, Filtration, Mathematical studies, Analytical
techniques
*Mechanical separation, Electrical separators
531
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10 IE
TRACE METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN BROWN SEAWEEDS, CARDIGAN
BAY, WALES,
Fuge, R., and James, K. H.
University College of Wales, Aberystwtyh,
Department of Geology
Marine Chemistry, No. 4, p 281-293, December, 1973. 2 fig, 4 tab, 24 ref.
Marine algae may be used to monitor coastal water trace-metal concentrations,
as long as a careful sampling procedure is adopted. Concentrations of zinc,
cadmium, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and molybdenum were examined
in brown algae, Fucus serratus and F. vesiculosus, from Cardigan Bay,
Irish Sea, Great Britain. In both species a seasonal variation in metal content
was observed. Zinc, cadmium, copper, iron, nickel and cobalt concentrations
were highest in the spring and lowest in the autumn, probably reflecting levels
of metabolic activity and climatic factors. All the studied elements, except
nickel, reached highest concentrations in harbor specimens from Aberystwyth
and Aberaeron where rivers draining mineralized areas enter the sea. Outside
the harbors, marked regional variations were observed. Trace element concentrations
varied among different species from the same locality and also varied according
to position on the shore.
*Monitoring, *Marine algae, *Metals, *Brown algae, Seasonal, Minerals, Sampling,
Coastal areas, Climates, Harbors, Seas, Zinc, Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Nickel,
Cobalt
*Seaweeds, Great Britain, Coastal waters, Metabolic activity
10 2E
MASS SPECTROMETRIC IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF
ORGANOCHLORINE HYDROCARBONS IN FISH (MASSENSPEKTROMETRISHE
IDENTIFIZIERHNG UND QUANTIFIZIERUNG VON CHLORKOHLENWASSER-
STOFFEN IN FISCH),
Schaefer, R. G.
Chemiker-Zeitung, No. 5, p 241-247, May, 1974. 10 fig, 3 tab, 27 ref.
Examined was the application of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
combination method in the analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine fish.
The following substances could be detected: p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE,
hexachlorobenzene, and several PCB isomers (tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-,
and octachlorobiphenyls). Lindane, heptachlor, and aldrin were not found.
The detection of dieldrin was excluded by the applied clean-up procedure.
The quantification is carried out by means of mass chromatography using a
dedicated computer system. The lowest detectable quantities are discussed.
*Mass spectrometry, *Hydrocarbons, *Fish, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Marine
fish, DDT, Dieldrin, Computers, Analytical techniques
*0rganochlorine hydrocarbons, Pollution identification
532
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10 3E
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR INVESTIGATION OF THE BIODEGRADABILITY
OF PRODUCTS AND CONSTITUENTS IN WASTEWATER(EIN EINFACHES
VERFAHREN ZUR PRUFUNG DER BIOLOGISCHEN ABBAUBARKEIT VON
PRODUKTEN UNO ABWASSERINHALTSSTOFFEN),
Zahn, R., and Wellens, H.
Chemiker-Zeitung, No. 5, p 228-232, May, 1974. 4 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
A description Is given of a simple, cost-saving, method of testing the
biodegradability of products and the constituent substances of effluent. Various
test parameters, the form of degradation curves, and the results of adaptation
tests are discussed. The method described is readily reproducable and is
compared with other test methods.
*Biodegradation, *Costs, Analytical techniques, Tests,
Effluents, Waste water
*Biodegradability, Germany, *Degradation Curves, Test parameters
104E
POLLUTION CONTROL STARTS WITH ANALYSIS,
Automation, Vol. 21, No. 6, p 84-85, June, 1974.
Analytical instruments detect the presence and/or quantity of elements and
chemical compounds in a sample. Presence is detected by comparing one or more
uniquely distinctive physical properties of the sample with those of known
standards. Spectroscopy is a highly reliable and versatile analytic
technique. It can be employed in several ways to detect and measure certain
constant physical characteristics of materials which produce predictable
patterns. These can be matched against a known spectrum and thus be
identified. The following spectrometric methods are described: atomic
absorption spectrometry, infrared, ultraviolet, and visible spectrometry,
fluorescence spectrometry, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry.
*Analytical techniques, Spectrometers, "^Instrumentation, Mass spectrometry,
Gas chromatography, Fluoresecence, Infrared radiation, Ultraviolet
radiation
Atomic abosrption spectrometry
533
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105E
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY,
Braun, R. D., and Sapio, J. P.
University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 6, p 9-13, June, 1974. 5 fig, 14 ref.
Atomic absorption analysis is a relatively simple, inexpensive, sensitive,
and accurate method to determine trace amounts of numerous chemical elements.
It has become a useful analytic method in clinical chemistry, geology, and
pollution analysis. The methodology, theory, instrumental components, cells,
light detection system, and interference are described. These include
spectral, chemical, and ionization, with regard to atomic absorption analysis.
*Analytical techniques, Instrumentation, Methodology, Absorption, Water
pollution sources
*Atomic absorption analysis
106E
DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF ORGANICALLY BOUND CHLORINE ON ACTIVATED CARBON IN WATERWORKS
FILTERS (ENTWICKLUNG EINER EINFACHEN UND BILLIGEN METHODE ZUR
BESTIMMUNG VON ORGANISCH GEBUNDENEN CHLOR AUF AKTIVKOHLE VON
WASSERWERKSFILTERN),
Mainka, E., Coerdt, W., von Baeckmann, A., and Kuehn, W.
Gas-Wasser-Fach - Wasser/Abwasser, Vol. 115, No. 4, p 178-181, April, 1974.
2 tab, 2 fig, 9 ref.
A simple, inexpensive procedure for the determination of organochlorine
substances, including pesticides, adsorbed on activated carbon in water works
filters, is described. The activated carbon samples, to be stored deep-frozen
in aluminum containers to prevent adsorption, are washed with twice distilled
water for the desorption of inorganic chlorides, after which the sample is
dried at 60 C for 48 hrs, and then milled for homogenizatlon. The organic
chlorine is then released by hydropyrolysis at temperatures of up to 1,000 C
in water vapor-saturated oxygen stream. The test solution is then combined
with twice distilled water, and thermostatized at 25 C for the determination
of organically bound chlorine by means of an ion-specific chloride electrode,
using a double-junction reference electrode as counter-electrode. The
potential is changed by th-? addition of a standard solution with known chlorine
concentration.
*Activated carbon, *Adsorption, *Chlorine, Pesticides, Filters, Water works,
Aluminum, Hydropyrolysis, Analytical techniques
*0rganochlorine substances
534
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107E
AERIAL INFRARED THERMOGRAPHS IN THE SERVICE OF WATER PROTECTION:
AN EXAMPLE: THE CASE OF CHARENTE (LA THERMOGRAPHIE INFRAROUGE
AEROPORTEE AU SERVICE DE LA PROTECTION DES EAUX: UN EXEMPLE:
LE CAS DE LA CHARENTE),
Dechambenoy, C., Pontler, L., Sirou, F., Vouve, J., and
Pouget, E.
Techniques et Sciences Municipales, Vol. 69,
No. 4, p 175-185, April, 1974. 12 fig, 4 ref.
The thermal pollution of the Charente river in France was studied by aerial
infrared thermography, using an infrared radiometer with a rotary mirror
for scanning at 500 m altitude. The temperatures recorded on magnetic tape
are displayed either in the form of temperature listing for automatic data
processing, or in the form of coded listing for the study of details. The
presence of thermal anomalies in the waterflow can be indicative of flow
anomalies, thermal pollution, and subsurface obstacles. The purified effluent
from a waste water treatment plant was detected as a homogeneous cloud with
a temperature slightly above the mean water temperature of the river.
*Water pollution sources, Thermal pollution, Thermal water, Temperature,
Flow measurement, Effluents, Automation, Analytical techniques
*Thermography, *Radiometers, *Infrared radiometers, *Charente River, France,
Aerial thermography
10 8E
THE GEOPHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES AS A BASIS
FOR MODEL CALCULATIONS IN ISOTOPIC HYDROLOGY (DAS GEOPHYSIKALISCHE
VERHALTEN DER UMWELTISOTOPE ALS BASIS FUER MODELLRECHNUNGEN IN
DER ISOTOPENHYDROLOGIE),
Oeschger, H., and Gugelmann, A.
Oesterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, Vol. 26, No. 3/4, p 43-49, April, 1973.
11 fig, 6 ref.
The geophysical behavior of natural and anthropogenic radioactive isotopes in
the environment is discussed with respect to their use for hydrological
studies, especially for the dating of waters. For practical purposes, input
concentrations of natural isotopes such as tritium, 14C, 32Si, 39Ar, 81Kr,
and 36C1 may be regarded as constant for the time before 1954, the year of
the first A-bomb test. The isotope ratios 180/160, deuterium/H, and
tritium/H were found to exhibit seasonal variation which is to be considered
in isotope dating. The 85Kr concentration in air and water has been linearly
increasing for the last two decades. The A-bomb and H-bomb tests have
resulted in tritium and 14C concentrations now exceeding the natural levels
measured before the tests. Natural radioactive isotopes are suited to the
determination of the age distribution of water in hydrological systems
either by the piston-flow model, excluding the mixing of waters of different
ages, or by the exponential model allowing for mixing of different water
bodies.
*Isotopes (radioactive), *Environmental effects, *Radioactive dating,
Hydrology, Model studies, Hydrologic models, Flow models, Analytical techniques
Piston-flow model, Water dating (isotopic)
535
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109E
THE DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL CHLORINE IN WATERS (LA
DETERMINAZIONE DEL CLORO RESIDUO NELLE ACQUE),
Bodrito, P.
Inquinamento, Vol. 16, No. 3, p 26-28, March, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab, 11 ref.
A colorlmetric method for the determination of chlorine in water by means of
o-tolidine is described. The total chlorine content is measured by the
addition of one ml o-tolidine to 50 ml water. The sum of chlorine,
hydrochloric acid, and chlorine dioxide is determined by the additional use
in the test solution of arsenite for the prevention of the color reaction
of the chloramines. The interference by free chlorine and chloramines is
prevented by the addition of malonic acid. The colorimetric method has a
sensitivity of 0.02-0.05 ppm. The interference by iron is prevented by
preliminary precipitation by sodium pyrophosphate. The nitrite content in the
test solution should be less than 2 ppm for no interference to occur.
(Takacs-FIRL)
*Chlorlne, *Colorimetry, Analytical techniques, Nitrites, Iron
Residual chlorine, Chloramines, Hydrochloric acid
110E
DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANT CATIONS BY THIN-LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY (DETERMINAZIONE DI CATIONI INORGANICHI
INQUINANTI MEDIANTE CHROMATOGRAFIA SU STRATO SOTTILE) ,
Frache, R., Drago, M., and Cescon, P.
Inquinamento, Vol. 16, No. 3, p 23-25, March, 1974. 1 fig, 16 ref.
Thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of inorganic cations
as water pollutants, such as bivalent mercury, zinc, cadmium, nickel, copper,
manganese, lead and barium ions, and trivalent iron and chromium ions is
described. The samples to be analyzed are first concentrated on nitric acid-
treated 20-50 mesh Dowex 50WX8 ion exchange resin. Silicagel, alumina, and
cellulose can be used as thin layer, while the best results were obtained by
means of microcrystalline cellulose layer of 400 micron thickness. A
40:40:20:20 ratio of acetone, butanol, 0.4N hydrochloric acid and water is
used as eluent.
*Chromatography, *Inorganic compounds, Water pollution sources, Metals,
Analytical techniques, Sampling, Ion exchange, Cellulose
*Thin-layer chromatography, Inorganic cations
536
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HIE
MERCURY DETERMINATION IN WATER AND WASTE WATER BY FLAMELESS
ATOMIC ABSORPTION (QUECKSILBER-BESTIMMUNG IN WASSER UND
ABWASSER MIT HILFE DER FLAMMENLOSEN ATOMABSORPTION),
Dujmovic, M., and Winkler, H. A.
Aus der Abteilung Anwendungstechnik der Beckman
Instruments, GmbH, Munich, Germany
Chemiker-Zeitung, Vol. 98, No. 5, p 233-235, May, 1974. 4 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy has been shown as a suitable method
for the determination of mercury in water. Organic bound mercury must be
exposed to ultraviolet radiation before its determination. The reliability
of the method was tested by application to different types of water. An
analytical differentiation between inorganic and organic bound mercury was
shown.
*Mercury, *Spectroscopy, Analytical techniques, Waste water, Water pollution
sources, Ultraviolet radiation
*Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy
112E
GEL- AND ULTRAMEMBRANE FILTRATION OF AQUATIC HUMUS: A
COMPARISON OF THE TWO METHODS,
Gjessing, E. T.
Norwegian Institute for Water Research,
Blindern, Norway
Swiss Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 35, No. 2, p 286-294, 1973.
Analytical water chemistry methods are discussed. Fractionation as an
approach for obtaining information about the complex composition of aquatic
humus is detailed. For this purpose, gel filtration has been used over
the last decade. More recently ultramembrane filtration as a technique of
fractionation has been found useful. The two techniques are compared and
results of combined use of ultramembrane filtration and gel filtration are
reported. The results show a poor correspondence regarding molecular size.
Due to an interaction between the gel used (Sephadex) and humus, the ultra-
membrane filtration technique proved to be preferable for desalting and for
molecular size fractionation of aquatic humus.
*Fractionation, *Filtration, Aquatic plants, Aquatic life, Humus, Desalting,
Analytical techniques, Water chemistry
*Ultramembrane filtration, *Gel filtration (Sephadex), Aquatic humus
537
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113E
MEASURING ELECTRODE POTENTIALS IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
WITH STAINLESS STEEL ELECTRODES,
Blanc, F. C., and Molof, A. H.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 5, p 64-66, 74, May, 1974. 5 fig.
13 ref.
The successful use of stainless steel as a replacement for such metals as
gold and platinum as an inert electrode under anaerobic conditions is
examined. Experimental results show that stainless steel electrodes
exhibited the same electrode potential readings and behavior as the commonly
used, more expensive platinum electrodes in both acetate-fed methane
fermentation units and in the sewage sludge-fed anaerobic digestion unit.
This identical behavior of both metals was also observed during periods in
which the electrode potentials varied considerably and during the initial
electrode adjustment periods after first immersion of the electrodes.
*Stainless steel, *Electrodes, Anaerobic conditions, Fermentation,
Anaerobic digestion
Electrode potential
114E
PERCOLATION TESTS IN STRATIFIED SOIL,
Manke, A.
Fayetteville, New York
Water and Sewage Works, p 42, 44, 46, April 30, 1974. 2 fig.
Percolation tests can easily produce varying results when the hole is filled
with water and allowed to soak in order to saturate the soil before determining
the final percolation data. Where the soil is of the same consistency or
homogeneous for the entire depth of the 30-inch hole, this method of
saturating the soil does not encounter the difficulties which are inherent
where two or more defininte layers of widely differing soil are present.
Results obtained when three definite layers of soil were encountered in
digging a hole to a depth of 30 inches to perform a percolation test are
presented. Another test was undertaken to determine if the percolation rate
of 116 minutes was due to saturation or to silt from the top layer getting
into the pores of the lower soil layer. Results indicate that a different
approach should be used to obtain a percolation test in a reasonably well-
saturated area where the soil for the 30-inch hole has layers which are of an
entirely different nature. These tests also show the importance of avoiding
silting action in the drainage trench, particularly when the trench is located
in a stratified soil of this type.
*Percolation, Percolating Water, Testing, Data collections, Soil types,
Saturation, Silts
538
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115E
MAGNETIC FLOWMETER THAT KEEPS ITS NOSE CLEAN,
Neish, D.
Taylor Instruments Companies (Europe) Limited,
Water Treatment and Pollution Control Department
Process Engineering, p 61, May, 1974.
Taylor Instruments has designed a self-cleaning electrode with the following
three basic different features: the leading edge is a gentle slope while
the trailing edge is steep; the actual conductive part of the electrode
is a small eye in the center of the leading edge; and, the remainder of
the electrode is coated with a tough insulating material called Nucerite.
This electrode is embodied in a new range of magnetic flowmeters designed
for use in sewage, sludge, and effluent treatment. The electrodes are made
of Carpenter 20 Cb3, a corrosive-resistant stainless steel. The flowmeters,
designated the Mag-Pipe 1210L series, have additional junction boxes that
plug into the side of the transmitter unit. This enables the customer to
install his field wiring in the junction boxes and then seal them to be
watertight. If flooding occurs, the transmitter is rendered temporarily
inoperative without damaging the instrument.
*Instrumentation, ^Electrodes, *Flowmeters, Construction materials,
Sewage treatment
Transmitter unit
116E
DETERMINATION OF ZINC AND CADMIUM IN ENVIRONMENTALLY
BASED SAMPLES BY THE RADIOFREQUENCY SPECTROMETRIC SOURCE,
Talmi, Y.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
Analytical Chemistry Division
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 46, No. 8, p 1005-1015, July, 1974.
1 fig, 5 tab, 16 ref.
The applicability of the radiofrequency furnace (RFF) spectrometric source
to the analysis of trace amounts of cadmium and zinc in environmental samples
is described. Modifications in the original design of the system enhanced
sensitivity and reduced interferences. Both atomic absorption (AA) and
atomic emission (AE) spectrometric modes have been sucessfully used with
samples pre-treated by various methods. These included wet ashing, on-
substrate wet ashing and Soluene solubility, and direct analysis. Samples
such as coal, fly ash, gasoline, bovine liver, bunker oil, soil, orchard
leaves, and fish gonad were analyzed. The rate of analysis was five per
minute. The average overall accuracy was 6.8 percent and reproducibility
was 5.5 percent. With the AA mode, detection limits for Cd and Zn were
5 picograms and 6 and 8 picograms with the AE mode. Relative sensitivi-
ties were in the 0.001-0.5 ppra range. Interferences in the two modes
were also compared.
*Spectrometry, *Cadmium, *Zinc, Environmental effects, Analytical
techniques, Sampling, Pollutants
*Radiofrequency furnance, *Atomic absorption, *Atomic emission
539
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117E
WATER POLLUTION TELEMETRY SYSTEM,
Kitahara, S., Takeno, K., and Omura, A.
Communication. Equipment Works
Mitsubishi Denki Giho, Vol. 48, No. 4, p 452-458, April, 1974.
5 fig, 4 tab, 6 ref.
Waste water produced by industries and urban expansion is on the increase
and pollution of water of rivers and lakes around cities is being
aggravated. A water pollution telemetry system was built for the
purpose of studying the water pollution. The Ministry of Construction
(of Japan) tries to standardize the specifications of water pollution
telemeters and has given more stringent standards for the water quality.
*Telementry, *Water quality standards, *Water quality control,
*Water pollution, Measurement, Systems, Urbanization, Rivers, Lakes,
Municipal water
*Japan
118E
DDT RESIDUES IN SOIL, WATER, AND FAUNA FROM NEW YORK
APPLE ORCHARDS,
Kuhr, R. J., Davis, A. C., and Bourke, J. B.
New York State Agricultural Experiment Station,
Geneva, New York,
Department of Entmology
Pesticides Monitoring Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3/4, p 200-204, March, 1974.
2 tab, 15 ref.
Five commercial apple orchards which had not been sprayed extensively with
DDT for twelve years were surveyed in 1972 for residues of DDT and its
metabolitles. In addition to the parent compound, DDE and ODD were
almost recovered, but no dicofol was detected in any soil sample. Total
residues in the top 6-inch soil layer underneath the trees ranged from
21.8 to 259 Ib/acre. Between the rows of trees the levels were consider-
ably lower; they ranged from 7.3 to 78.5 lb/6-inch acre. In one heavily
contaminated orchard, researchers also analyzed stream water, stream-
bottom mud, and animals. Very low amounts of DDT (0.32 ppb) and ODD
(0.042 ppb) were found in the water. Residues in stream-bottom mud
totaled less than 1 ppm. Worms, slugs, snails, tadpoles, fingerling
fish, and frogs all contained ODD, DDE, and DDT.
*Pesticides, *Soils, *Streams, *DDD, *DDE, *DDT, *Pesticide residues,
Aquatic life, Pollutants, Animals, Sampling
540
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119E
THE PLATEAU B.O.D.—MEASUREMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE
(DER PLATEAU-BSB-MESSUNG UND AUSSAGEKRAFT),
Hartmenn, L.
Unwelthygiene, Vol. 25, No. 5, p 99-102, 1974. 6 fig.
The measurement and significance of the plateau BOD value in
waste water are described. The BOD curves are the result of
a series of biologic al reactions. As shown by experiments,
only the very first reaction is caused by the aerobic degra-
dation dissolved organic matter. Consequently, only this first
reaction has significance for the biological treatment of sew-
age. This BOD, termed as plateau-BOD, is established in 18
to 24 hrs (or in much shorter time depending on the bacteria count
and the temperature). While this plateau-BOD considers the oxygen
demand for the primary oxidation elimination of dissolved organic
substances, the BODS additionally considers endogeneous respira-
tion and other secondary reactions. A new instrument, Pollumax,
developed by Pollux, permits the automatic determination of the
plateau-BOD value by converting the vacuum into electrical signals.
These in turn can be used in control circuits by computer. The
automatic measurement of the plateau-BOD values indicates new
automation of activated sludge waste water treatment plants.
*Measurements, *Biochemical oxygen demand, *Biological treatment,
Sewage treatment, Dissolved organics, Automation, Activated sludge,
Waste waters, Analytical techniques
*Plateau BOD values
120E
DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM IN WATER AND WASTE WATER
(BESTIMMUNG DES CHROMS IN WASSER UND ABWASSER) ,
Wendel, H.
Gas-und Wasserfach-Wasser Abwasser, Vol. 115, No. 5, p 227-229,
1974. 6 refs.
Methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of
chromium in waste water are described. For qualitative deter-
mination, the evaporation residue is fused with sodium carbonate
and potassium nitrate or sodium peroxide. The cold fused mass
is dissolved in the acetic acid. Upon addition of silver nitrate,
reddish brown silver chromate is obtained. Yellow lead chromate
is precipitated fay the addition of lead acetate. If the cold
fused mass is treated wit sulfurous acid and hydrogen peroxide,
ether-soluble deep blue chromium peroxide is obtained. For quanti-
tative determination, the fused mass obtained from the evaporation
residue is purified and treated with sulfuric acid and phosphoric
acid, after which the solution is titrated with 0.In-ferrous
sulfate solution after addition of diphenylamine solution until
color shift from violet to green occurs. In another photometric
method reddish purple color is obtained by the reaction of chromate
ions with diphenylcarbazide in acid solution.
*Chromium, *Waste water, *Analytical techniques, Pollutant
identification, Analytical techniques
*Quantltative determination, *Qualitative determination
541
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121E
DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND BY MEANS 0?
VANADATE SULFURIC ACID (DIE BESTIMMUNG DBS CHEMISCHEN
SAURSTOFFBEDARFS MITTELS VANADATSCHWEFELSAEURE),
Rettmer, S., and Straten, G.
Wasser-und Abwasser-Forschung, Vol. 7, No. 2, p 57-62, 1974.
2 tab, 26 refs.
Disadvantages of COD determination by dichromate-sulfuiric acid,
and a new method of COD determination by means of vanadate-sul-
furic acid are described. Oxidation of chlorides and disinte-
gration of dichromate are the basic disadvantages of the dich-
romate method. These disadvantages are eliminated by the use of
vanadate-sulfuric acid. For COD determination by this method,
mercury sulfate, silver sulfate and sulfuric acid are combined,
after which vanadate-sulfuric acid is added for boiling the
sample under addition of silver sulfate and sulfuric acid. Then,
ammonium ferric sulfate solution and o-phenanthroline indicator
are added until color shifts from bluish green to reddish blue.
Comparative determinations of COD values of pure organic compounds
revealed oxidation rates of 93 percent, 87 percent, and 33 percent
for dichromate, vanadate, and permanganate methods, respectively.
*Chemical oxygen demand, *Sulfuric acid, *Water quality, Oxidation,
Analytical techniques
Vanadate sulfuric acid, Dichromate method, Permanganate method
122E
EXEMPLARY WATER LEVEL AND RUNOFF MEASURING DEVICES
IN MOUNTAIN WATER STREAMS (VORBILDLICHE WASSERSTANDS-
UND ABFLUSSMESSANLAGEN IN GEBIRGSWAESSERN),
Hinrich, H.
Die Bautechnik, Vol. 51, No. 4, p 131-133, April, 1974. 7 fig, 2 ref.
Two simple water-level and runoff gauges installed in the El
Rincon and Benetez rivers in the Conlara Valley in Argentina
are described and compared with a sophisticated water-level
gauge in the Massa river in Switzerland. In the mountain creeks
in Argentina, the gauging section is concreted in the bed with
a transversal slope of 1 : 20. Water-level and runoff measre-
ment are done by simple hydrometric vanes fastened to support on
the banks. The highly sophisticated and expensive gauging sta-
tion on the Massa river in Switzerland, composed of artificial
weir, stilling basin and measuring canal, is suitable also for the
measurement of glacier water on the basis of preliminary model
experiments. The simple gauging stations in Argentina are especi-
ally suitable for measurement of the dry-weather runoff.
*Runoff, *Measurement, Streams, Rivers, Gauges, Weirs, Basins,
Canals
Argentina, Switzerland, Water level gauge
542
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123E
THE USE OF CHELATING ION EXCHANGE IN CONJUNCTION WITH
RADIOISOTOPE X-RAY SPECTOMETRY FOR DETERMINATION OF TRACE
AMOUNTS OF METALS IN WATER,
Holynska, B.
Radiochemistry and Radloanalytical Letters, Vol. 17, No. 5/6.
p 313-324, June 20, 1974. 6 fig., 1 tab, 11 ref.
The chelatlng Ion-exchange resin Chelex-100 was applied for
collection of trace amounts of several metal ions from aqueous
solutions. The kinetics of the exchange reaction has been
measured, as well as the influence of pH of the solution and
calcium or sodium ions concentrations on the metal collection.
The radioisotope X-ray fluorescence method has been applied
for determination of metal ions sorbed on the resin.
*Chelation, *Ion exchange, *Trace metals, *Spectrometry, Analytical
techniques, Kinetics, Radiolsotopes, Fluorescence, Calcium, Sodium
Resin
124E
MONITORING 2,4-D RESIDUES AT LOXAHATCHEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE
REFUGE,
Schultz, D. P., and Whitney, E. W.
Southeastern Fish Control Laboratory, Fish and Wildlife
Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Warm Springs, Georgia
Pesticides Monitoring Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3/4, p 146-152, March, 1974, 4 tab,
11 ref.
In the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge in Florida, more than 7,000 acres along
the Hillsboro perimeter canal were sprayed with 2,4-D(DTA-2,4-D) at a rate of 4.48
kg acid equivalent per hectare to control waterhyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) in
1971. Samples of fish, water and mud were collected at the three stations along
the canal for water quality monitoring and residue analysis. The first application
of 2,4-D, supported by spot treatments of DTA-2.4-D and/or the dimethylamine salt
of 2,4-D (DMA-2,4-D) controlled waterhyacinth very well. The day after the initial
treatment saw the highest residue level of 2,4-D in water (0.037 mg/1). Three to
15 days after treatment saw the highest occurrence of hydrosol (0.005 mg/kg). In
60 samples of fish, 3 showed herbicide residue exceeding 0.010 mg/kg, 16 showed
less than 0.010 mg/kg, and the remaining samples appeared to be free of any notice-
able residue. Residue levels of 0.30 mg/kg and 0.675 were detected in Florida gall-
inules a day after spraying. No bad effects were found to occur in the hatching
of boat-tailed grackle eggs or fledgling development from herbicide use.
*Herbicides, Pesticide residue, Waterhyacinth, Fish, Sampling, Monitoring, Water
quality control
*2,4-D, DTA-2,4-D, 2,4-D(DMA-2,4-D), Florida gallinules, Boat-tailed grackle
543
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125E
LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING FOR PLUTONIUM IN ENVIRONMENTAL
SAMPLES,
D. L. Bokowski
Products and Health Physics Research, Dow Chemical U.S.A.,
Rocky Flats Division, Golden, Colorado.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 35, No. 6, p 333-344, June,
1974. 9 tab, 21 ref.
A liquid scintillation counting technique which is applicable to the conventional
analysis of plutonium in environmental and biological samples is discussed. A
presentation is made of methods for improving the specificity and sensitivity for
plutonium. This method was compared to the anlon exchange chromatography-alpha
plus height spectrometry technique, and made valid by means of a t-test. Procedures
for sample preparation are given for air filters, water and soil. Expediency in
preparation is shown. Overall mean recovery of plutonium from the different types
of samples was greater than 95 percent. Detectable activity at the minimum for
100-minute counts is 0.18 pCi.
*Environmental control, Chromatography, Soil
*Plutonium, Liquid scintillation, Environmental samples
126E
THE WORK AND FACILITIES OF THE BRIXHAM LABORATORY OF IMPERIAL
CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED,
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 3, p 336-340, 1974. 4 fig.
The Brixham Laboratory of the Imperial Chemical Industries has facilities and
services available both to ICI and for outside industry. These enable work to be
done on any operation normally encountered in effluent and pollution control.
Analytical services use modern instrumental methods such as radioactive tracer
techniques, gas-liquid chromatographs, and a special technique for analysis of
total carbon. Areas of treatment include chemical and physical treatment, pilot
investigations of biological treatment and ancillary processes, tertiary treat-
ment, and work site surveys. Disposal research includes field surveys, biological
surveys of fauna and flora samples, bacteriological surveys, and bioassays.
laboratory tests, Industrial wastes, *Effluents, *Analytical techniques,
*Biological treatment, *Pllot studies, *Chemical treatment, Surveys, Sampling,
Investigations, Research
*Brixham Laboratory, Imperial Chemical Industries
544
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127E
PHOSPHORUS AND NITRATE LEVELS IN GROUNDWATER AS RELATED
TO IRRIGATION OF JACK PINE WITH SEWAGE EFFLUENT,
Orie, D. H.
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
North Central Forest Experiment Station
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 157-164. 2 tab, 5 ref.
The North Central Forest Experiment Station has begun research on the effects
of sewage effluent on groundwater nutrient levels. Results from an initial
test conducted near Cadillac, Michigan are discussed. This exploratory test
was conducted to gain background information on the methods useful in conduct-
ing field tests of sewage effluent renovation where only small volumes of
effluent are available. The single plot test illustrates that the nitrates
added in sewage effluent irrigation may reach shallow water tables under sand-
soil, forest conditions. Phosphorus renovation was complete during the initial
year. Public health considerations may limit the permissible dosage levels in
such highly permeable soils. Experience with this single plot test has re-
sulted in the adoption of a different type of field test in locations where sew-
age effluent must be trucked to the test site. Tests now in progress utilize
plots about 0.001 hectare in area using gravity methods of application. Tension
lysimeters are being used instead of wells to test the degree of renovation
under various treatments.
*Nutrients, *Groundwater, *Phosphorus, *Nitrates, Testing, Sewage effluents,
On-site tests, Irrigation, Public health, Water table, Soil types, Waste
water treatment, Lysimeters
128E
BIOTOXIC ELEMENTS IN SOILS,
Hinesly, T. D., and Jones, R. L.
Illinois University, Department of Agronomy
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest and
Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, p 215-216.
Application of stabilized municipal waste treatment plant residues on agricul-
tural lands is the most economically viable solution to a growing solids dis-
posal problem. Yet, it is a small problem from the standpoint of its utiliza-
tion by agriculture. Only enough sludge solids would be available to treat
slightly more than 0.2 percent of the 465 million acres of cropland or slightly
less than 0.06 percent of the total 1904 million acres contained in the United
States. It is recognized that the solids from many small waste water treatment
plants will probably continue to be recycled to cropland. Thus it is necessary
to attempt to identify those chemical elements which tend to be ubiquitously
present in relatively high concentration in municipal waste waters and sludges
and might accumulate in soils in forms available to crop plants at concentra-
tions which may be injurious to plants or to animals consuming the produce.
*Sewage effluents, *Municipal wastes, Waste treatment, Tertiary treatment,
Chemical properties, Water pollution control, Environmental control
545
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129E
DETECTION OF DILUTE ORGANIC ACIDS IN WATER BY
INELASTIC TUNNELING SPECTROSCOPY,
Skarlatos, Y., Barker, R. C., Haller, G. L., and
Yelon, A.
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,
Department of Engineering and Applied Science
Surface Science, Vol. 43, No. 2, p 353-368, June, 1974. 9 fig, 2 tab,
14 ref.
Oxidized aluminum films were exposed to acetic, formic, and cynoacetic acid
and covered with a lead film. These form junctions which carry electrical
current by electron tunneling. The technique of inelastic electron tunnel-
ing spectroscopy, which reveals the characteristic vibration spectra of the
molecules adsorbed on the oxide surface, was used to detect the presence of
the organic molecules in the parts per million range. The intensity of the
spectral lines, which is dependent upon the competition between water and
the organic molecules for the adsorption sites on the alumina surface, appears
to saturate in the 10 to 1000 ppm range. From the spectra obtained, one can
distinguish between different molecules with similar structure and between
different surface bonding configurations. The method should be applicable
to the detection of low concentrations of other, similar organic molecules
that adsorb readily on the alumina surface.
*Water chemistry, *Analytical techniques, *Spectroscopy, *0rganic acids,
Application techniques
*Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
130E
AN ADAPTED DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE IN SEAWATER
FOR USE WITH THE HYBRID AUTOMATIC ANALYSER,
Pugh, K. B., and Gibbs, C. F.
University College of North Wales, Menai Bridge,
Anglesey, United Kingdom, Marine Science Laboratories
Chemosphere, Vol. 13, No. 3, p 103-105, June, 1974. 1 fig, 3 ref.
Inorganic phosphate dissolved in seawater and beach groundwater has been
determined using the method of Chan and Riley on a hybrid automatic three
channel analyzer. The reagents used were as described by Chan and Riley
with a number of minor modifications found to improve the effectiveness
of this manifold. Statistical results are included.
*Phosphates, *Analytical techniques, Water analysis, Instrumentation,
Performance, Data collections, Temperature, Mixing, Automatic control
546
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131E
A HYBRID AUTOMATIC ANALYSER,
Pugh, K. B., and Chubb, L. W.
University College of North Wales, Menai Bridge,
Anglesey, United Kingdom, Marine Science Laboratories
Chemosphere, Vol. 13, No. 3, p 97-101, June, 1974. 1 fig, 5 ref.
The construction materials and procedures of a three channel analyzer
for ammonium-,nitrate-, and nitrate-nitrogen determinations are pre-
sented. The system, detailed here, comprising a sampler, proportioning
pump, glassware, heating bath, colorimeters, and recorders has been in
satisfactory use for over two years. The system is fully adaptable so
that manifolds for the determination of other chemical species are
easily constructed.
*Analytical techniques, *Instrumentation, Ammonia, Nitrates, Nitrites,
Nitrogen, Water analysis, Sea water, Equipment
132E
MERCURY DETERMINATION IN WATER AND WASTE WATER WITH THE AID
OF FLAMELESS ATOM ABSORPTION (QUECKSILBER BESTIMMUNG IN WASSER
UND ABWASSER MIT HILFE DER FLAMMENLOSEN ATOMABSORPTION),
Mira, D., and Winkler, H. A.
Chemiker-Zeitung, Vol. 98, No. 5, p 233-235, 1974. 4 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
A quantitative method for the determination of total and inorganic mercury
in water by flamless atomic absorption is described. For the determina-
tion of inorganically bound mercury, the water sample is combined with po-
tassium permanganate solution, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydroxylam-
monium chloride, after which tin chloride solution in sulfuric acid is added
for the spectrometric determination. For the determination of the total
mercury content, the sample is exposed to UV irradiation for 2 hrs for the
digestion of organically bound mercury. The organic mercury content is
determined from the difference of the total mercury and inorganic mercury
levels. Actual measurements of the mercury levels in surface waters in
Switzerland and West Germany revealed total mercury levels one order of
magnitude below the maximum allowable concentration of 1 microgram/liter,
and organomercurlal contents amounting to 80 percent of the total mercury.
*Mercury, *Atomic absorption, Sampling, Measurement, Surface waters
Germany, Flameless atomic absorption
547
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133E
POSSIBILITIES OF WATER DATING BY MEANS OF INERT GAS
ISOTOPES (AUBSLICK AUS DIE WASSERDATIERUNG MIT HILFE
VON EDELGASISOTOPEN),
Oeschger, H., and Gugelmann, A.
Oesterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, Vol. 26, No. 3/4, p 54-56, April, 1974.
2 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
Possibilities of water dating in hydrology, oceanology and glaciology by
means of inert gas isotopes, and actual dating performed by this method are
described. The inert gas isotopes suitable for dating water of different
ages are 37Ar, 39Ar, 81Kr, and 85Kr with the respective half-life periods
of 35 days; 269 yrs; 210,000 yrs, and 10.6 yrs. For water dating, the water
sample is first heated to 85-100 C under atmospheric pressure for the sepa-
ration of the gases. Krypton and argon are then separated from oxygen and
nitrogen by oxidation of the latter over hot copper followed by fractionated
distillation. Argon and krypton are then separated from each other by a
chromatographic method. The radioactivity is measured by means of proportional
counter. Water dating by means of such inert gas isotopes is suitable for
the determination of the age and age distribution of water, of the motion and
turbulence of water masses in oceans, and of the age of different layers of
glaciers.
*Argon, *Krypton radiosotopes, Hydrology, Turbulence, Oceans,
Water sampling, Glaciers
*Water dating, Gas isotopes
134E
MEASUREMENT OF THE ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT TRANSPORT BY MEANS OF
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS (MESSUNG DBS FLUSSEDIMENTRANSPORTES MIT
HILFE RADIOACTIVER MARKIERUNG),
Erdelysky, Z.
Oesterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, Vol. 26, No. 3/4. p 89-92,
March-April, 1974. 6 fig.
The propagation of alluvial deposit of different particle sizes in
Danube river was studied by radioactive tracers. Four different radio-
active isotopes with characteristic gamma-components and intensities
(Zn-65, Zr-95, Hf-181 and Sb-124) were embedded in pebbles of different
sizes and sealed by araldit resin. The pebbles were laid in the river
and their propagation was followed up by systematic scanning of the
riverbed by means of scintillation detectors. The pebbles were found
to be carried away by the water stream in a narrow strip of 2.5 m in
width, maintained even after a path of 1,600-2,000 m. At a flow rate
of 0.75 m/sec measured near the riverbed, a 3 mm-particle had a velocity
of 0.21 m/sec.
*Alluvial deposit, *Radioactive tracers, Radioisotopes,
Analytical techniques, Flow rates
Transport
543
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135E
THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACTANTS ON FLOW AT WIND-BLOWN
WATER SURFACES,
Mansfield, W. W.
CSIRO Division of Applied Chemistry,
Melbourne, Australia
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 29, No. 7, p 1592-1600,
1974. 4 fig, 24 ref.
The effect of an air-stream on a closed channel of water has been examined
by chemical engineers in modelling two-phase flows containing both mass
transfer and surface effects. When air blows over a closed channel of
water, a steady surface velocity develops, as part of a flow extending to
the channel bed. Different flows are produced, depending on the concen-
trated solution of surfactants. The surface velocity increases with the
downwind distance and the flow is confined to a boundary layer adjacent
to the surface. This boundary layer flow is a new type, and is related
to that generated by a solid surface moving through a quiescent fluid. The
characteristics of this flow are determined experimentally and
theoretically,
*Surfactants, *Mathematical equations, Channels, Channel beds, Flow rates,
Liquids, Experimentation
136E
WATER CHARACTERISTICS,
Ghosh, M. M., and Brown, W. P.
Maine University, Orono, Maine
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1050-1058, June, 1974. 72 ref.
Considerable attention was focused in 1973 on the development and refine-
ment of analytical techniques for determination of various water character-
istics . Monitoring and measurement methods and equipment for analysis of
parameters such as temperature, suspended solids, hydrogen ion concentra-
tion, electrolytic resistivity, polybasic acids activity coefficients, and
turbidity, are reviewed.
*Analytical techniques, *Reviews, Monitoring, Measurement, Methodology,
Equipment, Laboratory tests
*Water characteristics
549
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13 7E
TESTING OF METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF URBAN RUNOFF,
Chien, J.-S.
Dalton-Dalton-Littie-Newport, Incorporated,
Cleveland, Ohio
Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 100, No. HY 7, p 1081-1082,
July, 1974. 2 ref.
A state-of-the-art in urban hydrology is challenged with regards to the
estimation of infiltration parameters and sewer routing procedures. Chien
maintains that the following factors be considered in addition to the
efforts endorsed by the authors: the adoption of individual hyetographs
for each event with its associated catchment as input instead of using the
average Thiessen hyetograph; field verification of Manning's n in the
sensitivity study; consideration of possible backwater conditions from
the downstream interceptor under high flow situation; groundwater infiltra-
tion and other inflows as part of the flow monitored.
*Urban hydrology, Estimating equations, Infiltration, Distribution patterns,
Hyetographs, Mannings equation, On-site investigations, Flow rates,
Monitoring, Groundwater, Backwater, Reviews
Sewer routing
138E
SYSTEM ANALYSIS,
Loucks. D. P.
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1604-1611, June, 1974. 59 ref.
The literature dealing with the development and application of systems
analysis techniques for assistance in the evaluation of alternative water
pollution policies in 1973 can be divided into the following categories:
general reviews; regional water quality management studies; economic
incentives; data requirements and problems; water reuse analysis; the
design and operation of waste water treatment plants, instream artificial
aeration devices, and flow augmentation systems; and the analysis of speci-
fic pollution problems attributed to acid mine drainage, DDT, nitrogen
and thermal waste water.
*Systems Analysis, *Water quality management, *Water, Aeration, Water
pollution, Mine drainage, DDT, Nitrogen, Thermal waste water, Waste water
treatment
Instream artificial aeration devices
550
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139E
HEAVY METALS AND OTHER TRACE ELEMENTS,
Leland, H. V., Copenhaver, E. D., and Corrlll, L. S.
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champalgn, Illinois
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1452-1576, June, 1974. 257 ref.
Trace elements like heavy metals are natural constituents of aquatic
environments. If more of the elements are added to water through the
activities of humans and result in changed chemical composition of the
environment, the natural cycling processes are upset. Mine wastes
contribute to such an imbalance, along with many waste water treat-
ment plants and heavy metal particles from smelters and other industrial
processes. Some elements present at trace concentrations have been
determined dangerous and extremely toxic at unnatural exposure con-
centrations. A possible relationship has been shown between concentra-
tion of some waterborne trace elements and dental caries. Chronic
poisoning due to As was reported in Argentina. Cd intoxication has
been determined to result in kidney failure. Methylmercury poisoning
was reported in epidemic proportions in Iraq in 1972. Analyses of speci-
fic parameters for determining the condition of health of aquatic organ-
isms has been recommended. Hematological alterations are multiplied
when there is the introduction of sublethal concentrations of toxic metals
in aquatic environments.
*Aquatic environments, *Public health, *Water pollution, *Heavy metals,
Trace elements, Hematology
140E
VARIABLES TO BE MEASURED IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
MONITORING CONTROL,
Roesler, F., and Wise, R. H.
The Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7,
p 1769-1775, July, 1974. 23 ref.
Process control can be interpreted as the adjustment of key process
variables on a continual or intermittent basis of maximum performance
while minimizing cost. The control of the key variables affects
quality, while control of the other variables only reduces cost.
Automatic backwashing of rapid sand filters responding to head loss
through the filter is an example of control with an indirect affect
on effluent quality and cost. The key variables in biological
waste treatment processes are classified into four categories: sub-
strate variables, physical and chemical variables, suspended solids
variables, and biological activity variables. These groups are dis-
cussed in terms of their limitations and relationships to each other,
plant performance and process control strategies.
*Waste water treatment, *Effluent control, *Biological waste treatment,
Automation, Suspended solids
^Process control, Automatic backwashing, Rapid sand filters, Substrate
551
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141E
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA LEVELS IN WATER AND
WASTEWATER WITH AN AMMONIA PROBE,
Evans, W. H. and Partridge, B. F.
Laboratory of the Government Chemist,
Cornwall House, Stamford Street, London,
Department of Trade and Industry
The Analyst, Vol. 99, No. 1179, p 367-375, June, 1974. 7 ref.
An ammonia probe application was investigated for discrete measurement
of ammonia levels in a laboratory containing a variety of waters. A
response was exhibited for the range of 0.2 to 40 mg/liter of am-
moniacal nitrogen In a stirred sodium hydroxide solution (0.1) con-
taining 0.01 M ethyl enediaminetetraacetic acid. A precision of 4 per-
cent was determined by recoveries of added ammonia and repeated cali-
brations of the study, for ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations above
0.4 mg/liter and 0.015 mg/liter for concentrations less than 0.4 mg/
liter. The statistical limit of detection 0.03 mg/liter. Agreement is
reached with existing methods based on distillation and spectrophoto-
metric measurement for more sample ranges, but the detection limit and
precision at low levels indicate that accuracy in potable waters would
be difficult. Albuminoid nitrogen can be determined by this probe by
taking the difference between the ammoniacal nitrogen and total free
and albuminoid nitrogen obtained by distillation. Values arrived at
in this manner agree with those gathered by existing methods, subject
to the acceptability of the probe.
*Ammonia, *Waste water treatment, *Water pollution, Distillation,
Spectrophotometry
*Ammoniacal nitrogen, Albuminoid nitrogen
142E
ARSENIC IN WATER BY FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY,
Tarn, K. C.
Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 8, p 734-736,
August, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab, 16 ref.
Chronic poisoning has been reported to be caused by the utilization of
drinking water containing 0.21 to 10.0 mg/liter of arsenic. The United
States Public Health Service and the Canadian Joint Committee on Drink-
ing Water Standards have both recommended an acceptable concentration of
0.01 mg/liter and a maximum permissible limit of 0.05 mg/liter. Arsenic
in water was extracted with diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate in car-
bon tetrachloride and determined by atomic absorption Spectrophotometry
using the carbon rod atomizer. The method determines arsenate, arsenite,
and any organoarsenic compounds soluble in carbon tetrachloride. By using
ultraviolet photooxidation to decompose organoarsenic compounds, the method
determines total arsenic.
*Potable water, *Poisons, *Arsenic, Atomic absorption, Spectrophotometry,
Analytical techniques, Public health
Photooxidation, United States Public Health Service, Canadian Joint Com-
mittee on Drinking Water Standards
552
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USE
ASBESTIFORM AMPHIBOLE MINERALS: DETECTION AND MEASURE-
MENT OF HIGH CONCENTRATIONS IN MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES,
Cook, P. M., Glass, G. E., and Tucker, J. H.
National Water Quality Laboratory,
Environmental Protection Agency,
Duluth, Minnestoa
Science, Vol. 185, No. 5154, p 853-855, September 6, 1974. 2 fig, 18 ref.
Asbestiform amphibole minerals, which have been demonstrated to be
associated with human health problems, were detected in substantial
quantities in municipal water supplies taken from western Lake Superior
water. The total concentration of amphibole minerals in the Duluth,
Minnesota, water supply, was measured by x-ray diffraction of daily samples
of suspended solids. They averaged 0.19 milligram per liter with large
fluctuations due to seasonal and climatological effects on lake circula-
tion. Electron microscopic examination of these water samples confirmed
the presence of asbestiform amphibole fibers. A conservative estimate of
the fiber count for 1973 Duluth water supply samples is one to thirty mil-
lion amphibole fibers identifiable by electron diffraction per liter of
water, with a mass concentration of one to thirty micrograms per liter.
*Pollutants, *Water supplies, *Municipal water, Lake Superior,
Measurements, Fibers, Detection, Sampling
*Asbestlform amphibole minerals, Duluth, Minnesota
144E
AUTOMATIC DOSAGE OF SULFATES BY AN IMPROVED NEPHLO-
METRIC METHOD (DOSAGE AUTOMATIQUE DBS SULFATES PAR UNE
METHODE NEPHELOMETRIQUE AMELIOREE),
Verduyn, G., and Derouane, A.
Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology,
Brussels, Belgium
Atmospheric Envrionment, Vol. 8, No. 7, p 707-715, July, 1974.
6 fig, 1 tab, 15 ref.
An automatic nephelomatric method for the determination of low con-
centrations of sulfate is described. It permits the determination
of concentrations as low as 0.1 microgram per cu cm. Sulfate ions
are precipitated by means of barium perchlorate and fifty samples can
be analyzed in an hour. This method is applicable to the determina-
tion of sulfate amounts in rain water. The equipment used is called
a Technicon Auto Analyser, connected with a two monochromators spectro-
fluorimeter.
*Automation, Sulfate, Measurement, Analytical techniques, Equipment, Rain water
*Nephelometric methods, Dosages, Technicon Auto Analyser
553
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145E
DETERMINATION OF N.N-DIALKYL DITHIOCAKBAMATES IN WASTE-
WATER BY THIN-LAYER DENSITOMETRY,
Onuska, F. I.
Canada Centre for Inland Waters,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Analytical Letters, Vol. 7, No. 5, p 327-334, 1974. 1 fig,
2 tab, 20 ref.
The increasing awareness and importance of very small amounts of various
herbicides in waste water has greatly stimulated refinement and extension
of analysis pertaining to water media. The quantitative determination of
N,N-dialkyl dithiocarbamates tetramethylthiuram disulfide and tetramethyl-
thiuram monosulfide in waste water was studied by thin-layer densitometry
of their copper complexes. A densitometer provides a simple and rapid means
to quantify these compounds. N,N-dialkyl dithiocarbamates were analyzed
in microgram quantities using this method.
*Herbicides, *Waste water, Analytical techniques, Copper
N,N-dialkyl dithiocarbamates, Densitometry
146E
SPHERE METHOD TURBIDIMETER,
Sato, K.
Chemical Economy and Engineering Review, Vol. 6, No. 5, p 26-30, May, 1974. 7 fig.
The presence of suspended matter in pre-treated effluents poses some problems
such as an increase in fluid resistance and fluid film thickness. To remove
solids attached to the membrane, it is important to measure and control the
suspended matter in a given sample. A new instrument, the Poic Sphere-Method
Turbidimeter, is useful in analysis of fine amounts of impurities. It operates
on the principle of measuring both dispersive and parallel transmissions and
comparing the two readings: turbidity = Td/Tp x 100 percent. Experiments in
Japan used the Turbidimeter to control the quality of seawater and to analyze
regional differences in the suspended solids of different seawater. A positive
relationship was found to exist between turbidity and solid suspension. Ap-
plications of this instrument include pollution control by measuring suspended
solids, oil concentration, and activated sludge after pre-treatment; atmos-
pheric research by measuring particulate concentrations; and, a variety of
applications in petrochemical and petroleum industries, pharmaceutical indus-
tries, and high polymer industries.
*Turbidity, *Suspended matter, Instrumentation, Effluents, Pre-treatment,
Measurement, Activated sludge, Polymers
*Turbidimeter
554
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147E
INSTRUMENTATION IMPROVES WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATION,
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 6, p 96-99, June, 1974. 1 fig, 4 tab.
Water analysis at the Loveland, Colorado water plant used jar tests in
conjunction with a laboratory turbidimeter and a very sensitive spectro-
photometer to indicate optium operation and lowest overall costs. Clari-
fication equipment, load conditions, and key water quality tests, such as
turbidity, color, and pH, were studied most. The data were then examined
for cause and effect relationships which suggested optium feed rates or
equipment changes.
*Instrumentation, *Water analysis, Optimization, ^Operations, *Costs,
Performance, Testing, Turbidity, Color, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Spectrophotometry
Jar tests
USE
HANDBOOK FOR ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL IN WATER AND
WASTEWATER LABORATORIES,
National Technical Information Service Report PB-213 884, June, 1972.
107 p, 17 fig, 15 tab,
This handbook is designed to aid laboratory directors, leaders of field
investigations, and other personnel who bear the responsibility for water
and waste water data. Information is offered such that the reader is able
to start, or reinforce, a program of analytical quality control which em-
phasizes recognition, prevention, and correction of problems which might
distort the data. Topics covered include the importance of quality control,
laboratory services, instrumental quality control, glassware, reagents, sol-
vents and gases, control of analytical performance, data handling and report-
ing, special requirements for trace organic analysis, and skills and training.
*Quality control, laboratory equipment, Laboratories, Laboratory tests,
Research and development, Analytical techniques, Water analysis, Scientific
personnel, Data collections, Data processing
*Handbook
555
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149E
AN IMPROVED CHEMICAL DELIVERY APPARATUS FOR USE IN
INTERMITTENT-FLOW BIOASSAYS,
Chandler, J. H., Sanders, H. 0. and Walsh, D. F.
United States Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Warm Springs, Georgia, Southeastern Fish Control Laboratory
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 12, No. 1,
p 123-128, July, 1974. 1 fig, 4 ref.
Flow-through systems for measuring toxicological and physiological effects
of pesticides in aquatic organisms are an improvement over the static
systems. A chemical delivery apparatus is described that is an improvement
over many of the intermittent-flow toxicant systems previously devised.
The apparatus does not require the use of a Mariotte bottle and is designed
to replace the metering devices on existing intermittent flow systems
without altering their basic function. It has no moving parts, consists
of materials commonly found in well-equipped laboratories, and delivery
of different volumes of toxicant is easily produced by changing the
volume of the apparatus.
*Bioassay, *Laboratory equipment, *Pesticide toxicity, Pesticides,
Equipment, Toxicity, Aquatic life, Analytical techniques, Water pollution
sources
*Intermittent-flow bioassays, New equipment
150E
IMPROVED LIQUID SCINTILLATION TECHNIQUE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING OF IRON-55,
Moghissi, A. A., Whittaker, E. L., MacNelis, D. N. and
Lieberman, R.
National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas,
Nevada
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 46, No. 9, p 1355-1356, August, 1974. 2 tab,
1 ref.
Iron-55 is an important radionuclide, produced by nuclear weapons and
reactors. Some methods for low-level counting of iron-55 are proportional
counting, X-ray spectrum counting, and liquid scintillation counting. The
preferred method of liquid scintillation is simpler in sample preparation
and automatic operation. The separated sample iron was electrodeposited
on a copper disk where experimenters used proportional counting. On a
2-inch disk as much as 80 mg of iron can be electrodeposited for propor-
tional counting without exceeding the half-value layer for the 5.9 KeV
X-ray of iron-55. The amount of sample or sample plus carrier iron that can
be fitted in a 25-ml counting vial, without significant loss in efficiency,
is limited to 20-30 mg (20 mg, E=0.161; 30 mg, E=0.108, 40 mg, E=0.067;
50 mg, E=0.032).
*Nuclear wastes, *Iron, *Environmental control, Chemical pollution, X-Ray
spectroscopy, Radioisotopes, Nuclear reactors, Nuclear fallout
*Liquid scintillation, *Counting methods, Proportional counting,
Solubilization
556
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151E
THE MORPHOEDAPHIC INDEX, A FISH YIELD ESTIMATOR-
REVIEW AND EVALUATION,
Ryder, R. A., Kerr, S. R., Loftus, K. H., and
Regier, H. A.
Ministry of Natural Resources,
Fish and Wildlife Research Branch,
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 31, No. 5,
p 663-688, May, 1974. 6 fig, 107 ref.
This paper reviewed and evaluated the morphoedaphic index (MEI), a fish yield
estimator. Background papers leading to the development of the MEI and more
recent advances were discussed. The MEI was defined and its criteria for use
examined. The significance of its components - total dissolved solids and
mean depth - were explained. A comparison between the MEI and related models
was also made. The global range of the MEI was outlined as well as restrictions
on its use. Sustained fish yields at different MEI values for various climatic
regions were predicted. Several special applications of the MEI include:
prediction of angling yield in north-temperate lakes; prediction of commercial
fish yield on a newly created reservoir; indication of ecological stresses and
changing environments; and contrasting responses to cultural eutrophication in
the littoral and profundal zones of lakes. The implications of the MEI for
ecological theory were discussed.
*Dissolved solids, *Yield equations, *Fish populations, Statistics, Depth
*Morphoedaphic index, Angling yield, Commercial fish yield, Mean depth
152E
THE ULTRASONIC METHOD OF RIVER GAUGING,
Herschy, R. W.
Water Data Unit, DOE,
Reading Bridge House, Reading, Great Britain
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 940, p 198-200, June, 1974. 3 fig.
The ultrasonic method of river gauging was designed to more accurately measure
river flow in areas, such as rivers influenced by navigation and locks, where
existing methods of river gauging are unsuitable. The ultrasonic method
measures the velocity of flow at a certain depth by simultaneously trans-
mitting sound pulses through the water from transducers on both sides of
the river. The average velocity of the water at the depth of the trans-
ducers is directly related to the difference between the time of travel of
the pulses crossing the river in an upstream direction and those travelling
downstream. By incorporating an area factor in the electronic processor
and relating the average velocity at the depth of the transducers to the average
velocity of flow of the whole cross section, an output of discharge can be
determined. Studies were done at River Pang at Pangbourne and at the River
Thames at Sutton Courtenay and the calibration and accuracy of the system
were found.
*Flow, *River flow, Rivers
River Gauging, Ultrasonic methods, Great Britain
557
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153E
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CU2+, PB2+, CD2+, and
ZN2+ IN FRESH TOWN-WATER BY ANODE STRIPPING POLAROGRAPHY,
Yamazaki, Y.
Journal of the National Chemical Laboratory for Industry, Vol. 69, No. 5,
p 154-161, May, 1974. 8 fig, 6 tab, 13 ref.
A procedure for the simultaneous determination of copper, lead, cadmium, and
zinc ions in fresh municipal water which has been retained in water-pipes for
a period of 24 to 72 hours is examined. The ions were electrodeposited on a
Balanced Head Stationary Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode at -1.5 volts vs. Hg
pool for about 5 minutes while being stirred at 300 rpm in 0.5 M sodium
acetate +0.1 M potassium tartrate supporting medium. Anodic dissolution
curves were recorded by changing potential linearly over the range of -1.5
volts to 0 volt vs. Hg pool at a scan rate of 50 mV/sec. Relationships
between the dissolution peak currents and pre-electrolysis potential, the
effects of foreign cations on Cd (1 x 10 to the minus seventh power M) and
Pb (1 X 10 to the minus seventh power M), and the surface active substance
effects on Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn were elucidated. Approximately 0.006 to 0.017
ppm of Cu, 0.003 to 0.017 ppm of Pb, 0.05 to 0.2 ppb of Cd, and Q.Q06 to
0.04 ppm of Zn were discovered in the fresh municipal water.
*Polarographic Analysis, *Municipal water, *Water pollution
*Cu2+, *Pb2+, *Cd2+, *Zn2+, *Anodic stripping polarography, Anodic dissolution
curves, Surface active substance, Balanced Head Stationary Hanging Mercury
Drop Electrode, Sodium acetate, Potassium tartrate supporting medium
154E
DICHROMATE REFLUX CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND: A PROPOSED
METHOD FOR CHLORIDE CORRECTION IN HIGHLY SALINE WASTES,
Baumann, F. J.
Pomeroy, Johnston and Bailey, Pasadena, California
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 46, No. 9, p 1336-1338, August, 1974. 1 fig, 3 tab,
4 ref.
Chloride interferes with methods which attempt to determine chemical oxygen
demand by strong wet oxidative means in saline wastes. Mild oxidizing conditions
inhibit chloride oxidation, but only at the expense of inefficient oxidation
of organic matter. The dichromate reflux method uses acid concentrations and
heating times which oxidize about 85-95 percent of the organic matter present,
while oxidizing the chloride ion by 100 percent as well, in the determination
of COD. The chloride interference can be greatly inhibited through the addi-
tion of mercuric sulfate to form unionized mercuric chloride. The complexing
method using a weight ratio of HgS04:Cl at 10:1, yields reproducible results at
chloride concentrations up to 5,000 mg/liter. Chloride interference problems
occur in wastes of low to moderate COD with chloride concentrations approaching
that of seawater. True values for oxygen consumed from dlchromate. are deter-
mined in highly saline wastes and seawater By the employment of the chlorine-
recovery method, without the requirement of prior chloride determination or
dependence on an excess of mercury which does not achieve complete sequestra-
tion of chloride.
*Water pollution, *Salinity, *Chlorides, *Waste water treatment, *0xidation
*Dichromate reflux method, *Chemical oxygen demand, Mercuric sulfate,
Chloride oxidation, Saline wastes
558
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155E
METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM, ARSENIC, ZINC,
CADMIUM, AND MERCURY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATRICES BY
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS,
Orvini, E., Gills, T. E., and LaFleur, P. D.
Activation Analysis Section, Analytical Chemistry
Division, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C.
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 46, No. 9, p 1294-1297, August, 1974. 6 tab, 6 ref.
Selenium, arsenic, zinc, cadmium, and mercury present a serious pollution
problem as heavy metal contamination in our environment. Neutron activation
analysis has the high sensitivity necessary for the detection of these ele-
ments. However, the most sensitive of reactions involve short half-lived
isotopes of As, Zn, Cd, and Hg, requiring chemical separation of these
elements from the activated matrix. A combustion technique used for mercury
and selenium separation does not require the previous dissolution of the
matrix. The technique has been altered and extended to separate quantita-
tively As, Zn, and Cd in addition to Hg and Se from different biological
materials and materials of environmental concern. This procedure has been
used in the determination of Se, As, Zn, Cd, and Hg concentrations of certain
Standard Reference Materials under development at the National Bureau of
Standards.
*Arsenic radioisotopes, *Zinc, *Cadmium, *Mercury, *Neutron Activation
Analysis, Heavy metals, Water pollution, Separation techniques
*Environmental matrices, *Selenium, Standard Reference Materials, National
Bureau of Standards
156E
DETECTION OF WATER POLLUTANTS BY A C02 LASER,
Kraus, G., Maier, M. and Kaiser, N.
Physik-Department der Technischen Universitat,
Munich, Germany
Optics Communications, Vol. 11, No. 2, p 175-177, June, 1974. 1 fig, 5 ref.
The concentration of S04 ions in the sewage of a textile plant was measured
by the infra-red absorption of a cw C02 laser. The detection sensitivity was
determined at about 50 mg/liter. Infra-red absorption spectroscopy is an effective
technique in the detection of small concentrations of organic and inorganic
molecules. The molecules' vibrational and rotational absorption bands are
the identifying factors. Spectroscopic techniques have lately been used for
detecting the quantitative measurement of air pollutants' concentration. In
dealing with water pollution, many common inorganic anions exhibit character-
istic absorption bands in the wavelength region between 6 and 11 micrometers.
The major difficulties in measuring the concentration of pollutants dissolved
in water are: that pure water has a high absorption in the infra-red region;
and that the concentration of the pollutants is generally very small, ranging
from 1 mg/liter or less in clean lakes and rivers to about 1000 mg/liter in the sewage
of industrial plants. These concentrations are not measurable with conven-
tional infra-red light sources and spectrometers where detection of several
g/liter is achieved. A cw C02 laser in conjunction with a sensitive two-beam
method resolves the difficulty.
*Water pollution, *Lasers, *Infrared radiation, *Absorptlon, *Spectroscopy,
Industrial pollution, Sewage, Lakes, Rivers
*Cw Co2 laser, Inorganic anions, Absorption bands, Vibrational and rotational
absorption bands, S04 ions
559
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157E
DETERMINATION OF PARTS PER BILLION SULFIDE IN WATER
WITH THE SULFIDE-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE,
Baumann, E.
E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company,
Savannah River Laboratory,
Aiken, South Carolina
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 46, No. 9, p 1345-1347, August, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab,
5 ref.
The sulfide-selective electrode is helpful in the routine determination of
total sulfide in water due to the simplicity of measurement and absence of
interferences. A procedure developed by Orion Research Incorporated, with
a sulfide antitoxicant buffer of sodium salicylate, ascorbic acid, and sodium
hydroxide, determines sulfide contents as low as 0.1 ppm. This sensitivity
was extended to 30 ppb by the removal of heavy metals from the sodium sali-
cylate by dithizone extraction. A preconcentration step was incorporated
In the process because this sensitivity was still inadequate for the deter-
mination of sulfide concentrations in natural waters; extending the deter-
mination to a lower ppb range. The sulfide was separated as ZnS, copreci-
pitated with Zn(OH)2, and dissolved in alkaline EDTA-ascorbic acid solution
for potentiometric measurement with the sulfide-selective electrode. Higher
concentrations of sulfide were determined without the preconcentration step.
*Sulfides, *Water pollution, Electrodes, Chemical Wastes, Heavy metals,
Potentiometric levels
*Sulfide-selective electrode, Sodium salicylate, Dithizone extraction,
Ascorbic acid, Alkaline EDTA
1.58E
EXTRACTABLE AND PLANT-AVAILABLE ZINC IN HORIZONS OF
SEVERAL FRASER RIVER SOILS,
John, M. K.
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 54, No. 2, p 125-132, May, 1974. 6 tab,
15 ref.
Recent emphasis on mineral requirements for cattle and reports of zinc deficiency
in crops indicated need for study of zinc in soils and its availability to plants.
One case was Fraser River, Canada, where the total zinc and seven measures of
extractable zinc in horizons of seven soil profiles declined with increasing
depth of sampling within the profile. Some extractants removed more zinc from
the deepest horizons of some profiles than from the horizon sampled immediately
above. This distribution pattern was more pronounced for extractable than total
zinc. From 27 horizon samples containing an average of 108 ppm total zinc, 2 N
MgC12, DTPA, North Carolina, Morgan, N KC1, acidic NH4Ac, and 0.01 M CaC12 ex-
tractants solubilized an average of 4.14, 3.77, 3.37, 1.99, 1.82, 1.64, and 0.69
ppm zinc, respectively. Zinc concentrations in corn and in oats grown on the
horizon samples were best correlated with amounts extracted by 2 N MgC12, acidic
NH4Ac, and N KC1. Regressions on extractable Zn and soil pH accounted for as
much as 74 and 55 percent of variations in zinc content of corn and oats,
respectively.
*Soil profiles, *Zinc, *Alluvial soils, *Rivers, Extractions, Crops, Minerals
Fraser River, Canada, pH
560
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159E
REVIEW OF RAPID BOD TEST METHODS,
LeBlanc, P. J.
Eco-Research Limited, Pointe Claire, Quebec, Canada,
Analytical Services
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 9, p 2202-2208,
September, 1974. 35 ref.
Rapid BOD test methods, as opposed to the standard five-day BOD test, are con-
sidered. Time-temperature methods, special innoculation methods, correlation
methods, manometric methods and plateau value methods are all reviewed and
evaluated. It is concluded that current rapid procedures cannot replace the
standard five-day test, although the one-day, 37 degrees centigrade test and
the TbOD test have some practical validity. It is also suggested that the
short-term AT test be further developed.
*Biochetnical oxygen demand, *Incubation, *Chemical oxygen demand, Analytical
techniques, Laboratory tests, Organic loading, Organic matter
Oxygen-carrying capacity, Total organic carbon, Total oxygen demand, Inocula,
Plateau value, Manometric techniques
160E
ELECTROCHEMICAL FILTRATION OF DILUTE COLLOIDAL HYDROSOLS,
Liberman, S. J., Inoue, M., and Mason, S. G.
Buenos Aires University, Argentina,
Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 48, No. 1, p 172-175, July,
1974. 2 tab, 7 ref.
In the use of bimetallic coalescence filters consisting of granular beds of
pairs of electrochemically dissimilar metals as a simple method of clarifying
fine ultradilute emulsions, the filtering action is ascribed to electrophoretic
deposition of the electrically charged droplets in the self-generated electrical
fields between each pair of dissimilar metal granules. It is demonstrated that
exposure of dilute hydrosols of solid particles to granulated metals can be used
for removal of the particles and that the technique offers promise as a simple
method of water clarification. Using monodisperse cationic and anionic poly-
styrene latex hydrosols as model systems, particle removal has been studied by
compacted granular beds and stirred suspensions of simple metals or in pairs.
Measurements of the removal efficiency or particles in the presence of various
electrolytes and metal combinations, coupled with the observation that the
method can be made to work with single metals, cast doubt on the validity of
the aforementioned mechanism.
*Electrochemistry, *Filtration, *Laboratory tests, *Hydrosols (dispersions),
*Emulsions, *Methodology, *Water purification, Metals
561
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161E
THE ABSORPTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ALUMINIUM IN WATER.
A COMPARISON OF SOME CHROMOGENIC REAGENTS AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED METHOD,
Dougan, W. K., and Wilson, A. L.
Water Research Centre, Medmenham Laboratory,
Medmenham, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, Great Britain
Analyst, Vol. 99, No. 1180, p 413-430, July, 1974. 3 fig, 15 tab, 21 ref.
The properties of chromogenic reagents used for the absorptiometric determina-
tion of aluminium in water are compared, and an experimental comparison of
catechol violet, Eriochrome cyanine R, and stilbazo has been made. Catechol
violet is considered to be the most suitable and a method involving the use
of this reagent has been developed. With the exception of fluoride, substances
normally present in treated waters did not cause important interference. The
method is simple and rapid; ten samples can be analyzed in approximately 1.5
hours. The method has advantages over other commonly used methods, and is
recommended for use in water analysis laboratories.
*Water analysis, *Aluminum, *Analytical techniques, Methodology, Sampling
*Absorptiometric determination, *Chromogenic reagents
162E
LET'S UPGRADE THE BOD TEST,
Arthur, R. M.
Arthur Brothers Company, Incorporated, Fond du Lac,
Wisconsin
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 6, p 100-102, June, 1974. 2 fig,
11 ref.
The manometric method of performing the BOD test as opposed to the dilution
method is discussed. The problems with the technique of the dilution method
BOD, the BOD variables, the advantages and disadvantages of the dilution BOD
are delineated. A new method of determining BOD using modern Instrumentation
is recommended and explained. The new method has the following advantages:
it is a biochemical test; the simplest of manipulative skills are required;
it: requires a low capital investment for equipment and less daily labor costs;
it is similar to the dilution techniques and can be accepted as a Standard test;
and large undiluted samples are used. In addition, it simultaneously measures
rate as well as total oxygen demand; a shorter time is needed to provide infor-
mation about the strength of a waste; and the results are more accurate than
the dilution method.
*Biochemical oxygen demand, *Analytlcal techniques, Laboratory equipment,
Standards, Instrumentation, Water pollution, Biochemistry, Water Analysis
*Manometric method of BOD
562
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163E
CONTINUOUS MONITORING, AUTOMATED ANALYSIS, AND SAMPLING
PROCEDURES.
Brezonlk, P. L.
Florida University, Gainesville, Florida
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1100-1109, June,
1974. 94 refs.
A review of the literature published during 1973 dealing with analytical aspects of
water pollution and its control is presented. The general areas of discussion include
inorganic substances analysis using electrometric and spectrometric methods of
detection; organic matter, oxygen demand, and bioassays; radioactivity; and,
sampling methods including sample preservation, samplers, and concentration/extraction
methods.
*Reviews, *Publications, *Monitoring, *Automation, *Analytical techniques, *Sampling,
Inorganic compounds, Organic matter, Oxygen demand, Bioassays, Radioactivity
164E
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF CENTRALIZED REACTIVATION OF EXHAUSTED
CARBON IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
Hsu, J. S-y.
Michigan University
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 1, p 404, July, 1974.
A system in which industrial and/or municipal waste water treatment plants of a
region transport their exhausted carbon to one or more central furnaces for
reactivation can result in savings in the total cost of carbon reactivation. Such a
system is the topic of this dissertation. Based on empirical data, four major costs
are estimated and expressed as mathematical functions of the reactivation demand.
From these cost functions two location models were constructed. Some numerical
results were obtained based on a region of 150-mile radius. Results indicate that
regionalization of carbon reactivation for small plants can result in large savings
in the total cost of carbon reactivation.
*Waste water treatment, *Activated carbon *Tertiary treatment, Regional economics,
Mathematical studies, Model studies, Numerical analysis, Estimated costs
*Carbon reactivation
563
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165E
AUTOMATION OF FILTER IN PURIFYING DEVICES IN WATER PIPES
(Avtomatizatsiya fil'trov na vodoprovodnykh ochistnykh
sooruzheniyakh),
Shimkovich, V. V.
Vodosnabzheniye i Sanitarnaya Tekhnika, No. 4, p 9-11, 1974. 2 fig, 4 ref.
Critical review is given of automatic control systems for water filters in
municipal and industrial water supply systems. The rates of filtration are
controlled primarily by the water levels or by the flow rates of the filtrates,
by means of electric or hydraulic, and sometimes pneumatic automatic control
systems. The automatic control systems act upon electrically or hydraulically
powered sluice valves. Poor hydraulic characteristics of conventional sluice
valves make their replacement by rotary valves necessary. The automatic
sequential switchover of the filters to flushing is possible by a pulse from
a limit switch. Switchover is a function of the limit value of the pressure
loss, and a function of the turbidity which is controlled by a turbidimeter.
*Filters, *Automation, *Hydraulics, Flow rates, Water purification,
Filtration, Turbidity, Equipment
*Water pipes, Rotary valves
166E
TELEMETRY IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
Holmes, J. R.
South Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council,
South Yorkshire, Great Britain
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 4, p 433-442, 1974. 11 fig.
Telemetry and data transmission are applicable to water and sewage treatment.
The use of sophisticated computer equipment is described, in which both analysis
and treatment are made by remote control. A total feedback loop is not
presently possible, one by which equipment would monitor the incoming effluent,
select the appropriate treatment, and direct the sewage treatment machinery
with outfall instrumentation. Parts of this system, however, are feasible.
Described are multiplexing, transmission media, autodialling monitoring
systems, the operational outstation, and the operational master station.
Basic principles are outlined, terminology is defined, with reference to use
in water pollution control.
*Telemtry, *Water pollution control, Sewage treatment, Computers,
Automation, Equipment, Monitoring
564
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167E
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW WASTE WATER ANALYZER FOR LABORATORIES
(RESPIROMETER) (Uj laboratoriuml szennyvizvizsgalo
keszulek (Respirometer),
Fleps, W.
Hydrologiai Kozlony, No. 5, p 217-221, 1974. 5 fig, 11 ref.
New batch type and flow-through respirometers were developed in Hungary for
complex laboratory analysis of waste waters and activated sludge regarding
the parameters which determine the biological purification of waste waters.
An oxygen supply is automatically controlled by oxygen displacement from a
burette which permits visual checkup and also automatic recording of the
oxygen consumption in both the batch type and flow-through respirometers.
The batch type respirometer is suitable for the determination of the complete
BOD curve, the rate of carbon dioxide formation, the sludge growth,
and, by means of two respirometers, the total biochemical oxygen consumption,
including that for endogenous respiration. The flow-through respirometer
with a peristaltic pump for water supply and discharge at preset rates is
suitable for the determination of: the rate of oxygen consumption of the
mixture of waste water and activated sludge; the specific oxygen demand;
the specific endogenous and substrate respiration; the specific sludge
formation; the waste water toxicity; and, the total BOD.
*Analytical techniques, *Water purification, *Analyzers, *Laboratory
equipment, Waste water, Biochemical oxygen demand, Sludge
*Respirometer, Hungary
168E
CONTINUOUS WATER QUALITY MONITORING,
Best, G. A.
Clyde River Purification Board, Scotland
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 7, p 357-367,
July, 1974. 6 tab, 16 ref.
Despite widespread international usage there has been a general dissatisfac-
tion with the performance of water quality sensors currently marketed. The
Clyde River Purification Board in Scotland has experienced many varied
problems in the operation of one of their two water quality monitoring
stations. Continuous water quality monitoring stations are expensive to
build, equip, and maintain, and require constant attention by a competent
staff. If continuous water quality monitoring equipment Is purchased for
pollution measurement rather than water supply protection, it would be useful
for a certain measure of mobility to be introduced into the station. In
that way, areas of special interest to the river board could be investigated
from time to time. It was suggested that monitoring equipment could be
installed on a purpose built caravan and towed to various sites of a river
basin. One new development by EIL is a submersible dissolved oxygen and
temperature recorder, model 8050. The reliability of the instrument has
not yet been proven, but its compact design and the use of well tried sensors
suggest definite promise for water quality measurement.
*Water quality control, *Monitoring, Costs, Construction, Measurement,
Water Supply, Dissolved oxygen, Equipment
Clyde River Board, Scotland
565
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169E
AUTOMATIC WATER QUALITY METER BY SPECTROSCOPY FOR LIQUID
WASTE MANAGEMENT (Haisui shori kanrl no tame no bunko
sokutei nl yoru suishitsu jido keisoku),
Sakai, A.
Preprint, Japan Spectroscopic Society, p 29-33, Spring, 1973. 3 fig.
Process control factors for treatment of suspended substances and dissolved
organic matter in waste water are discussed. The treatment depends on an appro-
priate amount of oxygen supply and organic substance load suitable for bacteria
degradation speed, the nutritional balance, pH, and the temperature. For good
results, sludge must have good flocculation and easy separation. The floccula-
tion capacity decreases greatly if the sludge concentration and organic sub-
stance load are not suitable and if the nutritional balance is poor. There-
fore, the most important control factors are the oxygen in the aeration tank
and the organic substance load. Dissolved oxygen measurement can be taken
easily by an automatic continuous electrochemical meter. For the control
of chemical additive coagulant, infrared and ultraviolet absorption
spectrophotometry was examined, using dye waste water. When a coagulant is
added and floe is formed, the turbidity can be measured by infrared ray and
the remaining color can be simultaneously measured by a visible light. In
this study, wave lengths were examined for various dye solutions; generally,
yellow could be measured at 420 nm, and blue and red groups could be measured
at 550 nm. For turbidity, a 970 nm single ray was used. Even when coagulation
is complete and transparency is achieved, the remaining color can bring error.
Measurement was therefore made after the formed floe was completely separated,
with the use of a z layer filter. Possible further improvements and ultra-
violet absorption were also discussed.
*Water quality control, *Liquid wastes, *Spectroscopy, Automation,
Organic matter, Flocculation, Dissolved oxygen, Waste water treatment,
Turbidity
170E
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS: PERSULFATE OR ASHING?,
Gupta, K., and Zanoni, A. E.
Havens and Emerson Limited,
Cleveland, Ohio
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 74-77, July, 1974. 5 fig, 17 ref.
A combination of oxidation, using potassium persulfate, K2S08 as an oxidizing
agent and hydrolysis of the sample in an acid medium followed by a colorimetric
determination of phosphorus is a new method for analyzing phosphorus. In
another technique, KN03-NaN03 eutectic melt is utilized, while still another
employs 50 percent hydrogen peroxide solution. Harwood compared five oxidation
procedures for total phosphorys analysis. A procedure was developed by
Harvey which samples are acid hydrolyzed under pressure with an autoclave
at 140 C for 5 hours. In the persulfate method, 10 ml of standard solution
was oxidized with different amounts of K2S208 using 30 percent sulfuric acid,
and adding distilled water to increase the volume to 50 ml. In the dry ashing
method, 10 ml of standard solution was treated with a volume of 13.67 percent
MgC12.6H20 solution, then evaporated to dryness on a steam table.
*Phosphorus, *0xidation, Hydrolysis
*Total phosphorus analysis, *Persulfate method, *Dry ashing method, Sulfuric
acid, Percholic acid digestion, Eutectic melt, Environmental Protection
Agency
566
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171E
DETERMINATION OF FENITROTHION, PHOSPHAMIDON AND
DIMETHOATE IN NATURAL WATER,
Ripley, B. D., Hall, J. A., and Chau, A. S. Y.
Water Quality Branch, Canada Centre for Inland Waters,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Environmental Letters, Vol. 7, No. 2, p 97-118, 1974. 4 fig, 6 tab, 16 ref.
Fenitrothion, phosphamidon and dimethoate are organophosphorus pesticides
being used for the protection of Canadian forests from defoliators. A
method for determining residues of these chemicals in natural waters was
investigated. Because fenitrothion and phosphamidon were not resolved
on several GLC columns used in the laboratory, the separation was
accomplished through serial solvent extraction using different solvents before
GLC analysis. The step of solvent partitioning serves to a certain extent
as confirmation of the identity of the pesticide. Storage effects on these
pesticides in distilled and natural waters were elucidated. Only 0.01 ppb
of fenitrothion and dimethoate and 0.05 of phosphamidon in one liter of water
is determinable.
*0rganophosphorus pesticides, Forest management, Natural waters, Separation
techniques, Water pollution
*Fenitrothion, *Dimethoate, *Phosphamidon, *Serial solvent extraction,
GLC analysis
172E
TERTIARY PLANT HAS SUPPLIER-INSTALLED AUTOMATIC CONTROL
SYSTEM,
Instrumentation, Vol. 27, No. 2, p 9-11, 1974.
A Honeywell control system has been installed at the new Chino Basin Municipal
Water District's advanced waste water treatment facility near Ontario,
California. The control system incorporates automatic processes. The filter
beds are backwashed automatically, activated either by a loss-of-head or a
timer if the head-loss point is not reached. All critical variables are
indicated and recorded at the central control panel. Pump control switching
is also done at the central control panel. Flow control is designed to
assure a constant throughput. Chemical additions include chlorine, alum,
and polyelectrolyte. The addition of the polymer has cut alum requirements
and reduced the chloride and sulfate content in the final effluent. Sludge
is on a pre-programmed schedule. The control systems were designed for
efficient and safe operation, easy operator training, and minimum maintenance.
*Waste water treatment, *Municipal wastes, *Automatic control, *Facilities,
Operation and maintenance, Filters, Pumps, Chemicals, Sludge, Equipment,
California
Honeywell control system
567
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173E
WATER QUALITY BY PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS,
Klooster, S. A., and Scherz, J. P.
Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 8, p 927-935, August, 1974.
10 fig, 1 tab, 15 ref.
Five years of research have resulted in a workable and practical aerial
reconnaissance technique for correlating water quality parameters to aerial
photographs. A positive correlation was determined between reflectance of
water and the water quality parameter of turbidity. This relationship is
permanent for any particular waste. At certain times other parameters such
as suspended solids, correlate to turbidity and may be mapped. Proper
analysis of aerial photographs in determining water reflectance requires a
standard reflectance panel somewhere in the frame. For such investigation
color and color-infrared film are utilized and analyzed with a color
microdensitometer which, with some modification, is employed to analyze
reflectance of water samples. Noise in the analysis consists of bottom
effects, reflection from the air-water interface, and path luminance; all
of which may be dealt with by proper techniques.
*Water quality management, *Water pollution, *Aerial photography, Turbidity,
Air-water interfaces, Reflectance, Suspended solids, Sampling
*Infrared film, *Microdensitometer, Bottom effects, Path luminance
174E
DEVELOPING WATER SAMPLING STANDARDS,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 9, p 786-787 September
1974.
The consensus of opinion at the D-19 Symposium on Aquatic Sampling and
Measurement for Water Pollution Assessment held in Washington, D. C., in
June, 1974, was that no standard sampling equipment or technique exists
for determining how polluted a given waste water stream is. One of the
most difficult sampling jobs is to obtain representative samples from storm
or combined sewers. Different methods for sampling sewers include discrete
samples, simple composite samples, flow-proportional composite samples, and
sequential composite samples. Equipment and sampling standards are in a
formation stage; standards should emphasize intake, transport, tubing and
piping, sample size, flow control, power sources, and temperature control.
An ideal sampler should operate on batteries weighing less than 40 pounds
which are capable of reliable sampling for three days in a standard manhole
with uniform atmosphere and protection from vandalism. It should have the
ability to: take flow-proportional and time-composite samples; separate
the sample from all metal; purge the intake; vary the intake from 2 to
10 ft/sec; multiplex; vary the collection intervals from ten minutes to
four hours. The sampler should be explosion proof, have a watertight exterior
case, a security lock, a 2 1/2 gallon capacity, and a lift of 20 feet.
*Equipment, *SampIing, *Water analysis, Quality control, Water sampling,
On-site data collection, Data collection, Variability
568
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175E
NEW SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION
OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IN WATER,
Prasad, R., and Ramanujam, S.
Research and Industry, Vol. 19, No. 1, p 26-29, March, 1974. 1 fig, 7 tab,
6 ref.
The blue color developed with 0-tolidine hydrochloride-tartaric acid reagent
in the presence of aqueous sodium fluoride, is the basis for a quantitative
method for the spectrophotometric evaluation of hexavalent chromium in
drinking water at 600 millimicrons. Hexavalent chromium is a toxic inorganic
element in potable water. The maximum amount permissible is 0.05 ppm. The
standard hexavalent chromium solution consists of the dissolving of 0.1414 g
Analar potassium dichromate in distilled water, making the volume up to
100 ml. Twenty ml of this solution were made up to 1000 ml to create the
standard solution consisting of one microgram hexavalent chromium per ml.
0-tolidine hydrochloride tartaric acid was prepared by dissolving 0.5 g
freshly prepared pure 0-tolidine hydrochloride and 0.5 g pure tartaric acid in
distilled water, making a volume of 100 ml. One g pure sodium fluoride
dissolved in water made up to 100 ml and kept separately. The null balance
method in a one centimeter cell of Unicam SP 500 series 2 ultraviolet and
visible spectrophotometer in the visible range utilizing tungsten lamp
was used to determine the optical density measurements. The hexavalent
chromium solution was treated with one ml of 0-tolidine hydrochloride-tartaric
acid reagent and one ml of sodium flouride solution, making up to 10 ml with
distilled water. The blue color was stable for about one hour. The solution
was measured in the spectrophotometer for 26 to 30 minutes at wavelengths
ranging from 400 to 650 millimicrons.
*Spectrophotometry, *Chromium, *Toxicity, Water pollution, Water quality
standards, Metals, Potability, Water quality control
*Hexavalent chromium, *0-tolidine hydrochloride-tartaric acid reagent,
Analar potassium dichromate, Sodium fluoride, Beer's Law
176E
AN AUTOMATED METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
FORMALDEHYDE IN SEWAGE AND SEWAGE EFFLUENTS,
Musselwhite, C. C., and Petts, K. W.
Water Pollution Research Laboratory of the Department
of the Environment
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 4, p 443-448, 1974. 4 fig, 7 tab,
3 ref.
The discharge of sewage from pleasure boats has been cited as an increasing
source of pollution. Control of this discharge requires the mandatory use
of chemical toilets which will be discharged for treatment ashore, probably
to be treated in combination with other sewage. Since some of the chemical
additives to the toilets contain a high proportion of formaldehyde, which is
toxic to some fish at levels above 50 mg/liter, it is necessary to know the
formaldehyde content of this treated sewage before it is discharged to water.
A procedure is described for using a Technicon Auto Analyzer to quickly and
accurately monitor the formaldehyde level. The method utilizes the reaction
of formaldehyde with acetylacetone in the presence of an excess of an
ammonium slat to form a yellow compound, diacetyldihydrolutidine, which
is measured colorimetrically. The methods outlined will give reproducible
results in the range of 0.10 to 25.0 mg/liter of free and combined
formaldehyde and in the range of 0.05 to 10.0 mg/liter of distilled
formaldehyde. It is proposed that the automated processes should be used
for the routine monitoring of total formaldehyde present in sewage and sewage
effluents.
*Sewage, *Analytical techniques, *Monltoring, *Water quality control,
Boating, Water pollution sources, Boats, Boating regulations, Automation
*Formaldehyde, Technicon Auto Analyzer
569
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177E
DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF A MULTIPURPOSE MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR DRINKING WATER QUALITY ASSESS-
MENT IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS,
Kovacs, S.
Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 4, p 1725, 1974.
A computer based multipurpose management information system, MMIS, for
drinking water quality data has been designed. The City of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania was used as a prototype model. Degradation of water quality
can be a public health hazard and cause aesthetic problems of discoloration,
taste, and odor. An MMIS is necessary to provide correct and available
information on water quality indicators in distribution systems. The MMIS
can be utilized in the research of cause and effect relationships of water
quality deterioration and also for managerial and operational decision-
making. Statistical techniques which are appropriate for the study of water
quality deterioration and for the empirical definition of water quality
are presented. The MMIS can be adapted by a municipal water utility to meet
its specific information requirements. The MMIS can also be used as a
modular subsystem of an overall water utility management information system.
*Computer models, *Water quality control, *Domestic water, *Water
management (applied), Public health, Operations, Management, Mathematical
models, Water supply
Multipurpose management information system (MMIS)
178E
DETERMINATION OF SUBMICROGRAM QUANTITIES OF MONOMETHYL
MERCURY IN AQUATIC SAMPLES,
Bisogni, J. J., and Lawrence, A. W.
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,
Department of Environmental Engineering
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 9, p 850-852, September,
1974. 4 tab, 8 ref.
The discovery of high concentrations of mercury in some aquatic organisms
has prompted the investigation of methods of testing for the presence of
organomercurials. The method described combines modifications of several
different schemes to analyze for monomethyl mercury in aqueous solution,
biomass, or in inorganic and organic sediment. The procedure Involves
essentially these steps: the separation of the organic mercury from inorganic
mercury by benzene extraction; the identification of the separated organo-
mercury by thin-layer chromatography; and, measurement of the amount of
separated organomercury from a calibration curve using the flameless atomic
absorption technique. This monomethyl mercury analysis is accurate and
precise with recovery efficiencies greater than 90 percent and standard
deviation less than 4.1 percent for spiked inorganic and organic matrices.
Extraneous organomercurials interfere with the measurement; samples with
high concentrations of extraneous organomercurials should not be analyzed
by this method. Interfering agents such as inorganic mercury, organic
solvents, and chloride can be readily eliminated. The apparatus required
to perform this analysis costs about $1500.
*Mercury, *Analytical techniques, *Water pollution sources, *Water
pollution, Public health, Assay, Testing, Water analysis, Heavy metals
Organomercurials, Monomethyl mercury
570
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179E
AUTOMATED MONITORING OF RECOVERED WATER QUALITY,
NASA Tech Brief No. B74-10029, May, 1974. 2 fig.
A laboratory prototype water quality monitoring system is described. The
system provides an automatic method for online monitoring of the chemical,
physical, and bacteriological properties of recovered water and for
identifying a malfunction in the water recovery system. Parameters moni-
tored are chloride ion concentration, ammonium ion concentration, pH,
specific conductance, total organic carbon, and E. coli. The system is a
practical method to assess the potability of reclaimed water and utilizes
commercially available sensors that can be suitably modified. The bacter-
iological quality of recovered water is monitored by a chemiluminescence
produced by the catalytic action of bacterial porphyrins, specifically
hematin, on a luminol-hydrogen peroxide mixture. An eighteen-step pro-
grammer performs most of the process control. During each step twenty
functions can be controlled. Signals are sent to the processing electronics
from the photo-multiplier and provide a readout to be used for permanent
records and analysis of data.
*Potable water, *Reclaimed water, *Monitoring, *Equipment, Testing, Water
analysis, Quality control, Analytical techniques, Regulation, Maintenance,
Data analysis
180E
AUTOMATED WET CHEMICAL MICROCOULOMETRIC ANALYZER
FOR CHLORIDE ION,
Ott, D. E., and Gunther, F. A.
California University, Riverside, California,
Department of Entomology
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 12, No. i,
p 161-166, August, 1974. 3 fig, 6 ref.
An automated system for the rapid and reproducible analysis of the presence
of chloride ion in aqueous solution is described. The apparatus is a
combination of a Technicon Auto Analyzer and Dohrmann microcoulometric
titration modules. The chloride analyzer is designed to detect chloride
ion resulting from the degradation of organochlorine pesticides, but is
useful in any analytical situation requiring accurate and rapid analysis
of chloride ion. The experimental results showed a mean operation effi-
ciency of 97 plus or minus one percent and 96 plus or minus 3 percent.
This chloride analyzer can be used for low-level aqueous chloride ion
determinations as long as interferences such as bromide, iodide, and
fluoride ions are not present.
*Chlorine, *Analytical techniques, *Pollutant identification, *Aqueous
solutions, Water pollution sources, Equipment, Pesticides
Technicon Auto Analyzer, Dohrmann microcoulometric titration modules
571
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MODEL STUDIES
001F
PROBLEMS IN PHENOLICS-MODELING METHODS IN THE OHIO RIVER
AT WHEELING,
McMichael, F. C. and Vigani, F. C.
Department of Civil Engineering, Carnegie-Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Journal of the American Water Works, Vol. 65, No. 11, p 725-731, November, 1973.
Problems in phenolics modeling methods in the Ohio River at Wheeling, West
Virginia are described. A method of fitting a time series model to historical
data on raw water quality was found unsuitable for describing what was
occurring in the river, but revealed activities of the operators in the
treatment plant. An analysis of data showed the effect of operator bias
on the reported data. When the operator bias is removed, there is
essentially no structure to the residuals, which indicates no apparent
physical or assignable cause relationship in the phenolics concentration
data. The problem that very high concentrations of phenolics affect water
quality remains. A measure of the occurrence of these extraordinary
values is tabulated for the five highest daily concentrations reported
at Wheeling in 1963-1968. Major pollution control efforts should be
directed toward eliminating these high and apparently random values.
The extreme values of phenolics concentration may be caused by:
analytical problems, slugs of nonindustrial origin, and extraordinary
industrial discharges.
*Phenols, Chemical Wastes, Chemicals, Industrial Wastes, Water Pollution
Sources, Rivers, Ohio River, *Treatment Facilities, *Model Studies
002F
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS DESIGN MADE ADAPTABLE FOR COMPUTERS,
Dillon, M.
Austin Company, Roselle, New Jersey.
Building System Design, Vol. 70, No. 7, p 27-29, October/November, 1973.
The Rational Method of Storm Design is described and applied to a computerized
design of storm drainage systems for 2 to 200 acre commercial and industrial
sites. The Rational Method states that the peak discharge rate in cubic
feet per second is approximately equal to the drained area in acres; time
runoff coefficient, times the average rainfall intensity in inches
per hour. It is necessary to know the time of concentration for
proper design of a storm drainage system. The time of concentration is the
sum of overland flow time, plus time of flow in pipe above the design section.
Overland flow time is the.longest period of time, measured from the
beginning of a theoretical design storm, for runoff to travel from the most
remote point of the collection area, along a path perpendicular to contour
lines, down to the design section, usually an inlet.
*Model Studies, Storm Runoff, *Drainage Systems, *Storm Drains, Rainfall
Intensity
*Rational Method of Storm Design
572
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003F
ALLOCATION OF FUNDING FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES,
Hunter, J. S., Ill
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 18-27,
Janaruy, 1974. 2 fig, 17 ref.
The allocation of funding for wastewater treatment facilities is discussed,
and a systems analysis approach is presented. The process of fund allocation
cannot be any more rational than the information processing system used.
The priority systems now used for allocating wastewater treatment plant
construction funds leave much to be desired. More attention must be given
to the actual benefits obtained from water quality management projects.
Existing procedures do not ordinarily attempt an explicit weighing of costs
and benefits, nor do they provide for a full and flexible consideration
of alternatives. A systems analysis approach is outlined which gives
explicit attention to all the relevant factors involved. These factors
are the nature of the water resource, its uses, and the interrelationships
among all these resources characteristics and uses. Water resource includes
time, quantity, location, and quality.
*Systems Analysis, *Water Treatment, Waste Treatment, Model Studies, *Costs
004F
MASTER PLANNING METHODOLOGY FOR URBAN DRAINAGE,
Bishop, H. F.
Leornard Rice Consulting Water Engineers, Inc., Denver,
Colorado.
Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 100, No. HY1, p 189-199, January,
1974. 4 fig, 12 ref.
A comprehensive systems process for managing urban drainage and flood
control is described based on the integrated development of evaluation
criteria and existing situation model. One of the principal elements of
the urban system is that of water resource management which included urban
drainage and flood control. A systems engineering methodology was developed for
master planning of the major drainage system in the Denver area under Project
REUSE (Renewing the Environment through Urban Systems Engineering). The
methodology incorporates a functional description of the urban drainage
system, and a systematic process of data acquisition, runoff analysis,
concept identification and selection, and master plan development and
implementation.
*Flood Control, Drainage Systems, *Urban Drainage, *Model Studies, Water
Resources, Systems Analysis, Colorado
*Denver, Project REUSE
573
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005F
HYDRAULICS OF A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM WITH FLUCTUATING WATER
DEMAND, (Hydraulik eines Wasserversorgungssystems mit
fluktuierenden Bedarfstfengen),
Cembrowlcz, R. G.
Angewandte Informatlk, No. 11, p 481-488, 1973. 8 ref.
An algorithm has been developed using systems analysis techniques for the
hydraulic dimensioning of a water supply system with counterpressure tank
for fluctuating water demand. The pump characteristics and the water-level
fluctuations in the taflks are taken into account in the model. The dimensions
of the system components are given by the hydraulic equilibrium conditions
as a function, of parameters defined as pressure heads and pressure differences.
The reference pressure of the pump stand, and the pressure head occurring at
the feed-in point of the municipal network in the main pipe during the peak
demand interval were found to be sensitive principal parameters of the
water supply in sensitivity tests of the system for different fluctuations
in the water demand. The hydraulic equilibrium in the tanks can be fully
restored by adequate reduction of the pressure head during drops in the
water demand.
*Algorithms, Mathematical Studies, *Model Studies, *Systems Analysis, Sewer
Systems, Engineering Structures, Pipes, Water Supply
006F
COMPUTER DATA FLOWS SMOOTHLY FOR SMALL WATER AUTHORITY,
Kingsley, F. H.
Monroeville Water Authority, Monroeville, Pennsylvania.
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 1, p 52-53, January, 1974.
The computerized data processing procedures at the Monroeville, Pennsylvania,
Water Authority Plant are described. The plant has 7,548 customers who use
an average of 2.7 million gallons a day. An IBM System/3 Model 6 computer was
installed, and does all water billing accounting work including payroll
and general ledger as well as far-ranging management reports. The computer
provides vital water consumption analyses for rate structures purposes and
allows billing on a monthly, quarterly, or on a regular budget basis. Other
services and reports include: trial balance reports giving a complete status
of the business within one hour; water bills turned out at the rate of
eight per minute; sheets for the reader's meter book turned out at the
rate of 40 a minute; an alphabetic listing of customers in two and a half
hours; a tenant listing in rental properties; and a monthly past-due listing.
*Treatment Facilities, *Computer Programs, *Data Processing, *Budgeting,
Planning, Consumptive Use, *Pennsylvania, Municipal Wastes
Billing, *Monroeville
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007F
INORGANIC NITROGEN REMOVAL IN A COMBINED TERTIARY TREATMENT-
MARINE AQUACULTURE SYSTEM—I. REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES,
Goldman, J. C., Tenor, K. R., Ryther, J. H., and Corwin, N.
Woods Hole Oceanographlc Institution, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts
Water Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 45-54, 1974. 5 fig, 6 tab, 34 ref.
The transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus were observed during the Summer
and Fall of 1972 in a prototype process consisting of growth systems for
marine algae, oysters, and seaweed, joined in series and fed secondarily-
treated wastewater diluted 1:4 with seawater for 11 weeks. During tlis time
95 percent of the influent Inorganic nitrogen was removed by algal assimilation.
The oysters in turn removed 85 percent of the algae, but regenerated as soluble
ammonia 16-18 percent of the nitrogen originally bound in the algal cells. All
of the regenerated nitrogen was removed in the seaweed system so that the total
inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency of the system was 95 percent.
Phosphorus removal was not nearly as complete as only 45-60 percent was
removed. The process has the capability of being expanded to include
additional tropic levels in an integrated and highly controlled food chain
system to serve the dual function of tertiary wastewater treatment and
waste recycling through the production of shellfish and seaweeds.
*Recycling, Water Conservation, *Water Pollution Treatment, *Water Reuse,
Sewage Treatment, *Tertiary Treatment, *Food Chains, Food Webs, *Ecosystems,
Algae, Oysters
008F
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT
RUNOFF WATER QUALITY FROM WATERSHEDS;,
Malouf, J. B.
Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 4, p 1651, 1974.
A mathematical model, the Qual Model, to predict the quality of watershed
runoff has been developed. Runoff that moves over a basin and the pollu-
tants that are dissolved or suspended in it is evaluated. The pollutants
are substances generally deposited as a result of human activity within the
basin that are present on streets, surfaces, sidewalks, driveways, roofs,
grassed areas, alleys, gutters, and storm drains. The model is based on
the assumption that the rate of pollutant removal by surface runoff is
proportional to the amount of pollutant remaining and to the runoff intens-
ity. The pollutants found on the basin before rain are obtained from
literature and used to evaluate the quality of runoff with respect to
time from any watershed. The simulation of urban runoff considers the
urban runoff process as composed of precipitation, runoff, and quality
which interact to predict the quality found in urban storm water runoff.
The model may be applied to any watershed if the basic hydrographic data
and surface characteristics are known. Improvements need to be incor-
porated into this model as more data and a further understanding of the
basic mechanisms involved become available.
^Mathematical models, *Urban runoff, *Water quality, *Surface runoff,
Storm runoff, Precipitation (atmospheric), Runoff forecasting,
Watersheds (basins), Hydrographs
Qual Model
575
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009F
APPLICATION OF MULTIGOAL WATER QUALITY PLANNING MODEL,
Plngry, D. E., and Whinston, A. B.
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. EE1,
p 61-75, February, 1974. 2 fig, 9 tab, 8 ref.
An application of the water quality planning model presented by the authors is
considered. Results of the application to the West Fork White River in Indiana
are presented along with an examination of some of the difficulties involved
in the application of the large-scale models of this type. A simple descrip-
tion of the nonlinear algorithm used in solving the model is included. Some
consideration of the role of planning models in decision-making is explained.
*Model Studies, *Mathematical Models, Application Methods, *Water Quality,
*Project Planning, Indiana, *Algorithm
West Fork White River
010F
HYDROLOGY AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN,
Chebotaryov, A. I. and Serpik, B. I.
Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, No. 10, p 45-54, 1973. 3 fig, 5 ref.
A summary of the Guide to Determination of Design Hydrological Characteristics
is given. Errors made in the preparation of certain normative documents are
mentioned and immediate tasks are shown. It is maintained that said solution
should improve technical norms in the field of calculations of river flow as
applied to the requirements of structural design.
Reviews, Documentation, *Hydrologic Aspects, Structural Design, *Design
Criteria, *Mathematical Studies
576
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011F
HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING AND WATER MANAGEMENT,
Popov, E. G. and Komarov, V. D.
Meteorologiya 1 Gidrologiya, No. 10, p 37-44, 1973. 8 ref.
Problems Involving the application and efficiency of hydrological forecasting
with respect to water management in the Soviet Union are described. A brief
survey of forecasting methods and primary tasks and trends of research
in the field of hydrological forecasting are given.
Application Methods, Efficiencies, *Hydrologic Aspects, *Forecasting, *Water
Management (Applied), Research and Development, Surveys, Methodology
U.S.S.R.
012F
OPTIMIZATION OF STOCHASTIC STORAGE MODELS FORMULATED BY
P.A.P. Moran, and Z. Kaczmarek,
Mitosek, H. T.
Archiwum Hydrotechniki, Vol. 20, No. 3, p 309-335, 1973. 3 fig, 66 ref.
The purpose of this work is presentation of methodology concerned with utiliza-
tion of stochastic storage models for determination of release control
rules under the form of the reservoir operation plan securing optimization
of the economic effects under consideration. These models allow for evaluation
of the reservoir operation in case the operation plan under the form of the
so-called storage volume transition probabilities matrix is already known.
Such evaluation depends on the assumptions concerning the random properties
of the reservoir inflow process. The Moran"s model is based on the assumption
of the nonstationary cyclic random process with independent variables, while
Kaczmarek's model is based on the assumption of the nonstationary cyclic
lag-one Markov process. The investigations based on the empirical material
recorded for the Polish rivers indicate that the process of mean monthly
flows (reservoir inflows) comply with the assumptions made in the Kaczmarek's
model.
Methodology, *Stochastic Processes, *Markov Processes, Reservoir Storage,
Model Studies, Optimization, *Mathematical Models, Reservoir Operation,
Evaluation, Inflow
Poland, *Moran Model, *Kaczmarek Model
577
-------
013F
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF DISINFECTION INTERFERENCES,
Hall, E. S.
Water Research Association
Journal of the Society for Water Treatment & Examinations, Vol. 22, No. 3,
p 153-174, 1973. 9 fig, 14 ref.
The inactivation of microorganisms and the reaction of chemical interferences
with disinfectant at rates proportional to their concentration conform with
the equation,-log base 10 (proportional survival of organism or residual
interference) -kD/2.303, where D is the concentration of disinfectant inte-
grated over time and k is a constant. Experimental data do not usually con-
form with the equation because more than one degree of susceptibility to
disinfection or oxidation prevails. Within a certain range of values of D,
however, data can be processed to conform and yield a value for k. The relation-
ship between dose of disinfectant and contact time for a given value of dis-
infection level can then be calculated. Using exiting constants for ammonia
free chlorine reactions, progress in the formation of chloramines may be
related to disinfection level. This enables optimum design of plant and
disinfection control systems for a disinfection level appropriate to the
water source.
*Microorganisms, *Disinfection, *Equations, Chlorine, Ammonia, Treatment
Methods, *Mathematical Models
Disinfectants
OUF
A COMPARISON OF PHYSICALLY-BASED INFILTRATION EQUATIONS,
Swartzendruber, D., and Youngs, E. G.
Agricultural Research Council Unit of Soil Physics,
Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, England
Soil Science, Vol. 117, No. 3, p 165-167, March, 1974. 1 fig, 10 ref.
Three infiltration equations derived from a consideration of the physics of
flow through porous media are compared quantitatively over time from zero to
infinity. Compared with the Green and Ampt equation, the two-term Philip
equation is never more than 15.1 percent higher, while the equation arising
out of Philip's linearization analysis is never less than 9.2 percent lower.
For practical use these discrepancies may be ignored. Because of its
mathematical simplicity and adaptability, the two-term Philip equation,
however, would be the preferred choice.
*Model Studies, *Infiltration, *Mathematical Studies, Equations
*Infiltration Equations, Green Equation, Ampt Equation, Philip Equation
578
-------
015F
OPERATIONAL CONTROL CONCEPTS FOR THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS,
Sherrard, J. H., and Kincannon, D. F.
School of Civil Engineering, Oklahoma State University.
Water & Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 3, p 44, 56, 64, 66, March, 1974.
2 fig, 2 tab, 4 ref.
Control schemes advocated for recycling activated sludge processes frequently
are based on empirical observation. Input of scientific knowledge to control
models has been minimal. As a result of the use of microbial continuous
culture theory for describing process relationships, several advances toward
the understanding of basic process fundamentals have recently been made.
This article illustrates the effect of altering process control variables
by the development of mathematical relationships that are descriptive of the
activated sludge process, presentation of data obtained in a laboratory model
activated sludge unit, and integration of data and equations to explain the
consequences of altering process control variables available to the
treatment plant operator.
Model Studies, *Mathematical models, *Activated sludge, Equations,
*Treatment methods, Recycling, Microorganisms
*Continuous culture theory
016F
DESIGNING? PLUG IN A COMPUTER,
Brill, F. W.
Spotts, Stevens & McCoy, Wyomissing, Pennsylvania
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 2, p 39-41, February, 1974. 2 fig.
Programs can be written in such a way that they can be of help in designing
small installations where it is impossible to determine the design variables
accurately, for example in biological waste treatment plants. The answers
given by the computers would be approximate, and would allow selected values
to be changed without disturbing any others. Such a program permits the user
to try many designs on paper and to determine the effect of ranges of values
of design variables. All this is possible using Basic or Fortran computer
languages in such a way that the user need not know either language. An
example is given to illustrate this method using the mathematics given
by L.G. Rich in "Unit Processes of Sanitary Engineering."
Automation, Instrumentation, *Waste water Treatment, Engineering, *Computers,
*Plant Design
579
-------
017F
INFILTRATION INTO A SWELLING MATERIAL,
Smiles, D. E.
CSIRO, Canberra City, Australia
Soil Science, Vol. 117, No. 3, p 140-147, March, 1974. 4 fig, 11 ref.
The process of infiltration into a swelling material is discussed and
some of J. R. Philip's prediction on the properties of flow in swelling
systems are reexamined. Because of a paucity of experimental data on
these materials Philip's was forced to use plausible arbitrary properties
for his illustrative calculations. A saturated clay was used and results
in considerable simplification of the mathematics while the essential
characteristics of the swelling phenomenon, in the gravitational field, are
retained. As Philip predicts, infiltration in swelling materials has more
in common physically with capillary rise than with infiltration in a rigid
soil. This arises because in a saturated swelling soil infiltration is
accompanied by a net increase in the gravitational potential energy of
the system. Infiltration in a rigid soil results in a decrease in the
potential energy of the water while that of the solid is unchanged. The
net increase in the potential energy of the system together with the flow
properties of swelling clays results in the sorption component of the
infiltration process being temporarily more persistent, by several orders
of magnitude, than is the case for rigid soils.
*Infiltration, Flow, Clays, Theoretical Analysis, Soils, Soil Water Movement,
Soil Structure, Soil Texture
Swelling, Soils
018F
COMPARISON OF NUMERICAL METHODS SOLVING FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA
(EIN VERGLEICH VON NUMERISCHEN VERFAHREN ZUR LOESUNG VON
SICKERSTROEMUNGEN),
Luehr, H. P.
University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, West Germany.
La Houille Blanche, No. 5-6, p 433-434, 1973. 2 ref.
Numerical methods of solving flow through porous media are compared and
a cost effectiveness analysis was made. Digital solution methods generally
are considerably more effective than analytical and analogous methods.
Either finite elements or finite differences can be used in the digital
solution method, and both methods produce discrete solutions of given
problems. The comparison of both methods is done by significant criteria:
the required core storage, the required computing time, and the flexibi-
lity of the methods approximating the problems. As the core storage and
the computing time directly depend on the organization technique and the
algorithm solving linear equation systems, special organization techniques
are discussed. The flexibility is seen in dependence on physical problems.
Finite differences are better than finite elements in terms of organization
and programming and should be used to solve flow problems through porous
media. For problems involving an automatic search of free surfaces, the
method of finite elements appears to be more suitable.
*Numerical Analysis, *Flow Measurement, *Porous Media, Finite Element
Analysis, Cost-Benefit Analysis
Germany, Finite Differences Analysis
580
-------
019F
WASTE NEUTRALIZATION CONTROL - DIGITAL SIMULATION SPOTS
NONLINEARITIES,
Richter, J. D., Fournier, C. D., Ash, R. H., and
Marcikic, S.
University of Cincinnati
Instrumentation Technology, Vol. 21, No. 4, p 35-40, April, 1974. 8 fig, 8 ref.
A generalized model to study the effect of influent composition variations on
pH control was designed to study performance in a treatment plant before
installation of equipment. It was found that in the nonlinear situation
there is no simple functional relationship between concentration of a single
ionic species and pH. Equilibrium calculations based on mass balances for
each component are required to predict the response.
*Model Studies, Digital Computers, *Hydrogen Ion Concentration, *Waste Water
Treatment, Mathematical Models
020F
WATERHEAD FORECAST POSSIBILITIES ON HYDRAULIC BASIS,
Kozak, M.
Acta Technica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 75, No. 1-4, p 219-233,
1973. 4 fig, 4 tab, 21 ref.
Forecasting the water level of rivers is an important water management activity.
General solution of the problem may be arrived at by discussing it on a
deterministic basis. Economic solution of the differential equation system
describing the phenomenon was made feasible by digital calculation engineering.
The implicit method, combined with an iteration process, is employed for
forecasting.
*Mathematical Models, *Rivers, *Hydraulics, *Water Levels, *River Forecasting,
Digital Computers
581
-------
021F
NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF MOMENTUM JETS AND FORCED PLUMES,
Trent, D. S. and Welty, J. R.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Wash.
Computer and Fluids, Vol. 1, No. 4, p 331-357, December, 1973. 24 fig, 1 tab,
17 ref.
A numerical study of vertical momentum jets and forced plumes issuing to similar
receiving media is presented. The complete partial differential equations
governing steady, incompressible, turbulent flow are solved in axisymmetric
coordinates using finite difference techniques. Solutions were based on the
stream function vorticity transport approach for a Boussineq fluid. Buoyant
driving forces were coupled to the vorticity equation which included effects
of temperature and other constituents. Turbulent transport coefficients were
computed iteratively using the Prandtl eddy diffusivity model. Results for the
momentum jet, axial, and radial distributions of velocity and concentration,
show excellent agreement with published data. Forced plume computations are
presented which include similar results for densimetric Froude numbers ranging
from 1 to 1000.
*Mathematical Studies, *Equations, *Model Studies, Turbulent Flow
022F
HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION,
Ligman, K., Hutzler, N., and Boyle, W. C.
Baxter and Woodman, Inc., Crystal Lake, 111.
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE1, p 201-
213, February, 1974. 9 tab, 46 ref.
The types of waste waters generated in a domestic household and their respective
waste water characteristics were defined through the use of a waste water genera-
tion survey, a waste water sampling survey, and literature reviews. Based on
data collected, a simulated waste loading was adopted for use in waste water
treatment and disposal studies. The average four person household uses 190
gallons of water a day generating 0.695 Ib/day BOD5 and 0.797 Ib/day of sus-
pended solids. Current research efforts employing this simulated waste water
loading will define the limitations and operational requirements of given unit
processes to meet a requisite water quality for ultimate disposal.
*Waste Water, *Surveys, *Suspended Solids, *Waste Disposal, Sampling, Domes-
tic Wastes, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Water Quality
582
-------
023F
THE INVESTIGATION OF BIOGRADABILITY OF BRANCHED NONYL
PHENOL ETHOXYLATES,
Rudling, L. and Solyom, P.
Swedish Water and Air Pollution Research Laboratory,
Stockholm, Sweden
Water Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, p 115-119, 1974. 4 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
The biogradability of branched chain nonyl phenol ethoxylates was investigated
according to a screening test procedure recommended by OECD and by a study con-
ducted in a laboratory-scale activated sludge system operated with presettled
municipal sewage under treatment plants. The results show that there is no
significant difference between the biogradability of the different nonyl phenol
ethoxylates containing 8-30 ethylene oxide groups. The removal of surfactants
exceeds 90% and no acclimatization was needed in activated sludge treatment
under plant conditions.
*Activated Sludge, *Investigations, *Biodegradation, *Phenols, Municipal
Wastes, Sewage, Surfactants
*Sweden, *Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylates
024F
ESTIMATION AND EVALUATION OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION
THROUGH A FOOD WEB IN AN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM (1).
Aoyama, I., and Inoue, Y.
Journal of Radiation Research, Vol. 14, No. 4, p 375-381, December, 1973.
11 refs.
A transfer of radioactive substance through a food chain in an aquatic
ecosystem was analyzed through application of modified three compartment
model of Aten's. The modification consists of an excretion of radioactivity
from Fish-1 (preys) to sea water and an direct uptake of radioactivity by
Fish-2 (predator) from sea water. In the experimental system, pike cichlids
and minows were used as predators and preys, and the Cesium 137 isotope was
used as a radionuclide in the system. The accumulation of a 137 Cs in pike
was explained by application of the modified model and various parameters
in the model were determined. The transfer or a radionuclide through a food
chain can be estimated by knowing the uptake rate and the turnover rate of
the predator. In econological termonology, they are a daily average ration
and an assimilation rate respectively.
Food chains, Radioactive wastes, Radioactive waste disposal, Aquatic
environment, Fish, Predation, Prey fish, Investigations, Food webs,
Ecosystems, Model studies
Japan
583
-------
025F
MODEL STUDIES ON REACTIONS OCCURRING IN OXIDATIONS OF LIGNIN
WITH MOLECULAR OXYGEN IN ALKALINE MEDIA,
Kratzl, K., Claus, P., Lonsky, W., and Gratzl, J. S.
Vienna University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Vienna,
Austria
Food Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 35-49, 1974. 12 fig, 47 ref.
The degradation of lignin in oxidation with molecular oxygen is discussed
emphasizing the radical (hotnolytic) or one-electron transfer-oxidations in
the initial phase of the basic reaction. The critical oxidation potentials
(COP) according to Ficser represent a useful measure for the ease of
electron release from lignin-related phenolic models. At low alkalinity
rough correlation were observed between the measured COPs and the initial
oxygenation rates. The results obtained from quantum mechanical calcula-
tions of critical oxidation potentials are discussed briefly. The impor-
tance of phenoxy radicals and the hypothetical cyclohexadienone hydroperoxides
as intermediates is outlined in view of such degradation reactions as oxi-
dative side-chain eliminations, demethoxylations, and splitting of aromatic
rings.
*Lignins, Oxidation, *Model Studies, Measurement, Alkalis (Bases),
*Molecular Oxygen, *Critical Oxidation Potentials
026F
SOME LESSONS FROM MODEL AND FULL-SCALE TESTS IN RECTANGULAR
SEDIMENTATION TANKS,
Price, G. A., and Clements, M. S.
I.C.I. Ltd., Mond Division, Runcorn, England
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 78, No. 1, p 102-113, 1974. 8 fig, 11 tab,
7 ref.
Results of research into the effects of inlet changes, density and wind-induced
currents on the performance of rectangular sedimentation tanks are summarized.
The investigation included experiments on both models and on full-scale
tanks at six sewage works to test the importance of time ratio and inlet design
on the efficiency of tanks. Time ratio is a measure of the streaming through
the tank and defined as the ratio of effective flow-through time to
effective settling time with an ideal value of unity.
*Model studies, *0n-site tests, *Settling basins, Sedimentation, Treatment
facilities, Efficiencies, Intakes
Inlet design, Flow-through time, Settling time
584
-------
027F
STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF ORTHOKINETIC FLOCCULATION,
Cockerham, P. W., and Himmelblau, D. M.
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE2,
p 279-293, April, 1973. 8 fig, 1 tab, 7 ref.
The application of a stochastic analysis to orthoklnetic flocculation, a
common operation in water treatment, is illustrated. Both the unsteady-state
and the steady-sample response could be represented by a normal distribution
regardless of the types of distributions used for the flocculation model
inputs and parameters. The sample mean response agreed with the deterministic
solution if normal distributions are used for the flocculation model inputs
and parameters, but not otherwise. Dispersion in the model parameter had
a greater effect on the dispersion of the sample output than did the model
parameters. Dispersion in G (the root mean squared velocity gradient) had
the least effect on the dispersion of the sample output. The degree of
dispersion in the process flow rate had little effect on the flocculator
overdesign factor. The stochastic approach is applicable to the stochastic
analysis of other important processes in water and waste water treatment.
Of particular value is the method of calculating overdesign factors. The
stochastic approach does not reduce the uncertainty involved in the
processes, but it does allow one to make more objective decisions about the
uncertainty. This is becoming more and more important as effluent quality
standards become more stringent.
*Stochastic processes, *Flocculation, Water treatment, Model studies,
Dispersion, Waste water treatment, Statistical methods
028F
WINTER-REGIME THERMAL RESPONSE OF HEATED STREAMS,
Paily, P. P., Macagno, E. 0., and Kennedy, J. F.
Iowa University, Iowa City, Iowa, Institute of Hydraulic
Research
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the
Hydraulics Division, Vol. 100, No. HY4, p 531-551, April, 1974. 9 fig,
1 tab, 13 ref.
The mathematical formulation is derived of a closed form solution of the
unsteady one dimensional convection diffusion equation for the temperature
distribution downstream from the point at which a thermal load is imposed.
It is based on the assumption that complete mixing of the heated water with
the river flow occurs both vertically and laterally at all sections of the
stream, including the discharge section itself. The river is treated as
uniform. In the course of the derivation, it is demonstrated that the surface
heat exchange term appearing in the governing equation can be expressed,
without significant loss of accuracy, as a linear function of the mixed
temperature of the stream. The results may provide slightly increased values
of temperature, since the effect of linearizing the heat loss rate is slightly
to underestimate its magnitude. The heat of fusion required for the melting
of ice has been neglected in the formulation so that the predicted lengths
of ice free reaches may be overestimated. The accuracy of the solution to
predict winter time conditions in heated rivers needs to be checked by field
observations.
*Mathematical studies, *Convection, *Diffusion, *Equations, *Teraperature
distribution, Downstream, Rivers, Mixing, Heat transfer, Heater water,
Heat balance, Ice
585
-------
029F
SCALE-UP OF SOLID BOWL CENTRIFUGE PERFORMANCE,
Vesilind, P. A.
Duke University, Durham, N. C., Department of Civil
Engineering
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE2,
p 479-486, April, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab, 2 ref.
A method for calculating centrifuge capacities based on data from continuous
geometrically similar models is proposed. It is usually not possible to
determine from field test data if performance is limited by hydraulic or
solids capacity. Scale-up must be in terms of both solids and hydraulic
loading. The hydraulic capacity of a larger solid bowl centrifuge can be
estimated on the basis of data for a geometrically similar one operating
on the same slurry, by the relationships: (Q sub L)sub 2 = (Q sub L/S) sub 1
(S) sub 2. The solids handling capacity can be estimated as (Q sub s) sub 2 =
(Q sub s/beta) sub 1 (beta) sub 2. Beta is equal to pi delta sigma ADNP. The
lowest rate thus determined will limit performance and must be used for
scale-up.
*Centrifugation, *Numerical analysis, *Model studies, *Solid wastes,
*Waste disposal, Separation techniques, Hydraulic properties.
*Solid bowl centrifuge.
030F
PITFALLS IN PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR OXYGEN TRANSFER
DATA,
Boyle, W. C., Berthouex, P. M., and Rooney, T. C.
Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE2,
P 391-408, April, 1974. 10 fig, 4 tab, 8 ref.
Some of the pitfalls of methods of parameter estimation applicable to the
analysis of oxygen transfer data are examined. The following must be
considered: know the error structure of the data and apply appropriate
weighting procedures in the analysis of the data; corroborate the value
of the dissolved oxygen saturation concentration employed to estimate the
overall oxygen transfer coefficient (K) through experimental data for a
given physical arrangement of aeration and basin geometry. Truncation of
an aeration test before reaching saturation can produce substantial error in
estimates of K unless a precise estimate of the dissolved oxygen concentration
(C) can be determined. Truncation of dissolved oxygen data up to 20% will
not effect the precision of the estimate of K. The product of KC tends to
compensate for errors in K and C and will normally give reasonable estimates
of the oxygen transfer rate. Poor estimates of C will tend to produce
substantial error in the calculation of oxygen transfer rates.
*Model studies, *Estimates, *Aeration, Analytical techniques, Numerical
analysis, Oxygen
*0xygen transfer data
586
-------
031F
VARIATION OF REGIME COEFFICIENTS IN PAKISTAN CANALS,
Mahmood, K.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Civil
Engineering Department
Journal of the Waterways Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division, Vol. 100,
No. WW2, p 85-104, May, 1974. 9 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
The regime theory, assuming that the channel has been self-formed in an inco-
herent alluvium by a steady discharge, is not entirely applicable to man-made
channels. Here, the Canal and Headworks Data Observation Program (CHOP) carried
out an extensive program of data observation on the headworks, silt excluders,
and canals in the irrigation system of Pakistan, to test the theory. To inter-
pret regime coefficients, some factors on morphology of a nonbranching alluvial
channel are: flow discharge; bed material size, gradation, and particle shape,
bed material load inflow, its size and gradation; quantity of fine material
load and its chemical composition; water temperature; and channel bed and bank
maintenance practices. By studying equations, CHOP data concluded that the
three degrees-of-freedom can be represented by regime coefficients alpha one,
alpha three and alpha four, or by the rigid boundary hydraulics parameters
Froude number of flow, width-depth ratio of channel section, and energy gradi-
ent. The canals do not adjust their widths rapidly. There is an inverse rela-
tion between silt factors and alpha four, involving discharge, median bed ma-
terial size, and kinematic viscosity, but not alpha three. One degree-of-free-
dom found is related to a silt factor, FVR, and is governed by the bed material
transport function for the channel and the current bed material load.
*Model studies, *Canals, *Alluvial channels, Irrigation systems, Channel mor-
phology, Regime, Silt, Flow, Beds, Hydraulics
*Pakistan, Canal and Headworks Data Observation Program, Regime coefficients,
Headworks, Silt excluders
032F
OPTIMAL CONJUNCTIVE USE MODEL FOR INDUS BASIN,
Chaudhry, M. T., Labadie, J. W., Hall, W. A., and Albert-
son, M. L.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering
Journal of Hydraulics Division, Vol. 100, No. HY5, p 667-687, May, 1974. 4 fig,
16 ref.
Proper development and management of water in an arid region such as Pakistan
is important. The production of food can be maintained if and only if scarce
water resources are properly used. Optimizing analytical models for the sys-
tem is a complex problem, involving conjuctive use of surface and groundwater
resources. A mathematical model is presented here, which takes into account
costs and benefits. It is applicable only to the Indus Basin irrigation
system.
*Costs, *Water management (applied), *Groundwater, *Surface waters, Arid
climates, Irrigation system
*Indus Basin, *Paklstan, Food production
587
-------
033F
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RIVER FORECASTING SYSTEM,
Monro, J. C., and Anderson, E. A.
National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmos-
pheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, Office
of Hydrology
Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 100, No. HY5, p 621-630, May, 1974.
12 ref.
Major changes are occurring at the National Weather Service in the area of
research and development about river forecasting service. The purpose, objec-
tives, current components, and proposed additions are given in this paper.
Computer programs for efficient operational use of a conceptual hydrologic
model of forecasting are noted. A large number of basins may be calibrated
in a reasonable time; the model has wide applicability. New plans for including
a snow-pack model and additions to the channel-routing procedure may make it
practical for the whole United States.
*Model studies, *Computers, *Rivers, *Hydraulics, *River forecasting, Hydro-
logic models, Basins, Research and development
*National Weather Service, Basin calibrations
034F
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL
PROCESSES,
Anand, A., Gibbs, J., Laughlin, Jr., W. C., and Sherwood,
R. J.
Envirotech Corporation
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, p 155-160, March,
1974. 2 fig, 3 tab, 5 ref.
The increasing demand for high-quality effluents and more stringent waste-
water treatment standards have made chemical-physical wastewater treatment
a viable alternative to conventional biological plus tertiary processes.
Experience in chemical-physical treatment is rather limited and the pro-
cesses themselves raise a number of important questions related to design,
operation and costs. It is both the number and complexity of these questions
that makes the proper analysis of these treatment processes so difficult.
A flow sheet is given which illustrates treatment options in the chemical-
physical treatment of municipal wastewater. The flow sheet was developed
from a computer simulation model which is accurate, rapid, and flexible.
*Waste water treatment, *Model studies, *Computer models, *Simulation, *Estimated
costs
*Chemical-physical treatment
588
-------
035F
A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH TO WATERSHED RUNOFF,
Taylor, C., Al-Mashidani, G., and Davis, J. M.
University College, Swansea, Great Britain,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 21, No. 3, p 231-246, 1974.
Watershed direct runoff problems are analyzed by a numerical finite
element-based implicit recurrence relationship. The algorithm is shown in a
two dimensional form for the full momentum and continuity equations. It is
presented unidimensionally for the kinematic wave theory. Because the whole
domain is represented and solved as a single set of matrix equations, the
advent of shocks for domains where appreciable changes in slope and/or
resistance to flow occur, is immediately recognizable.
*Model studies, *Slmulation, *Mathematical models, *Watershed management,
*Runoff
*Algorithm
036F
A MATHEMATICAL EXAMINATION OF URBAN RUN-OFF PREDICTION,
Newton, S. G., and Painter, R. B.
Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford
The Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 57, Part 2, p 143-157, March, 1974.
11 fig, 12 ref.
A rigorous mathematical examination of the more frequently used methods of
predicting urban runoff is given as a means of assessing their true limitations,
and of indicating where improvements should be made. The study was prompted by
the problem of prediction of the amount and distribution of storm runoff
from impervious areas and subsequent modifications made in the pipe network.
It was found that the rational formula for determining the peak runoff from
a catchment allows for changes in storage in pipes and for variations with
time of the rainfall. It can be generalized to give the discharge as a
function of time. The area-time method allows for the variation in width of
the catchment and the change in slope with position. A program of theoretical
and experimental research is under way to investigate the surface runoff process
further.
*Model studies, *Mathematical models, *Runoff, *Storm water, *Urban
runoff, *Rational formula, Sewers, Storm drains
589
-------
037F
DEVICES FOR THE PRE-DILUTION OF SEWAGE AT SUBMERGED
OUTFALLS,
Agg, A. R., and White, W. R.
Senior Scientific Officer, Water Pollution
Research Laboratory
The Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 57, Part 2, p 1-20, March, 1974.
15 fig, 4 tab, 7 ref.
An analysis and arrangement of the parameters governing the dilution of
sewage discharged from submerged outfalls is presented. This form of display
indicates that the most efficient outfall in terms of maximum dilution at the
water surface, operates at a densimetric Froude number of unity. Six possible
designs for devices to achieve pre-dilution of sewage before discharge from
a submerged outfall are also described, and comparative experiments in a
physical model to assess their performance are reported. Experiments carried
out subsequently on four variations of the most promising device are also
compared. The efficiency of the device in increasing dilution at the surface
in different depths of water is discussed.
*Model studies, *Waste water treatment, *Mathematical studies, *0utfall sewers,
Sewers, Sewage treatment, Waste dilution
*Submerged outfalls
038F
A SCHEME FOR ASSESSING THE RELIABILITY OF INTERPOLATED RAINFALL
ESTIMATES,
Kelway, P. S.
The University of Birmingham, Birmingham,
Great Britain, Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 21, No. 3, p 247-267, 1974. 5 fig, 9 tab, 8 ref.
Quantification of the significance of variables controlling the reliability
of interpolated estimates of rainfe1,! is attempted. Alternative ways of
expressing the gauge network and rainfall distribution patterns in a form that
may be used in estimating equations for assessing error in interpolated values
are examined. A scheme is devised for obtaining equations analytically for any
interpolation method used to derive information; the results of a study
relevant to a specific analysis technique are shown. The purpose of the
scheme is to enable confidence limits to be placed on interpolated output
during computer processing of rainfall data. Comparisons may then be made
between available analytical techniques, results being assessed under opera-
tional conditions. Once a user has selected a suitable method of analysis,
the factors likely to control the accuracy of the information produced are
monitored during processing and likely tolerance limits are given for output
values.
*Model studies, *Computer models, *Stimulation, *Rainfall, *Hydrologic cycle,
Rain gages, Distribution patterns, Forecasting
590
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039F
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS DESIGN,
Computer Aided Design, Vol. 6, No. 1, p 54-55, January, 1974.
An integrated computer based system for the design of sewerage systems and for
the automatic production by computer of drawings and contract documents has
been developed by General and Engineering Computer Services, Ltd., Liverpool,
England. The programs are totally interlinked which reduces to a minimum the
manual production of information, yet permits the engineer to intervene at all
stages of the design process to overwrite and to amend the computerized design.
There are seven individual program modules: master file creation and control
programs; optimization; hydraulic calculations; pipe strength and class of bed-
ding; automatic drawings; estimates and K29 form; and bill of quantities.
*Computers, *Sewerage, Data storage and retrieval, Data processing, Documenta-
tion, Optimization, Hydraulic design, Pipes, Automation, Estimating, Data col-
lections
England
040F
ON THE VARIANCE OF THE STATIONARY PROBABILITY VECTOR FOR
A FINITE DAM,
Jarvis, C. L.
Australian National University, Canberra, Australia,
Computer Centre
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 21, No. 3, p 291-297, 1974. 3 tab, 5 ref.
A method for estimating the variance of the stationary probability vector for
the finite dam is discussed. The method relies upon the constancy of a gradient
matrix in the vicinity of the solution and a simple numerical differentiation
technique is found to be adequate. An example of the variance calculation is
given by applying the method to streamflow data previously used in an application
of Moran's theory of dam to the Ord River project.
*Probability, *Dams, *Mathematical models, Streamflow, Numerical analysis,
Rivers
*Stationary probability vector, Ord River, (Australia), Australia, Netherlands
591
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041F
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE FINAL SET-
TLING TANKS,
Hibberd, R. L., and Jones, W. F.
Satec Limited, Crewe, England
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 78, No. 1, p 14-32, 1974. 13 fig, 9 tab, 11 ref.
The design and operation of activated sludge final settling tanks were investi-
gated in laboratory studies. Three aspects of the tank operation are important:
the production of a clarified effluent under all flow and sludge conditions;
the return of a concentrated underflow to maintain MLSS concentrations, and
the prevention of excessive solids retention periods under anaerobic conditions.
The theoretical analysis of sludge thickening overestimates the solids handling
capacity of the final tank. The error in the prediction can be related to
sludge bed depth and return sludge rate by conducting laboratory continuous tes
tests. The extent to which the laboratory results can be applied to full scale
tank performance depends upon the degree of flocculation obtained in the tank and
the uniformity of flow distribution over the plan area. A tank design approach
to maintain clarification at all flow conditions is suggested. This is based
on providing sufficient capacity for dry weather flow loading with shallow bed
depths in the tanks, and ensuring that an excessive increase in bed depth does
not occur during high flows. The criteria derived will vary with the aeration
unit size and the MLSS concentration required, and assumes that a low bed depth
will be maintained under low flow conditions.
*Activated sludge, *Settling basins, *Evaluation, Design, Operating, Analysis,
Effluents, Anaerobic conditions, Sludges, Laboratory tests, Flow, Suspended
solids
England
042F
VALIDITY OF THE MODIFIED BILHAM EQUATION,
Ashworth, R. G., and O'Flaherty, C. A.
West Riding County Council, England, Highways and
Bridges Department
Institution of Municipal Engineers, Vol. 101, No. 2, p 43-50, February, 1974.
12 fig, 15 ref.
The validity of the modified Bilham equation was investigated to illustrate the
extent to which rainfall intensities associated with different storm durations
and return periods can vary in England. The results indicate that the modified
Bilham relationship can give intensity results for particular areas of the
country which are significantly different from the true values. This can result
in the overdesign or underdesign of drainage facilities. To minimize the was-
tage drainage facilities, more emphasis be placed on local conditions. Govern-
ment guidelines should be compared with that given for the locality in the
appropriate isopleth diagram. If the two values differ significantly, the
Meteorological Office should be consulted regarding the advis-ab'ility of using
local rainfall data to determine, more appropriate, intensity values.
*Rainfall intensity, *Forecasting, Storms, Drainage systems, Design
Bilham Equation, England, Isopleth diagrams
592
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043F
THE ANALYSIS OF SOME MONTHLY HYDROLOGIC TIME SERIES,
Torelli, L.
S. Lorenzo in Campo, Pesaro, Italy
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 21, No. 3, p 269-290, 1974. 7 fig, 3 tab, 9 ref.
The following time series are analyzed: monthly average temperatures at Urbana,
Illinois (1915-1965); monthly precipitations at Morrisonville, Illinois (1896-
1969); and monthly streamflows in the Sangamon River at Monticello, Illinois
(1915-1969). The model was previously identified and showed that a simple
transformation makes the series stationary. The analysis was completed. By
a joint use of spectral and regression analysis one arrives at the formulation
of models in which the deterministic process and the variaces are described
by means of trigonometric functions. This allows a considerable economy of
parameters in comparison with the models based on the 24 sample monthly averages
and variances. The practical advantages of such an economy of parameters are
discussed.
*Time series analysis, *Monthly, Temperature, Precipitation (Atmospheric),
Streamflow, Hydrographs, Mathematical models
Urbana, Illinois, Morrisonville, Illinois, Sangamon River, Monticello, Illinois,
Italy, Netherlands
044F
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A RIVER PURIFICATION LAKE,
Chapman, B. T.
Severn River Authority, England
Water Treatment and Examination, Vol. 22, No. 4, p 269-291, 1973. 18 fig, 14 ref.
A mathematical model was developed of a river purification lake to predict the
effect of various retention times on the quality of the lake effluent. The re-
sults showed that doubling the experimental retention time to 9.6 days would not
remove the smallest particles, but halving the retention time to 2.4 days pro-
duced a deterioration in the effluent quality. The removal of soluble organic
carbon within the lake was 21% of the Influent concentration at 9.6 days reten-
tion and 6% at 2.4 days retention. The model predicted that, with a retention
time of 9.6 days, by the middle of May the chlorophyll-a concentration in the
lake would exceed 100 mg/cu m and would continue to increase throughout the summer.
If this happened, the water would become extremely dark green with a skin of
algae present on the surface. A retention period of only 2.4 days meant that the
predicted chlorophyll-a concentration were only slightly greater than the
concentration of the influent, showing that production was taking place only to
a small extent. The maximum predicted chlorophyll-a concentration was 21 mg/cu
m. The dissolved oxygen concentration was not predicted to fall below 3 mg/liter
under any retention time.
*Mathematical models, *Retention, *Water quality, *Effluents, *Lakes, Organic
matter, Influents, Chlorophyll, Algae, Dissolved oxygen, Treatment facilities,
Sedimentation, Computers
Great Britain
593
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045F
A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION USEFUL TO
DESIGN AND CONTROL OF SLUDGE DEWATERING PROCESSES IN WA-
TER RECYCLE SYSTEMS,
Bobalek, E. G., Durst, R. E., and Yadeta, B.
University of Maine, Orono, Maine, Environmental Studies
Center
Report No. 1-74, Project No. B-008-ME. 110 p, July, 1973. 22 fig, 10 tab, 37
ref.
An empirical correlation was developed relating the filterability of synthetic
slurries to the hydrophilic character of the resulting filter calces and the
filtration driving force. The hydrophilic character was evaluated by determining
the bound water corresponding to 99% saturation of the filter cake samples as
indicated by the vapor pressure at a fixed temperature, while the driving force
was provided by a differential pressure system. The experimental data was cor-
related using dimensionless variables and the results indicated that a fixed bound
water the dependence of filterability on the driving force group was almost
linear, while at a constant driving force a one cycle change in bound water
resulted in a two cycle change in the filterability. It is concluded that
the filterability of synthetic slurries correlates inversely with the hydrophilic
character of resultant filter cakes, where such a characteristic is defined
and measured as the equilibrium bound water in the filter cakes at a standar-
dized temperature. No single mechanism of water binding is found sufficient
to account for the total bound water in colloid modified solid liquid systems.
The relationship between bound water and filterability is a proper index of
filterability independent of slurry composition.
*Bound water, *Filtration, *Model studies, Slurries, Filters, Industrial
wastes, Municipal wastes, Sludge, Dewatering, Water reuse, Fluid mechanics
046F
WATER POLLUTION BEING FOUGHT BY COMPUTER,
The American City, Vol. 89, No. 5, p 71-72, May, 1974.
The Miami Conservancy District of Dayton, Ohio is collecting massive data on
river use to determine factors that influence water quality. By using the data
given the computer, both real and projected conditions can be simulated and fore-
cast. The costs of the program are distributed among 20 municipal and county
treatment plants, 15 paper mills, 20 other industries, 5 power plants and 5
counties, in proportion to how much they discharge into the river. Each engineer
of the district must do computer operating, collecting printouts. These are
statistical reports on flow or pollution conditions, with which other factors—
such as influent or effluent rates—may be compared.
*Computer studies, *Models, *Engineers, *Water quality control, Rivers, Ohio,
Simulation, Municipal wastes, Industrial wastes, Costs, Flow, Pollution, Ef-
fluents, Conservation, Data collections, Treatment facilities
River use
594
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04 7F
CONTROL OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS,
Collins, A. S., and Gllliland, B. E.
Combustion Engineering, Windsor, Connecticut, Nuclear
Steam Supply Systems
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE2, p 487-
506, April, 1974.
Waste water treatment plants are currently based mainly on steady-state rela-
tionships rather than dynamic models. However, variations occur in biological
processes due to flow rates, organic matter concentrations, and BOD removal
efficiency fluctuations. A dynamic model for the anaerobic digestion process
has shown to be meaningful by Clemson University. This process considers pH
response due to organic and hydraulic overloads. The results are based on the
Andrews-Graef digester model, as simulated using Fortran IV. It was found
that when predictive flow control is used with feedforward base addition as con-
tinuous compensation, base addition and flow rate are excessive. Reduction of
the gain of the feedforward controller results in most desireable performance.
*Models, *Waste water treatment, *Anaerobic digestion, Flow rates, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Fortran IV, Plants, Computer studies, Activated sludge, Organic
matter
Overloads, Hydraulic overloads, Organic overloads, Digester model, Dynamic
models, pH
048F
AN APPROXIMATE NUMBERICAL SOLUTION OF A POLLUTANT DISPER-
SION,
Sumitomo, H.
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Department of Sanitary
Engineering
Transactions of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 4, p 120-121,
November, 1973. 3 fig.
Diffusion equations have often been utilized for describing water quality
transportation. However, the physical meaning of the diffusion coefficient
is not always clear, especially in turbulent flow with internal shear force.
Therefore, the word "dispersion" is often used for such type of complicated
flow, instead of the "diffusion", and the dispersion is distinguished from the
molecular diffusion. Here the possibility of employing simpler presentation for
the dispersion is discussed instead of the Reynolds' analogy. The purpose of
the simplification is to consider more hydraulic characteristics at solving
pollution problems in addition to the mass balance of water quality.
*Pollutants, *Dispersion, *Analytical techniques, Diffusion, Turbulent flow,
Water quality, Reynolds' number, Pollution problems, Hydraulics
on, Reynolds' analogy, Numerical solutions
595
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049F
APPLICATION OF SEASONAL PARAMETRIC LINEAR STOCHASTIC
MODELS TO MONTHLY FLOW DATA,
McKerchar, A. I., and Delleur, J. W.
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, School of
Civil Engineering
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 246-255, April, 1974. 6 fig, 2 tab,
16 ref.
Stochastic linear models are fitted to hydrologic data for two main reasons:
to enable forecasts of the data one or more time periods ahead and to enable
the generation of sequences of synthetic data. Short sequences of data lead
to uncertainties in the estimation of model parameters and to doubts about
the appropriateness of particular time series models. A premium is placed
on models that are economical in terms of the number of parameters required.
One such family of models is multiplicative seasonal autoregressive integra-
ted moving average (Arima) models that have been described. Illustrated is
the process of identifying the particular member of the family that fits loga-
rithms of monthly flows, estimating the parameters, and checking the fit. The
seasonal Arima model accounts for the seasonal variability in the monthly
means but not the seasonal variability of the monthly standard deviations:
for this reason its value is limited. The forecasting of flows one or more
months ahead is described with an example.
*Hydrologic aspects, *Flow data, *Model studies, Forecasting, Mathematical
studies
*Stochastic models, Hydrologic data, Parameters, Autoregressive integrated
moving average, Monthly flow data, Logarithms
050F
THE ESTIMATION OF VERTICAL EDDY DIFFUSIVITIES BELOW THE
THERMOCLINE IN LAKES,
Powell, T., and Jassby, A.
California University, Davis, California, Department of
Physics and Division of Environmental Studies
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 191-198, April, 1974. 4 fig, 4 tab,
44 ref.
Mathematical models of the spatial and temporal variation of lakes and
ocean water require a quantitative formulation of vertical turbulent trans-
port. Methods of estimating vertical eddy diffusivity coefficients in lakes
for such substances as temperature, inorganic ions, or biologically active
materials are briefly reviewed. One widely used method, the McEwen method, is
discussed, and it is shown how this method can lead to erroneous results. An-
other method, the flux gradient method, is examined and compared with the
McEwen method in specific case studies of thermal energy transfers. Lack of
agreement between values obtained by the McEwen method and the flux gradient
method has led some investigators to postulate a flux of thermal energy into
the deep layers of a lake by density currents. An alternative explanation
of the discrepancy is offered by noting that deepwater turbulent mixing may re-
sult from a microstructure of layers and sheets caused by, for example, a
Kelvin-Helmholtz shear instability in the flows or other instability mechan-
isms.
*Mathematical models, *Lakes, *0ceans, Turbulent flow, Temperature, Inorganic
compounds, Density currents, Eddies
*McEwen method, *Flux gradient method, Diffusivity coefficients, Vertical
turbulent transport, Quantitative formulations, Deepwater mixing, Vertical
eddies
596
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051F
SIMULATION OF ALLUVIAL FAN DEPOSITION BY A RANDOM WALK
MODEL,
Price, W. E. Jr.
U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia Water Re-
sources Division
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 263-274, April, 1974. 13 fig, 34 ref.
Alluvial fans are an important source of groundwater and knowledge of spatial
variations in the permeability of water-bearing beds in alluvial beds to geo-
logic processes is useful to estimate acquifer parameters. This model aids
in the development of data collection systems, the estimation of aquifer
parameters in undeveloped areas, better Interpretation of aquifer tests, and
improvement in the accuracy of test-hole correlations. The results suggest
that a digital model based on a random walk may be used to simulate alluvial
fan deposition. The model is in three dimensions, is dynamic in time and space,
and employs two independent stochastic events: an uplift of the moutain
basin contributing sediments and a storm large enough to result in fan depo-
sition. A random walk, each step governed by the gradient and momentum of flow,
determines the pattern of deposition. Results of the simulation are printed
as geologic maps and sections. The general form of the simulated deposits is
that of an alluvial fan, the pattern of simulated flows resembles that of real
flows, and fan facies show a concentration of debris flows near the apex and
a particle size decrease in water flow deposits downfan.
*Alluvial fans, *Groundwater, Geology, Aquifers, Model studies, Simulation
analysis, Stochastic processes, Flow, Gradients, Data collection
*Random walk model, Geologic maps, Simulated flows, Digital models
052F
NUTRIENT CONTROL IN SEWAGE LAGOONS,
Pollutech Pollution Advisory Services Limited, Oakville,
Ontario
Research Program for the Abatement of Municipal Pollution Within the Provisions
of the Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality, Research Report
No. 8. 56 p, 23 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
This project was initiated to provide documentation on the effects and be-
haviour of precipitated phosphates in sewage lagoons. Two techniques were
used to simulate lagoon conditions to obtain data for the possible long-term
distribution of phosphates between the solid and liquid phases in treatment
lagoons: One method utilized laboratory-scale simulators operated under
closely controlled conditions of temperature and loading. In the second me-
thod, a computational procedure was developed, involving the use of a com-
puter model written to simulate the removal of soluble phosphates by precipita-
tion with alum. Full-scale lagoons were used for comparative purposes in the
first method. Two laboratory units were seeded from bottom deposits, and
filled with lagoon effluent taken from the full-scale lagoons. In each case
one lagoon was operated as a control, and the other received chemical dosing.
In both the full-scale control lagoon and the laboratory control lagoon, it
was observed that, during periods of low dissolved oxygen, both phosphorus and
carbon were resolubilized from bottom deposits. The phosphorus resolubilization
rate was much less dependent on temperature and lagoon maturity than carbon.
The laboratory simulators indicated that more extensive phosphorus resolubili-
zatoin would occur at higher temperatures, pH was not found to be a governing
factor for phosphorus resolubilization.
*Phosphates, *Sewage lagoons, Laboratory tests, Model studies, Computers,
Solids, Liquids, Dissolved oxygen, Phosphorus, Effluents, Chemical control,
Carbon, Canada
Soluble phosphates, Bottom deposits, pH, Chemical dosages, Ontario
597
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05 3F
DEVELOPMENT OF A MONITOR FOR RECYCLE OF WASTE WATER,
Scharen, H., and Mix, T. W.
Amicon Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts
Annual Report for period of December 1, 1972 to August 15, 1973, November,
1973. 42 p, 11 fig, 4 ref.
In a pilot eight-month study at Amicon, a Reverse Osmosis (RO) unit was set
up and RO membranes were tested for flux and salt rejection. Ultrafiltra-
tion (UF) and ozonation studies were performed on various dyes to check their
suitability as candidate tracer material for the various purification
steps of the recycle water. Efforts were undertaken to decide whether or not
each step must be monitored individually. In the concluding phase of the pro-
gram efforts were concentrated on a feasibility study of dichromate oxidation
in acid mediums as a monitoring technique, using a spectrophotometer to study
the reaction between organic impurities in water and dichromate.
*Monitoring, *Pilot study, *Reverse osmosis, Recycling, Flux, Membranes,
Water purification, Spectrophotometry, Research, Tracers, Dyes, Salts
*0zonation, Ultrafiltration, Dichromate oxidation, Dichromate, Amicon Corpora-
tion
054F
MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF SUBSURFACE FLOW CONTRIBUTIONS
TO SNOWMELT RUNOFF, REYNOLDS CREEK WATERSHED, IDAHO,
Stephenson, G. R., and Freeze, R. A.
USDA Northwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural
Research Service, Boise, Idaho
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 284-294, April, 1974. 10 fig, 2
tab, 14 ref.
A mathematic model is presented which provides a two-dimensional transient
saturated-unsaturated analysis of the subsurface flow at the field site. This
model of subsurface flow has been applied to a field study of snowmelt runoff
in a small upstream source area in the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed,
near Boise, Idaho. The field measurements from an instrumented cross section
of this watershed showed that streamflow generation is subsurface delivery of
meltwater over limited distances through shallow high-permeability low-porosity
formations of altered and fractured basalt. However, such hydrologic response
models cannot be used on a regional scale due to serious limitations of data
availability, funds for data acquisition, and computer capacity. In this particu-
lar study, it is seen that mathematical models consist of boundary value problems
which are time and space dependent upon boundary conditions. Value of such models
is their applicability to specific sites.
*Mathematical models, *Model studies, *Subsurface flow, *Hydrologic models, Field
studies, Basalt, Instrumentation, Data collections, Measurements, Boundaries,
Costs, Computers, Snowmelt, Runoff, Porosity
Snowmelt runoff, Reynolds Creek Watershed, Idaho
598
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055F
KINETICS OF SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION AND PRODUCT FORMATION
IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION,
Ghosh, S., and Pohland, F. G.
Institute of Gas Technology, Illinois,
Institute of Technology Center, Chicago, Illinois
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 748-759,
April, 1974. 10 fig, 2 tab, 16 ref.
Process kinetic models were developed to describe the progression of substrate
utilization, growth, and product formation by mixed digester cultures. Anaero-
bic processes are a two step sequence using two types of microorganisms. Such
biological processes have three advantages as a treatment method: low biomass
yield, production of useful gaseous and solid end-products, and good organic
solids destruction efficiency at reasonable costs. Significant disadvantages
of high-rate anaerobic digesters are the need for long sludge retention times,
often over 15 days. The roicrobial systems from two groups of microorganisms
must function in harmony in terms of their growth rates and metabolic activi-
ties. Data revealed that during acid fermentation, about 60 to 76 percent
of the assimilated substrate was used for synthesis, compared to 15 to 19
percent for energy of synthesis and 4 to 26 percent for maintenance energy.
As detention time was increased, digester operations provided enhanced pro-
duction of acidic and gaseous products but decreased production of biomass ari-
sing from the growth of acid-forming organisms.
*Model studies, *Kinetics, *Anaerobic digestion, Microorganisms, Biological
treatment, Biomass, Gases, Solids, Measurements, Acids, Energy
Digester operations
056F
POLYELECTROLYTES AS PRIMARY COAGULANTS FOR POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS,
Robinson, C. N. Jr.
Topeka Water Department, Topeka, Kansas
Journal of the American Water Works Associacion, Vol. 66, No. 4, p 252-257,
April, 1974. 6 fig, 6 tab.
As shown by the Kansas River and its conventional methods of clarification,
improvement in methodology is warranted. Conventional purification includes
chemical lime-soda ash process causing turbidity and subsequent chlorination,
coagulation with aluminum sulfate (alum), and coagulant aids such as activated
silica. Disadvantages are found in each; suspended solids content in the Kansas
River requires chemical treatments, each with additional problems. By pilot
plants and laboratory investigations over a two year period on the river,
polyelectrolytes were shown to be much more effective than the standard coagu-
lants. Polymer basins promote methods of separating the mud from the chemical
sludge. In addition, it is simpler to treat water of lower turbidity which
has not artificially hardened with chlorine and alum. Economic advantages re-
sult from this treatment method as well.
*Model studies, Clarification, *Treatment facilities, *Polyelectrolytes,
Pilot plants, Laboratory studies, Lime, Purification, Coagulants, Polymers,
Chlorine, Alum, Costs, Potable water
Kansas River, Kansas, Economics
599
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057F
ADAPTIVE CONTROL APPLIED TO A WATER QUALITY SYSTEM,
Perils, H. J.
Newark College of Engineering,
Newark, New Jersey
Instrument Society of America Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 1, p 31-34, 1974.
1 fig, 3 tab, 13 ref.
A model system for a crude form of adaptive control has been applied to water
pollution control problems. Its principle is response to changes in temper-
ature, reacting with a computer. This is called open-loop adaptive control.
A two-element control vector in a number of reaches of stream (not contiguous)
is used. Cost/benefit tradeoffs are incorporated into the scheme. Results
show a reduction in overall theoretical cost and an improvement in 00 level
maintenance and BOD loading.
*Model studies, *Control, *Water pollution, *Computers, Costs, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Dissolved oxygen, Loading, Streams, Temperature, Mathematical
studies, Water quality control, Effluents
Open-loop adaptive control
058F
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTES
TO AGRICULTURAL LAND,
Seitz, W. D., and Swanson, E. R.
University of Illinois
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 175-182, 5 fig, 22 ref.
Implications of minimizing the cost of waste treatment and of its disposal
on agricultural land are discussed. Crop returns from application of waste
and of environmental damage are accounted for in cost minimization. The
optimal rate of application of waste to crops is shown, in principle, to
be influenced by all variables and functions in the system, including the
marginal cost of alternative methods of treatment and disposal. Given is a
simulation analysis of a particular land-reclamation sludge-disposal project.
The variables found to be most influential in performance of the system in-
cluded: transport costs for sludge, site preparation costs, assumptions
regarding the nitrogen budget, choice of cropping system, and source of labor
used in site preparation. Research on these variables will improve decision
making regarding the application of waste to crop land.
*Mathematical models, *Costs, *Municipal wastes, *Simulation, Waste treat-
ment, Waste disposal, Agriculture, Sludge, Nitrogen, Decision making
*Land application, Crop land, Agricultural land, Cost-minimization, Treatment
methods, Land reclamation
600
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059F
STUDIES ON MODELING OF URBAN STORM WATER RUNOFF—ON THE
RELATION BETWEEN THE COMPOSITION OF BASIN MODEL AND THE
EQUIVALENT ROUGHNESS,
Toyokunl, E., and Hagihara, K.
Memoirs of the Ehime University, Section III (Engineering), Vol. 7, No. 1,
p 49-64, 1974. 12 fig, 1 tab, 18 ref.
On the basis of observed hydrological data in the research basin, the relation
between the composition of the basin model in the homogeneous surface and
the equivalent roughness for each model and adaptability of the runoff model
are discussed. These are studied on the representation of equivalent drainage
area for the heterogeneous area composed of roof, asphalt road, or pervious
ground surface. Each of three models, one simple and two more complex,
are derived theoretical!}? from the elements of composition in the basin model,
applying the kinematic wave method.
*Storm runoff, *Hydrological data, *Basins, *Model studies, Drainage, Drainage
areas, Surface drainage, Urban runoff
*Kinematic wave method, Urban storm water runoff, Japan
060F
IMPROVED DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING PROCEDURES AND THEIR PRACTI-
CAL APPLICATION TO WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS,
Mawer, P. A., and Thorn, D.
Medmenham, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, England
Water Research Association
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 183-190, April, 1974. 8 fig,
10 ref.
2 tab,
Value iteration dynamic programming and simulation procedures have been brought
together by a general optimization algorithm. This is used in conjunction
with penalty costs to derive long-term operating policies for water resource
systems. Two types of problems are illustrated by numerical examples; these
are value iteration procedures dependent upon the nature of transition costs.
For deterministic costs a computational procedure reduces computational effort
to about 8 percent of that required if conventional procedures are adopted.
With probabilistic transition costs, savings in computation are less, but
still substantial. Feedback from a simulation to the dynamic programming
is achieved by penalty costs, interpreted as Lagrangian multipliers. Simpli-
fied dynamic programming procedures give practical benefits which outweigh
any theoretical objections.
*Mathematical models, *Costs, *Simulation, *Computers, *Algorithm, Dynamic
programming, Water resources development, Planning
*0ptimizing algorithm, Value iteration, Deterministic costs, Penalty costs,
Probabilistic costs, Lagrangian multipliers, Water resources planning
601
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061F
OPTIMAL TIMING AND SIZING OF A CONJUNCTIVE URBAN WATER
SUPPLY AND WASTE WATER SYSTEM WITH NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING,
Mulvihill, M. E., and Dracup, J. A.
Loyola University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Califor-
nia
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 170-175, April, 1974. 6 fig., 16 ref.
A conjunctively operated urban water supply and waste water system is formulated
as a mathematical model and applied to the city of Los Angeles. The objectives
are: to minimize the cost of supplying water from several sources, including
provisions for recycling reclaimed water; and to determine the capacity expan-
sion schedule of the water and waste water treatment processes. The water
sources vary in quality, quantity, and cost. The model formulated consists
of the minimization of a concave objective function subject to linear con-
straints. A multilevel solution technique is developed to determine the minimum
cost alternative for a selected planning horizon. The mathematical model is
flexible and can be expanded to include additional water quality constituents,
advanced waste water treatment processes, and variations in water quality
standards.
*Mathematical models, *Urban areas, *Water supply, *Waste water treatment,
Recycling, Costs, Model studies, Planning, Water quality control, Waste treatment,
Water quality standards, California
Los Angeles, California
062F
STUDIES ON RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS IN CHANNEL NETWORK
SYSTEMS IN LOW LAND,
Toyokuni, E., and Watanabe, M.
Memoirs of the Ehime University, Section III, Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1974.
23 fig, 1 tab, 10 ref.
The methods of discharge measurement for open-channels in low land, using the
data of water surface gradient and water stage, are discussed with respect to
the fundamental equation for unsteady flow. These are examined by hydraulic
experiments. A runoff model of channel network systems is investigated and is
verified. Using this simulation model, the characteristics of channel flow
associated with inundation and the runoff characteristics are researched by
means of digital simulation, increasing the applications of this model.
*Measurement, *Runoff, *Simulation, *Model studies, Channel flow, Inundation,
Discharge, Surface waters
Channel networks, Japan, Low lands, Water surface gradients
602
-------
063F
THE MEDWAY WATER BOARD TELEMETRY AND TELECONTROL SYSTEM,
Howard, D. W., and Insley, M. G.
Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company Limited,
Chippenham, Wiltshire, England,
Automation Division
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 938, p 126-218, April, 1974. 3 fig.
A remote control, automated, computerized system for water treatment facilities
is described in detail. The main features of the system include a 12,000
word store computer with a 30,000 word store disc, a standby control panel,
closed circuit television, and power supplies.
*Computers, *Instrumentation, *Treatment facilities, *Control systems,
*Automatic control, *Telemetry, Automation,Monitoring, Remote control,
Equipment
*England, *Computerization
064F
SEDIMENTATION: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOLIDS FLUX THEORY,
Handley, J.
Water Pollution Control Department, Sheefield, England
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 2, p 230-240, 1974. 10 fig, 17 ref.
An attempt has been made to survey the basic concepts involved in the design
and operation of settlement tanks and thickeners with no presentation of new
theory on sedimentation or thickening. Material normally found in research
papers is presented in a way that the practicing designer or operator can
grasp the concepts developed. The application of these concepts to the various
features of tank design and operation is described.
*Reviews, *Design criteria, Operations, *Sedimentation, Mathematical studies,
Theoretical analysis, Application methods
*Thickeners, *Settling tanks, *Solids flux, *Flux theory
603
-------
065F
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COST
FUNCTIONS,
Tlhansky, D. P.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington Environmental
Research Center, Washington, D. C., Office of Research and
Development, Economic Analysis Branch
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 813-
833, May 1974. 31 fig, 2 tab, 82 ref.
Available information on the derivation and application of cost functions
on water pollution control are summarized. The state-of-the-art on cost for-
mulations and their development from an historical perspective are described.
The concept of cost function is defined in general terms and its derivation
is related to policy objectives and data requirements with the most important
cost categories subject to functional analysis being discussed. Determinants
or variables affecting costs are distinguished according to their signifi-
cance in various cost models, A review of cost studies on municipal versus
industrial waste water control follows, with cost expressions presented in
both mathematical and graphical form.
*Water pollution control, *Cost analysis, *Data collections, *Reviews,
*Mathematical studies, Model studies, Application methods, Municipal wastes,
Industrial wastes
*Cost function, *Functional analysis, State-of-the-art reviews
066F
FACILITIES FOR CONTROLLING THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
BY MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME,
Burchett, M. E., and Tchobanoglous, G.
Yoder-Trotter-Orlot and Associates, Walnut Creek,
California
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 973-
979, May 1974. 7 fig, 6 ref.
Several methods now being used by operators to control the activated sludge
process are discussed. The use of the mean cell residence time (MCRT) is
recommended as the most suitable operational control parameter. The basic
concepts involving the theoretical and practical reasons for controlling
the MCRT are discussed in the first section of this paper, and the physical
features of a control system developed to use this method are presented in
the second section. The following advantages for the proposed control system
are: minimum required operator attention, inexpensive capital costs, more pos-
itive process control, and more stable process operation.
*Activated sludge, *Treatment facilities, *Control systems, Automatic control,
Operation and maintenance
*Mean cell residence time (MCRT)
604
-------
067F
HEAPS AND HOLES,
Surveyor, No. 4261, p 10-11, February, 1974. 2 fig.
Planning links between waste disposal, land reclamation, and mineral extraction
are needed for future disposal facilities. A pilot study for a computer model,
as well as its limitations, is described. Strategy was defined as factors
needed to arrive at a marginal value for waste disposal. This was given in
terms of the wastes considered, the holes available, the environmental con-
straints on which types of wastes can go into which holes, and the pre-treatment
of the wastes. Water pollution standards, risks to public health, and location
of sites were considered in the model. From the computer results, attractive
holes can then be reassessed. Real figures would be given in the form of a de-
tailed hydrogeological survey, estimates of costs, landscaping, access, and
screening, and safety with respect to water pollution. Planning decisions
for mineral workings in a particular area could then be made.
*Planning, *Waste disposal, *Model studies, *Computer models, *Water pollution,
*Mineral industry, Treatment facilities, Public health, Costs, Hydrogeology,
Landscaping, Pre-treatment
*Mineral extraction, Land reclamation
068F
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TRANSPORT, DIFFUSION AND DEGRADA-
TION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN A RIVER,
Nalluri, C.
University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Department of Civil
Engineering, England
Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 54, Pt. PH 1, p 1-6,
October, 1973. 15 ref.
A program suitable for solving the diffential equations developed for calcu-
lations in polluted streams using a realistic approach is described. The nu-
merical method discussed is easily programmable and economical in machine
time and is easily extended to arbitrarily distributed grid points.
*Mathematlcal models, *Model studies, *Rivers, Organic matter, Biochemical oxy-
gen demand, Dissolved oxygen, Heat, Diffusion, Degradation (Decomposition),
Sediment transport, Water pollution control
Great Britain
605
-------
069F
THE CONFLICT BETWEEN CONSUMPTION AND POLLUTION,
Fleming, R. N., and Pantell, R. H.
Stanford University,
Stanford, California
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. SMC-4, No. 2,
p 204-208, March, 1974. 7 fig, 5 ref.
The United States is concerned about controlling pollution without excessive
decreases in consumption. In this correspondence a technical relationship
between consumption and pollution is defined. A utility function indicates
the manner in which consumption should vary with time so as to maximize
utility. It is assumed that a specified pollution level is to be achieved
at the termination of a given planning period, and the problem is to obtain
the optimum path to this objective. As a special case, a steady-state solution
is obtained, which specifies the most desirable constant levels of consumption
and pollution. Critical parameters that enter into this solution are the
discount (or appreciation) rate for the future, the decay lifetime for the
pollutant, and the rate of change of pollution generation with respect to
consumption. In addition, a closed-form solution is obtained for the low-
pollution case, which indicates that the optimum consumption function decreases
with increasing time. Computer solutions are given for the general case
with several different values of critical parameters.
*Water consumption, *Water pollution control, *Mathematical models, *Computers,
Planning
*Food consumption, Steady-state solution, Critical parameters
070F
THE EFFECT OF PHENOLS AND HETEROCYCLIC BASES ON NITRIFI-
CATION IN ACTIVATED SLUDGES,
Stafford, D. A.
University College, Cardiff, Wales, Microbiology
Department
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 37, No. 1, p 75-82, 1974. 7 fig, 1 tab,
9 ref.
The optimum conditions of pH, suspended solids concentration, temperature and
age of sludge, for nitrification by activated sludge have been studied.
Activated sludge receiving ammonium thiocyanate (500 mg/liter) was able to
nitrify. The rate of ammonia oxidation was decreased when less than 3 mg/
liter of phenol (or cresols) was added to the sludge, and at 10 mg/liter was
inhibited completely. Concentrations of up to 100 mg/liter of phenols did
not affect nitrite oxidation. The 2- and 4-methyl pyrldine derivatives
inhibited both ammonia and nitrite oxidation.
*Activated sludge, *Phenols, *Nitrification, *Suspended solids, *Temperature,
Ammonia, Oxidation, Mathematical models
Ammonia oxidation, Nitrite oxidation, Heterocyclic bases
606
-------
071F
TIME OF CONCENTRATION-A KINEMATIC WAVE APPROACH,
Paintal, A. S.
Metropolitan Sanitary District,
Chicago, Illinois,
Sewer Design Section
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 4, p 26-30, April 30, 1974. 2 fig,
10 ref.
A method was outlined for estimating the time of concentration, or overland
flow time, useful in small watershed work and urban storm sewer design. This
time is governed by rainfall intensity and watershed characteristics. The
factors used for the mathematical model were rainfall intensity, surface slope,
surface roughness, infiltration, depression storage, and flow distance.
*Mathematical models, *0verland flow, *Urban runoff, Rainfall intensity,
Water resources planning, Watershed management, Infiltration
*Urban storm sewer design
072F
MATHEMATICAL AND OPERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR THE
COMPLETELY MIXED ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS,
Sherrard, J. H., Schroeder, E. D., and Lawrence, A. W.
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, School
of Civil Engineering
Water and Sewage Works, p 84-86, 88, 91, April 30, 1074. 8 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
A simplified approach in describing continuous flow aerobic biological waste
water treatment processes through utilization of the variable observed cell
yield coefficient is presented. For specific waste water and constant
environmental conditions, the magnitude of the variable observed yield
coefficient is dependent upon net cell growth rate, or its reciprocal, sludge
age or mean cell residence time. Illustrations are presented to show
interrelationships between the aeration basin hydraulic retention time, the
sludge age, the influent organic concentration, the microbial concentrations
in the waste line and aeration basin, and the mass of waste solids produced
per unit time. Similar sets of relationships and equations also could be
developed for other fluidized culture microbial processes such as nitrification,
denitrification, and methane fermentation.
*Mathematical studies, *Activated sludge, Aerobic conditions, Waste water
treatment, Biological treatment, Equations, Solid wastes
Cell yield coefficient, Retention time, Sludge age, Influent organic
concentration, Microbial concentrations
607
-------
073F
A FORMULA FOR AERATION TANK DETENTION TIME,
Sterling, P.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 5, p 62, May, 1974.
A rational approach to elementary principles of design and operation of the
conventional activated sludge process aeration tank, excluding oxygenation,
is presented. It demonstrates that: flow is not a factor in the determination
of design aeration detention time; detention time varies directly as BOD
concentration and inversely as the product of loading and mixed liquor suspended
solids(MLSS)factors; and, the product of loading and MLSS factors may be used
in direct ratio to determine relative system loading and/or percentage of
design capacity utilized.
*Mathematical studies, *Equations, Activated sludge, Design criteria, Operations,
Aeration, Storage tanks, Flow, Biochemical oxygen demand, Loading
*Detention time, Mixed liquor suspended solids
074F
A SOLUTION OF THE INORGANIC CARBON MASS BALANCE
EQUATION AND ITS RELATION TO ALGAL GROWTH RATES,
Kelly, M. G., Church, M. R., and Hornberger, G. M.
Virginia University
Charlottesville, Virginia,
Department of Environmental Sciences
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, p 493-497, June, 1974. 2 fig,
1 tab, 18 ref.
The mass balance equation describing the dissolved inorganic carbon content of
river water is solved for varying conditions. These include net community pro-
ductivity, alkalinity, temperature, atmospheric exchange, and accrual of ground-
water to give C02 concentration throughout the day. Without accrual of ground-
water the C02 concentration must lie in the range where it will influence growth
rate of some plant species. However, groundwater input prevents this situation
in most rivers. In lakes, groundwater input and exchange with the aphotic zone
may prevent the influence of C02 on algal growth rates. In waters with little
groundwater input or little vertical mixing, the C02 concentration may influence
relative growth rates of species but probably not the total plant biomass
produced.
*Algae, *Rivers, *Equations, Inorganic compounds, Alkalinity, Temperature,
Groundwater, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Lakes, Aphotic zone
*Mass balance equation, Inorganic carbon content, Algal growth rates
608
-------
075F
MODELING FLOW AND CHEMICAL QUALITY CHANGES IN AN
IRRIGATED STREAM AQUIFER SYSTEM,
Konikow, L. F., and Bredehoeft, J. D.
United States Geologtcal Survey,
Lakewood, Colorado
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, p 546-561, June, 1974. 23 fig, 3
tab, 25 ref.
Salinity increases in groundwater and surface water in the Arkansas River valley
of southeastern Colorado are primarily related to irrigation practices. A
digital computer model was developed to predict changes in dissolved solid
concentration in response to spatially and temporally varying hydrologic
stresses. Equations describing the transient flow of groundwater and the
transport and dispersion of dissolved chemical constituents were solved
numerically. The model simulates flow as well as changes in water quality
for both the stream and the aquifer. Detailed field measurements made for
a one year period in an 11-mile reach of the valley between La Junta and the
Bent-Otero county line were used to verify and calibrate the model. Measured
water levels varied by an average of about 3 ft during the study period.
Calculated water table elevations in the aquifer were within 1 ft of the
observed values approximately 90 per cent of the time. The specific
conductances of water samples from five wells in one well field had a standard
deviation of about 10 per cent of the mean. Dissolved solid concentrations
calculated by the model were within 10 per cent of the observed values
for both the aquifer and the stream approximately 80 per cent of the time.
*Mathematlcal models, *Salinity, *Groundwater, *Surface water, Irrigation,
Aquifers, Computers, Dissolved solids, Equations, Streams, Flow, Field investi-
gations, Digital computers
Colorado, Chemical quality
076F
A COMPUTER MODEL FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF
THERMAL DISCHARGES INTO RIVERS,
Anthony, H.
Missouri University,
Colombia, Missouri
Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 34, No. 11, p 5505-B, May, 1974.
A digital computer model has been developed for simulating thermal discharges
Into rivers. This is needed due to anticipated growth of power plants. The
model is based on the fundamental conservation equations for hydraulic flow
and the model for the computer code COBRA. Two types of thermal discharges
were simulated, lateral surface and single-port subsurface. Each was compared
with field data; the lateral surface discharge with the Philip Sporn Power
Plant on the Ohio River and the single-port subsurface with the proposed
Rush Island Power Plant on the Mississippi River. Results indicated that
this method of determining dispersion of heated effluents might have universal
application to describe the temperature distribution from outfalls into rivers.
*Models, *Simulation, *Computers, *Discharges, Thermal water, Power plants,
Field data, Temperature, Rivers, Mississippi River, Ohio River, Digital
computers
*Thermal discharges, Single-port subsurface discharge, Lateral surface discharge
609
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077F
MAN'S IMPACT ON THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE IN FLORIDA,
Gilliland, M. W.
Florida University
Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 34, No. 11, p 5504-5505, May, 1974
By digital computer simulation, the phosphorus flux in the Peace River Estuary
in Florida showed the relative importance of projected changes in mining and
population. Natural drainage to the river is high in total phosphorus and daily
mining water discharges have little effect on total phosphorus concentrations.
Periodic spills from slime ponds in the mining district are more serious, as
shown by simulation of slime releases. The percent effect on the overall
geochemical cycle of the present phosphorus flows in peninsular
Florida was determined by evaluating an overall phosphorus budget model. With
a systems model of main energy and money flows, the energy budget of Polk
County was also calculated. At the current rates of stripping land due to
mining, within five to ten years the total energies for the county without
phosphate mining will be higher than with mining.
*Phosphates, *Mining, *Simulation, *Computer models, *Florida, Human population,
Rivers, Drainage, Eutrophication, Slime, Systems analysis, Energy, Costs
*Phosphate mining, Phosphorus flux, Peace River Estuary (Florida)
078F
A COMPUTER MODEL FOR EVALUATING COMMUNITY PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL STRATEGIES,
Yeaple, D. S., Barnes, D. A., and DiGiano, F. A.
J B F Scientific Corporation,
Burlington, Massachusetts
N.T.I.S. Report No. PB 228 440, 305 p, 25 fig, 14 tab, 60 ref.
A computer model for the evaluation of various treatment and non-treatment
strategies to remove phosphorus from waste water is described. The cost of
non-treatments such as the elimination of phosphates in detergents can be
viewed in terms of treatment costs at local waste treament plants. Chemical
precipitation techniques were selected as being the most effective for phosphorus
removal at the present time. Total user costs are reported in this model of a
selected strategy for the removal of phosphorus. Over 21 treatment schemes
with several sludge handling methods can be selected and evaluated, each
dependent upon local conditions. Through use of the computer, the user can
develop a local profile and choose his optimal treatment method.
*Phosphates, *Phosphorus, *Eutriphication, *Costs, *Chemical treatment,
*Computers, *Model studies, *Costs, Precipitation, Treatment facilities, Sludge,
Local governments, Detergents
Phosphorus removal, Treatment methods
610
-------
079F
CRITICAL OXYGEN DEFICIT FOR BANK OUTFALL,
Rood, 0. E., Jr., and Holley, E. R.
Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. EE 3,
p 661-678, June, 1974. 6 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
The two-dimensional mass balance equation has been solved numerically to
investigate the effects of transverse mixing on the DO downstream of a
bank outfall of BOD in a rectangular channel with no upstream BOD or
deficit. From the numerical results, the magnitude and location of the
critical deficit have been obtained. Dimensional analysis has been used to
generalize the presentation of the results. Results are presented in
graphical form and a method is given for predicting the critical deficit for
various situations. For some situations the solution to the two-dimensional
equation indicates that the magnitude of the critical deficit may be
significantly larger than that predicted by the traditional one-dimensional
equations and that the longitudinal distance between the outfall and the
location of the critical deficit may be only 40-50 percent of that predicted
by the one-dimensional representation.
*Biochemical oxygen demand, *Numerical analysis, Dissolved oxygen, Equations,
Mathematical studies, Channels
Mass balance, Transverse mixing, Bank outfall
080F
WATER QUALITY MODELS USING THE BOX-JENKINS METHOD,
Huck, P. M., and Farquhar, G. J.
Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Wastewater Technology
Centre, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. EE 3,
p 733-752, June, 1974. 9 fig, 7 tab, 13 ref.
Expanding water quality study programs and the advent of improved methodology
for data acquistion have increased both the volume and the scope of the
analysis to be carried out. An innovative approach to time series analysis
has been developed by Box and Jenkins. It has time as its basis, which
appears to be superior in certain cases, as opposed to frequency. A study was
undertaken to examine the applicability of the Box-Jenkins method to the
modeling of water quality data. It was shown that the Box-Jenkins technique
was able to employ defective data, containing an oscillation believed to
be machine-induced, to obtain a workable model; this indicates the adaptability
of the method. Also, the Box-Jenkins method provides the water quality analyst
with a new technique or can serve as an alternative approach.
*Data collections, *Water quality, *Time series analysis, Model studies
*Box-Jenkins method
611
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081F
PROBLEMS IN MODELING URBAN WATERSHEDS,
McPherson, M. B., and Schneider, W. J.
American Society of Civil Engineering Urban Water
Resources Research Program, Marblehead, Massachusetts
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, p 434-440, June, 1974. 3 fig,
45 ref.
Modeling of urban watersheds is complicated by the complexities of the hydrologic
system brought about by urbanization, model scale, and client diffusion.
Modeling objectives vary widely, from storm sewer design to management of local
runoff to river basin planning. Current difficulties in modeling involve
inherent nonlinearities in most methods of processing inputs for linear models,
problems of storm definition, interconnection of urban catchment areas, and
shortage of detailed rainfall-runoff water quality data for calibration.
*Model studies, *Watersheds (basins), Urbanization, Urban hydrology,
Storm sewers, Design criteria, Urban runoff, Water management (applied),
Project planning, Data collections, Rainfall-runoff relationships
*Model scale, Client diffusion, Modeling objectives
082F
WHY IT MAY COST t 100 MILLION TO CLEAN UP MERSEY SHORES,
Appleton, B.
New Civil Engineer, No. 96, p 49-51, June 13, 1974.
The Water Pollution Research Laboratory was commissioned to develop a
mathematical model of the pollution of the Mersey estuary while a private
company, JD & DM Watson investigated present sewage and industrial
waste disposal and recommended remedial action. Targets of the investi-
gation were: to ensure that the estuary water should at all times
contain a sufficient level of oxygen to obviate odor nuisance; and,
to obviate the fouling of the estuary foreshore and beaches by crude
sewage or solids or fats from industrial effluents. These objectives
and experimental findings are discussed.
*Mathematical models, *Water pollution, Estuaries, Industrial wastes,
Sewage disposal, Waste disposal, Oxygen requirements, Odor, Water
pollution control, Economics, Research and development.
Mersey estuary, England
612
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083F
THE USE OF A PROCESS COMPUTER IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING SYSTEM,
Krenke, G., and Scholzke, D.
Measurement and Process Engineering Division,
Karlsruhe
Siemens Review, Vol. 41, No. 4, p 170-174, April, 1974. 1 fig.
The necessity of maintaining or restoring a cleaner environment has
presented a number of problems connected with the measuring of :he
impurities and the automating of the monitoring methods. A general
concept was developed for a superregional environmental monitoring
system. The first result of such work is a data aquisition and pro-
cessing system which incorporates a process computer. This instrument
plays the part of a central intelligent monitoring and control unit.
The system has proven its value in trial operation, and conforms to the
current ideas about the requirements that must be met by an environmental
monitoring system. The hardware and software are flexible enough to
satisfy future requirements.
*Monitoring, *Computers, *Environmental effects, *Data processing,
Purification, Pollutants, Control systems, Automation
Computer hardware, Computer software
084F
DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL MODEL FOR COMPLETE MIXING
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM,
McKinney, R. E.
Kansas University,
Lawrence, Kansas
Biotechnology and Bloengineering, Vol. 16, No. 6, p 703-722, June, 1974
14 ref.
The complete mixing activated sludge (CMAS) system is gaining in
popularity for treating both domestic and industrial waste waters. A
simple mathematical model was produced which can be used in both
the design and the operational evaluation of CMAS systems. Labora-
tory pilot plants and full scale field units have furnished basic data
to confirm the validity of the mathematical model. Concepts of the
model are discussed in light of field evaluations as are areas of
conflict and confusion which had arisen in the past. Design examples
and operational evaluations are presented for several different waste
water systems.
*Activated sludge, *Domestic waste waters, *Industrial waste waters,
Mathematical models, Pilot plants, Field studies, Design criteria,
Microbiology, Treatment facilities
Complete mixing activate sludge (CMAS), Treatment methods
613
-------
085F
STOCHASTIC HYDRO-LOGICAL SYSTEM MODELS (STOCHASTIKUS
HIDROLOGIAI RENDSZER-MODELLEK),
Kontur, I.
Hidrological Kozlony, Vol. 54, No. 2, p 87-90, February, 1974.
6 fig, 18 ref.
A stochastic model of hydrological systems taking evaporation,
trickling and runoff into consideration is presented. The input-
output model of the catchment system is composed of three segments
for atmospheric (precipitation and evaporation) and geologic
(flows to and from the system) communications, and for water
yield, such as, water leaving the catchment system. The proba-
bilities at which a given quantity of water evaporates or runs
off from the catchment system or remains within the latter during
a given time are determined. The investigations indicate the re-
duction of the specific water yield with the increase of the
catchment area.
*Hyrdologic systems, *Runoff, Model studies, Flow, Trickling,
Evaporation, Investigations
Stochastic models, Water yield
086F
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON UNSTEADY DISPERSION IN RIVER,
Muraoka, K., and Nakatsuji, K.
Technology Reports of the Osaka University, Vol. 23, No. 1121/1154,
p 649-661, April, 1973. 8 fig, 1 tab, 5 ref.
Numerical analysis of the concentration of diffusive materials for
the prediction of water pollution in a river or its estuary are needed.
Numerical errors of some finite difference schemes were quantitatively
evaluated. It was found that the finite difference scheme with the
accuracy of fourth order gives the satisfactory results of approxi-
mation and is also free from the restriction of selection of mesh
size at the difference scheme.
*Water pollution, *Rivers, *Models, *Numerical analysis, Estuary, Planning
Errors, Unsteady dispersion, Finite difference schemes
614
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087F
GENERALIZATION, TYPIFICATION, AND KINETICANALYSIS OF THE
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND CURVES BASED ON BOD-EXPERIMENTS
(OBOBSHCHENIYE, TITIZATSIYA I KINETICHESKIY ANALIZ KRIVYKH
POTREBLENIYA KISLORODA PO DANNYM BPK-OPYTOV) ,
Leonov, A. V.
Okeanologiya, Vol. 14, No. 1, p 82-87, 1974. 2 tab, 28 ref.
The established types of BOD curves are generalized on the basis
of published BOD data. The existing types are arbitrarily divided
into monophasal and multiphasal curves. Monophasal curves are
sinusal or autocatalytic, parabolic and expontial, while among
the multiphasal curves, linear curves with terminal acceleration,
exponential-autocatalytic, parabolic-linear, exponential-auto-
catalytic-linear, autocatalytic-linear with terminal acceleration,
exponential-linear with terminal acceleration, polyautocatalytic,
exponential-linear and autocatalytic-linear types are distinguished.
Kinetic equations for the 12 different types of BOD curves are given.
*Biochemical oxygen demand, Equations, Kinetics, Mathematical models
BOD curves
088F
CASE STUDY OF REGIONAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN
FLOOD ESTIMATION,
Kite, G. W.
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 6, p 801-808,
June, 1974. 2 fig, 3 tab, 12 ref.
Regional analysis describes those techniques permitting
estimation of parameters for those areas in which measurements
of the parameters are not available. Two techniques, index-
flood regional analysis and a simplified square grid method,
were used to estimate design floods for culverts on the pro-
posed Mackenzie highway. The results of these two techniques
were compared with design floods estimated by the rational
equation, slope-area method and an envelope of recorded ex-
tremes. Regional analysis techniques give design flows at
least an order of magnitude less than those of other techniques.
*Floods, Regional analysis, Equations, Highways, Estimation, Canada,
Model studies, Design criteria
Mackenzie highway, Slope-area method
615
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089F
TIME-DEPENDENT LINEARIZED INFILTRATION I. POINT
SOURCES,
Warrick, W. W.
Arizona University,
Tusson, Arizona,
Department of Soils, Water, and Engineering
Soil Science Proceedings, Vol. 38, p 383-386, May/June, 1974.
4 fig, 12 ref.
Water flow from a point source was analyzed using a linearized
form of the moisture flow equation. Time-dependence is assumed
with the results simplifying to those of previous investigators
for steady-state conditions. Discrete time-distributed inputs
which might occur for trickly or high frequency irrigation are
amenable to the solution. Numerical simulations include the
advance of wetting front during infiltration, moisture variation
resulting from a cyclic input as during irrigation, and the
matric flux potential field for a two-source problem.
*Flow, *Flow equations, *Moisture, Infiltration, Trickle
irrigation, Water cycles, Irrigation
Time-dependence, Steady state
090F
VELOCITY CONTROL WITH NEW PROPORTIONAL WEIRS,
Chandrasekaran, D., and Rao, N. S. L.
College of Engineering, Guindy,
Madras,
Hydraulics and Water Resources Department
Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 54, Part PH2, p 48-54,
February, 1974. 5 fig, 2 tab, 6 ref.
The design of an outlet weir is detailed and its potentiality to control the mean
velocity of flow is described. Velocity varies inversely with the depth of flow.
The settling phenomenon of sediment particles is important in sewage treatment
plants, water purification works, and chemical mixing plants. Of many varied
factors that affect settling, only the mean velocity of flow in a settling tank
can be easily controlled by the designer. The control of mean velocity can be
readily achieved by fixing suitably designed weirs at the outlets of the settling
tanks or chambers.
*Weirs, *Sediment, *Sewage treatment, *Water purification, *Settling tank,
Flow velocity
*Proportional weirs
616
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091F
EFFECTS OF INTRACELLULAR NUTRIENT POOLS ON GROWTH
DYNAMICS OF PHYTOPLANKTON,
Grenney, W. J., Bella, D. A., and Curl, H. C.
Utah State University, Utah Water Research
Laboratory, Logan, Utah
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No, 7, p
1751-1760, July, 1974. 7 fig, 2 tab, 33 ref.
A three-compartment mathematical model has been developed to represent a
phytoplankton population having the capacity to store nitrogen in a nitrate-
limited environment. Parameters were estimated by fitting the model to
equilibrium data from two chemostat experiments. The model then was run to
simulate the transient chemostat conditions and the model response was com-
pared with the observed data. The model is shown to provide a reasonable
representation of the sudden population surges associated with intracellular
nutrient storage.
*Mathematical models, *Model studies, Phytoplankton, Simulation analysis,
Data collections, Aquatic populations, Nitrogen, Nutrient requirements
092F
A PARTIAL AREA MODEL FOR STORM FLOW SYNTHESIS,
Engman, E. T., and Rogowski, A. S.
United States Department of Agriculture, Northeast
Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research
Service, University Park, Pennsylvania
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, p 464-472, June, 1974. 8 fig,
1 tab, 28 ref.
A storm hydrograph model is described based on the partial contributing area
concept. It utilizes a physically based infiltration capacity distribution
for computation of rainfall excess, and incorporates two stages of kinematic
routing. In the first stage, the rainfall excess is routed over a flow plane
to become the lateral inflow hydrograph for the second or channel phase. The
overland flow plane expands upslope as the infiltration capacity is exceeded
and the size of contributing area and the length of the flow plane are cal-
culated from infiltration curves. The model attempts to account for the
natural watershed variability in terms of necessary input data and boundary
and initial conditions. The data requirements are three: two Manning's n
values, one for the channel and one for the overland flow plane, and the
initial soil water content.
*Hydrographs, *Model studies, *Storm flow, Simulation analysis, Infiltration,
Overland flow, Routing, Data collections, Mannings equation, Soil water
617
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093F
THE BIODEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS,
Fasoll, U., and Genon, G.
La Chimica E L'Industria, Vol. 56, No. 3, p 191-195, March, 1974. 7 fig,
3 tab, 8 ref.
Self-purification of surface water is dependent on the ability of its micro-
organisms to decompose organic substances, such as hydrocarbons or amines.
Evaluation of time for the biodegradation and increase in the bacteria popu-
lation is thus a priory. Two mathematical models, both based on Monod's
growth equation, are presented for the interpretation of experimental results
relating to hydrocarbon biodegradation. They differ with respect to their
definition of the physical mechanism responsible for transfer of the hydro-
carbon from the water to the bacterial mass. The numeric coefficients of the
kinetic equations are determined following establishment of the formal struc-
ture of the two mechanisms. A comparison is also made between the two models
and their possible applications.
*Surface waters, *Self-purification, *Biodegradation, *Mathematical models,
Model studies, Hydrocarbons, Numerical analysis, Application techniques
Monod's equation
09 4F
TWO-DISTRIBUTION METHOD FOR MODELING AND SEQUENTIAL
GENERATION OF MONTHLY STREAMFLOWS,
Singh, K. P., and Lonnquist, C. G.
Illinois State Water Survey,
Urbana, Illinois
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, p 763-773, August, 1974.
6 fig, 2 tab, 21 ref.
Distribution of observed monthly streamflows at many gaging stations exhibit
slight, moderate, or sharp reverse curvatures. These cannot be accomodated
by the commonly used classical distributions such as the normal and gamma
(Pearson type 3) distributions applied to flows or their logarithms. The
two distribution, essentially a bimodal distribution, fits most of these ob-
served distributions very well. This distribution represents a unique and
versatile method for modeling and sequential generation of monthly stream-
flows. The distributions of monthly streamflows generated by the two-dis-
tribution method fit observed flow distributions. Annual flows obtained by
summing generated monthly flows also fit the observed annual flows quite well.
*Modeling, *Streamflow forecasting, *Gaging stations, Distribution patterns,
Flow
Bimodel distributions, Monthly flow
618
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095F
THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM STORM RUNOFF YIELD
IN SMALL RIVERS (IN PROBLEMA DETERMINARII DEBITELOR MAXIME
DIN PLOT PE RIURI MICI),
Mustata, L.
Hidrotechnica, Vol. 19, No. 5, p 236-241, 247, May, 1974. 2 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref.
The determination of the maximum storm runoff yield in small rivers is based
on the utilization of the maximum runoff modality from the reductional equa-
tion, worked out for 7 various climatic zones, depending upon the climatic
conditions of Romania. Seven series of module values were transposed on dia-
grams of the accuracy curves by using known empirical security values. Thus,
the maximum security yield in percent and cu m/sec equals the elementary maxi-
mum runoff, or the maximum intensity of water replacement in cu m/sec sq km
multiplied by the receiving surface in sq km, divided by the receiving surface
plus 1 to the n power. The maximum elementary runoff must be determined, con-
sidering the other parameters as known. The n parameter varies from 0.46 in
the southwestern zone of the Southern Carpathians to 0. 5 in the southern part
of the Transylvania Plateau. The empirical accuracy of the series was calcula-
ted according to the equation: P security value in percent equals m, the number
of the values in the series, divided by n, the number of the yrs of the series
plus 1, all multiplied by 100 percent. In order to prolong the series of maxi-
mum yields for as long a period of time as possible, 7 climatically similar
zones were delineated. The method presented permits the determination of maxi-
mum storm runoff yields in small rivers without using the statistical parameters
Cv and Cs.
*Mathematical models, *Storm water, *Storm runoff, Rivers, Climate
Romania
096F
DO-SAG IN OSCILLATING FLOW,
Li, W-H., and Kozlowski, M. E.
Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE4,
p 837-854, August, 1974. 9 fig, 11 ref.
The model formulae for steady—state concentration of biochemical oxygen
demand and dissolved oxygen in an oscillating flow due to a steady supply
of sewage from an outfall are presented. When a pollutant is discharged
from an outfall into the tidal reach of a stream, the water passes the out-
fall many times before flowing further downstream, and increases the con-
centration of the pollutant in the water. Equations were derived for the
maximum BOD and DO-deficit in an oscillating flow due to a steady supply of
BOD from an outfall. While these computed maximum values serve as upper
bounds for the BOD concentration and DO-deficit in a tidal river with negli-
gible freshwater flow, the effects of freshwater flow on this model need
further investigation.
*Model studies, *Biochemical oxygen demand, *Dissolved oxygen, Pollutants,
Streams, Sewage, Freshwater
Tidal outfall, Steady-state concentration
619
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097F
ON THE CHOICE OF METHODS FOR THE PREDICTION OF THE
WATER-ACTIVITY AND ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT FOR MULTICOMPO-
NENT AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS,
Sangster, J., and Lenzi, F.
Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
Department de genie chimique
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 52, No. 3, p 392-396,
June, 1974. 2 tab, 22 ref.
Two thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions that are of importance are
the solute activity coefficient (gamma) and the water activity aw. A number
of methods of predicting solute activity coefficient and water activity for
multicomponent aqueous solutions exist. These vary by complexity, accuracy,
and applicability. Methods of prediction discussed are those by Reilly,
Wood, and Robinson (RWR), Robinson and Bower (RB), Meissner and Kusik (MK), and
Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson (ZSR). The first three are limited to solutions
of electrolytes only, while the fourth also applies to solutions containing
non-electrolytes.
*Mathematical models, Solutions, Electrolytes, Solutes, Thermodnamics
Water activity, Solute activity coefficient
098F
MODERN UNSTEADY FLOW ANALYSIS METHODS AND 'APPLICATION
TO PIPELINE DESIGN ECONOMICS,
Smith, B.
Hydraulic Analysis Limited
Pipes and Pipelines International, Vol. 18, No. 3, p 20-24, June, 1974. 1 fig.
Traditional methods of analysis of the unsteady flows in the system are
based around the graphical method and can, under certain conditions, give
excellent results. However, such analysis can riot be adapted for use when
compressible fluids are involved. Modern analysis methods are discussed
together with application techniques. The Rotterdam Scheme in which the
existing valves and pipes were designed to accept the surge pressures re-
sulting from valve closure at the tanks for the original flow low rates is
presented.
*Unsteady flow, Flow, Low flow, Compressible flow, Analytical techniques,
Application methods, Pipes, Pipelines, Design criteria
Holland
620
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099F
INDEPENDENT COMPARISON OF THREE URBAN RUNOFF MODELS,
Heeps, D. P., and Mein, R. G.
Monash University, Victoria, Australia,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. HY 7, p 995-1009,
July, 1974. 6 fig, 4 tab., 18 ref.
The scarcity of quantitative comparisons of urban runoff models prompted
the initiation of this study in Australia using the following three models:
the Road Research Laboratory (RRL) Method, the Storm Water Management Model
(SWMM), and the Cincinniati Urban Runoff Model (CURM). These models were
selected for comparison because they were available and represent a range
of techniques and complexity. They were applied to several storms on two
urban catchments following the recommendations of the developers of each
model. Conclusions drawn from results reported indicate that: the degree
of subdivision of the catchment has a significant influence on the peak
discharge predicted by each of the models; the CURM contains several de-
ficiencies; the SWMM was the model with the best overall performance but at
the expense of large computer storage and time requirements; and the RRL
model predicted poorly for storms in which previous runoff was significant
but performed reasonably well for many other types of storms. A major pro-
blem with using noncontinuous models is the prediction of antecedent con-
ditions.
*Model studies, *Urban runoff, *Storms, Application methods, Performance,
Investigations, Rainfall-runoff relationships
RRL Method, SWMM, CURM
100F
EFFECT OF NITRATE AND SEDIMENT CONSTRAINTS ON
ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL CLAY PRODUCTION,
Onishi, H. and Swanson, E. R.
Illinois Agricultural Experimental Station,
Illinois University, Urbana, Illinois
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3, p 234-238, July-September,
1974. 2 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
Crop systems and practices that are economically optimal in a 485.6-ha
watershed with a planned reservoir were ascertained under conditions of
differing constraints on water quality in the reservoir. Linear programming
was the technique employed. Consideration was taken of two requirements
related to sedimentation and three requirements related to N03-N concentration
in the leachate below the root zone. Six combinations of restrictions on the
choice of optimal crop systems were fulfilled. For all sediment introduced
into the reservoir a system of charges reduced erosion, irrespective of the
limit put on N03-N concentration in the leachate below the root zone.
Relaxation of the limit of N03-N from 10 mg/Hter to no limit doubled the
net income above nonland costs.
*Nitrate, *Sediment, *Soil conservation, Linear programming, Optimization,
Crop production, Erosion, Watershed management, Root zone
*0ptimal crop production, *Leachate, Conservation village, Nitrogen
application rate
621
-------
10 IF
INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIC MODEL OF WATER USE AND WASTE
TREATMENT FOR AMMONIA,
Galloway, J. A., Schwartz, A. K., and Thompson, R. G.
Houston University,
Houston, Texas
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, p 650-658, August, 1974. 7 fig,
5 tab, 9 ref.
A. linear programming method, which analyzes the consequences of policy, and
specifically water policy, on utilization of water in the production and
cost of ammonia, is presented. The model is solved for each policy require-
ment to determine the most inexpensive process for ammonia production,
marginal costs of resource restrictions, and the price of water use and
waste water treatment. Effects of raising the water charge for water with-
drawal and consequences of systematically reducing each effluent standard
to zero were considered. Results obtained from application of these two
conditions were discussed.
*Linear programming, *Water policy, Ammonia, Waste water treatment, Effluents,
Model studies, Mathematical models
Economic models, Water withdrawals
102F
MULTILEVEL OPTIMIZATION FOR CONJUNCTIVE USE OF GROUND-
WATER AND SURFACE WATER,
Yu, W., and Haimes, Y. Y.
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,
Systems Research Center
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, p 625-637, August, 1974. 7 fig,
6 tab, 22 ref.
A general systems analysis method, as opposed to a straight simulation approach,
for dealing with maximum conjunctive utilization of groundwater and surface
water supplies, is developed. The aquifer system is represented by a two-
dimensional asymmetrical grid network model. In considering water resource
management for a hypothetical system comprised of several subregions and a
common aquifer basin, it is suggested that the intersubregional aquifer
boundary conditions be regulated by a regional water agency and a pumping tax
be levied on the subregions' local water boards to finance recharging of the
aquifer basin. This model could be implemented by a two-level hierarchy with
a decentralized decision-making structure.
*Simulation analysis, *Groundwater, *Surface water, *Aquifer, Basin, Network,
Mathematical models, Recharge
*General systems analysis
622
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10 3F
MULTIOBJECTIVES IN WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: THE
SURROGATE WORTH TRADE OFF METHOD,
Haimes, Y. Y., and Hall, W. A.
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,
Systems Engineering Department
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, p 615-624, August, 1974. 4 fig, 1 tab,
36 ref.
The difficulties presented by noncommensurable multiobjective functions in
water resource systems are considered, as well as possible procedures in
multiobjective design theory. The surrogate worth trade-off method for
solving noncommensurable multiobjective functions and the methods for deriving
these trade-off and surrogate worth functions are developed. Prominent fea-
tures and advantages of this method are discussed. Specifically, the trade-
off and surrogate functions are developed in the functional realm, and after
interaction with the decision-maker these are changed into the decision space.
To illustrate application of this method the Reid and Vemuri multiobjective
water resources problem was selected and solved.
*Water resources, *Economics, *Economic efficiency, Mathematical models,
Decision making, Resources
Noncommensurable multiobjective functions, Surrogate worth functions, Trade-off
104F
EFFECTS OF DEPOSIT RESUSPENSION OF SETTLING BASIN,
Takamatsu, T., Naito, M., Shiba, S., and Ueda, Y.
Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan,
Department of Chemical Engineering
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. EE 4,
p 883-903, August, 1974. 18 fig, 4 tab, 12 ref.
A mathematical model is established to evaluate effects of deposit scouring on
the removal efficiency of a sedimentation basin. Also, the most desirable
depth of the basin based on the proposed mathematical model is predicted.
The scouring effects are treated as a boundary value problem with the analytical
solution given. The equation is reduced by averaging the dependent variable
with respect to a cross section to lend a one-dimensional diffusion equation.
With this formula, the existence of the optimum depth of a rectangular settling
basin is theoretically predicted and verified by a model basin experiment.
*Mathematical models, *Model studies, *Deposition (Sediments), Efficiencies,
Settling basins, Theoretical analysis
Scouring, Removal efficiency
623
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105F
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF HETEROGENEOUS SORPTION IN
CONTINUOUS CONTACTORS FOR WASTEWATER DECONTAMINATION,
Carnahan, R. P.
Clemson University
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 1, p 282, July, 1974.
Because of strict water quality standards legislation, interest has increased in the
use of activated carbon to remove trace water contaminants. An analytical
description of contactor dynamics as it effects mass transfer was derived. These
are prerequisite in the development of a predictive model for adsorption of multi-
solutes of activated carbon by a differential contacting system. Results of the
model studies indicated that the use of the film diffusion expression for adsorption
kinetics and the semi-competitive Langmuir expression provided good agreement with
experimental data at low concentrations.
*Mathematical models, *Adsorption, *Waste water treatment, Activated carbon, Model
studies, Kinetics
106F
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF UNSTEADY-STATE THICKENING OF
COMPRESSIBLE SLURRIES,
Tracey, K. D.
Clemson University
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 1, p 286, July, 1974.
A dynamic mathematical model of the sludge thickening process has been formulated
and the model is verified by conducting laboratory scale continuous thickening
experiments. The model was based on the assumption that the downward movement of
solids in a thickener was the result of two factors, gravitational sedimentation
and bulk flow resulting from the withdrawal of the underflow. The model was used
to simulate the performance of the secondary clarifier in the activated sludge
process. Such similarities served to illustrate the utility of the model as a tool
in the design and operation of water and waste water treatment facilities. The
thickener model should be coupled with other process models to simulate unit inter-
actions.
*Mathematical models, *Sludge treatment, *Sedimentation, Performance, Simulation
analysis, Activated sludge, Treatment facilities, Design criteria, Model studies,
Waste water treatment, Slurries
*Sludge thickening
624
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107F
LATERALLY INTEGRATED NUMERICAL WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR AN
ESTUARY,
Spaulding, M. L.
Rhode Island University,
Kingston, Rhode Island,
Ocean Engineering Department
Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 96, No. 2, p 103-110, June, 1974. 12 fig, 23 ref.
A two-dimensional, laterally integrated, estuarine, numerical water quality model
was developed and applied to dissolved oxygen-biochemical oxygen demand system of
Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. It exhibited agreement with the existing data in
predicting vertical structure. An application of the laterally integrated numerical
water quality model to storm-sewage overflow for the Bay also exhibited a favorable
comparison to the existing data.
*Estuaries, *Water quality, *Water pollution, Biological oxygen demand, Storm drains,
Mathematical models
*Two-dimensional, laterally integrated, estaurine, numerical water quality model,
*Vertical structure
10 8F
INVESTIGATIONS ON FILTER HEADLOSS,
Rao, P. V., Sen, R.N., and Bhattacharyya, B.
IIT, Kharagpur, India,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 54, No. PH2, p 66-70, February
1974. 7 fig, 10 ref.
An important parameter of restraint for the working of a rapid sand filter is headloss
development, associated with the retention of suspended solids. A correlation has
been made of the time rate of change of headloss, with sand size and flow rate of a
filter, with the optimization of filter performance in consideration. Darcy's
permeability coefficient was utilized as a filter performance parameter in this study.
The longevity of a filter may improved if the rate of increase of headloss is reduced
during the filter run by proper combination of sand size and rate of flow.
*Head loss, *Darcy's Law, Filtering systems, Suspended solids, Flow rate, Hydraulics,
Sands, Hydraulic gradient
*Darcy's permeability coefficient, *Rapid sand filter
625
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109F
A CONTRIBUTION TO STATISTICAL DEPTH-DURATION-FREQUENCY
ANALYSIS,
Cao, C.
Institute of Hydraulics,
Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 22, No. 1/2, p 109-129, June, 1974. 8 fig, 4 tab, 9 ref.
Current methods for evaluating the depth — duration — frequency analysis of point
rainfall are unsatisfactory because of uncertainty due to the low density of
recording station networks. A new procedure is based on the grouping of stations
exhibiting homogeneous characteristics, and on the use of one-day rainfall data
available from more numerous non-recording stations. Station-grouping is by means
of analysis of variance theory; a rigorous statistical control is used. A
statistical criterion relates one-day depth distribution to shorter duration
characteristics. On the basis of linear regression theory, a new method of the
depth-duration frequency is also suggested. The new method, because of the lack of
independence between observations, is not completely statistically rational.
However, for the example of application to a rain-gauge network of Sardinia, the
new method was shown to be superior to the conventional ones.
*Statistics, *Depth, *Duration, Rainfall, Frequency, Regression analysis,
Mathematics
Depth-duration-frequency, Point rainfall, Sardinia, Cagliari, Italy
110F
NONLINEAR LEAST SQUARES TECHNIQUES FOR SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION
IN WATER QUALITY,
Beliveau, J. G., and Mattingly, G.
Columbia University, New York,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of Environmental Systems, Vol. 41, No. 1, p 23-27,
Spring, 1974. 3 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
The supply of dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in
natural surface waters such as rivers and lakes are measurable quantities
which determine water quality. By the use of water quality modelling systems
and records of these measurable quantities, the parameters governing system
response can be determined, and meaningful sets of pollution controls may
be imposed to keep water quality at or above acceptable standards. Many
models have been proposed to represent the experimental observations, most
of these being variations of the classical Streeter-Phelps equation for the
oxygen-sag relationship in rivers. Another model is described which con-
siders such effects—and respective parameters—as sedimentation, photo-
synthesis, runoff, reaeration rate, and the deoxygenation rate. The method
of nonlinear least squares combined with eigenvalue perturbations and
parametric differentiation is used for parameter estimation for cases with
both BOD and DO data and for DO data only. Both numerically generated test
cases and actual laboratory experiments were conducted; and the method is
applicable to both simple and complex models.
*Least squares method, *Dissolved oxygen, *Biochemical oxygen demand,
Water quality control, Mathematical models, Laboratory tests, Pollution
control, Surface waters, Parameters
Streeter-Phelps equation
626
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111F
MODELLING OF SURFACE RUNOFF SYSTEMS BY AN ARMA MODEL,
Spolia, S. K., and Chander, S.
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 22, No. 3/4, p 317-332, August, 1974.
6 fig, 15 ref.
Autoregressive models have not previously been used for simulating surface
runoff systems because of inherent deficiency of data in short sequences of
rainfall and runoff resulting from a particular storm. This investigation
was conducted to establish the relationship between deterministic and
stochastic models. An autoregressive cum moving average (ARMA) formulation
for modelling of the surface runoff behavior of systems is proposed. It
emerges from a model by Nash, which was found to be a special case of the
(n, n-1) ARMA model. The proposed formulation corresponds to a conceptual
model of two linear reservoirs in series. The moving average component of
the ARMA measures degree of persistence while the autoregressive part is
responsible for the distortion of the independence of the output random
variable. The model was studied for its stability, nature of response
function, and range of parameter values.
*Simulations, *Surface runoff, Data analysis, Parameters, Mathematical
models, Storm runoff
*Autoregressive models, *Autoregressive cum moving average (ARMA),
*Stochastic models, Deterministic models
112F
SIMPLE METHOD FOR PREDICTING DISPERSION IN STREAMS,
McQuivey, R. S., and Keefer, T. N.
U. S. Geological Survey,
Bay St. Louis, Mississippi
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100,
No. EE4, p 997-1011, August, 1974. 5 fig, 1 tab, 16 ref.
Dispersion processes of pollution in streams have been studied through the
use of mathematical models. These are usually based on transport equations
which contain a convective term due to average velocities and a dispersive
term which is the product of a dispersion coefficient and concentration
gradient. An investigation was conducted to simplify experimental and
theoretical methods for measuring or predicting dispersion. The purpose of
the study was: to develop a simple method to predict longitudinal dispersion
coefficients from mean flow parameters; to predict dispersion coefficients
for several streams at various locations; and to compare the predicted dis-
persion coefficients using actual field time of travel studies with the
dispersion coefficients! obtained from Fischer's linear routing method.
From the equations given, it was found that there is an analogy between the
linear one-dimensional solute dispersion equation and the linear one-
dimensional flow equation for predicting longitudinal dispersion coefficients
in streams. The relation has a standard error of estimate of approximately
30 percent, based on comparative data from 18 streams and 40 time-of-travel
studies. The advantage of this procedure is that the dispersion of
coefficient can be predicted from existing basic hydraulic and flow
parameters.
*Hydraulics, *Streams, *Longitudinal dispersion, Flow, Parameters,
Mathematical models, Water pollution, Equations
Mississippi
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113F
THE APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO RIVER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT,
Oxley, N. C., and Wallis, B. F. J.
EASAMS, Limited, Camberley,
Great Britain
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 4, p 449-455, 1974. 3 fig, 20 ref.
The applicability of simple mathematical models and statistical techniques
to water quality management are discussed. Two main areas of data analysis
provide the quantification for river management decisions. These are the
prediction of future levels of pollutants in a river system, so that
quality standards may be set and justified and the organization of water
quality monitoring systems to provide information both on a short term,
daily basis and on a long term management basis. A case study of the Thames
River is described and illustrates that modelling for the physical situation
provides a basis for the development of economic models to determine
expenditures necessary for cleaning up polluted river systems and achieving
maximum benefits.
*Mathematical models, *Rivers, *Water quality control, *Statistics,
*Water resources management (applied), Costs, Pollution abatement
Thames River, Great Britain
114F
LEAST COST DESIGN OF BRANCHED PIPE NETWORK SYSTEM,
Deb, A. K.
Roy F. Weston, Incorporated, West Chester, Pennsylvania
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE4,
p 821-835, August, 1974. 4 fig, 4 tab, 8 ref.
A method for optimal analysis of the branched pipe network of known geometric
layout and water demands is described which incorporates different cost
functions. The total cost of the pipes of the system relates to the distri-
bution of the total head loss among the different pipes in the branched
system. For a given residual hydraulic head, inlet pumping head is propor-
tional to the total head loss. Therefore, optimum total head loss produces
optimum pumping head. The total pipe cost is inversely proportional to the
head loss. The overall cost of the system decreases with the increase of
total head loss, reaches a minimum value, and then increases with an increase
in the head loss. The cost functions used in the development of the least
cost design of a branched water main system are valid for England only.
The method given may be used in other countries by incorporating the constants
and exponents valid for their region.
*Pipes, *Pipelines, *Costs, *Head loss, Decision making, Economics
Great Britain, Branched pipe system
628
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115F
THE ROLE OF MODELING IN ENGINEERING DESIGN,
Schaeffer, C. W.
Gilbert Associates, Incorporated, Reading, Pennsylvania
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 9, p 78-80, September, 1974. 4 fig.
Although engineering models have been well accepted as design and communication
aids by the industrial community, the municipal services industry has only
slowly begun to use models. The new waste water treatment plants involve
design and construction procedures about as complex as those for a chemical
plant. Major problems of integrating new plant components arise when older
plants are upgraded to meet new treatment standards and increased influent
volumes. Detailed reviews of plant design and operation is now required
by a larger number of public organizations and regulatory agencies. Models
can be utilized in all these situations. A rough-out or preliminary model,
usually of wood, polyurethane, or polystyrene, is utilized in the earliest
stages of design. When design is in advanced stages, detailed engineering
models are used to help coordinate all engineering and design efforts.
Models of modular construction allow access to individual units for revision
and inspection. Access roads, pipeline and utility routes, erosion controls,
landscape, architectural and esthetic factors can be analyzed before construc-
tion begins by using land site models. Models can be used by the municipal
services industry in all stages of planning and construction of waste
treatment plants or water supply facilities.
Construction, *Design, *Model studies, *Facilities, Engineering, Domestic
wastes, Waste treatment, Environmental engineering, Project planning
*Engineering models
629
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TUNNEL TECHNOLOGY
001G
PIPE JACKING — A TECHNIQUE FOR SOFT GROUND TUNNELLING,
Basu, N. K.
Cementation Company Limited, Calcutta, India
Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 47, No. 9, p 328-334, 343, 1973. 8 fig, 8 ref.
Pipe jacking is a technique which is found to be extremely useful for the con-
struction of sewer lines, pedestrian subways, and irrigation conduits below
ground without disrupting the surface, particularly in the case of soft ground
where traditional mining and tunnelling processes may be difficult. In addition
to a detailed explanation of the process and jacking equipment, several examples
of the successful use of this method are detailed. It was employed for laying
a reinforced concrete sewer, 36.6 meters long and 3 to 3.5 meters in diameter,
under railway tracks near Calcutta. It crossed seven meters below the tracks,
and hardly interfered with the rail traffic. It was probably the first time
a pipe of that size was jacked in India.
*Sewers, *Tunnels, *Pipes, Conduits, Engineering Structures.
*Jacking, *India, Calcutta
002G
GRANGEMOUTH TUNNEL SEWER,
Henry, K.
Tunnels and Tunnelling, Vol. 6, No. 1, p 25, 29, January-February, 1974.
4 fig.
The plans and construction of the Grangeoouth tunnel sewer are described. The
tunnel was constructed to form part of the Grangemouth Town Council's multi-
million dollar project for the modernization and expansion of the drainage
system of the town. Combined flows of domestic sewage, industrial effluent,
and stormwater are conveyed by the tunnel 1.60 km across the town center to a
pumping station on the south bank of the River Carron. Separate sets of
raw sewage and stormtfater screws lift the flow nearly 10 m to pass through
mechanical screens. After screening, stormwater is discharged straight into
the River Carron and raw sewage is pumped by centrifugal pumps a further
1.60 km downstream to the site of a sewage purification works shortly to
be constructed.
*Tunnels, Sewers, Drainage Systems, *Domestic Wastes, Industrial Wastes,
*Storm Water, Pumping, Construction
Great Britain
630
-------
003G
METHODS VARY ON MWD PIPELINES,
Western Construction, Vol. 49, No. 3, p 25-26, March, 1974. 1 fig.
The four contracts on the Metropolitan Water District's West Valley and
Calabasas Feeders for installing water transmission pipe ranging in size
from 54 to 103 inches in diameter are described. There is a comprehensive
set of safety procedures that the contractor must follow which are aimed at
curbing the public hazards associated with open trench work.
*Contracts, Pipes, *Safety Factors, *Sewerage
004G
TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS IN A SMOOTH OPEN CHANNEL OF CIRCULAR CROSS-
SECTION (CARACTERISTIQUES DE LA TURBULENCE AU SEIN D'UN
ECOULEMENT A SURFACE LIBRE EN CONDUITE LISSE DE SECTION CIRCULAIRE),
Nalluri, C. and Novak, P.
Newcastle upon Tyne University, United Kingdom
Journal of Hydraulics Research, Vol. 11, No. 4, p 343-368, 1973. 10 fig,
1 tab, 24 ref.
Results of recent research dealing with determination of turbulence inten-
sities and energy spectra in water flowing in a smooth open channel of
circular cross section are presented. In varying the depth in a channel
of circular cross-section a wide spectrum of shapjjs and types of flows is
encountered. This variation is also clearly reproduced in the distribution
of the turbulence intensities and the shape of the normalized plots. The
value of the intensities reflect the variation in channel shape particularly
at some distance from the wall and the free water surface. At bigger depths
the crowning effect of the channel cross section causes an appreciable
increase of turbulence levels towards the free surface. A detailed com-
parison of turbulence intensities with those recorded by other investiga-
tions in circular pipe flow or rectangular open channel flow shows some
agreement for a varying range of depths depending on the type of normalization
and plots used and confirms that in a channel of circular cross section the
flow changes from two to three dimensional as the depth increased. The
measurements of the turbulence along 30 degree radial axis are comparable
with those measured along the vertical axis. This applied also to a lesser
degree to measurements along a displaced vertical.
*Turbulence, *0pen Channel Flow, *Depth, Flow, *Cross-Sections, Numerical
Analysis, Investigations.
*Great Britain, France
631
-------
Q05G
PRITTLE BROOK DIVERSION TUNNEL,
Trollop, K. S.
Deputy Borough Engineer and Surveyor, Southend-on-Sea
The Institution of Municipal Engineers, Vol. 101, No. 2, p 37-42, February, 1974.
7 figs.
The catchment area of Prittle Brook is described, in addition the character-
istics of the brook itself which is lined with concrete. Severe storms in 1968
caused flooding. Consideration was given to several alternatives for minimizing
risks of a similar occurrence in the future. A tunnel diversion scheme was
chosen to alleviate conditions during storm flows. The proposed scheme, imple-
mentation procedures, and sewers involved are described. The tunnel itself
was constructed with little in the way of design problems; mechanical soft rock
tunneling procedures were used. Excavation was by rotary drum digger and
steering was by hydraulic jack, all built into a shield. The tunnel lining is
made of precast concrete blocks with a wedge section forced home by a ram.
*Tunnelling, *Tunnel Construction, *Flood Control, *Rivers, Storm Runoff
Prittle Brook
006G
SHOTCRETE AT MEXICO CITY,
Mason, R. E.
Tunnels & Tunnelling, Vol. 6, No. 2, p 59, 61-62, March, 1974. 5 fig, 2 ref.
The Mexico City drainage system includes 102 km of tunnels, in which there are
two interceptors and an outfall. Most excavation was done by conventional methods
with a horseshoe tunnel section. The geology is characterized by bentonltes,
lacustrine sandy and silty deposits, volcanics, and hard clays. The lacustrine
deposits are very changeable (heavy water flows in sandy beds, fractures in
the more blocky areas) and provided difficulty in tunnelling. The volcanics
(rhyolotes, dacites, andesites, basalts) were blocky or highly fractured and
were sometimes accompanied by mylonization. Major faults in this area were accom-
panied by hydrothermal alteration. The hard clays were often weakened by shear
or were in some areas blocky. Shotcrete was used in the tunnelling to increase
the rate of operations. Fifty-one spraying machines and 48 mixer-transporter
cars sprayed over 200,000 cubic meters of shotcrete dry-mix by mid 1973. In the
volcanics, the Swedish method of shotcrete support was utilized — covering the
rock surface with a thin shotcrete coat and filling in corners and fractures;
while in the lacustrine deposits systematic patterns of fully-grouted, untensioned
anchors were used in addition to the shotcrete. When montmorillonite clays were
encountered shotcrete and full section steel sets were used to resist swelling
pressures. The shotcrete dry-mix was composed of aggregates, cement and
additives. Under difficult conditions a fast-setting coat was applied followed
by normal structural shotcrete. Heavy water flows were dealt with by drainage
tubes and drain holes. Shotcrete's effectiveness was proven for use in difficult
tunneling projects for the first time on this continent.
*Tunnel Construction, *Tunnel Design, *Tunnelling, *Gunite, Engineering Structures,
Drainage Systems, Mexico
632
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007G
SMALL TUNNELS, LARGE POTENTIALS,
Gosselin, C.
Civil Engineering, p 34-35, March, 1974. 3 fig.
A significant development coming out of England recently has been the intro-
duction of low cost, small diameter tunneling, particularly the minitunnel,
a strong contender for the existing open trench market. Such tennels lend
themselves to high speed mechanization, which may reflect lower costs yet
by eliminating trench digging. Laser and automated tunneling will be fully
exploited in the future. Pneumatic transportation of assorted materials is
discussed.
*Tunneling, *Tunneling machines, Automation, England
Minitunnel, Small diameter tunneling, Lasers, Pneumatic transportation
008G
FROST PROTECTION FOR WATERLINES,
Effluent and Water Treatment, Vol. 14, No. 1, p 55, January, 1974.
A new approach to the problem of frost protection of water lines has been
provided by the introduction of a self-limiting heater strip available from
Chemelex Heat Ltd. The heater strip consists of an electrically insulated
polymeric conductive element in contact with two electrodes which are suitable
for direct connection to a power supply. The current flows from one electrode
to another across the strip in a parallel circuitry configuration such that
the heater strip can be cut to length on site, limited only by the maximum
current rating of 10 amps per circuit. The self-limiting feature in conjunc-
tion with the parallel circuitry permits the strip to be used in any circuitry
layout including wrapping over itself when tracing valves and pipe fittings.
Each section of the heater strip behaves independently of any other section
and adjusts its heat output according to its local temperature, which will
depend on the balance between heat input and heat loss rates. These factors
depend on pipe diameter, insulation grade and thickness, and variations in
ambient temperature. The heater strip may be used on different pipe sizes
in the same electrical circuit.
*Heat treatment, *Pipes, *Frost prevention
*Heater strip, England
633
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009G
NORTHERN ILLINOIS USES STORAGE EFFECTIVELY,
Fowler, D. P.
Energy Pipelines and Systems, Vol. 1, No. 4, p 46-47, April, 1974.
The use of natural underground aquifiers by the Northern Illinois Gas Co.
for storage of natural gas is described. The aquifiers are large, water bearing,
dome shaped rock layers of porous sandstone. The sandstone spaces hold water
much like gigantic sponges. Natural gas is pumped or injected into the
sandstone at pressure great enough to push the water aside, and then downward.
An overlying layer of impermeable caprock, usually shale or dense limestone
keeps the gas from migrating to the surface. As more gas is injected, the
shape of the dome provides the unique trapping mechanism. The aquifiers deliver
as much as 25% of the total gas sold during the wintertime, and as much as
55% of the gas distributed on an exceptionally cold day.
*Sand aquifiers, *Natural gas, *Storage
Northern Illinois Gas Company
010G
STRESSES GENERATED IN NON-CIRCIRCULAR TUNNEL CASINGS BY
GROUNDWATER PRESSURE,
Fotiyeva, N. N.
Fiziko-Teknicheskiye Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopayemykh,
No. 1, p 18-23, 1974.
A method for the calculation of tunnel casings of irregular
shape (with one symmetry axis) with respect to the stresses
generated by groundwater pressure is presented. The method
is based on the resolution of the plane contact problem ac-
cording to the elasticity theory on the equilibrium of non-
circular rings. Formulae for the determination of the boundary
conditions, and of the normal radial and tangential stresses
as generated by groundwater pressure in such tunnel casings
are given.
*Tunnels, *Equilibrium, *Groundwater, Pressure, Equipment
Tunnel casings
634
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011G
TUNNELLING WITHOUT BLASTING,
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 6, p 64, June, 1974.
A sewer outfall tunnel is being bored through solid bedrock underneath
Rochester, New York by the Insana Construction Company. The new boring
machine, the Mini-Fullfacer, bores a straight-walled 5- x 8-foot tunnel
through solid rock at rates comparable to conventional methods without
the inconvenience of overbreak due to blasting. A single cutter disc
with cemented Sandvik Coromant carbide bits swings up on a hydraulic
cylinder while at the same time rotating and undercutting the rock. Cut
and broken rock falls to the tunnel floor and is removed to the rear by
means of a continuous chain conveyor built into the base of the machine.
Mucking machines behind the Mini-Fullfacer trailer remove the rock cut-
tings from the tunnel.
*Construction equipment, *Tunnelling machines, *Tunnel construction,
*Sewers, Tunnelling
Rochester, New York
635
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HYDROLOGIC ASPECTS
001H
TWO SUSPECTS IN TASTE MYSTERY,
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. Ill, No. 12, p 26-28, December, 1973.
The source of noxious odors and a taste in the drinking water at Markham,
Ontario, was investigated. The problem appeared to come from the Sabiston
Well located 700 feet from an industrial refuse disposal site. Leachate
migrating from the landfill was suspected as the cause. The groundwater
quality around the site was studied to assess the direction of groundwater
movement and determine whether contaminants were moving from the landfill
to the wells. The Sabiston and two other wells drew water from a common
aquifer which also stretched under the landfill. A stream flows over a
portion of the aquifer and apparently recharges the aquifer. There were
variances in the groundwater chemistry, particularly in chlorides and
hardness. Due to changes in the level of the water table, the stream
changed from being effluent to influent in the vicinity of the Sabiston Well.
It is concluded that the water quality in the stream could have adversely
affected the well. The contaminants could reach, and may have reached,
the municipal wells. But the long travel time (estimated 1.4 feet/day)
plus numerous variables and uncertainties make it difficult, if not impossible,
to connect the landfill conclusively with the reported taste problem.
Canada, *0dor, *Taste, *Leachate, Landfills, Industrial Wastes, *Aquifers,
*Streams, Water Table Aquifers, *Recharge
*Markham, *0ntario, Sabiston Well
002H
EFFECTS OF ROAD SALT IN WINTER,
Van de Voorde, H. , Nijs, M., and Van Dijc, P. J.
Public Health Laboratory, Catholic University, Louvain,
Belgium.
Environmental Pollution, Vol. 5, No. 3, p 213-217, 1973. 1 fig, 2 tab, 10 ref.
The effect of salt treatment of roads in winter was investigated by
assaying the salt concentration in three streams and soils over a two year
period in Louvain, Belgium. Salt increased the chloride concentration in the
Doyle River, which crosses the city, and the Voer River, a rural stream, by
nearly 20-30 milligrams/liter for only 24 hours. The mean chloride concen-
tration for the rivers is irregular. The fluctuations are due to rainfall
diluting the salt. The chloride in the rivers originates principally from
domestic sewage which gives fairly constant levels. The amount of the salt
deposited on the banks of the roads filters down to the phreatic water and
locally increases the chloride concentration of the groundwater, but not to a
concentration which can be considered harmful to the health of consumers.
Other minor disadvantages of road salt are damage to ornamental vegetation
and corroding effect on metallic surfaces. The hazards of the use of road
salt are negligible compared with traffic safety benefits.
Rivers, Streams, Roads, *Highway Icing, *Snow Removal, *Salinity
Belgium, *Dyle River
636
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003H
COMMENT ON WATER POLLUTION IN LAKE MICHIGAN FROM POLLUTION
AEROSOL FALLOUT,
Skibin, D.
Atomic Energy Commission, Nuclear Research Centre-Negev,
P. 0. Box 9001, Beer Sheva, Israel
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 2, No. 4, p 405-407, December, 1973. 10 ref.
The hypothesis that air pollution is a major source of some water pollution
trace elements in Lake Michigan was reexamlned. Hazards evaluation techniques
were used to assess the overall transfer efficiency of pollution from air to
the lake. This efficiency was found to be at least 25 percent which supports
the hypothesis. Four new trace elements were found: aluminum, chromium,
sulfur, and iron. It is recommended that the problem be further studies,
taking into account local mesoscale systems such as a lake breeze, distribution
of air trajectory, and wind speed.
*Air Pollution Effects, Pollutants, *Water Pollution, *Lake Michigan,
*Metals, Aluminum, Chromium, Iron, Sulfur, winds, *Trace Elements
004H
THE SNODLAND-IGHTHAM REGIONAL DRAINAGE SCHEME: DESIGN
AND OPERATION,
Kellock, R. W.
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 72, No 8, p 658-665, 1973. 7 tab.
As a result of investigations since the late 1950's, extension to the treatment
works at the Snodland and Crouch areas has been undertaken. In the scheme
there are six pumping stations and six ejector stations conveying sewage a
maximum of 16 km. All the stations are of a standard design, fitted with
dataphonic equipment, and maintained by one crew of two men. Sewage treatment
is examined together with equipment employed at the facilities. Sludge
treatment and operational procedures are examined.
*Sewage Treatment, Treatment Facilities, Pumping Plants, Flow Measurement,
Equipment, Sludge Treatment, *0peration and Maintenance, *Data Collections,
Performance
Great Britain, *Facilities Extension
637
-------
005H
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF MAINTAINING DRAINAGE CHANNELS IN NORTH
CAROLINA'S COASTAL AREA,
Swicegood, W. R. and Kriz, G. J.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 28, No. 6, p 266-269, November-
December, 1973. 5 fig, 1 tab.
Results of a study to determine the effectiveness of maintenance programs on
the water carrying capacities of typical eastern North Carolina channels
showed a general trend toward capacity loss at a rate that would require com-
plete channel modification every 10 to 15 years. The loss appears to be
principally caused by uncontrolled vegetation, which emphasizes the importance
of mowing the bottom and lower sections of channels.
Investigations, Performance, North Carolina, *Channels, Channel Flow,
Vegetation, *Vegetation Effects, *Maintenance, Flow Rates, Coasts
Water Capacity, *Capacity Loss
006H
TEST RESULTS ON BUOYANT JETS INJECTED HORIZONTALLY IN A
CROSS FLOWING STREAM,
Ayoub, G. M.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 2, No. 4, p 409-426, December, 1973.
12 fig, 1 tab, 5 ref.
Experiments were conducted to study the behavior of axi-symmetric turbulent
buoyant jets injected horizontally in a cross flowing current. Material
concentration profiles were measured across various sections along jets of
different parametric values. From these profiles, concentration distribution
curves as well as maximum concentration and diluted values and their variation
with distance along the jet were determined. Half jet radius values were
calculated to study the expansion of the jet. Jet boundaries and trajectories
were studied photographically and compared with measured values. The effect
of the ambient current on the overall shape of the jet was established by the
study of the measured complete concentration section across the jet.
*Simulation Analysis, Investigations, *Turbulent Flow, ^Currents (Water),
Jets, Distribution Patterns, *Mathematical Studies
Concentration Distribution, Maximum Concentration, Concentration Dilution
638
-------
007H
ESTIMATING LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELS,
Gluck, W. R., and McCuen, R. H.
Rummel, Klepper and Kahl Consulting Engineers,
Baltimore, Maryland
In: 55th Annual Meeting, American Geophysical Union, April 8-12, 1974.
Washington, D. C., p 250.
Many hydrologic models such as storm hydrograph models and continuous hydrograph
simulation models are being developed or redesigned to provide more accurate
analyses of unrbanized watersheds. Among the data requirements of urban water-
shed models are estimates of land use characteristics, including percentage
of impervious area. Census tract information, such as population density and
housing density, is available for most urban and suburban areas and is highly
correlated with many important land use characteristics. Estimates of land
use characteristics obtained from a systematic sampling of aerial photographs
were related to variables obtained from census data. The nonlinear relation-
ships are useful for predicting land use characteristics required by urban
watershed response simulation models.
*Model Studies, Hydrologic Data, Hydrographs, *Watersheds (Basins),
*Storms, *Land Use, *Infiltration
Urban Watershed Models
00 8H
A NEW NATURAL FACTOR IN THE SELF-PURIFICATION OF WATER-
BASINS (A VIZTAROLOK ONTISZTULASANAK UJ TERMESZETES TENYEZOJE),
Szidorenko, G. I., Bagdaszarjan, G. A., Talajeva, J. G.
Egeszsegtudomany, Vol. 17, No. 4, p 350-355, 1973.
The problems of microbial contamination in open water basins and other
water sources are discussed with respect to potable water, and increasing
industrial effects. Some microorganisms in the water and soil are known to
kill human pathogens; the most exhaustively studied phenomenon is self-
purification by Bdellovibrio in water basins. Culturing, biological features
and temperate-zone incidence of the Bdellovibrio have been investigated in
detail by the Sisin Institute since 1968. The seasonal changes in their
incidence and occurrance of new strains have been documented.
Water Pollution, Microorganisms, *Pathogenic Bacteria, *Water Purification
*Bdellovibrio, Sisin Institute, *Self-Purification
639
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009H
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE WITH TREATED WASTEWATER,
Fetter, C. W., Jr., and Holzmacher, R. G.
Department of Geology, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh,
Wisconsin
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 2,
p 260-270, February, 1974. 77 ref.
Artificial recharge of aquifers is a method for the conservation of groundwater
resources. Research shows that renovated wastewater may be suitable for
recharge. Usage of stream channels, open basins, and spary irrigation
using present technology is possible with a secondary effluent. Suspended
solids in the effluent determine the amount of facilities maintenance
necessary; wastewater of high quality is mandatory for artificial recharge
through wells. Recharge wells may be clogged by slight turbidity or bacterial
growths. The relationship between rate of well clogging and water quality
merits further research. In the case of a fine- or medium-grained aquifer,
several hundred feet of travel seems to eliminate problems from pathogenic
bacteria or virus. This does not hold for a fissured aquifer. A suggested
area of further research is in thy physical and biological processes that
occur in the soil.
*Aquifers, *Recharge, *Groundwater, *Aquifer Management, Aquifer Characteristics,
Rock Properties, Groundwater Recharge, *Recycling, *Waste Water Treatment,
Wells
010H
THERMODYNAMICS OF SOIL WATER: IV. CHEMICAL POTENTIAL OF
SOIL WATER,
Iwata, S.
National Institute of Agricultural Science, 2-1, Nishigahara,
Klta-ku, Japan.
Soil Science, Vol. 117, No. 3, p 135-139, March, 1974. 7 fig, 3 ref.
The relationship between the chemical potential of water adsorbed to K-
montmorillonite and film thickness of adsorbed water was theoretically
calculated by establishing an adsorption model. This relationship was com-
pared with experimentally obtained results which yielded a good comparison.
In addition, the decrements of chemical potential due to the solute, the
force field, and the electric field were each compared.
Adsorption, Model Studies, *Soil Water, Thermodynamics, Montmorillonite,
Theoretical Analysis, Chemical Potential
Japan
640
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011H
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF WATER MOVEMENT IN THE ZONE OF AERATION,
Nlelson, D. R. and Corey, J. C.
California University,
College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 55, No. 4, p 183-186,
April, 1973. 1 fig, 23 ref.
The state of the art of three methods of direct measurement of soil water
movement in the zone of aeration are reviewed. The approaches include:
monitoring the rate of change of the distribution of soil water content
within the zone; calculating the water movement on the basis of measured
values of the forces acting on the water and the soil transmlssibility co-
efficients; and following the movement of a tracer to identify the direc-
tion and rate of water flow. Although accurate estimates of water flow
have been obtained by using the three techniques, almost without exception,
measurements have been confined to small plots of land only a few meters
square. Measurement and predictions are needed that can be applied to large
land areas such as those of a field cultivated for crop production, of
range or forest land, or those of sufficient size to be significant in
managing land and water resources.
*Measurement, *Reviews, *Soil Moisture, Flow Measurement, Water Resources,
Flow, Soil Water, Soil Water Movement, Monitoring, Tracers
012H
THE POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF SATELLITES IN RIVER REGULATION,
Painter, R. B.
Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, Berks, Great
Britain
Water and Water Engineering, Vol. 77, No. 934, p 487-491,
December, 19731 1 tab. 14 ref.
Some of the problems of efficient operation of regulating reservoirs are
discussed with particular reference to the measurement and transmission of
data. Remote sensing systems and existing methods of transmission of ground
data via satellites are described, and their potential use in river regula-
tion is discussed. Satellites are potentially the most suitable platform
for operational remote sensing, due to their capability for repeated
coverage of large areas. Viability was proven by a rigorous cost/benefit
comparison between a satellite based system and conventional measuring
techniques. A satellite based system has the potential to be considerably
cheaper than a landline based system. Whether it will be depends on many
factors, such as required frequency of transmission, which might necessitate
a geostationary satellite.
*Rivers, *Reservoirs, Data Transmission, Measurement, Satellites (Artificial),
Remote Sensing, Cost-Benefit Analysis
Great Britain
641
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013H
NEW ROLLER GATE IMPROVES THE RIVER WALK,
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 4, p 90, April, 1974. 1 fig, 6 ref.
The new water control structure which replaced a dam at the downstream of
the River Walk, a loop of the San Antonio River in downtown San Antonio,
Tex., is described. It provides better flow control and increases the
navigable length of the waterway. The two phase project involved the
addition of a new water control gate between the bypass channel of the River
Walk and the main channel of the San Antonio River, plus relocation of an
existing tainter gate further downstream on the river proper. When water
in the main channel of the San Antonio River reaches higher levels, the
top section is lowered to prevent floodwaters from entering the River Walk
loop.
*Water Control, *Hydraulic Structures, Rivers, Flow Control, Roller Gates,
*Flood control
*San Antonio, Tex.
014H
HYDROLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION,
Heindle, L. A.
United States National Committee for the
International Hydrological Decade
Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 55, No. 4, p 190-191,
April, 1974.
A total of 54 experts from 23 countries participated in the International
Workshop on the Hydrological Effects of Urbanization. The workshop com-
pleted its set task of reviewing the draft report. The report, which will
be published by the time of the End-of-Decade Conference in 1974, describes
the effects of urbanization on the hydrological circle and identifies research
needs for the next few years. The report is directed primarily at researchers
in hydrology, but will have a special summary of interest to water managers.
Urbanization, *Urban Hydrology, Urban Socioloty, Hydrology, Organizations,
Water Management (Applied), Water Resources Development
*United States National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade
642
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015H
GROUND-WATER FLOW PATTERNS IN CONFINED AQUIFIERS AND POLLUTION,
Klrkham, D., and van der Plieg, R. R.
Director, Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute,
Iowa State University of Science and Technology,
Ames, Iowa
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 3, p 192-197,
March, 1974. 4 fig, 13 ref.
Flow patterns under steady-state conditions in horizontal confined aquifers of
any shape pumped by a well have been developed theoretically. The aquifer
boundary may be impervious or pervious. The pervious boundary may have a
variable head distribution. A number of flow nets are presented and interpreted
with regard to pollution hazards of the pumped well water. When velocities are
low a source of pollution will not be as dangerous as an equal source at a
location in the pumped aquifer where the velocities are high. The theory is
valid for any shape of aquifer and any diameter of well for any location of
the well in the aquifer, The steady-state approximates nonsteady-atate condi-
tions.
*Mathematical Models, *Aquifers, *Water Wells, *Flow Characteristics,
*Groundwater Movement, *Pollution Identification, Pollutants
Flow Nets
016H
GROUND-WATER RECHARGE STRIP BASIN-EXPERIMENTS,
Brock, R. R., and Amar, A. C.
Chairman of Civil Engineering Department, California
State University, Fullerton, California
Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of
Civil Engineers, Vol. 100, No. HY4, p 569-592, April, 1974. 12 fig. 2 tab,
15 ref.
Experimental results from a laboratory sand model for the case of recharge from
an infinite strip to an initially horizontal water table overlying a horizontal
impervious base are presented. The dimensionless rise of the water table
depends on many variables. As the dimensionless recharge rate from the basin
is increased the nonlinear behavior is increased, and the effect of a deep flow
versus a shallow flow is given by increasing the dimensionless depth. Experiments
in a sand model give results which are summarized in a curve of dimensionless water
table rise plotted against dimensionless time. Relationships between the many
parameters are detailed.
*Model Studies, *Mathematical Models, *Water Table, *Recharge, Groundwater
Recharge, Water Supply
Recharge Rate
643
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017H
DISTRIBUTION OF MOISTURE IN THE UNSATURATED SOIL PROFILE
ON A PIEDMONT WATERSHED,
Ligon, J. T., and Wilson, T. V.
Clemson University, Clemson, S. C., Dept. of Agricultural
Engineering
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 6, p 1100-1103, November-December, 1973.
15 fig, 6 ref.
The distribution of moisture was investigated in the unsaturated soil profile of
a 0.21 acre plot within a 28.4 acre watershed of the 561 acre Clemson Research
Watershed in the Piedmont area. Intensive measurements were made of soil mois-
ture to a depth of 32 ft along with measurement of precipitation, surface
runoff and interflow to provide some indications of the nature of the deep seep-
age groundwater recharge phenomenon in this region. It is apparent that down-
ward seepage below the zone of root influence is a continuous process but that
the rate of transfer at a point increases rapidly with increased moisture con-
tent. At this particular site, where the water table occurs at a depth of 60-
65 ft, there is a considerable lag between the occurrence of excess moisture
at the soil surface and groundwater recharge resulting from this excess. The
extent of this time lag is a function of initial soil moisture due to the strong
dependence of unsaturated conductivity upon moisture content.
*Soil profiles, *Moisture content, *Watersheds (Basins), Soil moisture, Surface
runoff, Precipitation (Atmospheric), Subsurface runoff, Seepage, Root zones,
Groundwater
Clemson Research Watershed
018H
THE EFFECT OF DATA DENSITY ON GROUNDWATER CONTOURING
ACCURACY,
Davis, P. R., and Matlock, W. G.
Arizona University, Tucson, Dept. of Water and Engineering
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 6, p 1112-1116, November-December, 1973.
7 fig, 1 tab, 3 ref.
The effect of different data densities on contour maps representing fairly
uniform data was investigated. Tests were conducted in California on a ground-
water basin of 780 sq miles. The Standard Map for the basin was drawn from
445 randomly located data points which covered an Interior area of 411 sq
miles. Spacings between input points of 1, 4, and 6 miles were analyzed with
three tests each on the 4 and 6 mile spacings. Tests were also made on a 6
mile triangular grid and a semirandom grid obtained by dividing the area into
squares 6 miles on a side and then randomly selecting a grid interaction within
each square. The number of tests conducted was insufficient to draw any con-
clusions, but the tests support the belief that the more observations there are,
the more accurately the surface will be defined. For investigations where
detailed groundwater contour maps are not required,, a data density with approxi-
mately 4 miles between point is suggested. Additional data points may be added
near the fringes if extended control is necessary.
*Investigations, *Groundwater basins, Contours, Mapping, California
Data density
644
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019H
AMERICAN RIVER PLANT ADDS AUTOMATED PUMPING STATION,
Instrumentation, Vol. 27, No, 1, p 6-9, 1974, 6 fig.
The Florin Reservoir and Pumping Station of the American River Water Treatment
Plant is described. It is a remote-control, unmanned facility built completely
underground in Sacramento, Calif. The Florin station is equipped with instru-
mentation which automatically starts, stops, or throttles the appropriate com-
bination of three horizontal centrifugal split case pumps. Completion of the
Florin Station represents a significant step in Sacramento's master plan of
water system development and expansion to the year 2030 when the plant will
handle 330 mgd.
*Reservoirs, *Pumping plants, *Automatic control, Remote control, Water supply
development
*Sacramento (Calif.), *Florin Reservoir
020H
QUALITY OF DRAINAGE WATER FROM A HEAVY-TEXTURED SOIL,
Schwab, G. 0., McLean, E. 0., Waldron, A. C., White, R. K.,
and Michener, D. W.
Ohio State University, Columbus, Dept. of Agricultural
Engineering
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 6, p 1104-1107, November-December, 1973.
2 fig, 3 tab, 11 ref.
Sediment, dissolved solids, nine chemical elements or ions, five pesticides,
electrical conductivity, pH, and BOD in tile drainage effluent and in surface
runoff were measured from one-half acre plots on Toledo silty clay soil near
Sandusky, Ohio, from March 1, 1969 through September 30, 1971. Rainfall was
above average in 1969 and 1970 and below average in 1971. Sediment losses were
about the same in the tile effluent and in the surface runoff. Nitrate nitro-
gen losses were generally low (about 13 to 19 Ib/acre/yr). With two exceptions,
phosphorus losses were less than 1.5 Ib/acre/yr, but they were greater in the
surface runoff than in the tile effluent. Potassium losses in the surface
runoff were 10-13 compared to 4 Ib/acre/yr in the tile effluent. Sodium,
chlorine, and HC03 losses were higher in the tile effluent than in the surface
runoff. The average electrical conductivity of the tile effluent and the sur-
face runoff from rainfall were about the same (729-1062 micromhos/cm), The
BOD of the drainage water was insignificant, being less than 0.3 Ib/acre.
*Sediments, *Pesticides, Biochemical
XlXSS ) LJJ.J.L.O ) \JJ-GLJ ) iJUJ-J-u ) J.UA .*.•*.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
Toledo silty clay soil
.ments, *Pesticides, Biochemical oxygen demand, *Dissolved solids, Inves-
.ions, Hydrogen ion concentration, Conductivity, Surface runoff, Effluents,
, Silts, Clay, Soils, Rainfall, Chlorine, Sodium, Drainage, Nitrates,
'gen, Phosphorus, Potassium
645
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021H
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEANDERS IN NATURAL RIVER-CHANNELS,
Hlckin, E. J.
Simon Fraser University, Dept. of Geography,
Burnaby 2, B. C., Canada
American Journal of Science, Vol. 274, No. 4, p 414-442, April, 1974.
8 fig, 3 tab, 4 plates, 20 ref.
Investigations of the meander growth-patterns of the Beatton River in
northeast British Columbia indicate that there is a critical value of the
ratio radium of channel curvature to channel width (rm/w) which, once reached
by a developing meander, exerts considerable control over subsequent direction
and rate of lateral migration. Furthermore, the critical value of rm/w, which
is readily identifiable from the pattern of flood-plain surface deposits,
appears to be much less variable in nature than is a similar parameter des-
cribed by Leopold and Wolman in 1960. On the Beatton River the critical
value of rm/w averages 2.11, and standard deviation is only 0.13. The
pattern of meander growth is discussed in terms of the dynamics of open-
channel flow. Some implications of the study for river engineering and
palacohydrological investigations also are presented.
*Channels, Flood plains, Channel morphology, Channel erosion, Open channel
flow, Hydraulic engineering, Canada
*Channel migration, Beatton river
022H
MANAGING WATER RESOURCES FROM THE WRONG PLACE AT THE WRONG
TIME,
McCullough, C. A.
Statewide Planning Branch, Division of Resources
Development, Department of Water Resources, Resources Agency,
State of California, Sacramento, California
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 3, p 187-192,
March, 1974. 6 fig, 1 ref.
The economic development of California has been achieved first through the use
of summer flows of streams and drilling of wells in extensive groundwater
basins. As these sources were overexploited storage of winter flood flows
and massive transportation facilities were constructed with subsequent ex-
tensive water quality control programs being implemented. The California
Water Plan, which consists of an inventory of the water resources of the
state, an assessment of the water requirements of the state under the assump-
tion of urban or irrigation development of all irrigable land in the future,
and a reconnaissance plan for possible supply, conservation, and transporta-
tion of water resources, was undertaken. As the first project initiated as
a result of this plan, the California State Water Project, detailed herein,
was started in 1957 and completed in 1973.
California, *Water resources, *Water quality control, *Water supply,
*Water supply development, *Water transfer, *Project planning, Surveys
California State Water Project, California Water Plan
646
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023H
WATER QUALITY AND OTHER ASPECTS OF GROUND-WATER
RECHARGE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,
Toups, J. M.
Toups Engineering Inc., Santa Ana, California
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 3,
p 149-151, March, 1974. 2 tab.
Groundwater recharge became necessary in southern California during the 1950s
because groundwater levels along the coastline had dropped below sea level
in many places and sea water was intruding into the groundwater basins. Various
methods of recharge were tried to alleviate the problem. These methods and
reasons for using them are presented.
*Groundwater recharge, California, *Ponding, Injection wells, Water supply
development, Water spreading, Flood control, Water quality control
024H
THE SEDIMENT-TRANSPORTING CAPACITY OF ALLUVIAL STREAMS,
Bogardi, J. L.
Martirok u. 31-33, 1024 Budapest, Hungary
Acta Technica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 75, No. 1-4,
p 59-70, 1973. 3 fig, 9 ref.
No exact method is available today for determining the sediment-transporting
capacity of alluvial streams. For this reason the work per unit time expended
for keeping the sediment in suspension is related to the full energy consumption
of the sediment-carrying stream in unit time. The sediment carried in
streams is in general less than the amount pertaining to saturation and thus
the sediment-transporting capacity estimated from observed concentration is
essentially not more than a theoretical transporting capacity related to a
particular gaging section and influenced by the combination of all hydrologic
factors. Besides the detailed treatment of various relations on sediment-
transporting capacity, a physically well founded parameter is introduced.
The sediment-transporting capacity of the Danube, the Tisza and the Raba
rivers is examined by comparing the values defining the boundary conditions
of channel erosion and saturation.
*Alluvial channels, *Sedlment transport, Sediment load, Suspended solids,
Boundary layers, Boundaries (property), Mathematical studies, Estimating
equations, Hydrologic aspects, Rivers
Danube River, Tisza River, Raba River
647
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025H
HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE IN THE PROCESS OF WATER FILTRATION IN THE
VEGETABLE SOIL LAYER (Gidravlicheskiye soprotivleniya
pri fil'tratsii vody v rastitel'nom sloye pochvy),
Altshul, A. D., and Tal, N.
Meteorologiya i Gidrologiva, No. 12, p 77-84, 1973. 4 fig, 1 tab, 5 ref.
Expressions for the determination of the Reynolds number and the coefficient
of hydraulic friction for flows in the vegetable soil layer are suggested as
a result of the application of methods based on the filtration theory to the
computation of hydraulic friction in said layer. Relationships between the
generalized coefficient of hydraulic friction arid generalized Reynolds number
for different flow regimes are recommended on the basis of processed data
obtained from experiments with two types of simulated artificial vegetation.
*Reynolds number, *Hydraulics, *Mathematical studies, *Flow, Simulation
analysis, Filtration, Friction, Flow resistance, Soil properties
026H
DESIGN OF FILTRATION PLANT FOR ROCKVILLE, CONNECTICUT,
Gammon, A.
Metcalf and Eddy, Incorporated,
Boston, Massachusetts
Journal of the New England Water Works Association, Vol. 88, No. 1, p 19-24,
March, 1974.
The design of a rapid sand filtration plant for the Shenipsit Lake Reservoir
in Rockville, Connecticut is described. Due to the variations in raw water
characteristics such as temperature from winter to summer, color, tastes, and
odors, flexibility of chemical treatment was an important design considera-
tion. The new low lift pumping station houses two 7.5 mgd vertical turbine
pumps with space to permit the future installation of a third unit. The
operations building houses all chemical storage and feeding equipment,
with the exception of chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide. Each of the two
treatment units has a flocculating compartment, a settling compartment, and
a filtering compartment, all arranged concentrically with a 65 ft diameter
circular tank. Lagoons were built to handle the waste water from filter
backwashing, with sufficient storage volume to allow freezing of the sludge
for ease in handling and disposal.
*Filtration, treatment facilities, *Design, Reservoirs, *Flexibility,
Chemical treatment, Water purification, Pumping station, Buildings, Floccula-
tion, Filters, Oxidation lagoons, Sludge disposal, Sludge storage, Waste
water treatment
Rockville, Connecticut
648
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02 7H
MEKY RIVER DIVERSION SCHEME;,
Gusberti, L., and Tamburrino, A.
Imperial Ethiopian Government Awash Valley Authority,
(AVA), Addis Ababa
Fascicolo L'Energia Elettrlca, Vol. 1, p 678-684, November, 1973.
Provisions for the diversion of about 200 million cu m of water per year from
the Galla Lakes basin to the reservoir created by the Koka Dam are described.
This compensates, in part, for the seepage losses from the reservoir, estimated
at around 400 million cu m per year. Alternatives, with their mathematical cal-
culations were studied. The selected solution involves the pumping of the waters
to be diverted from Lake Ziway. By lowering the mean level of this lake by
some two meters, through removal of a rock sill at its outlet end, the evapora-
tion will be reduced by the same amount as the volume to be diverted.
*Rlver basins, *Reservoirs, Mathematical studies, Hydrologies, Diversion loss
returns, Pumping, Dams, Seepage, Evaporation control
*Lake Ziway, Addis Ababa, Galla Lakes
028H
DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE OF DREDGING,
Mohr, A. W.
Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, South Atlan-
tic Division, Atlanta, Georgia
Journal of the Waterways Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division, Vol. 100,
No. WW2, p 69-84, May, 1974. 4 tab.
Dredging is performed either to gain the bottom material for fill or commercial
use or to create and maintain waterways. This paper is concerned with the lat-
ter, where the material itself is an unwanted by-product. The article describes
mechanical and hydraulic dredges with a series of tables, indicating the dif-
ferences between the various types. Recently dredges, in their new designs,
must take into account the potential ecological damage which they cause, as well
as economic advantages. Despite the new water quality requirements, both
hydraulic and especially mechanical dredges should continue to have use in the
future.
*Water quality, *Dredging, *Equipment, Ecological balance, Channels, Costs
*Hydraulic dredges, *Mechanical dredges, Waterway maintenance
649
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029H
RENOVATING MUNICIPAL WASIEWAIER BY HIGH-RATE INFILTRATION
FOR GROUND-WATER RECHARGE,
Bouwer, H.
U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory, Agricultural
Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Phoenix,
Arizona
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 3, p 159-162
March, 1974. 3 fig, 11 ref.
A pilot project in the Salt River bed west of Phoenix, Arizona, has shown
that secondary-sewage effluent can be renovated effectively by groundwater
recharge with high-rate infiltration basins. Essentially complete removal
of BOD, suspended solids, and fecal coliforms was obtained. Nitrogen and
phosphate were reduced. The pilot project is located 1 1/2 miles downstream
from a sewage treatment plant. Secondary effluent is pumped from the
effluent channel into six basins. Infiltration rate in the basins is deter-
mined from the difference between the inflow and outflow rates. The soil con-
sists of a fine, loamy sand underlain by coarse sand and gravel, and a clay
which marks the lower boundary of the aquifer.
*Waste water treatment, *Municipal wastes, *Aquifer management, *Groundwater,
*Artifical recharge, Induced infiltration, Waste water disposal, Pilot plants
030H
ONE FORM OF DEEP DRAINAGE OF UNDERGROUND WATERS (Oh odnoy
forme glubokogo stoka podzemnykh vod),
Vartanyan, G. S.
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. 214, No. 6, p 1414-1416, 1974. 2 fig, 8 ref.
The discharge of ascending underground waters into higher recipient horizons,
and its mathematical relations are described. The discharge zone in the reci-
pient horizon has a hydrodynamic cupola formed by the discharge component,
and the cupola is, in most cases, hydrostatically screened by the water stream
of the recipient horizon, i.e., this stream flow along a surface of rotation.
The ratio of the height of the discharge cupola to the overall height of the
recipient horizon is equal to the ratio of the ascending water yield to the
water yield of the recipient horizon proper. The ascending water yield can
also be determined by multiplying the recipient horizon water yield with
a proportionality constant whose formula is presented.
*Model studies, *Mathematical models, *Groundwater, *Aquifers, Hydrologlc
aspects, Hydrologic systems, Hydrogeology
650
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031H
COMPARISON OF THE EFFICIENCIES OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
DRAINAGE (Sravnitel'naya effektivnost' vertikal'nogo i gorl-
zontalnogo drenazha),
Resetkina, N. M., and Dukhovnyy, V. A.
Gidrotekhnika i Melioratsiya, No. 1, p 76-80, 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab.
The efficiencies of vertical and horizontal drain and irrigation systems are
compared on the basis of experiences gained with such systems in the Kirov
and other areas. Vertical drain systems have advantages over horizontal systems
in that they do not occupy useful farm lands, do not interfere with farming
operations, they can be used year round, permit groundwater stabilization at
any level, and permit the use of groundwater for irrigation. In addition,
the construction of such vertical systems can be mechanized, and the opera-
tion be automated or remote-controlled.
*Groundwater, *Aquifers, *Hydrologic aspects, *Drainage, *Controlled
drainage, Drainage practices, Subsurface drainage, Drainage engineering
032H
SOIL CLOGGING DURING INFILTRATION OF SECONDARY EFFLUENT,
Rice, R. C.
United States Department of Agriculture,
Phoenix, Arizona, United States Water
Conservation Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 708-716,
April, 1974. 9 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
Soil clogging during infiltration of secondary effluent was investigated.
Soil clogging on two soils, a loamy sand and a course sand, was studied in
soil columns in a greenhouse. It was concluded that physical clogging caused
by deposition of SS on the soil surface was the major cause of infiltration
reduction. Sparce evidence of surface biological clogging was found. Main-
tenance of low SS concentrations in the wastewater was found to be the most
important factor in optimizing infiltration. Concentrations below ten mg/liter
should be maintained. Low solids concentrations can be obtained by sedimen-
tation. Clogging developed below the surface because entrapped gases blocked
the soil pores during long periods of intermittent inundation. It is thought
that this clogging was due to microbial activity. High hydraulic gradients
should be maintained in the soil system; the higher initial infiltration rates
yielded greater total volumes of water than the low gradients. Drying the
clogged layer restored infiltration. Algal growth on the soil surface in-
creased infiltration rates during inundation because the algal mat became
buoyant, thereby freeing the surface from clogging materials.
*Waste water treatment, *Infiltration, *Soil management, *Soil water
movement, *Effluents, Sewage effluents, Liquid wastes, Waste water disposal
651
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033H
FUNCTIONING PROCESS OF DRAINAGE IN HYDROMORPHIC WASHED
SOIL (SUR LE PROCESSUS DE FONCTIONNEMENT DBS DRAINS EN
SOL LESSIVE HYDROMORPHE) ,
Meriaux, S.
Centre de Recherches, I. N. R. A., Dijon, France, Station
d'Agronomic
Annales Agronomiques, Vol. 24, No. 6, p 639-650, 1973. 6 fig, 2 tab, 10 ref.
Chlorine marking was used to study the mechanism of water movement during drain-
age in washed soil. The chlorine never goes below a level of 40 cm. It is
eliminated by drainage In an essentially lateral movement taking place before
remoistening of the lower layers. The lower layers are moistened by pre-exis-
ting water in the upper layers of soil by vertical movement independent of
drainage. The functioning of drainage in deep be^ds, as was shown, raises a
problem of duration of effectiveness.
*Soil water movement, *Chlorine, Drainage, Soil water, Soil structure
France
034H
THE FILTRATION FLOW OF PURE WATER THROUGH KAOLIN AND DAR-
CY'S LAW (LES ECOULEMENTS DE FILTRATION DANS LE KAOLIN ET
LA LOI DE DARCY),
Habib, J.
Ecole Nationale Superleure Agronomique, Rennes Cedex,
Chaire de Genie Rural
Annales Agronomiques, Vol. 24, No. 6, p 615-637, 1973. 13 fig, 3 tab,
27 ref.
The water permeability of clays was investigated to determine if it is a con-
stant or variable and if a hydraulic gradient threshold exists below which
clay becomes impermeable. Tests on kaolin provided neither confirmation of
the existence of such a threshold nor any proof of permeability independent of
the hydraulic gradient, since permeability decreases rapidly with the gradient
when it is low. A relationship was established between permeability, the poro-
sity of a kaolin and the motor hydraulic gradient.
*Clays, *Permeability, Darcy's Law, Hydraulic gradient, Investigations, Kaoli-
nite, Water, Porosity
France
652
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035H
APPLICATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS TO A BASALTIC
WATER-TABLE AQUIFER,
Adyaklar, P. G., and Manl, V. V. S.
Central Ground Water Board, Nagpur, India
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 21, No. 3, p 211-218, 1974. 2 fig, 3 tab, 10 ref.
An analysis of pump test data of open wells in a basaltic water table aquifer
was made with methods based on both equilibrium and non-equilibrium formulae.
The study has indicated that the Thiem's equilibrium formula and the ratio
method of Narasimhan appear to be more suitable as compared with Jacob's and
Chow's methods. Of the two, Narasimhan's ratio method, which does not require
the graphical procedure, is more reliable than the Thiem's method since the
latter involves an assumption of the value for the radius of influence. From
the value of T (coefficient of transmissibility) obtained by Narasimhan's me-
thod, it is also possible to calculate the value of the radius of influence
by Thiem's method, which can be used in determining the required spacing
between wells in the basaltic terrain in order to avoid mutual interference.
*Aquifers, *Basalts, Groundwater, Hydraulics, Water table, Hydrogeology,
Investigations, *Pumping, Analytical techniques, Analysis
India, Thiem's formula, Narasimhan's ratio method
036H
EFFECT OF DRAIN DEPTH AND GAP WIDTH ON POTENTIAL FLOW IN
HOMOGENEOUS POROUS SOIL,
Cheeseman, P. C., Hosking, R. J., and Sneyd, A. D.
Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand, Department of
Mathematics
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 21, No. 3, p 219-229, 1974. 5 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
The solution of a problem in potential theory is presented in determining the
effect of drain depth and gap width on potential flow in homogeneous porous
soil. In order to control water saturation in soils, it is common to control
the water drainage. A two dimensional situation involving a drain is discussed.
Seepage flow from an equlpotential surface into drains of half width gamma at
relative depth is considered to represent the flow through a porous soil either
normal to impervious layers with intervening gaps or perhaps to a single row
of drain pipes. The equipotential surface may Be the soil surface, with perhaps
ponded water above it, or it may be the level of the water table. An exact so-
lution for the flux ratio, suitable for numerical computation, is found by
Schwarz-Christoffel confortnal transformation. An asymptotic expression derived
for the flux ratio is found to be accurate except for quite small relative
depth.
*Potential flow, *Drainage, Soil, Porous media, Numerical analysis, Soil water
movement, Theoretical analysis, Impervious soils
Flux ratio, New Zealand, Netherlands
653
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037H
TOWN 'CAPTURES' NATURAL SPRING: CUTS WATER TREATMENT COSTS,
Loring, B. A.
Allen and Hoshall, Consulting Engineers, Memphis,
Tennessee
The American City, Vol. 89, No. 5, p 65-66, May, 1974.
In order to increase water-supply capabilities by 40 percent, the city of
Elizabethton, Tennessee found that groundwater from springs were useable. By
building an earth cofferdam around the springs discharge area, a. concrete receiving
reservoir could act as a pump sump. The operating and maintenance costs for the
1.4 mgd Valley Forge Spring are very low. The water has a pH of 8.7 and is
noncorrosive, has no bacteria harmful to public health, and should provide ade-
quate supply through 1980.
*Water supply development, *Groundwater, *Water sources, *Springs, Dams, Re-
servoirs, Costs
Capabilities, Tennessee, pH
038H
SNOW ACCUMULATION AND SNOWMELT AS INFLUENCED B^ A SMALL
CLEARING IN A LODGEPOLE PINE FOREST,
Gary, H. L.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 348-353, April, 1974. 8 fig,
1 tab, 9 ref.
The study was undertaken to determine some of the interrelations of snow ac-
cumulation and snowmelt. It was postulated that accumulation is greater
in openings and clear-cut areas than under unbroken stand. Snow accumula-
tion, was observed under a thinned lodgepole pine stand about 35 feet tall
and 80 years old for two winter seasons before and two seasons after cutting
a clearing 1 tree height wide and 5 tree heights long. The clearing was on a
gently sloping plateau 9000 feet above sea level and was oriented perpendicu-
larly to the prevailing southwest wind. The maximum snowpack water equiva-
lent the first year after clearing averaged 13.1 inches in the upwind forest
16.2 inches in the clearing, and 12.2 inches in the downwind forest zone, with
a similar pattern the second year. The increased snow catch in the clearing
was offset by the snow deficit in the downwind forest. The clearing affected
the distribution of snow over the area but not the total amount of snow water
equivalent. Melt rates in the clearing were about twice those in the interior
forest zones.
*Snowmelt, *Lodgepole pine trees, Winter, Hydrologic aspects, Forests,
Melt water
*Snow accumulation, Snow water, Forest zones, Melt rates
654
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039H
MORPHOGENETIC STUDY OF TERMINAL TRIANGULAR TRACT OF IN-
LAND STREAMS IN SUTLEJ YAMUNA PLAIN,
Mukerji, A. B.
Punjab University, Chandigarh
Indian Journal of Power and River Valley Development, Vol. 23, No. 10, p 314-
324, October, 1973. 3 fig, 3 tab, 2 ref.
The purpose of this study was to identify and describe a unit feature termed
terminal triangular tract. This is a geomorphic landscape unit characterised
by its triangular deltaic shape formed by a dichotomic pattern of distributaries
and which is evolved as a consequence of multi-furcation of the main channel.
Also shown is an empirical genetic interpretation in terms of the geometry of
distributary network, surface material, terrain attributes, human interference,
and local topographic details. Based on field investigations, aerial photo-
graphs and topographical sheets, the Sutlej-Yamuna plains are described. The
size of the feature is correlated with the size and discharge of the stream,
the angle of divergence, frequency of divergence and number of lower order dis-
tributaries. The texture of topography is finer near the points of divergence
and becomes coarser away from them. The network tends to become progressively
more elaborate and complicated through time.
*Streams, *Geomorphology, Plains, Deltas, Landscape, Terrain analysis,
Channels, Rivers, Topography, Investigations, Field investigations, Inland
streams
Multifurcation, Divergence, India, Sutlej-Yamuna plain, India
040H
THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGICAL MEMBRANES ON THE GEOCHEMISTRY
OF SUBSURFACE WATERS FROM MIOCENE SEDIMENTS AT KETTLEMAN
NORTH DOME IN CALIFORNIA,
Kharaka, Y. K., and Berry, F. A.
U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 313-327, April, 1974. 11 fig, 3 tab,
40 ref.
The purpose of this paper is to show the degree to which geological membranes
control formation water chemistry Kettleman North Dome oil field in California.
Waters from the Temblor formation (Miocene) are principally meteoric in origin,
as seen by regional hydrodynamics, isotopic data and detailed geology. Their
concentration relative to meteoric water is attributed to hyperfiltration
through geological membranes as well as to water-rock interactions. The
chemistry of the waters in each subzone of the Temblor formation is charac-
teristic of that subzone and shows membrane effluent characteristics to a
given subzone with respect to the one stratigraphically below it. Chemical
relations are attributed to increased efficiency of shale membranes with in-
creased depth of burial. Membrane behavior of shales controls completely
or in part the distribution of the following ratios: Li/Na, Rb/Na, NH3/Na,
Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ca/Na, alkallnity/Cl, S04/C1, I/Br, and B/C1. Some of these ra-
tios are modified by temperature-controlled water-rock interactions but the
K/Na ratios and the Si02 and Ba concentrations are completely dependent on
water-rock interactions.
*Geology, *Shales, *Water chemistry, Alkalinity, Temperature, Meteroltic
water
*Geological membranes, Kettleman North Dome Oil Field, California, Moicene,
Water-rock interactions, Subzones
655
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041H
ISOTOPIC AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-LEVEL GROUND-
WATER ON OAHU, HAWAII,
Hufen, T. H., Buddemeier, R. W., and Lau, L. S.
Hawaii University, Honolulu, Hawaii, Water Resources
Research Center
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 366-370, April, 1974. 4 fig,
2 tab, 18 ref.
High level dike-confined groundwaters and high-level perched groundwaters on
Oahu, Hawaii, were analyzed for tritium, radiocarbon, carbon 13, and several
chemical constituents. Discharges from several tunnels that tap dike compart-
ments contain postbomb tritium, indicating the presence of modern (since 1954)
recharge. The amount of this recharge in samples taken inside one of the
tunnels is a function of the distance between overlying surface and sampling
point. Chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of dike waters, established
in the soil zone of ther overlying ground surface, remain unchanged while the
water is passing through the basaltic carbonate-free compartments. Dike water
carbon isotope data are sufficiently consistent to serve as initial values for
the dating of water in the Honolulu basal aquifers. The radiocarbon data sug-
gest that the maximum value for residence time of the dike waters is of the
order of 100 years.
*Groundwater, *Geohydrology, *Radiocarbon, Tritium, Tunnels, Soil, Isotopes,
Chemistry
*Hawaii, Isotopic compositions, Oahu, Hawaii, Dike waters
042H
EVOLUTION OF THE SON DRAINAGE,
Lakshmanan, S.
Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Saugar University,
India
Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, Vol. 38A, No. 1, 2, p 21-31,
January, 1972. 4 fig, 19 ref.
It is concluded that the present drainage of the Son valley area was superposed
from a Deccan Trap cover, and the course of the Son river has been controlled
by lithology and not by any major faulting. This was determined from a geologi-
cal study of the western portion of the Son valley where the Son river takes an
abrupt east northeast bend from its northerly course. Apparently there is a Pre-
Trappean erosion surface at about 1600 ft above sea level, and the drainage
.appears to have originated on the Deccan Traps which were later denuded away to
axpose the underlying older formations. By a process of differential and head-
ward erosion, all the northward flowing tributaries were finally captured to
Eorm the Son river.
^Drainage, *Rivers, *Faulting, *Drainage systems, Geology, Erosion, Flow, Trib-
utaries, Hydrology
Lithology, Evolution
656
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043H
WORLD'S GREATEST SOURCE OF FRESH WATER,
Waller, R. M.
U.S. Geological Survey, Albany, New York,
Water Resources Division
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 4, p 245-247,
April, 1974. 2 fig.
The Great Lakes, as the largest system of fresh water lakes in the world,
offer large supplies, which could be properly managed and treated for reuse.
Topography, geology, and hydrology of the region are described. Two major
local problems in the Great Lakes basin are water-short areas of poor water
quality. Geological conditions of low permeability or thin unconsolidated
material cause rapid runoff and provide little groundwater storage area,
particularly among shale and igneous-rock areas. In some bedrock aquifers,
highly mineralized water is present at relatively shallow depth and seeps into
streams or is encountered by wells. Saline water problems occur in parts
of lower Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, New York, and Pennsylvania. More and more
cities and states are adapting by curtailing wasteful water-use practices
and evaluating the water supplies. Lake basins, with proper management, can
continue to be a future world water resource.
*Great Lakes, *Lake basins, *Freshwater, Geology, Hydrology, Water resources
development, Water management (applied), Water quality, Aquifers, Groundwater,
Cities, Permeability, Saline water, Great Lakes region
New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Bedrock aquifers, Groundwater
storage
044H
LAND TREATMENT OF LIQUID WASTE: THE HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM,
Bouwer, H.
United States Department of Agriculture
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 103-111. 5 fig, 12 ref.
Irrigation and drainage theory explain most hydrologic aspects for application
of liquid waste to land. The most important factors are: choosing the
most appropriate system for applying the waste water, whether low-rate or
high-rate infiltration; the design application or infiltration rates in rela-
tion to the hydraulic acceptance of the soil, the desired quality improve-
ment of the water, and the intended longevity of the system; and the ground-
water management below the receiving fields. Local research and pilot sys-
tems should precede large-scale research because of geology of groundwater,
soil, and climate conditions. Optimum treatment of waste water before ap-
plication to the land must also be analyzed in more detail.
*Hydrologic aspects, Irrigation, *Liquid wastes, *Waste water, *Infiltration
rates, Pilot studies, Groundwater, Drainage, Water quality control, Water
management (applied), Waste water treatment, Geology, Soil properties, Climate,
Waste water treatment
*Land applications
657
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045H
THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE SOIL AS RELATED TO SEWAGE
SLUDGE APPLICATION,
Epstein, E.
United States Department of Agriculture
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 67-73, 8 fig, 11 ref.
Soil water retention is increased by the addition of sewage sludge and sewage
compost. Initially addition increases the hydraulic conductivity of a
soil but this conductivity later decreases, apparently due to the clogging of
soil pores by microbial decomposition products. The structure of the soil
affects soil air, soil water, mechanical impedence, and root distribution.
Soil aggregation is increased by organic matter and the action of micro-
organisms. Because of sewage sludge, soil atmosphere is greatly modified.
The low oxygen and high carbon dioxide resulting from high sludge applica-
tion reduces root growth, nutrient uptake, and plant growth. In addition,
gas products of decomposition, such as methane and etheylene, can be detri-
mental to plants.
*Sewage sludge, *Soil water, *Soil mechanics, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide,
Roots, Soil-water-plant relationships, Methane, Organic matter, Microorganisms,
Soil aggregates
Soil water conductivity, Soil atmosphere, Gas products
046H
NEW GLOBAL WATCH FOR POLLUTION EFFECTS,
Industrial Research, Vol. 16, No. 5, p 23, 25, May, 1974.
A global monitoring system is being set up by the United Nations Environment
Program for assessing the worldwide environment and warning of possible hazards.
The system is called EARTHWATCH and will monitor cadmium, mercury, petroleum
hydrocarbons, fluorides, arsenic in water. Monitoring stations will be
global, regional, and local. Existing facilities will be incorporated in the
networks, and some new stations established.
*Monitoring, *Water pollution, *Cadmium, *Mercury, *Hydrocarbons, *Flourides,
*Arsenic, Facilities, Environmental control, Research
*EARTHWATCH, United Nations Environment Program, Monitoring stations,
Global pollution watch
658
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04 7H
FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT IN METROPOLITAN CHICAGO,
Lanyon, R,
Metropolitan Sanitary District, Chicago, Illinois
Civil Engineering, A.S.C.E., Vol. 44, No. 5, p 79-81, May, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab.
Planning is now underway with cooperation of many levels of government to
control land use and flooding in the Chicago area. This flooding was divided in-
to three categories: basement and below grade flooding due to back-up of
sanitary sewers from floodwater entering sewer systems through flood street
manholes; direct entrance of surface floodwaters into lower level garages,
basements, and subgrade surface living areas; inundation of the above grade
frame portions of the structure. Besides such residential damage, municipal
flooding occurs on parking areas, playgrounds, highways, and streets. A
watershed plan was developed to reduce flood damages and erosion. Two remaining
undeveloped flood plain areas were to be placed in public control with the
intention of enforcing ordinances against new developments in identified
flood hazard areas and the enacting of a technical assistance program to
provide floodproofing information where hazards exist.
*Flood plains, *Flood control, *Floodproofing, *Sewer systems, *Land use,
*Flood damage, Flood plain zoning, Municipalities, Urban planning, Water
management (administrative), Governments, Legislation, Hydrologic aspects
Flood plain management, Technical information, Public control
048H
CITY OF MANCHESTER—MAIN DRAINAGE WORK 6,
Young, D. N.
City of Manchester, England
The Institution of Municipal Engineers Journal, Vol. 101, p 109-116, No. 4,
April, 1974. 4 fig.
Developments of main drainage facilities within the city of Manchester since
1885 are given and present measures taken to improve the redevelopment re-
quirements of the Openshaw area are described. General design based on the
storm overflow, old mine workings, and coal seams from a colliery are taken into
account. Over the past year, research work by the city engineer and surveyor's
department was done on the volume of flow generated within a catchment area
together with the efficient performance of stilling pond storm water overflows.
Flows will be monitored from this area by an automatic pneumatic depth recorder
for both dry weather and storm water sewers. Ultimately sampling equipment
will be expanded. By automatic rainfall intensity recording gauges, theore-
tical and actual runoff will be compared. In addition, assessment of the
performance of the stilling pond type overflow will be made. These results
should provide information for further design criteria for sewer systems in
the area.
*Dralnage area, *Urban planning, *Design criteria, History, Flow, Monitoring,
Sampling, Sewer systems, Automation, Recording, Runoff, Gauges, Models
Great Britain (Manchester, Openshaw)
659
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049H
SEDIMENT AND WASTE DEPOSITION IN NEW YORK HARBOR,
Gross, M. G.
State University of New York, Marine Sciences Research
Center, Stony Brook, New York
Hudson River Colloquium, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 250,
p 112-128, May 24, 1974. 3 fig, 6 tab, 36 ref.
The physical alterations of the Hudson River estuary are discussed with parti-
cular attention being paid to the sediments and waste deposits that covered
much of the harbor bottom and large areas of New York Bight in 1972. The fol-
lowing topics are mentioned: recent geologic history, dredging of the Hudson
Estuary, water movements, sediment sources, sand and gravel production in New
York Harbor, sediment and waste deposits, and future changes to the estuary.
*Hudson River, *Estuaries, *Sediments, Wastes, Sediment load, Water circulation,
Geologic history, Sands, Gravels
New York Harbor, Estuarine alterations, Waste deposition
05 OH
WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FROM A GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY AND
POLLUTION POINT OF VIEW
Patterson, R. J.
Department of Geology, Tampa, Florida
Water and Sewage Works, p 92, 94-96, 98-99, April 30, 1974.
3 fig, 2 tab, 3 ref.
Disposal and treatment of solid and liquid wastes on land are gaining wider
acceptance. Numerous methods for dealing with the many types of waste are
available: solid, depending on the source may be landfilled or spread; while
liquids are handled by systems employing infiltration basins, surface
flooring, and spray irrigation. The implications of land disposal in terms
of groundwater hydrology and pollution are emphasized. Spray irrigation is
cited as a specific example and some of the criteria which are essential for
a proper evaluation of the pollution potential of proposed operations are also
discussed.
*Waste disposal, *Landfills, *Groundwater, *Hydrologic aspects, Water
pollution sources, Solid wastes, Liquid wastes, Evaluation
Spray irrigation
660
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051H
THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR THE SOLUTION
OF HYDROLOGICAL PROBLEMS (DIE VERWENDUNG KUENSTLICHER RADIOAKTIVER
MARKIERUNGEN ZUR LOESUNG HYDROLOGISCHER PROBLEME) ,
Batsche, H., and Neumaier, F.
Oesterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, Vol. 26, No. 3/4, p 80-89,
March-April, 1974. 7 fig, 11 ref.
The practical uses of the radioactive tracer technique according to the
single-hole and multiple hole methods for the solution of hydrological
and hydrogeological problems are reviewed. The radioactive tracer technique
according to the single-hole method was successfully used for the determination
of the flow velocity and the rate of filtration of groundwater, for the study
of the influence of groundwater table lowering on adjacent groundwater sheets,
and for the determination of the vertical upward flow of groundwater. Such
investigations may be necessary for the planning and underground structures
and dams. The radioactive tracer method is also suitable for the measurement
of water evaporation from the ground, and of the vertical rate of percolation
of precipitation through different types of soils. The multiple-hole method
was used for the identification of karst water and groundwater in an area
used both for water capture and waste water disposal. Good agreement of the
flow rates as determined by the single-hole and multiple-hole methods as well
as those calculated from pumping tests was established.
*Radioactive tracers, *Hydrologic aspects, *Karst hydrology, Groundwater,
Flow velocity, Filtration rate, Precipitation, Soils, Pumping, Flow rates
Single-hole methods, Multiple-hole methods, Percolation
052H
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ISOTOPIC MEASUREMENTS FOR COMBINED KARST
WATER STUDIES (DIE BEDEUTUNG VON ISOTOPENMESSUNGEN IM RAHMEN
KOMBINIERTER KARSTWASSERUNTERSUCHUNGEN),
Zojer, H., and Zoetl, J.
Oesterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, Vol. 26, No. 3/4, p 62-70, March-April,
1974. 9 fig, 3 tab, 8 ref.
The significance of isotopic tracer measurements is demonstrated by the
example of complex hydrological studies of the karst waters in the Central
Styrian Karst. It was possible to quantitatively determine the passage
of water from one creek into another and the complex communications among
these creeks in the karst area by tracer investigations using uranine,
tritium and Lycopodium spores. The tracer technique permitted the determination
of the distribution of precipitation among the creeks and the delimitation of
the individual watershed areas. A computer model of the individual watershed
systems was set up on the basis of the tritium tracing results.
*Hydrological aspects, *Karst hydrology, Tracers, Watersheds, Computers,
Tritium
Uranin, Lycopodium spores, Water movement
661
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05 3H
THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR THE SOLUTION OF
HYDROLOGICAL PROBLEMS. PART I: METHODS (DIE VERWENDUNG
KUENSTLICHER RADIOAKTIVER MARKIERUNGEN ZUR LOESUNG HYDRO-
LOGISCHER PROBLEME. TEIL I: METHODIK),
Moser, H.
Oesterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, Vol. 26, No. 3/4, p 75-80, April, 1974.
6 fig, 10 ref.
A general description is given of the artificial radioactive tracing method
suitable for the solution of hydrological problems. It is possible to
determine the motion of water within unsaturated ground by injecting tritium
and determining the radioactivity of earth samples taken in a vertical
profile. The results thus obtained allow conclusions on the conditions of
groundwater formation. The radioactive tracer technique works according to the
single-hole method. The groundwater flow rate is determined from the dilution
of the radioactive tracer, from the groundwater flow direction by the use of
direction-sensitive scintillation counters, and from the measurement of the
velocity and yield of vertical streams.
*Radioactive tracers, *Hydrologic aspects, *Groundwater movement, Flow rate,
Measurement, Flow velocity, Tritium
Single-hole method, Scintillation counters
054H
CONSIDERATIONS ON ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
(NACHDENKLICHES ZUR KUENSTLICHEN GRUNDWASSERANREICHERUNG) ,
Bettaque, R.
Gas-Wasser-Fach - Wasser/Abwasser, Vol. 115, No. A, p 171-173, April, 1974.
39 ref.
The advantages of artificial groundwater recharge as a means of drinking water
supply are described with respect to a reluctance towards the application
of this process to water supply in West Germany. Uncertainties concerning the
suitability of various grounds for infiltration, and the frequent failures
of this process due to established anaerobic conditions resulting from high
pollutant loads and inadequate operating conditions have led to the abandonment
of the infiltration technique at many water works. However, the biological
slow filtration is superior to chemical and physical methods of drinking water
preparation in its capacity to degrade organic matter. This capacity amounts
to about 75 percent, corresponding to a residual oxidizability of 1-2 mg/liter,
against 50 percent determined for the flocculation process. The biologically
stable water obtained by the biological filtration impedes the proliferation
of microorganisms in the water mains. Raw waters with high pollutant loads
require preliminary purification, such as by rapid filtration and flocculation
to prevent anaerobic conditions.
*Groundwater recharge, *Artificial recharge, *Potable water, Water supply,
Infiltration, Anaerobic conditions, Water works, Organic matter, Biological
degradation
*West Germany, Biological filtration
662
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055H
WATER ANALYSIS IN THE KELETI CANAL (VIZVIZSGALATOK A KELETI
FOCSATORNAN) ,
Keve, T. K., Pinter, C., and Munkacsy, T.
Hidrologiai Kozlony, Vol. 54, No. 1, p 32-40, January, 1974. 5 fig, 2 tab,
14 ref.
Results of the systematic water quality monitoring performed in the Keleti
Focsatorna, a 100 km long drain and irrigation canal connected with the
Tisza river in Eastern Hungary are presented. The water yield of the canal
amounts to 10-40 cu m/sec. The monitoring was conducted with respect to the
future use of the canal water for drinking water prepared by the percolation
method. The water quality was found to be determined by that of the Tisza river
on one hand, and by the momentary mode of use of the canal on the other hand.
With the flow velocity in the river exceeding that in the canal, reduction
of the suspended matter content and of the BOD level and an increase of the
clearness of the canal water was observed. During high-water periods in the
river, seston contents of several hundred mg/liter, and BOD levels of
10-15 mg/liter were measured in the canal water. Cleaning of the water and
algal proliferation after such high-water periods were observed. During
periods of high stagnant water yield, increased nitrogen and phosphorus levels,
and change from calcium hydrocarbonate to sodium hydrocarbonate in the canal
water were determined.
*Water quality control, *Monitoring, *Irrigation, *Canals, *Potable water,
Flow velocity, Biochemical oxygen demand, Algae, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Hydrological aspects
Percolation
056H
BIOLOGICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF A SLIGHTLY
POLLUTED SURFACE WATER (DANUBE) AND OF A HIGHLY POLLUTED SURFACE
WATER (SZILAS CREEK) (BIOLOGIAI ES BAKTERIOLOGIAI VIZSGALATOK
EGY KISSE SZENNYEZETT (DUNA) ES EGY EROSEN SZENNYEZETT
(SZILAS-PATAK) FELSZINI VIZFOLYASBAN),
Hegedus, J., Nemedi, L., and Hegedus, J.
Hidrologiai Kozlony, Vol. 54, No. 1, p 26-31, January, 1974. 5 fig, 11 ref.
Year-round comparative biological and bacteriological investigations of the
water quality in a lightly polluted stream (Danisbe) and in a highly polluted
creek (Szilas-patak) in Hungary are presented. The bacteriological
investigations were concerned with the total bacteria count between 20 and 37 C,
and the Streptococcus feecalis, Clostridium, Salmonella, and Shigella counts.
The biological investigations covered the study of the qualitative relations
of phytoplankton, and bacteria and fungi that can be determined by microscopic
and saprobiological methods. The water quality of the Danube was determined
to vary between B-mesosaprobic and a-inesosaprobic with temporary pa-mesosaprobic
periods. Unlike Szilas creek, the Danube exhibited pronounced seasonal changes
in water quality. Strong parallelism between the water qualities as determined
by the biological and the bacteriological method was established. However,
the biological quality was better in summer, and the bacteriological quality
was better in winter in the Danube. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella,
were present in Szilas creek almost all the time.
*Surface waters, Investigations, Streams, Bacteria, Phytoplankton, Water
quality, Seasonal, Salmonella, Water pollution sources
Biological investigation, Bacteriological investigation, Danube (Hungary),
Szilas-patak (Hungary)
663
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05 7H
STUDY OF THE REGULATIONS OF INLAND WATER FORMATION AND
RUNOFF IN AN INLAND WATER BAY WITH PERVIOUS GROUND,
Molnar, G.
Hidrologiai Kozlony, Vol. 54, No. 1, p 15-20, January, 1974.
6 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
A black box system model of an inland water area with pervious
ground in Hungary is described on the basis of systematic ground-
water level and runoff measurements. The inland water formation
in plain areas with pervious ground was found to be determined
primarily by the groundwater level. The general system model also
contains such factors as precipitation, trickling, evapotranspir-
ation, and flow conditions in the drain canal. In plain areas
with pervious ground, the increase of the drain canal density was
found to lead to increased inland water volume due to the increased
runoff surface area available for the groundwater.
*Models, *Inland water, *Groundwater, *Runoff, Precipitation,
Canals, Measurements, Pervious soils (atmospheric)
Hungary, Pervious ground, Drain canal density
058H
HYDROLOGIC IMPACT OF TROPICAL STORM AGNES,
Engman, E. T., Parmele, L. H., and Gburek, W. J.
U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Northeast Watershed Research Center,
Agriculture Research Center,
University Park, Pennsylvania
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 22, No. 1/2, p 179-193, June, 1974.
11 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
Data from tropical storm Agnes were analyzed with respect to water-
shed yield and return period frequency. Antecedent conditions and
events preceding the storm are discussed. The greatest rainfall
amounts from the June 1972 tropical storm that devastated the Sus-
quehanna river valley occurred over the East Mahantango Creek Water-
shed. This 162-sq. mile area in the Ridge and Valley Province of
eastern Pennsylvania is a densely instrumented research watershed,
operated by the Agricultural Research Service of the USDA. Instru-
mentation include 33 20-inch capacity, digital recording rain gages
and seven stream gaging sites. The maximum rainfall in this storm
was 14.9 inches for 24 h and 18.2 inches for the entire storm (3 days).
Partial and complete runoff records are presented. The peak flow at
the 162-sq. mile point was over 400 csm and at the 10.1-sq. mile
watershed, over 1,200 csm. The rainfall and runoff events were several
times greater than those expected for return period frequency of 100 years.
*Hydrologic aspects, *Rainfall, *Storm water, Flooding, Watersheds,
Instrumentation, Rainfall-runoff relationships
*Tropical storm Agnes, Pennsylvania, Watershed yield
664
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059H
HYDRAULIC PROBABILISTIC CALCULATION METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF THE SEAM KARST WATER YIELD,
Schmieder, A.
Banyaszati es Kohaszati Lapok, Vol. 107, No. 3, p 172-183, 1974.
7 fig, 2 tab, 24 ref.
General relationships characterizing the spontaneous karst water
yield in seams were derived from hydraulic-probalistic calculations.
A quadratic relationship between the karst water yield and the
depression was established. The effect of protective layers can
not be determined from water yield measurements. The water yield
is proportional to the surface area of the opened-up field and to
the square root of the turbulent depression occurring in the cracked
rock, and is reduced by simultaneity. The individual yields are
determined by a cross-section area of the cracks connecting the mine
space with the aquifers and by the depth-dependent water pressure
rather than by the paths formed in the karst aquifers.
*Hydrologic aspects, *Water quantity, *Karst, Equations, Pressure,
Aquifers, Turbulence
*Water yield, Depth dependent water pressure
060H
THE SOIL AS A PHYSICAL FILTER,
Thomas, R. E.,
Environmental Protection Agency,
Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 40-46. 10 ref.
Soil is a mixture of mineral particles, organic material, air, and water.
The pore space occupied by air or water may be as much as 50 percent of
the total volume, and the pathway of movement through these pores is a maze
of varying sized channels. It is the size distribution and the nature of
this maze which controls the capability of the soil to filter out suspended
solids that are found in treatment plant effluents or industrial waste
waters. Several approaches to utilize this filtering capability of the
soil for disposal or renovation of municipal effluents and industrial
waste waters include septic tank-soil absorption systems, cropland irrigation
systems, surface disposal systems, and groundwater recharge systems;.
Clogging of the filter and management practices which can be used to extend
the life of the filter are discussed.
*Filters, *Soil amendments, *Soil analysis, Soil physical properties,
Waste disposal, Soil disposal fields, Soil types, Suspended solids
665
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061H
THE SOIL AS A CHEMICAL FILTER,
Ellis, B. G.
Michigan State University, Department of Crop and
Soil Sciences
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 47-72. 1 fig, 3 tab, 98 ref.
The areas of soil chemistry which are of most importance for the soil
to act as a chemical filter are: ion exchange, adsorption and precipitation,
and chemical alteration. This discussion includes the theory of each
process and the importance of each process to waste disposal systems.
*Filters, *Soil chemistry, Ion exchange, Adsorption, Precipitation,
Soil chemical properties, Waste disposal
062H
THE SOIL AS A BIOLOGICAL FILTER,
Miller, R. H.
The Ohio State University, Department of Agronomy
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 73-94. 3 tab, 58 ref.
The groups of organisms comprising the soil biological filter are bacteria
actinomycete, fungi, protozoa, algae, soil micro- and macro-animals,
and higher plants. The various microbial reactions which influence the
success of soil as a filter for renovating municipal waste water and sludge
are reviewed. The majority of these activities are beneficial for
maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of the soil filter. Only
one reaction, nitrification, can be considered detrimental to the success
of the soil filter when the disposal method maintains adequate soil aeration.
Also, it should be emphasized that prolonged periods of anaerobiosis must
be avoided for the proper functions of the microbial component of the
soil filter. Finally, proper management of land disposal systems for
liquid waste regardless of the mode of application must provide for
periods of adequate aeration.
*Filters, *Soil bacteria, Municipal wastes, Waste disposal, Nitrification,
Soil disposal fields, Application techniques, Aeration
666
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063H
RENOVATING SECONDARY EFFLUENT BY GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
WITH INFILTRATION BASINS,
Bouwer, H.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture
Research Service, U. S. Water Conservation Laboratory
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 146-156. 1 tab, 10 ref.
The Salt River Valley in Central Arizona is changing from a predominantly
agricultural to a predominantly urban valley. Groundwater currently
supplies about one-third of the municipal and agricultural water needs
in the area of the Salt River Project. The resulting depletion of the
groundwater can be reduced if the sewage effluent produced by the
increasing population can be reused. Unrestricted use of sewage effluent
for recreational lakes and irrigation requires tertiary treatment. A
promising technique for such treatment in the Salt River Valley would be
by groundwater recharge with spreading basins in the Salt River bed.
Because the performance of a land-filtration system depends so much on
the local conditions of climate, soil, and groundwater, a pilot system,
called the Flushing Meadows Project, was installed in 1967. The findings
obtained and their use in the design of a large-scale system are presented.
*Groundwater recharge, *Pit recharge, Data collections, Design criteria,
Arizona, Performance, Infiltration, Waste water treatment, Tertiary treatment
064H
IMPLEMENTING THE CHICAGO PRAIRIE PLAN,
Kudma, F., and Kelly, G.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago,
Illinois
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 342-347.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago has developed a
program for the recycle and reuse of sewerage solids, the by-products
of the water reclamation process. It is a far-reaching, environmentally
sound program called the "The Prairie Plan". Based on a principle of
watershed planning, it utilizes the ground as an immense, natural filter
and collection system. Utilizing a single watershed with known physical
characteristics as the basis for application, not only do the soil and
living parts act as a filter, but also there is a natural way to collect
all of the filtered runoff at one point for continuous monitoring and
water quality control. The result is a flowing stream which is clean,
free from silt, and potentially a valuable resource for recreational,
commercial, and industrial development. The first implementation of
"The Prairie Plan" is being carried out on over 7000 acres of land in
Fulton County, Illinois. A description of the plan is given.
*Project planning, *Recycling, *Sewage disposal, *Watershed management,
Filters, Application techniques, Monitoring, Water quality control,
Water reuse, Illinois
667
-------
065H
THE SEALING MECHANISM OF WASTEWATER PONDS,
Chang, A. C., Olmstead, W. R., Johanson, J. B., and
Yamashita, G.
California University, Department of Soil Science
and Agriculture, Riverside, California
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7,
p 1715-1721, July, 1974. 5 fig, 5 tab, 11 ref.
The change of hydraulic conductivity in soils under prolonged submergence of
waste water has been determined together with the chemical change of soils
at the bottom of waste water ponds and the mechanism that reduces the rate
of infiltration in these ponds. Columns of four different soil types re-
covered from the bottom of the pond indicated a quick reduction of soil
hydraulic conductivity and a sharp increase of leachable cations and anions
in all soils studied. The layer that restricted the movement of water ini-
tially occurred at the surface, two inches into the soil column. The initial
sealing was caused by the physical entrapment of suspended particles in soil
followed by a secondary mechanism of microbial growth that completely sealed
off the soil from water movement. The drying of these completely sealed off
columns returned the hydraulic conductivity of columns back to the initial
magnitude thus indicating that the inhibition of water movement in soils w.ns
not caused by the change of cations that cause the deflocculation of soil
particles.
*Soil water movement, *Hydraulic conductivity, *Soil types, Waste storage,
Ponds, Soil chemistry, Cations, Anions, Suspended solids, Microbial
degradation
066H
SEASONAL EFFECTS IN FLOOD SYNTHESIS,
Brater, E. F., Sangal, S., and Sherrill, J. D.
University of Michigan, Department of Civil
Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, p 441-445, June, 1974. 6 fig,
3 tab, 8 ref.
The effect of urbanization on flood flows is studied by analyzing inputs and
corresponding flood hydrographs from many watersheds, along with corresponding
inputs and responses from watershed models. The inputs consist of precipita-
tion plus snowmelt minus infiltration and retention. Because of the large
seasonal variation in infiltration rates, accuracy was improved by treating
rainfall frequencies seasonally in predicting flood runoff from precipitation
and snowmelt. A procedure was also developed for including snowmelt with
sinter rains, and the resulting frequency curves of rain plus snowmelt are
presented and compared with conventional rainfall frequency curves. It was
shown, as example, that a large difference exists between typical winter and
summer patterns in southeastern Michigan.
Urbanization, *Flood flow, *Watersheds (Basins), *Hydrographs, Hydrograph
analysis, Model studies, Precipitation, Snowmelt, Infiltration, Retention,
Seasonal, Storm runoff, Michigan
668
-------
06 7H
FIELD STUDY OF THE FLOW PROCESSES IN A POROUS
AQUIFER BY MEANS OF TRACER DYES (FELDUNTERSUCHUNGEN
VON FLIESSVORGAENGEN IN EINEM PORENGRUNDWASSERLEITER MITTELS
FARBSTOFFINDIKATOREN),
Atakan, Y., Roether, W.,, Matthees, G., and Muennich, K.
Gas-Wasser-Fach-Wasser/Abwasser, Vol. 115, No. 4, p 159-164,
April, 1974. 8 fig, 1 tab, 10 ref.
The flow rate and the longitudinal dispersion of groundwater in a
porous aquifer (sand) in the Upper Rhine Valley was studied by means
of rhodamine B and uranin at depths of 3.5-5.5 m; 8-9 m, and 13-15
m. Both the flow rate and the flow direction were found to be prac-
tically identical within this depth range. The rate of propagation
averaged 40 m per annum. Increase of the dispersion coefficient
with depth in a range of 0.0005-0.0037 sq cm/sec was determined.
*Flow rate, *Aquifers, Groundwater, Analytical techniques
*Rhine Valley, Tracer dyes, Rhodanine B, Uranin, Dispersion coefficient
068H
EXPERIENCES WITH THE 14C AND TRITIUM METHODS IN APPLIED
HYDROGEOLOGY (ERFAHRUNGEN MIT DER 14C- UNO 3H-METHODE
IN DER ANGEWANDTEN HYDROGEOLOGIE),
Geyh, M. A.
Oesterreichlsche Wasserwirtschaft, Vol. 26, No. 3/4, p 49-54, April
1974. 4 fig, 36 ref.
Experiences gained during the last five years with the application of the
14C and tritium tracing methods in applied hydrogeology are presented. The
tracer methods proved useful, especially in the study of underground waters
in confined aquifers in loose rocks. These methods were used primarily for
the determination of the flow velocity and direction, for the localization
of water capture areas and preferred flowpaths, as well as for the explora-
tion of hydraulic communications among different groundwater systems. In
the case of unconfined aquifers in loose rocks, tracing methods supply
qualitative information on the hydrodynamic conditions. Reliable, quanti-
tative interpretation of the results is possible. The interpretation of
tracing data in solid rocks is problematic and even impossible if large
storage spaces are present in the source and capture area.
*Hydrogeology, Radioactive tracers, Aquifers, Flow characteristics,
Hydraulics, Groundwater
C-14 tracing, Tritium tracing, Flowpath
669
-------
06 9H
AERATION REVITALIZES RESERVOIR,
McCullough, J. R.
Schramm, Incorporated, Aeration Division, West
Chester, Pennsylvania
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 6, p 84-85, June, 1974. 2 fig.
A dual pressure diffusion system, designed by Schraram, Incorporated, has
been instrumental in mixing the reservoir waters of Prompton Lake, a highly
stratified recreational water body in Northeastern Pennsylvania. In the
system air is fed into a primary manifold at 70 to 100 psig and metered into
the diffusers through a patented device at 50-foot intervals. The air is
released from the diffusers in sufficient volume and with just enough pres-
sure to overcome the hydrostatic head allowing the air to rise because of its
buoyancy. Thus it entrains water, mixing the layers of water and, simultane-
ously increases the dissolved oxygen levels in the water. The system is de-
signed to perform the destratification function with careful attention to ef-
ficiency and keeping the costs down.
*Destratification, *Aeration, *Mixing, *Equipment, Dissolved oxygen,
Performance, Pennsylvania, Patents
*Diffuser
070H
GROUND-WATER QUALITY STUDY,
White, N. F., and Sunada, D. K.
Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Vol. 100, No. IRS, p 277-292,
September, 1974. 6 fig, 4 tab, 9 ref.
Groundwater contamination was studied at Severance Basin in Colorado. Water
quality was analyzed for both geologic and hydrologic detail. Increasing
contamination in the basin was attributed to leaching of applied fertilizer,
drainage from silage pits and feed lots, percolation of contaminants from oil
field brine pits, and geologic contamination of the aquifer. Data limitations
made it difficult to isolate sources of groundwater contamination. Major
causes of contamination in this aquifer were concluded to be a combination
of a high rate of evapotransplration and the relatively low surface and ground-
water outflow from the basin. This resulted in total dissolved solids in the
basin increasing at the rate of 170 ppm per year. When irrigation was ac-
companied by high evapotranspiration rates, mechanism of pollution proved to
be a major cause of aquifer contamination.
*Groundwater, *Contaminatlon, *Hydrologic aspects, Basins, Drainage,
Aquifers, Data analysis, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation, Dissolved solids
670
-------
071H
CONTINUOUS SIMULATION MODELS IN URBAN HYDROLOGY,
Linsley, R., and Crawford, N.
Stanford University, Stanford, California
Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 1, No. 1, p 59-62, May, 1974. 2 fig. 10 ref.
Continuous hydrologic simulation is defined. The information needs for
urban water management systems are discussed and the use of a continuous
simulation model of hydrologic data in meeting these information needs is
reviewed. For most planning efforts, data on probability of occurrence of
events is required. In most urban situations this can only be provided by
use of a continuous simulation model.
*Hydrologic aspects, *Model studies, *Water resources management,
*Simulation models, Urban hydrology
Continuous simulation models
072H
A STUDY: EFFECTS OF GEOLOGY AND NUTRIENTS ON WATER-
QUALITY DEVELOPMENT,
Stone, L. J.
Cullen College of Engineering
Houston University, Houston, Texas,
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 8, p 489-494,
August, 1974. 15 fig, 1 tab, 25 ref.
Two watersheds in northwest Arkansas were studied for geology and land
use in order to relate stream-water-quality development to the environ-
mental factors present in the ecosystem. Relationships established were
water quality-geology and water quality-nutrient loading. Analysis in-
cluded pH, alkalinity, calcium hardness, and electrical conductance of the
geological formations. The areas of study contained low population density
of both humans and animals. It was projected that any increase in either
population will markedly increase the nutrient loadings in stream flow. Data
are to be used for future basin management and water quality control.
*Watersheds, *Hydrology, *Water quality control, Environmental effects,
Alkalinity, Geology, Populations, Stream flow, Water resources management
(applied)
Nutrient loading
671
-------
073H
BINARY TREE MODEL SIMULATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF URBAN
HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS,
Surkan, A. J., and Kelton, P.
Nebraska University, Lincoln, Nebraska,
Department of Computer Science
International Journal of Systems Science, Vol. 5, No. 7, p 639-653,
July, 1974. 9 fig, 3 ref.
A simulator of urban hydrologic networks was designed based primarily
on geometric descriptors. Its application is demonstrated using data
from the Northwood Gaging Installation in Baltimore, Maryland. The
simulator incorporates a binary tree model of the network, a polygon
representation of the storm geometry, and time-varying rainfall in-
tensity to produce simulated hydrographs of flow. A comparison between
simulated hydrographs and experimental runoff graphs is made.
*Urban hydrology, *Hydrograph analysis, Model studies, Data analysis,
Flow, Experiments
Northwood Gaging Installation, Baltimore, Maryland, Runoff graphs
074H
THE HYDRAULICS OF WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS: PART ONE.
THE EFFECT OF HYDRAULIC FLOW CHARACTERISTICS ON TREATMENT
EFFICIENCY; PART TWO. THE EFFECT OF WIND ON MIXING IN
STRATIFIED AND UNSTRATIFIED PONDS,
Watters, G. Z.
Utah State University, Logan, Utah, College of Engineering,
Utah Water Research Laboratory
Office of Water Resources Research Final Report A-008-Utah, June, 1972.
245 p, 81 fig, 9 tab, 65 ref, 1 append.
Biological activity in a waste stabilization pond is greatly influenced
by the environmental conditions of temperature, wind, sunlight, and the
hydraulic flow patterns. The hydraulic flow characteristics will have
an effect on the dispersion and the average detention time of the waste
and on the BOD and pathogenic organism removal efficiency of the treatment
process. The effects of hydraulic flow characteristics on the treatment
efficiency were evaluated by using information that is obtained from the
age distribution functions of the fluid particles within a continuous flow
process vessel. The report presents the literature reviews, theoretical
developments, experimental procedures, and the presentation and discussion
of results for both sections. A mathematical model was designed to be
used in conjunction with another equation to predict treatment efficiencies.
*Waste treatment, *Hydraulics, *Flow, Hydraulic models, Flow characteristics,
Sewage lagoons, Oxidation lagoons, Biological treatment, Mathematical
models, Reviews
Stabilization ponds, Hydraulic flow characteristics
672
-------
075H
FEASIBILITY OF HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT AND TREATMENT OF GROUND
HOUSEHOLD THROUGH SEWERS,
Guzdar, A. R. and Rhee, S. S.
Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated, Waltham, Massachusetts
National Technical Information Service Report PB-229 256, April, 1974.
200 p, 67 fig, 9 tab, 38 ref, 2 append.
This paper examined the feasibility of hydraulic transport of ground
household refuse through the straight pipes of existing sewers by studying
the gravity flow of ground refuse slurry through inclined pipes. The
feasibility of treating domestic sewage containing ground refuse was
studied by conducting a laboratory analysis of the sewage-refuse slurry.
From the results of the study, it was concluded that the transport of
ground refuse through existing sewer lines is feasible and that it is
also feasible to treat ground refuse in sewage in at least 0.5 to 1 percent
concentrations, with qualifications. Additional work must be completed
before implementation. Areas for future research are suggested.
*Hydraulic transportation, *Sewers, *Solid wastes, Sewage treatment,
Sewage disposal, Cities, Domestic wastes, Municipal wastes, Sewage slurry
*Refuse, *Sanitary sewers, *Ground refuse, Solid waste management
076H
UPTAKE OF INORGANIC MERCURY BY BED SEDIMENTS,
Kudo, A., and Hart, J. S.
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3, -p 273-278, July-September,
1974. 7 fig, 21 ref.
The kinetics of inorganic mercury uptake as mercuric chloride by a variety of
freshwater river sediment types typical of Ottawa River sediments have been
studied to determine the influence of mercury concentration in water, hydro-
dynamic effects, sediment depth, aerobic or anaerobic conditions, and two types
of water. Uptake appears to depend strongly on concentration of mercury in
water and water velocity, and not on sediment depth or water type. No signi-
ficant difference in uptake rates was observed between aerobic and anaerobic
conditions during the ten days studied.
*Mercury, *Sediment load, Velocity, Kinetics, Chlorides, Freshwater, Canada
*Inorganic mercury, *Uptake rates, Mercury concentration
673
-------
077H
FILTER BASINS TO HALT POLLUTION CAUSED BY GREAT LAKES
DREDGING,
Engineering News Record, Vol. 193, No. 8, p 20-21, August 15, 1974.
With the construction of huge settling basins contained within dikes the
problem of disposal of polluted materials dredged from the bottom of inland
harbors and channels is being solved in the Great Lakes region. These rubble
embankments, called filtration walls, consist: of natural stone and sand filter
beds. The theory behind the design is that: contaminated solids will settle
out, forming new land while the liquids will filter back into the lakes con-
siderably purified and relatively free of suspended solids. The historical
and technological development of such basins is described.
*Water purification, Filtration, Dredging, Design criteria, Great Lakes,
Technology, Water pollution control, Settling basins
Filtration walls
078H
FLOOD ESTIMATION FOR URBAN AND RURAL CATCHMENTS,
Aitken, A. P.
Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation,
Hydrology Branch, Australia
Australian Road Research, Vol. 5, No. 3 p 50-71, October, 1973.
5 fig, 38 ref.
Existing and developing procedures for flood estimation of urban and rural
catchments in Australia are surveyed. A 1958 publication entitled Australian
Rainfall and Runoff, which has been a guide to practicing engineers, is now
being revised. Criticisms of the publication follow new developments in
hydrology, particularly those of mathematical and computer models. Methods
for studying urban catchments include the Transport and Road Research
Laboratory Hydrograph Model (TRRL), a British computer model; the Rational
Formula, a statistical model; and mathematical models such as the complex
Storm Water Management Model. Mathematical models may have indirect or
direct applications. It was concluded, for urban catchments, that despite
its limitations, the Rational Formula is the most widely used in Australia,
and that additional research is needed, including collection of more urban
rainfall-runoff data. Methods for investigating flood estimation for rural
catchments include the Rational Formula, the soil conservation method, the
Bureau of Public Roads method, and the tacitly maximised peak method.
Hydrograph techniques and mathematical models are still in developmental
stages for rural areas. A frequency analysis of stream flow records is the
most used method for Australian rural flood estimation.
*Flood forecasting, *Mathematical models, *Hydrographs, *Rational formula,
*Australia, Computer models, Engineering, Rural areas, Urban areas
Transport and Road Research Laboratory Hydrograph, Storm Water Management
Model
674
-------
079H
URBAN RUNOFF BY LINEARIZED SUBHYDROGRAPHIC METHOD,
Chien, J-S., and Saiga, K. K.
Dalton, Dalton, Little, Newport, Incorporated, Cleveland,
Ohio
Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 100, No. HY8, p 1141-1157,
August, 1974. 6 fig, 2 tab, 19 ref.
A review of the general analytical methodologies in urban hydrology and the
development of the Linearized Subhydrographs Method for Urban Runoff
Determination are presented. The Linearized Subhydrographs Method is
considered a useful tool for the design of a new system and the analysis
of an existing system. It uses the principle of mass conservation and
simple parameters and functional relationships. Peak rates of runoff are
computed from the runoff coefficient. Linear variation of the rising limb
and the receding limb of the subhydrograph for a small basin is assumed.
Kinematic wave time to equilibrium is used as a factor for the determination
of Subhydrographs. When this method was applied to the typical urban
drainage basin at Oakdale Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, the predicted hydro-
graphs and the recorded hydrographs were in agreement in time synchronization,
and the predicted peak rates of runoff were close to the recorded ones.
*Urban runoff, *Runoff forecasting, *Hydrographs, Runoff coefficient,
Peak discharge, Hydrology, Drainage area
*Linearized Subhydrographs, Mass conservation, Kinematic wave time
080H
ON THE MODELLING OF CORRELATION FUNCTIONS FOR RAINFALL
STUDIES,
Sharon, D.
Hebrew University,
Jerusalem, Israel
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 22, No. 3/4, p 219-224, August, 1974.
2 fig, 11 ref.
Localized rainfall may be studied by correlation-distance relationships.
Analysis has been applied to network design, with the goal of determining
minimum requirements to obtain accurate averages of precipitation for a
given area. If correlation analysis is to be applicable to rainfall
situations, the criteria for including days in the sample should allow
for days with localized rainfall. Also, correlation functions should be
derived separately for groups of days, storms or hours that are homogeneous
with respect to the nature of the precipitation, and the model should be
adapted to non-monotonous correlation functions, for which certain apparent
irregularities may have meterological or climatological significance.
No all-inclusive model is possible for localized rainfall; and there must be
further investigation of the behavior of correlation functions under various
circumstances.
*Rainfall, *Correlation analysis, Model studies, Hydrologic aspects
*Localized rainfall models;, Monotonous correlation functions
675
-------
081H
GEOTHEMAL WELLS IN IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA:
DESALTING POTENTIALS, HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND
A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY,
El-Ramly, N., Peterson, R. E., and Seo, K. K..
National Water Supply Improvement Association Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1,
p 31-38, July, 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab, 26 ref.
Possible solutions to future water shortages include waste water reclama-
tion, importation, and desalting of sea or brackish water, but all of these
are energy-intensive and energy is also in short supply. A potentially
important source of readily available energy is geothermal brine, which is
an underground resource found in abundance in the Imperial Valley, California.
The background of geothermal well drilling in the Imperial Valley region is
presented. Field research is being performed in the areas of heat-exchange
technology and geothermal desalting. Brine disposal has been one problem
holding back geothermal development. About two pounds of brine are produced
for every pound of steam generated. The corrosive and scaling nature of the
geothermal brines have stopped large scale commercial development so far.
One process appears to offer promise for future developments; the Magmama
power process is a vapor-turbine cycle. Hot brine is pumped up from the
geothermal reservoir and the phase change of water to steam is suppressed.
The brine is cooled in a heat exchanger where it heats a secondary fluid
with a low boiling point, such as isobutane or freon, which is then used to
drive a turbogenerator in a closed cycle. The cooled brine is injected into
a well to maintain the underground reservoir pressures. The establishment
of the feasibility of geothermal power in Imperial Valley will provide
electrical energy and will better the prospects of a dual purpose geothermal
power-desalting project in the Valley.
*Geothermal studies, *Desalination, *Energy, *Brines, Brine disposal,
Corrosion, Scaling, Temperature, Thermal water, Heat transfer, California,
Potable water
Imperial Valley, California
082H
UTILIZATION OF THE EARTH'S NATURAL HEATING SYSTEM TO
DESALT GEOTHERMAL BRINES FOR AUGMENTATION OF THE
COLORADO RIVER SYSTEM,
Lundberg, E. A.
Bureau of Reclamation, United States Department of the Interior,
Boulder City, Nevada, Lower Colorado Regional Office
National Water Supply Improvement Association Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, p 39-51,
July 1974. 9 fig, 3 tab.
The available surface water supplies in the Colorado River Basin are being depleted
by increasing agricultural demands and by an expanding population which is using
water at a higher per capita rate. Water quality problems also exist in the Imperial
Valley, California, because of the presence of highly saline soils and many saline
springs which add significant quantities of salt to the river. Geothermal sources
stored in the form of a hot brine underground in the Imperial Valley have the poten-
tial to yield economical new supplies of fresh water by desalting and also to
yield mineral by-products and the production of electricity. A program for water
production from the geothermal resources consists of three proposed stages: the
research and development stage; the demonstration stage; and, the large-scale
development stage. The research and development stage is now in progress and includes
extensive geological, geophysical, and water chemistry investigations to determine
the potential and extent of the geothermal resource. The demonstration stage
would show the viability of large-scale development. The large-scale development
stage is the fully operational stage which could augment the Colorado River by
several million acre-feet of desalted water annually and would have an associated
electric power production. Investigations completed include the drilling of two
geothermal wells, one to 8030 feet and the other to 6005 feet and the installation
of two desalting test units, a multistage flash unit and a vertical tube evaporator.
The proposed next step in the investigations is the construction of a pilot plant
capable of processing 200,000 to 500,000 gallons per day.
*Geothermal studies, *Desalination, *Brines, *Energy, Thermal water, Potable
water, Water resources development, Hater quality control, California
Imperial Valley, California
6Z6
-------
MISCELLANEOUS
001J
PETROLEUM REFINERY EFFLUENT REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES,
(Canadian) Environmental Protection Service Regulations, Codes and Protocol
Report No. EPS l-WP-74-1 January, 1974.
As of November 1973, regulations respecting deleterious substances in liquid
effluents from petroleum refineries were annexed to the Canadian Fisheries
Act. Specific substances; included under said regulations include oil and
grease, phenols, sulfide, ammonia nitrogen, total suspended matter, and any
substance capable of altering the pH of liquid effluent or once-through cooling
water. Simultaneously issued by the Department of the Environment were guide-
lines respecting acute toxicity of liquid effluents from petroleum refineries
and the quality of liquid effluents from existing petroleum refineries. Also
detailed are explanatory notes regarding the regulations and both guideline
criteria.
*Regulations, Liquid Wastes, Effluents, *0il Industry, Oil Wastes,
Toxicity, Standards, Canada, Quality Control, Oil, Phenols, Sulfides, Hydrogen
Ion Concentration, Suspended Load, Ammonia Cooling Water
002J
THE EFFECTS OF HOUSEHOLD SANITARY SYSTEMS ON EFFLUENT PHOSPHATE
LEVELS,
La Valle, P.
Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality Report No. 72-5-14
March 1973.
Work conducted to assess the variation of phosphate input to urban water-
ways from residential areas serviced by septic tanks and sanitary systems is
outlined. Data collected on the population density of each sample area, and
the amount of phosphorus in household detergents as well as lawn and garden
fertilizers is included. For a number of urban watersheds, the presence of
household septic tank systems played a major role in determining stream
phosphate concentrations accounting for 56-76 percent of the spatial variation
in stream total phosphate levels and 61-77 percent of the spatial variation
in orthophosphate levels. Rainfall and fertilizer usage inputs were also
statistically significant but secondary to septic tank systems. Results
suggest that if phosphate pollution abatement is to be practiced, a concerted
effort should be made to serve all urban residential units by an integrated
sewer system with subsequent phosphate removal at the wastewater treatment
plant. Also that septic tanks are not an efficient means of keeping excessive
quantities of phosphates from local stream systems.
*Phosphates, Sanitary Engineering, *Septic Tanks, *Sewers, Urban Drainage,
Urbanization, Pollution Abatement, Effluents, Canada, Data Collections
677
-------
00 3J
LAND APPLICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE,
Bates, T.
Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality Report No. 71-4-1
September, 1972.
This report details a literature review undertaken to determine the extent of
present knowledge for ecologically safe and agriculturally productive applica-
tion of sewage sludges to farm lands. It was concluded that sludge is quite
variable in solids and nutrient content from one sewage plant to another
and also on a daily basis. Nitrogen is likely to control rates of sludge
application which should be restricted to those needed for crop production,
yet leaching of phosphorus into the groundwater is not expected to be a major
problem controlling application rates. Reports indicate that the raetals
copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, chromium, and lead are high in some sludges
and may be cause for concern. Studies are reported on the survival of human
and animal pathogens and viruses whose populations are reduced by anaerobic
digestion and eliminated by heat drying. No information was found concerning
the land application of sludges resulting from treating sewage with chemicals
for the removal of nutrients. Little information is available on times and
methods of sludge applications which will prevent or eliminate water contamina-
tion by erosion and runoff.
Reviews, *Sewage Sludge, *Farm Management, Nitrogen, Nutrients, Application
Methods, Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Nickel, Chromium, Lead, Viruses, *Sewage
Treatment, Sludge Disposal, Pathogenic Bacteria
004J
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR,
Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973.
The Phosphorus Removal Design Seminar was intended to provide an exchange
of information between consulting engineers and government personnel involved
in the design and approval of phosphorus removal facilities at waste treatment
plants. The seminar was divided into four sessions covering various aspects of
phosphorus removal and included: a general session; mechanical and process
design session; costs, instrumentation, and chemical handling session; and,
a sludge handling, treatment, and disposal session. The papers presented
at each session are contained in the conference proceedings and should
serve as a useful reference for the design of phosphorus removal facilities
at sewage treatment plants.
*Conferences, Documentation, Canada, Phosphorus., Treatment Facilities, Sewage
Treatment, *Design Criteria, Engineering Education
*Phosphorus Removal
678
-------
005J
REGIONAL WATER AUTHORITIES: ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS -
PURPOSE OR PROFESSIONAL,
Nunn, G. and Hattersley, R.
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 72, No. 8, p 675-692, 1973. 3 fig, 7 ref.
Since 1967 the need to establish single purpose regional authorities for
administration of sewage purification services has been evidenced, affirmed,
and reaffirmed. This paper gives considerable attention to the ultimate form
the reorganization will take, stressing organizational patterns rather than
detailed structures. The work of the regional water authorities is discussed
function by function, the provisional pattern immediately after reorganization
has been considered, and alternatives put forward based on professional
grouping. The resultant recommendation is a functional pattern which should
ensure that the regional water authorities are largely made up of inter-
disciplinary groups making their careers in departments having a clear
functional purpose.
Administration, *Water Management (Applied), Regional Development, *Sewage
Districts, *Planning, Organizations
Great Britain
006J
MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES: NOW AND THE FUTURE,
Snape, T. R.
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 72, No. 8, p 666-674, 1973. k fig.
In this paper it is maintained that water is a growth industry, and thus has
characteristic problems related to the pace of change. Said problems of
change are essentially to do with people and their attitudes, their adaptability,
their ability to grasp and exploit new opportunities, and their ability to
plan and control the change. The validity of this contention is explored
together with management priorities for the future from the consultant's
point of view.
*Personnel Management, *Water Allocation (Policy), Water Management (Applied),
Administration
679
-------
00 7 J
EFFLUENT STANDARDS STRATEGY: REJUVENATION OF AN OLD GAME
PLAN,
Cleary, E. J.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 9-17,
January, 1974. 11 ref.
In this paper the events that have contributed to the new federal policy of
placing primary reliance on uniform effluent standards for the achievement of
clean water goals are traced. Merits and limitations associated with the two
regulatory concepts are outlined and earlier applications of effluent standards
practice by certain state and interstate regulatory agencies are cited.
*Effluents, Standards, *Water Pollution Control, Application Methods,
Environmental Control, Water Quality Standards, Legislation, *Federal Government
Environmental Protection Agency
00 8 J
RESULTS OF RED TIDE FORMATION IN TOKYO BAY,
Tsuji, T., Seki, H., and Hattori, A.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 1, p 165-172,
January, 1974. 6 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
The status of eutrophication in Tokyo Bay was investigated from August 1971
to May 1972 with special attention given to the formation of a microaerobic
zone. This zone appeared in the bottom layer in the region of a gyre of the
coastal water in the inner part of the bay, after the occurrence of the red
tide caused by phytoplankton. On the basis of measured oxygen consumption
rates, it is suggested that the multiple crops of phytoplankton in a red
tide are transported downward to the bottom layer before their easily decom-
posable fraction has been decomposed in the upper layers.
*Eutrophication, investigations, Coasts, Hypolimnion, Phytoplankton,
*Red Tide, Oxygen Requirements, Degradation (Decomposition)
Tokyo Bay, Japan
680
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009J
CHANGES IN PERIPHYTIC ALGAE FOLLOWING BICARBONATE ADDITIONS
TO A SHALL STREAM,
Dickman, M.
Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 12, p 1882-1884,
December, 1973. 3 fig, 6 ref.
Additions of less than 50 mg/liter sodium bicarbonate significantly increased algal
standing crop on glass slides exposed in the treated portion of a small stream
during a two-month period. Filamentous green algae dominated the periphyton
community of both bicarbonate treated and control slides when the study was
terminated after 63 days. A slight shift in species composition toward the
Cyanophycea on the bicarbonate treated slides was also noted.
laboratory Tests, *Bicarbonates, Sodium Compounds, *Streams, Chlorophyta,
Cyanophyta, Methodology, Eutrophication
010J
SEASONAL AND SPATIAL CHANGES IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND
NUTRIENTS IN LAKE MICHIGAN,
Rousar, D. C.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 2, No. 4, p 497-514, December, 1973.
17 fig, 1 tab, 31 ref.
Samples were collected from a railroad ferry between Wisconsin and Michigan
over a period of 17 months to determine the spatial and temporal distribution
of primary production and several physical and chemical variables. Conductivity,
silica, total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, plant pigments, and
carbon uptake exhibited inshore-offshore differences, and all but silica
were highest at the Wisconsin inshore station, thus suggesting nutrient enrich-
ment of Lake Michigan by Milwaukee. Temperature, pH, phenolphthalein alkalinity,
nitrate, silica, plant pigments, and C uptake showed varying degrees of
seasonal change. A bimodal seasonal abundance of phytoplankton was revealed.
*Sampling, Wisconsin, Michigan, *Nutrients, Phytoplankton, Seasonal, Plant
Physiology, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Conductivity, Phosphorus,
Silica, *Lake Michigan, Temperature, Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Nitrates,
*Eutrophication, Plant Growth
Carbon Uptake, Plant Pigments, Phenolphthalein Alkalinity
681
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011J
DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHATES IN LAKE MARIUT, A HEAVILY
POLLUTED LAKE IN EGYPT,
Saad, M. A. H.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 2, No. 4, p 515-522, December, 1973.
3 fig, 28 ref.
In recent years Lake Marlut was subjected to severe pollution. The phosphate
content of this Lake was exceedingly higher than that of the other Egyptian
Lakes. The distribution of phosphates in Lake Mariut was found to depend upon
certain factors which are discussed herein.
*Lakes, *Phosphates, *Distribution Patterns, Seasonal, Investigations, Water
Pollution, *Environmental Effects, Water Pollution Sources
Lake Mariut, Egypt, Phosphate Distribution
012J
LEACHING REQUIREMENT STUDIES: SENSITIVITY OF ALFALFA TO
SALINITY OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE WATERS,
Bernstein, L. and Francois, L. E.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 37, No. 6, p 931-943,
November-December, 1973. 4 fig, 10 tab, 17 ref.
Alfalfa was grown in 0.6 by 1.5 meter greenhouse lysimeters and irrigated with
two waters of EC 1 and 2 mmho/cm prepared by adding equivalent amounts of NaCl
and CaC12 to a 0.4 mmho/cm tap water. Yields showed relatively little effect
of leaching fraction (LF) within the limits consistent with steady-state salt
balance for suction-drained lysimeters but decreased 26 percent at the lowest
LF for gravity-drained lysimeters. Cessation of leaching or reduction of LF
to levels requiring drainage water salinities for salt balance at steady
state to exceed 35 mmho/cm eventually reduced yields. Yield response appears
to be related to the calculated mean salinity against which water was absorbed,
which is influenced more by the salinity of the irrigation water than by
the salinity of the drainage water. LF in the broad range that permitted
nearly maximum growth had essentially no effect on water requirement or on
Na and Cl contents of the harvested alfalfa. Increasing irrigation water
salinity in the range 0.4 to 2 mmho/cm consistently increased plant Na and
Cl contents, but had no effect on water requirement. Implications of the
demonstrated lower leaching requirements for irrigation management and
drainage and for water quality assessment are discussed.
*Alfalfa, *Lysimeters, *Leaching, *Water Quality Control, Irrigation Operation &
Management, Irrigation Effects, Salt Balance, Drainage Water, Investigations,
Salts, Chlorides, Soil Profiles, Water Requirements
682
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013J
THE SEVERN SCHEME OF THE BRISTOL WATERWORKS COMPANY,
Water and Water Engineering, Vol. 77, No. 933, p 431-432, November, 1973.
The first phase works described herein augment the Bristol Waterworks Company's
potable water supply by 24 mgd with provision in phase two for extension to
supply a further 12 mgd, thus meeting predicted demands into the 1990's.
The aim has been to provide buildings of a functional, industrial style with
space to accommodate the additional requirements of the second phase extensions.
*Potable Water, *Water Supply, Water Purification, Equipment, *Treatment
Facilities, Construction Materials
Great Britain
014J
TRENT-WITHAM-AN CHOLME SCHEME AND PROJECT OF THE
LINCOLNSHIRE RIVER AUTHORITY,
Hawkins, H. S. and Arrowsmith, J. D.
The Public Health Engineer, No. 6, p 255-272, November, 1973.
A brief description of the organization and establishment of the Lincolnshire
River Authority (LRA) is given. Regulation of the three titled rivers exists to
enhance the water resources and meet public water supply demands. An outline
of this conservation scheme together with design criteria and construction
requirements authorized by the LRA are included.
*Water Resources, *Water Demand, *River Training, *Control Systems, Instrumenta-
tion, Pipelines, Design Criteria, Reservoirs, Outlets, Pumping Plants,
Chlorination, Water Quality
Great Britain
683
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015J
ACCUMULATION PHENOMENON WHICH TAKES PLACE IN A MUSSEL (MYTILUS
GALLOPROVINCIALIS LMK) GROWN IN AN ARTIFICIALLY POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT,
VERIFICATION OF A SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF THE DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM OF
METAL RIPARTITION BETWEEN MUSSELS AND SEA-WATER, NOTE II -
POLLUTION FROM COPPER,
Majorl, L. and Petronio, F.
L'Igiene Modema, Vol. 66, No. 1, p 64-78, January-February, 1973. 7 fig,
3 tab, 31 ref.
Research consisting of the evaluation of the potential damage due to pollution
by metals using as the biological indicator, mussels, and its capability to
act as a local pollution warning-signal, is explained. Such evaluations are
quantified by the use of a dynamic kinetic model of the metal division between
mussel and water. Results of experimental research show that mussel ability
to accumulate copper in polluted waters thus confirming aforementioned
research purposes.
investigations, *Evaluatlon, Metals, *Water Pollution Sources, Mussels,
*Bioindicators, Model Studies, *Copper
016J
A NOTE CONCERNING THE ENVIRONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITY OF NITRILO-
TRIACETIC ACID (NTA) : THE EFFECT OF NTA ON THE GROWTH OF
GYMNODINIUM BREVE,
Doig, M. T. and Martin D. F.
Environmental Letters, Vol. 6, No. 1, p 31-36, 1974. 1 tab, 12 ref.
The effect of NTA on the growth of Gymnodinium breve was determined by a
modification of the flask test. The response of G. breve to enrichment of
natural waters with NTA alone or NTA in the presence of domestic waste
materials was evaluated in terms of the following four growth parameters:
lag time, growth constant, mean generation time, and maximum cell count.
nta was not toxic to G. breve at concentrations up to 10 ppm and no
biostimulatory effects were noted.
Nitrilotriacetic Acid, *Gymnodinium, *Analytical Techniques, Domestic Wastes,
Eutrophication, Toxicity, *Growth Rates
Lag Time, Growth Constant, Mean Generation Time, Maximum Cell Count
684
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017J
THE USE OF ALGAL ASSAYS FOR DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF IRON AND
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS ON THE GROWTH OF VARIOUS ALGAL SPECIES,
Clasen, J. and Bernhardt, H.
Water Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 31-44, 1974. 16 fig, 7 tab, 58 ref.
Algal assays were performed with unlalgal cultures to determine the productivity
of the water samples tested. The productivity of the water samples rich in
turbid materials and algae was higher in heat sterilized samples than those
prepared by filtration. There is a clear correlation between the productivity
of unfiltered sterilized water samples and their iron and total phosphorus
content. Assays proved that the large decrease in productivity is due chiefly
to the removal of phosphorus compounds and the removal of iron and other
unknown substances. There are indications that the amount of iron required
for growth, as compared with that of phosphorus, varies greatly depending
on the individual algal species. The significance of the algal assay and the
results relating to measures for limiting eutrophication using phosphorus
removal plants are discussed.
*Eutrophication, *Bioassays, *Algae, Water Samples, *Testing, Fertility,
Filtration, Iron, Phosphorus, Growth Rates
018J
INORGANIC NITROGEN REMOVAL IN A COMBINED TERTIARY TREATMENT-
MARINE AQUACULTURE SYSTEM - II. ALGAL BIOASSAYS,
Goldman, J. C., Tenore, K. R. and Stanley, H. I.
Water Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 55-59, 1974. 3 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
Algal bloassays, conducted on samples from various components of the combined
tertiary treatment-marine aquaculture process, demonstrated that nitrogen
removal is necessary to prevent increasing the algal growth potential of
coastal marine waters receiving wastewater discharges. When nitrogen was
removed from secondarily treated domestic wastewater, the wastewater in varying
dilutions with seawater could not support more algal growth than the seawater
alone. By adding nitrogen back to the treated wastewater the algal growth
potential was increased to that of the untreated wastewater. This was demon-
strated by assaying samples containing both artificially added nitrogen and
nitrogen regenerated by oysters. Assays of the effluent from the seaweed
system showed that the removal of regenerated nitrogen reduced the algal
growth potential to that of natural seawater.
*Bioassays, Sampling, *Tertiary Treatment, Discharge (Water), Nitrogen,
*Algal Control, *Waste Water (Pollution), Coasts
Algal Growth
685
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019J
THE SCREENING AND SELECTION OF SOLVENTS FOR THE EXTRACTION
OF PHENOL FROM WATER,
Kiezyk, P. R. and Mackay, D.
Department of Chemical Engineering, and Applied Chemistry,
University,of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 6, p 741-745,
December, 1973. 1 fig, 1 tab, 23 ref.
The thermodynamic basis for the selection of solvents for the removal of
phenol by liquid-liquid extraction from waste water is discussed. Data are
presented showing the often marked dependence of distribution coefficient on
solute concentration at levels of 5 to 100 mg/liter. Experimental data for
the infinite dilution activity coefficient of phenol in 26 solvents at 25 C
are correlated using a Regular Solution approach by assigning a value to an
interaction energy term dependent on the chemical nature of the solvent. The
accuracy is not sufficient for design purposes, but the method can be used for
screening. Toxicity and biogradability of the preferred solvents are discussed.
*Solvents, *Phenols, *Waste Water, *Separation Techniques, Toxicity,
Biodegradation
Canada
020J
RESULTS OF EXAMINATIONS OF HOSPITAL WASTE WATER
(ERGEBNISSE VON UNTERSUCHUNGEN VON KRANKENHAUSABWAESSERN) ,
Althaus, H.
Leiter der Wasserhygiene-Abteilung des hygiene-
Instituts des Ruhrgebiets, 465 Gelsenkirchen,
Rotthauser Str. 19
Oeffentliches Gesundheitswesen, Vol. 35, No. 2, p 960-140, Nov., 1973.
4 fig, 3 ref.
Examination of receiving water bodies which receive hospital wastewater
resulted in the following findings. Pathogenic germs, particularly salmonel-
la, were found in abundance. However, their presence was at a lesser degree
than from waste water discharged by a residential area, this being attributed
to the fact that disinfectants are used to treat hospital wastewater prior
to its release to the public sewer system. If the hospital is not located
near a purification plant where waste water receives treatment, then disin-
fection is practiced at the hospital by heating or chlorination before it
is discharged to the receiving streams.
*Hospitals, *Waste Water Treatment, *On-Site Investigations, *Pathogenic
Bacteria, *Salmonella, Treatment Facilities, Disinfection
686
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021J
A BIOASSAY OF TOXICITY USING PROTOZOA IN THE STUDY OF
AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION AND ITS PREVENTION,
Apostol, S.
Catedra de igiena, Institutil de medlclna lasl,
lasi, R. S. Romania
Environmental Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, p 365-372, 1973. 4 fig, 2 tab,
17 ref.
Methods are described for short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) toxi-
city evaluation in order to determine the degree of toxlcity of various
water-borne contaminants and to establish the tolerance to these agents.
The technique consists in exposure of cultures of Paramecium caudatum Ehr.
in serial dilution tests for short and extended time intervals. Results
may be rapidly obtained within a few hours in the acute and within two weeks
in the chronic tests.
*Toxicity, *Bioassay, *Evaluation, *Protozoa, Laboratory Tests, Bioindica-
tors, Water Pollution Control.
*Paramecium
022J
THE RIVER ITCHEN SCHEME OF THE PORTSMOUTH WATER COMPANY,
Water and Water Engineering, Vol. 77, No. 934, p 481-485, Dec. 1973. 1 fig.
Details of the new scheme inaugurated in October 1973 and designed to augment
the potable supplies by 10 mgd initially are given. The first stage works
includes a river intake, low lift pumping station, treatment works, high
lift pumping station, 8.5 miles of 40-inch main, and a 6 million gallon
service reservoir. The second stage works includes 2.5 miles of 36-inch
main, a 10 million gallon service reservoir, and further lengths of 20-inch
and 36-inch connecting mains.
^Treatment Facilities, ^Equipment, *Design Criteria, Pumping Plants, Sewers,
Reservoir Storage, Capital Costs, Potable Water, Water Supply, Construction,
Rivers
Great Britain
687
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023J
BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF CYCLOHEXANE PARTICIPATION OF A
CO-OXIDATION REACTION,
de Klerk, H., and van der Linden, A. C.
Koninklijke/Shell-Laboratorium, Amsterdam, the
Netherlands
Journal of Microbiology and Serology, Vol. 40, No. 1, p 7-15, 1974. 2 fig,
1 tab, 6 ref.
Complete biodegradation of cyclohexane was demonstrated to occur in a system
containing two strains of Pseudomonad bacteria, an n-alkane oxidizer and a
microorganism utilizing cyclohexanol. n-Heptane also is present as a sub-
strate for the former with neither bacterial strain being capable of utilizing
cyclohexane individually. Cyclohexane biodegradation occurs in the follow-
ing two steps: first, the conversion of cyclohexane into cyclohexanol by
the n-alkane oxidizer, and second, through utilization of cyclohexanol by
the second strain. Unsuccessful methods used to accumulate a bacterium
which could grow on cyclohexane as its sole source of carbon are described.
*Biodegradation, *0rganic Compounds, *Pseudomonas, Investigations, Labora-
tory Tests .
*Cyclohexane, *Cyclohexanol Utilization
024J
NEUROLOGICAL CHANGES IN CATS FOLLOWING LONG-TERM DIET OF
MERCURY CONTAMINATED TUNA,
Chang, L. W., Yamaguchi, S., and Dudley, A. W., Jr.
Wisconsin University, Dept. of Pathology, Madison,
Wisconsin
Acta Neuropath. (Berlin), Vol. 27, No. 2, p 171-176, 1974. 4 fig, 30 ref.
Kittens of both sexes were fed daily with mercury contaminated tuna containing
about 0.5 ppm mercury. Neurological disturbances similar to those in Mina-
mata disease or in experimental mercury intoxication were observed after
7-11 months of the experimental course. Microscopic examination revealed
dcsgenerations of the granular layer and some Purkinje neurons in the cere-
bellum. Neuronal necrosis was also observed in the cerebral cortex. This
investigation suggests that fish containing 0.5 ppm mercury may still be po-
tentially hazardous to health when consumed in excessive amounts for prolonged
periods of time.
*Mercury, *Toxicity, *Public Health, *Animal Pathology, *Tuna, Human Diseases,
Investigations, Reviews
*Meurological Disturbances, Cats, Fish Contamination
688
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025J
THE ROLE OF DISINFECTION IN THE OPTIMUM ENVIRONMENT,
Ingols, R. S.
Georgia Institute of Technology.
The Journal of the Society for Water Treatment and Examinations, Vol. 22,
No. 3, p 147-152, 1973. 10 ref.
A philosophical discussion on the definition of an optimum environment and the
role of disinfection in achieving it is presented. Part of the dilemma
facing today's control agencies lie in the fact that the answer to yesterday's
major problem is today's enigma. The best example of confusion in the aquatic
environment is the required maintenance of high free chlorine residuals
to kill all bacteria and viruses instantly in public and semipublic swimming
pools. Yet, chlorine was added to industrial wastes and failed to reduce
the bacterial count of collform organisms. In a report of studies upon
the bacterial numbers found in the swimming beaches of several small lakes,
it was found the people who swam there had fewer infections than those
people who swam in chlorinated pools. The public health philosophy stresses
a high free chlorine content, while the ecologists feel that a clear water
is not more likely to induce disease transmission than personal contact in any
other environment.
*Disinfection, *Water Purification, *Swimming pools, Chlorine, Chlorination,
Industrial Wastes, Public Health, Ecology, Environment
026J
WATER RESOURCES: KEY TO WESTERN FUTURE,
Civil Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 44, No. 3, p 84-91, March, 1974. 5 fig.
Highlights of papers from the ASCE's 1974 National Meeting on Water Resources
Engineering are presented. In the area of water reclamation, papers were
presented on water conservation in Los Angeles; deep well injection of highly
treated municipal sewage in Chicago; cloud seeding in South Dakota; and
cloud seeding and citizen's participation. Papers on water related con-
struction including the tightening of tunnel regulations; excavation in the
dry in California; dredge spoil and ecology; repair of a quake damaged
underground reservoir in the San Fernando Valley; the first U. S. bulb
turbine; and gravel mining in the Mississippi River. Professional and
planning papers included those in political contributions, a pension bill
in Congress, and salary guidelines. Papers on sanitary engineering dis-
cussed the problem in Los Angeles of source control of industrial pollutants;
leachate from landfills; methods of treating sewage sludge; a P-C tertiary
plant in Cleveland; the disposal of waste water into a saline aquifier;
and land and pond treatment around Lake Michigan. Other topics included the
ecological impact of thermal discharge; surge storage tanks; land use planning
and poor political ecological decisions.
*Water Resources, *Water Reuse, *Water Conservation, *Municipal Wastes,
*Cloud Seeding, *Tunnels, Excavation, Dredging, Reservoirs, Bulb Turbines,
Gravels, Mining, Salaries, Sanitary Engineering, Industrial Wastes, Water
Pollution Sources, Pollution Control, Leachate, Landfills, Sludge Treatment,
Tertiary Treatment, Aquifers, Saline Water, Surge Tanks, Land Use, Ecology,
Legislation, Political Decisions
Water Resources Engineering National Meeting
689
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027J
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND HIGHWAYS,
Solomon, D.
Public Roads A Journal of Highway Research and Development, Vol. 37, No. 8,
p 297-305, March, 1974. 6 fig.
Environmental research completed, underway, or planned under the Federally
Coordinated Program of Research and Development in Highway Transportation
is described. Three major research areas are involved in efforts to reduce
significant water pollution from highway sources. One is to provide re-
quirements for the quantity of water to be treated and criteria for treatment
of wastes at roadside rest areas. Physical, chemical, and biological tests
of the water and sewage will determine water quality and effectiveness of
the sewage treatment process. A second area of research involves determina-
tion of the type and amount of pollutants, their impact on the environment,
and methods for controlling pollutants contributed by the high system.
Included are such pollutants as rubber, lead, grease, and oil which collect
on the pavement surface and wash into drainage facilities. A third task has
as its objective the reduction of damage to water resources through acci-
dental spills of chemicals and other materials. Research on air quality,
noise, esthetics and visual quality, and ecological problems is also
discussed.
*Environmental Effects, *Research and Development, *Highway Effects,
Water Pollution Sources, Water Quality, Sewage Treatment, Waste Treatment,
Pollution Abatement, Air Pollution Ecology
Noise, Esthetics
028J
CLEANUP DOWN BY THE OLD MILL STREAM,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 4, p 314-315, April, 1974.
Critical comments from industrial representatives on the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 are presented. The guidelines are
considered too exact and inflexible to accommodate new pertinent information that
may result from research and development. Technical people from indus-
try have no opportunities to comment on the proposed guidelines until the
final stages of development. There does not always appear to be ground
rules for implementation of effluent guidelines. Little consideration is given
to differences between individual companies or sites. The 30-day period for
industry and public response is not sufficient for proper technical reviews
and constructive industry input. A better two way communication between
industry and government is called for so that industry can elicit uniform
definitions, consistently explained regulations, and agreed upon ranges of
numbers, and arrive at intelligent decisions and effect cost/benefit analyses.
*Federal Water Pollution Control Act, *Industrial Plants, legislation,
Administration, Political Aspects, Administrative Decisions, Evaluation
Amendments
690
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029J
A KNOWLEDGE CRISIS IN SOLID-FLUID SEPARATION?,
Chemical Engineering, Vol. 81, No. 7, p 26, 28, April 1, 1974. 2 fig,
1 tab.
Some opinions of world experts in solid fluid separation on ways to close the
solid-fluid-technology knowledge gap are presented. There is wider support
for education and research in England, Japan, and Germany than in the United
States because of greater population density which overloaded the capacity
of the rivers and forced the technology. Other countries also have closer
ties between educators and industry. Industry in the United States gives
little research opportunities to universities. Most industrial research is
done from within the company. The industrial application of solid fluid
separation, including pollution control, which most needs improvement
includes: hydrometallurgy, activated sludge separation, metal-hydroxide
removal, alum sludge dewatering, sulfur dioxide removal systems, pigment
and dyestuff processing, clarification of liquids in the food and beverage
area, sewage sludge dewatering, radioactive material concentration, shale
oil separation, tar sands separation, and removal of ash from liquefied
coal.
*Separation Techniques, *Research and Development
Solid-fluid Separation
030J
SMALL BALLS REPEAL SMELL,
Baum, H. E.
Capricorn Industrial Services, Ltd.,
London, England.
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 41-42, March, 1974. 2 fig.
Tests at a British sewage plant show that smell can be virtually eliminated
by covering liquid sewage with a ball blanket, the name given to a closely
packed layer of hollow plastics balls floating on the surface of a liquid.
Special polypropylene balls are used. A complete layer of balls arranged
in staggered rows always covers 91% of the surface. The remaining 9% consists
of small air pockets between the balls which can inhibit fume emission from
the surface in a liquid. Balls of 45 mm diameter were used to cover two
16 sq ft open sludge tanks. Immediately after the whole surface was
covered, the smell of the sludge became undetectable. From additional
laboratory tests it appears that the ball blanket encourages the water
separation process. Other possible uses of balls for sewage treatment are
being considered including their effect on agitated liquids and in reducing
the amount of foaming in the tank.
*Sewage treatment, Activated Sludge, *Liquid Wastes, Waste Water Treatment,
*0dor, Pollution Abatement, Air Pollution
Great Britain, Ball Blanket
691
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031J
THE SURPRISE FACTOR IN MARINE POLLUTION STUDIES,
Goldberg, E. D.
Marine Technology Society Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2, p 29-34, February, 1974.
40 ref.
The ways in which pollution studies have contributed to a deeper understanding
of biochemistries and of geochemistries occurring within the ocean system
are described. Out of a concern to understand man's impact upon his environ-
ment, knowledge about the following subjects bearing on marine processes
have advanced: the atmospheric transport of large organic molecules from
the continuents to the oceans, the role of methyl groups in the mobiliza-
tion of metals and non-metals in biologic systems, the oceans as a source
of low molecular weight gases to the atmosphere, bioaccumulation trace
substances by marine organisms, and the biodegradability of organic matter.
*0ceans, Water Pollution Effects, Marine Biology, Environmental Effects,
Biochemistry, Geochemistry
032J
STUDIES OF RENOVATION OF PULP MILL WASTEWATER PILOT PLANT
TESTS FOR GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION OF KRAFT
PULP MILL WASTEWATER,
Kabeya, H., Fujii, T., and Kimura, Y.
Government Industrial Research Institute, Sikoku, Japan
Japanese Technical Association Industry Journal, Vol. 27, No. 11, p 543-553,
November, 1973. 10 fig, 7 tab, 7 ref.
Pilot plant tests for adsorption on granular activated carbon were conducted
with lime treated water of unbleached kraft pulp wash waste water (lignin con-
centration 12-26 ppm, COD 25-44 ppm) and pretreated water of bleached kraft
pulp caustic soda extract waste water (lignin concentration 33-120 ppm), treated
by activated sludge and followed by lime. The: possibility of renovation of
these treated waters was investigated. At a superficial velocity of 1.7 m/hr
and contact time of 140 min, the carbon usages of lime treated water were 3530
liter/kg air-dried carbon on the basis of lignin breakthrough curve and 3090
liter/kg air-dried carbon on the basis of COD breakthrough curve. The adsorp-
tion of lignin on activated carbon by lime treatment increases, but the ad-
sorption of COD hardly increases. These results are consistent with the re-
sults obtained from adsorption isotherms of lime treated water and dilute water.
Similarly, the carbon usage of pretreated water of caustic soda extract waste-
water was 130 liters/kg air-dried carbon on the basis of lignin breakthrough
curve.
*Pulp wastes, investigations, *Adsorption, Activated carbon, Lignins, Chemical
oxygen demand, Activated sludge, Lime, Waste water
Japan
692
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033J
TREATMENT OF BEET FACTORY-WASTE WATER BY ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS (BIOSORPTION PROCESS),
Nogai, M.
Hokkaido Sugar Co., Ltd., Japan.
Proceedings of the Research Society of Japan Sugar Refineries's Technologists,
Vol. 24, No. 24, p 25-35, August, 1973. 3 fig, 5 tab, 7 ref.
The purification of the waste water of the Hongetsu beet sugar factory by an
activated sludge process is described. The process was effectively operated
for four years, even in outdoor temperatures of -28 C. The design standards
of the installation are described. The recycle ratio of sludge was more than
70%. Since the capacity of the clarifier was insufficient, it was necessary
to increase the up flow rate in the clarifier over the design rate. The dis-
solved oxygen in the sludge aeration tanks was 0.4-0.6 ppm. The expected minimum
elimination of BODS was attained at 13 C. The pH level of waste water should
be kept at 6-9. The elimination ratio BODS obtained was 60-70% of the expec-
ted ratio. The excess sludge in running and final sludge were collected in a
final pond, and they were decomposed by digestion in summer. When there was a
fluctuation of pH value and a drop in waste water temperature, the activated
sludge underwent bulking. The bulking stopped with the addition of phosphoric
acid and it is concluded that soil adhering to beets and the beets themselves
contain some nutrients that effectively activate the sludge.
*Waste water, *Water purification, *Recycling, *Activated sludge, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Sugar beets, Industrial wastes, Design standards, Operation and
maintenance, Hydrogen ion concentration, Temperature
*Japan, Bulking, Phosphoric acid
034J
OXYGEN UTILIZATION IN BACTERIAL-PROTOZOAN COMMUNITY,
Canale, R.P., and Cheng, F.Y.
Michigan University
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE1, p 171-185,
February, 1974. 10 fig, 1 tab, 14 ref.
The dynamic relation between oxygen utilization, nutrient consumption, and
bacterium and protozoan growth in bath cultures was investigated with A. aero-
genes and T. pyriforms. The results were interpreted with a mathematical model
which incorporated the interactions of the bacterium and the protozoan as well
as the effects of nutrient availability and oxygen utilization. The model has
several unique aspects: nutrient recycling and refractory carbohydrate accumu-
lation, protozoan bioenergetics, and protozoan cell size variability. The
experimental and modeling results confirm1the findings of Bhatla and Gaudy that
the plateau observed in BOD tests is a slow bacterial respiration phase. It
was shown that the second stage oxygen demand in heterotrophic bacterial pro-
tozoan communities is the result of protozoan metabolism. These findings
should be useful for defining organic matter stabilization pathways in
multicomponent ecological models and for water quality management.
*Biochemical oxygen demand, Investigations, Recycling, Organic matter,
Water quality, Protozoa, Nutrients, Cycling nutrients, Bacteria, *Mathematical
studies, *Model studies, Metabolism
A. aerogenes, T. pyriforms
693
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035J
AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS LEVEL VARIATIONS OCCURRING DURING THE
RECLAMATION OF AN ALKALINE-SALTY SOIL (VARIACIONES DEL
TENOR DE FOSFORO ASIMILABLE DURANTE LA RECUPERACION DE UN
SUELO SALINO-ALCALINO),
Lavado, R. S.
Tecnico en Fertilidad de Suelos, Provincia de Rio Negro,
Spain
Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Arcentina, Vol. 5, No. 195, 2nd Series Applied
Science, No. 33, p 135-141, March-June, 1973. 4 fig, 2 tab, 11 ref.
The evolution of available phosphorus in a salty-alkaline soil of the Lower
Valley of the Rio Negro was investigated. In general, flooding causes an in-
crease of the available phosphorus in the soil. Calcium sulfate also seems to
increase the availability of phosphorus. Soil was flooded several times with
big sheets of water after applying gypsum. The results show that, statistically,
there were no significant variations in the amount of available phosphorus.
*Phosphorus, *Soils, Saline soils, Alkaline soils, Calcium sulfate, *Flooding,
Gypsum
*Spain, Rio Negro
036J
PHOSPHORUS AND CARBON IN LAKE POLLUTION,
Kuentzel, L. E.
BASF Wyandotte Corp., Wyandotte, Michigan
Environmental Letters, Vol. 2, No. 2, p 101-120, 1971. 41 ref.
Recent laboratory and field tests and literature on the relationship between
algae, phosphorus, and carbon in lake pollution are summarized. Algae can
develop in waters containing only 10 ppb or less of phosphorus. Most natural
waters have 10 ppb or more. Phosphorus is widespread in nature and widely
used by man. Indications are that it will not be possible to reduce phosphorus
to less than 10 ppb in urbanized areas by eliminating it from only detergents.
It takes two pounds of carbon dioxide to grow one pound of algae. The amounts
of carbon dioxide available from the atmosphere and the natural alkalinity of
lake water are severely limited by physical and chemical laws. Algae growth
depending solely on alkalinity and the 'atmosphere for carbon is relatively slow
and limited by a rising pH at about 10. When adequate organic pollution is
present, bacteria can undergo a massive population explosion, produce large
amounts of carbon dioxide, and cause massive algae growths. The role of the
organic matter becomes more evident in those cases where algae growth is massive
in the presence of such pollution even though the phosphorus content of the
water never exceeds 10 ppb. It appears that algae growth will be controlled
only when organic pollution is controlled, regardless of the phosphorus content.
*Algae, *Phosphorus, *Carbon, Carbon dioxide, *Lakes, Alkalinity, Algae control,
Growth rates, Organic matter, Organic wastes, *Water pollution
694
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037J
SANITARY IMPLICATIONS OF SMALL BOAT POLLUTION,
Cassin, J., Smith, K., and Frenke, K.
Adelphi University, Garden City, N. Y., Institute of
Marine Science
Environmental Letters, Vol. 2, No. 2, p 59-63, 1971. 2 tab, 2 ref.
The implications of a New York navigational law forbiding sewage discharge by
small pleasure craft into the water was investigated. The study indicates that
coliforms increase in water column and shellfish in direct relation to small
boat population in three of four recreational areas sampled.
*Coliforms, *Navigation, ^Legislation, *Shellfish, Recreation, Recreation
wastes, Boats, Boating regulations, Waste disposal, Pollution
New York
038J
CRITIQUE OF WATER POLUTION (sic) CONTROL ACT,
Dorcey, A. H. J., and Fox, I. K.
British Columbia University, Vancouver, Canada
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE1, p 141-
151, February, 1974. 1 tab, 3 ref.
The approach adopted in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972 is discussed. Specifically examined are the procedures envisioned to apply
nationwide whereby: effluent and ambient standards are to be established and
enforced; basin, state, and regional plans are to be developed; and water
quality management facilities are to be financed. It is concluded that Congress
may not be the best representative body to make some of the judgments that were
made in the legislation; the enormous bureaucracy required by the legislation
to achieve national objectives and to plan and implement water quality management
programs is not necessary; and the effectiveness of the grant program is
questionable.
*Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Standards, *Planning, Future planning
(projected), Water quality, Water quality standards, Water management (Applied)
*Canada
695
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039J
UNIVERSITY CREDITS FEEDWATER TREATMENT PROGRAM FOR 50% CUT
IN BOILER CLEANING WORK LOAD,
National Engineer, Vol. 78, No. 2, p 12-13, February, 1974, 5 fig.
The treatment program for boiler feedwater and condensate return lines at
State University of New York at Buffalo is described. It is proving effective
by keeping three boilers and more than two miles of return lines free of scale
and corrosion. The program consists of alkalinity adjustment, phosphate soften-
ing, sludge control, iron sequestration, foam control, and return line corrosion
control. It is estimated there is a 50 percent cut in boiler cleaning work
load.
*Boilers, *Cleaning, Corrosion control, Costs, Scaling, Alkalinity, Phosphates,
Sludge, Control
Buffalo, N.Y.
040J
ORGANIC MANAGEMENT REDUCES LEACHING OF NITRATE,
Koepf, H. H.
Bio-Dynamics, No. 108, p 20-30, Fall, 1973. 4 tab.
The reduction of nitrate leaching by the application of organic manuring fluids
was investigated and compared with adjacent areas under orthodox commercial
farming. The nitrate concentration in the tile drainage runoff was determined
in four fields in Buffalo, 111., from 1969-1973. The average monthly nitrate
concentration is tabulated when there was a runoff from the tiles. It is con-
cluded that fertilizing with commercial nitrogen interferes with the changes
which the nitrogen continuously undergoes in the soil. The drainage outlets
in the soils under investigation are rather close to the surface. Although in
these silt loams it might take several months before water from the surface
arrives at the depth of these tiles, it was shown by the tests that the biolo-
gical soil processes are a crucial factor which determines nitrate leaching.
The cycles of mobilization-immobilization, nitrate supply for the crops, etc.,
seem to be different in soils under organic management from those which are
treated chemically.
*Nitrates, *Farm wastes, Investigations, Fertilizers, *Soils, Drainage, teach-
ing, Silts, Loam, Runoff
Organic management
696
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041J
THE USE OF THE DILUTION WATER EFFECT AS A WATER QUALITY
CRITERION,
Cox, J. L.
Southeastern Massachusetts University, Dept. of
Biology, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 3,
p 256-257, March, 1974. 1 fig, 2 ref.
A principle difficulty in the toxicology of marine organisms has been ob-
taining dilution water that is free from substances which may affect the
response of a test organism to a toxin. The possibility of synergism between
unknown chemical constituents in the dilution water and controlled additions
of a toxin suggests an entirely different approach to assessing water quality.
The dose-response relationship for a particular toxin or pollutant is com-
pared using relatively clean water as a control dilution water source and
water suspected to being polluted as the test dilution water source. A
description of experimental procedures is detailed.
*Toxins, Aquatic life, *Water quality, *Analytical techniques, Water sources
*Dilution water
042J
SOME USEFUL IDEAS ON WASTE WATER REDUCTION,
Haralson, R. H.
Western Electric Co., New York, N.Y.
Plating, Vol. 61, No. 4, p 310-313, April, 1974. 5 fig.
The reduction of waste must be made a major design criteria in any process
planning with a minimum of dilution and expense being the primary premises
governing the design. Exemplified herein is a zinc plating process which con-
sists of cleaning thd surface to be plated, depositing the zinc on the sur-
face, and passivating the surface to increase corrosion resistance. These
steps of cleaning, rinsing, and fog spraying are discussed.
*Design criteria, *Waste treatment, *Waste water treatment, Cleaning
Rinsing, Fog spraying
697
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04 3 J
PROBLEMS ARISING FROM OVER EXPLOITATION OF THE NATURAL WATER
RESERVOIR IN THE URBAN DISTRICT OF MILAN (I PROBLEM! POSTI
DAL SOVRASFRUTTAMENTO IDRICO DEL SERBATIO NATURALE NELLA
CONURBAZIONE MILANESE) ,
Mazzarella, S.
Inquinamento, Vol. 15, No. 6, p 25-34, August, 1973. 11 ref.
Problems arising from the overexploitation of the natural groundwater
resources in the urban and industrial districts of Milan are described, and
solutions to this problem are proposed. The ever increasing industrial acti-
vity, and especially the concentration of large water consuming industries in
a limited area in and around Milan has resulted in a steady, considerable
lowering of the water table. The phreatic layer has lowered, in one district
of Milan, from about 6 m in 1934 to 41 m in 1971. The industries settled
in the Milan area draw from available water supplies in an uncontrolled manner.
The volume of the water drawn for municipal use has not increased at the
same rate as the population. It is recommended that the major industries,
chiefly responsible for the lowering of the groundwater table in the Milan
area, should be required to adopt adequate techniques for water recycling
to reduce their water consumption, and to use surface wells for water capture.
They may be allowed to use water from deep layers of transitional and marine
sediments in a controlled manner. It is further recommended that industries
with high potential water consumption should no longer be allowed to settle
in the Milan area.
*Groundwater, *Water resources, *Water table, Cities, Reservoirs
Milan, Italy
044J
SWEDISH TECHNIQUES TO COMBAT POLLUTION,
Isgard, E., and Ehrlen, L.
VBB Consulting Engineers and Architects,
Water and Sewage Department. Director, Stockholm,
Sweden
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, p 97-101, February,
1974. 4 ref.
The demand on sewage treatment has increased in the last years in Sweden
due to the increased population and the problems of waste disposal and
subsequent water pollution. To facilitate the fulfillment of requirements
set by the authorities as a result of the new environmental protection regula-
tions, the national government grants contributions to certain municipal
treatment plants. As of July 1973, 94 percent of the people living in urban
areas were connected to sewage treatment plants, those facilities using
either biological treatment or both biological and chemical treatment
(estimated at more than 50 percent by 1975). Different mechanical, bio-
logical, and chemical treatment methods used in Sweden, their operational
results, sludge treatment processes, operating costs of facilities, and
various filtration and reuse procedures are discussed.
*Sewage treatment, *Treatment facilities, Water pollution control, Methodology,
Regulations, Environmental control, Sludge treatment, Filtration, Operations,
Operating costs, Water reuse, *Waste water treatment
*Sweden
698
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045J
VIRUS REMOVAL IN WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS,
Chaudhuri, M.
Indian Institute of Technology, Department of
Civil Engineering, Kanpur-16, Uttar Pardesh,
India
Indian Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 16, No. 3, p 171-177, July,
1973. 1 tab, 32 ref.
A review of the published data indicates that waste stabilization ponds are
effective in reducing the virus levels of raw waste water and treated
effluents. Presence of algae and bacteria, chemical and organic contents
of the pond water, detention time and temperature, and sunlight may
play significant roles in the removal or inactivation of viruses. It is
maintained that a shallow pond with a longer detention time may be more
effective in reducing virus concentrations.
*Reviews, *Data collections, *0xidation lagoons, *Treatment facilities,
*Waste treatment, *Waste water treatment, *Viruses
*Virus removal
046J
RECIPIENT CAPACITY TO LIMIT DISCHARGE OF POLLUTANTS
TO RECEIVING WATERS,
Kamath, P. R.
Health Physics Division,
BARC, Bombay-85, India
Indian Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 15, No. 3, p 200-207,
July, 1973. 2 fig, 2 tab.
Two field studies indicative of techniques which can be suitably adopted to
determine the assimilative maximum of pollutants into an aquatic environment
are presented. Evaluation of recipient capacity of receiving waters is
very important as a mode of surveillance to indicate if any unacceptable
deterioration in water quality has occurred. A need for development programs
to look into wastes generation aspects as a part of the total design is
stressed.
*On-Site investigations, *Evaluation, *Monitoring, Aquatic environment,
*Water quality control, *Waste assimilative capacity, Discharge measurement
699
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04 7 J
BITUMINOUS COAL - A SUBSTITUTE FOR ANTHRACITE FILTER MEDIA
IN TWO-LAYER FILTRATION OF WATER,
Paramasivam, R., Gadkari, S. K., Joshi, N. S., and Deshpande, A. W.
CPHERI, Nagpur-20, India
Indian Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 16, No. 3, p 178-188, July,
1973. 4 fig. 1 tab, 9 ref.
High rate filtration using two-layer and mixed madia filters is finding in-
creasing application in both overloaded conventional filters and new filter
plants. Work done on the suitability of indigenous bituminous coal as a
substitute material for anthracite filter media, which is not available in
India, is described. Mention is made of the laboratory and pilot studies which
show that rates up to 50-100 percent higher than, conventional filters can
be achieved by adoption of two-layer filters using bituminous coal.
*Filtration, *Application methods, *Water treatment, *Bituminous Materials,
Filters, Pilot plants, Laboratory tests, *Waste water treatment
India
048J
APPLICATIONS OF WASTE PROCESSING SYSTEMS FOR PRESSURIZED
WATER REACTORS,
Garber I., and Kearton, W.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-93, No. 1, p 149-
157, January-February, 1974. 6 fig, 6 tab, 11 ref.
An introduction ia the application of Waste Processing Systems in the
Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor plant is provided. These systems employ
the techniques of waste product concentration, long term storage, recycling,
and radiation monitoring in order to implement the basic philosophy governing
radioactive releases established by national and international guidelines.
*Waste treatment, *Application methods, *Radioactive wastes, Recycling,
Storage, Monitoring, Radioactive waste disposal, *Waste water treatment
*Reactors
700
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049J
CADMIUM UPTAKE AND TIME DEPENDENT ALTERATIONS IN TISSUE LEVELS
IN THE WHITE CATFISH ICTALURUS CATUS (PISCES: ICTALURIDAE),
Rowe, D. W., and Massaro, E. J.
New York State University at Buffalo,
Department of Biochemistry, Buffalo, N.Y.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 244-
249, March, 1974. March, 1974. 1 tab, 18 ref.
Anatomical differences, compared to centrarchid and salmonid fishes, coupled
with the commercial and sport-fishing importance of catfish prompted this
investigation of the time dependent distribution of cadmium in white catfish.
Results indicate that fish were found to regurgitate from 39 to 56 percent
of the dose solution within the first hour. After one hour, 75.1 percent of
the Cd body load was contained within the gastrointestinal tract with
maximum relative concentrations being attained by the stomach, esophagus,
and skin within one hour. The intestinal portions attained maximum
levels at widely divergent times. Outside the GI tract, the liver and
kidney contained the highest percentages of the body load at 21 days (ter-
mination of experiment); these organs may not have reached their relative
maximum concentrations at this time.
*Cadmium, *Catfishes, *Laboratory tests, Fish physiology, Water pollution
effects, Toxicity
Time dependent distribution
050J
RESIDUES OF MIREX AND OTHER CHLORINATED PESTICIDES IN
COMMERCIALLY RAISED CATFISH,
Hawthorne, J. C., Ford, J. H., and Markin, G. P.
Gulfport, Mississippi
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 3,
p 258-264, March, 1974. 1 fig, 3 tab, 5 ref.
Commercially raised catfish from parts of Mississippi and southern Arkansas
in which the insecticide mirex was used extensively for the control of the
fire ant have been sampled and analyzed. Results of the analyses show that
mirex was found in none of the 50 samples at the detection level, 0.01 ppm;
however, all samples contained extensive residues of other pesticides. The
lack of detectable mirex residues indicates that there is no widespread con-
tamination of the catfish and that mirex is probably one of the least of the
chlorinated pesticides to reach humans by consumption of catfish.
*Catfishes, *Mississippi, *Arkansas, *Insecticides, Food chains, Fish physiology
*Mirex
701
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051J
THE ACCUMULATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MERCURY COMPOUNDS BY
THE EASTERN OYSTER (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA) ,
Kopfler, F. C.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Monitoring,
Gulf Coast Water Supply Research Laboratory,
Dauphin Island, Alabama
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 3,
p 275-280, March, 1974. 1 fig, 3 tab, 10 ref.
The presence of mercury contamination in some coastal waters of the United
States prompted an investigation into the extent of concentration of various
mercury compounds by shellfish in those coastal waters. This study was
designed to investigate the differences in mercury uptake when oysters were
exposed to specific environmental levels of inorganic, phenyl- and methyl-
mercury compounds. Experimental results indicate that oysters, following
continuous exposure to even one microgram/liter mercury in any of the three
compounds studied, rapidly concentrated mercury in their tissues far in
excess of the 0.5 ppm guideline established by the Food and Drug Administration.
*Mercury, Oysters, laboratory tests, United States, Coasts, Pollutants,
Fish Physiology
*Mercury uptake
052J
THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR WATER RESOURCES IN THE UK,
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 936, p 41-43, February, 1974. 1 fig.
A report by the Water Resources Board of England examines the water resources
of England and Wales as a whole and makes recommendations to meet the ex-
pected increase in the demand for water up through thy year 2000. Findings
indicate that no more than five new strategic reservoirs need by built. Also,
the report considers a wide range of possible strategies for the Dee Estuary
area where the need for water cannot be met from local sources; a strategy based
on a mixture of inland and estuary storage making use of rivers to carry water
is recommended. The report is summarized in outline form with project and
research recommendations listed.
*Publications, *Water resources, *Long-Term planning, Project planning, Water
resources development
*Great Britain
702
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053J
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERSISTENCE OF PESTICIDES IN THE
SOIL,
Edwards, C. A.
Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden,
Hertfordshire, England
Chemistry and Industry, No. 5, p 190-193, March 2, 1974. 1 fig, 48 ref.
The factors that influence the persistence of organochlorine insecticides in
soil can be separated into chemical, soil, environmental, and human factors.
Under chemical characteristics the most important factor is the intrinsic
stability of the chemical with the solubility of the pesticide being of
considerable influence. Soil type and particle size as well as the amount
of organic matter in a soil greatly affect how long the insecticide will remain.
The most important environmental factors include temperature, rainfall, and
soil moisture. Factors such as cultivation, weathering of the soil surface,
and plant selection can influence the persistence of insecticides relative
to the management of the soil.
*Insectlcides, *Soil contamination, Soil chemical properties, *Soil management,
*Soil environment, Temperature, Rainfall, Soil moisture, Soil physical
properties, Soil types
054J
HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSEUM FISH SPECIMENS: EFFECTS
OF PRESERVATIVES AND TIME,
Gibs, R. H., Jr., Jarosewich, E., and Windom, H. L.
Smithsonian Institution, Department of
Vertebrate Zoology,
Washington, D.C.
Science, Vol. 184, No. 4135, p 475-477, April 26, 1974. 2 fig, 5 ref.
Higher concentrations of cadmium, copper, zinc, and sometimes lead, and
lower concentrations of mercury and sometimes lead were found in specimens
of myctophid fish preserved for one month in formalin, ethyl alcohol, and
isopropyl alcohol as compared with unpreserved frozen specimens. Properties
of the preservatives and species differences in fish tissues both influence
these metal concentrations. It is believed that until the changes resulting
from preservation are understood, comparisons of concentrations of metals
between museum specimens and unpreserved or frozen specimens must be considered
unreliable.
Cadmium, Copper, Zinc, Mercury, Lead, Fish physiology, Time
*Metals Concentration, *Preservatives effects
703
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05 5 J
ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION IN FERTILISER INDUSTRY,
Mohanrao, G. J., and Subrahmanyam, P. V. R.
CPHERI, Nagpur-20, India
Indian Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 15, No. 4, p 271-282, October,
1973. 1 fig, 5 tab, 13 ref.
There has been a continuous growth in the fertilizer industry in India in
recent years to meet the ever increasing demand. The processes of manfacturing
different types of nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers are des-
cribed briefly. The volume and characteristics of the waste water discharged
from the industry are indicated. Said waste waters contain a variety of
pollutants, such as toxic, unaesthetic, and nuisance causing which include
ammonia, fluorides, arsenic, phosphate, and urea. Water pollution potential
of different units in the fertilizer industry is discussed. The need for
better process control for reduction of water pollution is stressed.
*Fertilizers, *Water pollution sources, Industries, Toxicity, Industrial
water, Waste water (pollution), Water pollution control, Ammonia, Fluorides,
Phosphates, Nitrogen compounds, Arsenic compounds
India
056J
SOURCES CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID AND GASEOUS EFFLUENTS FROM
FERTILIZER PLANT,
Mitra, S. K.
The Fertilizer Corporation of India Ltd.,
Trombay Unit, India
Indian Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 15, No. 4, p 322-328, October
1973. 1 tab.
Environmental pollution caused by the fertilizer industry is discussed with
regards to gaseous emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes. The sources,
effects, and possible control measures for pollutants under these categories
are indicated.
*Fertilizers, industrial wastes, Industrial plants, Solid wastes, Liquid wastes,
Water pollution sources, Water pollution effects, Water pollution Control,
Environmental effects, Dusts, Organic compounds, Oxides, Sulfides, Fluorides,
Color, Temperature, Odor, Turbidity, Hydrogen ion concentration, Ammonia,
Arsenic compounds, Phosphorus, Nitrates, Nitrites, Sulfates, Oil, Biochemical
oxygen demand
704
-------
057J
STANDARDS FOR EFFLUENTS FROM FERTILIZER INDUSTRY,
Saxena, G. M.
Indian Standards Institution, New Delhi-1, India
Indian Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 15, No. 4, p 305-321, October,
1973. 7 tab, 7 ref.
The Indian Standards prescribed for the fertilizer effluents for disposal
into inland surface waters onto land for irrigation, and into public sewers
are discussed. A summary of select fertilizer industries with reference to
characteristics of their effluents and treatment procedures adopted by
them also is presented.
*Fertilizers, *Standards, Effluents, Waste disposal, Industrial wastes,
Surface waters, Sewers, Irrigation, Waste treatment, Ureas, Sulfates,
Phosphates
India
058J
INTERACTION BETWEEN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION,
Dickie, L. M.
Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Marine Ecology Laboratory, Bedford Institute of
Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 12, p 2496-
2506, December, 1973. 33 ref.
Assessment of the need to take account of fishery and environmental parameters
in management depends on the precision with which it is possible to predict
fishery yields from fishery and environmental data. Earlier attempts to
demonstrate simple correlations of yield with various fishing and environmental
indices were frustrated by variability in statistical data, poor definition
of oceanographic and population systems, and ignorance of the responsible
mechanisms. Recent research results support hypotheses that environmental
fluctuations are major factors controlling year-class success. There is also
evidence for strong density-dependence of survival of larval fishes, and of
growth in juveniles and adults; however, in some populations effects of the
recent and highest sustained rates of fishing have exceeded the "adaptative"
capacity of the production—compensating mechanisms so that the carrying capa-
city of the environment is now unsaturated. The main mechanism controlling
fishery productivity fluctuations within areas appears to be the degree of
vertical mixing in oceanographic systems, with the associated nitrogen supplies
and food resources for the early life-history stages of fishes. There still
exist major unexplained differences between areas in the structure of the
producing communities and the yields from them. Assessment of the risk of
pollution concentration, and its importance in reducing density-dependent
compensatory production responses, is still frustrated by high-frequency varia-
bility in samples of both biological and physical parameters. Recent studies
have demonstrated that this variability may be associated with particular types
of generating mechanisms and suggest means of interpreting it. Recent knowledge
of natural variability, and its interaction with density-dependent mechanisms
controlling production, implies that a new approach involving "discontinuous"
models appears necessary to prediction of ecosystem responses to fishing and
pollution.
*Fish management, *Environmental control, Fisheries, Environmental engineering,
Data collections, Correlation analysis, Mixing, Aquatic productivity
705
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059J
OBJECTIVES AND PROBLEMS OF MANAGING AQUATIC LIVING RESOURCES,
Alverson, D. L., and Paulik, G. J.
Northwest Fisheries Center, National Marine
Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Seattle, Washington
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 12, p 1936-
1947, December, 1973. 52 ref.
In the management of aquatic living resources, conservation objectives
are largely concerned with "rational use" concepts, while socioeconomic goals
may be associated with economic efficiency, resource development, and allo-
cation of resources between user groups. A number of problems confront -managers
of aquatic living resources. They include the rapidity of the changes occurr-
ing in fisheries, conflicting objectives, the fragmented and limited juris-
diction of management agencies, adequacy of scientific input into management
decisions, difficulties of enforcement, and multiple use interest. Improved
management of aquatic living resources will require decision-making machinery
that is responsive to the dynamic character of modern fisheries, systems to
resolve potential conflicts in human values, a commitment of governments,
managers and scientists to assume the responsibilities delegated to
them, including the promulgation and enforcement of appropriate regulations,
and a recognition on the part of management that they cannot expect scientific
unanimity or certainty regarding the status of fish stocks and the nature of
the actions required to ensure their productivity.
*Administration, *Aquatic productivity, *Fish management, Economic efficiency,
Regulation
060J
MARINE AQUACULTURE: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS,
Idyll, C. P.
Department of Fisheries, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 12, p 2178-
2183, December, 1973.
Aquaculture is the technique of raising useful aquatic species under some
control of the organism and its environment. It is expected to supplement
fishing by adding significantly to supplies of protein food, but it is unlikely
that it will ever replace fishing as the principal means of exploiting the
sea. Discussions are often confused because there are a number of distinctly
different procedures embraced by the term aquaculture, with different chances
of development into major industries. Aquaculture has developed with very
little help from scientists, and the solution of technical and engineering
problems would advance its rate of development greatly. The kinds of problems
that should be solved include: the search for species suitable for culture;
research on nutrition of cultured animals and development of suitable food;
pathology of cultured animals; studies on the behavior of cultured animals;
engineering studies; studies of pollution and the use of waste substances and
heat; legal research; economic and social research. It is proposed that a
small number of regional centers for aquaculture be established to study the
most pressing problems.
*Aquiculture, *Foods, Investigations, Animal pathology, Animal behavior,
Research and development, Artificial substrates
706
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061J
55Fe CONCENTRATION AND SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES IN NORTH PACIFIC
MARINE ORGANISMS,
Jenkins, C. E., and Langford, J. C.
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories,
Richland, Washington
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21, No. 1, p 517-521, February,
1974. 8 fig, 16 ref.
Marine organisms have been shown to have up to 1000-fold higher specific
activities of iron-55 than that in seawater; also that iron-55 specific acti-
vities increase 10 to 30-fold in salmon between raid and northern latitudes.
These observations are currently explained on the basis of a different chemical
form for iron-55 in seawater and greater dilution of the iron-55 by stable
iron at mid-latitudes than at the northern latitudes. The half-time for
iron-55 concentrations in mature harvested salmon at all latitudes is approxi-
mately 10 months, which is comparable to the half-time for movement of strato-
spheric debris to the earth's surface.
*Iron, *Salmon, Marine fish, Sea water, Pacific Ocean, Alaska, Food chains,
Radionuclides, Investigations, Aquatic environment, Environmental effects
Iron-55
062J
MANAGING WATER RESOURCES: BASIC CONSIDERATIONS AND PROBLEMS,
Medbery, H. C.
San Francisco Water Department,
San Francisco, California
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 3, p 173-175
March, 1974. 8 ref.
The United States has ample water resources for present and near-future needs
provided there is proper management. A standard plan for all water resources
management cannot be provided since each area has specific problems of its
own. Thus the selection of a new or additional water source is dependent
upon local conditions and public involvement. It is the growth patterns,
local requirements, and special-interest groups which will need balancing
and adjusting if proper management is to bS attained.
*Water management (applied), *Administration, *Water resources, *Water
resources development, Public rights
707
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06 3J
CHEMISTRY OF MODERN WATER CHLORINATION,
Palin, A. T.
Newcastle and Gateshead Water Compnay,
Laboratory, Throckley, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE15 9DT,
England
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 935, p 9-12, January, 1974. 3 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
A review of the present state of chlorine use for the disinfection of water is
presented with emphasis on the chemistry of chlorination. The forms of chlorine,
which include gas, solutions, solids, and new products, chlorine dissolved
in water, breakpoint reactions, and definitions of modern chlorination are
discussed.
*Chlorination, *Chlorine, *Reviews, *Disinfection, *Water treatment
064J
CHEMISTRY OF MODERN WATER CHLORINATION,
Palin, A. T.
Newcastle and Gateshead Water Compnay, Laboratory,
Throckley, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE15 9DT, England
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 936, p 53-56, February, 1974.
This review article is the second of a series which explores disinfection by
chlorine with regards to the effect of the hydrogen ion concentration, the
effect of temperature and time of contact, and the nature of residual chlorine
and minimum safe levels. Also discussed are topics such as the chemistry
of waste water chlorination, residual chlorine control, and a general guide
to chlorine requirements.
*Reviews, *Disinfection, *Chlorine, *Water treatment, Hydrogen ion concentra-
tion, Temperature, Waste water treatment, Industrial water
Residual chlorine, Contact time
708
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06 5 J
WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION IN SOUTH WALES,
Cronshaw, H.
Chief Engineer, Directorate of Engineering,
Wales
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 78, No. 1, p 41-50, 1974. 4 fig, 2 tab.
Water pollution prevention in South Wales is particularly relevant in that
the catchment area draining to the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel contains
almost two-thirds of the population of the Principality and all its major
industries. Rapid progress is being made to clean up the rivers of South Wales
and there is a much greater awareness of the need for caution in discharging
waste water. Pollution prevention measures have taken place within a general
policy framework which is sufficiently flexible to meet future demands.
*Water pollution control, *Waste water disposal, *Discharge (Water), Regulation,
Watersheds (Basins)
South Wales
06 6 J
STUDIES OF THE SEASONAL VARIATION OF THE SUSPENDED
MATTER OF THE MENAI STRAITS. II. MID STREAM DATA,
Buchan, S., Floodgate, G. D., and Crisp, D. J.
North Wales University College, Marine Science
Laboratories, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, England
Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 74-83, January,
1973. 9 fig, 2 tab, 3 ref.
Surface and bottom inorganic and organic suspended loads in the Menai
Straits were correlated with hydrographic and meteorologic elements which
impart an influence. Surface inorganic loads correlated significantly with
tidal range, water temperature, and run of wind. This latter factor did
not relate well with the bottom inorganic fraction. Significant correla-
tions were evident between surface and bottom organic loads and the tidal
range. Turbidity and suspended sediment load were also investigated.
Correlation analysis, *Suspended load, Tidal streams, Water temperature,
Wind tides, Organic matter, Inorganic compounds, Bottom sediments,
Turbidity, Sediment load
Surface Sediments, Menai Straits
709
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06 7 J
ACHIEVING WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT UNDER THE 1972 WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AMENDMENTS,
Kollar, K. L., and Brewer, R.
Office of Business Research and Analysis, Washington,
D. C., Water Resources and Engineering Program
Industrial Wastes, Vol. 19, No. 6, p IW/10, IW/12-Iw/13, IW/27,
November/December, 1973. 1 fig, 5 tab.
The achievement of water pollution abatement under the 1972 Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments is discussed. One of the most controversial issues
is the implementation of best practicable technology by July 1977, best
available technology economically achievable by July 1, 1983, and the goal
of eliminating discharge of pollutants by 1985. The development of area
wide waste treatment management plants by March, 1974 is also a provision.
There is a lack of qualified personnel of the various professional disciplines
required to adequately implement all the technical requirements established
by law at the federal, state, and local levels. While most industrial plants
will be tying into municipal systems, more than 10,000 plants may be required
in the future to make large capital investments specifically for the treatment
facilities, in connection with their own sizeable industrial water use. There
is a strong possibility that many plants may attempt to avoid some of the
capital costs they face by tying into municipal treatment facilities.
*Water pollution control, *Water Pollution Control Act, *Industrial wastes,
Water pollution sources, Costs, Municipal wastes, Professional personnel,
Treatment plants, Capital costs, Water utilization
*1972 amendments
06 8 J
EUTROPHICATION OF INLAND WATERS,
Ministry of Technology Notes on Water Pollution, No. 41, 4 p, June, 1968.
1 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
The eutrophlcation of inland waters is discussed including assessment,
utilization of nutrients, sources of nutrients, and methods of control.
The degree of eutrophication can be assessed by regular determinations of
the dissolved oxygen content of the water, rates of oxygen depletion,
biological productivity, transparency, nutrients levels, and the chlorophyll
'a' content of surface waters. A Wisconsin study concluded that eutrophication
will be present if the phosphorus concentration in water exceeds 0.01 mg/liter
and the nitrate-nitrogen exceeded 0.3 mg/liter at the time of the spring
overturn. The sources of nutrients include phosphate derived from excreta,
detergents, drainage from fertilized agricultural land, and sewage effluents.
The principle methods of control are diversion of nutrient rich waters from
the lake or reservoir where problems have developed or are likely to arise
and removal of nutrients from effluents.
*Eutrophication, *Water pollution sources, *Water pollution effects, *Water
pollution control, Water quality, Biochemical oxygen demand, Oxygen
requirements, Aquatic productivity, Nutrients, Nutrient requirements, Chlorophyll,
Phosphorus, Nitrates, Nitrogen, Organic wastes, Detergents, Farm wastes,
Sewage effluents
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069 J
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND R FACTORS IN COLIFORM BACILLI
ISOLATED FROM HOSPITAL AND DOMESTIC SEWAGE,
Linton, K. B., Richmond, M. H., Bevan, R., and Gillespie,
W. A.
Bristol University, Bristol, England, Department of
Bacteriology
Journal of Medical Microbiology, Vol. 7, No. 1, p 91-103, 1974. 8 tab, 21 ref.
One hundred and one samples from a wide variety of sewers and water drainage
channels in Bristol were examined for antibiotic resistant coliform bacilli
and for R. factors. The sewers enclosed some that separately drained hospital
and domestic premises. The antibiotic sensitivity patterns of over 3000
coliform bacilli isolated were obtained and 1000 resistant strains were
tested for R factor transfer. Hospital sewage contained more coliform bacilli
with much higher proportions of resistant bacteria, more R factors, and a
greater proportion of R factors carrying multiple resistance, than sewage from
domestic and other sources. Despite these findings, it was calculated that
less than 5% of the R factors in the sewage output of the City of Bristol
originate in hospitals. The normal healthy population appears to be by far
the greatest reservoir of R factors in the community.
*Coliforms, *Sewers, *Sewage bacteria, Domestic wastes, Sewage, Investigations,
Sampling
*Hospital wastes, *Antlbiotic-resistance-transfer factors (R factor),
Bristol, England
070J
BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS. I.
IDENTIFICATION OF SOME METABOLIC PRODUCTS FROM AROCLOR
1242,
Kaiser, K. L., and Wong, T. S.
Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 3,
p 291-296, March, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab, 11 ref.
The biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) was investigated and
their kinetic and mechanistic differences were determined with respect to
different aquatic organisms. A bacterial culture, isolated from lake water
was shown to degrade PCB's at a relative high concentration of a commercial
mixture, Aroclor 1242. Several of the metabolites were identified by their
mass spectral and gas chromatographic data. None of the metabolites seem to
contain any chlorine.
*Biodegradation, *Polychlorinated biphenyls, Aquatic life, Investigations,
Separation techniques, Aquatic microorganisms, Rivers
Metabolites, Aroclor 1242
711
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071J
PROTEIN RECOVERY FROM PROCESS EFFLUENTS USING ION-EXCHANGE
RESINS,
Grant, R. A.
Tasman Bacinne Laboratory Ltd., Ecotech Systems,
Division, Balena Close, Creekmoor, Poole, Dorset,
England
Process Biochemistry, Vol. 9, No. 2, p 11-14, February/March, 1974.
2 fig, 12 tab.
A process was developed which permits the separate recovery of protein and
fat from meat, poultry and other food processing effluents, while at the
same time achieves a large reduction in the BOD level. The process uses a
recently developed ion-exchange resin capable of adsorbing proteins and
other macromolecules. The resins can be manufactured in the granular form
giving excellent hydraulic properties. They can be used in a conventional
type plant with the usual facilities for cleaning the bed by backwashing.
Both anion and cation exchange forms of the resin are available and
combination of these makes it possible to treat water up to a very high
standard, that is, BOD values of less than 10 mg/liter have been achieved.
*Ion-exchange, *Resins, *Proteins, *Effluents, Food processing industry,
Hydraulic properties, Biochemical oxygen demand, Adsorption, Water treatment,
Industrial wastes, Byproducts
*Recovered protein
072J
NUTRIENTS AND AQUATIC VEGETATION EFFECTS,
Fuhs, G. W.
New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York,
Division of Laboratory and Research
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE2,
p 269-278, April, 1974. 1 tab, 14 ref.
The effect of nutrient pollution and nutrient removal on aquatic ecosystems
is discussed. Because the increase in productivity of streams and rivers
is difficult to control, measures to control eutrophication of inland lakes
and reservoirs must center around control of total phosphorus loadings.
To the extent that excessive phosphorus loadings are in part or totally due
to discharges from point sources, these sources must be controlled. In
many lakes, however, inputs from natural and other nonpoint sources are
significant. Such inputs must be determined as a basis for evaluating total
control needs with respect to projected best usage and, in consequence, the
desirability and feasibility of control on nonpoint sources and land use.
It is hoped that continued studies of land runoff will soon provide an
overall view of phosphorus runoff from natural sources, so that runoff
numbers will be available for most watersheds of New York State and other
areas of the United States. The control of eutrophication in coastal waters
requires the control of nitrogen discharges.
*Eutrophication, *Ecosystems, *Nutrlent removal, *Phosphorus, Aquatic life,
Streams, Rivers, Reservoirs, Water pollution sources, Water pollution control,
Land use, Surface runoff, Nitrogen, Productivity, Soils
*Nutrient pollution
712
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073J
COST OF ACHIEVING E.P.A.'S BPCTCA AND ZERO DISCHARGE,
Paper Trade Journal, Vol. 158, No. 15, p 30-35, April 15, 1974. 3 fig, 6 tab.
Highlights from an engineering estimate study of the cost of meeting selected
Environmental Protection Agency national effluent limitation levels are
presented. Operating costs for achieving zero pollutant discharge were
estimated at $1.7 billion annually. An additional capital investment of
$1 billion by the pulp and paper industry will be required to supplement its
existing external effluent treatment facility to meet the proposed best
practicable control regulations scheduled for 1977. The investment and
operating costs for those mills on municipal sewage treatment and those
costs associated with compliance to best practical control technology available
are in addition to those estimates. The energy requirement is the single
largest cost component of the total operating cost for zero discharge treatment
for the pulp and paper industry.
*Economic impact, *Federal Water Pollution Control Act, *Pulp and paper
industry, Water quality, Effluents, Operating costs, Capital costs, Mills,
Energy
*Amendments
074J
THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONCEPT,
Schleicher, A. R.
Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
American Gas Association, Vol. 56, No. 4, p 21-25, April, 1974.
The environmental impact concept and its effect on the natural gas industry
are discussed. Organizations are required to evaluate anticipated
environmental effects of their actions and decision making processes. A
draft of the evaluation must be circulated 90 days prior to the action, and
a final statement is due at the Environmental Protection Agency 30 days before
the action is scheduled. Practically all sectors of the gas industry are
being effected by the new requirements. Producers may encounter federal
requirements for environmental reports when operations involve federal or
Indian lands, or offshore locations. Segments of the industry involved
in gas transmission are acutely aware of the influence of environmental
questions, since most of their construction activities involve federal
authorization. Most companies involved in the environmental impact process
find it necessary to seek the aid of outside consultants. But, decision
makers in the natural gas industry should develop their own practical
appreciation of the scope and intent of current environmental policies and
the way the system works.
*Environmental effects, *Natural gas, Evaluations, Federal government,
Environmental control
*Environmental impact, statements, *Natural gas industry
713
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075J
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FWPCA WATER EFFLUENT STANDARDS AND
GOALS,
Paper Trade Journal, Vol. 158, No. 13, p 34-38, April 1, 1974. 5 tab.
The national economic impact of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments on the paper industry in meeting the water effluent standards
and goals is discussed. A survey was conducted to estimate the additional
capital and operating costs that the existing paper industry would have to
incur to achieve the two assumed water effluent control levels. The water
effluent control costs over the range of mill sizes in each product category
were compared with current product prices, anticipated profit margins for
high cost mills, and the costs of competing foreign mills. It is estimated
that $1,200 million will have to be spent for additional capital expenditures.
It is estimated the average incremental operating cost for best practical
control would increase from $4.50/ton average to $6.00/ton in 1977. There
will be several inflationary effects in water effluent control expenditures
especially during periods of tight supply/demand. Pulp and paper price
increases to the consumer are expected to amount to 7.5-11% at the best
practical control level and 19-62% at the zero discharge level, depending
on the product. Other effects include mill closure and unemployment,
increased energy use, and balance of payments.
*Economic impact, *Federal Water Pollution Control Act, *Pulp and paper
industry, Water quality, Effluents, Operating costs, Capital costs, Prices,
Unemployment, Mills, Energy
*Amendments, Blance of payments
076J
FRESH WATER SEAL IN RIVER SLUICE,
New Civil Engineer, No. 78, p 32-33, February 7, 1974. 2 fig.
A unique system of water control machinery is now in operation at Brean
Cross Sluice on the River Axe near Burnham-on-Sea. It is the latest in a
series of major tidal outfalls constructed for the Somerset River Authority.
Two major sluice openings are provided, each with a tidal flap and a double
sealing vertical lift roller gate. The structure was designed to accomodate
a further identical gate in each opening to form a well between the two
gates. Under normal conditions the gates are lifted and discharge is
controlled by the tidal flaps, but during the summer months all gates would
be lowered and the well between the gages pumped full of fresh water from
upstream using a submersible pump and maintaining the water level in the
well above tide level. This system excludes salt and silt from the fresh
water reservoir upstream.
*Tides, *Drainage systems, *0utlets, *Sluices, Roller gates, Engineering
structures, Reservoirs, Freshwater, Silts, Salts, Sluice gages, Water level,
Rivers
River Axe (England)
7U
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077J
RESTORATION OF WASTEWATER FACILITIES DAMAGED BY TROPICAL
STORM AGNES,
Ernstrom, E. K., Zachos, G. H., and Braunscheidel, D. E.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emergency
Operations and Planning
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 2, p 42-43, 51-52, February, 1974. 2 tab.
The recovery and restoration of waste water facilities damaged by tropical
storm Agnes in June, 1972 are described. The storm caused severe flooding
in New York's Southern Tier counties. Waste water collection and treatment
systems sustained several million dollars worth of damage. Individual
municipal cases are discussed along with the reactions and roles of local,
state, and federal officials. The Environmental Protection Agency assisted
in the flood relief and concentrated its efforts in the following areas:
emergency repairs to water and sewage utilities; removal of oil and hazardous
materials in the disaster area; rendering a preliminary dollar estimate of
damages to water and sewage utilities in all 62 counties; and performing
initial inspections, detailed cost estimates, eligibility determinations,
interim inspections, and final inspections on damaged public utilities in
the 26 declared counties. Top priority was given to restoring the public
water supply systems. The current total of eligible damages to environmental
facilities in the declared counties is $7,218,170, with over 60% of this
damage in Chemung, Steuben, and Allegany counties.
*Flood damage, *Storm runoff, *New York, Waste water treatment, Treatment
facilities, Costs, Sewage, Historic floods, Regional flood, Disasters,
Estimates
*Tropical storm Agnes, Steuben County, N. Y., Chemung County, N. Y.,
Allegheny County, N. Y.
078J
CADMIUM TOXICITY AND BIOCENTRATION IN LAREGMOUTH BASS
AND BLUEGILL,
Cearley, J. E., and Coleman, R. L.
Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma, Department of Environmental Health
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 2,
p 146-151, 1974. 4 fig, 7 ref.
The effects of subacute exposure to cadmium in the largemouth bass and bluegill
were evaluated based on observations of behavioral effects, rate of growth,
survival, and tissue and organ accumulation of cadmium. Exposure to cadmium
in concentrations ranging from 0.0005 to 0.85 mg/liter resulted in accumulation
of the metal in concentrations greater than those of the water. The quantity
of metal accumulated increased as the exposure concentration increased. An
equilibrium developed between the concentrations of the metal in the water
and in the tissues after approximately 2 months. Metal accumulations on the
bass tissues were higher in the internal organs, followed by the gills and
the remainder of the body. The bass were more sensitive to cadmium than the
bluegill. Abnormal behavior patterns observed in both species suggested
that the nervous system was the site of damage.
*Cadmium, *Bass, *Sunfishes, Animal behavior, Animal growth, Growth rates,
Environmental effects, Animal diseases, Investigations, Evaluations, Water
pollution effects, Water analysis
Accumulation, Nervous system, Exposure
715
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079J
SIMPLE METHOD FOR INTRODUCING ELEMENTAL MERCURY INTO
BIOLOGICAL GROWTH SYSTEMS,
Holm, H. W., and Cox, M. F.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia,
Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 27, No. 3, p 622-623, March, 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab,
8 ref.
The applications of a simple method for introducing elemental mercury into
closed biological growth systems are described. A 1 liter Erlenmeyer flask
equipped with a 24/40 standard taper outer joint was modified to permit a
closed system. The system may be used to investigate such processes as the
transformations of mercury using pure cultures of bacteria, the behavior of
mercury in sediment water systems, and the oxidation of mercury in natural
waters. The apparatus may be used in similar applications involving other
volatile materials.
*Mercury, *Aquatic environment, Sediment^water interfaces, Oxidation,
Equipment, Natural streams
*Closed biological growth systems
080J
PLATING POLLUTION: THE LATEST FROM EPA, Part 1,
Products Finishing, Vol. 38, No. 7, p 141-144, April, 1974. 1 tab.
The stringent limitations proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency
on the electroplating industry were discussed at an American Electroplaters '
Society seminar. The proposals made by the EPA require that a plater
discharge no more than a stated weight of any contaminant for each unit of
surface area he plates. The platers must limit concentrations of contaminants
in the rinse water to 1.0 mg/liter or less, depending upon the constituent
(except for suspended solids). Few, if any, of the pollution control
authorities in the electroplating industry believe that the confcination of
low water usage and low concentrations can be achieved by production plants.
The basis for the proposed regulations is a Battelle Memorial Institute study
which estimated that a water use of 80 liter/sq in could generally be
attained.
*Standards, Water pollution sources, *Water utilization.
*Electroplating industry, Environmental Protection Agency
716
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081J
FLASH—FLOOD WARNING SYSTEMS,
California Geology, Vol. 27, No. 1, p 7, January, 1974.
The new flash flood warning system of the National Weather Service is described.
The system has three main elements, linked together by electrical circuitry:
an automatic water level sensor at an upstream point on the river; an
intermediate station several miles or more downstream to provide power to the
sensor; and a community alarm station from which warnings can be spread quickly
to the public. The Weather Bureau is planning a major campaign to encourage
greater use of these life and property saving devices.
*Flash floods, *Warning systems, Flood control, Rivers, Water level recorders,
Flood forecasting, Automation, Control systems.
National Weather Service, Alarm systems.
082J
OVERFED,
Crossland, J., and McCaull, J.
Environment, Vol. 14, No. 9, p 30-37, November, 1972. 2 tab, 30 ref.
The causes, effects, and treatment of eutrophication are discussed. The
condition stems from overenrichment with nutrients that frequently derive
from human activities. In a survey of officials of 425 lakes, the problem
in 80% was overgrowth of algae or other aquatic vegetation or some unspecified
eutrophic condition. In most cases in which the causes had been determined,
the nutrients were in wastes from municipal sewage treatment plants, septic
tanks, or urban drainage. In studying the causes of eutrophication, it is
necessary to decide not only how nutrients are distributed in the aquatic
environment, but also which are most important for plant growth. The most
critical nutrients, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are usually required in
a ratio of 106:10:1, respectively. If even one of these elements is missing,
all the others becomes useless to the plant. Proposed solutions range from
attacks on the symptom of the problem to alleviation of the root causes.
The most practical and economical chemical treatment is to precipitate or
otherwise reduce the phosphorus content from the waste water.
*Eutrophication, *Water pollution sources, *Water pollution control,
*Phosphorus, *Algae, *Aquatic plants, *Aquatic algae, *Nutrients, Carbon,
Nitrogen, Lakes, Municipal wastes, Sewage, Treatment plants, Septic tanks,
Urban drainage, Chemical precipitation.
717
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08 3J
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT,
Miner, J. R.
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE2,
p 363-368, April, 1974.
The role of civil engineering in the management of agricultural wastes is
discussed. The problems with agricultural wastes ai= different from those
commonly encountered in the management of municipal .istes. Serious problems
have resulted when municipal waste technology has be_n transferred to the
management of agricultural wastes without due consideration for the differences
of generation characteristics and chemical characteristics of the waste
materials. The management of animal manures requires the utilization of a
system that somehow resolves the problems of separation of the manure from
the animal, transport, storage or treatment or both and disposal. Under
current technology, application to cropland is the most widely practices
disposal method. Treatment is for the purpose of making the manure more
amendable to cropland application or for the purpose of changing its
physical and chemical characteristics to avoid application difficulties or
nuisances attributable to the application.
*Civil engineering, *Farm wastes, *Farm management, *Waste storage,
*Waste disposal, Chemical wastes, Waste treatment, Water pollution sources,
Pollution abatement, Waste water treatment.
084J
STATE-OF-THE-ART OF WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE COATINGS
INDUSTRY (AS OF JUNE 1973),
Tackett, R.
Journal of Paint Technology, Vol. 46, No. 590, p 63-68, March, 1974. 8 tab.
The results of a survey on waste disposal techniques currently in use in
the coatings industry are discussed. The questionnaire, which was answered
by 558 companies, was divided into four main parts: vapors, liquids, dusts,
and solids. Questions concerning installation of control equipment and its
operation were asked in each section. Equipment was installed by 114 companies
for controlling water based liquid wastes. The most popular methods of
control were settling tanks, ponds, or basins. The main problem of control
methods for all wastes is that they generate a solid waste or sludge which
presents a serious disposal problem. The coating industry will have to
develop an alternate method to landfill for disposal of solid waste or sludge.
Reclamation may be most suitable because of the value of some of the components.
*Survey, *Waste disposal, *Coatings, *Reclamation, Industrial wastes,
Pollution abatement, Equipment, Dusts, Liquid wastes, Solid wastes, Gases,
Recycling, Landfills, Sludge disposal, Alternate planning.
718
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085J
SOME HISTORICAL STATISTICS RELATED TO FUTURE STANDARDS,
Berthouex, P. M.
Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. EE2,
p 423-437, April, 1974. 13 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
Areas of uncertainty that have relevance in the current water quality standards
are discussed including treatment plant construction dilemma and the lack of
precision in the language of the standards. Population and demand for
forecasting have always added an unavoidable element of risk, but it is very
possible that changing standards are the factor most likely to force redesign
before the end of the intended design period. If control programs based
on rational statistical methods are ever to be developed, it is necessary
for effluent target levels and permissible variation to be clearly defined.
In doing so, allowance should be made for natural variations and for
analytical errors. Possible skewness in the distribution of results should
also be noted and given consideration. When both a mean and upper performance
level are set, the mean may be redundant if care is not taken to make the
two levels consistent. This problem of consistency could be avoided most
easily by simply using a 95% upper bound as the standard.
*Water quality standards, *Treatment facilities, Construction, *Engineer
estimates, *Forecasting, Design standards, Population, Statistical methods,
Control, Standards
086J
SOUND STANDARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS,
Train, R. E.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District
of Columbia
American Gas Journal, Vol. 56, No. 4, p 26-27, 29, April, 1974.
Environmental standards and their development at the Environmental Protection
Agency are discussed. The standard setting process begins with the gathering
of all available data on the health and environmental effects of a particular
pollutant. The proposed standard is first circulated within the EPA and
then in other federal agencies and organizations for comments and criticisms.
After changes are made in the proposed standard, it is then recirculated.
After final approval, the new regulation is published in the Federal Register.
An environmental standard is a norm of tolerance expressed as a numerical
value indicating a concentration of a pollutant for a given duration of time.
Standards should also specify the test method to be used and should include
adjustments which would bring other recognized and feasible test methods into
equivalency with the specified test method. The sampling method must also
be an integral part of the standard. A standard statistical technique for
determining the validity of the sample results is also recommended to be
incorporated in the standard.
*Standards, Environmental effects, Regulations, Testing procedures, Sampling,
Statistical methods
Environmental Protection Agency
719
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08 7 J
CHEMICAL HANDLING: THE CHEMICAL FEEDER AND ITS RELATED SYSTEM
WHEN APPLIED TO ALUM, FERRIC CHLORIDE, LIME AND POLYMERS,
Fahlenbock, T.
Control and Metering Limited,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
In: PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DESIGN SEMINAR, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great
Lakes Water Quality, May 28-29, 1973. 30 p, 7 fig, 3 tab.
Various characteristics of the chemical feeder or metering pump which include
basic design, operation, accuracy, sizing, system components, stages of
design development, and performance specifications, are detailed. Also dis-
cussed are the maximum and minimum feed rates for the feeder as well as its
ability to handle alum, ferric chloride, dry polymers and lime.
*Chemical precipitation, *Equipment, Measurement, Design criteria, Operation
and maintenance, Performance, Alum, Iron, Chlorides, Lime
*Chemical feeder, *Phosphorus removal
088J
NEW OIL SPILL CLEANUP TOOL FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION,
Oil Week, Vol. 25, No. 8, p 30, April 8, 1974.
The first effective tool for containing and cleaning up oil spills in medium to
fast moving waters will shortly go into commercial production. The Petroleum
Association for the Conservation of theCanadian Environment developed a boom
which consists of two inflated floats cased in a fabric, each about 50 ft
long between which is suspended netting and a special nonwoven material. It is
placed across the current flow at an angle and some oil is diverted by the lead-
ing float toward the downstream end for recovery. Most of the oil flows with
the water under the leading float, passes through the netting and flows along
the face of the nonwoven fabric which is designed to permit the water to pass
through, but not the oil. The oil comes to the surface of the ponded area be-
tween and the two floats, where a tangential current carries it to the downstream
end of the boom where it is collected and recovered. The boom weighs only 2
Ib/ft and can be shortened or lengthened in sections.
*0il spills, *Water purification, Oil pollution, Water pollution control, Flow,
Floats, Canada
*Boom
720
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089J
ASBESTOS IN DRINKING WATER,
Sargent, H. F.
Vermont Department of Health,
Burlington, Vermont, Division of Environmental Health
Journal of the New England Water Works Association, Vol. 88, No. 1, p 44-57,
March, 1974. 1 tab, 5 ref.
Asbestos fibers were found by light microscopy to be present in 30 of 32
water systems tested in Vermont. Generally, there is an increase in fiber count
from source to distribution, but it is not known whether the fiber increase
is due principally to breaking apart, concentration through sedimentation,
erosion of A. C. pipe, or field tapping A. C. pipe. There is no conclusive
evidence to data incriminating asbestos in water as a health hazard at
presently known levels. Where flushing of the system was instituted following
sampling, the fiber count was substantially reduced. There is a need for
more research in this area to establish if or at what concentration of fiber
a hazard to health exists. A standard procedure for identification and
quantifying asbestos in drinking water is needed.
*Asbestos, *Potable water, *Vermont, *Public utilities, *Municipal water,
Investigations, Water pollution, Water pollution sources, Pipes, Erosion,
Sedimentation
090J
SIGNIFICANCE OF ECOLOGICAL ANALYSES IN THE INTERPRETATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES OF RADIONUCLIDES,
Auerfaack, S. I., Vanderploeg, H. A., Kaye, S. V., and
Witherspoon, J. P.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Environmental Sciences Division
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21, No. 1, p 18-22, February,
1974. 4 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
The role of ecological analyses in the collection and interpretation of
environmental measurements that are part of the surveillance programs of
aquatic ecosystems around nuclear facilities is discussed. Bioaccumulation
factors are used to predict the radionuclide concentrations an organism
accumulates from chronic releases. The bioaccumulation factor is the ratio of
radionuclide concentration in the organism to that in water. Bioaccumulation
factors range from less than 1 to greater than 100,000, depending on the
element, organism, and the environmental and ecological factors. The bio-
accumulation factors of cesium in fishes are illustrated as a function of
potassium concentration in the water, feeding habits and eutrophy. The
highest bioaccumulation factors are found in piscivorous fishes from oligo-
trophic waters, which are waters of low nutrient and organic content.
Piscivorous fishes are expected to have the highest bioaccumulation factors
because Cs concentration increases with trophic level. The generally lower
bioaccumulation factors in eutrophic water may result from sorption of Cs to
the more abundant particulate organic matter in these waters. Particulate
organic matter strongly absorbs many radionuclides.
*Ecology, Analysis, *Radioisotopes, Aquatic environment, Cesium, Fishes,
Potassium, Organic matter
721
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091J
WATER UTILITIES OPERATOR TRAINING: A WORTHY INVESTMENT,
Jobes, H. D.
Texas Water Quality Board,
Austin, Texas, Central Operations Division
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 4, p 58-59, April, 1974.
A study made for the Environmental Protection Agency on a water utilities
operator training program in Texas is discussed. Methodology of the study was
to examine treatment plant operations as they existed before employee training
and to examine results after training. The effectiveness evaluation study
document states in its conclusion that for every dollar invested in training,
the equivalent of an additional $91 investment in capital plant was activated
in terms of improved performance. The degree of reduction of BOD, total sus-
pended solids, and levels of overall improvements following training indicated
conclusively that for these plants the value of return on training was high
in terms of both dollars invested and cleanliness of water treatment.
*Training, *0perations, *Evaluation, Personnel, Texas, Water quality,
Investment, Water pollution control, Treatment facilities
09 2 J
THE NEED FOR AN INDICATOR VIRUS IN WATER QUALITY TESTING,
DeMichele, E., Burke, G. W., Jr., and Shane, M. S.
Water Pollution Control Federation,
Washington, B.C. Technical Services
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 4, p 39, April, 1974.
Water quality problems are discussed and the need for an indicator virus in
water quality testing is proposed. The validity of the coliform test as an
indicator of potential pathogenic microbial water pollution is being increas-
ingly questioned. The fact that laboratory studies have shown enteroviruses
to be more resistant to normal water and waste water chlorination practices
than organisms of the coliform group lends justification to the hypothesis
that coliform counts may not adequately monitor viral infection of water. The
main problem is knowing the viruses exists, but being unable to measure them
accurately or knowing which, if any, might cause infection. A test procedured
is proposed for an indicator virus to be developed in a manner paralleling
the use of E. coli as an indicator bacterium. The procedure should provide
a rational means of measuring treatment efficiency in terms of human health
and well being. It is not necessary that the virus be pathogenic, but rather,
it should be similar to infectious viruses in terms of make up, tolerance,
and stability.
*Water quality, *Viruses, *Bioindicators, Water analysis, Water pollution,
Testing, Public health
722
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09 3 J
FORT WORTH WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT PLANT DEDICATED,
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 12, No. 4, p 46-47, 63, April, 1974. 5 fig.
The dedication and design of the Cedar Creek Lake Pump Station and the Rolling
Hill Water Treatment Plant of Fort Worth, Texas are described. The Cedar
Creek project consists of the Cedar Creek Reservoir with a capacity of 678,000
acre-ft, the dam being about 85 mi southeast of Forth Worth; an intakye pump
station at the reservoir; a 72 in pipe line with appurtenant pump stations,
68.2 mi in length from the reservoir intake to a balancing reservoir at the
end of the 72 in section of pipe line; an 84 in pipe line, 6.1 mi in length
from the balancing reservoir to the site of the treatment plant; and the
balancing reservoir with a capacity of 150 mil gal. Designed to handle 80 mgd,
the $8.7 million Rolling Hills plant will be able to treat 100 mgd when trans-
mission facilities permit. Expansion to 160 mgd will not require added chemi-
cal facilities, administrative or laboratory buildings, or high service pump
stations. The 194 acre sites will allow expansion to 320 mgd. Plant design
permits ultimate computer control with data logging. The water is treated for
turbidity, taste, and odor control. Following chemical application propor-
tional to flow, the water is mixed, coagulated, settled, filtered and stored
for delivery.
*Design data, *Pumping station, *Treatment facilities, Pipelines, Reservoirs,
Construction, Waste water treatment, Chemical treatment, Water analysis, Taste,
Odor, Sedimentation, Filtration, Filters, Pumps, Flocculation
Forth Worth, Texas, Rolling Hills Treatment Plant, Fort Worth, Texas, Cedar
Creek Lake Pump Station, Fort Worth, Texas
09 4J
HOW WELL DO ENGINEERS FORECAST DEMANDS?,
Berthouex, P. M., and Thiele, K.
Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 4, p 54-56, April, 1974. 5 fig, 5 ref.
The problems in making accurate engineering forecasts are discussed and
methods to reduce the forecasting errors are suggested. Engineers face a
difficult task in forecasting population, flows, organic loads, and other design
inputs and then trying to design a treatment facility to accommodate these
loads and have the real plant eventually function to satisfy standards that
may exist, 10, 15 of 20 yr into the future. Changes in water quality standards
may confront the engineer as an even greater challenge in future planning
than population forecasting. If effluent standards or stream standards were
clearly stated and the target were fixed, the engineer could plan the develop-
ment of a treatment system in stages, according to a long term coordinated
plan. He could try to take full advantage of economics of scale, of new
technology, and of new design procedures. Uncertainty during design works
against the designer accomplishing this goal. The impact of this uncertainty
on implementation of pollution control technology is great. *
*Engineering, *Forecasting, *Engineering estimates, Treatment facilities,
Water quality, Water quality standards, Design standards
*Accuracy
723
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09 5 J
REVIEW OF PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRET WATER STORAGE
RESERVOIRS,
Hodgson, K. 0.
Natgun Corporation, Wakefield, Massachusetts
Journal of the New England Water Works Association, Vol. 88, No. 1, p 58-63,
March, 1974.
Precast prestressed concrete water storage reservoirs are discussed. The
tanks have a low profile, versatality of installation, require no painting in-
side or outside, and low or minimum maintenance requirements. The domed
tanks which are more common than flat tops do not have and do not need columns.
They do not have to be taken out of service. There are three types of tanks:
small tanks in sizes 100,000 to 500,000 gallons of the precast reinforced
concrete panel type, with diaphragm, but not wire wound or prestressed; the
regular precast prestressed concrete tanks in sizes 500,000 gallons and up,
and the concrete domes for existing circular tanks or for circular reservoirs.
Exterior architectural treatment is possible for all tanks.
*Storage tanks, *Water storage, *Reservoir storage, Concrete structures,
Prestressing
Precasting
096J
THE WATER SUPPLY INDUSTRY,
Proceedings of the Society for Analytical Chemistry: Analytical Division,
Chemical Society, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 41-51, March, 1974. 1 tab, 10 ref.
The proceedings of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society of the
Society for Analytical Chemistry are presented, and the water supply industry
in Great Britain is discussed. Under present circumstances, water management
in Great Britain is fragmented and lacks uniformity. With the existing
arrangements the water services are divided into three parts: water supply,
sewerage and sewage, and river and water resources management. As the consump-
tion of water for domestic and industrial purposes continues to increase, more
consideration is being given to augmenting existing supplies by the use of
underground sources, river water, treated effluent, and by opening up new
catchment areas. The recycling and reuse of water will also become common-
place and cheaper alternative supplies of less pure water will be offered
increasingly to industrial users. It is expected that there will be close
liaison between industry and the new Regional Water Authorities. Rivers
are also the recipients of surface water, sewage, and industrial wastes,
which, coupled with the growing use of a diversity of new materials and
active ingredients, increases the risk of water supplies becoming polluted
between the source and the consumer. The need for stricter analytical sur-
veillance is urgent.
*Water supply, *Water supply development, *Water management (applied),
Water pollution effects, Water pollution sources, Water reuse, Sewage, Water
resources, Water conservation, Rivers, Organizations, Technical societies,
Analytical techniques
Meetings, Society for Analytical Chemistry, Great Britain
724
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09 7 J
THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT—USE AND ABUSE, ORDER OF
CONFLICT—PART 1,
Ranken, M. B. F.
Aquamarine International Limited,
London, England
Journal of the Society of Environmental Engineers, Vol. 131, No. 60, p 3-11,
March, 1974. 1 tab.
The causes and effect of pollution in the sea are discussed in a comprehensive
review of the marine environment. The most important effects of pollutants
are biological; the sea is a highly effective scavenger of many pollutants,
but its capacity to break down and neutralize them is not infinite. A great
many pollutants come from sewage outfalls and industrial discharges into the
tidal waters, often uncontrolled and illegal; from rivers; from the atmosphere
brought down by rain; from agricultural runoff; from dumping from ships; from
exploitation of natural resources; and from other sources. In pollution
abatement a difficult and delicate balance must be achieved between the cost
of what is done to reduce or abate the pollution and the losses caused by not
doing so. There is easy access to the sea for any industry located on an
estuary or along the coast. The aim in estuaries must be to reduce pollution
to levels at which the bottom can support the fauna needed for sea fish, and
at which migratory fish can pass up or down river, whatever the river or
tidal levels. Some of the pollutants entering the sea are listed.
*Sea water, *Water pollution effects, *Water pollution sources, Industrial
wastes, Sewage, Farm wastes, Rivers, Estuaries, Fishkill, Water pollution
control, Environmental effects, Domestic wastes, Water supply
London, England
09 8J
SEDIMENTARY FLUORITE IN TAMPA BAY, FLORIDA,
Taft, W. H., and Martin, D. F.
South Florida University, Tampa, Florida,
Department of Chemistry
Environmental Letters, Vol. 6, No. 3, p 167-174, 1974. 4 ref.
Water and sediment samples were collected at eight sites in Tampa Bay adjacent
to the southernmost discharge canal of an industrial company, Gardinier,
Incorporated. Water samples were frozen within 4 hours of collection and
sediment samples were dried and prepared for x-ray diffraction. The results
show: the existence of sedimentary fluorite; remarkably low pH meter
readings which indicate the buffering capacity of 12 acre meters of estuarine
water was virtually exhausted; the fluoride concentration is as much as 40
times its concentration in normal sea water, undoubtedly because of the com-
plexing by hydrogen ions and silicon; and the temperature differentials in
such relative shallow water are not only significant, but are the inverse of
what wo.uld normally be expected.
*Water sampling, *Sampling, *Sediments, Analytical techniques, Estuaries,
Fluoride, Sea water, Temperature, Hydrogen ion concentration
Tampa Bay, Florida, Fluorite
725
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099J
DISPOSAL OF COMMUNITY WASTEWATER,
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Technical report series Ho. 541, 1974. 72 p, 17 ref.
A report of a World Health Organization Expert Committee on Disposal of
Community Wastewater which met in Geneva from September 25-October 1, 1973
is presented. The committee emphasized the need for specific research acti-
vities in the following main areas: alternatives to the water carriage system;
reuse of waste water; removal of deleterious substances; new criteria for
the control of effluent quality; manpower and managerial development; and low
cost collection and disposal systems. Master plans envisaging feasible
development in stages should be established on a community basis. An effec-
tive organization should be established at the national, state, regional, or
local level, for the efficient management of the facilities with the emphasis
on a central agency to plan and operate water supply and waste water dis-
posal systems. The financing of waste water disposal systems should be
integrated with that of water supply systems in the interest of obtaining
higher priority for waste water systems an better public acceptance of
them. The waste water disposal system, should, as far as possible, be
self-financing; government subsidies providing the initial impetus, if
required. Health agencies should continue their activities in the monitoring
and surveillance of water quality and environmental pollution.
*Municipal wastes, *Waste disposal, *Waste water treatment, Alternative
planning, Water reuse, Water supply, Water quality, Control, Effluents,
Water resources development, Water management (Applied), Water costs, Public
health, Monitoring, Water pollution
Geneva, Switzerland
100J
INSPECTION OF NEW TREATMENT FACILITIES,
MacKenzie, W. N.
Rockville Water and Aqueduct Company,
Rockvllle, Connecticut
Journal of the New England Water Works Association, Vol. 88, No. 1, p 1-18,
March, 1974.
The history of the Rockville Water and Aqueduct Company of Rockville, Conn-
ecticut is presented. A chronological summary of construction and events
dating back almost 150 years is presented including a list of people import-
ant to the development of the company. The company was organized under a
charter granted in April, 1893 as a result of the merger of the Rockville
Water Power Company and Rockville Aqueduct Company. The company was con-
cerned with controlled water pollution as early as 1907 when Lake Snipsic
and its tributaries were examined for sources of pollution. The company
acquired additional land for the sole purpose of protecting from pollution
the drinking water supplied to the city. Anti-pollution rules were esta-
blished in 1911 for those using the lake shore front. Organic wastes and
refuse matter were forbidden to be deposited in the lake.
*History, *Pollution control, Organic wastes, Wastes, Water quality, Waste
water treatment, Potable water, Lakes
*Rockville Water and Aqueduct Company, Rockville, Connecticut
726
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101J
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY AT NORWICH UNIVERSITY,
Pyper, G. R.
Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont,
Department of Engineering and Technology
Journal of the New England Water Works Association, Vol. 88, No. 1, p 32-43,
March, 1974. 3 ref.
The new and innovative 4 yr curriculum in Environmental Engineering Technology
at Norwich University, Northfield Vermont, is described. The objective of the
program is to produce an environmental technologist who has the technical com-
petence to work with environmental engineers and support environmental activi-
ties with a minimum supervision. The course of study includes the following
environmental courses: Environmental Pollution, Air Resource Engineering,
Hydrology and Waste Resources, Water Analysis Instruments, Air Sampling and
Monitoring, Water Pollution Control, Air Analysis Instruments, Air Field
Lab Problems, and Water Field Lab Problems. The predominant characteristic
of the technologist who will graduate from this program will be the techni-
cal ability to identify and define the extent of environmental pollution or
establish that no pollution exists.
*Education, *Environmental engineering, Universities
*Course of study, Norwich University (Northfield, Vermont)
10 2 J
RIVER AVON COULD CONSIST LARGELY OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT,
Water and Wastes Treatment, Vol. 17, No. 1, p 13, January, 1974.
The report of the Bristol Avon River Authority warning that the River Avon
could consist largely of sewage effluent is discussed. The basic fact coming
out of the report is that water supplies are not limitless and the rising
demand, which stems from increased per capita usage as well as population
growth, could not only outstrip supply but also have a disastrous effect
on the River Avon system. There are two solutions: water can be imported
from other areas or local resources can be developed by river regulation and
developing and optimizing groundwater resources. Future public water supply
needs which by the year 2001 will exceed present resources by 66 million pgd
can be met, by constructing a new reservoir.
*Water supply, *Water supply develppment, *Water resources, *Water resources
development, Rivers, Reservoirs, Sewage, Effluents, Water quality, Groundwater
resources
River Avon (Great Britain), Bristol Avon River Authority (Great Britain)
727
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10 3J
STARTUP AND OPERATION OF THE ROCKVILLE WATER TREATMENT
PLANT,
McQueen, J. R.
Rockville Water and Aqueduct Company,
Rockville, Connecticut
Journal of the New England Water Works Association, Vol. 88, No. 1, p 25-31,
March, 1974. »
The startup and operation of the Rockville Water Treatment Plant is
described. The plant is the result of 2 1/2 yr of planning and $2 1/4
million. Treatment in Rockville prior to this rapid sand filter plant con-
sisted of chlorination which began in 1929, the addition of caustic soda in
1966 for corrosion control within the distribution system, and fluoridation
required by state law in 1968. Complete startup took 18 days. On May 1,
1970 raw water began flowing through the plant and discharging back in Lake
Shenipsit through the overflow piping of one of the clear water storage tanks.
This was followed by chemical treatment stabilization, Board of Health inspec-
tions, and some piping changes. Five operators work a rotating shift schedule
which requires that each operator be involved in all aspects of the plant's
operation and maintenance. The plant has effected a great improvement in
water quality delivered to the system. Water color at the plant has been
reduced from 10-30 to 2 units or less. Iron and manganese have been removed.
Continuous activated carbon treatment has removed undesirable tastes and
odors from the water.
Treatment facilities, *0peration, Costs, Water quality, Water purification,
Waste water treatment, Iron, Activated carbon, Odor, Taste
Manganese, *Rockville Water Treatment Plant, Rockville, Connecticut, Startup
104J
BORON RELEASE FROM DEIONIZERS,
Paul, J. L., and Thornhill, W. F.
California University,
Department of Environmental Horticulture
Industrial Water Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 1, p 6, January/February, 1974.
The release of boron from deionized water and its pollution and toxicity effects
are discussed. When water is used for irrigation, it is necessary to consider
boron concentration in assessing water quality because boron is toxic to plants
at 1 ppm or more in irrigation water. Deionized water, produced from a mixed
bed unit, was used for irrigating greenhouse plants and scattered but recurring
cases of boron toxicity were noted. Samples of deionized water collected
just before and during breakthrough and analyzed for boron, pH, and electrical
resistance showed that boron reached a maximum concentration of 15 mg/liter.
Most pljant species die if irrigated continually with this concentration.
*Boron, *Toxicity, *Plant pathology, Water quality, *Irrigation, Water,
Ion exchange, Distillation
*Deionized Water
728
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105J
A FOSSIL PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY,
Sloth, E., and Locke, M.
Nebraska Public Power District
Power Engineering, Vol. 78, No. 4, p 52-55, April, 1974.
The Environmental impact study made by the Nebraska Public Power District
for the proposed fossil fuel plant at Sutherland Reservoir is discussed. The
studies are of much the same nature and scope as for a nuclear plant with a
few exceptions: radioactivity measurement is deleted, and programs for base-
line S02 and particulate natter measurements and monitoring are instituted.
A program of metering, sampling, counting, analyzing and logging has been
underway about a year. It will be about 5 years before the plant goes into
operation. During that time, the gathered data and deductions from it will in-
dicate the relative vulnerability of various targets to various plant in-
fluences. The data will indicate sampling frequencies that should be increased
or decreased, and it will disclose the presence of cyclical and irregular
fluctuations in biota counts.
*Fossil fuels, Sampling, Reservoirs, Measurement, Analysis
*Environmental impact studies, Nebraska Public Power District
106J
IMPACT OF BEACH NOURISHMENT ON DISTRIBUTION OF EMERITA
TALPOIDA, THE COMMON MOLE CRAB,
Hayden, B., and Dolan, R.
Virginia University, Charlottesville, Virginia
Journal of the Waterways Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division, Vol. 100,
No. WW2, p 123-132, May, 1974. 7 fig, 1 tab, 10 ref.
Since the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act was passed, ecological impacts
of engineering projects on such wildlife as the crab have become practical and
legal necessities. Emerita talpoida was experimented with at a Cape Hatteras,
North Carolina beach-nourishment program. On the discharge of nourishment ma-
terials it was found: the sands are transported across and down the beach via
swash and longshore currents; E. talpoida move down the beach, and result in
increased densities at one location; at termination of discharge, recovery takes
between three days and a week or two. Mole-crab population here experienced a
migration rather than massive mortality. High hydrogen sulfide levels are
postulated as cause for a temporary drop in population level. Redistribution of
the population is the significant conclusion.
*Crabs, *Ecological distribution, *Hydrogen sulfide, Beaches, Legal aspects,
Sands, Currents, Wildlife management
*National Environmental Policy Act (1969), *Ecological impact, Cape Hatteras,
North Carolina, Beach-nourishment, Emerita talpoida Mole-crabs, Engineering
projects
729
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10 7 J
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON WATER POLLUTION LEGISLATION,
Sacks, B. R.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, Boston, Massa-
chusetts, Permits Branch
The Journal of the Leather Chemists Association, Vol. 69, No. 4, p 133-142,
April, 1974.
Recent water pollution legislation has changed the approaches to effluent prob-
lems from both a technical and an economic point of view. The present status
of the Permits Program and industry standards for effluent are reviewed in re-
lation to regulation of the leather industry. Topics covered include: history
of pollution legislation, municipal pollution, industrial pollution, national
standards of performance, water quality standards, enforcement, permits and
licenses, tannery wastes, and cost recovery.
*Effluents, *Water pollution, Tannery wastes, legislation, Coats
*Water pollution legislation, Permits Program, Industry standards, Municipal
pollution, Industrial pollution
108J
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION GO
HAND-IN-HAND,
United States Energy Resources
Coal Age, Vol. 79, No. 4, p 113-116, April, 1974. 2 fig, 2 tab.
Major energy-environmental interfaces and problems are discussed. Mining
industries, especially base metal producers such as aluminum, copper, lead,
zinc, are viewed by EPA as major sources of industrial pollution. The impact of
new "clean" energy sources is proposed. Auto emmissions standards are a contro-
versial issue, both for tuning up old cars and for the prohibitive consumer
costs of anti-pollution devices for new models. Shifting patterns in electricity
use and the need for energy conservation, including drastic changes legislated
by Congress are also noted.
*Energy, *Environmental effects, *Mining, Conservation
Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial pollution, Auto emissions standards
730
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109J
A TANNER LOOKS AT THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
AMENDMENTS OF 1972,
Smith, W. L.
R. J. Widen Company, North Adams, Massachusetts
The Journal of the Leather Chemists Association, Vol. 69, No. 4, p 157-174,
April, 1974. 3 fig.
Costs and technical requirements as ramifications of the new law must be con-
sidered by the individual tanner at his plant. This is essential when discharg-
ing into an existing municipal sewage treatment plant or in planning a tie into
a proposed municipal system. Treatment of effluents by the individual tanner
is discussed in a lengthy transcript of a panel discussion.
legislation, *Sewage treatment, *Ef fluents, *Costs, *Tannery wastes, Municipal
wastes
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Sewage treatment plant
110J
NITROGEN: A PROBLEM OF DECREASING DILUTION,
Scorer, R.
Imperial College, London, Department of Mathematics
New Scientist, Vol. 62, No. 895, p 182-184, April 25, 1974. 2 fig.
Nitrogen pollution levels in the Thames and Lee rivers in Great Britain have
risen due to population pressures. Drinking water must be kept under 11.3
mg of nitrogen per litre in order to be potable for babies. Adult limits are
about 20 mg nitrogen per litre. The use of river water in towns and the popula-
tion served by sewage works have both increased. An additional problem is
warm winters, such as 1973-1974, where a greater fraction of the waste became
nitrate, rather than going into the air as ammonia. This paper does not propose
any solutions, except that population growth must not continue due to the
danger of nitrogen pollution.
*Nitrogen, *Rivers, *Nitrates, Human populations, Environmental effects, Potable
water, Water pollution
Nitrogen pollution, Thames and Lee Rivers, Great Britain
731
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111J
WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS,
Indian Chemical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 6, p 40, December, 1973.
A new range of water treatment chemicals, called the Belgard 800 range has been
introduced by the Industrial Chemicals division of Ciba-Geigy (UK) Ltd. All,
except Belgard 880 and 881, are based on a low molecular weight polymeric car-
boxy lie acid. There are seven chemicals in the range, two for boiler treatment
applications and five for use in water recirculation systems. Of the later five,
types 880 and 861 are for use as scale control additives and act as threshold and
crystal distortion agents, giving a physical as well as chemical action; types
881 and 883 are corrosion inhibitors without the inherent disadvantages of
chromates of polyphosphates; and type 880 is a pretreatment formulation designed
to passivate the water wetting surface of cooling systems, and give rapid con-
ditioning of the system prior to its treatment with Belgard 881. The two chemi-
cals for steam raising boilers, types 850 and 851, were developed to deal with
problems arising from the deposition of hardness scale and sludge in the feed
system and the boiler. All seven grades meet the modern day requirements of
industry, such as ease of application, reliability and economy, and extend the
inservice operation of the plant and reduce downtime for cleaning.
*Water treatment, *Chemicals, Organic acids, Polymers, Boilers, Recirculated
water, Corrosion control, Water cooling, Sludge
United Kingdom, India, Carboxylic acid
112J
ASH-HANDLING SYSTEM ELIMINATES RUNOFF POLLUTION,
Electrical World, Vol. 181, No. 4, p 50-51, February, 1974. 5 fig.
The elimination of runoff from the ash handling operation at Niagara Power Cor-
poration's Dunkirk Station to meet newly adopted local water quality standards
is described. The water was recirculated to sluice pumps, commercially accep-
table dry ash was generated, and a means for disposing of that ash was provided.
The system is highly automated and requires less operator attention than the
previous ash handling method. In addition to eliminating pollution, the new
system permits townships to use the bottom ash on roads. Before installation
of the system, ash from the settling ponds had to be loaded into trucks with
a front end loader which took considerable time. Now dump trucks can be filled
almost instantaneously. Most of tfie ash is now used by local municipalities
for road construction, the rest is being used as cover at a fly ash landfill
location.
*Runoff, *Water quality standards, Automation, Solid wastes, Waste disposal,
Sluices, Pumps, Recirculated water, Water pollution control
*Ash
732
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113J
SANITARY LANDFILL THREATENS LAKE,
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 3, p 12-14, March, 1974.
The threat of the sanitary landfill operation of Dartmouth to Black Lake is
discussed. The landfill could destroy the lake if the landfill is allowed to
continue without safeguards according to the Dartmouth Lakes Advisory Board
(DLAB). The landfill is located in an area slated to have industries situated
there is the future. The landfill operation is heading rapidly towards the
lake and could soon be spilling into it unless protective measures are taken.
There are plans to build an earth berm at the bottom of the mound of landfill,
designed to protect the lake, but members of the DLAB do not think that will be
sufficient. There is evidence that some erosion is taking place and if the
berm is made of raw earth, there would be soil runoff in heavy rains.
*Landfills, *Lakes, *Damages, Erosion, Runoff
Canada, Berm, Black Lake (Canada), Dartmouth, Canada, Dartmouth Lakes Advisory
Board
114J
TOXICITY OF SODIUM NITRILOTRIACETATE (NTA) TO THE FATHEAD
MINNOW AND AN AMPHIPOD IN SOFT WATER,
Arthur, J. W., Lemke, A. E., Mattison, V. R., and Halli-
gan, B. J.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, Na-
tional Water Quality Laboratory
Water Research, Vol. 8, p 187-193, March, 1974. 7 tab, 11 ref.
The toxicity of sodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) to Amphipods, Gatnmarus pseudo-
limmaeus Bousfield and fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque was in-
vestigated by submitting them to acute (96 h) and chronic (generation-cycle)
bioassays. All measurements are reported as Na3NTA. The average 96 h TL50
values under flow through conditions were 98 nig/liter NTA for the amphipod and
114 mg/llter for the fathead minnow. The acute toxicity of NTA was caused in
part by the high pH resulting from the addition of large amounts of NTA (greater
than 100 mg/liter) to soft water. Controlling pH reduced the lethality of NTA
by at least one half to fathead minnow larvae. The chronic no effect level of
NTA to the amphipods was 19 mg/liter; in fathead minnows, it exceeded the highest
exposure level (greater than 54 mg/liter).
*Toxicity, *Amphipoda, *Minnows, Bioassays, Hydrogen ion concentration, In-
vestigations, Lethal limit, Analytical techniques
*Sodium nitrilotriacetate, *Plmephales promelas Rafinesque, *Gammarus pseudo-
limnaeus Bousfield, Exposure studies, Fathead minnows
733
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115J
EFFECTS OF COPPER, ZINC AND CADMIUM ON SELANASTRUM CAP-
RICORfTOTUM,
Bartlett, L., Rabe, F. W., and Funk, W. H.
Idaho University, Moscow, Idaho, Department of Biological
Sciences
Water Research, Vol. 8, p 179-185, March, 1974. 8 fig, 3 tab, 12 ref.
The algicidal and algistatic effects of copper, zinc, and cadmium on Selanastrum
capricornutum, a unicellular green algae were analyzed by using a modification
of the Algal Assay Procedures Bottle Test. Algicidal concentrations of copper,
zinc, and cadmium were 0.30, 0.70, and 0.65 mg/liter. Treatment of Selanastrum
with various concentrations of the metals resulted in similar growth rates
characterized by extended lag growth phases. Combinations of the metals were
similar in toxicity to equal concentrations of zinc. Combinations of copper
and cadium resulted in a greater growth rate than equal concentrations of cop-
per suggesting that cadmium inhibits copper toxicity. Selanstrum was able to
exist in waters from the upper South Fork and North Fork of the Coeur d'Alene
River where zinc and other metals were in low concentration. However, the
algae was not able to tolerate zinc concentrations greater than 0.5 mg/liter
from waters of other parts of the drainage. These observations were consistent
with laboratory findings where 0.7 mg/liter zinc was algicidal and 0.1 mg/
liter inhibited the growth of Selanastrum.
*Chlorophyta, *Copper, *Zinc, *Cadmium, Investigations, *Toxicity, Algicides,
Growth rates, Analysis, Algae
*Selanastrum capricornutum, Great Britain, Coeur d'Arlene River
116J
DETERMINATION OF NITRATE IN WATER WITH A NEW CONSTRUCTION
OF ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE,
Hulanicki, A., Lewandowski, R., and Maj, M.
Warszawa University, Poland, Institute of Fundamental
Problems in Chemistry
Analytical Chimica Acta, Vol. 69, No. 2, p 409-411, April, 1974. 3 tig, 2 tab,
6 ref.
A new design of the liquid state electrode for nitrate ions is proposed. It
contains a porous wick soaked with the liquid ion-exchanger, and has no internal
reference solution. This electrode was used for nitrate determination of tap
water at the level 8-10 ppm. The effects of chloride and hydrogencarbonate
are eliminated by the addition of silver sulfate and a phosphate buffer,
which also maintains constant ionic strength. Precision of a series of measure-
ments is better than 2%, but the results show differences up to 10% compared
to the colorimetric brucine procedure.
*Nitrate, *Electrodes, Ions, Investigations, Water analysis, Design data, Ion
exchange, Analytical techniques, Phosphates
Poland, Netherlands, Silver sulfate
734
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117J
STUDY OF CARBOHYDRATE SOLUBILIZATION FROM SEWAGE SLUDGES,
Owen, S. G. H. and Lamb, R.
Holywell R. D. C., Flintshire, England
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 78, No. 1, p 114-120, 1974. 8 fig, 17 ref.
Carbohydrate solubilization from sewage sludges was investigated to examine:
the degree of solubilization of carbohydrates occurring from the sludge to the
sewage liquid; the changes in carbohydrate concentration in the liquid isolated
from the sludge; and some of the factors which may influence these processes.
Although dilution was important, there was a tendency for the same concentration
of carbohydrates to dissolve into the liquid no matter what the dilution. The
time of contact between the liquid and the sludge was important, with more car-
bohydrates solubilizing out into the liquid the longer the time of contact, at
least up to the 18th day, if the sludge and liquid were not mixed. Mixing of the
sludge and liquid was important, although after an initial large increase in
concentration within the first day, the rate and pattern of solubilization in a
mixed sample was similar to that in the unmixed sample. The age of the sludge
affected the quantity of carbohydrates dissolving into the liquid; the fresher
the sludge, the greater the amount of solubilization. Temperature had little
effect on the process, although a low temperature of 2 C tended to slow down
the process. The initial pH of the system was not important. There was a
50% reduction in carbohydrate concentration if the sludge liquid was kept out
of contact with the sludge for one day.
*Carbohydrates, *Sewage sludge, *Solubllity, Investigations, Sludge, Mixing,
Hydrogen ion concentration, Age, Liquids
England
118J
THE HYDROLYSIS OF UREA IN RIVERS,
Stiff, M. J., and Gardiner, D. K.
Water Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of the
Environment
Water Treatment and Examination, Vol. 22, No. 4, p 259-268, 1973. 4 fig, 3 tab,
4 ref.
Laboratory and field tests were conducted to establish whether the hydrolysis of
urea might occur in rivers during winter conditions when urea would be used to
prevent the formation of ice on airfield runways. The results show there is a
likelihood that the hydrolysis of urea will take place in rivers in winter time.
The rate of hydrolysis appears to depend on local conditions and at present not
enough is known about the appropriate variables to make any generalization.
Therefore, the rate at which hydrolysis would occur in any particular river can
be estimated only by experiments involving the water and bottom deposits of
that river. Because of the relatively short residence time of rivers in the
United Kingdom it is unlikely that complete hydrolysis of urea will take place,
in which case the urea nitrogen load would not appear as ammonia at waterworks
intakes. Further hydrolysis could occur during residence in reservoirs, but
quantification is possible only by examination of particular cases. In river
waters examined there is invariably a measurable concentration of urea ranging
from 0.01 to 1 mg N/lit:er. The addition of urea to rivers from airfields will
not therefore introduce any substance foreign to river waters although it could
lead to an unusually high concentration.
*Winter, *Ureas, *Rivers, Laboratory tests, On-site investigations, Ice,
Hydrolysis, Water pollution sources
United Kingdom, Airports
735
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119J
CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF GROUND WATERS,
Kaufman, W. J.
California University, Berkeley, California
Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 3, p 152-159, March,
1974. 8 fig, 6 tab, 21 ref.
The chemical pollution of groundwaters is discussed and the major pollutants are
described. Direct chemical groundwater pollution results from the introduction
into aquifers of waste waters containing pollutants or substances that may in-
duce chemical changes or that are themselves modified such that pollutants are
generated. Indirect pollution is generally attributed to overpumping or excessive
depletion of the groundwater source such that unwanted, naturally present min-
eral constituents are drawn into the aquifer from deeper formations. In this
context, increasing salinity is the most common problem. There are at least
26 sources of groundwater pollution, essentially all of them are potential
sources of direct or indirect chemical pollution. From a public health stand-
point, nitrate pollution is probably the most important, although public con-
cern for pesticides has placed them a close second. Other principal pollutants
are petroleum products, especially gasoline, detergents, and heavy metals.
*Water pollution sources, *Groundwater, *Nitrates, *Petroleum, *Pesticides,
*Heavy metals, *Detergents, Nitrogen, Soils, Aquifers, Organic compounds,
Inorganic compounds, Gasoline, Fertilizers, Waste water, Organic matter, Dairy
industry, Wastes, Mineralogy
120J
NO RADIOACTIVE FISH IN LAKE MICHIGAN,
Industrial Research, Vol. 16, No. 3, p 22, 25, March, 1974.
The results of a study on radioactivity in Lake Michigan are discussed. Al-
though environmentalists continue to push for greater precautions for nuclear
reactors, a study issued by Environmental Research Group, Inc. reports that,
even if the worst leakage allowed by the AEC were to occur from power plants
around Lake Michigan, radioactivity in the lake's fish would not build up to a.
point higher than half the permissible level. Radioactivity from most isotopes
in edible fish caught in the immediate vicinity of a nuclear power plant dis-
charge would be practically none by the time the fish was consumed. In the
case of iodine, for example, the highest level reached would be 5.5% of their
permissible level. Moreover, the radioactivity would eventually be removed from
the lake waters through burial in sediment or removal in food products.
*Radioactivity, *Lake Michigan, Radioisotopes, Fish, Investigations, Computers,
Water pollution sources, Water pollution effects
736
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121J
MANY PURPOSES THE MIAMI CONSERVANCY DISTRICT AS A SOCIAL
INSTRUMENT,
Wolman, A.
John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 3, p 139-141, March, 1974.
The history and purpose of the Miami Conservancy District are discussed with
emphasis on its application as a social instrument. The District was formed
in 1913 after a disastrous flood. It exemplified an epic of achievements in
innovating processes of government, of engineering, and of social organization.
These essential elements for progressive encounter with new goals are still cur-
rent. The aims of the District are to plan for the full development of the
water resources; to develop intelligent bookkeeping of them; to engage in
stream beautification; and to design, construct, maintain, and operate where
appropriate waste treatment facilities. The District will move from a relatively
static custodial position to a dynamic total river management, and a $100
million waste water improvement complex. The District will expand in function
and in geographic boundary as it is necessary to maintain its purpose.
*Social function, *Social participation, History, Florida
*Miami Conservancy District
122J
AN EXPERIMENT ON DISPOSAL OF METAL WORKING OIL EMULSION
INTO SEWER SYSTEMS (Kinzoku kakoyu no haisui shori ni kan-
suru ichi jikken),
Izumi, K. and Nagamori, H.
Kao Soap Company, Tokyo, Japan, Industrial Research
Laboratories
Junkatsu (Journal of the Japanese Society of Lubrication Engineers), Vol. 19,
No. 3, p 32-40, March, 1974. 6 fig, 4 tab, 12 ref.
An anode oxidation procedure for the disposal of metal working oil emulsion into
sewer systems was developed to decompose emulsifiers followed by short time
settling to separate the oil from the water. The procedure can be used in
laboratories or in machine shops of small size where small quantities of emul-
sions need to be disposed of and where independent sewer systems of large capa-
city cannot be justified. A platinum (and/or ruthenium) plated sintered glass
filter was used to make the equipment compact and to reduce man power to re-
place the anode due to corrosion. There was a 95% removal of organic matter
from the drainage water although the flow rate of the emulsion was too low to be
practical. Changing the shape and the structure of the electrodes will
probably increase the flow rate.
*Waste disposal, *0il, *Emulsions, Investigations, Sewerage, Industrial wastes,
Equipment, Electrodes, Anodes, Oxidation, Corrosion control, Flow rates, Or-
ganic matter
Japan, Platinum, Ruthenium
737
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123J
FORGING THE MISSING LINK,
Webster, L. F.
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 3, p 42-45, March, 1974. 3 ref.
A study aimed at using high nutrient wastes as an integral part of a contrived
food chain sequence is described. Dr. John Ryther of the Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution is working on a project which anticipates the controlled
feddlng of raw domestic sewage to a marine environment. This would promote the
growth of specific types of algae that would be eaten by shellfish. The
wastes of these shellfish then serve as food for sea worms that are, in turn,
consumed by succeeding orders of fish higher in the food chain which, in turn,
form part of a human diet. Undesirable elements would be trapped, or removed
from the system elsewhere—viruses through containment in the shellfish;
ammonia, and phosphate growth of other selected algae and seaweeds. This
would establish a complex, multi-species food chain which would serve the
dual function of a tertiary sewage treatment process and an aquiculture system
producing a primary crop of shellfish and secondary crops of other potentially
valuable marine organisms.
*Food chains, *Nutrients, *Wastes, Ecosystems, Shellfish, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Investigations, Sewage, Effluents, Algae, Sea water, Mollusks, Organic wastes,
Domestic wastes, Aquiculture, Tertiary treatment
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
124J
OZONE TREATS ARCTIC WATERS,
Reid, L. C., and Potworowski, H. S.
Arctic Health Research Centre, Fairbanks, Alaska, Envi-
ronmental Sciences Branch
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 3, p 53-55, March, 1974. 6 fig, 2 tab.
The application of ozone as a useful water conditioner for cold water sources
was investigated by the Arctic Health Research Centre for water supplies in
Alaska. It is feasible to use ozone for iron, manganese, organics, and color
removal in cold waters. From the results obtained in the study, it would ap-
pear that ozone may be the answer to the need for better iron and manganese
removal from arctic water suppliers. If the water is of acceptable hardness
after removal of iron and manganese, the only treatment of the raw water would
be for ozonation, sedimentation, and filtration. The resulting water would
be free of odors and obnoxious tastes, and would be clear. Staining of clothes
and fixtures would be eliminated. A side benefit of the ozonation process would
be the purification. It is recommended that an attempt be made to develop a
pilot ozonation plant that would treat groundwater for removal of iron, manga-
nese, color, and organics.
*Water purification, *0zone, *Arctic, iron, Manganese, Organic matter, Color,
Water treatment, Investigations, Filtration, Sedimentation, Tastes, Ground-
water, Alaska
730
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125J
SUBMERGED AERATORS ARE HOT,
Winter, R. L.
Philadelphia Mixers Corporation, King of Prussia, Penn-
sylvania
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 37-38, 69, March, 1974.
The advantages and applications of submerged turbine aerators are described.
The systems are particularly economical to use where land costs are relatively
high because they can provide higher intensities than surface aerators. The
aerators offer flexibility for changing the performance characteristics of
the installation. A submerged unit can be easily modified to generate and dis-
tribute a larger volume of air than originally designed for. The basins take
up considerably less space than surface aerators and they are highly effective
in dispersing oxygen through the aeration basin. Their oxygen utilization is
at least 20% which is four times as high as the diffused air types. The
submerged systems are highly efficient due to the combination of pressured
diffusion with that of mechanical mixing, the saturation level of the liquid
being mixed, and the compact design of the basins.
*Waste water treatment, *Aeration, *Waste water disposal, Underground struc-
tures, Costs, Flexibility, Mixing, Oxygenation, Basins
*Aerators
126J
PROJECTS, IDEAS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT,
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 3, p 32, March, 1974.
The City of Sudbury, the Ontario Environment Ministry, and the International
Nickle Co. of Canada, Ltd. are currently experimenting together for a means of
disposing of digested sewage sludge for the city's new water pollution control
plant. About 150,000 gallons of sludge have been dumped each week on test plots.
This is equivalent to 1800 cu yd of sludge spread monthly by trucks working 5
days a wk. The test plots include both vegetated and nonvegated areas to
enable collecting data on a controlled basis. The plot sizes vary but all to-
gether encompass approximately 50 acres. The experiment will evaluate dif-
ferent types of vegetation which may or may not produce 2nd generation growth
mutations. The organic waste oxidizes slowly and releases nutrients in addi-
tion to acting as a pH control. Limestone is the principal additive reaching
the tailings area. Natural composition is mainly silica, iron and those minerals
found in granite rock. The average depth of sludge penetration into the tail-
sings has yet to be assessed. There is still uncertainty as to the benefits
which the sludge will contribute.
*Sludge disposal, Treatment facilities, Sewage, Sludge treatment, Sludge,
Investigations, Organic wastes, Oxidation, Limestones
Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
739
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127J
PROCESS DESIGN AND OPERATION FOR ZERO EFFLUENT DISCHARGE,
Hendrickson, E. R., and Oglesby, H. S.
Environmental Science and Engineering, Incorporated,
Gainesville, Florida
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Vol. 57, No. 4, p 71-73
April, 1974. 8 ref.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 declared the national
goal to be that the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters be eliminated
by 1985. This is commonly referred to as "zero effluent discharge." A kraft
mill, for example, will require a combination of reduction of waste water gener-
ation, maximizing reuse of waste water streams, and development and application
of unique new treatment techniques. Among the process measures which look
promising to reduce waste water discharges are: increasing pulp washing effi-
ciency, closing brown stock screening, oxygen or other bleaching, increasing
dilution in washing, stripping condensates, collecting chemical spills, col-
lecting fiber spills, and dry barking. It may be possible to maximize reuse
of waste water streams and recover the chemicals. Most of these are in the
early development stages and some consist only of isolated unit processes.
*Federal Water Pollution Control Act, *Water pollution, *Effluents, Water
reuse, Water treatment, Industrial wastes, Legislation, Washing, Bleaching
wastes, Screening, Dilution, Chemicals, Treatment, Waste water
*Zero effluent discharge, Water reclamation, Amendments to Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Act, 1972, Pulp washing efficiency
12 8 J
METHODS FOR THE DIRECT DETERMINATION OF HEAVY-METAL POL-
LUTANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT,
Wolcott, D. K.
The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Me-
chanical College, Louisiana
Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 34, No. 9, p 4257, March, 1974.
In order to determine the concentration of heavy metal pollutants in the eco-
logical biosphere, large samples must be collected and/or there must be a pre-
analysis concentration step. A need exists for experienced personnel. A de-
vice has been designed for the direct determination of heavy metal pollutants
by atomic absorption spectroscopy. This uses a carbon bed atomizer for the
reduction of metal pollutants to free atoms, and a heated quartz long path
absorption tube to maintain the atoms in the light path in the free atomic
state. Use of the instrument includes determination of cadmium in the atmosphere,
in seawater, in biological fluids, in filter papers, and in plastics. It is
also calibrated for air analysis. Attempts are being made to eliminate con-
tamination in calibrating media.
*Heavy metals, *Pollutants, *Ecology, *Cadmium, Liquid wastes, Oxidation-reduc-
tion, Analytical techniques, Biosphere, Plastics, Filter paper, Fluids
Pre-analysis concentration, Optical paths
740
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129J
METHYLATION OF MERCURY IN LAKE AND RIVER SEDIMENTS DURING
FIELD AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS,
Mohsin, M.
McGlll University, Canada
Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 34, No. 9, p 4156, March, 1974.
The objectives of this study were to determine the amount of methyl-mercury
(MeHg) that is produced in the sediments of two contrasting river environments
when these sediments were treated with mercuric or phenylmercuric salts, and
to determine the amount of MeHg formed in dissimilar lake and river sediments
and the characteristics which affect the production and accumulation of MeHg.
On-site experimentation was performed at two river sites by sample retrieval
of bulk sediment. These samples were analyzed for total Hg using an aqua regia
digest and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results indicate
that Hg losses from stationary sediments are minimal and that sediment trans-
port is the major source of Hg movement in a river system. In laboratory
tests, intact sediments from two lakes, one oligotrophic and one eutrophic, and
two polluted rivers were treated with PhHgAc and incubated for up to 14 days
under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. The amount of MeHg formed in the four
sediments differed and seemed to be related to the amount of sulfide present
and the general biological activity of the sediments. Biological pathways
producing MeHg and methane did not seem to be directly related.
*Mercury, *Methane, *Pollution, *Rivers, Lakes, On-site investigation, Anaero-
bic conditions, Aerobic conditions, Absorption, Biology, Ecology, Laboratory
tests, Sedimentation, Investigation
Methylation, Methyl-mercury, Aqua regia, Oligatrophic conditions, Eutrophic
conditions, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
130J
QUALITY OF WATER DISCHARGED FROM TWO AGRICULTURAL WATER-
SHEDS IN SOUTHWESTERN IOWA,
Burwell, R. E., Schuman, G. E., Piest, R. F., Spomer,
R. G., and McCalla, T. M.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, North Central Watershed
Research Center, Council Bluffs, Iowa
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 359-365, April, 1974. 5 tab,
15 ref.
The quality of water discharged from a 157.5-ha diversified conservation-
farmed watershed in southwestern Iowa was within acceptable limits for po-
table water except for the levels of ammonia, inorganic phosphorus, and coli-
form. Total coliform levels exceeded the established criteria on two occa-
sions, and fecal coliform once during the study. Nutrient concentration was
high occasionally, but the nutrient quantities discharged from the watershed
were low, the effectiveness of the level-terrace system in controlled surface
runoff and erosion thus being shown. Atrazine residue in the runoff and
sediment was detected in only one sample. Even though several chlorinated hydro-
carbon and organophosphate compounds had been applied to the watershed, none
was detected in runoff or sediment. A two year study comparing data from a
33.6-ha contour-farmed watershed with the data from a 157.5-ha well-planned
conservation watershed showed the benefits and necessity of using some means
of controlling runoff and erosion to prevent loss of agricultural chemicals
that might degrade surface waters.
*Water quality, *Watershed management, Conservation, Coliform levels, Inor-
ganic compounds, Watersheds, Runoff, Sediments, Data, Ammonia, Agricultural
runoff, Hydrocarbons
Iowa, Inorganic phosphorus, Level-terrace system
741
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131J
THE PUDSEY PROJECT,
Barker, R. P., Hurst, G., and Rock, B. M.
Civil Engineering, p 30-31, April, 1974.
Research and development by the Wool Industry Research Association (WIRA) and
the water pollution control department of the Pudsey Borough Council has been
carried out to see how sewage effluent might be used for wet processes. It
was generally thought that a very high quality of water was required for wool
textile industry wet processes. However, the mass of data collected here in-
dicates that sewage works effluent agrees with the specifications—iron 0.5
mg/liter, manganese 0.1 mg/liter, total hardness of 50 to 100 rag/liter as CaC03.
They do not agree reasonably with turbidity, color, and suspended solids. How-
ever, after suitable filtration and chlorination it seemed that the effluent
waters would meet these standards. From laboratory and mill based trials,
it was concluded that the wet processes at the mill could be carried out using
effluent from Pudsey Works.
*Water quality, *Effluents, *Sewage, Textiles, Research and development, Water
pollution control, Water quality standards, Suspended solids, Turbidity, Fil-
tration, Chlorination, Mills
Pudsey Works (England), Wool textile industry, Textile mills
132J
REUSE AND RECYCLE OF WATER IN INDUSTRY,
Appleyard, C. J., and Shaw, M. G.
Bostock Hill and Ribgy, Limited, Birmingham, England
Chemistry and Industry, No. 6, p 240-246, March 16, 1971. 2 tab, 10 ref.
Water reuse or recycle both reduces the requirement of raw water and reduces
the volume of effluent which has to be subsequently disposed of as well as the
size of any treatment plant required. In industry, in order to utilize water
reuse, a balance must be drawn up followed by a detailed survey to indicate:
whether the effluents are suitable for reuse or recycle with or without treat-
ment; whether water is being used unnecessarily; the minimum, average, and
maximum quantity of water required; frequency of use; nature and amount of
contamination picked up; and nature of treatments required. Industries dis-
cussed include the food industry, the electronic industry, the semi-conductor
industry, the manufacture of television tubes, the textile industries, cooling
water reuse, steel works and problems related specifically to each. Treat-
ments included removal of particulate matter or phase separation, removal of
dissolved inorganic ions, and removal of soluble organic material. It was
concluded that in almost every industry recycle or reuse of water must be
accomodated in the future for both economics and conservation.
*Water reuse, *Recycling, *Industries, *Treatment facilities, Food processing
industry, Textiles, Dissolved solids, Costs
"Treatment methods, Phase separation, Organic material removal, Electronic
industry, Television tubes, Steel works
742
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133J
NOVEMBER 1972 FLOODS ON THE LOWER GREAT LAKES,
Brazel, A. J., and Phillips, D. W.
Windsor University, Ontario, Canada, Department of
Geography
Weatherwise, Vol. 27, No. 2, p 56-62, April, 1974. 6 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
Public and political outcry was noted in 1972 due to high water levels on
the Great Lakes. Extensive flood damage had occurred for which individuals,
industries, and governments were blamed in the media. This study gives a
meteorological analysis of the flooding, wave action, wind set-up and seiche,
both over time and for various portions of specific lakes. Shoreline damage
and structural weakening of shorefront structures, geomorphological damage,
harmful effects to wildlife, agriculture, and sewer systems cannot be measured
in costs, although measurable damage amounted to over twenty-five million dol-
lars. The result of this investigation was the establishment of a Lake Level
Advisory and Warning Service in Toronto in 1973. This forecasts wave heights
and potential inundation levels along the Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair shore-
lines.
*Flooding, *Flood damage, *Flood forecasting, *Great Lakes Region, Flood waves,
Sewer systems, Costs, Investigation, Forecasting, Agriculture, Geomorphology,
Meteorology, Canada
Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, Toronto
134J
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF CHLORINE CONTACT TANKS,
Kothandaraman, V., and Evans, R. L.
State of Illinois Water Survey, Urbana, Illinois, De-
partment of Registration and Education
Circular No. 119. 36 p, 13 fig, 19 tab, 17 ref.
Most existing chlorine contact tanks suffer from serious drawbacks of dead
spaces, short circuiting, and solids accumulations. These putrefy and exert
undue chlorine demand. Hydraulic model studies of chlorine contact tanks
indicate that air agitated, baffled contact units have better flow character-
istics than just baffled units or air agitated contact tanks without baffles.
Air agitation does not result in a loss of total chlorine residuals, and it
improves the bactericidal efficiency of chlorination. Air agitation elimi-
nates the problems caused by solids accumulation in the contact units. Split
chlorination does not appear to be an advantageous modification in chlorination
practice.
*Hydraulics, *Chlorine, *Model studies, *Flow characteristics, Air, Solids,
Design criteria, Bacteria, Water purification
*Chlorine contact tanks, Split chlorination, Solids accumulation, Baffled contact
tanks
743
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135J
SOLUBILITIES OF CALCIUM SULFATE DIHYDRATE AT 25 C IN BRACK-
ISH WATERS AND THEIR CONCENTRATES: EFFECT OF CALGON AD-
DITIVE AND PREDICTIONS FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESSES,
Yeatts, L. B., Lantz, P. M., and Marshall, W. L.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Union Carbide Corporation,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Contract No. W-7405-eng-26, September 1973. 64 p, 17 fig, 21 tab, 9 ref.
the solubility of calcium sulfate dihydrate, a substance which can impede re-
verse osmosis (RO) processes by saturation precipitation in RO membrane pores,
was determined at 25 C in three typical brackish water compositions and their
concentrates. These waters were synthetically prepared, and corresponded to
compositions and concentrates of well waters used by the Office of Saline
Water RO plants at Gillette, Wyoming, and Webster, South Dakota, and those of
a post-irrigation water from the Wellton-Mohawk Canal in Arizona. In this pre-
sent study, a commercial solid polyphosphate preparation, Calgon, was shown when
added in small amounts (5-40 ppm In unconcentrated solutions) to initially
produce an apparent increase in the saturation concentration of hydrated CaS04
(the solid phase). Later (2-6 days), the solution concentration of CaS04
decreased to near the expected solubilities in the absence of Calgon. The
method of calculation of the solubility of CaS04 and its hydrates in various
saline waters, which has been used successfully for several years, is found
to apply equally well to the calculation of saturation limits of hydrated
CaS04 in the present waters and concentrates.
*Calcium sulfate, *Reverse osmosis, *Brackish water, Saturation, Precipitation,
Solids, Solutions, Irrigation water, Saline waters, Solubility
*Calgon, Commercial polyphosphate, Arizone (Wellton-Mohawk Canal), Gillette,
Wyoming, Webster, South Dakota
136J
BASE CIVIL ENGINEER SANITARY LABORATORY,
Schultz, S. E.
Air Force Academy, Colorado
National Technical Information Service, Final Report for period September 9,
1971 to April 13, 1972. December, 1973. 105 p, 4 fig, 49 tab.
A review of research by the U. S. Air Force Weapons Laboratory describes a
number of standard water and waste water testing laboratories. These are
equipped to support Base Civil Engineering personnel in operating treatment
plants. An itemized list of equipment, apparatus, and reagents for each test
to be conducted are given. Included also are floor plan drawings of the labora-
tory and an identification of utility services which are required for operation.
treatment plants, *Waste water treatment, laboratory tests, *Treatment facili-
ties, Laboratory equipment, Reviews, Standards
Reagents, Floor plans, Apparatus, U. S. Air Force Academy
744
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137J
UTILIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND WASTE BY-PRODUCTS
FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL: AN INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT,
Fowlle, P. J. A., and Shannon, E. E.
Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada
Research Report No. 6, June, 1973. 85 p, 11 fig, 22 tab, 15 ref.
An inventory of waste products was compiled and several different types of
waste material produced by 48 separate Ontario and Quebec companies were evalu-
ated for phosphorus removal efficiency by jar testing procedures. Several wastes
with varying degrees of usefulness were identified—pickle liquors, reclaimed
FeS04.7H20, mill scale, spent mine acid, carbide lime, stack precipitator
dusts, dross, red mud, and certain bag-house dusts and slags. A dosage of
pickle liquor at 20 mg/liter as Fe gave effluent phosphorus levels consistently
less than 1 mg/liter for influent phosphorus levels varying as high as 9.3 mg/
liter. The pickle liquor did not affect COD removal efficiency, or cause sig-
nificant changes in effluent pH or heavy metals content. Ferric sulphate
[Fe2(S04)3] produced from a sludge incinerator ash was evaluated for phos-
phorus removal on a pilot scale (20 Igpm). It was found that a dosage slightly
in excess of 15 mg/liter as Fe gave effluent phosphorus levels leas than 1
mg/liter. Again, heavy metals added with the Fe2(S04)3 were accumulated in
the sludge rather than carrying over in the effluent.
*Waste products, Lime, Effluents, Chemical oxygen demand, Phosphorus, Heavy
metals, Canada, Sludge, Laboratory tests
*Phosphorus removal, *Jar-testing, Ontario, Quebec, Feoric sulphate, Mine
acid, Pickle liquor
138J
HEAVY METALS IN AGRICULTURAL LANDS RECEIVING CHEMICAL
SEWAGE SLUDGES,
Van Loon, J. C.
Toronto University, Toronto, Canada, Department of Geolo-
gy, Chemistry, and The Institute of Environmental Sci-
ences and Engineering
Research Program for the Abatement of Municipal Pollution Within the Provisions
of the Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality, Research Report
No. 9, March, 1973. 37 p, 2 fig, 10 tab, 6 ref.
Potentially sewage treatment plant sludges could be used as fertilizers on
agricultural lands. This would be a double benefit acting as a disposal mechan-
ism as well as a source of plant nutrients. However, a variety of reports have
urged caution in this regard for fear of contaimination of the land by other
matrix constituents, among these the potentially toxic heavy metals,. The
present study emphasizes the utilization of standard and control samples as
tools for validating the data obtained. A series of reports, most of which
have appeared in the past year, describe the metal content of domestic sewage
plant sludges and sewage sludge fertilizers. Researchers in several countries
are also developing projects designed to study the uptake by plants of heavy
metals from sludged or otherwise metal contaminated soils. Selections of
references to ongoing work are given at the end of this report.
*Waste water treatment, *Sludge treatment, *Sewage, *Treatment facilities,
Fertilizers, Studies, Heavy metals, Soils, Sewage disposal, Toxicity, Re-
search, Canada
*Treatment plant sludges, Metal contaminated soils, Toronto, Canada
745
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139J
SELECTED ABSTRACTS FOR INSTRUMENTATION AND AUTOMATION OF
WASTEWATER FACILITIES,
Movlar, A. E., and Roesler, J. F.
Raytheon Company
Environmental Systems Center, Portsmouth, Rhode Island
Project No. 17110, 1973.
A collection of abstracts summarizing technical articles related to the in-
strumentation and automation of waste water treatment plants was developed.
This literature search encompassed most recognized environmental instrument
and automatic control periodicals, symposium series, and conference proceedings
published from 1967 to 1973. In addition, scientific and engineering abstrac-
ting publications were researched for pertinent literature. Approximately
600 abstracts collected during this investigation are classified according
to the following four categories: Instruments, Control Experiences and Stra-
tegies, Costs, and Support Material. These categories are further refined
into numerous subcategories. Each entry contains a title, author, biblio-
graphic citation, abstract, and keywords. An author index and source list
are also included.
*Instrumentation, *Automation, *Publications, Costs, Waste water treatment,
Storm water, Flow measurements, Sanitary engineering, Control
*Abstract collections, Technical articles
140J
SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES,
Davis, E. D., Editor
Saskatchewan University
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Civil Engineering Department
Economic and Technical Review Report EPS 3-WP-74-3, Water Pollution Control
Directorate, Ottowa, Canada, 1973. 595 p.
A collection of 28 articles was collated relating to the problems and possible
solutions of water supply and waste water treatment in cold environments.
Contributions were predominantly from Canada and the United States but five
other countries were represented as well. Reports include both engineering
research articles, planning discussions, and some quantitative analyses
*Waste water treatment, *Cold regions, *Waste disposal, *Water supply, Sewage
treatment, Temperature, Sewage lagoons, Disinfection, Aeration, Oxidation,
Biological treatment, Chemical treatment, Facilities, Performance, Efficiencies,
Costs, Planning, Denitrification, Elevation, Water quality, Water conservation,
Anaerobic digestion, Canada, United States, Phosphorous, Chlorine, Finland,
Denmark, Sweden, Norway U.S.S.R., Extended aeration, Bubble diffuser,
Vacuum sewer system, Black water, Grey water, Psychrophiles, Mesophiles,
Floating tube settler, Clarification, Mireinfiltration
746
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141J
AN EVALUATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES IN ALASKA VILLAGES,
Alter, A. J.
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of Northern
Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 1-28, August 22-24, 1973. 12 tab.
The article discusses the special problems associated with the provision
of an adequate water supply and waste disposal in cold climates. Recommen-
dations are made as to appropriate planning procedures for communities, research
needs in the biological, chemical, and physical performance of existing
waste treatment methods and of non-frost susceptible methods in environ-
mental management, and the development of realistic, reasonable and equitable
methods of finance for supply and treatment systems.
*Water supply, *Waste disposal, *Cold regions, *Waste treatment, Environmental
control, Biological, Chemical, Physical
*Cold climates, *Alaska, Environmental management
142J
PROBLEMS OF THE CANADIAN NORTH,
Hurtubise, F. G.
Water Pollution Control Directorate,
Environmental Protection Service,
Environment Canada, Technology Development Branch
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of Northern
Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 75-84, August 22-24, 1973.
The role of the Canadian Environmental Protection Service is examined. Certain
projects in the Northwest Territories in which the Environmental Protection
Service is involved with one also outlined. These include: a study on the use
of swampland lakes for sewage treatment; the use of vacuum and recirculating
toilet units for sewage collection with subsequent incineration disposal;
feasibility of land disposal of sewage effluent or use as fertilizer in permafrost
areas; the practicability of the use of physical-chemical and rotating bio-disc
treatment plants; the use of lagoon systems to serve isolated institutions;
and the use of plasticized paperbags to replace garbage cans.
*Canada, *Planning, *Swamps, *Lakes, *Lagoons, *Temperature, Sewage disposal,
Incineration, Fertilization, Cold regions
*Bio disc, Plasticized bags, Vacuum toilet, Recirculating toilet
747
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143J
ALASKA VILLAGE DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS: FIRST
GENERATION OF INTEGRATED UTILITIES FOR REMOTE COMMUNITIES,
Reid, B. H.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
College, Alaska
Arctic Environmental Research Laboratory
In: SYMPOSIUM ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN COLD CLIMATES, Institute of Northern
Studies, University of Saskatchewan, p 549-569, August 22-24, 1973. 6 fig,
11 ref.
Under Section 20., Public Law 91-224, April 3, 1970, Congress authorized the
Secretary of Interior to carry out the Alaska Village Demonstration Projects
(AVDP) . The projects were to include, "provisions for community safe water
supply systems, toilets, bathing and laundry facilities, sewage disposal
facilities, and other similar facilities". The projects were assigned to the
Office of Research and Development and the Arctic Environmental Research La-
oratory. In developing the project concept certain objectives were established,
including: the provision of a system of facilities that would be simple,
reliable, inexpensive, and yet a real improvement over existing conditions;
provide water for domestic use that met Federal and State quality requirements;
and treat and dispose of all wastes (air, water, solid) in such a manner as to
meet future Federal and State regulations. In achieving these goals some of
the following processes and equipment were used: vacuum toilets; separation
of grey water from black water; physico-chemical treatment of waste water with
reuse in laundering facilities; incineration of black water residue and sludge
from waste water treatment; utilization of incinerator heat for building heat;
sauna heat, and clothes dryer heat.
*Rural areas, *Community development, *Cold regions, *Waste water treatment.
Facilities, Costs, Water conservation, Water demand, Water supply, Water
distribution, Water utilization, Incineration, Alaska
*Community facilities, *Vacuum toilets
144J
A SOLUTION TO A SOLUTION PROBLEM,
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, p 103-104, February,
1974. 2 fig.
Problems of design for treatment of effluents from industry must take into ac-
count costs and rising standards of pollution control. For example, acid ef-
fluents must be neutralised and a common method of treatment is to mix a solu-
tion of lime or soda ash in correct proportion with the effluent. The treatment
plant required for this type of process is a nonproductive capital investment.
J. T. Scotney Limited of Hull has developed a packaged unit called the composite
Solution Silo. This consists of a cylindrical vessel, the upper section being
the powder silo and the lower section forming an insulated plant room, complete
with lockable double doors and interior lighting. Designs have built-in alarm
systems to provide remote warning of any malfunctions. Its purpose is to ration-
alize industrial plants and to reduce extraneous installation, commissioning, and
maintenance costs.
*Effluents, *Industrial effluents, *Costs, *Standards, Water pollution, Treat-
ment plants, Treatment facilities, Lime, Design criteria, Maintenance, Water
pollution control, Solutions
*Solution Silo, Treatment methods
748
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145J
SONOCO OFFERS NEW APPROACH TO SULPHITE CHEMICAL RECOVERY,
Paper Trade Journal, Vol. 158, No. 14, p 22-23, April 8, 1974. 1 fig.
A significant development was made by Sonoco towards solving the problem of pol-
lution and costs by recovering its sodium base spent sulphite liquors and
marketing products produced from them. This spent liquor was acidified and the
organic acids extracted. The residual liquor was also sold as a salt cake sub-
stitute. Burning of the liquor was done in the solid state in conventional equip-
ment, a less costly process than ordinary recovery furnaces, using new aluminum
complexes. A flow diagram explains the many steps of the process. Basic chemis-
try and required equipment are also detailed. The significant results of this
system are that a major portion of the chemicals required in the pulping pro-
cess are reusable; no significant odors are generated from the pulping or the
recovery processes; a new basic chemistry for recovery of sodium base sulphite
pulping liquor has been tested on a plant scale; the process is economically
competitive. This sulphite chemical recovery system should be applicable to
any independent sodium base neutral sulphite semi-chemical pulp mill and for
sodium base sulphite pulp mills practicing full chemical cooking.
*Sulphite liquors, *Water reuse, *Aluminum, *Sodium, Water pollution, Chemistry,
Water streams, Pulping and Paper industry, Pulp wastes, Industrial wastes,
Recovery, Sulphur, Organic matter
*Residual liquors, Sunoco, Solid state liquors
146J
DEPOLLUTION TECHNIQUES AND MANAGEMENT IN AN OIL REFINERY,
Chakravarty, S., and Mulchandani, H. K.
Indian Institute of Petroleum, India
Chemical Age of India, Vol. 24, No. 12, p 819-826, 1973. 2 fig, 5 tab, 6 ref.
With increasing demand for petroleum products and an expansion of the refining
capacity of India, associated effects of pollution occur. Legislation is now
being formulated to stipulate and regulate levels of acceptable pollution. Dis-
cussed are waste water management, air pollution, and noise pollution. Refinery
waste streams systems can be classified as: sanitary water systems, clean water,
oily water, ballast water systems, and foul and oily process water systems. The
waste water flow scheme for a refinery includes pH control, an API separator for
the removal of oil, flocculation/flotation methods for the removal of suspen-
ded solids and oil, and a biological treatment system for the reduction of BOD.
Treatment and disposal of effluent leads to the following considerations: sludge
and its disposal and acid sludge disposal by either burning, thermal decomposi-
tion and sulphur recovery, lagooning, or neutralization and dumping. Apart^from
the waste purification system, plant design is discussed in terms of economics
and reducing the quantity of either waste water or contaminant.
*0il, *Waste water treatment, industrial wastes, *Water pollution, Effluents,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Flocculation, Flotation, Suspended solids, Lagooning,
Sulphur, Air pollution, Noise pollution, Costs, Contaminants
India, Oil refineries, pH
749
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14 7 J
THE EFFECT OF DISSOLVED HYDROCARBON GASES IN SURFACTANT
SOLUTIONS ON FROTH FLOTATION OF MINERALS,
Somasundaran, P., and Moudgil, B. M.
Columbia University, New York, New York, Henry Krumb
School of Mines
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 47, No. 2, p 290-308, May, 1974.
5 fig, 1 tab, 23 ref.
Surface tension properties of hydrocarbon saturated solutions have been measured
and indicated absorption of the gas molecules at the solution/air interface.
Selective effects of the dissolved hydrocarbons on froth flotation of minerals
are discussed on the basis of possible changes in the properties of the solution
surface and the mineral/solution interface. Mechanisms responsible for the ef-
fects on flotation were demonstrated; for example, methane dissolved in sodium
dodecylsulfonate collector solutions was found to increase the flotation of alu-
mina by 10 to 30 percent. Flotation of quartz or hematite was not affected by
the presence of dissolved methane or butane. A new automated constant-pressure
apparatus for dissolution studies showed the solubility of gases to be lower in
surfactant solutions than in water when the surfactant concentration was
low, and higher than in water when the concentration was high. This is explained
on the basis of the predominance of the "salting-out" effect at lower surfactant
concentrations and the hydrophoblc bond formation between the hydrocarbon mole-
cule and the surfactant chains at higher concentrations.
*Hydrocarbons, *Solutions, *Gases, *Surfactants, *Froth flotation, Minerals,
Surface tension, Flotation, Methane, Adsorption
Salting-out effects, Hydrophobic band formation
148J
CANADA: SEVERE PROBLEMS,
Paper Review of the Year, p 74, 76-78, 80, 101, 1973. 1 tab. 1 ref.
Canadian pulp and paper industry has been heavily taxed and has had severe econo-
mic problems due to increasing costs of pollution control measures defined by
governmental legislation. Improvements described include a fluidised bed reac-
tor which incinerates all non-usable wastes together with general mill debris and
sludge from the effluent system of the mill, without creating atmospheric pollu-
tion. Also, the reclamation of waste fibre materials are accomplished by: li-
quid waste being aerated in collecting lagoons, monitoring stations, simulations
of effluent waters in a fish aquarium to check water quality, or by installation
of a recovery furnace and boiler. Specific equipment and machinery for these
and other processes are described.
*Pulp and paper industry, *Canada, *Water pollution control, *Costs, Legisla-
tion, Pulp wastes, Paper pulp wastes, Aeration, Lagoons, Monitoring, Fish,
Water quality control, Recovery, Equipment, Machinery
Fluidised bed reactor, Waste fibers
750
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149J
PLANT TREATS WASTES FROM AIRCRAFT ENGINE TESTING,
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 3, p 34-36, 39, March, 1974. 2 tab.
The expansion of facilities at Air Canada, Dorval, Quebec included the expansion
of the overhaul and maintenance building where jet engines were to be serviced.
This necessitated an effluent handling system designed to deal with toxic inor-
ganic wastes from metal stripping, cleaning, and plating processes. Wastes
stemmed from two sources, batch solutions into which the metal parts were dipped,
and rinse waters. They consisted of cyanides, alkaline permanganates, caustic
soda, and a variety of acids. Due to the variety of processes, chemical solutions,
and tanks, recycling systems were not economically practical and a destruction
treatment was seen as necessary. Specifically treated were chromate wastes,
cyanide wastes, solutions containing hydrofluouric and phosphoric acids, alkaline
permanganates, concentrated general acids, and concentrated alkalies. Equipment
is described, all tanks having overflow pipes, controlled by continuous automatic
treatment panels located on the floor above.
*Industrial wastes, *Effluents, *Facilities, Toxicity, Inorganic matter, Alka-
lines, Acids, Chemical solutions, Tanks, Recycling, Equipment, Control
Chromates, Cyanide, Phosphoric acid
150J
TRICKLE IRRIGATION SOIL WATER POTENTIAL AS INFLUENCED BY
MANAGEMENT OF HIGHLY SALINE WATER,
Tscheschke, P., Alfaro, J. F., Keller, J., and Hanks, R. J.
Utah State University
Soil Science, Vol. 117, No. 4, p 226-231, 1974. 5 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
The purpose of the investigation was to experimentally determine the soil water
potential and salt patterns in uniform soil profiles as a result of four different
water management treatments. Cherry tomato plants were irrigated: daily with a
volume of water equal to that used by the plant on the previous day; every other
day with volumes of water being equal; below the water evapotranspired; and
above the water evapotranspired. This was done to test for salt, for even though
trickle irrigation offers the possibility of good yields when, nontoxic highly
saline water Is used to irrigate, there may be accumulated salts in the root zone
as a potential hazard. It was seen that soil water potential decreased in the
soil profile as a result of salt accumulation with increased distance from the
trickle source. The highest salt concentration occurred in the profiles irriga-
ted with volumes of water below that evapotranspired by the tomato plants, indi-
cating the importance of avoiding under irrigation when highly saline water is
used with trickle irrigation. In addition, higher soil water potentials and
higher yields resulted from irrigating with volumes above the evapotranspiration.
Irrigation, Investigation, *Soil water, *Saline deposits, Salt, Water quantity,
Soil chemistry, Soil contamination, Root zone, Soil profile, Saline water, Ex-
perimentation
*Trickle irrigation, Salt accumulation, Tomato plants
751
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151J
WHAT'S NEW IN SLIME AND DEPOSIT CONTROL,
Dyck, A. W. J.
American Paper Industry, Vol. 56, No. 6, p 16-17, May, 1974. 1 tab.
Slimicides are a part of the pulp and paper mill process and previously were
mercurial compounds. Due to legislation and control by the Food and Drug Adminis-
tration and the Environmental Protection Agency, mercurials were investigated.
These were found as a threat to fish and other aquatic animals as well as being
dangerous to mill personnel. Non-mercurials which replaced these as slime con-
trol agents were not as effective. More efficient biocides are being sought;
described are four companies' products—Merck's Metasol J-26, Nalco's products,
Dow's Slimicide XD-7287L, and Betz's Slimicide DE-508.
*Slime, *Pulp and paper industry, *Mercury, Aquiculture, Fish, Legislation,
Products
*Slimicides, Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Administration,
Slime control agents, Dow, Merck, Nalco, Betz
15 2 J
PROGRESS IN THE RURAL WATER PROGRAMS OF LATIN AMERICA,
Donaldson, D.
Boletin De La Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, Vol. 76, No. 4, p 281-299,
April 1974. 2 fig, 6 tab, 18 ref.
Rural water supply problems in Latin America have been focused upon. In 1971
about 27 percent of Latin American rural dwellers had potable water, about four
times as many as in 1961. However, new goals for 1980 have been established by
the Ministers of Health of the Americas. This involves reviewing kinds of rural
water systems to be installed, administrative and financial structure of the
program, and new approach methods. Past programs have concentrated on the rural
villages, have used "revolving" funds for internal financing, and have tried
mass approach concepts. Local participation is necessary to any future success.
*Water supply, *Rural areas, *Potable water, Costs, Administration, Financing,
Programs
Public health, Latin America, Ministers of Health of the Americas
752
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15 3 J
EUTROPHICATION AND RECOVERY IN EXPERIMENTAL LAKES: IM-
PLICATIONS FOR LAKE MANAGEMENT,
Science, Vol. 184, No. 4139, p 897-899, May 24, 1974. 2 fig, 21 ref.
Experimentation on several small lakes in Ontario, Canada tested whether phos-
phorus alone is responsible for eutrophication problems and how quickly the lakes
could recover after phosphorus removal. By adding phosphate, ammonia, and sucrose,
rapid eutrophication occurred; but when phosphate additions were discontinued
recovery was almost immediate. When two basins of one lake were fertilized
with equal amounts of nitrate and sucrose, phosphorus was added to only one and
it quickly became highly eutrophic. The basin with only nitrogen and carbon re-
mained at prefertilization levels. The high affinity of sediments for phosphorus,
coupled with these results, indicate that abatement of eutrophication can be
expected to follow phosphorus control measures. Reducing phosphorus input should
cause a proportional abatement in phytoplankton blooms and other forms of eutro-
phication. About fifty percent of the phosphorus which comes into the St. Law-
rence Great Lakes could be eliminated by banning or greatly reducing detergent
phosphates.
*Phosphates, *Eutrophication, *Lakes, Experimentation, Canada, Nitrogen, Carbon,
Great Lakes, Algae, Water management (applied), Phytoplankton, Lake basins,
Sediments, Water pollution control
Phosphorus removal, Ontario, Canada, Detergents
15 4 J
HIGH-LEVEL COPPER FEEDING OF SWINE AND POULTRY AND THE
ECOLOGY,
Davis, G. K.
Florida University, Gainesville, Florida
Federation Proceedings, Vol. 33, p 1194-1196, 1974. 2 tab, 25 ref.
Swine and poultry have been fed high levels of copper to increase their growth.
In localized levels their fecal wastes has raised the environmental level of cop-
per and created a problem. For example, in bodies of water, copper adversely^af-
fects aquatic organisms and on land it may endanger plants and crops. In addi-
tion, animals which eat these plants may have toxic reactions. Sheep, as the
most sensitive to copper toxicity, are susceptible to these increased levels
only if they have inadequate dietary molybdenum. Monitoring copper feedings
and knowledge of appropriate counter-measures (such as addition of lime) are
necessary to control this problem.
*Copper, *Toxicity, *Plants, *Animals, Diets, Feeding, Agriculture, Livestock,
Water pollution, Soil, Animal wastes
Molybdenum
753
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155J
CONSEQUENCES OF HIGH NITRATE LEVELS IN FEED AND WATER
SUPPLIES,
Emerick, R. J.
South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota,
Experiment Station Biochemistry Department
Federation Proceedings, Vol. 33, No. 5, p 1183-1187, 1974. 77 ref.
Presently available data and lack of data indicate caution with regard to nitrate
and nitrite contents of food and water supplies for humans. Animal tests, how-
ever, indicate that subacute effects usually have occurred only with levels of
nitrate and/or nitrite approaching those of being potentially acutely toxic.
Feeds containing less than 0.1 percent N03-N and waters containing less than 100
ppm N03-N appear to within a safe range for all classes of livestock. Maximum
amounts seem to depend upon the species of animal, the type and quantity of
diet, and the time period over which the dose is consumed.
*Water supply, *Potable water, *Nitrates, *Nitrites, Data, Toxicity, Livestock,
Feed, Diets, Water quality control, Standards, Public health
South Dakota
15 6 J
EFFECTS OF LANDFILL DISPOSAL OF CHEMICAL WASTES ON GROUND-
WATER QUALITY,
Saint, P. K.
Minnesota University, Minnesota
Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 34, No. 7, p 3291, 1974.
Public health and safety are threatened by disposal of toxic and hazardous
wastes into landfills. In addition, contamination of soils and groundwater are
effects. Predominant constituents are organic solvents like acetone, alcohol and
ether, and salts of metals, as seen in an inventory of chemical wastes generated
by teaching and research laboratories at the University of Minnesota. Pits into
which chemical wastes are disposed are located in an outwash sand plain, where the
water table occurs at a depth of 65 ft and bedrock aquifers at a depth of 110
ft. Groundwater flow was seen to be towards the Mississippi River, with an aver-
age velocity of 1.7 ft per day. The disposal facilities are close to a ground-
water divide where hydrological connections exist between the water table and
bedrock aquifers. Effects of chemical wastes are seen to lower the pH and to
increase the concentration of organics, B.O.D., and phenols. The soils act as
an effective agent for temporary removal of metals but water soluble organics
move easily through the soil. Thus, design for pits receiving chemical wastes
should aim at protecting the groundwater through containment and collection of
leachates. Wastes may be treated by increasing pH, providing adsorptive sur-
faces, and encouraging microbiological growth to aid the decomposition of organic
substances.
*Landfills, *Groundwater, *0rganic matters, *Metals, Salts, Laboratory tests,
Chemical wastes, Bedrock, Aquifers, Flow, Microbiology, Phenols, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Water table, Toxicity, Soils, Mississippi River, Public health
pH
754
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15 7 J
OFFSHORE AIRPORTS EASE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS,
Lord, C. J.
Ralph M. Parsons Company
World Dredging and Marine Construction, Vol. 10, No. 5, p 32-37, May, 1974. 5 fig.
Due to the increased awareness of the environmental situation by the public,
it has grown increasingly difficult to undertake massive new airport con-
struction on land. As a result, a number of offshore airports have been pro-
posed or are under construction in the coastal areas of the United States.
Some of the reasons that offshore airports minimize environmental impact are
as follows: closeness to major metropolitan centers; buffering effect of the
water barrier between the disagreeable features of the development and the
general public; the development is screened from view by the water barrier;
there is a ready water supply for cooling and waste dispersion; and, in
some cases reclaimed land is actually cheaper than existing onshore land.
Related types of developments that may find it desirable to locate in an off-
shore setting include power plants, deep draft ports, sewage treatment plants,
desalination plants, extractive industries, meat packing plants, steel mills,
founderies and metal processing industries, refineries, solid waste disposal
plants, and communication systems industries. The basic methods of reclama-
tion are earth fill, poldering, pile support, and floating structures. A
discussion of ongoing projects and costs is included.
*Airports, *Facillties, *Construction costs, *Construction materials, *Eng-
ineering, Environmental effects, United States, Land reclamation, Costs
England, Netherlands, Copenhagen
158J
MAKE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL A MEANINGFUL LOCAL RESPONSIBILITY,
Craddock, J. M.
Muncie Sanitary District, Muncie, Indiana,
Division of Water Quality
The American City, Vol. 63, No. 4, p 63-64, May, 1974. .
The Muncie Sanitary District has established a Division of Water Quality
involving laboratory testing procedures, industrial monitoring, and local
government. In this way, local pollution can be controlled internally in
order to solve environmental problems. Tests within the laboratory include
an oil-extraction unit, COD apparatus, a pH meter, vacuum filter for suspended
solids, jar test equipment, field dissolved oxygen meters, and automatic
field samplers. Over twenty pollution discharges have been stopped as a
result. Because about 80 industrial and commercial establishments are in the
Muncie area, samplers now monitor BODS, COD, heavy metals, and suspended
solids. The research from these projects relate to the community's public
health, added recreational value of water resources, added revenue through
equitable waste-industry charges, and regulation by local rather than state
and federal agency control.
*Water quality control, *Monitoring, laboratory testing, *Environmental
effects, Pollution, Chemical oxygen demand, Dissolved solids, Suspended
solids, Jar testing, Vacuum filters, Industrial wastes, Biochemical oxygen
demand, Water resources, Costs, Regulation
pH, Local control, Muncie, Indiana (Water Quality Division, Sanitary District)
755
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159J
PLASTIC VALVES STAND UP TO CHLORINE,
The American City, Vol. 89, No. 5, p 85-86. May, 1974.
In a municipal water treatment plant, plastic valves had several advantages
over metal ones. These include a lower cost; they do not seize or gall; they
are unaffected by sodium hypochloride and do not corrode; and they do not
experience storm leakage. For water filtration, at the Baldwin Treatment
Plant in Cleveland, Ohio, after two years of using thirty 3/4 inch and two
1/1/2 inch plastic ball values, no leakage or maintenance problems have
occurred. Hayward Manufacturing Company's polypropylene and PVC Full-Flo
ball valves were seen as best for their system.
*Plastics, *Water treatment, *Costs, *Valves, Chlorine, Municipal water,
Treatment plants, Filtration
*Ball valves, Plastic valves, Cleveland, Ohio, Full-Flo ball valves, Sodium
hydrochlorite
160J
MERCURY ORGANIC MATTER ASSOCIATIONS IN ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS
AND INTERSTITIAL WATER,
Lindberg, S. E., and Harriss, R. C.
Florida State University, Tallahassee,
Florida, Department of Oceanography
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 5, p 459-462, May, 1974.
1 fig, 2 tab, 22 ref.
Potential ecological effects of anthropogenic additions of mercury to natural
environments are studied in the Florida Everglades and Mobile Bay Estuary.
Significant associations were found between sediment mercury and sediment
organic matter and between dissolved interstitial mercury and dissolved organic
carbon. Interstitial water and sediments were sampled, both from surface
and subsurface areas. With limited data, it appears that increasing salinity
has a negative effect on the mercury complexing capacity of the dissolved
organic matter. Interstitial dissolved mercury is enriched from 2.6 to 36.0
times over, the associated surface water values, and in. sulfide-rich pore
waters far exceeds the thermodynamic solubility of HgS. This enrichment is
probably due to formation of organic and polysulfide complexes with mercury.
*Mercury, *Ecological effects, *0rganic matter, *Interstitial water, Sediments,
Solubility, Salinity, Environmental control, Estuaries
*Anthropogenie additions, Florida (Everglades and Mobile Bay Estuary)
756
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161J
SOME CURRENT PAPER INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROBLEMS,
Gellman, I.
National Council of the Paper Industry for Air
and Steam Improvement, Incorporated
Paper Trade Journal, Vol. 158, No. 13, p 28-30, April 1, 1974.
Reviewed are problems relating to three aspects of energy and management.
These are: the recovery of energy from materials such as bark and spent
pulping liquors which were once considered as wastes; the efficient use of
energy in managing waste water, atmospheric emissions, and solid wastes;
and the harnessing of natural energy for the dispersal of effluents and
emissions. Trends towards incineration of various semi-chemical and acid
spent sulphite liquors have been due to both technology and the comparison
of heat and chemical recovery costs within the paper industry. Aspects dis-
cussed included current kraft process studies, spent sulphite liquor
studies, bark burning aspects, innovative industry approaches, high energy
use by precipitators, lime kiln and sludge problems, sludge handling, and
organic load and decolorization. In addition, zero pollution discharge,
color detectability in surface waters, and the need for year round treat-
ment are mentioned. Future study on reliability of regional dispersion
models, degree of further refinement, and control of operations are
recommended.
*Energy, *Management, *Pulp wastes, *Waste water, *Bark, Effluents,
Technology, Sulphite, Chemicals, Costs, Pulp and paper industry, Lime,
Precipitation, Models, Reviews
Zero pollution discharge, Color detectability, Pulping liquors
162J
MAJOR PORT DEVELOPMENTS AT RICHARDS BAY WITH DUE REGARD TO PRE-
SERVING THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT,
Zwamborn, J. A., and Cawood, C. H.
Hydraulics Research, CWIR, Pretoria, South Africa
The Civil Engineer in South Africa, Vol. 16, No. 2, p 79-85, February, 1974.
6 fig, 6 ref.
South Africa has experienced a considerable industrial growth which resulted in
the need for more and better harbor facilities. Particularly in view of the
transport of bulk materials, Richards Bay was chosen as the most suitable
site for the establishment of a deep water port to serve the existing and
future industrial areas of the Transvaal, the Northern Free State and Natal.
Richards Bay consists of a large shallow bay connected to the sea by a shallow
estuary channel through which tidal flow and marine organisms can move freely.
The Natal Provincial Administration proposed the idea of preserving the
southern half of the bay as a nature reserve. This suggestion was made
possible by the inclusion in the harbor scheme of a levee separating the
harbor area from the southern half of the bay, which at the same time would
provide access to the bluff area on the south side of the harbor entrance
channel and reduce situation in the harbor basins. Time limitations pre-
cluded the model testing of an estuarlne flood relief channel direct to the
sea. Thus documents provision was made for both tidal exchange between the
nature reserve and the harbor, and for flood discharge, by the inclusion of
a large flood relief structure in the levee. An alternative, ecologically
much more attractive solution of a new estuary channel excavated through the
dunes directly to the sea became an economically feasible proposition.
industrial production, *Sea water, *Bays, Marine animals, Tidal flow, Ports,
Channels, Flood relief, Environmental effects
South Africa (Transvaal, Northern Free State), Richards Bay, Environmental
protection
757
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163J
URBANIZATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT—ENGINEERING IMPLICATIONS,
Bolitho, V.
Health Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
The Civil Engineer in South Africa, Vol. 16, No. 2, p 44-49, February,
1974. 10 ref.
Two of the gravest challenges faced by the Republic of South Africa are the
need to build cities and industries for approximately 20 million people by
the end of the century and the solution of the environmental problems which
this effort will involve. Pollution, seen as disturbing equilibrium, is a
serious threat both within the city and to its surroundings. The engineer
will be heavily involved in solutions to these problems, but to increase his
effectiveness a re-examination of the engineer's role in urban planning and
environmental control is necessary.
*Industries, *Cltles, *Human population, *Environmental engineering, En-
vironmental control, Pollution
South Africa, Urban planning
164J
SANITARY LANDFILL,
Nelson, D. L.
Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory
Publication No. AD-773-714, January 1974. 5 fig, 5 tab, 9 ref.
A literature review details the operation and design of sanitary landfills.
Operational parameters reviewed include basic methods of operation, com-
paction procedures and expected in-place refuse densities, cover require-
ments, and site improvements. The engineering design consideration were:
refuse decomposition (including production and control of leachate and gas);
the use of information on hydrology, geology, climatology, and waste charac-
teristics to evaluate and classify sanitary landfill sites; possible uses for
a completed landfill site; and equipment cost data. Mathematical analyses
defined optimum cell shape and minimum cover conditions in terms of landfill
parameters.
*Reviews, *Landfills, *Sanitation, *Design criteria, Engineering structures,
Hydrology, Geology, Climatology, Costs, Mathematical costs
*Sanitary landfills
758
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165J
FEDERAL AND STATE LEGISLATIVE HISTORY AND PROVISIONS FOR
LAND TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS AND SLUDGES,
Sullivan, R. H.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.
Municipal Waste Water Division, Office of Water Program
Operations
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 1-8. 2 tab.
Until the 1970's, the Federal government had traditionally left regulations
and legislation concerning recycling municipal waste water effluents and
sludges to the state and local governments. Recently, land treatment of such
wastes has been discussed as a matter of public health. The Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 clarify the trends in legislation.
The Environmental Protection Agency also lists the major requirements for
grants for sewage treatment projects. These include: priority certification
from the State and conformation to planning requirements; cost effectiveness,
pretreatment of industrial wastes; and secondary treatment. State legislation
surveys have been compiled by Temple University, Philadelphia, and the American
Public Works Association.
*History, legislation, *Municipal wastes, *Land treatment, *Public health,
Water pollution control, Environmental Protection Agency, Sewage treatment,
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Federal jurisdiction, State jurisdiction,
Treatment facilities, Industrial wastes, Costs, Effluents
*The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
166J
LAND APPLICATION OF WASTEWATER WITH A DEMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION,
Seabrook, B. L.
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 9-24. 3 fig.
After on-site field surveys of 100 facilities in all climates by the American
Public Works Association Research Foundation, data were compiled on land appli-
cation of effluents. Reasons for use on land of such effluents were for supple-
mental irrigation water, to eliminate excessive costs of long outfall lines
to reach suitable points of disposal into large surface bodies of water, and
to give economical alternative solutions for treating wastes and discharging
them into receiving waters, without causing degradation of rivers, lakes, and
coastal waters. Irrigation type facilities are discussed in the most depth
but ridge and furrow systems and infiltration lagoons and evaporation ponds
were also surveyed. A separate APWA bibliography and SELECTED ABSTRACTS has
been published discussing potential health hazards and implications. Recommen-
dations were that: guidelines for land application of waste waters should be
provided by the Environmental Protection Agency; land application should not
be seen as a universal treatment; a suitable publication for the public should
be sponsored to describe the practice of sewage effluents on land; training
opportunities should be provided in areas for which technical information is
available; and guidelines which result from the implementation of Section 201
of the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Law should be
used for clarification of health implications.
*0n-slte testing, *Effluents, *Irrlgation, Costs, Reviews, Surveys, Public
health, Waste water, Infiltration, Lagoons, Environmental Protection Agency,
Treatment, Sewage treatment, Water pollution
*Land application, *American Public Works Association
759
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167J
SOME EXPERIENCES IN LAND ACQUISITION FOR A LAND DISPOSAL
SYSTEM FOR SEWAGE EFFLUENT,
Postlewait, J. C., and Knudsen, H. J.
Muskegon County Department of Public Works, Muskegon,
Michigan
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 25-38. 2 fig.
For the County of Muskegon, Michigan, a metropolitan area composed of seven
cities and seven urbanized townships, planning was essential for the implemen-
tation of a waste water management system in the areas of land acquisition
and relocation. Well planned multiple usage sites are seen as advantageous.
Public relations and community acceptance of any program proved to be of pri-
mary importance. Legal and political problems included zonings and public
hearing processes, road closings within the site areas, and the proximity of
schools, churches, and cemetaries. In addition, oil, gas, and mineral rights
in land acquisition are factors of site selection. There is a need for coopera-
tion between engineers and planners. Legal and technical advice was demonstra-
ted as necessary by the Muskegon Project.
*Municipal water, *Municipal wastes, *Michigan, *Water management (applied),
legislation, Urban planning, Planning, Sites
*Land acquisition, *Public relations, Muskegon Project, Muskegon, Michigan
168J
A REGIONAL VIEW ON THE USE OF LAND FOR DISPOSAL OF MUNI-
CIPAL SEWAGE AND SLUDGE,
Schneider, R. J.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region V
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 63-66.
Federal, state, and local cooperative actions are needed to bring municipal
waste treatment projects to completion. The new 1972 Amendments to the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act set goals for the 1970's, the 1980's, and beyond.
The role of the Environmental Protection Agency with its Regional Offices is
seen as one of controlling cost-effectiveness. Support by EPA has been given
to projects within Region V. These include grants to the Fulton County Sludge
Utilization Project and the Muskegon, Michigan Spray Irrigation Project, as well
as major construction grant support to the latter. The planning processes in
all cases must be accountable for environmental compatibility within their
respective communities.
*Federal jurisdiction, *State jurisdiction, *Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, *Environmental Protection Agency, Costs, Sludge, Irrigation, Municipal
wastes, Munixipal water, Planning, Urban planning
Muskegon Michigan Spray Irrigation Project, 1972 Amendments to the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, Regional planning, Cost-effectiveness, Community
involvement
760
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169 J
PHYSICAL CHANGES TO SOILS USED FOR LAND APPLICATION OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE—WHAT DO WE KNOW? WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW?,
Erickson, A. E.
Michigan State University
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 75-77.
Less is known about effluents than about sludges and their effects on changing
the physical properties of soil. Necessary are more field experiments to de-
termine the maximum amounts of effluents that can be applied to medium tex-
tured soils and produce good to maximum crop yields. This also depends upon
the existing rainfall. Sodium in effluents and high sodium sludges as a
limiting factor on particular soil practices need further study.
*Sludges, *Effluents, *Soil physical properties, *Soil properties, *Municipal
wastes, *Soil texture, Sodium, Rainfall, Soil-plant-water relationships,
Sodium compounds, Agriculture, Experiments, Crops
*Land applications, Crop yields
170J
SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RECYCLING SEWAGE SLUDGES
AND WASTE EFFLUENTS ON LAND,
Miller, R. H.
Ohio State University and Ohio Agricultural Research
and Development Center
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 79-90. 7 fig, 50 ref.
The biological component of the soil is significant in the successful function-
ing of the soil filter during recycling of sewage sludges and effluents. The
areas discussed in waste recycling are: decomposition of organic compounds
contained in sludge and waste effluents; detoxication of some potentially prob-
lematic organic materials such as detergent residues, pesticides, and petro-
leum hydrocarbons; elimination of pathogenic microorganisms; participation in
the cycling of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur; and in the reactions which
influence the solubility and the mobility of inorganic ions. Present knowledge
of each microbial reaction is reviewed and needed research in areas such as
the structural basis for resistance to microbial decomposition is emphasized.
*Soil microorganisms, *Soil microbiology, *Sewage sludges, *Soil filters,
*Recycling, *Effluents, *Waste treatment, Organic matter, Hydrocarbons,
Pesticides, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Detergents, Toxicity, Microorganisms, Sul-
fur
Land applications
761
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171J
INORGANIC REACTIONS OF SEWAGE WASTES WITH SOILS,
Lindsay, W. L.
Colorado State University
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 91-96. 1 fig, 13 ref.
Inorganic constituents added to the soils in the form of sewage wastes form
martices with the soil involving chemical reactions. Each element has par-
ticular chemical characteristics. Reaction products of such elements in soils
constitute complex solid phases and often obscure solubility relationships,
especially when specific ionic composition of the soil solution is ignored.
Basic studies in soil chemistry, chemical equilibria, mineralogy, and metal
chelation are needed. Groups of elements most prevalent in sewage waste are
salts such Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, S04, N03, and H3B03 and other compounds and
reaction products of intermediate solubility involving Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni,
Cr. Hg, Mn, Co, P, As, Se, and Mo. Long term effects of potentially toxic
heavy metals must be determined to interpret the movement of elements and
their availability to plants in the soils.
*Soil chemistry, *Inorganic matter, *Sewage wastes, Solids, Solubility,
Chemical properties, Plants, Toxicity, Heavy metals, Salts, Soils, Soil-
water-plant relationships
Chemical equilibria
172J
LAND RESOURCES,
Flach, K. W.
Soil Conservation Service
United States Department of Agriculture
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 113-119, 2 fig, 2 tab.
The Soil Conservation Service has taken soil surveys that indicate the pre-
sence of suitable soils for land-based waste disposal systems near most metro-
politan centers. Climatic factors suggest that ecologically safer locations
are in the semiarid and arid regions of the western part of the United States.
Site selection should also be based on runoff, erosion, permeability, infil-
tration capacity, and available water holding capacity. Availability of pub-
lic land and farm size must also be considered. Disposal on land is a
feasible substitute for secondary and tertiary treatment of liquid wastes
but the waste must be destroyed or absorbed in the soil and any effluent
must not contribute to degradation of water and air resources.
*Land resources, *Soil conservation, Runoff, Waste disposal, Municipal
wastes, Climate, Ecological effects, Arid regions, Erosion, Infiltration,
Agriculture, Secondary treatment, Tertiary treatment, Liquid wastes, Soil,
Effluents
*Soil Conservation Service, Soil surveys
762
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17 3 J
SOIL-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS (SOME PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
IN WASTE MANAGEMENT) ,
Melsted, S. W.
University of Illinois
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 121-128, 1 tab, 27 ref.
Municipal sludge and effluent applications on land as related to soil-plant
relationships are discussed. Distinction is made between disposal of wastes
and recycling. Relationships between soil and plants include nutrient mobili-
ty in the soil, ion absorption by plants, methods of determining plant compo-
sition through soil analysis, the importance of sludge placement to ion absorp-
tion by crops and nutrient absorption through foliar feeding. Management
factors are evaluated. Plant analysis is rated to be more practical than moni-
toring processes at this time. Suggested tolerance levels for toxic heavy
metals are given. Recommended are: defining the available form of heavy
metals; correlating soil levels and plant composition; absorbing noxious com-
pounds from foliar spray irrigation; determining residual nutrient levels;
and determining disposal management systems which maximize the beneficial
properties and minimize the hazards of applying municipal sludges and efflu-
ents on land.
*Municipal wastes, *Soil-plant-water relationships, *Waste disposal, *Re-
cycling, Management, Toxicity, Heavy metals, Irrigation, Effluents, Soil
analysis, Nutrients, Sludge
Soil-plant relationships, Ion absorption, Land applications, Plant analysis,
Hazards
17 4 J
CROP AND FOOD CHAIN EFFECTS OF TOXIC ELEMENTS IN SLUDGES
*"£ I- " UENTS,
Chaney, R. L.
United States Department of Agriculture
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 129-141. 15 tab, 45 ref.
Sewage sludge and effluent are applied to soil and toxic heavy metals are re-
tained by the soil. These elements will accumulate and persist, and are the
long term environmental hazard in land application. Elements in sludge and
effluent that are potential hazards to plants or food chain are: B, Cd, Co,
Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The direct toxicities to plants from Zn, Cu,
and Ni are discussed in detail. Hazard to the food chain from Cd, Cu, Zn,
Pb, and Hg in crops grown on sludge- and effluent-treated soils emphasizes
the controllable hazard from Cd. Crop differences in injury from, and accumu-
lation of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni are discussed in relation to the high phosphate
and organic matter contents of sludge and effluent. Recommendations are made
for permissible levels of toxic metals .added to agricultural soils. Research
needs for protection of plants and the food chain are presented.
*Toxicity, *Heavy metals, *Sludges, *Effluents, *Food chains, *Plants, *Soils,
Environmental effects, Agriculture, Phosphates, Organic matter
Effluent-treated soils, Land applications, Environmental hazards
763
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17 5J
CROP SELECTION AND MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES—PERENNIALS,
Sopper, W. M.
Penn State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 143-153. 10 tab, 10 ref.
An overview is presented about the use of perennials as a vegetative cover on
sites to be used for the disposal of treated municipal sewage effluent and
sludge. A review of the available literature suggests that more definitive
research data is needed on all aspects of environmental impacts. Criteria which
were considered included: water requirements and tolerance, nutrient require-
ments and tolerance, optimum soil conditions for growth, season of growth and
dormancy requirements, sensitivity to toxic heavy metals and salts, nutrients
utilization and efficiency, ecosystem stability, length of harvesting rotation,
insect and disease problems, natural range, and demand or market for the pro-
duct.
*Environment effects, *Crops, *Management, Vegetation, Nutrients, Toxicity,
Heavy metals, Salts, Insects, Waste disposal, Reviews
*Perennials, Water requirements, Harvesting rotation
176J
RECYCLING URBAN EFFLUENTS ON LAND USING ANNUAL CROPS,
Day, A. D.
University of Arizona
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
155-160. 19 refs.
Treated municipal waste water has been used for industrial purposes, for re-
creation, to produce forest products and to grow agricultural crop plants.
This municipal waste water contains more fertilizer elements (nitrogen, phos-
phorus, and potassium) than do most other forms of irrigation water, and
offers a future agricultural potential. High yields of relatively high
quality food, feed, forage, oil, and fiber plant products have been obtained
from crop plants utilizing municipal waste water as a source of irrigation
water and plant nutrients. Soil irrigated with waste water had a lower infil-
tration rate, high modulus of rupture, and more soluble salts, nitrates, and p
phosphates than did soil irrigated with well water and fertilized with sug-
gested amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Irrigation with waste-
water (sewage effluent) for 14 years did not result in any adverse effects
on soil that could not be corrected with minor changes in field crop culture.
*Municipal wastes, *Waste disposal, *Crops, Industrial wastes, Recreation,
Fertilizer, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Irrigation, Urban land use, Soil,
Crop production, Infiltration
*Municipal waste water, *Land application
764
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177J
INSTITUTIONAL OPTIONS FOR RECYCLING URBAN SLUDGES AND
EFFLUENTS ON LAND,
Barbolini, R. R.
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 199-205.
Analysis of institutional options for recycling effluents and sludges from
urban waste water treatment plants on land indicates the presence of numer-
ous alternative methods for financing, operating, and organizing large scale
programs. The effects of technical, social, political and legal constraints
are examined and found to be significant in the determination of preferred
alternatives. The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago (MSDGC)
has been active in land application of sludge and is currently engaged in a
very large scale project to apply sludge to rural, stripmined land approximate-
ly 200 miles from the center of its collection and treatment activities.
Methods of financing preferred are bond sales or State and Federal grants for
capital improvements, and current taxation for normal maintenance and opera-
tion activities. The alternate for application facilities requires the pur-
chase of large rural tracts. Land development must be achieved through care-
ful planning activities conducted with close cooperation between local govern-
ment agencies of rural receiving area and the urban producing area.
*Recycling, *Effluents, *Financing, *Urban planning, Costs, Waste water treat-
ment, Legislation, Federal jurisdiction, State jurisdiction, Sludge, Rural
areas, Land development, Taxation, Systems analysis, Planning
*Chicago, Illinois (Metropolitan Sanitary District), *Land application
17 8J
PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE—EDUCATIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL NEEDS,
Dunbar, J. 0.
Purdue University
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 207-211. 3 ref.
Efficient use of limited resources is requisite, including the recycling of
urban sewage and sludge to the land. Public acceptance and support is neces-
sary. Attitudes towards the recycling of urban effluents must be made posi-
tivistic by knowledge and information about consequences of the processes.
These include alternatives for disposing of sludge, how it will work, dollar
costs, agricultural production, and public health. Communication, in the
form of personal contact and community involvement are needed.
*Municipal wastes, *Recycling, *Education, Information exchange, Effluents,
Sludge, Waste disposal, Public health, Costs, Agriculture, Communication
*Public relations, Community involvement, Land application
765
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179J
SOME EXTENSION SERVICE CAPABILITIES,
Ellington, C. P.
University of Georgia
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 213-214.
The Cooperative Extension Service, created by Congress in 1914, has the on-
going function of providing information from research of the Agricultural
Experiment Stations. The present role of this service is to work through
county leadership towards changes at local levels. Community support is
necessary for any modification of water resources use. Recycling of municipal
sludges is one specific area in which education and information should be
disseminated to the public.
*Research, *Education, Information exchange, *Local governments, *Water
resources use, *Recycling, *Municipal wastes, Agriculture
Community support, County leadership
180J
INFORMAL OPINIONS,
Jelinek, C.
United States Department of Health, Education and
Welfare
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluents on Land, July 9-13, 1973, Champaign, Illinois, The National Associa-
tion of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, University of Illinois,
p 215-217.
The Bureau of Foods within the Food and Drug Administration asks that caution
be used in the application of sludge or effluents as fertilizers. Levels of
toxicity are very vague, including contamination by heavy metals such as mercury,
lead, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and zinc. Organic chemicals such as pesti-
cides, PCB's, are also included. Recommended are monitoring operations for
food crops and animal feed crops. For example, a test might be set up using
both a control and a commercial fertilizer, measuring for pesticides, patho-
genic organism, and heavy metals.
*Foods, *Fertilizers, *Toxicity, *Contamination, *Heavy metals, Pesticides,
Crops, Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Organic chemicals measurement, Poly-
chlorinated biphenyls
766
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181J
PROCEEDINGS OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON RECYCLING MUNICIPAL
SLUDGES AND EFFLUENTS ON LAND,
Coordinating Committee on Environmental Quality
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., and
The United States Department of Agriculture, and The
National Association of State Universities and Land-
Grant Colleges
Technical Report PB-227 106, Champaign, Illinois, July 9-13, 1973. 244 p.
A collection of 25 articles on land application of municipal sewages is
published from the proceedings of a Joint Conference held July 9-13, 1973.
Topics include properties of various types of effluents and sludges, physi-
cal processes, treatment methods, economic aspects, and public information.
*Irrigation systems, *Design criteria, *Waste water treatment, *Costs, *Ground-
water, *Recharge, *Agriculture, *Public Health, *Environmental effects, *Sew-
age treatment, Industrial wastes, Climatic zones, Reclaimed water, Soil-plant-
water relationships, Management, Monitoring, Waste disposal, Reviews
*Land applications
182J
MERGER OF WASTE PROBLEMS,
Science News, Vol. 105, No. 14, p 225, April 6, 1974.
Coal-based electricity and oil extracted from tar sands generate serious
waste disposal problems. When tar sands are treated with large quantities
of hot water and steam, oil and sand tailings are released. Similarly,
the waste product of burning oil for electrical power, fly ash, is
collected by precipitators before it enters the stacks. It is suggested
that the two byproducts be combined to produce water and an easily dis-
posable filter cake.
*Waste disposal, Oil wastes, Fly ash, Byproducts, Waste treatment, Coal,
Electricity
Filter cakes, Tar sands
767
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183J
EFFLUENT DISPOSAL FROM YEAST MANUFACTURING PLANT,
Chemical Processing, Vol. 20, No. 2, p 13, February, 1974.
So as to discharge effluent resulting from the production of yeast from
molasses a 50 percent reduction in the biochemical oxygen demand was
required by the Jamaican Ministry of Health. To meet this requirement
a biological process which would produce the least solids and avoid the
mechanical disposal of solids was optimized. A trickling filtration system
employing ICI Flocor plastics biological filter medium was selected
and performance indicates a 67 percent BOD reduction.
*Effluents, *Biochemical oxygen demand, *Trickling filters, Biological
treatment, Performance, Plastics, Optimization, Regulation, Public health,
Yeasts
Jamaica
184J
PICKLING PROCESS POLLUTION PROBLEM 'ELIMINATED',
The British Steelmaker, Vol. 40, No. 1-2, p 38, January-February, 1974.
A new process which permits the recovery of up to 99 percent of acids and
heavy metals from pickling baths used in metal processing plants has
been developed in Sweden. The method rests upon fluid extraction which
provides for sulfuric acid to be added to the nitric an/ hydrofluoric
acids in the pickling bath. The bulk of the latter two are separated
from the solution, returned to the pickling process, and the remaining
aqueous solution of metal sulfates are recovered in the form of dry oxides.
The only remaining material is a residual amount of sodium sulfate.
*Acids, *Heavy metals, *Industrial wastes, Water pollution control,
Sulfates, Waste water treatment
Metal processing, Sweden
768
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185J
SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL DISEASE AND CHRONIC ARSENICISM IN INFANTS,
Rosenberg, H. G.
Catholic University of Chile, Department of Pathology,
Clinical Hospital, San Marcoleta, Santiago, Chile
Archives of Pathology, Vol. 97, No. 6, p 360-365, June, 1974.
7 fig, 3 tab, 21 ref.
The antecedent of chronic arsenic poisoning from drinking water was found
in five cases at the time of autopsy. In all of them a peculiar vascular
lesion was found, consisting of intimal thickening in small and medium-sized
arteries. The most frequently involved organs were the heart, gastro-
intestinal tract, liver, skin, and pancreas. The vascular lesion is
considered to be characteristic and readily recognized. The great majority
of the lesions found at autopsy were considered to be secondary to the
vascular damage; others, although related to arsenic poisoning, were
dependent on different pathogenic mechanisms.
*Human pathology, *Toxicity, *Potable water, *Arsenic compounds, Public health
*Arterial disease, *Chronic arsenicism
186J
LEGISLATION CONTROLLING WASTE DISPOSAL,
Guiver, K., and Gray, D. A.
Essex River Authority, Great Britain
The Public Health Engineer, No. 8, p 45-50, March, 1974. 16 ref.
Recent concern in England over the increasing toxicity of industrial waste
and the volumes being deposited to landfills has led to recognition of
the need for measures against groundwater pollution. Increasing interest
by industry in the possibility of waste injection into the subsurface also
requires that the risks inherent in such practices should be recognized
and provision made for their control. Current legislative action con-
trolling deposits to landfills and deep well injections is considered
herein and the case for Amendment examined.
*Legislation, *Waste disposal, Landfills, Deep wells, Injection, Industrial
wastes, Groundwater, Water pollution sources, Public health, Toxicity
*Great Britain
769
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187J
2001 - A WATER ODYSSEY,
Surveyor, Vol. 143, No. 4259, p 10-11, January, 1974.
The Water Resources Board of England having recently completed a report
on the water resources of England and Wales Investigated both the short-term
(until 1981) and long-term (until 2001) strategies. The full list of pro-
jects recommended for implementation and investigation are tabulated and
shown schematically. Further recommended research and development includes
large-scale artificial recharge, factors determining the quality of water
in rivers constituting a possible source of supply, effluent discharges
to potable waters, environmental and ecological problems associated with
large inland and offshore storage sources, and river-to-river transfers.
*Water resources, *Water resources development, Project planning, Water
quality, Water supply, Rivers, Artificial recharge, Potable water, Effluents,
Environmental effects, Water storage, Ecology
*Great Britain
188J
AN EXAMINATION OF THE SUCCESSFUL APPROACH TO WATER RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH WEST,
Dixon, D. J.
The Public Health Engineer, No. 8, p 53-55, March, 1974.
The last ten years have been marked by a notable lack of success in the
promotion of certain water resource development schemes in England.
Throughout the country the pursuit of new schemes to meet rapidly rising
demand for water has been frustrated by opposition from preservation groups
and individuals. In this climate, promoting authorities have faced up
to the public involvement in new schemes and consulted with individuals
and their representative bodies at an early point in the promotion stage.
This paper seeks to examine and explain the current approach in Devon to
water resources development and to illustrate an example of a recent success.
*Water resources development, Regional development, Optimum development
plants, Projections, Comprehensive planning
Great Britain
770
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189J
"RESTORE OR MAINTAIN": A REVIEW OF WATER QUALITY IN DEVON,
Mugford, D.
The Public Health Engineer, No. 8, p 57-61, March, 1974. 3 tab.
The area administered by the Devon River Authority covers some 625,810
hectares and can be described as predominantly agricultural with an inland
population being well distributed. In general the rivers of Devon are
clean with most of the effluents being transient in effect and pollution
not often severe. It is a general characteristic of the Devon rivers
because of their natural reaeration and self-cleansing properties, to deal
effectively and quickly with biodegradable wastes. There are, however, a
few lengths where the quality of water is unsatisfactory either because of
poor quality discharges from overloaded or inadequate sewage treatment or
trade effluent works, or from natural pollution because of the peculiar
characteristics of the area. In addition to the routine chemical analysis
that provides the bulk of information on water quality, tests are constantly
being carried out for a wide variety of toxic constituents of industrial
and mine water discharges, and in connection with sporadic incidents of
river pollution.
*Reviews, *Water resources, Rivers, Water pollution control, *Water
quality, Analytical techniques, On-slte tests, Biodegradation, Effluents,
Industrial wastes, Mine wastes
Great Britain, Devon River Authority
190J
INVESTIGATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ENGINEERING
PROJECTS,
Noble, R. G.
South African Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research
Die Siviele Ingenieur in Suid-Afrika, Vol. 16, No. 2, p 77-78, February,
1974.
Because environmental consequences follow all urban and agricultural develop-
ment, there exists a need to improve the planning of the scientific in-
vestigations which should precede and accompany major development projects.
Such investigations must be truly multi-disciplinary, bringing the
best available specialists in each of the fields concerned together,
must be an integral part of the planning phase of the project, and must
form the basis for any decision taken. The theory involved in dam building,
irrigation schemes, and urbanization is described briefly. Also the
organized method of approach including both the aims of thy project and
the actual investigation is discussed.
*Project planning, *Environmental engineering, Environmental control,
Construction, Urbanization, Irrigation, Feasibility studies
South Africa
771
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191J
THE EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON THE VAAL RIVER BARRAGE AND
THE QUEST FOR WATER QUALITY,
Laburn, R. J.
Rand Water Board, Chief Engineer, South Africa
Die Siviele Ingenieur in Suid-Afrika, Vol. 16, No. 2, p 62-65, February,
1974. 2 fig.
By the year 2000, the water demand for the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-
Vereenigung region in South Africa will be of the order of 5000 Ml/d
serving a population predicted to range between 10 and 12 million.
Virtually all the water required in the region is supplied from the Vaal
River with Barrage reservoir and the Vaal Dam nearby. So as to assure
raw water supplies of adequate quality for the future, pollution control
measures are being evaluated now. Hydrobiological and limnological studies of
surrounding tributaries have been initiated and the following measures studied
possible solution: separation of types of polluted water; industrial,
agricultural, and potable use of sewage effluents; a dual system of
water supply; and, a return flow effect on consumers below the Barrage.
*Water demand, *Water resources development, *Water quality control,
Investigations, Water pollution, Pollution abatement, Water supply
South Africa
19 2 J
WATER QUALITY CONTROL,
Van Duuren, F. A.
Pretoria University, Water Utilization Engineering,
South Africa
Die Siviele Ingenieur in Suid-Afrika, Vol. 16, No. 2 p 66-67, February,
1974. 2 fig.
Water demand, consumption, qualities, and requirements all form part of the
complex utilization pattern. Water quality may best be controlled by
a juidicious application of these factors with optimization from available
water quantity by matching qualities of water available to qualities required
for particular uses. Nature's hydrologic cycle and the man-made water cycle
then can be exploited in a rational manner. Such is the case with Vaal
River supply system.
*Water quality control, Measurement, Water pollution, Water demand,
Water requirements, Water resources, Systems analysis, Application methods,
Hydrologic cycle
South Africa, Water cycle
772
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193J
TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS,
Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada
Annual Report 1972-1973. 9 p.
A large share of the research carried out by the Department of Energy,
Mines, and Resources is aimed at increasing the level of technological
effectiveness in Canada. Because of the mandate in the field of non-
renewable resources, such research is concerned chiefly with mine safety,
the concentration and beneficiation of ores, the processing of fuels to
a marketable state, metallurgy, methodology, and instrumentation used in
various geologic, geophysic, and topographic surveys. This annual review
discusses such topics.
*Reviews, Automation, Surveys, Instrumentation technology, Environmental
control, Metallurgy, Mining, Safety, Analytical techniques, Remote sensing,
Application methods, Pollution abatement, Geologic investigations, Energy,
Waste treatment, Ice, Canada
194J
OPEN DAY CONDUCTED BY CONTROL EQUIPMENT COMPANY,
Australian Chemical Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 12, p 25-28, December, 1973.
1 tab.
The Zellweger company in Australia conducted an open day discussion
meeting with industrial representatives at its facilities which specialize
in control equipment. The Polymetron modular instrument system was
highlighted as a new method of automating effluent treatment plants. The
development of the Polymetron Sensotrode makes ion determination a simpler,
faster operation replacing highly complex chemical determinations. Out-
lined is the procedure for effluent water treatment in the metal industry
by the polymetron method.
industrial plants, *Control systems, *Effluents, Waste water treatment,
Instrumentation, Automation, Ions, Analytical techniques, Industrial water
*Polymetron Method, Australia, Treatment plants
773
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195J
IN-PLANT USAGE WORKS AND WORKS,
Ockershausen, R. W.
Allied Chemical Corporation,
Industrial Chemicals Division,
Morristown, New Jersey
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No.5, p 420-432, May,
1974. 5 fig.
The study of waste water nutrients and the methods of upgrading treatment
plant effluents have resulted as consequence of Federal water pollution
control legislation. It has been found that chemical storage tanks
and feeders can be rapidly and economically installed in existing plants
in the process of modernizing and increasing the capacity of waste water
treatment plants. Certain concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, silicon, and other elements are essential in the support of
microorganisms, fish, and other marine life; yet, an overabundance of
these nutrients results in excessive algae growths and degradation of the
water begins as the microorganisms die. The reduction of phosphorus,
suspended solids, and the biochemical oxygen demand is discussed with
respect to primary waste water treatment, a trickling filter plant process,
activated sludge treatment, and physical-chemical treatment. Also dis-
cussed are the capital and operating costs involved in upgrading waste
water treatment.
*Waste water treatment, *Nutrients, *Phosphorus, *Suspended solids,
*Biochemical oxygen demand, Sewage treatment, Trickling filters, Activated
sludge, Tertiary treatment, Capital costs, Operating costs, Treatment
facilities, Primary treatment, Microorganisms
Treatment plants
196J
OTTAWA SETS TIMETABLE FOR CLEANUP,
Canadian Chemical Processing, Vol. 59, No. 3, p 19-21, March, 1974.
4 tab.
Public Control over pollution in Canada is being achieved via a two-level
system. The Federal government is enacting legislation that sets acceptable
levels of air and water quality while each province sets and enforces
specific pollution control measures covering processing plants within
its borders. Ottawa gave its first priortiy to control of water pollution
under the Clean Water Act since health and food were so clearly involved.
Air pollution control objectives and standards were then initiated. Water
quality standards, chemicals limitations, and industrial effluents program
schedules are tabluated.
*Water pollution control, *Water quality standards, *Canada, *Environmental
control, Legislation, Governments, Air pollution, Effluents, Chemicals,
Public health
774
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197J
FOOL'S GOLD POLLUTES,
Aston, W. M.
West Virginia University
Canadian Mining Journal, Vol. 95, No. 3, p 59-61, March, 1974.
One of the most severe water pollution problems facing West Virginia,
Appalachia, and other coal or base metal mining areas is acid mine drainage.
The causes of this pollution source are explained and the scope of the
problem discussed. Abatement techniques such as neutralization and reverse
osmosis are described.
*Water pollution sources, *Mine drainage, Metals, Mining, Pollution
abatement, Neutralization, Reverse osmosis, West Virginia, Appalachian
Mountain region, Mining wastes
198J
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES CALL FOR NEW PROFESSIONALISM IN
ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
Grundy, R. D.
Professional Engineer, Vol. 44, No. 5, p 16-19, Mah, 1974.
The development of equitable environmental policies in the future will
require a far greater flow of information across the interfaces between the
scientific, engineering, and business communities and public institu-
tions than has traditionally been the practice. Accompanying this
exchange will be corporate and technical concerns closer to those of
society as a whole. Today's priorities now extend beyond economic con-
siderations to include adverse public health, environmental, and consumer
product side-effects of both government and corporate actions.
*Future planning (projected), *Economics, *Environmental engineering,
Industries, Governments, Public health
775
-------
199J
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL,
Clifford, K. L.
St. Joe Minerals Corporation
Mining Engineering, Vol. 25, No. 2, p 83-85, February, 1973.
Over the period 1972-1980 pollution control facilities will cost $26 billion
according to economic impact studies performed under the direction of United
States Government agencies. The top priority problem for 1972 was the con-
trol of sulfur dioxide. Hydrometallurgical approaches to pollution abate-
ment included chloride leaching with subsequent control of waste water eff-
luents indicating an increased recycling in mining and milling. Water re-
clamation in the mining industry also has shown promise for future pollution
abatement as well as being the keystone to byproduct marketing.
*Reviews, *Industries, *Water reuse, *Pollution abatement, Recycling, By-
products, Water pollution control, Sulfur compounds, Metals, Mining,
Costs, Federal jurisdiction
200J
ENVIRONMENT UPDATE,
Siehl, G.
Library Journal, Vol. 99, No. 10, p 1357-1363, May 15, 1974.
A review of environmental materials and developments in 1973 is presented
with the following trends being of major importance. As a result of the
energy situation in the United States, Congress approved the Alaska pipe-
line, authorized year-round daylight savings time, set maximum highway speed
limits, approved the reconsolidation and expansion of energy research endan-
gered species. Energy also headed the list of environmentally related issues
with which the executive branch was concerned during 1973. Books published
in 1973 did not reflect the issues given most weight by government, the press,
and the public; energy does not dominate the list of new titles availble for
review. Park, recreation, and wilderness books ranked highest in number.
A number of books have continued the assessment of the degree to which the
environment has been damaged and of the steps required to set things right
again. Interest in the resources of the oceans has continued to grow while
efforts to prevent additional pollution of these waters have struggled to
keep pace. The energy situation and the desire to become energy sufficient
have made the expected hydrocarbon resources of the continental shelf more
attractive and newsworthy.
*Reviews, *Environment, *Publications, Federal government, Oceans, Energy,
Parks, Recreation facilities
776
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201J
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY SHIFTS: A CASE FOR
ENGINEERING MANPOWER PLANNING,
Snarponis, J. M.
Institute for the Certification of Engineering
Technicians
Professional Engineer, Vol. 44, No. 5, p 29-31, May 1974. 1 fig.
Industry has recognized the need for effective manpower planning and has
developed a number of methodologies and systems to meet specific needs of
its own. Government agencies, especially the Environmental Protection
Agency, have also contributed to the programs. Successful manpower plan-
ning systems relate predictors to manpower requirements as a basis for
projections. Three types and levels of manpower planning for waste water
national macro-manpower planning to determine the levels of economic
growth necessary to achieve employment targets or to fill the human
resource needs for meeting national goals; national manpower program
planning for administration of programs designed to remedy the problems
of special groups of persons; and, micro-manpower planning for the
specialized needs of private business firms, employer associations, employee.
associations, and public agencies.
*Manpower, *Employment opportunities, *Engineering personnel, *Human
resources, Occupations, Professional personnel, Resource allocation,
Waste water treatment, Treatment facilities
202J
THE MOVEMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM THE CITY OF MIAMI SEWAGE
OCEAN OUTFALL,
D'Amato, R.
University of Miami Sea Grant Program,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sea
Grant No. 2-34147, Coral Gables, Florida
Sea Grant Technical Bulletin No. 27, August, 1973. 91 p, 23 fig, 7 tab,
38 ref.
Concern about the location for the ocean outfall in Miami, Florida has
existed for some time. It is maintained that the present discharge loca-
tion is completely unacceptable and that the following recommendations are
made from the evaluation presented. Until major alterations are made on the
Miami Sewage Treatment Plant, improved practices need be initiated at the
plant itself. Furthermore, that waste water treatment plant effluents be
discharged between 300 and 400 feet through diffusers and that treatment
procedures should be increased at least to the state law requirments of
90 percent BOD removal for all ocean outfalls. Finally, serious con-
sideration should be given to advanced waste treatment and water reuse
systems and that present and planned treatment facilities be prepared for
eventual transfer to water reuse.
*Effluents, *0utlets, *Waste water treatment, Waste discharge, Tertiary
treatment, Water reuse, Treatment facilities, Biochemical oxygen demand
*Miami, Florida, Treatment plants
777
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203J
OZONE TREATMENT FOR POTABLE WATER,
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 938, p 117-118, April, 1974.
A Swiss firm, Kerag, recently completed an ozone drinking water treatment plant
for Nuremberg. Water from the confluence of the Danube and Lech rivers is
used for drinking purposes in Nuremberg, and the new ozonation process will
render this water as fresh and clear as aline spring water. Kerag's process
involves the use of a high frequency technique of ozone generation. The
treated water is simultaneously enriched in oxygen and freed of excess car-
bonic acid. Kerag has also undertaken a project to provide an ozone water treatment
plant for Rotterdam, a city as large as Nuremberg, with one million residents.
Kerag is also involved with a large ozone high frequency generation water
treatment plant at Zurich.
*Potable water, *Water quality, *Ws.ter quality control, *0zone, *Dissolved
oxygen, Treatment facilities
*Kerag, *0zonation, Switzerland, Zurich, Nuremberg, Rotterdam, Rhine, Danube,
Lech
204J
PLASTIC-MEDIUM TRICKLING FILTERS FOR BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN
CONTROL,
Buddies, G. A., Richardson, S. E., Earth, E. F.
Dew Chemical Company
Environmental Control Systems
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 937-
946, May, 1974. 8 fig, 9 tab, 9 ref.
In evaluating the effects of waste water discharged to a receiving body, increas-
ing attention is being paid to Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand. Many efficient
conventional biological treatment facilities are capable of high removals of
BOD (90 percent and up) yet these same facilities usually remove no more
than 10 to 60 percent of the NOD. These NOD-rich effluents have been shown
to play a major role in the oxygen balance of receiving waters. This paper
described the evaluation of controlling parameters, operational characteristics,
basic design criteria, and economics of using plastic media trickling filter
nitrification as a method of NOD reduction. Results of the testing done show
that the plastic-medium trickling filter is a stable unit process producing
high quality effluent. Final clarification is not always necessary after this
process and therefore the operation may be economically competitive with
other physico/chemical and biological methods of NOD reduction.
*Trickling filters, *Biochemical treatment, *Nitrification, Waste water treat-
ment, Bacteria, Biochemical oxygen demand, Toxicity, Chlorination, Design
criteria, Chemical treatment
*Plastic-medlum trickling filters, Dow Chemical Corporation
778
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205J
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN TREATMENT PLANT
EFFLUENTS,
Dube, D. J., Veith, G. D., and Lee, G. F.
Department of Natural Resources,
Madison, Wisconsin
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 966-"- p2,
May, 1974. 3 fig, 4 tab, 8 ref.
This study was done to determine the amount of contamination by PCB's in
the waste water of 11 southeastern Wisconsin cities. Samples were taken of
the inflowing waste stream, in the primary settling tank, in the trickling
filter effluent, and in the final effluent of the treatment plant. Assay
was done by gas-liquid chromatography. Results showed 6 of the 11 munici-
pal treatment plants had effluent concentrations of 0.1 to 0.5 micrograms/liter
of a compound which appeared to match the Aroclor 1254 chromatogram. Two
other municipalities had effluent concentrations of 1 microgram/liter of
Aroclor 1254 equivalent. One city had a maximum of 42 micrograms/liter in
effluent waters and 5.2 rag/liter in the digester sludge of Aroclor 1248
equivalent. These concentrations were quite variable with time. From the
results of this study if appears that treatment of domestic waters removes
up to 70 percent or more of the PCB's in the inflowing waters.
*Polychlorinated biphenyls, *Chromatography, *Waste water treatment, Analytical
techniques, Wisconsin, Sampling, Cities, Domestic wastes., Municipal wastes.
206J
SURVEY AND EVALUATION OF MARINE SANITATION DEVICES,
J. J. Henry, Company, Incorporated,
Moorestown, New Jersey
National Technical Information Service Report No. AD-770 327, June, 1973.
43 p, 70 fig, 15 tab, 85 ref.
A study of available marine sanitation devices (MSD) and a technical evaluation
of how these systems will interface with 14 representative vessels was
conducted. Its objective was to perform an extensive survey and technical
description of the various individual sanitation devices currently marketed
or under development for installation onboard federal, commercial, and/or
recreational watercraft. Also evaluation of the applicability and potential
impact of marine sanitation concepts and individual systems relative to these
vessels was made. This evaluation considered the interactions and impact
of the concepts and systems on the major installation constraints, operating
characteristics, and capital/operating costs of each representative vessel.
*Sanitation, Recreation, Evaluation, Federal jurisdiction, Installation,
Treatment, Capital costs, Ships, Operating costs, Surveys, Systems analysis
*Marine devices, *Watercraft, Marine sanitation devices (MSD), Sample
vessels, Commercial watercraft
779
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207J
THE STATUS OF ACTIVE DEEP MINES IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN,
Environmental Protection Agency,,
Wheeling, West Virginia
National Technical Information Service Report No. PB-227 064, January, 1973.
129 p, 4 tab.
The Monongahela Enforcement Conference survey of mines in the Monongahela
River basin found that forty-eight active mines produced a discharge at the time
of a resurvey in 1971 and 1972. The owners or operators of 14 additional
active mines reported no discharges. In Pennsylvania, the 23 active discharg-
ing deep mines had 45 discharge points, 13 of which had chemical treatment faci-
lities. Only the Hutchison Mine, with two discharges, produced any serious
pollution problems in the receiving stream. That mine and the Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Resources are presently in litigation. In West
Virginia, the 25 active discharging deep mines had 112 discharge points, eight
of which were receiving chemical treatment. The ten mines in the Christopher
and Mountaineer Divisions of Consolidation Coal were responsible for 75 dis-
charges. These Consol mines and two Eastern Associated Coal Corporation mines
were investigated in greater detail. It was found that the mines in the
Christopher Division of Consol caused most of the stream pollution from active
deep mines in the basin.
*Strip mine wastes, *Mines, *Mine wastes, Pollution, Streams, Coal mines,
Reviews
*Monongahela River basin, Mine discharge, West Virginia, Monongahela
Enforcement Conference, Active mines, Receiving stream
208J
SEWAGE SLUDGE DISPOSAL IN A SANITARY LANDFILL, VOL I: SUMMARY
AND CONSLUSIONS; VOL II: DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AND TECHNICAL
DATA,
Ralph Stone and Company, Incorporated,
Oceanside, California
National Technical Information Service Reports, No. PB-225 361 and PB-225 362,
1973. 394 p, 56 fig, 83 tab, 57 ref.
A two volume report gives the results of work conducted during the first two
years (January 1971-December 1972) of a three-year demonstration study of the
disposal of liquid sewage sludge .and septic tank pumpings into solid waste
at a sanitary landfill. Pilot plant lysimeters were used to investigate the
effects of sewage and septic tank sludges on solid waste temperature, decom-
position, leachate settlement, insects, gases, and odors. Three large field
lysimeters were monitored for leachate, temperature, gas compaction, settle-
ment, and waste decomposition as determined by core sampling. The full-scale
disposal of sludge was monitored for runoff, leachate, equipment operating
efficiency (time and motion studies), odors, vectors, blowing litter, and
weather conditions (rainfall, temperature, wind, and evaporation).
*Landfill, *Waste disposal, *Sewage sludge, Liquid wastes, Tanks, Pumps,
Solid wastes, Odors, Settlement, Monitoring, Lysimeters, Leachate, Decomposi-
tion, Pilot plants, Weather, Gases, Septic tanks
Sanitary landfills, Septic tank pumpings
780
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209J
MATERIALS FOR WET OXIDATION PROCESSING EQUIPMENT (SHIPBOARD),
McCreight, L. R.
National Materials Advisory Board,
National Research Council,
Division of Engineering
National Technical Information Service Report No. AD-771 745, November, 1973.
75 p, 5 fig, 7 tab, 12 ref.
Since the wet oxidation process requires the contaminant of corrosive products
(the material being processed can range from very acidic to slightly basic and
over a broad spectrum of wastes), at elevated temperatures and pressures,
difficult but solvable materials-of-construction problems occur. Based on
the current state-of-the-art, wet oxidation systems can be constructed from
commercially pure titanium as well as from titanium alloyed with palladium
(.12-.25 percent). This type of system, it is felt, can be operated safely
at approximately 500 F with reasonable assurance of moderate life (approximately
10 years). A tantalum-lined and coated titanium system provides the longest
life of materials. For higher temperature operation up to 600 F and a pro-
jected equipment life of 15 years, a ceramic-lined and coated carbon steel
or titanium system would have to be developed. Here, an added advantage to
ceramic lining is improved heat insulation, allowing for a reduction of ex-
ternal insulation. In addition, a penetration monitoring system can be incor-
porated in the ceramic lining. From an overall design consideration point of
view, it appears that the wet oxidation process can be operated in a con-
tinuous manner in shipboard installations and the reaction vessel can consist
of a piping array configuration.
*0xidation, *Equipment, *Processing, *Ships, Corrosion, Acidity, Wastes,
Installation, Temperature, Titanium, Design criteria, Construction materials,
Monitoring
*Wet oxidation, State-of-the-art review, Tantalum, Palladium, Carbon steel
210J
MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTE WATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS IN
CITIES AND TOWNS UP TO 150,000 IN POPULATION,
North Caroline A & T State University,
Greensboro, North Carolina
National Technical Information Service Report No. PB-227 039, June, 1973.
Ill p, 11 fig, 1 tab, 10 ref.
The water pollution control field has need for information on manpower, pro-
vided by this manual. Requirements for effective operation and maintenance
of waste water collection systems in municipalities of under 150,000 people
are developed. Specific occupations in the form of Occupational Descriptions
include duties, physical demands, and working conditions, as well as behavioral
and psychological traits recommended for various positions, Manpower planners
and trainers as well as administrators have need of curriculum programs for
training of personnel and development of resources.
*Water pollution control, *Manuals, *Municipal wastes, *Municipal water, Human
populations, Personnel, Occupations, Human resources, Working conditions,
Employment, Labor, Planning, training
Manpower requirements, Occupational description
781
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211J
THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF MODERN DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FRESH WATER SUPPLIES IN UNDER-DEVELOPED
TERRITORIES,
Peel, C.
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 938, p 119-123, April 1974. 3 fig, 1 tab.
Estimates of the future world population growth rate, food supply, and fresh
water needs are discussed briefly. Statistics on presently installed and
operating desalination plants are given. The various desalination techniques
presently available or under development are outlined under the following
three headings: processes involving a change of phase, methods utilizing
some form of membrane, and processes based on a chemical reaction.
*Desalination, *Desalination plants, *Desalination processes, Membrane
processes, Water supply, Chemical reactions
212J
DOUBLE-BOTTOM BARGES PROVIDE GREATER PROTECTION AGAINST
WATER POLLUTION,
Marine Engineering/Log, No. 5, p 42-43, May 1974.
The Dravo Corporation has designed and built double-skin integrated tank
barges used for the transportation of petroleum products. From a fuel
utilization standpoint, transportation by towboats and barges is considerably
more efficient and economical as compared with river tank shipping, rail
service, and truck transport. In double-skin barges, all framing is on
the exterior so that tank compartments have smooth, easy-to-clean interior
surfaces assuring purity of cargo. Also, double-skin construction provides
for greater protection against spillage should the exterior shell of the
barge hull be damaged. The upward trend toward the use of double-skin
barges for transporting petroleum products is part of the current growth
in overall shipping volume on the 2;>,000 miles of the United States' inland
waterways system.
*Barges, transportation, Water pollution control, Construction materials,
Oil spills, Costs, Inland waterways
Petroleum products
782
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213J
HOW TO CURTAIL OR END DISCHARGES OF SEWAGE FROM SHIPS,
Marine Engineering/Log, No. 5, p 34-37, 119, May 1974.
Prevention of discharging untreated sewage from vessels in marine waters
is becoming increasing apparent not only in the United States, but on an
international level. Due to existing and proposed regulations, ship operators
must install marine sanitation devices (MSD's) costing about $25,000 to
$80,000, in addition to installation and maintenance costs. Various types
of MSD's and discharge systems as well as selection factors are discussed
in relation to United States regulations.
*Sea water, *Boating, *Regulations, *Water pollution control, Sewage treatment,
Treatment facilities, Equipment, Capital costs, Boats, United States,
Discharge, Maintenance costs
*Marine Sanitation Devices (MSD's)
214J
UPTAKE OF CHLOROBIPHENYLS BY OYSTERS,
Vreeland, V.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Environmental Pollution, Vol. 6, No. 2, p 135-140, February, 1974.
2 fig, 16 ref.
Accumulation of individual chlorinated biphenyls in small osyters (Crassostrea
vlrginica) was proportional to the degree to chlorination of the isomer and
to its concentration in seawater at environmental levels. Equilibrium was
reached after one month, with concentration factors of 1200 to 48,000 for
isomers with 2 to 6 chlorine atoms per molecule. Partioning of PCB between
more hydrophobia lipids and ambient seawater has been rejected as the uptake
mechanism.
*Polychlorinated biphenyls, *0ysters, Chlorination, Sea water, Investigations
*Chlorobiphenyls uptake
783
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215J
COLUMBUS REPLACES HISTORIC WATER TREATMENT PLANT,
Cosens, K. W., and Farr, F. Jr.
Alden E. Stilson and Associates, Limited,
Columbus, Ohio
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 6, p 60-62, June 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab, 1 ref.
A 65 mgd new plant supply facility is replacing the Dublin Road Plant in
Columbus, Ohio. The new treatment plant is being constructed in two phases:
the first involving a functional plant of full capacity; and the second
involving demolition of old chemical buildings, filters, flocculation and
settling tanks, and wash-water facilities, followed by construction of
additional clear well capacity, underground piping, a chemical handling
facility, lighting, roads, fencing, and landscaping. Treatment consists
of screening, coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash or
caustic soda, recarbonation, pre- and post-chlorination, taste and odor
control, and threshold treatment. Treatment plant construction costs are
estimated at $15.5 million.
*Treatment facilities, *Waste water treatment, Construction materials,
Construction costs, Design criteria, Sites, Water supply, Water treatment
*Columbus, Ohio, Treatment plants
216J
ARSENIC-CONTAINING CARBONATED WATERS, OCCURRENCE PECULIARITIES,
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, OCCURRENCE CONDITIONS (Mysh'yaksoderzhashchiye
uglekislye vody Kavkoza (osobennosti rasprostraneniya, khimicheskiy sostav,
usloviya formirovaniya)),
Krainov, S. R., Volkov, G. A., Petrova, N. K., Baturinskaya, I. V.
All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Hydrogeology
and Geological Engineering, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Geokhimiia, No. 2, p 212-227, 1974. 5 fig, 2 tab, 27 ref.
The Caucasus is the largest Soviet province of carbonated arsenic-containing
water which is of the youngest structures. It is characterized by high
chlorinity and high As/Cl, As/B ratios. The mobility sequence in such water
is Cl greater than or equal to As greater than B. The enrichment of carbonated
water in arsenic is connected with local thermometamorphic processes of its
extraction from rocks. These processes are intensified in the presence
cf chloride water. The process of carbonated water enrichment in arsenic
is a process being superposed upon chloride water and secondary in relation
to it.
*Carbonate rocks, *Boron, *Chlorine
*Carbonated water, *Arsenic, Chemical mobility, Water enrichment, U.S.S.R.
784
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217J
THE JUBILEE OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION STANDARD,
Roberts, F. W.
East Suffolk and Norfolk River Authority, England
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 2, p 129-137, 1974. 2 tab, 11 ref.
Factors involved both in setting standards and in assessing river pollution
levels suggested by the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal are discussed.
Basic topics reviewed include tests for sewage and sewage effluents, dilution
and suspended solids, reaeration capacity, potable water from rivers, and
the administration of standards.
*Sewage disposal, *Standards, Testing, Biochemical oxygen demand, Nitrogen,
Temperature, Water quality standards, Suspended solids, Waste dilution,
Reaeration, Potable water, Administration, Water pollution control, Rivers
Great Britain
218J
EFFECT OF pH ON SURVIVAL OF ESCHERICHIA COLI,
Parhad, N. M., and Rao, N. U.
Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute,
Nagpur, India, Bacteriology Cell
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 980-986,
May 1974. 7 fig, 16 ref.
An attempt has been made to delineate the factors affecting bacterial
reduction of effluents in stabilization ponds using E. coll as a representative
of the indicator bacteria. A 24-hour peptone broth culture of E. coli isolated
from waste water was used in these experiments with evaluation by multitube
dilution technique using lactose broth in the presumptive test at 37°C for
24 to 48 hours. Results are discussed and the following conclusions drawn.
The growth of different algae in sterilized waste water results in an increase
of pH from 7.5 to 10 or more. Both E. coli and algae can grow together
when waste water is buffered at pH 7.5 but E. coli could not grow in waste
water when the pH was greater than 9.2. E. coli, when grown in association
with algae, is eliminated because of the high pH produced as a result of
algal growth. The decrease in E. coll observed in stabilization ponds is
attributed to the pH levels that are found in those ponds.
*E. coli, *0xidation lagoons, *Bioindicators, Effluents, Hydrogen ion
concentration, Waste water treatment, Algae, Growth rates, Laboratory tests
785
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219J
RIVERS POLLUTION SURVEY IN SCOTLAND IN RETROSPECT AND
PROSPECT,
Nicoll, E. H.
Assistant Chief Engineer, Scottish Development
Department, Scotland
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 2, p 178-181, 1974.
A brief review of the legislation and regulations formulated by the Scotish
River Commission is presented. A survey report published in 1972 recorded
234 sewerage authorities serving 5.2 million persons with two-thirds of
this population being served by drainage systems terminating in tidal reaches
of rivers, estuaries, and the open sea. Six percent of all principal rivers
were of poor quality or grossly polluted. Expenditures for sewerage, sewage
treatment, and disposal are given for 1971.
*Rivers, *Surveys, *Sewage treatment, *Water pollution, Water quality control,
Governments, Legislation
*Scotland
220J
THE AGRICULTURAL USE OF BLACKBURN SEWAGE SLUDGE,
Rawcliffe, E., and Saul, G. W.
Assistant Sewage Works Manager, Blackburn CBC, England
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 2, p 168-177, 1974. 4 fig, 3 tab,
25 ref.
Information on the experiences both past and present associated with
agricultural use of Blackburn, England's sewage sludge is presented. Over
the years, the repeated addition of sewage sludge to the Blackburn estate
has had a physical effect on the surface of the land. The soil became soft
and waterlogged, and the frequency of application as practiced precluded
any remedial action by means of plowing. Work has now commenced on a complete
soil survey of the whole of the sewage works estate with special reference
being given to metals. The present policy regarding the new areas of farmland
now being treated with digested sludge by mobile tankers is to acquire the
use of sufficient land so that over the next thirty years at least the
accumulation of metals conforms to well within the suggested limits of 250 mg
per liter zinc equivalent in the top soil.
*Agricultural engineering, *Soil physics, *Soil conservation, *Sewage sludge,
Surveys, Metals, Topsoil, Soil investigation
Great Britain
786
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221J
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF THE ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF DI-(2-
ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE ON SOME HEPATIC ENZYMES IN THE RAT,
Lake, B. G., Gangolli, S. D. Wright, M. G., Grasso, P.,
and Lloyd, A. G.
,,V
The British Industrial Biological Research Association,
Carshalton, Surrey, England
Biochemical Society Transactions, Vol. 2, No. 2, p 322-325, 1974.
2 tab, 5 ref.
In the context of a toxicological study on the safety evaluation of di-(2,-
ethylhexyl)phthalate, a commonly used phthalate ester, the biochemical and
histochemlcal effects on the liver after the oral administration of this
ester to rats was investigated. Metabolic studies conducted on young male
Wistar albino rats with the ester at single oral doses of 20 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg
and seven daily doses of 200 mg/kg, showed that 98-99 percent of the radio-
activity was excreted within four days. The study of the hepatic effects was
conducted in rats by the daily gastric intubation of the phthalate ester
dissolved in corn oil, at: a dosage of 200 mg/kg for 4, 7, 14, and 21 days
respectively. The results of the study, showing that the effects of di-C2-
ethylhexyl)phthalate on the rat hepatic mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes
are not wholly reproducible by either phthalic acid of 2-ethylhexan-l-ol,
indicate that other metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate may contribute
to the biochemical effects.
*Water pollution sources, *Toxicity, Sea water, Laboratory tests, Laboratory
animals, Animal physiology, Animal pathology-, Environmental effects
*Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
222J
WATER-BORNE TRANSMISSION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL-RESISTANT
SALMONELLA TYPHI IN MEXICO,
Gonzalez-Cortes, A., Bessudo, D., Sanchez-Leyva, R.,
Fragoso, R., Hinojosa, M., and Becerril, P.
Secretariat of Health and Assistance of Mexico,
Institute of Health and Tropical Diseases, Epidemiology
Unit
Bulletin of the Panamerican Health Organization, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 1-5,
1974. 1 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
In mid-1972 an outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in a small village in Central
Mexico. Eighty-three cases were recorded with six deaths. Most patients
lived in an area of the village with the highest population density and
lowest income levelsclose to an irrigation canal which traverses the village.
Prior to the epidemic, the municipal water system had not been operational
because of a defective pump. Food-specific attack rates implicated the
drinking of water from the canal as the source of the disease with restoration
of the water system promptly halting the outbreak.
*Human diseases, *Potable water, *Mexico, *Salmonella, Water pollution sources,
Water supply, Irrigation canals, Municipal water
Typhoid fever
787
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223J
THE EFFECT OF NITRITES ON ISOLATION-INDUCED AGGRESSION
IN MICE,
Gruener, N.
Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
Jerusalem, Israel
Environmental Health Laboratory
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 2, No. 2, p 267-269, March-April,
1974. 2 tab, 6 ref.
Chronic administration of sodium nitrite, one gram per liter, in drinking
water of pregnant mice and their offspring caused a significant increase in
the isolation-induced aggression of the male young. The cessation of
administration of sodium nitrite reduced the aggressive behavior of the
experimental group to the control level. Since nitrates and nitrites are
frequently ingested in human drinking water, health implications are cited.
laboratory animals, *Potable water, *Nitrites, *Animal behavior, Laboratory
tests
*Sodium nitrite, *Anlmal isolation, Mice
224J
PROGRESS IN THE RURAL WATER PROGRAMS OF LATIN AMERICA,
Donaldson, D.
Pan American Health Organization
Bulletin of the Panamerican Health Organization, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 37-53,
1974. 2 fig, 6 tab, 18 ref.
The proportion of rural people in Latin America with access to potable water
rose dramatically during the last decade. A look at the current situation is
detailed exploring a number of existing problems. Several methods offering
considerable promise for the future are also outlined.
*Potable water, *Water supply, Rural areas, *Future planning (projected),
Water resources development
*Latin America, Pan American Health Organization
788
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225J
ASBESTOS-LIKE FIBERS IN DULUTH. WATER SUPPLY., RELATION TO CANCER
MORTALITY,
Masson, T. J., McKay, F. W., and Miller, R. W.
Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 228, No. 8, p 1019-1020,
May 20, 1974. 1 tab, 6 ref.
Asbestos-like fibers in industrial waste first entered the water supply of
Duluth in 1966. During the next 14 years, no carcinogenic effect was apparent
in the patterns of cancer mortality among persons of all ages, or among
children. However, ther period of observation is shorter relative to the
latent period of occupationally induced carcinogenesis from asbestos. A
longer period of follow up than was possible in this study will be necessary
before it can be concluded that there is no cancer hazard related to the
drinking water supplies of Duluth and its neighboring communities.
*Water supply, *Asbestos, *Statistical methods, Industrial wastes, Minnesota
*Cancer, *Carcinogenesis, *Duluth, Minnesota
226J
CAN DREDGING BE CONTINUED TO MAINTAIN GREAT LAKES,
Cable, C.
North Central Division,
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Construction - Operations Division
World Dredging and Marine Construction, Vol. 10, No. 5, p 24-27, May, 1974.
5 fig.
Escalating dredging costs, environmental concerns, inflation, misinformation,
and moratoriums on dredging have raised the issue of whether dredging operations
can be continued on the Great Lakes. The Corps maintains 64 harbors, 157
miles of improved channel, and the locks of the St. Mary's Falls Canal. Normal
dredging workload amounts to around 12 million cubic yards for maintenance
and 1 million cubic yards for the improvement of these facilities each year.
For the past six years the dredging level has been restricted to about 50
percent of normal and will continue to be curtailed until suitable disposal
sites on land can be found and prepared to take polluted dredge material.
There are 71 dredging projects which will require land disposal sites.
The Corps is currently developing plans for 16 of these sites. Two sites
are moving into preparation now with the other 14 to start later this year.
The Corps at its waterways Experiment Station is currently engaged in
research in seven broad areas: environmental impacts and aspects of open
water disposal; environmental impacts and aspects of land disposal; new
disposal concepts; productive uses of dredged material; disposal area reuse
and multiple utilization; dredge material treatment techniques and equipment;
and dredging/disposal equipment and techniques.
*Dredging, *Solid wastes, *Disposal, *Harbors, *Channels, *Channel improvement,
Environmental effects, Costs, Great Lakes, Research and development
*Polluted dredge material, *0n-land disposal
789
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227J
WATER LAWS IN USSR,
Sharma, S. K.
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board,
Simla, India
Indian Journal of Power and River Valley Development, Vol. 23, No. 12, p 392-
393, December, 1973.
The water laws of the USSR as embodied in the legislation entitled "Foundation
of Water Management Legislation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics",
passed by the Supreme Soviet in December 1970 are reviewed. This legislation
is composed of five main parts: "General Regulations", ownership, regulation,
etc.; "Water Management", grant of use to municipalities, etc.; "Protection
of Waters and Prevention of Their Detrimental Effect", control of pollution,
etc.; "State Control and Planning of Water Utilization", resources inventory
and resource allocation; and "Responsibility for Breaking the Water Laws",
the civil and criminal code as it applies to this legislation.
*Riparian rights, *Legislatlon, *Planning, Law enforcement, Resource allocation,
Water pollution control
India, U.S.S.R., Water laws
228J
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON OFFSHORE FACILITIES,
Hull, A. R., Austin, T. S.
United States Department of Commerce,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Environmental Data Service
Marine Technology Society Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, p 15-21, April-May, 1974.
6 fig, 6 ref.
Environmental data will play a very important role in the planning, site
selection, design, construction, and operation of offshore facilities
including deep water ports for supertankers. Because of the increasing
necessity of energy importation, the United States will be developing three
types of offshore facilities: nuclear powerplants, drilling rigs, and super-
tanker terminals (deep water ports). The specific types of data needed
during each phase of development of these facilities, especially deep water
ports, are discussed. Some of the categories reviewed included: distance
offshore of suitable water depth; storm surge; extreme wave-wind conditions;
and severe storm frequency. Cost effectiveness versus protection of the
environment is discussed. The availability of historical environmental data
from national centers and the need for subsequent on-site observations is
examined. Two recent data guidelines developed for potential supertanker
ports are reviewed, and the need for more detailed studies is cited.
*Environmental Effects, *0n-site data collections, *Harbors, *0ffshore
platforms, *Data collections, Nuclear powerplants
*Deep water ports, *Environmental influences, ^Historical studies.
790
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229J
NITRATES IN WATER SUPPLIES (NITRATE DE L'EAU),
International Standing Committee on Water Quality
and Treatment
Aqua, No. 1, p 5-25, 1974. 25 p, 6 tab, 67 ref.
An international investigation was made to review the effects of raised
nitrates in water supplies on health and water quality. Elevated nitrate
concentration in the diet and large numbers of nitrate-reducing bacteria
in the upper digestive tract is a primary cause of infantile methamoglobinaemia.
Susceptibility varies with external conditions, but a safety factor in public
health should be taken into account. It was concluded that the recommended
limit of 45-50 rag/liter should not be raised but should be further investigated.
Water resources with more nitrate than 45-50 mg/liter could be made safe by
diluting with water of lower nitrate content. Pilot plants have tested
processes for removal of nitrate from sewage and water. Another alternative
is to search for the origin of nitrogen in all forms from domestic sewage,
as well as industrial wastes and runoff, and to control these sources.
*Reviews, *Public health, *Nltrogen, *Nitrates, *Water supply, Reviews,
Investigation, Domestic wastes, Safety, Bacteria, Pathology, Disease,
Pilot plants, Waste removal, Runoff, Industrial wastes
World Health Organization, Methamoglobinaemia
230J
COUNTY WATER SYSTEM SOLVES DRY AREA PROBLEMS,
Hilbert, R. B., and Holzworth, R. T.
Salt Lake County Water Conservancy District,
Salt Lake City, Utah
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 6, p 72-73, June 1974.
Discussed are the problems and complexities involved in the supply of adequate
water to a large and expanding metropolitan area where average annual rainfall
is only 16 inches. Using a mix of facilities including deep wells, springs,
river diversions, runoff impoundment, and groundwater management, Salt Lake
City has been able to meet its needs to date. Future growth in the area
appears to depend on the willingness of the state to support the importation
of water from outside the Salt Lake City region as all local resources are
almost fully development. The need for land-use planning and comprehensive
consideration of a multitude of factors in future water supply is discussed.
*Water resources, *Municipal wastes, *Water resources, development, *Planning,
*Water supply, Water distribution, Arid climates, Utah, Local governments,
Cities, Land use
Salt Lake City, Utah
791
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231J
IS THE WATER SAFE TO DRINK? PART I: THE PROBLEM,
Harris, R. H., and Brecher, E. M.
Environmental Defense Fund, Water Resources Program
Consumer Reports, Vol. 39, No. 6, p 434-443, June 1974.
The United States is currently in the process of implementing a mammoth
Federal-state program to clean up its waterways. Even if this program pro-
ceeds on schedule, it will take more than a decade to achieve its goals.
This report was written to call for faster action on a program to upgrade
Che drinking water now being used in over 40,000 community water systems in
the country. The reasons given for urging such a program include the fact
that even if all man-made pollution were eliminated, there would still be
natural sources of pollution that would necessitate purification operations.
There will always be some pollution from accidental spills or discharges, and
agricultural runoff; if water pollution abatement is put off as air pollution
abatement has been, the United States will be drinking dirty water for some
time to come. The costs of improving our drinking water now are reasonable
enough in view of the extra health protection which would be gained. Types
of pollution discussed in the article include: asbestos, bacteria, viruses,
heavy metals, and organic compounds.
*Domestic water, *Public health, *Water pollution, *Potable water, *Water
quality, Accidents, Contamination, Costs, Water supply
Opinions
232J
EFFECTS OF DIETARY MERCURY ON MINK,
Aulerich, R. J., Ringer, R. K., and Iwamoto, S.
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan,
Poultry Science Department
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 2, No. 1 p 43-61
March, 1974. 6 tab, 25 ref.
Mercury contamination in Lake Erie and other lakes and rivers in the United
States and Canada caused mink ranchers to consider the possibility that mink
who ingested mercury-contaminated fish were contacting mercury poisoning.
Mercury in fish tissue is in the methylated form, quite highly toxic to man.
Tests were conducted where mink were fed dietary methylmercury; 5 ppm were
lethal within one month to adult mink. Mercuric chloride, the inorganic
form, was not toxic at the level of 10 ppm. Most likely this is because the
organic form easily penetrates the brain while the inorganic form is excreted
from the body.
*Toxicity, *0rganic matter, *Inroganic matter, *Mink, Fish, Mercury, Great
Lakes region, Food chains, Lake Erie, Lakes, Rivers, Canada, Fish toxins
Methylmercury, Mercuric chloride
792
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233J
LEGAL CONTROLS OF POLLUTION IN THE GREAT LAKES BASIN,
Landis, H.
Canadian Bar Review, Vol. 48, p 66-202, 1970.
Legal control of pollution of groundwater and surface waters In the Canadian
part of the Great Lakes Basin is discussed, and the constitutional basis of
such controls is considered. Provincial rather than federal primacy is
recommended. Provisions of several laws are reported, including those of
the Ontario Water Resources Commission Act; the Municipal, Drainage, Public
Parks, and Planning acts; the Public Health and Pesticides Acts; the
Conservation Authorities Act; the Energy, Gasoline Handling, and Air Pollution
Control Acts; the Mining Act; the Lakes and Rivers Improvement, Public
Lands, and Provincial Parks Acts; the Migratory Birds Convention Act; and
the Canadian Water Act. Judicial decisions concerned with federal harbors,
and canals, inland fisheries, agriculture, and Indian lands are also reviewed.
*Legal review, *Legislation, *Groundwater, *Surface water, *Pollution, *Law
enforcement, Canada, Great Lakes region, Harbors, Canals, Fisheries, Agriculture,
Indian reservations, Water resources, Municipal water, Planning, Pesticides,
Public health, Air pollution, Mining, Migratory birds
234J
CONTROL OF COLIFORM IN A SULPHITE MILL AERATED STABILIZA-
TION BASIN,
Watkins, S. H.
Crown Zellerbach Corporation
Paper Trade Journal, Vol. 158, No. 17, p 28-30, April 29, 1974.
High concentrations of coliforms in the effluents of Lebanon, Oregon were due
to their development at early stages rather than growth during secondary treat-
ment. When a high background level of coliforms is present from industrial
wastes, it becomes difficult to detect pollution from sources of known public
health significance. The method here was to kill coliforms in the incoming
wastes on a small scale. A modified chlorination system, employing caustic in-
jection into the chlorinator's water supply was the most effective treatment
found. Bioassays and chemical analyses proved that no toxic chlorine residuals
resulted. Methods for testing were the Multiple Fermentation Tube and the
Membrane Filter. Pre-treatment was found to be a practical way to kill
coliforms and obtain secondary effluents with acceptable levels of the coliforms.
The modified chlorination processes may have other applications when more op-
portunities to optimize the process are discovered.
*Coliforms, *Secondary treatment, *Sulfites, *Public health, *Chlorination,
*Industrial wastes, Water pollution, Water supply, Toxicity, Pre-treatment
*Multiple Fermentation Tube, *Membrane Filter, Modified chlorination
793
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235J
THE ABC PROCESS FOR IMPROVING THE TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS
(LE PROCEDE ABC POUR AMELIORER LE TRAITMENT DES EAUX RESIDUAIRES),
Kerl, J. F.
Revue Generale Des Matieres Colorantes-Teintex, No. 2, p 75-77, 1974. 2 ref.
An integrated biological-chemical waste water treatment process is described
with respect to its applications in the textile industry. Raw waste water
treatment by short detention aeration in a biological reactor in the presence of
activated sludge followed by rapid sedimentation and sludge recycle in a chemi-
cal separator is explained by citing studies utilizing mixed municipal and in-
dustrial sewage. Advantages of the patented Accelerated Biological-Chemical
(ABC) process include economic considerations of short aeration detention times
and reduced land and equipment requirements, as well as technical advances of
high BOD, suspended solids, and phosphorus removals with superior performance
under shock loading and transient conditions.
*Waste water treatment, *Textiles, *Biological treatment, *Chemical treatment,
Aeration, Recycling, Activated sludge, Municipal wastes, Industrial wastes,
Costs, Equipment, Biochemical oxygen demand, Suspended solids
Integrated (biological-chemical) treatment, Phosphorus removal
236J
FULL-SCALE HARVEST OF AQUATIC PLANTS: NUTRIENT REMOVAL
FROM A EUTROPHIC LAKE,
Peterson, S. A., Smith, W. L., and Malueg, K. W.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis, Oregon,
National Eutrophication Research Program
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 697-707,
April, 1974. 5 fig, 6 tab, 27 ref.
Eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems is difficult to control once the nutrients
have entered the water body. It was suggested that large-scale harvesting of
aquatic plants might be a feasible way to reduce nutrients in lakes. This
method had been done on relatively small areas but not full scale. The city
of Detroit Lakes, Minnesota had been supplying Lake Sallie with waste water
effluent for over sixty years and this site was selected to try aquatic plant
harvesting for three months. Phosphorus loading was measured, and corresponded
with nutrient concentrations of the inflow but not with volume of the inflow.
The most significant conclusion was that continuous harvest of aquatic plants
from Lake Sallie during the growing season could not offset the high loading
of nitrogen and phosphorus. The wet-weight harvest of 944,000 Ib of plants
removed only 1.37 percent of the total phosphorus input to the lake.
*Eutrophication, *Nutrients, *Aquatic plants, *Nitrogen, *Phosphorus, har-
vesting of algae, Lakes, On-site investigations, Waste water, Effluents
Aquatic ecosystems, Phosphorus loading, Minnesota (Lake Sallie)
794
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237J
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL BY ALGAL SYSTEMS,
Vanderborgh, N. E., and Buyers, A. G.
New Mexico University, Albuquerque, New Mexico,
Department of Chemistry
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 726-
734, April, 1974. 7 fig, 1 tab, 23 ref.
Growth of algae in surface waters is a visible type of pollution. Currently,
several cities are removing phosphates chemically from their waste water efflu-
ents, a costly process. The question has been raised as to whether phosphorus
is the rate-limiting step in algal growth. The Rio Grande Valley of New
Mexico has both excessive nutrient concentrations and excessive sunlight, two
conditions which are known to stimulate algal growth. The experiment consisted
of examining the rate of 32P removal from solutions of filtered, aqueous sodium
pyrophosphate under controlled conditions of acidity, temperature, luminant
flux, and nutrients. Final data for removal were taken by subtracting the
decay curve from each of the experimental plots. Results suggest that two
mechanisms influence the rate of radioactive phosphorus (sodium pyrophosphate)
removal from chlorella cultures in soil-water and chemical media. Also, the
rate-limiting step for the removal can be interchanged by a variation in pH.
The removal rate increases and changes order as acidity is increased. The
inference is that orthophosphate exchanges, not pyrophosphate or phosphorus,
and the hydrolysis rate are the rate determiners of the exchange process at
elevated pH values. A very rapid removal of phosphorus under C02 enriched con-
ditions suggests interesting strategies for removal of phosphorus from surface
waters.
*Algae, *Surface waters, *Water pollution, *Phosphorus, *Phosphates, *Chemical
treatment, *Algal blooms, Waste water, Effluents, Nutrients, Acidity, Tempera-
ture, Soil water, Nutrient removal
*Phosphorus removal, *pH, Pyrophosphate, Orthophosphate, Rio Grande Valley,
New Mexico
238J
CHRONIC TOXICITY OF NICKEL TO THE FATHEAD MINNOW,
Pickering, Q. H.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Newtown Fish Toxicology Laboratory,
C inc inna t i, Oh io
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 760-765,
April, 1974. 6 tab, 21 ref.
Metallic wastes are received by municipal waste water treatment plants. Nickel
seems to be the least effectively removed metal and was investigated concerning
the interaction of metallic wastes with the biological waste water treatment pro-
cesses. Four heavy metals were selected by the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engin-
eering Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Nickel seems relatively nontoxic to man but
tolerance of aquatic life varied widely, depending on synergism, species, and
pH. Laboratory data for water quality criteria for protection of all life
stages of aquatic organisms can be derived from chronic toxicity studies. Ex-
posure data for one generation is necessary to ascertain the maximum acceptable
toxicant concentration (MATC), which is the highest mean continuous-flov con-
centration that has no adverse effect on survival, growth, and reproduction.
The MATC for fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas Raflnesque) was estimated.
Nickel concentrations of 0.38 mg/liter and lower are safe; however, a concen-
tration of 0.73 mg/liter caused a significant reduction of the number of eggs
and spawning hatchability. Extrapolation from laboratory data to the aquatic
ecosystem is more complex than predicting chronic toxicity in laboratory con-
ditions. This type of application is presently the best tool for estimating
the upper limit of safe concentration of heavy metals in the fish community,
and thus in the food chain.
*Toxicity, *Nickel, *Municipal wastes, *Biological treatment, *Heavy metals,
Aquatic life, Laboratory data, Minnows, Fish, Water quality standards, Food
chain, Ecosystems
*Pimephales promelas Rafinesque (Fathead minnow), *Maximum acceptable toxicant
concentration (MATC)
795
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239J
PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS IN THE MURDERKILL RIVER ESTUARY,
DeMichele, E.
Technical Services,
Water Pollution Control Federation
Washington, D. C.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 4, p 772-776,
April, 1974. 4 fig, 6 ref.
This study's purpose was to determine pathogenic indicator profiles over a
tidally influenced river. The Murderkill River in Delaware receives raw
waste water discharge from homes and restaurants; other treated and untreated
waste water is added to the river by tributaries and ponds. Implementation of
specific tests for pathogens is difficult and these pathogens may not always
be present in domestic waste water. Indicator organisms are fecal coliforms (FC),
total coliforms (TC), and fecal streptococcus (FS). It was found that FC and
FS were in rivers due to human or animal excrement. The FC:FS ratios found
to be low in all cases tested, indicating animal wastes as the principal source
of pollution. Figures for FS and FC are given; the concentrations decreased
logarithmically from Station 4 to the river mouth. Although industrial waste
water sources are not present from downstream river areas, marshy areas caused
an increase in indicator counts between the mouth of the river and Station 4.
*Pathogenic bacteria, *Rivers, *Tidal waters, *Domestic wastes, Organisms,
Water pollution, Industrial wastes, Coliforms, Estuaries, Delaware, Marshes,
Waste water
Raw waste water, Fecal coliforms, Total coliforms, Fecal streptococcus, Indi-
cator organisms
240J
POLLUTION TROUBLE SHOOTING THEIR JOB,
Marsh, J.
South African Chemical Processing, p 20-21, December 1973/January, 1974.
Fundamental and practical application concerning pollution and projects
currently ongoing by the Pollution Research Group of the Chemical Engineering
Department at the University of Natal are described. Various doctoral candi-
dates have been allotted time and facilities to carry out research. The most
recent work has to do with the reverse osmosis process for desalination. Appli-
cations include the use of the reverse osmosis separation process (and the
ultra filtration process) as a technique for the separation and concentration
of fractionation of substances in fluid solutions, particularly industrial
waste water. Also, basic principles of RO are being studied for suitable
research by physical chemists for future doctoral degrees.
*Reverse osmosis, *Desalination, *Potable water, *Research, Separation, In-
dustrial wastes, Waste water, Treatment facilities, Application methods
*Pollution Research Group, Natal University, South Africa, Ultrafiltration
796
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241J
HELPING HAND WITH POLLUTION PROBLEMS,
Rohm and Haas Reporter, Vol. 32, No. 1, p 21-23, Spring, 1974.
A new service program has been set up by the Rohm and Haas Company in Philadel-
phia called Fluid Process Service. Chemists, technicians, and design engineers
work on a contractual consulting basis to solve specific problems in the areas
of ion exchange, flocculation, adsorption, and liquid extraction. The treatment
processes used vary by location, method of reuse of recovered materials, costs,
and local air and water pollution regulations. An example of the FPS was a
kraft paper mill, but this service has been extended to meet the needs of
municipal water supplies as well as industrial concerns.
*Planning, *Liquid wastes, *Treatment, *Ion exchange, *Flocculation, *Adsorption,
Costs, Municipal water, Industrial wastes, Regulations, Air pollution, Water
pollution, Kraft mill wastes, Contracts
*Consulting, Fluid Process Service (FPS), Rohm and Haas Company, Liquid extrac-
tion, Municipal water supplies
242J
ECOLOGY PROBLEMS SPELL PROFITS,
Roth, L.
Associated Construction Publications,
Elmhurst, Illinois
Engineering and Contract Record, Vol. 87, No. 3, p 54-56, March, 1974.
Although equipment, materials, and fuels have undergone shortages, small scale
firms for ecological protection have managed to be successful. A treatment sys-
tem is described whereby a small aerobic plant may be used to service individual
apartment buildings and their domestic wastes. About 240 such systems have
been installed in Florida in areas where building had been stopped because of
inadequate municipal facilities. Another service described is that of system
evaluation, consultants to consultants. A third service is that of a profes-
sional sweeping company for streets, major shopping areas, low gutters, and
along fences. Additionally, practical uses of median strips and sideslopes along
highways has been proposed, whereby trees planted can be a source of future pulp-
wood. Related to this is research on the effect of salt and highway chemicals
on roadside vegetation with the suggestion that salt-resistant grasses be
grown, and that erosion-preventing wood chips be used in areas of clearing
operations.
*Equipment, *Domestic wastes, *Waste treatment, Systems analysis, Treatment
facilities, Highway use, Salt, Chemicals, Erosion, Florida, Ecology
*Consultation, Street sweeping
797
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243J
WATER TREATMENT: HOW TO TOP EVEN GOVERNMENT STANDARDS,
Synott, T., Williams, J. C., and Escher, E. D.
Holley, Kenney, Schott, Incorporated,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Factory, Vol. 7, No. 4, p 47-50, April, 1974. 2 fig.
Water treatment at the Cummins Engine Company plant in Walesboro, Indiana was
recently designed to consider all possibilities for innovation, saving consider-
able amounts of money. The quality of water effluents at this diesel compo-
nents plant is higher than both state and federal standards. The main industrial
usage is cooling water, process, wet scrubbing and coolant and wash tank
water. Water consumed by the plant must be purchased from the municipal supply
of Columbus, Indiana, and waste waters produced would be discharged into the
city's sanitary sewage system. By processes of cooling at higher cycles,
water softening, direct discharge to sewers of rinses without toxic substances,
and scrubbing and filtering of exterior exhausts, quality was improved and
quantity of water consumed (by the plant) reduced. Effluent waste treatment
facilities were built for a batch process. In the system of chemical treat-
ment, alum was chosen as primary coagulant. The plant has both sanitary and
process water sewer systems; accidental discharge of wastes are prevented from
entering the city's sewage plant. Automation has been built into the feed sys-
tems as much as possible. After final design, the monthly consumption of muni-
cipal water is 16 million gallons, compared with the original estimate of 25
million gallons per month, or 40 percent reduction.
*Water treatment, *Municipal water, industrial wastes, *Water quality control,
*Waste water treatment, Costs, Industrial water, Cooling water, Toxicity, Sewers,
Chemical treatment, Mixing, Discharge, Automation, Alum, Coagulation, Water
softening
Indiana (Walesboro), Sanitoary sewage system, Treatment plants, Batch process
244J
HEXACHLOROBENZENE (HCB) RESIDUES IN FISH,
Johnson, J. L., Stalling, D. L., and Hogan, J. W.
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Fish-Pesticide
Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 5, p 393-
398, May, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab, 16 ref.
Data on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identification, silicic acid
column separation, and gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of hexachlorobenzene
(HCB) residues found in various species of freshwater and anadromous fish from
widely scattered areas in the United States are presented. Also disclosed
are HCB residues in fish eggs, fish fry, and fish oil. In general, the
concentration of HCB found in fish collected in the United States is comparable
with the levels reported for fish collected in Canada and Europe.
*Data collections, Gas chromatography, Mass spectrometry, Fish, Analytical
techniques, United States, Canada, Europe
*Hexachlorobenzene residues, Silicic acid separation, Gas-liquid chromatogra-
phy
798
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245J
SOME NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPIRULINA MAXIMA AL-
GAE GROWN IN EFFLUENTS FROM BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANT,
Nguyen, H. T., Kosaric, N., and Bergougnou, M. A.
Western Ontario University, Faculty of Engineering
Science, Chemical Engineering, London, Ontario,
Canada
Canadian Institute of Food Science Technology, Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, p 114-
116, April, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab, 10 ref.
Spirulina maxima, a high protein blue-green algae, was grown in effluents
from the municipal waste treatment plant. The protein content of the algal
biomass tended to decrease at the later phase of batch culture while the fat
and carbohydrate contents increased. The relative protein amino acid composi-
tion did not change and was comparable to that of the algae grown in synthetic
medium.
*Cyanophyta, Effluents, Municipal wastes, Treatment facilities, Biological
treatment, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Amino acids, Nutrient requirements
246J
SEWAGE ELECTROLYSIS,
Wei, N. S., and Heinke, G. W.
Toronto University, Department of Civil Engineering, Canada
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 115, No. 5, p 31-32, 36, May, 1974.
A state-of-the-art review of sewage electrolysis is presented. Electrolysis is
a process in which chemical reactions are induced at each electrode-liquid
interface through the application of an external electrical energy source to
a system of electrodes immersed in a liquid. The review traces the commercial
and scientific development of the process and includes an extensive patent
survey.
*Reviews, *Electrolysis, Sewage treatment, Chemical reactions, Patents, Tech-
nology
799
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247J
POPULATION, RESOURCES, AND POLLUTION, AND THEIR IMPACT
ON THE HUDSON ESTUARY,
Ketchum, B. H.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massa-
chusetts
Hudson River Colloquium, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 250,
p 144-156, May 24, 1974. 10 fig, 1 tab, 13 ref.
Data is presented on the distribution properties in the lower end of the Hudson
estuary so as to define and delineate some of the problems that should be
further investigated. Such data indicate that the Hudson River estuary is not
itself capable of accepting and recycling the nutrients that are being added to
it in the sewage from the population of the city of New York. Adequate control
of the domestic sewage will require the removal of a substantial part of the
nutrients as well as the removal of the organic material that creates the
biochemical oxygen demand.
*Data collections, *Hudson River, *Surveys, Sewage disposal, Nutrients, Water
pollution sources, Water pollution control, Environmental effects, Phosphorus,
Phytoplankton, Chlorophyll
248J
THE ESTUARY AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES: POWER PLANTS,
Intorre, B., and DeRienzo, P.
Burns and Roe, Incorporated, Oradell, New Jersey
Hudson River Colloquium, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 250,
p 169-177, May 24, 1974. 3 fig, 1 tab.
The three major components of a power plant are a boiler or reactor, used to
release the chemical or nuclear energy in the fuel by producing steam; a tur-
bine generator, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy; and,
a condenser which converts any remaining energy in the steam to the river
water used for cooling. The operation of these components in an overall power
cycle are discussed, highlighting those operations that generate potential
contaminants.
*Power plants, Boilers, Condensers, Turbines, Generators, Industrial wastes,
Estuaries, Water pollution sources, Cooling water
800
-------
249J
PUBLIC USE AND EVALUATION OF RECLAIMED WATER,
Bruvold, W. H., Ongerth, H. J.
University of California, School of Public Health, Berke-
ley, California
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 5, p 294-297,
May, 1974. 5 tab, 7 ref.
Insight into what the public currently thinks of various uses of reclaimed
water has been developed through the use of large-scale systematic research.
The aims of the present research are as follows: to study behavior of indivi-
duals regarding existing recreational facilities using reclaimed water; to
measure attitudes toward various specific uses of reclaimed water; and, to
develop the implications of the findings for innovative reuse prpjects. A
summary of the methodology of the major field work, followed by general and
attitudinal results are presented. Results are discussed and recommendations
made.
*Water reuse, Recreation facilities, Research and development, Evaluation,
Surveys, California
*Public opinion
250J
UPTAKE OF MERCURIC CHLORIDE AND METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE
FROM LIQUID MEDIA BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER AND PENICILLIUM
NOTATUM,
Hardcastle, J. E. and Mavichakana, N.
Texas Women's University, Chemistry Department, Denton,
Texas
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 5, p 456-
460, May, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref.
The uptake of an inorganic and organic form of mercury by two common soil
fungi, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum, have been measured with
quantitative results being tabulated. Results of this research indicate that
both A. niger and P. notatum do have a certain tolerance for mercury and are
able to grow and reproduce with certain levels of this element in their tissues.
Thus it is suggested that because of their abundance and ability to concentrate
mercury, the fungi's role in the metabolism of mercury in the eenvironment is im-
portant and should receive further study.
*Mercury, *Soil fungi, Investigations, Environmental effects
*Mercury uptake
801
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251J
PROTECTION OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH,
Sorber, C. A.
U. S. Army Medical Environmental Engineering Research
Unit, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
In: Proceedings of Conference on Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and
Sludges, March 12-13, 1973, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,
p 201-209. A ref.
The public health aspects of waste water treatment by land disposal are de-
pendent upon a number of variables, the most important of which is the ultimate
use of the waste water. Another area of importance is the degree of pre-treat-
ment for the waste water prior to land disposal. The effects of these prime
variables are grouped into the areas of physical, biological, and chemical
considerations. It is summarized that few public health problems would exist
as a result of spray irrigation or land disposal of waste water if basic steps
such as site selection and planning with regard to aforementioned considera-
tions were taken into account when designing and implementing a land disposal
field.
*Public health, *Waste water treatment, *Land management, Waste disposal,
*Waste water disposal, Pre-treatment (water)
252J
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE ON LAND DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL
EFFLUENTS AND SLUDGES,
Mason, R. W., and Hess, C. E.
Environmental Protection Agency, New York
Technical Report No. PB-227 115. Conference Held at Rutgers, The State Univer-
sity of New Jersey, March 12-13, 1973. 261 p.
The proceedings of a conference sponsored by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency and the College of Agriculture and Environmental Science of
Rutgers University includes 19 articles. These deal with both sludge disposal
on land and with the land treatment of municipal effluents. The mechanics
and problems of land disposal as applied to specific municipalities, as well
as environmental and social effects are discussed.
*Conferences, *Municipal wastes, Effluents, Land treatment, Environmental
effects, Public health, Sludge disposal, Sewage sludge, Waste water treatment,
Municipal sludge
*Land disposal, Environmental Protection Agency, Treatment methods
802
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253J
DRINKING WATER AS A SOURCE OF LEAD POLLUTION,
Goldberg, A.
Stabhill General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland,
University Department Materia Medica
Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 7, p 103-105, May, 1974. 3 fig, 2 ref.
Lead poisoning was found in some inhabitants of houses in rural Scotland,
exposed to soft water and lead-lined drinking water tanks. Further investi-
gations were carried out on the clinical and metabolic effects of lead
acquired by drinking soft domestic water from lead plumbing systems in 23
Glasgow households, the lead content of water from cold taps was up to 18
times the upper acceptable, limit and was proportional to the amount of lead
in the plumbing system. The blood lead of 71 inhabitants of these houses showed
a significant negative correlation with water-lead content. A small number
of clinical abnormalities were found but could not be directly attributed
to lead toxicity. The results of the study underline the possibility danger
to health of lead plumbing systems in soft water regions.
*Potable water, *Lead, *Plumbing, *Toxicity
*Glasgow, Scotland, *Soft water, *Lead-lined drinking water tanks, *Lead
poisoning, Metabolic effects
254J
ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD: A SURVEY OF ITS POSSIBLE PHYSIOLOGICAL
SIGNIFICANCE,
Warren, H. V.
British Columbia University, Vancouver, Canada, Depart-
ment of Geological Sciences
Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 6, No. 2, p 223-238, 1974. 4 tab, 49 ref.
Although multiple sclerosis, swayback, scrapie, kuru, Minamata disease, lead
lameness (sheep), motor neurone disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
are different illnesses, all, with the possible exception of scrapie, appear
to have two common denominators: deterioration of the nervous system,
which may or may not include demyelination, and a frequently unexplained
association with lead or mercury. Sources of lead pollution, in drinking
water, in food, and in air are discussed. While rural dwellers in areas
of high soil-lead content are more apt to absorb the lead through food, city
dwellers are more likely to inhale lead particles. Other sources of lead
and mercury are described and evidence linking metallic elements with
neurological diseases is postulated.
*Lead, *Potable water, *Toxicity, *Soil, *Mercury, Metals, Environmental
effects, Pollution, Human diseases, Rural areas
*Neurological diseases, *Demyelination, Soil-lead
803
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255J
CLOUDS IN THE CRYSTAL BALL,
McKee, J. E., and Rice, T. R.
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California,
Department of Environmental Engineering
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 5, p 265-269,
May, 1974. 3 fig, 3 tab, 8 ref.
Population forecasting has become increasingly important in recent years.
Various planners, including water-utility planners, need to know what
future populations will be in areas that they serve in order to assure that
people will be provided with needed facilities. Water supply is one of
many factors that influences the growth of United States communities.
Moreover, social factors such as unemployment, crime, congestion, and
racial problems may prove to be more significant than physical influences.
A case study of the Las Vegas area shows that growth there will not be
curtailed by a shortage of water. Even with a forecast of one million
people by 2000 A.D., adequate water will be available for municipal use.
Thereafter it may become necessary to reclaim, demineralize, and reutilize
waste water for potable purposes.
*Population, *Forecasting, *Future planning (projected), Water supply,
Water reuse, Water conservation
Las Vegas, Nevada
256J
STATIC LEACHING STUDIES ON PULPWOOD BARK RESIDUES,
Benedict, A. H., McKeown, J. J., and Hart, R. D.
British Columbia University, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada, Department of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. EE3,
p 529-540, June, 1974. 8 fig, 3 tab, 2 ref.
A laboratory study to define and evaluate the characteristics of bark leaching
in terms of the types and quantities of materials leached from bark
residues has been undertaken with the impact of these extractives on water
quality being examined. The quantities of BODS, COB, color, Kjeldahl
nitrogen, and inorganic phosphorus leached from fresh and aged barks under
static leaching conditions were determined. Results of these studies
show that the quantity of BODS, COD, color, nitrogen, and phosphorus
extracted from bark depends on the field storage age of bark and on the
characteristics of the water in contact with the bark. The significance
of each of these factors is examined subsequently. Based on the results
of this study, the following conclusions can be made: potential of bark
to leach these variables decreases with storage age in bark piles; under
fresh water conditions variable concentrations will increase with increasing
contact time, approaching limiting values; and, salt water retards BODS,
COD, color, and Kjeldahl nitrogen leaching from bark.
*Leaching, laboratory tests, *Bark, *Evaluation, *Water quality, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand, Color, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Bark residues, Bark leaching
804
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257J
ATMOSPHERIC COOLERS FOR COOLING INDUSTRIAL WATERS,
Vitek, M.
Czechoslovak Heavy Industry, No. 4, p 39-44, 1974. 7 fig, I tab.
Mlcrotowers, atmospheric coolers of the M range, are coolers of industrial
water with fans, manufactured mostly of plastics. These are easy to
assemble, and alleviate the shortage of fresh water for towns as well as for
industries. Microtowers are manufactured in four sizes which are chosen so
that all requirements for cooling circuits of smaller capacities can be
met. The cooling of the larger quanty of water can be arranged by the
connection in parallel of several microtowers in a cooling circuit. One
advantage of a parallel connection of several cooling towers is easy main-
tenance. Also, the probability of cutting some unit out of service increases
as the weather gets cooler. Microtowers are of a simple design, their
erection and attendance are easy, and their operation is economical within a
wide range of operating conditions.
*Industrlal water, *Water cooling, *Cooling towers, Equipment, Municipal
water, Fresh water
*Microtowers
258J
EFFECTS OF GAMMA RADIATION ON AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF
PHENOLS,
Coffman, L. M., and Woodbrldge, D. D.
Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida,
University Center for Pollution Research
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 5, p 461-
466, May, 1974. 1 fig, 13 ref.
The beneficial use of radiation has been investigated for many applications.
Radiation research and development applied to waste water treatment has
been limited; however, sufficient research has been done to indicate that
the use of radiation may be beneficial in the treatment of urban and
industrial waste water. The irradiation process is explained and the
experimental procedure involving irradiation of aqueous solutions of
phenols outlined. Results show that the phenol structure can be destroyed
by gamma radiation. At phenol concentrations of 10 mg/liter, almost complete
destruction occurred at a dose rate of one million rads. Furthermore,
this work indicates that the destruction of phenols by gamma radiation
from Cobalt-60 is feasible.
*Irradiation, *Waste water treatment, *Phenols, Gamma rays, Laboratory
tests, Feasibility studies
805
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259J
ENVIRONMENTAL-IMP ACT ASSESSMENT FOR PLANT DESIGN AND
OPERATION,
Jones, R. L.
Jones and Stokes Associates, Incorporated, Sacramento,
California
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 5, p 286-290,
May, 1974. 2 tab, 10 ref.
Environmental assessments have had a considerable amount of leverage in
minimizing environmental detriments and realizing benefits. Most government
agencies and many private concerns are trying to deal effectively with
environmental problems and identify the project features. Environmental
impact statements (EIS) should be well-conceived and cover all impacts,
whether positive or negative, that a planned project will have upon its
area. A description of EIS preparation is given.
*Design criteria, *Specifications, Environmental control, Environmental
effects, Planning
*Environmental impact statements (EIS)
260J
ARE THE GREAT LAKES THREATENED?,
Bruce, J. P., and Gabriel, G. F.
Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Department of the Envi-
ronment, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 5, p 298-301,
May, 1974. 4 fig, 1 ref.
Although the main body of water of the Great Lakes is still of good quality
from the criterion of drinking water standards, many problems such as
eutrophication, pollution from trace metals, organic and bacterial contamina-
tion, and oil spills, have developed in near shore areas. The recently
signed agreement between Canada and the United States should begin resolving
these problems by establishing jointly agreed water quality objectives
and control programs which are designed to reach those objectives in four
years.
*Great Lakes, *Shores, *Water quality, Water quality control, Eutrophication,
Trace metals, Organic matter, Bacteria, Oil spills, Water pollution sources,
Project planning, Canada, United States, Potable water
806
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261J
VIRUSES - WHAT IS THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN WATER SUPPLIES?
Taylor, F. B.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1, Air and Water
Programs Division, Water Supply Branch, Boston, Massa-
chusetts
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 5, p 306-311,
May, 1974. 3 tab, 11 ref.
The attitude toward the safety and significance of viruses in water supplies
has changed over the last few years in both public and water treatment
areas. How to protect and inform the public without producing unnecessary
scares is the subject of this article. It is concluded that research is
needed in the fields of virus detection methodology and epidemiological
techniques for detecting viral disease in the general population. Also,
the water utility and public health professions must be careful to avoid
an attitude of either complacency or doom concerning the entire issue of
virus detection.
*Viruses, *Public health, Potable water, Water supply, Safety, Water pollution
control, Water pollution effects
Public relations, Virus detection
262J
NEW LEGAL APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL,
Wallace, F. X.
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation,
General Counsel, Albany, New York
Hudson River Colloquium, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 250,
p 182-185, May 24, 1974.
Presently there are about 200 air, water, and solid waste cases being conducted
in New York state, with many more being prepared for legal action in the
field. Since orders that are based merely upon agreements on necessary
steps have not proved entirely effective, a new approach calls for financial
guarantees that will ensure timely compliance. Dnder this method, indus-
tries and municipalities that have been found to be polluting are afforded
the option of consenting to a commissioner's order and posting a financial
guarantee of their compliance such as a surety bond or other security.
If the polluter complies with the terms of the order, the amount is refunded.
If the violation continues and the polluter does not comply with the terms
of the order, the bond or security is automatically forfeited and additional
steps are taken. This new approach increases the polluter's sensitivity
to the need for compliance. It also shifts the burden of monitoring pollu-
tion abatement to the polluter, by requiring that periodic reports be sub-
mitted, documenting the steps taken to comply with the commissioner's
order to abate pollution. Other areas which give leverage to the enforcement
division are the refusal to allow operation and maintenance grants and the
issuance of permits for sewer line extensions.
*Regulation, *Legal aspects, *New York, Legislation, Pollution abatement,
Law enforcement, Penalties (legal), Water pollution control
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263J
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AND P,P' DDE IN GREEN TURTLE
EGGS FROM ASCENSION ISLAND, SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN,
Thompson, N. P., Rankln, P. W., and Johnston, D. W.
Florida University, Gainesville, Florida, Department of
Food Science and Pesticide Research Laboratory
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 5,
p 399-406, May, 1974. 3 fig, 1 tab, 14 ref.
Ascension Island, one of the most isolated islands in the South Atlantic
Ocean, is a volcanic island of approximately 35 square miles located some
900 miles southwest of Liberia, Africa. Sea birds and turtles, especially
the pelargic Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas, utilize this island for breeding
with feeding in the nearby waters. Samples of birds and turtle eggs from
Ascension Island were obtained for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and
pesticide analyses. Results show that the presence of multiple PCB's
is evident and there are peaks at the retention times of p,p'-DDE, -ODD,
and -DDT. This brief report of PCB and pesticide burdens in the turtle
eggs carries no concrete information of possible effects on the organisms.
In addition to the ten Green Turtle eggs which were analyzed several hundred
more were transported to Florida for laboratory hatching; in these there
was no dramatic decrease in hatching success or occurrence of deformed
hatchlings.
*Turtles, *Polychlorinated biphenyls, *Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
Sampling, Water pollution effects, Laboratory tests
*Ascension Island, *Green turtles
264J
THE HAZARD OF IRON,
Dart, F. J.
Ontario Ministry of Environment, Environmental Associa-
tion and Planning Division, Ontario, Canada, Pollution
Control Branch, Water Technology Section
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 5, p 19-23, 33, 38, May, 1974.
2 tab, 4 ref.
In Ontario, Canada, the Ministry of the Environment has a drinking water
objective of only 0.3 mg/liter or less of iron, a limit recommended not
on the basis of possible toxicity but rather to avoid the many nuisance
problems that arise with excess concentration. Without the proper identifi-
cation of the sources of the problem iron, remedial measures can become an
expensive problem. On the basis of Ministry field investigations, however,
considerable progress is being made in identifying and remedying certain
iron problem situations. Advances in silicate sequestering and the identi-
fication of the problem of interrelationships of iron, organic matter,
and a multiple-aquifer water sources are examples of ongoing work.
*Iron, *Water treatment, On-site investigations, Analytical techniques,
Canada, Water pollution control, Water pollution sources, Aquifers,
Water pollution sources
808
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265J
THE WATER INDUSTRY IN THE DECADE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CON-
CERN,
Gilbert, J. B.
J. B. Gilbert and Associates, Sacramento, California
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 5, p 272-274,
May, 1974.
Many of the larger states have moved to change their organizations and
establish new water management agencies, but few if any have combined in
one organized program all the decisions that affect their water supply.
Because the crisis in the water part of the environment has centered
around such incidents as the Santa Barbara oil spill, the eutrophication
of Lake Erie, and the califaction of fresh water streams, the focus of
public attention has been on state and national pollution control programs.
As a result, national appropriations, enforcement authorities, planning
programs, and related activities are becoming the focal point of the United
States' effort to manage its water resources. It is suggested that the
water industry should respond to the changes in public awareness and demands
by participating in new organizations, planning programs, and joint efforts
with waste water agencies.
*Industries, *Administration, *Water Management, Water supply, Environmental
effects, Water pollution control, Waste water treatment, Water resources,
Project planning
266J
IRON: A TWO-EDGED SWORD,
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 5, p 26-27, May, 1974.
Iron in water has an unpleasant connotation for municipal, industrial and
domestic situations, with the chief concern of municipalities being the
limitation of iron concentration below required guidelines. However, in-
dustry quality control personnel have the greatest incentive in keeping
iron problems to a minimum, due to unsaleable commodities if an excess
of ferric ions are present. Various chemicals and treatment methods used
in removing iron and maintaining water quality control are outlined.
*Iron, *Water quality control, *Industries, *Waste water treatment, Chlorine,
Ozone
*Treatment methods
809
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267J
THE IMPORTANCE OF DRINKING-WATER PROGRAMS TO THE TOTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL GOAL,
Morris, E. E., Jr.
State Government of South Carolina, Columbia, South
Carolina
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 5, p 270-271,
May, 1974.
The United States water quality has declined and environmental concern has
increased during the past few years. Overall programs are the best answer
to these problems, especially in light of the complexity of chemical and
bacterial contaminants. Problems and programs illustrating requirements
a.nd control measures are cited.
*Water quality control, *Water quality standards, Project planning, Potable
water, Long-term planning
26 8J
METHODS AND PROBLEMS OF ESTIMATING WATER-QUALITY BENEFITS,
Abel, F. H., and Tihansky, D. P.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research,
Implementation Research Division, Economic Analysis Branch,
Washington, D. C.
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 5, p 276-281,
May, 1974. 20 ref.
The demand for water quality improvement programs necessitates the development
of methods for estimating benefits of such programs against their costs.
Methods in use that deal with both tangible and intangible benefits are
discussed. In some cases these benefits outweigh any cost. All of these
procedures are part of a benefit-cost analysis which yield maximum net
socioeconomic benefits.
*Water quality control, *Cost-benefit analysis, Project planning, Feasibility
studies, Estimating
810
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269J
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER-SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS,
Larkin, D. G., and Anton, W. F.
East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, California
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 5, p 282-285,
May, 1974. 4 fig, 5 ref.
The East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) in California has adopted a
policy and detailed procedures to provide environmental assessment of its
programs and projects. The environmental assessment process provides
a further tool for the planning design team considering water system
improvements. It improves and widens the planning perspective, results in
design that is in harmony with the surroundings, and requires construction
practices most compatible with the environment. However, more time is
required from project committment or budget approval for project construction,
and to add to the total project costs. It is estimated that EBMUD spends
over $2000 per month in direct costs for environmental assessment.
*Water resources development, *Environmental control, *Project planning,
Construction, Design criteria, Costs
*Environmental assessment
270J
TEMPERATURE-TOXICITY MODEL FOR OIL REFINERY WASTE,
Reynolds, J. H., Middlebrooks, E. J., and Procella, D. B.
Utah State University, Logan, Utah, Utah Water Research
Laboratory
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. EE3,
p 557-576, June, 1974. 3 fig, 12 tab, 54 ref.
Equations have been developed using chemostat kinetics and enzyme inhibition
kinetics to describe the effects of temperature on toxicity to microorgan-
isms. These equations were tested by semi-continuous and continuous flow
experiments with phenol and the alga Selenastrum capricornutum. The data
obtained were fitted to competitive, uncompetitive, and noncompetitive
inhibitor models. Results indicate that phenol exerts a competitive
inhibition effect on the growth of the alga. Comparison of the competitive
inhibition constants for S. capricornutum exposed to phenol indicates that
phenol toxicity increases with an increase in temperature according to the
Arrhenius function.
*Mathematical studies, *Equations, *Temperature, *Microorganisms, *Toxicity,
Testing, Phenols, Algae, Flow, Model studies, Environmental effects, Reviews
811
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271J
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL EQUIPMENT,
Hitachi Review, Vol. 23, No. 4, p 188-191, 1974.
Major technical achievements in 1973 in the field of atmospheric pollution
control include an electric precipitator for utility boilers burning heavy
fuel oil and crude oil, a large-capacity electric precipitator for industrial
plants, and various dust collectors. Hitachi's contributions to water
pollution prevention include a total system for waste water treatment, supplied
to a power station, where it is in satisfactory operation. For general
industrial waste water, facilities were developed for advanced treatment of
machine works waste water by the activated carbon process and for electrolytic
treatment of high-polymer effluents. In the field of industrial waste
treatment, improvements included a sludge incinerator combining a centrifugal
membrane evaporator and a dewatering device. In addition, Hitachi developed
a new sludge incineration system in which coal powder is mixed in undigested
sludge, which is directly burned In a fluidized bed of an activated catalyst.
Another invention is the sludge dryer by an infrared ray heater. Features
of this equipment are detailed.
*Equlpment, Environmental control, Pollution abatement, Waste water treatment,
Tertiary treatment, Treatment facilities
272J
LAND USE CONTROLS IN WATERSHED AND AQUIFER RECHARGE AREAS,
Gerber, R. G.
Environmental Planning and Design Associates, Incorporated
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 4, p 122, 124-126, April 30, 1974.
Regulations and planning for land use in aquifer recharge areas and watersheds
is discussed. The need for control is evidenced by loss of water quality and
quantity due to pollution and runoff. Economic and political aspects are mentioned.
A recommended type of land use control plan is that of impact zoning, basing
standards of land capability on type and design of land use. Factors which
determine such capability are soil, slope, drainage, and vegetation as well as
social values. Public relations implementing any changes for local land use
is stressed as necessary.
*Land use, *Watersheds, *Water quality control, Water quantity, runoff,
planning, Soil, Drainage
*Aquifer recharge areas
812
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273J
A NATIONAL WATER STRATEGY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES,
Ardlll, J.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 5, p 58-60, 73, May, 1974.
Water resource management problems in England and Wales result not from an
intrinsic shortage of water but from an uneven distribution of available water
over time and place. The Water Resources Board, now over ten years old, acts in
conjunction with a more recently established National Water Council and
Regional Water authorities. These managerial bodies deal with the fields of
river management, water supply, sewerage and sewage disposal, pollution control,
flood protection, land drainage, fisheries, and recreational use of water space.
The creation of the RWAs will integrate financial and administrative problems.
Recommended plans include building of new reservoirs, expanding existing
reservoirs, and constructing new aqueducts between rivers. The most novel
development in the program is estuary storage, which will involve major civil
engineering works in the Dee, which separates North Wales from northwest
England. The various water storage plans are to be undertaken one at a time.
*Water resources management, *Water supply, Sewage disposal, Pollution control,
Flood protection, Drainage, Fisheries, Planning, Reservoirs, Estuaries, Water
storage
*Great Britain, *England, *Wales, Regional Water Authorities (RWAs)
274J
THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN TOXIC SUBSTANCES, FOUND IN MUN-
ICIPAL WASTE WATER, ON THE BACTERIA ESCHERICHIA COLI AND
PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS (L1INFLUENCE DE CERTAINES SUB-
STANCES TOXIQUES, CONTENUES DANS LES EAUX D'EGOUTS
MUNICIPAUX, SUR LES BACTERIES ESCHERICHIA COLI ET
PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS),
Spandowska, S., Lubienska, B., and Kozaczkowski, S.
Swiss Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 35, No. 2, p 278-285,
1973. 2 fig, 4 tab, 18 ref.
The toxic influence of phenol, aniline, pyridine and chrome, substances often
found in municipal waste waters, on the bacteria Escherichia coli and
Pseudomonas fluorescens was examined. The non-toxic, growth limiting, toxic,
and lethal doses were determined on the basis of observations made of E. coli
and P. fluorescens reproduction and respiration patterns. Comparative test
series were set up. These used various doses in different nutrient cultures
to ascertain which was more sensitive to the chemicals, the bacteria's
multiplication process, or carbohydrate decomposition.
*Toxicity, *Escherichia coli, *Municipal waste waters, Bacteria, Phenols,
Laboratory tests, Nutrients, Measurements
*Pseudomonas fluorescens, Chrome, Dosage
813
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27 5J
OBSERVATIONS OF WATER, AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION IN ISRAEL
AND VICINITY FROM THE ERTS-L IMAGERY,
Otterman, J., Ginzburg, G. 0., and Mekler, Y.
Tel-Aviv University Ramat Aviv, Israel,
Department of Environmental Sciences
Israel is a participant in the Earth Resources Technology Satellite Program
(ERTS). The imagery of Israel and its vicinity taken by the Multi Spectral
Scanner of the ERTS-1 Satellite has been the subject of analysis in a multi-
disciplinary research program. The objectives of the program were to map
agricultural crops, mainly wheat and orange groves, to map natural vegetation,
and to study Israeli hydrology, arid regions research, geology, and oceanography.
Cases of water, air, and soil pollution have been observed in the imagery on
several dates. These are: oil slicks in the Gulf of Suez and possibly near
Haifa; smoke plumes, extending over some 1QO km in a nearly straight line along
the Gulf of Suez, and soil pollution caused by copper mine effluents in the
Araya Valley in Israel. The images of these cases of pollution are presented
and 'space signatures', (the radiometric spectral characteristics of these
cases of pollution as seen from space) are also given.
*Research, *Agriculture, *Hydrology, Water pollution, Oil spills, Soil
pollution, Mines, Crops
*Radiometric methods, *Earth Resources Technology Satellite Program (ERTS).
*Israel, Mine effluents, Copper mines, Space Signatures
276J
STUDIES ON THE VARIATION OF RIVER WATER WITH TREATMENT
OF NATURAL POISONOUS ACID WATER,
Iriye, T.
Bulletin of Yamagata University, Natural Science, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 69-84,
January, 1972. 11 fig, 2 tab, 17 ref.
Many rivers in Japan are acidified by natural strongly acidic water (or so-
called poisonous acid water). These rivers influence the quality of surrounding
fisheries and agriculture. One method of treatment of the acid water is
permeation through borings. In Matsu-kawa, which was affected by acid water
from Nishiazuma mine, this method worked for several years, but the effect
suddenly decreased and the water now has a pH of 4. This method of treatment
was also tried in Zaogawa, Kaminoyama City without much improvement.
*Rivers, *Water quality control, *Acidity, Mines, Agriculture, Fisheries,
Permeation
*Japan, *pH, Treatment methods
814
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277J
ESTABLISHING A QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM FOR A STATE
ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY,
Frazier, R. P., Jr, Miller, J. A., Murray, J. F., Mauzy,
M. P., and Schaeffer, D. J.
Springfield, Illinois
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 5, p 54-57, 75, May, 1974.
In order to assure the quality of the analytical laboratory work performed
the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency continues to improve its quality
control program. This program was experimental, developing in response to
efforts to solve specific problems. It is maintained that a quality control
program can serve many functions by measuring the precision and/or accuracy
of a procedure, providing information data used for legal purposes, and
detecting faulty methods. The most important effect noted as a result of
the programs described is an increased consciousness by the individual
analysts, regardless of: skill level, that they are professionals, doing a
difficult non-routine job using routine techniques.
laboratory tests, *Testing procedures, *Quality control, Performance,
Evaluation, Scientific personnel
278J
A NEW LOOK FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN SCOTLAND,
Waddington, J. I., and Hammerton, D.
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4, p 211-217, April, 1974.
3 fig, 1 tab.
Beginning in May 1975, water supply and sewerage in Scotland will be managed
by the new regional authorities with only river purification boards remaining
outside local government. This article examines the historical reasons for
Scotland splitting from Great Britain, describes the new system in the context
of local government reform, and, considers the future prospects for water
management in all its apsects.
*Water supply, *Water management, *Administration, Local governments, Sewerage,
Sewage treatment, Flood control
*Scotland
815
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279J
WATER MANAGEMENT THROUGH IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE:
PROGRESS, PROBLEMS, AND OPPORTUNITIES,
Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. IR2,
p 153-178, June, 1974. 28 ref.
A wide range of problems associated with drainage and irrigation of water
are presented. The major topics of concern include: water supply conservation
and management, involving seepage and evaporation from water surfaces, various
methods of recharge, quality, pollution, social, economics, and institutional
aspects, and improving structures. Also discussed are: water use efficiency,
with emphasis on various irrigation systems; and, water quality improvement
in the areas of erosion, nutrients, animal wastes, salts, and land disposal of
wastes.
*Water management, *Irrigation, *Drainage, *Water supply, Water conservation,
Seepage, Evaporation, Artificial recharge, Waste disposal, Water utilization,
Efficiencies, Water quality, Erosion, Sedimentation, Nutrients, Animal wastes,
Salts, Landfills, Reviews
280J
IS THE WATER SAFE TO DRINK? PART 2: HOW TO MAKE IT SAFER,
Harris, R. H., and Brecher, E. M.
Consumer Reports, Vol. 39, No. 7, p 538-542, July, 1974.
In recent decades many lakes and rivers from which millions obtain drinking
water have become increasingly polluted. Uncontrolled dumping of industrial
wastes and municipal sewage combined with the runoff of agricultural chemicals
has created serious contamination in the raw water sources. Safeguarding
the quality of today's drinking water requires more than protection against
bacterial hazards. Many systems, however, still ignore the potential dangers
of viruses, heavy metals, and organic chemicals. Described are steps the
water supply companies can take to achieve improved standards of drinking
water quality.
*Potable water, *Water quality standards, *Water supply, Water quality control,
Pollution abatement, Activated carbon, Chlorination, Ozone, Research and
development
816
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281J
PACKAGED PUMPING STATIONS FOR SUBURBAN WATER DISTRIBUTION,
Rishel, J. B.
Water and Sewage Works, p 131-132, 134, April 30, 1974. 7 fig.
Packaged pumping stations are available in several types and their efficient
application requires an evaluation of these pumping stations as well as the
types of systems that are encountered in water distribution. The three
specific styles of stations are the constant speed pumps without discharge
pressure control valves, constant speed pumps with discharge pressure control
valves, and the variable speed pumps. Suburban water systems are of two
general types with storage tanks or without storage tanks closed systems.
One of the most important factors for any distribution system to be evaluated
is the friction loss in the piping of the water distribution system. A
description of the basic types of distribution systems with typical system
head curves is provided. It is shown that the packaged pumping station
selected is dependent upon the size of the system, the topography of the
system, and the quality of electrical power available. Also included
is a description of four different water distribution systems.
*Pumping plants, *Water distribution, Water Works, Evaluation, Equipment,
Pumps, Storage tanks
282J
TWO-TUBE METHOD FOR SCREENING WATER ISOLATES FOR
SALMONELLA,
Harris, F. L.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region VII, Water Quality
Laboratory, Kansas City, Kansas
Environmental Letters, Vol. 7, No. 1, p 1-13, 1974. 1 fig, 4 tab, 7 ref.
Polyvalent H Antiserum, Iron, Indole, Malonate (AI1M), a two-tube Salmonella
screening method, has been devised for the presumptive identification of
the Salmonella genus. The identification is made with Salmonella
polyvalent H antiserum in a motillty medium; Salmonella growth is confined
to the stab because of motility inhibition due to the antiserum. Iron,
indole, and malonate were used to lessen the possibility of various non-
motile organisms and various antigenically related microorganisms
being confused with Salmonella. River and waste water isolates along with
stock cultures were used to test the method. AIIM was found to be useful
for screening water isolates for Salmonella. All the typical Salmonella
testes gave appropriate reactions.
*Salmonella, *Analytical techniques, Testing, Water analysis, Iron
Two-tube method, Indole, Malonate
317
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283J
SUBACHTE TOXICITY OF METHYLMERCURY IN THE ADULT CAT,
Charbonneau, S. M., Munro, I. C., Nera, E. A., Willies,
R. F., And Kuiper-Goodman, T.
Department of National Health and Welfare,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,
Food Research Laboratories
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 27, No. 3, p 569-58], March, 1974.
6 fig, 3 tab, 22 ref.
Some species of edible fish from Canadian waters contained hazardous levels of
methylmercury. A guideline for sale of fish was set at 0.5 ppm Hg. Since
fish represents the major source of dietary methylmercury, studies for
assessing toxicity of fish in polluted waters were conducted. Cats were used
because their clinical and pathological features are similar to humans who
consumed toxic quantities of food containing methylmercury. A dose of 0.25
mg Hg/kg/day was administered to two groups of cats for 12-14 weeks, either as
pure methylmercuric chloride or as methylmercury-contaminated fish. A control
group received a diet containing uncontaminated fish. Clinical signs of
methylmercury intoxication consisting of ataxia, intention tremor and impaired
righting reflex and convulsions developed between 55 and 96 days in both
treated groups, at which time the total dose received was between 14 and 24
mg Hg/kg. Tissue mercury content was similar in both groups of treated animals,
as were the pathologic changes. Lesions were found in the cerebellar vermis and
the cerebral cortex. The changes consisted of loss of nerve cells with
replacement by reactive and fibrillary gliosis. Chromosome studies of terminal
bone marrow samples showed no abnormalities.
*Toxicity, *Mercury, *Fish, Canada, Pollution, Fish, Pathology, Animal
pathology, Food chains
*Cats, *Methylmercury, Methylmercuric chloride
284J
THE RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF NON-AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
IN THE BALTIC IN SEPTEMBER 1971,
Zsolnay, A.
Marine Chemistry, Vol. 1, No. 2, p 127-136, April, 1972/3. 3 fig, 1 tab, 13 ref.
Pollution by hydrocarbons may be due to industrialization and mineral oil or due
to the origin decomposition of hydrocarbons in marine sediments. The relative
districution of the total non-aromatic (saturated and olefinic) hydrocarbons
and of the total saturated hydrocarbons, was determined for the central Baltic
in September, 197. Only one litre of sample was required. The hydrocarbons
were removed with liquid-liquid extraction, purified with liquid chromatography,
and then determined by means of a micro-adsorption detector. Since hydrocarbons
in nature are a very complicated mixture, it was impossible to determine
their absolute concentration. Results give the concentrations in respect to
a standard, consisting of water extracted from the Kiel Bight. Hydrocarbons at
that time of year originated largely in situ at the sediment-water interface,
presumably synthesized by anaerobic bacteria. Low hydrocarbon values
appeared in regions that would favor the presence of aerobic bacteria. A
large amount of hydrocarbons was released by what was presumably a small plankton
bloom, but may have been relatively labile. The net result is that the dissolved
hydrocarbons that enter into the sediment have most likely been produced at
the sediment-water interface.
*Hydrocarbons, *Sediment-water interfaces, *Bacteria, Plankton, Sediments, Aerobic
bacteria, *Water pollution sources
*Non-aromatic hydrocarbons, *Baltic, Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid
chromatography, Micro-adsorption detector
818
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285J
CHANGE OF THE CYCLE OF INORGANIC MATTER IN NATURE (DIE
VERANDERUNGEN DER MINERALSTOFFKREISLAUFE IN DER NATUR),
Schmidt, A.
Chemiker-Zeitung, No. 5, p 219-222, May, 1974. 4 fig, 2 tab, 3 ref.
Growth of the plants is made possible by a circulation of the main nutritional
elements - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Since the beginning of this
century this circulation has been disturbed by deep changes in the economic
and social structure, such as industrialization, urbanization, and popula-
tion growth. On one hand, large amounts of nutrients have to be supplied
to the soil in the form of fertilizers; on the other hand, human and animal
wastes are the main source of pollution of the surface waters. The extent of
the problem is shown and its effects are discussed.
*Nutrients, *Water pollution sources, *Phosphorus, *Nitrogen, *Potassium,
Industrial wastes, Fertilizers, Soil, Human wastes, Animal wastes, Environ-
mental effects, Water pollution, Surface waters, Inorganic matter
Economics, Urbanization
286J
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC DIETARY NITRATES ON CANINE THYROID FUNCTION,
Kelley, S. T., Oehme, F. W., and Hoffman, S. B.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 27, No. 2, p 200-203, January, 1974
2 tab, 20 ref.
Potentially toxic levels of nitrate in the water of rural areas has been
recognized. An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of
dietary nitrate on thyroid function in beagle dogs and their offspring. The
dogs received 0 ppm, 600 ppm or 1000 ppm sodium nitrate in drinking water
under normal management and feeding conditions. Continuous consumption
of these sublethal levels of nitrate did not produce a syndrqme of chronic
nitrate toxicosis characterized by thyroid dysfunction.
*Nitrates, *Toxicity, *Investigations, Rural areas, Water quality
*Dietary effects, *Canines, *Thyroids, Beagles
319
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287J
AMMONIA DETOXIFYING MECHANISMS OF RAINBOW TROUT ALTERED BY
DIETARY DIELDRIN,
Mehrle, P. M., and Bloomfield, R. A.
Missouri University,
Colombia, Missouri,
Fish-Pesticide Research Laboratory
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 27, No. 2, p 355-365, February, 1974.
3 fig, 2 tab, 18 ref.
Ammonia is one of the most common toxicants discharged into the aquatic en-
vironment. Ammonia detoxifying mechanisms and brain amino acid metabolism
of rainbow trout were altered by dietary dieldrin dosages of 14, 43, 143,
and 430 micrograms/kg body weight per day for 240 days. Whole-body dieldrin
residues in fish from the lowest three dosage groups were comparable to those
found in fish from the aquatic environment. The brain concentrations of
amino acids associated with ammonia detoxifying mechanisms, asparate, gluta-
mate and alanine, were significantly altered, as were the enzymes related to
metabolism. Brain ammonia concentrations increased in the groups given the
two highest dosages. Mitochondrial morphology in liver cells was significantly
altered by dieldrin treatment as determined by electron microscopy. The
ammonia detoxifying mechanisms of fish seemed to be very sensitive to diel-
drin; the "no-effect" dosage was below 14 micrograms/kg body weight per day.
Results indicate that fish carrying body burdens of dieldrin would be less
tolerant to increased concentrations of ammonia in water. Subtle biochemical
effects of dieldrin influence the adaptability and survival of rainbow trout
in their aquatic environment.
*Ammonia, *Aquatic environment, *Amino acids, *Rainbow trout, *Dieldriti,
Discharge, Pollution, Electron microscopy, Fish, Enzymes
*Detoxification, Dietary effects, Brain concentrations, Liver cells
288J
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY, ANTICHLOINESTERASE ACTION AND META-
BOLISM OF METHYL PARATHION AND PARATHION IN SUNFISH AND MICE,
Benke, G. M., Cheever, K. L., Mirer, F. E., and Murphy, S. D.
Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts, Department of Physiology, Kresge Center
for Environmental Health
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 28, No. 1, p 97-109, April, 1974.
Due to the increased use of insecticides, especially methyl parathion (which
is replacing DDT in many agricultural applications), the species differences in
toxicity of methyl paration were investigated. Chosen to test mammals and
fish were sunfish and mice. The centrachids, including sunfish, are particu-
larly sensitive to organophosphorus insecticides. Mice and fish were chosen
to determine the basis for the low toxicity of methyl parathion in sunfish
(LD50 is more than 2500 mg/kg). The LD50 values of parathion and methyl
parathion in mice were 13.5 and 11 mg/kg, respectively, and the times to
death were much shorter for both compounds in mice than in fish. Low sen-
sitivity of fish cholinesterases to paraoxon as compared to mice accounted
for the 10-fold lower toxicity of parathion in fish (LD50, 110 mg/kg). By
contrast, sunfish had similar cholinesterase sensitivities to methyl para-
oxon and paraoxon. Differences in rates of oxidative formation of the oxygen
analog or oxidative cleavage to p-nitrophenol and the corresponding dialkyl
thiophosphate could not account for the selective resistance of sunfish to methyl
parathion toxicity. Fish and mouse liver homogenates catalyzed a glutathione
(GSH)-dependent metabolism of methyl parathion and methyl paraxon but not of
parathion or paraoxon. Apparently, a longer time to death in fish provided
the opportunity for GSH-dependent and hydrolytic detoxification, which favored
methyl parathion and methyl paraoxon relative to parathion and paraoxon.
*Toxicity, *Sunfishes, *Insecticides, Metabolism, Agriculture, Analytical
tests
*Mice, *Methyl parathion, Parathion, Organophosphorus, Cholinesterase sensiti-
vities, Antichloinesterase
820
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289J
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES,
Hills, D. J.
Lincoln College, Agricultural Engineering Institute,
New Zealand
New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 128, No. 4, p 42-44, April, 1974. 3 fig.
Since the Water and Soil Conservation Amendment Act of 1971, farmers have
had to consider alternative treatment methods of their wastes, particularly
livestock wastes. The most widely used waste disposal systems in New Zealand
were anaerobic lagoons and spray disposal. However, in situations where
these methods cause odors or aggravate poor soil characteristics, aerobic
treatment must be considered. Oxidation ditches and mechanically aerated la-
goons are both modified forms of the municipal activated sludge treatment
process. This may be applied to beef cattle and poultry wastes but is es-
pecially useful in piggeries. Mechanically aerated lagoons also may be used
in New Zealand in the future. Surface aeration is of value as a means for
odor control of wastes which will be subsequently spread on land. Various
agricultural operations are noted, with their specific problems. These
include piggeries, dairy sheds, beef cattle feedlots, poultry houses, and
livestock.
*Agricultural wastes, *Waste disposal, *Anaerobic treatment, *Aerobic treatment,
Lagoons, Odors, Oxidation, Activated sludge, Municipal waters, Livestock,
Aerated lagoons, Legislation, Oxidation lagoons
*New Zealand, Oxidation ditches, Piggeries
290J
FISHERIES ACT IS KEY TO WATER QUALITY,
Higgins, P. M.
Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada, Water
Pollution Control Directorate
Modern Power and Engineering, Vol. 68, No. 4, p 44-45, April, 1974.
Containment of pollution and practical technological approaches have been
stressed by the federal government of Canada for water pollution control.
Legislation specifically discussed is the amended Fisheries Act. These give
the federal government a means of controlling specific industrial effluents by
defining certain substances as being deleterious to fish. Regulations which
have been produced involve the paper and pulp industry, the chlor-alkali and
the petroleum refining industry. Phosphate levels in detergents have been also
regulated. National guidelines are being developed, with participation of
industry. This Federal/Provincial/Industrial Task Force then reviews environ-
mental effects and pollution control which influences subsequent regulations
and guidelines.
*Federal jurisdiction, *Fisheries, *Water quality control, Industrial wastes,
Canada, Legislation, Phosphates, Fish, Petroleum, Environmental effects,
Pollution control, Regulations, Technology
*Fisheries Act (Canada), Federal/Provincial/Industrial cooperation
821
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291J
COST OF THERMAL EFFLUENT STANDARDS FOR POWER PLANTS,
Ortolano, L., and Smith, F. A.
Stanford University, Stanford, California, Department of
Civil Engineering
Journal of the Power Division, Vol. 100, No. PO-1, p 15-31, July, 1974.
5 tab, 8 ref.
The results of a study to explore thermal pollution abatement possibilities for
proposed steam-electric generating plants and to develop methods for approxi-
mating estimates for associated costs are summarized. Functional relations
between abatement costs and degrees of effluent control were estimated. Case
study applications for alternative cooling system designs were presented.
Conclusions can be explained in terms of: the cost-estimating procedure it-
self; the abatement cost results suggested by the case studies; and some policy
issues in relation to thermal water quality standards. From the results of
the case studies it was seen that thermal effluent modification costs generally
increase at an increasing rate as functions of both decreases in design ef-
fluent temperature and decreases in design effluent flow rate. Effective abate-
ment programs for proposed plants require modifications in both steam cycle and
cooling system components. The most important design variable is the condenser
pressure. Policy implications involve predictive capabilities including esti-
mation of economic costs; prediction of receiving water temperature profiles as
a function of effluent temperature and flow rate; and prediction of ecological
impacts from changes in receiving water temperature. Using the model presented,
one should determine the physical and ecological consequences of alternative
effluent standards and then evaluate the economic implications.
*Thermal pollution, *Water quality standards, *Power plants, Costs, Systems
analysis, Model studies, Design criteria, Flow rate, Effluents, Temperature,
Water cooling, Ecological effects
*Thermal pollution abatement, *Steam-electric plants, Cost estimating,
Condenser pressure
292J
THE RESPONSE OF LAKE SUPERIOR PERIPHYTON TO HEAD ADDITIONS,
Drown, D. B.
Minnesota University
Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 34, No. 11, p 5503-5504B, May, 1974.
The effects of a 10 to 12 degree centigrade temperature increase in Lake Su-
perior were measured in terms of the near-shore periphyton assemblage. A
field station with holding tanks and a hot water source was built on a rock
ledge of the Lake shore near Castle Danger, Minnesota. Growth patterns were
followed under two sets of conditions, with both periphyton covered rocks and
denuded rocks, one in unheated lake water and the other in water with the
temperature raised above ambient. Growth data indicated that a change from
diatoms to greens resulted which might have serious repercussions on benthic
grazers as well as on the whole food chain of the area. Such temperature
changes could, in fact, occur as a result of a thermal-electric generating
station discharge and could effect the local periphyton community.
*Thermal pollution, *Temperature, *Lake Superior, *Periphyton, Field data,
Algae, Food chain, Discharge, Lakes
*Thermal-electric generating stations
822
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293J
EVALUATION OF THE KENTUCKY WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM. DRINKING
WATER,
Environmental Protection Agency,
Region IV,
May, 1972
N.T.I.S. Report No. PB228 609, 228 p, 3 tab, 11 ref.
The Kentucky Water Supply Program was investigated and found not to be providing
the health evaluation and engineering services necessary to meet its responsi-
bilities to protect the health of Kentucky's citizens. Areas studied included
water quality, facilities, and surveillance. It was recommended that the water
supply program be given more funds; new and competent personnel, including a
bacteriologist and a chemist; and that regulations be revised. New standards
should include establishing a minimum sampling frequency, clarifying the quality
standards for drinking water, providing for orderly development of new supplies,
and requiring that water system plans be prepared by professional engineers.
For the public health, improvements are needed in the areas of legal statutes,
budget, manpower resources, regulations and policies, laboratory support,
surveillance, and operator training.
*Public health, *Water supply, *Potable water, *Water quality standards,
Engineering, Bacteria, Sampling, Regulations, Systems analysis, Water resources
management, Manpower
*Kentucky Water Supply Program, Kentucky, Surveillance, Operator training
294J
TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON BRAIN GLYCOGEN OF FISH,
Breer, H., and Rahmann, H.
Stuttgart-Hohenheim University,
Zoological Institute,
German Federal Republic
Brain Research, Vol. 74, No. 2, p 360-365, July 12, 1974. 3 fig, 19 ref.
Investigations were undertaken to determine possible seasonal changes of the
concentration of brain glycogen and to study the influence of temperature, one
of the critical factors in the life of aquatic poikilotherms, on the glycogen
metabolism of fish CNS. The experiments were performed on Scardinus
erythrophthalmus and on Carassius auratus. Results show that there are very
different responses of both brain and liver organs under thermal stress. In
the liver, glycogen levels are constant, whereas in the brain, glycogen levels
are influenced by the water temperature. Also, the intensified accumulation
of glycogen in cold-acclimatized goldfish brains is an adaptation process
which starts immediately after the temperature changes; it is particularly
intensive during the first hours but can be observed for over several weeks.
Contrary to the results of the experimental temperature test, under natural
conditions there was an accumulation of glycogen, in brain as well as in
liver, during cold seasons. It could not be shown from these findings
which subcellular compartments are responsible for the increased glycogen
storage in the cold.
investigations, *Temperature, *Fish physiology, *Thermal stress, Seasonal
*Goldfish, Brains, Livers, Fish CNS, Glycogen levels
323
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295J
WE'RE RED-TAPED TO A STANDSTILL,
Storck, W. J.
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 66, p 47-48, June, 1974.
The Water Pollution Control Federation's annual Government Affairs Seminar had
as this year's topic "Energy, Money, and Pollution." Points of interest
included the following. One"of the major problems in Federal funding of
municipal waste water treatment facilities is that the present level of
funding is not keeping up with inflation. The water pollution program has
been halved by a series of overt executive impoundments; however,
bureaucratic red-tape is slowing the program down even further. Also, the
energy shortage will affect waste water treatment plants in ways other than
short supplies of fuel oil, electricity, and natural gas. There is likely
to be an increased competition for funds at the Federal level as the energy
research and development program calls for an expenditure of more than $10
billion over a five-year period. Finally, it was the feeling of many of the
participants that PL 92-500 must be amended.
*Conferences, Financing, Government finance, Waste water treatment, Legislation,
Standards, Federal government, Priorities, Water pollution control
*PL 92-500, *Water Pollution Control Federation
296J
INCIDENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS IN THE WATER ENVIRONMENT,
Andelman, J. B., and Snodgrass, J. E.
Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
Graduate School of Public Health
Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, Vol. 4, No. 1, p 69-83, January,
1974. 9 tab, 69 ref.
It has been established that many polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
are carcinogenic to animals and probably to man. Most of the studies to
date on the incidence of PAH in the water environment have been carried out
in Europe with the need to establish hygienic standards for carvinogenic
compounds being given more attention in the last few years. This review
deals with the pertinent physicochemical properties of PAH, their analysis,
origin, source, and transport in the environment, their presence in
environmental waters, their removal or destruction by various treatment
processes, and the possible health consequences to man of PAH in the water
environment. The emphasis is on 3,4-benzpyrene.
*Aromatic compounds, *Reviews, Water analysis, Environmental effects,
Chemical properties, Physical properties, Public health
*Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, *4-benapyrene
824
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297J
INFLUENCE OF SEVERAL ALGAE ON 2,4-D RESIDUES IN WATER,
Valentine, J. P., and Bingham, S. W.
Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University,
Department of Plant Pathology and Physiology,
Blacksburg, Virginia
Weed Science, Vol. 22, No. 4, p 358-363, July, 1974. 6 fig, 4 tab, 17 ref.
Removal of (2 to the minus 14)C 2,4-D (2,4.-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) from
water was pronounced with Scenedesmus quadricauda and most effective uptake
occurred at pH 4.7. Three other algae were relatively ineffective in removal
of 2,4-D. Increasing Scenedesmus cell density increased 2,4-D removal, but
the amount absorbed was not a linear function of cell density. Similarly,
with a range of herbicide concentrations (0.01 to 1.0 ppmw) the amount
removal was greatest at the highest concentration. However, a higher percentage
of chemical was removed at lower concentrations. An equilibrium of 14 C
removal from water and 14 C released to the water was reached by 4 hr. More
herbicide was removed from water by Scenedesmus in darkness than in light
and low temperature (2 C) reduced uptake slightly. Relatively high 2,4-D
concentrations were required to reduce growth in any of the four algae and
Scenedesmus was most sensitive. Scenedesmus metabolized (ring-14 C) in
24 hr to several products which were found in suspension fluid and cells.
Quantitatively, 3-OH-2,4-D (3-hydroxy-2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) was
the major metabolite, comprising 26 percent of the radioactivity extracted
from cells compared to 15 percent from suspension fluid. A smaller amount of
5-OH-2,4-D (5-hydroxy-2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) was isolated from
the suspension fluid and none from the cells.
*Scenedesmus, *Water analysis, Carbon, Algae, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Laboratory tests, Environmental effects
*2,4-D stability, *2,4-dlchlorophenoxy acetic acid
298J
MERCURY BURDEN OF HUMAN AUTOPSY ORGANS AND TISSUES,
Mottet, N. K., and Body, R. L.
Washington University, School of Medicine, Seattle,
Washington, Department: of Pathology
Archives of Enviromental Health, Vol. 29, No. 1, p 18-24, July, 1974. 4 fig,
5 tab, 36 ref.
A method of flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to assay the
total mercury burden in 14 autopsied organs and tissues from 113 persons.
Their ages ranged from 26 weeks of gestation to 88 years. Over 70 percent
of all assays, irrespective of organs or age, had a burden of less than 0.25
micrograms/gm of wet weight. Less than 10 percent had more than 0.75 micrograms.
The kidney was the organ with the most variable burden, 29 percent of the
assays being above 0.75 micrograms/gm. The burden in fetal organs was more
uniform than those in postnatal life. Multivariate statistical analysis
suggests that the urban population has a somewhat greater mercury burden than
the rural. The data did not reveal a statistically significant increase with
age, suggesting that past environmental exposure levels exceed the capacity
of the body to eliminate mercury.
*Human pathology, *Spectroscopy, *Mercury, Data collections, Statistical
analysis
Human kidney
825
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299J
MERCURY IN MAN,
Stein, P. C., Campbell, E. E., Moss, W. D., and
Trujlllo, P.
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New
Mexico, Health Division, Industrial Hygiene Group,
Bio-Analytical and Chemical Section
Archives of Enviromental Health, Vol. 29, No. 1, p 25-27, July, 1974. 1 fig,
7 tab, 12 ref.
Mercury analyses were performed on tissues removed at autopsy from 47 human
subjects from two geographical areas. Data obtained from lung, liver, and
kidney could not be correlated with age, sex, or place of residence at the
time of death. The highest concentrations of mercury were found in the
kidney. Whether wet or dried tissue is analyzed does not affect the result.
Data are presented to establish some base line for levels of mercury in a
general population.
*Mercury, *Human pathology, Data collections, Analytical techniques
Los Alamos, New Mexico, Denver, Colorado, Human kidney
300J
THE LONG-RUN ASYMMETRY OF SUBSIDIES AND TAXES AS
ANTIPOLLUTION POLICIES,
Porter, R. C.
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,
Department of Economics and Center for Research on
Economic Development
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, p 415-417, June, 1974. 1 tab,
11 ref.
Primers on the discharge of unwanted but unpriced effluents into the air and
water now treat as commonplace the symmetry between taxes on effluents and
subsidies for abatement as means of reducing an industry's pollution. This
note shows that on the contrary, serious asymmetry results when entry
and exit occur in response to subsidies or taxes. Hot only does the
quantitative symmetry disappear, but even the qualitative impact (the
directions of the effects) of charges and bribes on the volume of firm and
industry effluents may differ. More specifically, the possibility emerges
than an abatement subsidy offered to an industry may increase the total
effluents of that industry.
*Taxes, *Effluents, industrial wastes, Waste disposal, Pollution
abatement, Mathematical studies, Economics
826
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301J
THE ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN MARINE FOULING,
Young, L. Y., and Mitchell, R.
Stanford University, Stanford, California,
Department of Civil Engineering
International Biodeterioration Bulletin, Vol. 9, No. 4, p 105-109, 1973.
4 fig, 20 ref.
Differences in the microbiological film appear to be detected by oyster
larvae Crassostrea virginica. In laboratory studies attachements to surfaces
varied depending on the nature of the microbial film. Field tests appear
to indicate that the number of animals which attach to a surface is
proportional to the number of bacteria composing the primary film. Tests
carried out in two markedly different locations indicate the same trend
occurring but over different periods of time. The pristine enviroment
required three times as long for the development of the same degree of
fouling as the nutrient rich environment. Oyster larvae dislplay three
characteristic patterns toward a variety of organic compounds and
microoorganisms: positive, neutral-active and inactive, and negative
chemotaxis. It was suggested that control of microbial and macrobiological
fouling be considered from the aspect of altering the interaction between the
larvae and the microbial population on the surface.
*Microorganisms, *Fouling, laboratory tests, On-site investigations, Larvae,
Microbiology, Pollution abatement, Water pollution effects, Organic compounds
302J
TULE CREEK DAM,
Ehly, J.
Water and Sewage Works, p 130, April 30, 1974.
A $2.6 million non-federal aid dam on Tule Creek in Texas is nearing completion.
A 35-foot wide core of Tule clay which is impervious to water rising from a
depth of 25 feet below the canyon floor will extend through the center to
the top of the dam across its full length. A 30-inch pipe encased in concrete
will be the service outlet. Stabilized soil will provide slope protection
on the upstream side. The downstream side of the dam will have 14 acres
of Bermuda grass seeding and a sprinker system.
*Dams, Construction materials, Construction costs, Texas, Dam foundations,
Damsites, Dam design, Dam construction
827
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303J
WATER RESEARCH IN THE SOVIET UNION,
Barabas, S.
Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario,
Canada
Chemistry in Canada, Vol. 26, No. 6, p 14-17, June, 1974.
A two-man delegation was sent by the Environment Canada to the Soviet Union
to identify the Soviet institutes and scientists engaged in inland water
research, to inform the Soviets about what Canada is doing in the field, and
to lay the foundation for future exchanges of information among the inland
water scientists of the two countries. The various institutes visited are
listed; a brief account of the discussions held at the various institutes
is detailed.
*Research and development, *Canada, Institutions, Research priorities,
Political aspects, Information exchange
U.S.S.R.
304J
FACTORS AFFECTING RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSUMPTION: THE
MANAGERIAL VIEWPOINT,
Primeaux, W. J., Jr., and Hollman, K. W.
Mississippi University, School of Business Administration
Water and Sewage Works, p 138-140, 142-144, April 30, 1974. 3 tab, 4 ref.
A study was calculated through the use of multiple regression analysis on the
effect that price and other selected economic and socioeconomic variables have
on the quality of water demanded in residential households in northern
Mississippi. A regression equation using economic, socioeconomic, and
climatic factors was derived to describe water demand. Results suggest that
those communities whose water systems managers and planners are able to
forecast correctly their future population growth will be in an advantageous
position with respect to estimating future demands on their water systems.
A final conclusion indicates that the results of this study are somewhat
tentative since both the price response and the income response were weaker
than those found in other studies.
*Regression analysis, *Water quality, *Economics, Mississippi, Water demand,
Project planning, Water consumption
828
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305J
GROUP CONSIDERS PROPER MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL AREAS,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 7, p 6Q6-607, July, 1974.
The United States, faced with massive increases in coastal zone develop-
ment, is in a position to lose as much as it could gain, as was stated
at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-sponsored Conference
on Coastal Zone Management. In order to assure a balance between the
two, a national coastal zone management program is needed. Although many
feel more authority is needed at the federal level if the problems of the
nation's coastal zones are to be adeuqately handled, the thrust of the
1972 Act is toward setting up programs in each of the individual states.
The local view of the national interest in coastal zone planning and
management was discussed. It was stated that natural science identi-
fication, assembly, and interpretation are beyond local and probably
state capability and should be a federal responsibility.
*Dnited States, *Coasts, Coastal engineering, Water management (Applied),
Administration, Federal water pollution control act, Federal jurisdic-
tion, Conferences, Water pollution control
306J
ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 7, p 608-069, July, 1974.
An intensive study by the Committee for Economic Development (CED)
showed the following results: there will be a steady increase in the
economic recovery of solid waste for fuels and materials; the United
States can afford and achieve a high-quality environment if it adopts
programs that weigh costs against benefits to produce maximum effective-
ness; and, environmental progress will require more economic growth to
carry the cost of pollution control programs. The CED foresees either
lack of vigorous enforcement or widespread government regulation of
business decisions with regards to the 1972 clean water law amendment.
As an alternative to regulation, the CED calls for the use of effluent
fees in the form of a monetary charge per unit of waste discharged.
Careful regulation of toxic discharges would be retained.
*Economics, "^Investigations, United States, Solid wastes, Environmental
control, Cost* inefit analysis, Pollution abatement
829
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307 J
WATER OFFICERS MEET AT PERTH,
Surveyor, No. 4275, p 38-39, May 17, 1974.
The general mood of the 1974 conference of the Association of Water
Officers (AWO) seemed to be that reorganization has added to the
association's standing as a professional body. In recounting the
historic achievements of the AWO it was noted that from 1965 to 1974
there were ten years of river authorities which had been set up by the
1963 Act. This period saw the evolution of the multipurpose river
authority, but it was not fully empowered with regard to pollution.
There was ample water in the country in the form of precipitation but
it was badly spaced in time and location. The board considered that
the correct policy was to have a small number of large resevoirs rather
than a large number of small resevoirs. Rivers were used to convey
water and tunnels to convey water from one river to another, if nec-
essary. AWO now covers 1400 sewerage and sewage disposal authorities.
*Conferences, *Administration, Water management (Applied), Sewage
disposal, Tunnels, Rivers, Reservoir operation
Great Britain
308J
INHIBITION OF INTER-MICROBIAL PREDATION BY CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBONS,
Walsh, F. and Mitchell, R.
Harvard University, Division of Engineering and Applied
Physics, Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
Nature, Vol. 249, No. 5448, p 673-674, June 14, 1974. 1 tab, 6 ref.
The rate of kill of Escherichia coli by marine predators in the presence
of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) and o,o-dichlorobiphenyl has been
examined. The predators were isolated from seawater by repeated subcul-
ture in artificial seawater using E. coli as the sole carbon source. The
resulting predators displayed positive chemotaxis to E. coli; the observed
changes in E. coli kill rates between lower and higher chlorinated hydro-
carbon concentrations are the result of inhibition or excitation of the
chemotactic response in the marine predators of E. coli. Several attempts
were made to isolate a single predator species from the mixed predator
culture; in every case a mixed culture resulted when the isolates were
reinoculated into artificial seawater with E. coli as the sole carbon
*E. coli, *2,4-D, *Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, *Predation
Chemotactic response
830
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309 J
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE PETROCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF
PESTICIDES,
Watkins, D. A. M.
Bristol University, Long Ashton Research Station,
Bristol
Chemistry and Industry, Vol. 2, No. 5, p 185-190, March, 1974.
5 fig, 1 tab, 46 ref.
The emphasis in the study of light effects on pesticides has changed from
observing that an effect occurs, through a phase of identifying products
in an artificial system, to investigating the effect in various environ-
mental conditions such as soil, water, and air. Interest is also being
shown in the effect of photosensitizers and in the photonucleophilic
reactions of pesticides with other compounds present in the environment.
A discussion of a representative selection of pesticides is given with
the empasis on the vapor work that has been reported and also on break-
downs which give volatile or gaseous products.
*Pesticides, "Photometry, Irradiation, Dieldrin, DDT, Carbamate
pesticides, Heptachlor, Acids, Fungicides
Dichlofuanid, Dinitrophenols, Dithiocarbamates
310J
EUROPEAN WATER CLEANUP IS UNDER WAY,
0'Sullivan, D.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 7 p 602-604
July, 1974.
A three-day conference entitled "Industrial Waste Water and Disposal
Within the European Economic Community" centered mainly on the nine-
member EEC countries, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, France, West Germany,
Ireland, The Netherlands, England, and Luxembourg. Highlights of the
meeting included: pollution of the Khine, estuaries, and tidal reaches;
taxes on effluent discharges; and, legislation and enforcement.
"Conferences, "Europe, Industrial wastes, Waste water treatment, Waste
disposal, Discharge (water), Estuaries, Tidal waters, Taxes, Legislation
Rhine River
831
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311J
LOOKING TO EUROPE FOR A POLLUTION TAX MODEL. OR HOW
THE CONSUMER WILL PAY,
Surveyor Public Authority Technology, No. 4275 p 10-12, May 17, 1974.
Economic aspects of the conference on industrial waste water treatment
and disposal within the European Economic Community (EEC) are examined.
Calculation of the pollution tax instituted in the Netherlands according
to the 1970 Surface Water Pollution Control Act, which imposes a pol-
lution tax relating to the polluting load discharged, is described.
Opposition to the principle of pollution-must-pay is voiced and the theory
of consumer-will-pay advocated. It is concluded that uniformity is
required and that centralized treatment facilities be developed.
*Economics, Conferences, Europe, Industrial wastes, Waste water treatment,
Taxes, Treatment facilities
312J
STUDY ON SUBACUTE TOXICITY OF CARBON n-HEXANE-ACETONE
EXTRACT RECOVERED FROM DRINKING WATER,
Maruoka, S., Nishio, T., and Kawai, S.
Kyoto Municipal Hygienic Laboratory, Higashi-Takada-cho,
Mibu, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 11,
No. 6, p 545-550, 1974. 3 tab, 5 ref.
The subacute toxicity of organic substances present in the tap water of
Kyoto using a carbon-n-hexane-acetone extraction (CHAE) method has been
investigated. A preliminary acute toxicity study showed that the po LD50
value of CHAE was over 5 g/kg body weight, althoughit was difficult to
determine the exact value because of its high viscosity. The body
weight, food consumption, and organ weights of mice after three months
of the dietary regimens showed no significant differences between control
and test groups. The gross and histological examinations revealed no
abnormalities attributable to CHAE. From these results is is presumed
that the amounts consumed by citizens may cause no adverse effects on
health.
*Toxicity, *Potable water, Organic compounds, Analytical techniques,
Laboratory animals, Animal physiology, Public health
*Japan, *Carbon n-hexane-acetone extraction
832
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313J
CHLORINATED INSECTICIDE RESIDUES IN THE EGGS OF SOME
FRESHWATER FISH,
Johnson, L. G., and Morris, R. L.
Iowa University, State Hygienic Laboratory, Iowa City,
Iowa
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 11,
No. 6, p 503-510, 1974. 2 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
Because of the significant aggregation of dieldrin in the flesh of catfish
found in some rivers and the wide variation between species in pesticide
content, study of the pesticide levels in the eggs of some fish from
five locations in Iowa was undertaken in 1971. The pesticide concentra-
tions and extractable fat contents found are tabulated. Dieldrin is the
major insecticide residue detected in the eggs. The highest concentrations
were determined in fish flesh and water samples. The levels of dieldrin
found in th,e flesh of catfish were much higher than in the flesh of any
pan or game fish. Concentrations of dieldrin versus percent lipids are
presented. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls found are
listed and the PCB content versus percent lipids is graphically presented.
*Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, *Catfishes, *Bass, *Pikes, *Walleye,
Dieldrin, DDE, DDT, ODD, Aldrin, Investigations, Monitoring
Chlordane, Heptachlor epoxide
314J
HOW PURE IS OUR WATER SUPPLY?,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 7, p 612, July, 1974.
Water consumption has increased from 40 billion gpd in 1900 to 390 billion
gpd in 1968. Home usage has been mainly for toilet flushing, bathing,
and laundering; elsewhere, water is used for heating, cooling, cleaning,
and as a solvent. Over 90 percent of the United States freshwater re-
sources are underground. Yet only 20 percent is extracted for supply
purposes. To achieve the national goal of zero discharge of pollutants
to its navigable waters by 1958 will require the recycling of industrial
process waste waters. In closing the influent/effluent gap, there still
remains the problem of dissolved solids removal on a practical and econo-
mic basis.
*Water supply, Water consumption, Water resources, United States, Indus-
trial water, Water Utilization, Recycling, Discharge (water) , Dissolved
solids
833
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315J
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS ARISING FROM IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW,
Ghosh, D. K.
Bengal Engineering College,
Howrah, Bengal,
Civil Engineering Department
Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 54, Part PH2, p 55-56,
February, 1974. 5 ref.
Major water quality problems arise from irrigation return flows. Their solutions,
the control measures required, and necessary research activities have been indi-
cated. Quality of the residual water draining from irrigated areas as return flow
may be materially degraded in several ways, as compared with the initial water
supplied. Irrigated agriculture consumes the largest quantity of water, and it
will be of great significance in the overall water management and development in
a basin. This is particularly so when water resources are fully utilized. Mea-
sures for controlling water quality degradation by irrigation return flows are
urgently required.
*Water quality control, *Water resources management, *Irrigation, Agriculture,
Management, Flows, Research
316 J
ACCUMULATION OF DIETARY POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (AROCLOR 1254)
BY RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI) ,
Lieb, A. J., Bills, D. D., and Sinnhuber, R. 0.
Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon,
Department of Food Science and Technology
Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, Vol. 22, No. 4, p 638-642, July/August,
1974. 6 fig, 4 tab, 26 ref.
The accumulation of PCB's (Aroclor 1254) by a Mount Shasta strain of rainbow
trout (Salmo gairdneri) from a dietary level of 15 ppm was determined. Instrumen-
tation included a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector.
The relative concentration (parts per million) of PCB's in the fish stabilized;
absolute quantities (micrograms of PCB/fish) increased as the fish grew. The
total retention of PCB's from the diet was 68 percent for a 32-week feeding period.
The distribution of PCB's was fairly constant in the lipid portion of various
tissues. Even when the fish were starved, PCB's did not appear to be eliminated
from the trout after PCB exposure ceased. No mortalities were attributed to PCB
toxicity.
*Rainbow trout, *PCB's, *Gas chromatography, *Dietary effects, Aquatic life,
Toxicity
334
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317J
EFFLUENT CHARGES-A PRICE ON POLLUTION.
Ferrar, T. A., and Horst, R. L.
The Center for Air Environment Studies at the
Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 6, No. 6, p 657-667, June, 1974. 6 ref.
The concept of putting a price on pollution has been proposed as a means of
inducing control of environmental deterioration. The non-economist reader is
presented with theoretical advantages offered by an effluent charge strategy by
reviewing some of the arguments presented by economists for the adoption of a
national tax policy. Effluent charge is briefly discussed. Analysis focuses on
the question of efficient allocation of resources in an idealized, perfectly
competitive economy with subsequent generalization to imperfect markets. Examined
also is the least-cost to society attribute of an effluent charge scheme.
*Effluents, Pollution, Economics
*Effluent charge, National tax policy
318J
WATER QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANNING SMALL WATERSHEDS,
Burt, J. P., and Gentry, R. E.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Jackson, Mississippi,
Soil Conservation Service
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 39, No. 3, p 133-135, May/June, 1974.
3 tab, 2 ref.
State water quality criteria in Mississippi are summarized for water supply and
water-contact sports. Factors listed are dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature,
bacteria, chlorides, specific conductance, dissolved solids, threshold odor,
phenolic compounds, and certain chemicals. Criteria are listed in order to pro-
tect a participant's health in water sports and to provide a safe and appealing
body of water. Field reconnaissance of a drainage area and water analyses of its
streams were used to estimate the quality of water in the planned lakes.
*Water quality control, *Water quality standards, *Water supply, *Field studies,
Conservation, Temperature, Dissolved oxygen, Dissolved solids, Odors, Chemicals,
Pnhlir hp^lf-h. 5sf-rpflms. Lakes. Drainage areas
Conservation, Temperature, Dissolved oxygen,
Public health, Streams, Lakes, Drainage areas
*Misslssippi
835
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319J
LEAD AND CADMIUM CONTENT OF SELECTED OREGON GROUNDFISH,
Chllds, E. A., and Gaffke, J. N.
Oregon State University,
Astoria, Oregon,
Seafoods Laboratory
Journal of Food Science, Vol. 39, No. 4, p 853-854, July/August, 1974.
1 tab, 12 ref.
An experimental study was undertaken to determine the lead and cadmium content of
selected groundfish in Oregon. Samples were obtained from commercial fishing pro-
cessors. The amounts of Pb and Cd were measured by atomic absorption spectrophoto-
metry following extraction of the metals into 2-pentanone. The lead content was
in most cases less than 0.20 ppm; Cd was less than 0.10 ppm. These data were in
the general range of Pb and Cd for canned fruit and vegetables and indicate that
Oregon groundfish would not provide a large proportion of lead or cadmium in a
diet.
*Dietary effects, *Fish, *Lead, *Cadmium, Toxicity, Spectrophotometry, Metals,
Analytical techniques, Sampling
*0regon, Groundfish
320J
RESIDUES IN FISH, WILDLIFE, AND ESTUARIES,
P. W. Borthwick, G. H. Cook and J. M. Patrick, Jr.
Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory,
Gulf Breeze, Florida
Pesticides Monitoring Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3/7, March, 1974. 3 ref.
In June 1972, a collection was taken of estuarine sediments, crabs, shrimps, and
fishes, two years after aerial applications of mirex bait for controlling fire
ants in coastal regions near Charleston, South Carolina. Previous monitoring
(October 1969 to June 1971) determined levels of mirex in animal samples as:
crabs, 0-0.60 ppm; shrimps, 0-1.3 ppm; and fishes, 0-0.82 ppm. Mirex was
recently shown present in three species of fish (white catfish, 0.021 ppm; blue-
gill, 0.047 ppm; carp 0.12 ppm) and blue crabs (0.026 ppm) at fresh water stations.
There was no mirex detected in 36 other species examined taken from nine saline
stations in the estuaries after a period of restricted pesticide use. No mirex
was found at the bottom sediment samples.
*Pesticide residues, Fish, Wildlife, Estuaries, Monitoring
*White catfish, Bluegill, Carp, Blue crabs
836
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321J
POLLUTION OF A STORAGE RESERVOIR BY ROOSTING GULLS,
Fennell, H., James, D. B., and Morris, J.
Public Health Laboratory Service, Leeds
Lower Clyde Water Board
Wakefield and District Water Board
Water Treatment and Examination, Vol. 23, No. 1, p 5-24, 1974. 4 fig, 2 tab,
25 ref.
A survey to evaluate pollution caused by roosting gulls was made over a thirteen
month period on a storage reservoir. From the 111 samples taken from the reservoir,
salmonellae were isolated from 52, although the specimens never originated from
the incoming water from the catchment area. Treatment of the reservoir water
effectively eliminated the pollution, never isolating the organisms from treated
water or distribution. Roosting gulls are at their maximum in population in
December and their minimum between April and July. During the winter a noticeable
deterioration occurred in the bacteriological quality of reservoir water. It is
suggested that domestic wastes from dumps provides sources of salmonallae, and
that by feeding on such refuse, the gulls contaminate the reservoir.
*Reservoirs, *Salmonellae, *Gulls, Domestic wastes, Pollution, Water quality control,
Bacteria, Surveys, Pollution effects
Treatment methods
322J
LEVELS OF MIREX AND SOME OTHER ORGANOCHLORINE RESIDUES IN SEA-
FOOD FROM ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTAL STATES,
Markin, G. P., Hawthorne, J. C., Collins, H. L., and Ford,
J. H.
Forestry Sciences Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon
Pesticides Monitoring Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3/4, p 139-144, March, 1974.
1 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
A monitoring program of seafood was established to detect mirex insecticide in
1971. Seventy-seven composite samples of oysters, crabs, shrimps, fish, and fish
products were gathered from seven areas within a certain distance from where the
mirex was being used. The data showed that only 9 out of the 77 samples showed
an occurrence of mirex, in a ppm range of 0.005-0.024, and that those nine origi-
nated around Savannah, Georgia. DDT was detected in 74 samples (0.002-2.475 ppm
range). Aroclor 1260 occurred in 46 samples. This PCB residue might have been
interpreted as mirex were it not for new cleanup methods.
*Pesticide residues, Oysters, Crabs, Shrimps, Fish, DDT, Polychlorinated biphenyls,
Monitoring, Insecticides
*Mirex, Organochlorine residue
837
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323J
MI. SUNAPEE STATE PARK, NEW HAMPSHIRE SPRAY IRRIGATION
PROJECT,
Frost, T. P., Towne, R. E., and Turner, H. J.
State of New Hampshire, Water Supply and Pollution
Control Commission
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 348-361. 8 tab, 3 ref.
The Sunapee State Park spray irrigation system in Newbury, New Hampshire,
distributes pretreated sewage to mountain slopes forested with mixed
hardwoods and scattered conifers interspersed with an occasional apple
tree indicating orchard or pastureland abandoned a generation ago.
Conifers tend to dominate the lower part of the slope with the numbers
of oaks and birches increased toward the upper levels. The system was
planned and designed around the Pennsylvania State University project.
Preliminary analyses of the data indicate that spray irrigating with
pretreated sewage stabilization pond effluent has not resulted in any
substantial or discernible alteration in the composition of the groundwater
in the test wells, water from the drinking wells, or downstream surface
waters. In conclusion, this small, seasonal, atypical sewage spray
irrigation system appears to have worked effectively to date to protect
contiguous groundwater and surface waters. Based on experience in
New Hampshire and Pennsylvania it is the opinion of the New Hampshire
Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission staff that the Sunapee
system will probably continue to operate effectively for a long and
perhaps indefinite period of time at the present mode of operation.
*Sewage effluents, *Irrigation systems, *Forests, New Hampshire, Design
criteria, Project planning, Data collections, Groundwater, Water quality,
Surface waters
*Spray irrigation
324J
ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF GREENBELT
IRRIGATION WITH RECLAIMED WATER,
Youngner, V. B., Kesner, W. D., Berg, A. R., and
Green, L. R.
California University, Department of Plant Sciences
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 375-386. 5 tab, 9 ref.
The feasibility of using waste water from the mountain communities to
irrigate greenbelts strategically placed would reduce the wildfire hazard
while disposing of waste water, recharging groundwater reservoirs with
purified water, and creating new manageable recreation areas. Although
no conclusive results have been obtained during the short time this
study has been underway, observations to date are sufficiently encouraging
to make continued study highly worthwhile. Clearly irrigation of
chaparral during the dry season will increase the moisture content of
the wood and leaves. Conversion of chaparral brush lands to grasses
and other plants presenting a lower fire hazard appears possible through
waste water irrigation. The most satisfactory species with particular
reference to the use of the irrigated areas for recreation must still be
determined.
*Feasibility studies, *Waste water treatment, Groundwater recharge,
Water reuse, Irrigation systems, Recreation demand
838
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325J
MICHIGAN'S EXPERIENCE WITH UTILIZING THE TEN STATES GUIDELINE
FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER,
Pierce, D. M.
Michigan Department of: Public Health, Division of Wastewater
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 410-413. 1 ref.
Nearly fifty communities have designed land disposal systems, yet only
two of these have been in operation longer than one year. Even in this
early stage of operational experience, some critical deficiencies in
design are evidenced. Case illustrations indicate unsatisfactory
performance attributable to tight soils with loading capabilities less
than assumed in the design of the system, coupled with high groundwater,
inadequate drainage, and in one case topography conducive to sheet
runoff. Also the Sta.te's lack of experience has led to periods of
uncertainty and apprenhension with regards to land disposal design and
operation.
*Design criteria, *Soil disposal fields, Performance, Waste water treatment,
Land management, Waste disposal, Michigan
326J
FOREST SERVICE POLICY RELATED TO THE USE OF NATIONAL
FOREST LANDS FOR DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE,
Olson, 0. C., and Johnson, E. A.
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Division of Watershed
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-24, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 414-419.
With some notable exceptions in the area of land reclamation and rehabilitation,
it is generally true that the primary concern of the Forest Service is more
one of aiding disposal with minimum detrimental impacts than it is one of
looking to onsite benefits. This is in support of the established policy
that Forest Service programs contribute to community development and to
the improvement of the rural environment in general. At the present
time there are 26 sites on National Forests in 14 States involved in
planning for land disposal of waste water and/or sludges by sprinkler or
flood irrigation. Federal department requirements and general objectives
are discussed in relation to the Forest Service policy.
*Waste disposal, Federal Government, Forests, Soil disposal fields,
Waste water treatment, Sludge treatment, Irrigation systems, Federal project
policy
U. S. Forest Service
839
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327J
SPRAY IRRIGATION - THE REGULARTORY AGENCY VIEW,
Rhindress, R. C.
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources,
Ground Water Quality Management Unit
In: Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland, August 21-2A, 1972, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, p 420-434.
The Bureau of Water Quality Management of the Pennsylvania Department of
Environmental Resources is the regulatory agency concerned with the protection
from pollution of all the waters within the state. A regulatory agency
becomes aware of spray irrigation from two separate sources: as a new
technique being promoted and as enforcement officials viewing a number of
existing problems. An environmental protection agency has an obligation
to consider all techniques of waste disposal and to assess their
applicability to various wastes and their impact upon the environment. The
experiences of the department with spray irrigation are discussed together
with the philosophy concerning the use of land disposal techniques, and
some important concepts which are included in their Spray Irrigation Manual.
*Irrigation systems, *Regulations, Environmental control, Waste disposal,
Soil disposal fields, Pennsylvania
*Spray irrigation
328J
THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER FOR WASTE DILUTION:
REGIONAL FORECASTS TO 1980,
Gray, S. L., and Young, R. A.
Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, Colorado,
Department of Economics
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7,
p 1653-1663, July, 1974. 5 tab, 12 ref.
The procedures and findings of a recent study that developed forecasts of the
value of water for diluting wastes in each of several major regions of the
United States are presented. The discussion is limited to wastes in terms
of biochemical oxygen demand loadings only. The conceptual issues in re-
source allocation, methods for estimating economic value and the chosen con-
ceptual framework, sources of data, and forecasts of the regional values of
dilution water for 1980 are examined. Finally, the conclusions emerging from
the analysis are discussed.
*Forecasting, *Waste dilution, Water utilization, United States, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Economics, Estimating equations, Water resources, Optimization
840
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329J
WATER ACT 1973 RIVERS (PREVENTION OF POLLUTION) ACT
1951 ATTORNEY GENERAL V, WELLINGBOROUGH UDC,
Water Services, Vol. 78, No. 939, p 167, May, 1974.
The Court of Appeal recently has heard the first appeal arising out of
the transfer of sewage disposal functions under the Water Act 1973. It was
an appeal against an injunction granted against the former Wellingborough
U.D.C. So as not to lose control of its new facilities, the local authority
stepped up on-line construction and service of the facility, a measure which
breached section 7 of the Rivers Act 1951 since the effluent wcxLd not comply
with the consent which had previously been given. Thus the Attorney General
requested an injunction against using the new sewage disposal works until
such time as it had been completed effectively. The Court of Appeal dismissed
the appeal by the Wellingborough U.D.C. against this injunction and also
decided that it was not excusable for the local council to pour effluent from
its uncompleted works Into the river.
legislation, *Regulations, *Local governments, *Judicial decisions,
Jurisdiction, Treatment facilities, Sewage disposal
England
330J
PROGRAM WILL CONTROL POLLUTION FROM WATERCRAFT,
Beszedits, S., and Netzer, A.
Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Water and Wastewater
Treatment Research Subdivision, Burlington, Canada
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 6, p 33-34, 36, June, 1974.
Pollution from watercraft is particularly acute and noticeable in Canadian
inland waters around busy harbors, and in crowded marinas. Although con-
siderable efforts have been directed towards curbing such discharges, most
vessels still continue to dump their wastes overboard without treatment.
Lack of vigorous legislation and lax enforcement of existing regulations are
primarily to blame for such conditions. On-board techniques for controlling
pollutant discharges are discussed and manufacturers of marine pollution con-
trol equipment given.
*Boats, *Water pollution sources, Waste discharge, Water pollution control,
Treatment facilities, Equipment, Regulation, Canada
341
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331J
WATER POLLUTION ASPECTS OF STREET CONTAMINANTS,
Jacobson, A. R.
Illinois State University, College of Applied Science
and Technology
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 7, p 84, July, 1974.
Pollutant characteristics of street surface contaminants have been investi-
gated with the following recommendations being made based on the findings.
Equipment operators should be trained in how to operate their equipment most
efficiently and in knowing what material needs to be removed and where it is
most commonly located. Increased effort should be expended on street clean-
ing operations, in maintaining records, in maintaining pavements, and in the
selection of material for paving purposes. Other guidelines for the opera-
tion and maintenance of streets are indicated and research areas for future
investigation are presented.
*Roads, *Paving, *Cleaning, Water pollution sources, Operation and
maintenance, Investigations, Personnel, Training
332J
THE KINETICS OF INORGANIC CARBON-LIMITED ALGAL GROWTH,
King, D. L., and Novak, J. T.
Missouri University, Columbia, Missouri
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7,
p 1812-1816, July, 1974. 5 fig, 5 ref.
In a discussion of a previously presented paper, it is indicated through
recalculation and recasting of the presented data that Selenastrum capri-
cornutum and Scenedesmus quadricauda, two green algae, both respond in a
kinetic fashion to the free carbon dioxide concentration of a water for
their photosynthetic carbon source. Also their specific growth rate is not
related directly to the total inorganic carbon content of the water as was
suggested by the author.
*Chlorophyta, Carbon dioxide, Photosynthesis, Carbon cycle, Growth rates,
Water analysis, Data collections
842
-------
333J
THE INSTITUTE AND EUROPE,
Simpson, J. R.
D. Balfour and Sons
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 3, p 295-306, 1974.
Objectives of the Institute of the Water Pollution Control of the United
Kingdom are presented in relation to its influence on national and inter-
national attitudes and policies. The Institute's position in the
European Economic Community also is discussed.
*Europe, *Water pollution control, International commissions, Project
planning
Great Britain, European Economic Community
334J
THE EUROPEAN SCENE,
Malz, F.
Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband, Department
of Chemistry, Essen, Germany
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 3, p 289-294, 1974. 2 tab.
A description of sewage treatment facilities in Switzerland, Holland, Sweden,
and Western Germany is presented. The trend of improvement of their technical
activities in the control of water pollution is examined. Various water asso-
ciations are mentioned as well as treatment practices for industrial wastes
and water quality monitoring.
*Europe, *Sewage treatment, *Treatment facilities, Industrial wastes,
Monitoring, Water quality control, Organizations
843
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335J
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT,
Downing, A. L., and Price, D. H. A.
Water Pollution Research Laboratory
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 3, p 277-288, 1974. 3 ref.
The types of research and development activity in the environmental field
that are likely to develop under the European Economic Community auspices
are indicated. A background of information about the role of relevant
community Institutions, their policy in regard to environmental problems,
and their interactions with other international bodies sponsoring research
in this sphere are presented.
*Research and development, Europe, Project planning, Water pollution control,
International commissions
European Economic Community
336J
MCA ENDORSES WASTE DISPOSAL PROVISIONS,
Chemical and Engineering, Vol. 52, No. 30, p 5, July 29, 1974.
Legislation dealing with the safe disposal of solid wastes has received
endorsement by the Manufacturing Chemists Association (MCA). Next to toxic
substances control legislation, legislative proposals for extending the
solid waste act and strict management of hazardous solid wastes rank
highest of environmental legislative concerns. Defining product compositions
based upon either wastes produced in their manufacture or resource recovery
potential is of great importance to the MCA.
legislation, *Solid wastes, *Waste disposal, Industrial wastes
*Manufacturing Chemists Association
844
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337J
ADVANCED SEWAGE TREATMENT PILOT PLANT FOR
DAVYHULME,
Sane, M.
W. S. Atkins and Partners, Process and Production
Engineering Department
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 17, No. 5, p 18-20, May, 1974. 1 fig,
2 tab, 1 ref.
The aims of the Davyhulme, England, pilot plant; the equipment to be installed;
and the various treatment processes available for investigation using the
equipment provided are outlined. The pilot plant, designed primarily for
manual control, should abstract up to 96,000 gpd of raw screened and mace-
rated sewage from below the intake works, abstracting at either fixed rates
of flow from 500 to 4000 gph or in accordance with a prearranged program
representing a diurnal variation of flow. All process vessels incorporated
in the plant will be fabricated in steel, suitably protected, to facilitate
dismantling and re-erection on alternative sites.
*Pilot plants, *Equipment, treatment facilities, Construction materials,
Investigations, Sewage treatment, Flow rates, Instrumentation, Monitoring,
Sludge treatment
England
338J
LITIGATION UNDER PL 92-500: A STATUS REPORT,
Rawls, W. L.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7,
p 1646-1648, July, 1974.
A corresponding surge in litigation has been witnessed in the second year
following the 1972 amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
Grievances of the plaintiffs, including states, municipalities, environmental-
ists, and industries, have all centered on the issue of administrative
flexibility and discretion under the law. States have confined their liti-
gation to funding and permits for federal facilities. Setbacks and victories
of the environmentalists with regards to the 1972 amendment are mentioned
stressing the importance of the legality of EPA's variance clause for
its Section 304 guidelines and its permit regulation exempting certain classes
of agricultural point sources and silvacultureal and storm sewer point
sources. There have been isolated challenges to individual industrial per-
mits but the consent decrees negotiated have added nothing in the way of
importance to case law. Although no legal briefs have been filed concerning
effluent guidelines, preliminary motions broadly outline the position indus-
try will assume.
*Legal aspects, *Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Administration,
Environmental control, Municipalities, Industries, State governments
Environmental Protection Agency
845
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339J
MEETING THE NPDES PERMIT DEADLINE: DOES CLOSE ONLY
COUNT IN HORSESHOES?,
Sliter, J. T.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7,
p 1649-1650, July, 1974.
With nearly 45,000 applications now on file, it will be impossible for the
Environmental Protection Agency and/or the 15 states administering their own
programs to issue the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permits to all discharges by the required congressionally-imposed deadline
date of December 31, 1974. EPA announced that the agency hopes to issue
permits to all major dischargers and to a substantial number of minor ones
by the end of the calender year. EPA has called for legislative relief from
this and other impending deadlines with a change in the permit deadline to
July 1, 1974. It is thought that the focus of attention regarding permits
may shift from attempts to obtain them to the issue of enforcing them by
January 1975. Methods of enforcement for noncompliance include jail sen-
tences for company officials as well as enforcement orders and civil actions
in district courts.
legislation, *Discharge (Water), *Permits, Legal aspects, Federal
government
*Environmental Protection Agency, Enforcement
340J
ESTIMATION OF WASHLOAD PRODUCED ON CERTAIN
SMALL WATERSHEDS,
Rendon-Herrero, 0.
K'ew York State University, Department of Civil Engineering,
Buffalo, New York
Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. HY 7,
p 835-848, July, 1974. 10 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref.
A series graph method, applicable to certain small watersheds is pre-
sented which can enable the estimation of sediment discharge on a storm
basis, depending on the amount of effective precipitation. The method
has been applied to the Bixler Run Watershed near Loysville, Pennsylvania
which has a sediment transport of predominantly washload. Such a method
is used where the quantitative analysis washload is necessary for the esti-
mation of total sediment discharge from a storm or its variation with time,
or both, a particularly important consideration when allocating storage
volumes in new resevoirs. Two important findings disclosed from this study
are that: a relationship exists between excess runoff and the washload that
is mobilized by it over the watershed area; and, the series graph method can
be used as a method to predict washload and its variations with time.
*Sediment discharge, ^Suspended load, *Watersheds(Basins), Precipitation,
Storm runoff, Estimating equations, Pennsylvania, Time, Sediment transport
846
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341J
EXPANSION SPARKS NEW DESIGN,
Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., White Plains, New York
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 7, p 38-42, July, 1974. 7 fig, 5 tab.
The operation and tests necessary in designing the Sturgeon Point Water
Treatment Plant in Erie County, New York are described. The data ob-
tained from the six-month study program were analyzed and evaluated to
determine the performance of the proposed basin/filter system compared
to the control system. The performance evaluation of the two systems was
based on removals of turbidity and total microscopic count and on the in-
crease or decrease in aluminum ion concentration in settled and filtered
water through each system. Investigative results and subsequent conclusions
are presented.
*Performance, *0perations, *Treatment facilities, Evaluation, Testing,
New York, Water treatment, Turbidity, Filters, Head loss, Design criteria
Aluminum ion concentration, Total microscopic count
342J
COMPOSITION OF FREE LIPIDS IN SEDIMENTS OF THE TROPICAL WEST
PACIFIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC (sostav svobodkykh
lipidov donnykh osadkov zapadnoy tropicheskoy chasti tik-
hogo i yuznoy chasti atlanticheskoy okeanov),
Belyayeva, A. N.
Okeanologiya, Vol. 14, No. 1, p 77-81, 1974. 1 tab, 10 ref.
The composition of free lipids in the upper layers of low-siliceous
diatomaceous ooze of the South Atlantic and calcarous foramlniferal,
coral sediments and red clay of the tropical West Pacific was studied
by a thin-layer chromatographic method, using methanol and a 2 : 1
ratio of chloroform methanol for extraction, and mixtures of hexane,
ether and methanol for elution. The total free lipid content of these
sediments was determined to range from 0.014 to 0.057 percent of dry
sediment, the concentration being inversely related to the total amount
of organic carbon content. Lipids of low polarity made up of 44.28-85.95
percent of the total lipid content, and they were dominated by hydro-
carbons and fatty acids with contents of 8,57-29.97 percent and 2.12-
9.15 percent, while tropical deepwater sediments contained no triglycer-
ides. The concentration of sterols, more resistant to microbial degrada-
tion than fatty acids and triglycerides, was in a range of 3.57-9.90 per-
cent in the lipids. The relative contents in the total lipids of com-
pounds of low polarity, and especially of hydrocarbons, fatty acids and
sterols can be indicative to the degree of transformation of organic
matter of the sediment since these compounds posses different stability
against microbial and hydrolytic decomposition in redox processes.
*Analytical techniques, *Chromatography, Lipids, Hydrocarbons,
Organic matter, Decomposition, Sediments
South Atlantic, Free lipids
847
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34 3 J
MICROBIOLOGY: DETECTION, OCCURENCE, AND REMOVAL OF
VIRUSES,
Berg, G.
National Environmental Research Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1408-1413, June, 1974. 35 ref.
The virus concentrator lends itself to monitoring water reclamation plants
for the determination of their efficiency in the inactivation and removal
of viruses. Acidification of clean water which passes through the con-
centrator permits efficient adsorption of viruses onto epoxy-fiberglass
and nitrocelulose filters. HC1 acidifies the water before passing through
a virus adsorber. Adsorbed viruses are eluted with one liter of pH 11.5
elutant, then reconcentrated by adsorption to and elution from an epoxy-
fiberglass filter. Small amounts of poliovlrus I in 100 gallons of tap
water were concentrated almost 40,000 fold. A 77 percent virus recovery
efficiency was reached. Filtration of virus-seeded water through asbestos
filters filled with sodium alginate and subsequent concentration of the
virus onto La-Al-alginate soluble ultra-filters achieved a total recovery
of the virus. Well water, waste water, and rivers and lakes, as well as
vegetables grown on virus-laden soil were the sites of recovery. Virus may
also be removed from waste water by biological and chemico-physical treat-
ment methods.
*Microbiology, *Viruses, *Water pollution, Waste water treatment, Adsorption,
Biological treatment
Epoxy-fiberglass filters, Nitrocelulose filters, Physico-chemical treatment
344J
THE LAW AND THE DESIGNER,
Gegauff, R.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
and the Environmental Protection Agency
Design News, Vol. 28, No. 22, p 45-54, November, 1973.
The regulations established by the EPA and OSHA are inspired by the voters '
demands for reduced costs, the salvaging of materials by reuse or careful
layout, and the consumer demands. Old products are being adapted to meet
the new standards, with new products filling newer needs. The OSHA gathered
its original standards from the American National Standards Institute, and
a problem of interpretation ensued. Standards were revised in more defini-
tive terms, and the Compressed Gas Association was also consulted-for further
standard gathering. Also adopted were the National Fire Protection Associ-
ation standards. Now, however, the OSHA and EPA determine their own priori-
ties, employ independent labs, and contract industries to perform studies.
With the collapse of the National Industrial Pollution Control Council, the
OSHA and EPA are the remaining mediators between industry and government.
The concerns of these agencies include plant safety, air pollution, auto-
mobiles in terms of their contribution to the pollution of the environment,
water pollution, laundry waste, water reuse, recycling and consumer safety.
*Water pollution, *Air pollution, *Recycling, Industrial pollution
*Environmental Protection Agency, *The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
848
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345J
MARINE AND ESTUARINE POLLUTION,
Reish, D. J., and Kauwling, I. J.
Department of Biology, California State
University, Long Beach, California
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1437-1451, June, 1974. 151 ref.
A study of marine pollution was made by Aubert and Aubert, emphasizing
the sources of contamination, the techniques for measuring the extent
of pollution, and its prevention. Waste disposal, oil spills, radio-
activity, heat and pesticides were considered in terms of their effect
on marine organisms. Possible solutions to these problems were pre-
sented, being summaries of previous experiments dealing with the Col-
umbia River Estuary, Southern California Bight, Chesapeake Bay, and Port
Philip Bay, Australia. Chemical and physical characteristics of water
and sediment and the planktonic and benthic biota are included.
*Water pollution, *Estuaries, *Aquatic environments, Waste disposal,
Oil spills, Radioactivity, Pesticides, Plankton, Benthos
*Marine organisms
346J
AQUATIC SEDIMENTS,
Ku, W. C., and Foess, G. W.
University of Massachusetts, Anherst,
Massachusetts.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1420-1437, June, 1974. 66 ref.
Various chemical transformations occurring in sediments, and their effects
on the quality of overlying water was the basis of most of the literature
of 1973. Examples from the United States were studied to determine the ef-
fect of sediment on water quality. Also discussed were sediment-water rela-
tionships and their influence of water usage, fish and wildlife habitat,
public water supply, agricultural and industrial use and the disposal of
waste water. Other investigators examined the release of heavy metals and
inorganic constituents from sediments. It was determined that nitrilori-
acetic acids could release heavy metal ions from their complexes with humic
compounds in sediments. Further data obtained that the amount of copper re-
leased from sediments decreased with the increase of the NTA. Further
studies on the interaction of sediment and water are mentioned.
*Sediment, *Water quality, *Water pollution, Fish, Wildlife, Water supply,
Agriculture, Industry, Waste water disposal, Copper, Heavy metals
849
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34 7 J
MOLYBDENUM AND FISH,
Industrial Water Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 6, May/June, 1974.
Results of extensive tests to determine the effects of water-soluble
molybdenum on several varieties of fish have been announced. The fish
species tested were bluegill, rainbow trout, fathead minnows, and chan-
nel catfish. The amount of active ingredient toxic to 50 percent of
the specimens for all species ranged from 6500 to greater than 10,000
ppm, the highest concentration tested. The level at which no adverse
symptons were observed varied from 2400 ppm for bluegill to 7500 ppm for
channel catfish.
*Molybdenum, ^Laboratory tests, *Sunfishes, *Rainbow trout, *Channel
catfish, *Toxicity
*Fathead minnows
348J
BRITAIN'S PROMPT ACTION AGAINST MARINE POLLUTION,
Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering International, Vol. 97, No. 1177,
p 255, 257, May, 1974
The British House of Commons gave an unopposed Second Reading to the
Government's Dumping at Sea Bill which prohibits the dumping in tidal
waters and the sea of any substances loaded in a British port or within
British waters on to a ship, aircraft, or marine station. Controlled
dumping will be subject to a licensing procedure and an inspectorate is
to be set up with powers to examine all ships and marine installations
and to take samples and documents. The Convention for control will come
into force 12 months after the date on which not less than 15 nations
have become signatories. A survey of available equipment which can be
carried on board and is suitable for complying with the spirit of the
Convention on Marine Pollution has been appended to include the manu-
facturers of specific shipbome equipment.
*Water pollution control, *Ships, Waste disposal, Waste treatment,
Sea water, International waters, International commisions
United Kingdom
850
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349J
SHALL WE DEVELOP MOM: WATER?,
Bacon, V. W.
Wisconsin University, Department of Civil
Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 6, p 46-47, June, 1974. 1 tab.
Guidelines for effective water philosophy to aid water development
and management are presented. Water quantity, water conservation
through quality control and the economics of waste water treatment
are stressed.
*Water resources development, *Water management(applied), Water
quality control, Waste water treatment, Economics, Water conservation
350J
MICROBIAL FOULING OF THE PIPES OF WATER COOLERS UPON
THE APPLICATION OF POLLUTED CANAL WATER,
Voets, J. P., Vansteeri, H., and Verstraete, W.
Faculteit van de Landbouwwetenschappen, Department of
General and Industrial Microbiology, Rijksuniversiteit
Gent, Belgium
Materials and Organisms, Vol. 9, No. 1, p 1-12, 1974. 6 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
The microbial phenomena governing the fouling of industrial once-through
water coolers has been studied. The fouling processes were initiated by
the attachment to the walls of the cooler pipes of a film of zoogloeal and
filamentous organisms. Upon this initial colonization phase follows a
logarithmic secondary colonization phase characterized by the accumula-
tion of a wide variety of Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Bacillarlophyta, and
Protozoa. Practical methods which inhibit on a long term basis these
fouling processes are not available, but alternative shock treatment of
the cooling water with biocides retard these processes considerably.
*Fouling, Microbiology, Industrial plants, Aquatic microorganisms,
Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Aerobic bacteria, Protozoa, Investigations,
Cooling water
*Water coolers, Colonization, Biocides
351
-------
351J
LEGAL ASPECTS OF THERMAL DISCHARGES,
Martin, A. J.
Power Authority of State of New York,
New York City, New York
Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 100, No. HY 7, p 1059-1072,
July, 1974. 34 ref.
An overview of those legal areas which directly affect technical and
planning decisions is presented in the form of two legal approaches
which constrain the indiscriminate release of thermal discharges to
receiving waters. One takes the form of private remedies which have
traditionally been available to aggrieved parties who are in some way
damaged by the harmful discharge. The second approach utilizes
the various statutory constraints leading to direct governmental ac-
tion. It appears that statutory law is playing the prominent role in
restricting the temperature to which receiving waters may be raised as
a result of such discharges by using effluent limitations and water
quality standards.
*Legal aspects, *Reviews, Design criteria, Thermal pollution, Federal
government, Legislation
*Thermal discharges
352J
1971 ANNUAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE. WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS,
Cohen, J. M., and Kugelman, I. J.
National Environmental Research Center, Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, Physical-Chemical
Treatment Research Program
National Technical Information Service Report PB-213 826, 1972.
22 p, 90 ref.
A review of the literature of 1971 shows an increasing interest in using
physical-chemical methods as practical alternatives in conventional bio-
logical methods. New views on the topics of water reclamation, phosphorus
removal, nitrogen removal, adsorption, coagulation-flocculation-sedimenta-
tion, filtration, and demineralization, are discussed with specific reference
to articles dealing with these subjects.
*Waste water treatment, *Reviews, Water clarification, Filtration, Phosphorus,
Nirtogen, Flocculation, Sedimentation, Coagulation, Adsorption, Deminerali-
zation, Chemical control, Physical control, Water reclamation
Physical-Chemical treatment, Phosphorus removal, Nitrogen removal
852
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353J
SCI AMSTERDAM CONFERENCE,
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 6, p 337-339, June, 1974.
The Society of Chemical Industry arranged a three day International Conference
on Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal in July, 1974. Twenty-one
papers were delivered concerning the legislation, economics and practical as-
pects of pollution. The following points were raised: proper monitoring
of the environment must be shared by the international organizations and in-
dustry; one method of pollution control is to levy charges on discharges;
a tax on discharges should be based on the oxygen consumption of the dis-
charge; the discharger should be charged for additional treatment neces-
sary so that the discharges will be fit for use in the public supply; an
indirect method of pollution control is to levy duties and then distribute the
collected money to producers of waste waters who want to build their own treat-
ment facilities; it is not the polluter who pays for the treatment but
rather the customers of the polluter; the true (avoidable) costs of con-
trolling pollution are lower than the apparent costs of pollution control; and
there is a need for more and better data on the economics of pollution control.
The most significant points were for the use of the ability of a natural water
course to recover from pollution, closer cooperation with the people respon-
sible for the quality of the water and a better appreciation of the recovery
of raw materials. The conference concluded with the suggested principle that
"The Polluter must save Water, Materials and Money".
*Water pollution, *Waste water treatment, *Water pollution control, Legisla-
tion, Industries, Law, Law enforcement, Pollution charges, Economics, Costs,
Social aspects, Organic wastes, Industrial wastes
International Conference on Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal
354J
INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN SULFATE-REDUCING AND METHANE-
PRODUCING BACTERIA IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS OF A FRESH-WATER
LAKE. II. INHIBITION EXPERIMENTS,
Cappenberg, T.
Limnological Institute "Vijverhof",
Nieuwersluis, the Netherlands
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 40, No. 2, p 297-306, 1974. 3 fig, 1 tab,
21 ref.
A possible substrate interrelationship between methane-producing and sulfate-
reducing bacteria has been studied in bottom deposits of Lake Vechten. The
inhibition of methanogenesis in mud samples by chlorine-containing analogues
of methane resulted in an accumulation of acetate. Fluoroacetate reduced the
concentration of methane by about 75 percent. If carbon tetrachloride was
used, an accumulation of hydrogen gas was observed. These results indicate
that acetate is the main precursor of methanogenesis in mud. After addition
of beta-fluorolactate, lactate accumulated and H2S was no longer produced, which
indicates that lactate is the main source of energy for sulfate reduction in
mud. Simultaneously, the concentration of methane increased. This may be due
to the lower concentration of H2S, which has a toxic effect on methanogenesis.
Experiments with intact mud cores have provided evidence that the described
phenomena occur also in nature.
*Bacteria, *Methane bacteria, *Sulfate-reducing bacteria, Freshwater bacteria,
Aquatic bacteria, Inhibition, Methane, Water pollution sources, Water pollution
*Acetate, inhibition experiments, Lake Vechten, the. Netherlands, MeXhano genes Is,
Lactate
853
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355J
INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN SULFATE-REDUCING AND METHANE-
PRODUCING BACTERIA IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS OF A FRESH-WATER
LAKE. I. FIELD OBSERVATIONS,
Cappeuberg, T.
Llmnological Institute "Vijverhof", Nleuwersluis,
the Netherlands
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 40, No. 2, p 285-295, 1974. 3 fig, 2 tab, 28 ref.
Observations on the seasonal periodicity in the bottom deposits of Lake Vechten
indicate than an ecological relationship exists between the methane-producing
and the sulfate-reducing bacteria. The sulfate-reducing bacteria are most
abundant at depths of 0 to 2 cm in the mud at hydrogen sulflde potential values
around 11 and redox potential values between 100 and 150 mV. The methane-pro-
ducing bacteria are most abundant at depths of 3 to 6 cm and at hydrogen sulfide
potential values around 14 and redox potential values between 250 and 300 mV.
It was observed that during the summer stratification, the numbers of both
groups of bacteria rose but that the methane-producers increased much more than
the sulfate-reducers. The abundance of the sulfate-reducers is. limited by the
sulfate concentration in the interstitial water of the mud. Methane-producers
are at greater depths in the mud than the sulfate-reducers and the concentra-
tion of hydrogen sulphide is less. It is concluded that the different locations
of the bacterial groups may be due to sensitivity of the. methane-producers to
hydrogen sulphide.
*Bacteria, *Methane bacteria, *Sulfate-reducing bacteria, Freshwater bacteria,
Aquatic bacteria, Water pollution sources, Water pollution, Sand pits, Methane,
Redox potential
*Acetate, *Seepage, Lake Vechten, the Netherlands
356J
TORULOPSIS AUSTROMATINA SP. NOV. A YEAST ISOLATED FROM
THE ANTARTIC OCEAN,
Fell, J., and Hunter, I.
Miami University, Miami, Florida, Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 40, No. 2, p 307-310, 1974. 8 ref.
A new species of yeast, Torulopsis austromarina, has been found in the
oceanic waters of the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean parts of the Antartic.
T. austromarina is related to T. inconspicua but T. inconspicua can not
assimilate galactose, trehalose, inulin or soluble starch and has a higher
maximum temperature.
*Yeasts, *Antarctic, Water pollution sources, Water pollution, Pollutants,
Water quality
*Troulopsis austromarina, New species
854
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357J
GROWTH STIMULATION AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN
JUVENILE COHO SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH) EXPOSED TO
BLEACHED KRAFT PULPMILL EFFLUENT FOR 200 DAYS,
McLeay, D., and Brown, D.
British Columbia Research, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Division of Applied Biology
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 31, No. 6, p 1043-
1047, June, 1974. 1 fig, 3 tab, 36 ref.
Large quantities of kraft pulpmill wastes are discharged in the estuarine and
fresh waters of Canada. This article deals with what effects long-term ex-
posure to sub-lethal concentrations of this waste may have on juvenile coho
salmon. The fish were exposed to for 200 days to neutralized, filtered bleached
kraft mill effluent (BKME) at concentrations that were 0.1 and 0.25 of the.
samples' 96-h LC50 values. There was growth- stimulation: the length, weight,
and condition factor of the fish, in the 0.25 concentration of the 96-h. LC5Q
were significantly greater than that of the controls; the growth of the fish.
in the 0.1 concentration of the 96-h LC50 was consistently not significantly
greater than that of the controls. The mechanism of growth stimulation was
not determined. Biochemical changes also resulted from the exposure to bleached
kraft mill effluent: lactate acid levels were elevated in the blood and muscle
of the fish in the .25 LC50 concentration; serum pyruvate levels were decreased
in both experimental groups; plasma glucose levels were elevated in both experi-
mental groups; the liver: muscle ratio was increased in fish in both concentra-
tions; body protein content decreased in fish in the higher concentration; num-
bers of circulating neutrophiles were higher in the fish in the 0.25 LC50 con-
centration. The salmon displayed a chronic stress response pattern similar to
a previously proposed stage of resistance to stress for mammals.
*Salmon, *Lethal limit, *Water pollution effects, *Kraft mill wastes, Water
pollution sources, Industrial wastes, Canada, Water pollution., Pulp and paper
Industry, Pulp wastes, Animal growth, Fish, Fish physiology
*Coho salmon, *Junenile coho salmon, LC5Q, Growth, stimulation, Biochemical
changes
358J
OLFACTORY RESPONSE AND FENITROTHION TOXICITY IN AMERICAN
LOBSTERS (HOMARUS AMERICANUS),
McLeese, D.
Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine
Service, Biological Station, Saint Andrews, New Bruns-
wick, Canada
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 31, No. 6, p 1127-1131,
1974. 2 fig, 3 tab, 13 ref.
Fenitrothion, an organic pesticide, has been used in New Brunswick for spruce
budworm control. The authors determined that at low concentrations of feni-
trothion the olfactory response of American lobsters to cod muscle extract is
not hampered. In test runways the olfactory response to cod muscle extract is
not affected by simultaneous presentation of fenitrothoin at measured concentra-
tions ranging from 0.05 to 25.4 ppb. For both adult and larval lobsters the
96-hr LC50 is about 1 ppb. The lethal threshold for larvae is about 0.015 ppb
and the lethal threshold for adults is about 0.3 ppb or lower.
*Water pollution, *Pesticide toxicity, *0rganic pesticides, *Lobsters,
Pesticides, Environmental effects, Animal behavior, Animal physiology,
Physiological ecology, Canada
*Hommarus americanus, *American lobster, *LC50, *Fenitrothion, Organophosphate
insecticides, New Brunswick
855
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359J
THE EFFECTS OF MERCURIC CHLORIDE UPON RESPIRATION IN
CONGERIA LEUCOPHAETA,
Dorn, P.
Texas A and M University, College Station,
Texas, Biology Department
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 12, No. 1,
p 86-91, July, 1974. 2 fig, 2 tab, 10 ref.
Mercury in the marine environment can alter the normal life functions of
the aquatic fauna. Respiration is one function that can be affected by
mercury. The respiration rates of the bivalve, Congeria leicophaeata were
measured in sublethal concentrations of mercuric chloride. It was determined
that solutions containing 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 ppm mercury as mercuric
chloride were sublethal for 48 hours of exposure. The respiration rate of C.
leucophaeata rose with increasing mercury concentration. The results were
statistically significant above 0.01 ppm.
*Mercury, *Respiration, Water pollution, Water pollution sources,
Statistical methods
*Congeria leucophaeta, *Mercury pollution, *Respiration rates,
Calves ton, Texas
360J
WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE,
Kershaw, M.
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 6, p 301-308,
June, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab, 6 ref.
A booming economy, growing population, large scale housing and commercial
development, and rapid industrial growth have all contributed to Singapore's
problems with water supply, main drainage, sewage treatment, industrial
growth, and water pollution problems in general. The government of Singa-
pore has formulated regulations concerning domestic sewage and trade effluents.
In 1972, a Ministry of the Environment was created to deal with pollution con-
trol and environmental health. The measures adopted to control pollution
(water, air, noise, or solid waste) are enforcement, education, and equipment
(provision of essential services). A division of the Singapore Institute of
Standards and Industrial Research provides the expert advice to manufacturers
as to how to treat trade effluents.
*Water supply, *Drainage, *Water policy, *Water pollution, *Governments,
Reservoirs, Surface runoff, Surface water availability, Water supply develop-
ment, Drainage area, Drainage systems, Sewerage, Sewage treatment, Industrial
wastes, Industrial water, Water pollution control, Foreign countries, Insti-
tutions, Legislation, Regulation
*Water control regulations, *Republic of Singapore, Catchment areas, Open
"monsoon" drains, Open canals
856
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361J
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TWO PACIFIC COAST INLETS-
AN INDICATION OF INDUSTRIAL CONTAMINATION,
Harbo, R., McComas, F., and Thompson, J.
Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine
Service Pacific Environment Institute, West Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 31, No. 6, p 1151-
1154, 1974. 2 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
This study was undertaken to better understand the effects of anthropogenic
fluoride upon estuaine and marine ecosystems. A comparison of Kitimat Arm,
where fluoride wastes have been discharged for nearly twenty years, and of
Howe Sound, British Columbia, where there is not known to be any input of
non-natural fluoride, indicated that there is some contamination. A statis-
tical treatment of the data further serves to demonstrate this conclusion.
*Water pollution, *Fluorides, Analytical techniques, Chemical analysis,
Water sampling, Sampling, Statistical methods, Statistics, Water analysis,
Connate water, Industrial wastes, Chemical wastes, Water pollution sources
*Anthropogenic fluoride, *Aluminum smelting wastes, Kitimat River estuary,
Canada, Howe Sound, British Columbia
362J
EUTROPHICATION,
Foehrenbach, J.
New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation, Stony Brook, New York
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1350-
1355, June, 1974. 38 ref.
Inorganic compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus are generally the factors
measured when determining the causes of excessive algae growths. It is
suggested that caution be used when interpreting enrichment experiments.
While N03 and P043 stimulate the growth, alone or along with another agent,
ionic Si causes increased diatom growth, as well as Na+. The productivity
of 43 lakes and 12 reservoirs from tropical latitudes to the Arctic Circle
were studied. The amount of sunlight was discovered to be the governing
factor. The bottom sediments of deep lakes were analyzed by Emery, who
determined that the sediments from depths greater than 10 m were structured,
and that those above 10 m exhibited mixing. Nutrients, then, can be recycled
from shallow areas. Austin and Lee measured the release of inorganic N from
sediments in Trout Lake and Lake Mendota, in Wisconsin. In aerobic conditions,
0.09 and 0.04 mg/liter day were released from these, lakes, while under anae-
robic conditions, the values were under 0.01 mg/ltter day.
*Eutrophication, *Algae., *Sedimentation, *Lakes, Reservoirs., Nutrients,
Lake morphology,
Microcystis aeruginosa, Cladophora glomerata, Anabeana, Anacytis.,
Chlorella vulgaria, Ocytis marsonii, Prymnesium provum, Aphanizonenon,
Wolffa columbiana, Salvinia rotundefolia, Lemna minor
857
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363J
ECONOMICS,
James, L. D.
Environmental Resources Center, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1611-
1618, June, 1974. 77 ref.
Two important government documents on water resources planning procedure
were published in 1973. New standards for federal water planning in the
U. S. were released by the U. S. Water Resources Council. The new approach
is that enhancement of environmental quality is included with economic ef-
ficiency as planning objectives, and measurement is made of both environ-
mental and economic effects. An increase in planning discount rate to 6.875
percent and a new emphasis that benefits be paid for by the beneficiaries are
radical changes from past practice. A five year study by the National Water
Commission was completed dealing with water management. "Zero discharge"
was rejected as a goal by the Commission, recommending that the cost of pol-
lution be paid by those who produce it. The evaluation of the causes of
conflict between environmental quality and water resources for economic gain
was discussed in an assemblage of 28 papers by Goldman for the National Water
Commission.
*Costs, *Water resources, *Water resource management, Water pollution,
Reviews, Legislation, Planning
The U. S. Water Resources Council, The National Water Commission
364J
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON FRESHWATER FISH,
McKim, J. M., Christensen, G. M., Tucker, J. H.,
Benoit, D. A., and Lewis, M. J.
National Water Quality Laboratory,
Duluth, Minnesota
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1540-
1590, June, 1974. 399 ref.
Many books dealing with biological indicators, biochemical ecology, water
quality, and management were published between 1972 and 1973. One treatise
contained articles on thermal pollution, monitoring, and enforcement. Papers
on various bioassay methods and water chemistry problems were compiled by
Glass. The American Society for Testing and Materials listed 140 new biolo-
gical and chemical methods. Instrumental analysis, automated chemical analy-
sis, and data analysis was investigated. Mercury contamination of the en-
vironment dealing with occurrence, methods of analysis, environmental dyna-
mics, and biological effects was studied by Hartung, Friberg and Vostal. Oc-
currence, dynamics, methods of minimizing persistent pesticides, and inter-
national control of such pesticides was researched by Edwards. The biolo-
gical and environmental aspects of chlorinated insecticides, dealing with
biochemistry and toxicity to nontarget organisms was explored by Brooks. The
effects of pesticides on aquatic environments was the subject of several re-
views, including those of McCaull, Pimentel, Mawdesley-Thomas and Fraser.
*Biochemistry, *Water pollution, *Fish, Thermal pollution, Monitoring,
Bioassay, Mercury, Tritium, Aquatic environments, Pesticides, Water quality,
Methodology, Salinity, Herbicides, Industrial pollution, Piscicides, Pulp
wastes, Domestic pollution
Enforcement, Organochloride pesticides, Organophosphates, Cholinesterase,
Alpha-Beta endosulfan
358
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365J
MICROBIOLOGY-WATERBORNE OUTBREAKS,
Craun, G. F.
National Environmental Research Center, EPA,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1384-
1395, June, 1974. 89 ref.
A review was made by Craun and McCabe of the causes of waterborne-diseases
occurring in the United States during the period of 1946 to 1970. There
were a recorded 358 outbreaks of diseases or poisoning from contaminated
drinking water. Illnesses were of five major categories: gastroenteritis
of unknown etiology (178 outbreaks), typhoid (53 outbreaks), infectious
(13 outbreaks). Seventy-one percent of the outbreaks resulted from the con-
tamination of private, individual water systems, while 83 percent of the
illness was a result of polluted community water systems. The distribution
system of the community facilities was found to be the major cause through
cross-connections and back siphonage. Data indicates that waterhorne dis-
eases are on the increase during the last three decades. A slight increase
in mortalities has occurred for gastritis, duodenitis:, enteritis, and colitis
in persons over 65, however, it is still significantly lower than was ob-
served in the 1920's.
*Microbiology, *Water pollution, *Diseases, Chemical pollution
Gastroenteritis, Typhoid, Hepatitis, Shigellosis, Salmonellosis, Amoebic
meningoencephalitis, Naegleria fowleri, Cholera, Dracontiasis, Leptos.pl-
rosis, Schistosomiasis, Shellfish poisoning
366J
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS,
Macauley, Dennis C.
Union Carbide Corporation, South Charleston,
West Virginia
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1337-
1341, June, 1974. 36 ref.
The organic chemical industry has set up guidelines for the implementation
of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act, along with the synthetic
resins segment of the plastics and synthetics industry. The degree to which
water can be made pollution-free by the best technology available which is
economically feasible was determined, with consideration to the estimated
cost. Farrell examined water pollution in the nitrogen industry, including
nitrogenous chemicals used for chemical processing and nitrogenous fertilizer.
*Chemical industry, *Nitrogen, *Water pollution, Plastics, Adsorption,
Waste water treatment, Biological treatment, Recycling, Federal Water
Pollution Act
In-unit Control, Synthetic resins, Nitrogenous fertilizer
859
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367J
MICROBIOLOGY-DETECTION OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS AND
THEIR OCCURRENCE,
Reasoner, D. J.
National Environmental Research Center,
EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1395-1408, June, 1974. 19 ref.
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, which are the cause of gastrointestinal
illnesses, have been attributed to such bacteria as Salmonella. EEC is
most serious in young animals and children. Chlorination of water pre-
vented contamination of water that had led to the poisoning of laboratory
animals. Ewin developed the three species concept to avoid confusion in
the study of Salmonella. All Salmonella, excepting the S. cholera-suis
and S. typhi, are considered serotypes or biserotypes of S. enteritidis,
numbering 1,500 or more. According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
the frequency of salmonellae isolations from different nonhuman source cate-
gories were: animal feeds (32.6 percent), domestic animals and their en-
vironment (26.7 percent), human food products; eggs, poultry, red meat, etc.
(14.5 percent), fish, reptiles and environment (10.1 percent), and wild ani-
mals and birds (4.4 percent). It was determined that the salmonellae in
feed were not the salmonellae which produced salmonellosis in animals.
*Microbiology, *Salmonella, *Water pollution, *Disease
*Gastrointestinal disturbances, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
368J
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS,
Young, R. H. F.
Hawaii University, Honolulu, Hawaii, Department
of Civil Engineering
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1419-1429, June, 1974. 103 ref.
The causes of eutrophication were discussed. Examined were the changes in
the Indian Creek Reservoir, receiving effluent discharge from the South
Lake Tahoe Public Utility District tertiary. The reservoir appears to be
changing from a low diversity and high-production ecosystem to one of higher
diversity and lower productivity. The effects of phosphorus discharge from
farming arid livestock on surface water in Britain are explored. Also
studied were the discharges of septic tanks and cesspools which percolate
to groundwater. A study of surface irrigation with dairy manure slurries
was made, noting the application of 100-tons dry matter/acre over a 24 month
period resulted in higher levels of fecal coliform, BOD, chloride, and TDS
in surface runoff from conventional pasture areas. FWPCA standards were met
by percolate from slurry in infiltration downslope from the test pasture,
for raw surface water used for public consumption. The use of livestock
manure as fertilizer for sorghum-sudan forage was investigated. Nitrogen
and sodium were shown not to pollute surface runoff, while potassium levels
inhibited the use of runoff to irrigation only, and groundwater from the
field kept its potability.
*Potable water, *Surface water, *Groundwater, Runoff, Nutrients,
Eutrophication, Agriculture, Reservoirs, Waste water treatment, Effluent,
Fish, Livestock, Industrial pollution, Sludge treatment, Heavy metals,
Chemical pollution, Soil pollution, Biological pollution
*Radionuclide pollution
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369J
OXYGEN SAG AND STREAM PURIFICATION,
Neal, L. A.
Environmental Protection Division, Georgia
Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta, Georgia
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1413-1418, June, 1974. 56 ref.
An extensive bibliography of U. S. and foreign literature on the aeration of
natural waters was compiled. A generalized model including the effects of
photosynthesis and nitrification was developed. Sornberger and Keshaven
produced a stochastic DO simulation under constant and variable temperature
conditions, comparing the range of probable DO concentrations against mean
values from a determinitic model. A stochastic DO model for streams and
estuaries was developed fay Schofield and Krutchkoff and compared predicted
values against data from the Ohio River and the Potomac estuary. The method
of moments, Reed-Theriault, Thomas slope, and log differences were estimating
time series BOD data. Bochinski investigated the merits of the TOD test in
using non-biological techniques for estimating BOD, and presented correla-
tions of TOD to COD and TOD to BOD. The results of direct reaeration capa-
city measurements, employing a radioactive tracer gas for oxygen, and associ-
ated hydraulic properties in five rivers were presented by Wallace and Tsiva-
glou.
*Aeration, *0xygen sag, *Stream purification, Photosynthesis, Nitrifi-
cation, Stochastic processes, Estuaries, Runoff, Reaeration, Biochemical
oxygen demand
Benthic deposits, Dissolved oxygen models
370J
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT OF A FREE VORTEX OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM,
Nebeker, E. B. and Rodriguez, S. E.
Scientific Associates, Incorporated, Santa Monica,
California
National Technical Information Service Report AD-777-024, May, 1973.
180 p, 38 fig, 7 tab, 24 ref, 6 append.
A Free Vortex has been developed for use in recovering oil spilled under
high sea conditions. Free Vortex skimming is applicable under these
conditions: oil films one inch thick or less, operation while stationary
and in currents up to 0.75 knots, and severe Sea State 7 waves. The
principal involves the production of two flows on and near the surface
of the water, surface oil is brought inwards to the vortex and then
concentrated as an oil packet, and a recovery pump intake can then remove
the oil with little water. Efficiency of the model varied between 10 and
46 percent over the range of the thickness of the oil tested, 1/16 to
one inch. A recovery rate of 110 gpm was achieved. Higher rates of recovery
are possible if the pump size is changed.
*0il spills, *Pollution abatement, Research and development, Model studies,
Water pollution, Pollutants, Technology, Equipment
*Free Vortex, *0il spill recovery, Oil spill clean-up, New equipment
861
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371J
SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., Office
of Water Programs, Division of Municipal Waste Water
Programs
Rational Technical Information Service Report PB-230 084, February, 1972.
39 p, 1 fig, 14 tab.
This survey was conducted to obtain current estimates of the scope and cost
of construction of municipal waste treatment facilities that are needed to
meet existing water quality standards implementation schedules or other
standards or enforcement requirements. The precedures and findings are
explained. Figures obtained from this survey are considered as a useful
and practical measure of the cost and scope of the construction needs
for sewage treatment facilities.
*Waste water treatment, *Municipal wastes, *Treatment facilities, Sewage
treatment, Costs, Water quality control, Water pollution treatment, Surveys
*Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal waste treatment facilities
372J
WASTE OIL RECOVERY PRACTICES—STATE OF THE ART,
Environmental Quality Systems, Incorporated, Washington,
D. C.
National Technical Information Service Report PB-229 801, December, 1972.
250 p, 39 fig, 46 tab, 128 ref, 3 append.
A study of waste oil production, collection, reprocessing, re-refining
and disposal was performed primarily on the state of Maryland. Data is
presented on the origin and amounts of waste automotive, industrial and
other waste oils. The effect of changing gasoline lead concentration on
waste crankcase oils is found to be significant with respect to future
uses of such waste oils. The exact fate of waste oils within Maryland
is being investigated. Methods for purifying, re-refining, reprocessing
or disposing of waste oils of several types are given. The predominant
precess for re-refining waste crankcase oils is the acid/clay method
using sulfuric acid and adsorbent clays. Newer processes reducing or
eliminating the need for acids or clay are being tried. When the burning
of waste oils for heat recovery or incineration is practiced, metallic
compounds in the oil may pose a health hazard if released to the atmosphere.
Waste oil reprocessing is generally not economically feasible because of high
collection costs, low process yields, small plant operations and unfavorable
legislation.
*0il wastes, *0il pollution, Fuels, Industrial wastes, Gasoline, Waste
disposal, Maryland, Water pollution sources, Economics, Legislation
*Waste oil production, *Waste oil re-refining, Acid/clay re-refining
862
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373J
A LOOK AT THE NATIONAL PERMIT PROGRAM,
Ziemba, J.
Industrial Wastes, Vol. 22, No. 3, p 44-45, May-June 1974.
The Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (P.L.92-500) is cited as a
significant basis for future water pollution legislation, providing a
workable framework for effective safeguards, by means of which a situation
of "zero discharge" may be attained. A focal point of P.L.92-500, the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, would require a permit
in order to discharge any type of pollutant. The permit program encourages
citizen involvement through public hearings. The program is implemented
by the state, with the Federal Agency safeguarding proper enforcement.
States without their own program leave permit procedures including application,
review, public hearing, approval and the duration of the permit to the
Federal agency. The permit program would provide specific guidelines
for water pollution control under the Water Pollution Control Act.
*Water pollution control, legislation, Water discharge, Permits, Federal
Water Pollution Control Act
The Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, PL 92-500, Zero discharge
374J
ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTION OF METHYL PARATHION, PARATHION
AND AZINPHOSMETHYL IN MICE AND FISH: ONSET AND RECOVERY
OF INHIBITION,
Benke, G. M. and Murphy, S. D.
Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, School of
Public Health, Kreage Center for Environmental Health,
Department of Physiology
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 12, No. 1,
p 117-122, July, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab, 16 ref.
It has been found that the lethal dose ranges for single intraperltoneal
injections of parathion, methyl parathion and azinphosmethyl in mice
were 13-15, 10-12 and 304.5 mg/kg respectively and in sunfish the respective
dose ranges were 10-200, greater than 2500 and 1-10 mg/kg. This experiment
was performed to ascertain if determinations of the rate of onset and recovery
of acetylchollnesterase (AChE) inhibition in sunfish and mice could
partially explain the large differences in acute toxicity of these three
organophosphorus insecticides. The rates of onset of AChE inhibition do
not explain the greater toxicity of paration and azinphosmethyl relative
to methyl paration in sunfish. Onset and recovery rate of AChE inhibition
by all three pesticides in fish brain and muscle is. considerably slower
than the rate in mice. The slow recovery of AChE in fish may make them
more susceptible to cumulative damage by these compounds.
*0rganophosphorus pesticides, *Pesticides, Water pollution effects, Fish
physiology, Fish toxins, Pesticide toxicity, Fish, Inhibitors, Bioindicators
Acetylcholinesterase, Parathion, Methyl parathion, Azinphosmethyl, Mice
363
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375J
CONDUCTION VELOCITIES IN METHYLMERCURY POISONED PATIENTS,
Von Burg, R. and Rustam, H.
Rochester University, Rochester, New York, Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 12, No. 1,
p 81-85, July, 1974. 2 tab, 12 ref.
This paper investigated the claims that the early symptoms of methylmercury
intoxication are similar to peripheral polyneuropathy. The peripheral
nervous system was examined by electrophysiological techniques because these
techniques are useful in diagnosing peripheral polyneuropathy. A control
group and a group composed of methylmercury poisoning patients showed
no statistical difference when tested. This indicates that, in humans,
clinical electrophysical testing does not support the idea that methylmercury
intoxication resembles peripheral polyneuropathy.
*Mercury, *Toxicity, Analytical techniques, Public health, Poisons, Water
pollution effects, Water pollution, Heavy metals
*Methylmercury poisoning, *Peripheral polyneuropathy, Electrophysiological
techniques
376J
NITRATE AND CHLORIDE MOVEMENT IN THE PLAINFIELD LOAMY
SAND UNDER INTENSIVE IRRIGATION,
Endelman, F. J., Keeney, D. R., Gilmour, J. T., and
Saffigna, P. G.
Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin, Department
of Soil Science
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3, p 295-298, July-September,
1974. 5 fig, 2 tab, 11 ref.
The results of a field experiment show that N02-N can move rapidly beyond
the rooting zone of Plainfield loamy sand due to rainfall and/or irrigation.
Leaching was evaluated under intensive irrigation over an 11-day period. KN03
and KC1 were used as fertilizers. The N03 and Cl concentration was
determined in soil profile and lysimeter leachate samples collected daily.
Water in the amount of 2.5 cm moved 19 cm in the surface and 28 cm in
subsurface soil. Chloride concentrations were similar to those of N03-N.
*Groundwater pollution, *Leaching, *Fertilizers
Plainfield loamy sand, Wisconsin University Experimental Farm, Hancock,
Wisconsin, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Wisconsin University
Institute for Environmental Studies
864
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377J
PHOSPHOROUS ASSOCIATED WITH SEDIMENTS IN IRRIGATION AND
DRAINAGE WATERS FOR TWO LARGE TRACTS IN SOUTHERN IDAHO,
Carter, D. L., Brown, M. J., Robbins, C. W. and Bondurant,
J. A.
Snake River Conservation Research Center, Kimberly, Idaho
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3, p 287-291, July-September,
1974. 5 tab, 18 ref.
Phosphorus was measured in irrigation and surface drainage. Present
practices remove more phosphorus from the Snake River in irrigation than
is returned in drainage; new practices could be implemented for phosphorus
conservation. Due to particle size separation in drainage streams, finer
sediments return to the river containing higher phosphorus concentrations
than the soils from which they were eroded. The importance of defining
sampling methods and procedures is illustrated by comparative data on
irrigation and drainage waters.
*Phosphorus, *Quality control, Irrigation, Drainage
Snake River, Kimberly, Idaho
378J
WATER QUALITY AFTER CLEARCUTTING A SMALL WATERSHED IN
WEST VIRGINIA,
Auberton, G. M. and Patric, J. H.
USDA Forest Service Timber and Watershed Laboratory,
Parsons, West Virginia
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3, p 243-249, July-September,
1974. 2 fig, 3 tab, 13 ref.
In 1969, an 85-acre watershed was clearcut on the Fernow Experimental
Forest, Parsons, West Virginia. As a result of the clearcutting, streamflow
increased; this increase was reduced during the second year by rapid
vegetation. Clearcutting had a negligible effect on the temperature, pH,
nonstorm turbidity, and concentrations of dissolved solids. Storm
turbidity, nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate concentrations showed slight
increase. Water quality remained high due to careful road management,
retention of forest along the stream, and lush vegetation after cutting.
*Age, *Turbidity, *Forestry, *Streamflow, *Nutrients, Temperature,
Agriculture, Watersheds, Water resource management (applied)
Fernow Experimental Forest, Parsons, West Virginia, Northeastern Forest
Experimental Station, pH
365
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379J
NITRATE AND CHLORIDE ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION IN
FERTILIZED TILE-DRAINED SOILS,
Cast, R. G., Nelson, W. W., and MacGregor, J. M.
Minnesota University, St. Paul, Minnesota,
Departmen of Soil Science
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3, p 209-213, July-September,
1974. 5 fig, 3 tab, 9 ref.
Corn studies on tile drained Webster loam in Minnesota determined that
annual N application up to 70 percent greater than N removed in grain is
necessary for maximum yields. The purpose of the study was to establish
the relative role of N incorporation into the soil organic matter and/or
loss through denitrification, downward leaching, or tile drainage in the
determination of the fate of this fertilizer-N added above that removed
in corn grain. Accumulation of nitrate and chloride and their distribution
were determined in Webster loam and Waldorf silty clay loam profiles after
long term fertilization for continuous corn crops. Concentrations in the.
profiles were determined at 0.3 m depth Intervals and lacreasing distances
from the tile lines.
*Nitrate, *Chlorlde, *Soil pollution, *Tile drains, Loam, Fertilization,
Soil treatment, Denitrification, Soil leaching, Corn grains
Webster loam, Waldorf silty clay, Nitrate loss
380J
STANDARDS, ADMINISTRATION, AND SURVEYS,
Forges, R. and Gross, S. P.
Delaware River Basin Commission
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1625-1643,
June, 1974. 216 ref.
Water quality standard guidelines for revision and general development under
the Federal Water Pollution Act Amendments of 1972, as applied to interstate
and intrastate waters were published by EPA. Objectives, goals, policy guide-
lines, legislative requirements and other salient issues were examined. Re-
vised water quality standards were proposed for the navigable waters of Illinois,
West Virginia, Puerto Rico, New Jersey, and New York. The National Academy
of Sciences-National Academy of Engineering's Environmental Studies Board has
completed a revision of "Water Quality Criteria" issued in 1968. Criteria for
six classes of water uses, such as recreation and aesthetics, public water
supplies, both fresh and marine water aquatic life and wildlife, agricultural
use and industrial supplies, were established. A presentation of criteria In
numerical and verbal form for the physical, chemical, biological and esthetic
determinants of water quality for the six uses was made. The Federal Act makes
the EPA required to publish criteria for water quality and information for
restoration and maintenance of aquatic integrity, and water measurement and
classification. The development of effluent limitation guidelines contracted
for by EPA is examined by Longfield. Level I technology was based on the
average of the best performance by plants of different sizes, ages, and unit
processes in each industrial category.
*Water pollution control, *Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972,
Standards, Administration, Surveys, Water quality standards, Aquatic biota,
Aquatic wildlife
EPA, National Academy of Sciences-National Academy of Engineering's
Environmental Studies Board, National Technical Advisory Committee
866
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381J
A SUMMARY AND COMPARISON OF NUTRIENTS AND RELATED WATER
QUALITY IN LAKES ERIE, ONTARIO, HURON, AND SUPERIOR,
Dobson, H. F. H., Gilbertson, M., and Sly, P. G.
Canada Centre for Inland Waters,
Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine
Service, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 31, No. 5, p 731-738,
May, 1974. 13 fig, 7 ref.
This paper uses the presence of dissolved nutrient elements, nitrogen as
nitrate and ammonia, phosphorus as inorganic phosphate or soluble reactive
phosphate, silicon as reactive silicate, carbon as inorganic carbon, dissolved
organic matter, the Secchi depth, chlorophyll a, particulate phosphate, and
dissolved oxygen to summarize and compare the nutrients and water quality of
the Great Lakes. Related water quality is described by a simple indexing
system, based on some of these parameters.
*Nitrogen, *Phosphorus, *Carbon, *Nutrients, Organic matter, Dissolved
oxygen, Chlorophyll, Great lakes
*Secchi depth, Chlorophyll a, Silicon
382J
LAW,
Smith, J. 0.
Georgia University, Athens, Georgia, Extension Service
and Institute of Government
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1618-1625, June, 1974. 70 ref.
The amendments of 1972 to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act was the
most popular consideration in literature concerning federal efforts in water
quality control. The inadequacies of past federal efforts in this area and
the important parts of the new amendments were discussed by McMahon.
Rasmussen and Kuchenbacker concluded that the improved enforcement procedures,
including citizen suits, the right to enter and monitor effluent discharge,
and the new permit program, should have a significantly positive effect on
the curbing of water pollution. Coleman, on the other hand, criticized the
new amendments, considering the possibility of the development of problems
like those inputed to the Clean Air Act; such as alleged blackmailing of
the states by the EPA. The amendments use of technologically-based standards
was criticized by Rauch, who then concluded that this policy, and its cost
factors, would perpetuate a negative incentive for technological development
necessary to meet the final goal. In the role of state governments provided
by the Act, Finnell examined the Florida Environmental Land and Management
Act of 1972. The trust doctrine of Virginia's new constitution dealing with,
natural resources was examined by Brion.
*Law enforcement, *Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Water pollution,
Water quality control, Waste water treatment, Effluent control, Groundwater
management
Citizen suits, Federal water quality legislation (pre-1972)
867
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383J
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM FERTILIZED GRASSED WATERSHEDS IN
WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA,
Kilmer, V. J., Gilliam, J. W., Lutz, J. F., Joyce,
R. T., and Eklund, C. D.
Tennessee Valley Authority and North Carolina State
University Agricultural Experimental Station,
Office of Water Resources Research, Department of
Interior
Journal for Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3, p 214-219, July-September,
1974. 1 fig, 7 tab, 29 ref.
Plant nutrient transport in drainage waters from two steeply sloping, differ-
entially fertilized, grassed watersheds in western North Carolina was ascer-
tained over a period of 4 years. The dominant slopes on both watersheds are
35 to 40 percent. During this time period, watershed No. 1 received
112-48-24 kg N-P-K/ha, with watershed No. 2 receiving 448-192-24 kg N-P-K/ha.
Average annual N loss was measured at 3.28 and 12.08 kg/ha for No. 1 and
No. 2, respectively; N03-N comprised 70 percent and 85 percent of the total
N lost in discharge waters from Both, watersheds. Over the 4 years the total
N lost from each watershed was 6 to 10 percent of the fertilizer N applied.
Losses of nutrients usually occurred because of deep seepage.. Losses were
highest during the winter and spring months. Watershed No. 2 had consistently
higher concentrations of nutrients in discharge water. N03-N concentrations
were higher than 10 ppm on watershed No. 2 only once in the period of obser-
vation. Steeply sloping pastures, judiciously fertilized, are not important
sources of nutrients occurring in surface and groundwaters, according to
this study.
*Nutrlents, *Drainage waters, *Runoff, Watersheds, Slopes, Fertilizers,
Surface waters, Groundwater
*Fertilized grassed watersheds, *Nutrient loss, *Steeply sloping pastures
384J
SETTING UP A SPECIAL COLLECTION ON WATER POLLUTION
IN A UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,
Friedlander, J.
Case Western Reserve University, Lake Erie Study
Collection, Sears Library, Cleveland, Ohio
Special Libraries, Vol. 65, No. 7, p 291-296, July, 1974. 12 ref.
The Cleveland area has three interdisciplinary research teams which are studying
the pollution of Lake Erie. Water pollution materials are distributed in
various locations and with varying subject classification. A special library
collection was established in the university library, and the complexity of
identifying and collecting reports in the field of environment, along with
locating other water pollution agencies and recording locations of other local
collections of data are elucidated. The functions of the Lake Erie Study
Collection as a special library are considered by its librarian, in relation
to the project members' research.
*Water pollution, *Lake Erie, *Data collections, Environmental control
*Case Western Reserve University, *Lake Erie Study Collection
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385J
IS THE WATER SAFE TO DRINK? PART 3: WHAT YOU CAN DO,
Harris, R. H. and Brecher, E. M.
Consumer Reports, Vol. 39, No. 8, p 623-627, August, 1974.
There is a great need for assuring the purity of drinking water being piped
into homes and businesses by some 40,000 community water systems in the
United States. Methods for achieving a higher standard of water quality
was discussed in two previous articles. The role of the individual citizen
is now in focus. Recommendations for reducing one's heavy metal contamination
intake are as follows: water should be let running for a minute or so after
several hours of nonuse, avoid using hot water for preparing infant's formula
or cooking since hot water tends to be higher in heavy metal content, although
boiling is essential for water which is frequently contaminated by bacteria,
and most importantly, organizing citizens groups to demand the upgrading of
water quality from the community supplies, and Being prepared to pay the
price of purification.
*Water pollution, *Environmental control, *Potable water, Public healtK
*Citizen action
386J
PROGRESS IN SATISFYING ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS,
Patterson, W. D.
Public Utilities Fortnightly, Vol. 94, No. 3, p 13-27, August 1, 1974.
9 fig, 4 tab.
Legislative and regulatory developments at the federal level concerning
environmental control are reviewed. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970
gave the EPA authority to establish safe ground level concentrations of air
pollutants, and to enforce achievement of such levels through the application
of controls. EPA has promulgated two sets of ambient air quality standards,
specifying maximum acceptable ground level concentrations of pollutants.
Primary standards are those strict enough to protect public health. These
standards are to be reached nationally by 1975, regardless of expense.
Secondary standards represent the protection of the public welfare. These
standards specify levels necessary to protect vegetation, animals, and
materials from hazardous contamination, being expected for national attain-
ment sometime between 1978 and 1980. State ambient air quality standards
will also have to be met, and in some cases, with greater rigidity. Since
the enactment of NEPA, significant progress has been made. Legislation now
pending should provide a basis for effective land-use control. New equipment
and technology has had a significant impact on industrial waste quality,
evidenced in increased expenditures since 1970. The power facility siting
process has also been an indication of progress in the. environmental area.
Development of a national land-use policy and the specification of existing
regulations would enhance environmental protection.
*Environmental control, legislation, Clean Air Act, Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, Industrial wastes, Chemical pollution, Waste water treatment,
Water quality control
*National Environmental Policy Act, *Environmental Protection Agency
869
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387J
EPA'S POLLUTION CONTROL COALS TAKE BROADSIDE IN SEATTLE,
Engineering News Record, Vol. 193, No. 5, p 15, July 25, 1974.
The federal water pollution control program came under fire in Seattle from
public officials. John D. Parkhurst of the Water Pollution Control Federation
attacked what he claimed was the "economic madness" of the EPA's standard for
secondary treatment. Parkhurst said that "American taxpayers will be reluctant
to share in without assurances, that water quality will be enhanced on a
commensurate basis." The general manager of the Los Angeles County Sanitation
District also predicted the secondary treatment would cost more than $100
billion. Richard S. Page, executive director of the Municipality of Metropolitan
Seattle, claimed that the 85% removal of BOD required by the EPA would produce
no significant benefit to the quality of water on the Pacific Coast. The
director asserted that $650 million would be needed to meet this requirement
on the Pacific Coast alone.
*Water quality control, *Water pollution, *Secondary waste water treatment,
Economics, Pacific Coast, BOD, Governmental water policy
*Environmental Protection Agency
388J
ON POLLUTION CONTROL,
New Civil Engineer Special Review, Vol. 95, p 53, May, 1974.
California waters suffered from an excess of pollution in 1969. In the Santa
Barbara channel 100,000 barrels of crude oil were spilled due to a blowout.
Further eruptions necessitated the sealing of the fissure in March, with continued
seepage following for longer than a year. In December, a 120 sq km oil slick
developed from a Union Oil pipeline break. A ban on oil drilling was then
instituted by the state of California. Because of environmental protest, not
much more than seismic surveys have been done in the U.S. Atlantic or Pacific
continental shelves. Legislation covering pollution control in the UK sector
of the North Sea is the Continental Shelf Act of 1964, which makes the discharge
of oil from drilling and production operations in that area an offense, with
a license dependent upon the operator's liability for control of any such
discharge. The Petroleum Regulations of 1966 recommend that oil escape into
licensed waters be avoided by all necessary preventive measures. Relevant
legislation was later added in the form of the Prevention of Oil Pollution Act
of 1971. The "UK offshore operators' emergency action group", established by
the oil companies, has agreed to cooperate with the marine division of the DTI
in case of serious leakage from a pipeline or oil rig. However, experts doubt
that such a minor scale of approach to such an enormous problem can he of any
great use at all.
*Water pollution, *0il spills, *0il pollution, Legislation, Water quality
control
Santa Barbara channel, US Atlantic and Pacific continental shelves., North. Sea,
Continental Shelf Act of 1964, Petroleum Regulations of 19.66, Prevention of
Oil Pollution Act of 1971
870
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389J
SOLID WASTE AND WATER QUALITY,
Heidman, J. A. and Brunner, D. R.
Advanced Waste Treatment: Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1315-1317,
June, 1974. 20 ref.
The potential for groundwater pollution resulting from the land disposal of
solid wastes has been reviewed. Leachate characteristics, leachate attenuation
in soil, leachate pollution problems, site evacuation methodology, and new
refuse processing and disposal methods which have a potential effect on ground-
water quality were examined. Solid waste disposal as related to leachate
production and groundwater pollution and consideration to design of landfills
for leachate control were discussed. Toxicity and solubility of hazardous
solid and liquid wastes were considered. Reduction, neutralization, recovery
and disposal techniques recommended for waste streams containing pesticides,
CN, Hg, As, Cr, Cd and miscellaneous organic and inorganic materials and nuclear
materials were examined also. The hydrogeologic factors in consideration of the
situating and design of landfills under climatic conditions in northeastern
Illinois have been discussed. Engineering techniques effective in control of
production and migration of leachate, are also examined with conceptual designs
for landfills in four different hydrogeologic environments. An evaluation of
sanitary landfills and factors influencing leachate production was made. In
one chase, soil types, groundwater flow patterns, and leachate characteristics
at a landfill site in use for 5 years were examined in detail.
*Water quality control, *Soil leaching, *Solid wastes, Hydrogeology, Groundwater,
Landfills, Attenuation, Waste disposal, Pesticides, Alkalinity, COD, Nitrogen,
Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium
Leachate attenuation, CN, As
390J
POLLUTION CONTROL IN JAPAN-A SURVEY,
Process Biochemistry, Vol. 9, No. 5, p 15, 34, June, 1974. 1 tab.
The overall picture of water pollution in Japan is very serious, not only in
the primary effects but also in a chain of secondary effects, in both Japan's
fresh and marine waters. The Anti-pollution Act of 1970 is one of the most
comprehensive environmental protection laws in the world. It is a framework
of definitions and plans of action. The two series of effluent standards set
for water quality are for the protection of health and for environmental
preservation. The pollution control market is one of the fastest growing areas
in the Japanese economy. The market has been mainly concerned with solving
existing problems, developing, purchasing and marketing the existing technology.
However, the development of preventive measures is becoming more important.
The developments are in three areas: the development of new recovery techniques;
the detailed application of these and existing technology to specific industrial
problems; and the redesign of processes to avoid initial pollution.
*Water pollution, Water pollution sources, Pollution abatement, Water pollution
control, Equipment, Foreign countries, Foreign technology, Legislation, Planning,
Water resources development
Japan
871
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391J
THE TOXICITY OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (TCDD)
IN GUPPIES (POECILIA RETICULATUS PETERS),
Norris, L. A. and Miller, R. A.
United States Department of Agriculture, Corvallis, Oregon,
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experimental Station
Forest Service
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 12, No. 1,
p 76-80, July, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab, 18 ref.
The compound 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a contaminant of the
herbicide 2,4,5,-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. TCDD is immobile, slowly degraded
in soils, not taken up readily by plants, subject to photodecomposition, low
in water solubility, and highly toxic and teratogenic in mammals. This experiment
determined the characteristics of TCDD in guppies. Exposure of the guppies to
0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 ppb TCDD for 120 hours caused complete mortality in the
following 32, 21, and 30 days, respectively. The suggested reason for the
apparent decrease in toxicity between 1.0 and 10.0 ppb TCDD is that fish in
the 1.0 ppb TCDD concentration may have been exposed to supersaturated levels
of TCDD. There was a significant positive correlation of duration of survival
with the body length.
*Fish, *Herbicides, *Pollutants, Toxicity, Chemicals., 2,4,5-T, Brush, control,
Analytical techniques
*Guppies, *Poecilia reticulatus, TCDD
392J
WHITHER WATER?,
Gribbin, J.
Nature, Vol. 250, No. 5464, p 276-277, June, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab.
The future plans for water resources in Britain are discussed. River management,
water supply, and sewage disposal are under the control of new regional water
authorities. A Central Water Planning Unit assists with the issues on a
national basis, at the government level and at the regional level. The
possibility that a new weather pattern is developing is also discussed.
Proposals for climatic research are under consideration. The CWPU would like
to develop a "national water grid" involving transfers from region to region
and the extension of the present system of river regulation. There are plans
to develop groundwater abstraction. Desalination is also being considered but
does not appear to be feasible.
*Water resources development, *Water supply development, *Comprehensive planning,
Groundwater resources, Legislation, Potential water supply, Projections, Great
Britain, Water resources, Desalination
Central Water Planning Unit
872
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39 3 J
NOTE ON THE FERTILITY VALUE OF OXIDATION POND EFFLUENT
FOR GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.),
Kale, C. K.
Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute,
Nagpur, India
Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 43, No. 5, p 523-525, May, 1973.
2 tab, 4 ref.
The value of domestic sewage as a fertilizer was tested at an oxidation pond,
using groundnut as the test plant. Seven treatments were used, including
tap-water control. Concentrations of the fertilizers N,P, and K are given.
The effect of different treatments on root growth was significant at 5 percent
level. Synthetic sewage and control gave similar results. The effect of
irrigation treatments on the vegetative growth of the groundnut was significant
at the 1 percent level. Although the addition of phosphorus to this effluent
gave a better yield, the increase over the effluent alone was: not significant.
It is believed that the shortage of phosphorus in comparison to nitrogen and
potassium in the raw sewage and effluent was. compensated for by other nutrient
elements, including microelements.
*Legumes, *Phosphorus, *Effluents, Oxidation Lagoons, Nutrients, Sewage treatment,
Fertilizers
Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India,
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L)
394J
BENTHOS AND ALLOCHTHONOUS ORGANIC MATTER IN STREAMS,
Hynes, H. B., Kaushik, N. K., Lock, M. A., Lush, D. L.,
and Stocker, Z. S. J.
Waterloo University, Waterloo, Ontario, Department of Biology
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 31, No. 5, p 545-553,
May, 1974. 10 fig, 13 ref.
The findings are in relation to general stream ecology. A coring technique
showed that stream animals are vertically distributed many centimeters down
into the gravel, with 17 percent in the top 5 cm. Arctic stream sampling
chironomid larvae comprised 70-80 percent of numbers in the benthos; their
rate of drift did not vary with the time of day. The effect of nutrients
and temperature on the decomposition of autumn leaves shed in water was
studied. The addition of nutrients N and P increased the amount of nitrogen
after incubation, but temperature affected only the decomposition rate.
The importance of bacteria and fungi in decomposition were noted. Food
preference for several leaf species were shown by Gammarus. Up to 40 percent
of autumn-shed leaf is water-soluble. One process by which it is made available
to stream animals is conversion to particles and involves mechanisms similar
to those found in soils. Field investigations showed large-scale fluctuations,
in a short time period, of dissolved and particulate matter in the water.
*Benthos, *Animal groupings, Autumn, Leaves, Streams, Nutrients
Gammarus, Chironomidae, Blackfly larvicide
873
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39 5 J
PP'-DDT ADSORPTION TO SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IN SEA
WATER,
Pierce, R. H., Olney, C. E., and Felbeck, G. T.
Rhode Island University, Kingston, Rhode Island,
Department of Plant Pathology-Entomology
Geochemical et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 38, No. 7, p 1061-1073, July, 1974. 5 fig
5 tab, 35 ref.
Contamination of the ecostem by chlorinated hydrocarbons has occurred by transporta-
tion from areas of application and dumping via the air, rivers and land drainage
and also by being directly introduced in municipal and industrial wastes. It has
been suggested that the chlorinated hydrocarbons are transported through water by
adsorption to suspended particulate matter. This investigation determined what
fraction of the suspended particulate matter is responsible for adsorbing chlorinated
hydrocarbons from sea water and what are the mechanisms: of adsorption. A procedure
was developed to study pp'-DDT adsorption and desorption to suspended particles in
aqueous solutions. It was observed that humic acid had the highest adsorbing capacity,
sediment was intermediate and clay adsorbed the least. Removal of organic matter
from the sediment greatly reduced its adsortive capacity. The suggested mechanism of
DDT adsorption to clay particles is an electrostatic attraction between hydrogen
atoms on the aromatic rings and negatively charged sates, on the clay s.urf aces. The
adsorption of DDT to humic acid is attributed to hydrophobic bonding to portions of
the humic polymer. Since many sources of pesticides such, as soil erosion and
sewage effluent contain large amounts of humic substances, the pollutants could be
adsorbed before they reach the aquatic environment.
*Pestlcides, *Water pollution sources, *Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, *DDT,
Adsorption, Agricultural chemicals, Pesticide drift, Waste treatment,
Environmental effects
39 6J
PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION IN CHAR LAKE, A NATURAL POLAR LAKE,
AND IN MERETTA LAKE, A POLLUTED POLAR LAKE, COBNWALLIS ISLAND
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES,
Kalff, J. and Welch, H. E.
McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Department of Biology
Journal of the Fisheries, Research Board of Canada, Vol. 31, No. 5, p 621-636, May,
1974. 16 fig, 5 tab, 18 ref.
Between 1969 and 1972, the phytoplankton production of ultraoligotrophlc Char Lake
and polluted Meretta Lake was studied, and findings of the study are presented. In
Char Lake, the most oligotrophic lake existing, photosynthesis occurs during the
entire nine months that the sun is above the horizon. The production rate is much
more constant than would be suggested by the light input (on which snow cover has a
considerable effect) because of changes in depth of maximum photosynthesis, in
efficiency of low light utilization, and in optimal light flux. Meretta Lake has a
greater phytoplankton production and chlorophyll concentration twenty times greater
than Char Lake. Nutrient deficiencies are most likely responsible for low production
in Char Lake. In both lakes benthic production is of major significance.
*Phtoplankton, *Photosynthesis, *Chlorophyll, Sewage, Snow cover, *Productivity,
Comparative productivity, Ecology, Oligotrophy
Ultraoligotrophic, Polluted, Nutrient Deficiencies, Benthic production
874
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39 7J
DYE AND DROGUE STUDIES OF SPOIL DISPOSAL AND OIL
DISPERSION,
Klemas, V., Maurer, D., Leatham, W., Kinner P., and Treasure,
W.
Delaware University, Newark, Delaware, College of Marine
Sciences
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46,
No. 8, p 2026-2034, August, 1974. 18 fig, 12 ref.
As part of a study to determine short-term consequences of dredging and dumping
on benthic invertebrate colonies near the mouth of the Delaware Bay, a sampling
grid for geological and biological stations was designed before dredging commenced.
Dye and drogue studies were made to map the general hydrographic circulation in
order to establish these stations, and a dye study was also made of surface water
movement at a suggested off-shore oil terminal location. The procedures used and
results obtained from these studies, which utilized aircraftboat, radio-coordinated
teams, are presented.
*Dredging, *Dye, *Currents, Sediments, Estuaries, Circulation
*Hydrographic circulation, Drogue, Surface water movement, Aquatic frontal system,
Tidal flow
39 8 J
EXPERIMENTAL OIL SKIMMER,
Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 96, No. 8, p 48, August, 1974. 1 fig,
A test was run on an oil skimmer which could be used for emergency oil spills at
high seas. This system, built by Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, was tested
by riding it (with Coast Guard escorts) through a storm off the northern California
coast. The oil-recovery capacities are up to 1000 gallons of oil per minute. A
disc-drum revolves in an oil-water mix, oil adheres to the discs and free water runs
off, and the oil is carried past wipers that direct it to a hollow axle. Oil then
is pumped from the machine to storage containers. The machine is designed to be
carried to an airport near an oil-spill site, to be assembled in an hour, and to be
towed or carried on a buoy tender to the work area.
*0ils spills, *0ceans, *0il skimmers, Recovery, Equipment, California
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Oil-recovery capacities, Survival test
(equipment)
875
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39 9J
CONVERSION OF MANURE TO OIL BY CATALYTIC HYDROTREATING,
Fu, Y. C., Illig, E. G., and Metlin, S. J.
United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 8, p 737-740, August, 1974. 3
fig, 6 tab, 3 ref.
Agricultural wastes from animals are a pollution, odor, and health problem. As
an effort to reduce pollution and at the same time to utilize a potential energy
source, the Bureau of Mines experimentally has been converting organic wastes to oil.
As example, bovine manure is hydrogenated and liquefied by hydrogen or synthesis gas
(equal amounts of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) at temperatures of 330-425 degrees C
and operating pressures of 1500-3000 psi in the presence of a recycle manure oil
and a cobalt molybdate catalyst. With an increase in temperature, oxygen content
and viscosity of oil produce decrease, but hydrogen consumption increases. A
significant improvement on this process when using synthesis gas:, is achieved Ey
adding sodium carbonate to the reaction mixture; hydrogen consumption is reduced
markedly, oil yield improved, and oil viscosity reduced.
*0il, *Agricultural wastes, Liquification, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Animal wastes-,
Temperature, Pollution
*Bovine manure, Hydrogenation, Oil viscosity
400J
SOIL LIQUEFACTION BY TORSIONAL SIMPLE SHEAR DEVICE,
Ishibashi, I., and Sherif, M. A.
Washington University, Seattle, Washington, Department of
Civil Engineering
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineering, Vol. 100, No. GT8, p 871-
888, August, 1974. 19 fig, 4 tab, 4 ref.
As a result of severe earthquakes, structural damage due to soil liquefaction has
become an area of study in many research laboratories. A simple shear device, the
conventional equipment for liquefaction laboratory study, has several difficulties.
A new instrument eliminates effects such as wall friction without sacrificing
requirements of duplicating in situ stress and strain conditions. The new instrument
called the Torsional Simple Shear Device, was compared with the simple shear test
equipment. It was found that with the Torsional Simple Shear Device one can check
and verify the adequacy of the amount of soil saturation prior to cyclic testing
and one can study the effects of lateral soil confinement on the liquefaction
potential of the test sample. In addition, the Torsional Simple Shear Device tests
the soil with a unique cross sectional area and Imposes uniform shear strains and
stresses, thus providing more reliable experimental results.
*Soil liquefication, *Shear, *Measurement, Stress, Earthquakes, Shear device,
Laboratory tests, Equipment
*Torsional simple shear device
876
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401J
TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF (lAC)DDT IN THE LOBSTER AFTER ADMINI-
STRATION VIA INTRAVASCUIAR OR ORAL ROUTES OR AFTER EXPOSURE
FROM AMBIENT SEA WATER,
Guarino, A. M., Pritchard, J. B., Anderson, J. B., and Rail,
D. P.
Laboratory of Toxciology, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 29, p 277-288, 1974. 1 fig, 5 tab, 11 ref.
A pharmocokinetic approach to studying the fate and distribution of carbon 14
labeled DDT was employed using the lobster. The radioactive pesticide was administered
intravascularly, orally and by exposure from the ambient water. After injection,
there was rapid removal of (14C)DDT from the plasma and a persistent increase in
the amount of radioactivity in the hepatopancreas. Seven days after injection
about 90 percent of the administered radioactivity was found in the hepatopancreas.
When the DDT was administered to the lobster from the ambient water or from food,
again more than 90 percent of the radioactivity was found in the hepatopancreas
seven days after treatment. Studies concerning the levels of DDT metabolites in
the organs of untreated lobsters indicated that the egg masses: contained the largest
amount followed by the hepatopancreas and then By the carcass (muscle). These
studies suggest that the lobster may protect itself from DDT toxicity by sequestering
DDT in the hepataopancreas and in egg masses hut that the bioconcentration in
these tissues could be harmful to organisms which, eat thes.e parts, of the lobster.
*DDT, *Lobsters, *Pesticides, Water pollution effects, Insectisides, Pollutants,
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Bioassay, Carbon Radioisotopes, Radioactivity,
Aquatic life
(14C)Carbon
402J
OSMOREGULATORY RESPONSES TO DDT AND VARYING SALINITIES IN
SALMO GAIRDNERI-I. GILL NA-K-ATPASE,
Leadem, I. P., Campbell, R. D., and Johnson, D. W.
Idaho State University,
Pocatello, Idaho
Biology Department,
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 49A, No. 1, p 197-205, September 1,
1974. 4 fig, 29 ref.
Results from laboratory investigations show that DDT inhibited activity of Na-K-
ATPase and Mg-ATPase in gills of rainbow trout adapted to freshwater, one-third sea
water, and sea water. A negative correlation was found between gill Na-K-ATPase and
serum sodium in treated fish in sea water. Enzyme activity was inhibited in fresh
water fish but no osmoregulatory impairment was found, indicating a minor or non-
existent role for gill Na-K-ATPase in fresh water osmoregulation. Enzyme activity
was inhibited in trout acclimated to sea water
*Laboratory tests, *DDT, *Rainbow trout, Freshwater, Sea water, Enzymes, Salt
tolerance
*0smoregulatory response
877
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40 3 J
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF HOUSEHOLD WATER QUALITY,
Tihansky, D. P.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Washington, D. C.
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. EE 4, p 905-
918, August, 1974. 7 fig, 1 tab, 32 ref.
This articles reviews literature on aspects of mineralized water supply damages,
compiles economic data on damages, and derives functions relating these impacts
in a typical household to various levels of water quality. Total household damages
can be calculated from graphs as illustrated in later sections. These relations
are applied to state-by-state data on water quality and household statistics to
yield regional estimates of damages from water supply use. The problem of
resolving man-made versus natural causes of these damages is also examined.
*Reviews, *Water supply, *Domestic water, *Water quality, Estimating, Regional
analysis, Damages
404J
LINKS WITH WATER RESOURCES AND LAND USE PLANNING STRESSED
AT CORNELL CONFERENCE,
Civil Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 44, No. 8, p 92-94, August, 1974.
Highlights of the first water quality planning conference held at Cornell University
are outlined. Points discussed include the implementing of plans, better planning
of river basins, water quality linked with land use, sewers as a dominant factor
in controlling urban growth, Pennsylvania's systematic approach to planning, and
the significance of non-point source pollution.
*Conferences, *Water quality, *Planning, *Alternative Planning, Future planning
(Projected), Project planning, Sewers, Water pollution sources
878
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405J
NINE MILLION GALLONS PER MINUTE DOWN THE DRAIN,
Canadian Petroleum, Vol. 15, No. 7, p 40-42, July, 1974.
With their introduction of water quality guidelines in 1973, Environment Canada has
emphasized the reduction of effluent BOD and the elimination of such contaminants
as cyanides. The federal standards are not nearly as precise on the tolerable
levels of heavy metals since not enough is known about the interaction of various
metals. A description of various industrial pollutants, their effects, industrial
problems, and treatment methods and materials is provided.
Water quality control, *Industrial water, *Canada, ^Industries, Industrial wastes,
Environmental control, Waste water treatment, Water quality standards, Effluents,
Heavy metals
406J
METHYLMERCURY UPTAKE BY FISH AND REACTION MECHANISMS OF
MERCURY BIOMETHYLATION UNDER CONTROLLED LABORATORY
CONDITIONS,
Shin, E-B.
Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 1, p 285-286, July, 1974.
A dissertation was written with the following objectives: to determine uptake rates
of methylmercury biosynthesized in sediment by fish under controlled laboratory
conditions; to determine the effects on the uptake rate of changing environmental
conditions; and to observe the effects of changing environmental conditions on the
overall methylation activities of microorganisms. The dissertation includes a
general description of the problem, a review of the literature concerning
biomethylation of mercury and its uptake by fish, a review of the physical and
chemical properties of mercury, and discussion of the experimental results with
emphasis on the effects of external environmental parameters.
*Mercury, *Fish, Water pollution effects, Water pollution sources, Toxicity,
Sediments
Dissertation, Biomethylation of mercury
879
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407J
LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER,
Tofflemire, T. J., and Van Alstyne, F. E.
New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany,
New York
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1201-1208,
June, 1974. 96 ref.
Conferences, surveys and general principles on land disposal of waste water are
reviewed. Several individual systems, technical aspects,, nutrient travel, and deep
well injection are discussed. Land application is practiced at many sites without
nuisance conditions or health problems. The spray irrigation system of land
disposal was considered the most reliable. Technical aspects include laboratory
observation and calculation of the influence of waste water on cation and anion
movement in soil, geocriteria for location, design, and maintenance of land disposal
sites, criteria for operation and maintenance of irrigation and drainage systems
and formulae for calculating pollutant dispersion and travel. Phosphate adsorption,
phosphate removal, carbon-nitrogen ratios, nitrate, calcium, and sodium concentrations,
nitrogen transformations, and nitrogen removal are discussed with respect to various
methods.
*Waste water disposal, *Injection wells, Irrigation water, Spraying, Operation and
maintenance, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Carbon, Drainage, systems., Reviews
Land disposal
408J
SET PROBE OF POLLUTION CONTROL AMENDMENTS,
Engineering News and Record, Vol. 193, No. 7, p 24, August 8, 1974.
Five contracts have been awarded by the National Commission on Water Quality for
studies of the impact of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972. The studies;are on the cost to municipalities and industries of meeting
the effluent limitations of the law and possible sources of local funding for
municipalities building waste treatment plants; and studies on petroleum refining,
iron and steel, pulp and paper, and organic chemicals industries which include
examinations of alternative methods of waste treatment and associated costs,
quality of effluent with various methods and materials and energy requirements.
*Waste treatment, *Costs, *Industrial wastes, *Municipal wastes, Pulp and paper
industry, Chemical industry, Administrative agencies, Economic impact, Federal
Water Pollution Control Act
1972 Amendments
5(30
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409J
DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLISM OF DDT IN THE CATFISH
HETEROPNEUSTES FOSSILIS IN RELATION TO THE SIGNS OF POISONING,
Agarwal, H. C., and Gupta, B.
Delhi University, Delhi, India
Department of Zoology
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 29, p 204-209, 1974. 2 tab, 22 ref.
The extensive use of DDT has resulted in its widespread occurrence in the
environment. DDT is known to be concentrated as it moves up the food chain. Since
fish are an important part of the food chain, it is necessary to know the form in
which DDT is accumulated and whether any detojd.cation occurs in fish. Adult male
catfish were given a lethal dose of 800 mg DDT/kg. The metabolites of DOT in
different tissues were studied after 24 hours. DDE was the only metabolite found.
The major percentage of the DDE was found in the kidney and lesser amounts were
found in the liver and fat bodies. The concentration of DDT increased with time
and severity of poisoning. The brain and spinal cord had the lowest DDT content.
The DDT content in the fat rose steadily and was highest in fish which recovered.
It was indicated that the signs of poisoning in catfish were directly related to the
concentration of DDT in the brain and spinal cord.
*DDT, *Pesticide toxicity, *Water pollution effects, *Fish, Pesticides, Insecticides,
DDE, Pollutants, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Food chains, Catfishes
*Heteropneustes fossilis
410J
EFFECTS OF HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT IN WESTERN CANADA OH
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS,
Geen, G. H.
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada,
Department of Biological Sciences
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 31, No. 5, p 913-927 May
1974. 48 ref.
This paper reviews some of the changes in the aquatic environments which have
resulted from the development of hydroelectric power in Canada. Developments from
Manitoba west through British Columbia and north to the Northwest Territories and
the Yukon are considered. The following general predictions are made for the
effects of the creation of a reservoir from a lake or river: littoral production
is usually low as a reflection of the effects of drawdown; plankton production and
water chemistry are little affected; growth rates of fish feeding on littoral organisms
are frequently reduced; and, the relative abundance of fish and their food organisms
is often altered. General predictions can not yet be made for the vertical or
horizontal temperature regimes of a reservoir because of a lack of data. Several
hydroelectric developments have blocked or impeded migrations: of economically
important fish and will probably produce a number of downstream changes in water
temperature or composition.
*Hydroelectric power, ^Hydroelectric plants, Reservoira, Aquatic environment,
Canada, Reviews
*Hydroelectric development
881
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411J
MICROBIOLOGY OF WATER,
Geldreich, E. E.
Envoronmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio
Water Supply Research Laboratory
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6, p 1355-1372 June
1974. 123 ref.
Findings of several studies made regarding microbial pollution indicators are
presented. Particular attention is focused on distribution of coliforms, E. coli,
fecal streptococci, and anaerobic lactobacilli in water sources. Various methods
and materials used in determining counts of indicator bacteria and waterborne
pathogens are considered in detail, including rapid techniques for detection of
bacterial populations in water sources. Research done with respect to the
microbiology of rivers, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs is discussed. The microbiology
of potable water and groundwater is also examined.
*Water pollution, *Microbiology, *Microorganisms, Coliforms, E. coll, Waste water,
Chlorination, Rivers, Streams, Lakes, Ponds, Reservoirs, Potable water, Groundwater
Effluents
Fecal streptococci, Anaerobic lactobacilli, Natural watera, Indicator bacteria,
Waterborne pathogens, Bacterial count, Receiving streams
412J
FIELD STUDY OF SOLUTE MOVEMENT IN A HIGHLY AGGREGATED OXISOL
WITH INTERMITTENT FLOODING: II. PICLORAM,
Roa, P. S. C., Green, R. E., Balasubramanian, V., and
Kanehiro, Y.
Hawaii University, Honolulu, Department of Agronomy and
Soil Science
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3, p 197-202, July-September,
1974. 2 fig. 1 tab, 21 ref.
Previous work on persistence and movement of picloram herbicide is briefly reviewed.
Materials and methods employed in field studies measuring the nature of picloram
movement in a highly structured Hawaiian Oxisol, in order to determine whether
laboratory absorption results could be utilized in the estimation of the
penetration of the picloram peak for a given amount of applied water, are presented.
Data from previous work on nitrate movement in the same Molokai soil field plots
is compared with findings on picloram movement to measure the relative mobility
of these solutes. Results of the field studies, which indicated significant
retardation in leaching of picloram in Molokai soil as compared with less
aggregated soils, are discussed.
*Leaching, irrigation, Groundwaters, Herbicides, Pesticides, Water quality
Picloram herbicides Oxisol Molokai Water Transport, Solute Transport, Aggregated
soils, Macorpore, Micropore
882
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413J
HOW TO READ A FISH KILL,
Keup, L. E.
Office of water Operations,
Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, B.C.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 48-51, July, 1974. 1 fig.
Teams are more effective than individuals in determining the causes and finding
the solutions to fish kills. The knowledge of time required for a water mass to
travel to a downstream point is basic to the investigation. Diffusion rates of
dumped materials will further the investigation, along with observations on the
nature of a pollutant's entry into the river and its mixing with water mass.
Seasons have considerable influence on the magnitude of fish kills. For example,
less dead fish rise to the surface in cold water. Synergism and antagonism should
be taken into consideration in a fish kill, as well as habitat considerations. The
history of water discharges from dams should be investigated in fish kills downstream
from dams. Finally, human ignorance is often a cause of unexplained fish kills,
while sophisticated poachers may sometimes use fish, toxicants.
*Fishkill, *Water pollution, Toxicity, Water conservation, Investigation
414J
FOULING OF HEAT EXCHANGERS FROM COOLING WATER AND PROCESS
MATERIALS,
Capper, C. B.
Dearborn Chemicals, Limited,
Widnes, Lanes, Great Britain
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14, No. 6, p 309-314, June 1974.
Fouling is defined as any deposit on heat exchange surfaces which effects
the flow pattern through the heat exchanger, the efficiency of the heat transfer
process or both. On the waterside, fouling can be the result of scale,
corrosion, participate deposition, microbiological growths or process materials
having by one way or another entered the waterside. Fouling on the process side
can be caused by deposition of the primary process product itself, materials
caused by side reactions, impurities present in the feedstock or other deposits
caused in a similar way to those from the waterside.
*Fouling, *Heat Exchangers, Flow patterns, Heat transfer, Corrosion, Scaling,
Feeds, Cooling water
Particulate deposition, Waterside fouling, Process: materials
883
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415J
ESTUARIAL AND COASTAL POLLUTION,
Buckley, A. D.
•
Mersey and Weaver River Authority
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 3, p 307-314, 1974. 3 ref.
The three main sources of pollution in estuaries are domestic sewage, industrial
waste waters and the detrimental quality of the rivers entering the estuaries.
Chemical fertilizers being used in rural areas and run-off from roads and other
non-permeable surfaces also contribute to contamination. DDT usage is another
problem with a long range effect. Metalliferous mining waste has effectively
sterilized many streams downstream from industries, where, as in Wales, examples
of such pollution are evident in adjacent coastal waters. Disinfectants, detergents,
nutrients from human waste, zinc-based ointments and facial creams, and the bacteria
found in biological filters in an activated sludge plant are more sources of
estuarial and coastal pollution. Diversion of sewage downstream to an outfall into
the sea is one remedy, along with biological treatment aad removal of aolids By
screening.
*Water pollution, *Estuaries, *Coastal waters, Sewage, Bacteria, Detergents,
Industrial wastes, Domestic wastes, Zinc, DDT, Chemical fertilizer
The Royal Commission of 1865, The River Pollution Prevention Act of 1876
416J
PROGRESS OF PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES IN
THE UNITED STATES-A HISTORICAL SURVEY,
Meykar, 0. A.
Naval Sea Systems Command,
Washington D. C.
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electonic Systems, Vol. AES-10, No. 4, p 521-532,
July 4, 1974. 7 ref.
Legislative action on the state and federal levels meant to improve and preserve
environmental quality and conserve natural resources, including water resources, was
developed and implemented in a logical sequence, synchronized with social development
and consciousness of the need for specific legislative, punitive, or constructive
actions. The needed legislation was developed through a consensus of opinion,
wants, and costs that were to be incurred by those parties affected. At times,
the Federal Govenment was obliged to increase its budget allocations in areas where-
immediate relief was necessaary and large losses- expected.
legislation, *Environmental control, *Water quality Act, *Water pollution control,
Federal Water Pollution control Act, Water Law, Rivers and Harbor Act, Clean Air
Act
*EPA, Public health service
SS4
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417J
A COUNTER-PERSPECTIVE ON POLLUTION PROBLEMS,
Thomas, J. L.
Ohio University, Athens Ohio, Civil Engineering Department
Civil Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 44, No. 8, p 80-81, August, 1974.
A rebuttal to an article which criticized some environmentalists as prophets of
doom criticizes the following cases: The Alaskan pipeline, nuclear power, Lake
Erie, pesticides, and economic considerations. The author advocates a respectful
treatment of the present environmental conditions so as to prevent future ecological
disaster.
*Environmental control, Lake Erie, Pesticides, Economics, Nuclear powerplants
*0pinions, Alaskan pipeline
418J
ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES IN DECISION MAKING: PORT JEFFERSON
AS A CASE STUDY,
Wells, J., and Hill, D.
Grumman Ecosystems Corporation
Environmental Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 4, p 19-28, July/August, 1974.
1 fig, 7 tab, 4 ref.
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 has increased the inclusion of
environmental values in natural resource decision making. One way of
performing an environmental analysis of a certain course of action is
described. Port Jefferson Harbor, Long Island, New York, is a delivery
point for petroleum products. The harbor is not deep enough to accomodate
modern tankers. The course of action evaluated is whether to dredge the
harbor to allow the large tankers to enter. The method of analysis contains
the following steps: establishment of a valid cost-effectiveness framework,
with emphasis on the extent of the geographical area affected; identification
of the environmental parameters that may be affected; preparation of a
qualitative summary of the effects of the alternative plans: on tfie environ-
mental parameters by reviewing the availaBle literature-; evaluation of the
nature of the environmental impacts as Beneficial or detrimental, also
considering countervailing effects and uncertainty; tabulation of tfiese
evaluations by alternative, geographic area, and type- of impact; and,
summarization and analysis of these tables: to determine patterns of environ-
mental impacts. This analysis summarized in one chart the- complex, contro-
versial subject of the environmental consequence of dredging Port Jefferson
Harbor versus alternatives for delivering oil to the area.
*Planning, *Evaluation, *Decision making, *Environmental effects, Dredging,
Environmental control, New York
885
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419J
STATUS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
Kollar, K. L.
United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.,
Water Resources and Engineering Program
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 9, p 85-86, 128, September, 1974. 5 tab.
About $2.1 billion or one-third of the total amount spent on construction
in 1972 was involved in construction of water distribution and waste water
collection systems. The total construction for public and private water
and waste water systems including treatment plants was about $3.2 billion.
The total spent on water and sewer utilities increased in 1973 to $3.2
billion. The most significant growth of waste water disposal is a result
of the 1972 amendments to the Water Pollution Control Act. There is a
steadily increasing market in the waste water field for construction
contractors. However, no radical or rapid growth is expected for the next
few years. Projections that have been made on future construction in the
waste water field, based on subjective evaluations of backlog requirements,
obsolescence and depreciation of already existing facilities, the rate
of population growth and the optimum population density that can be served,
are subject to future fundings. The backlog for water supply systems can
be considered to be only five percent of the population. Patterns of
housing construction will probably have the greatest effect on the static
water supply construction market. The certification procedures for waste
water construction have been made more flexible and the local agencies have
been given more responsibility by the EPA. The construction industry will
be faced with the problems present in our economy, those of shortages and
higher costs.
Construction, *Costs, *Facilities, Water supply, Sewers, Waste water
treatment, Water policy
420J
INTEGRATING WATER QUALITY AND WATER RESOURCES PLANNING,
Kruivak, J. A.
Office of Land Use and Water Planning, Department of the
Interior, Washington, D. C.
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 100, No. HY9,
p 1257-1262, September, 1974.
The basis for water resources planning and water quality planning are discussed.
Deficiencies in water planning relate to the fact that both water resource and
water quality planners often operate without information about the needs and
intentions of those who are planning for such things as land use, transporta-
tion, housing, and industrial development. Evidence showing that movement
toward integrated water planning Is beginning includes the joint planning
programs and multiple-purpose water development plans formulated By various
land and water agencies together at the Federal level and the strong state
programs for water planning that have been encouraged by new Federal legis-
lation. Problems of integrating water planning, in both quantity and
quality, are technical, behavioral, and institutional. Suggestions for
improving water planning include: a more coordinated and stabilized system
of intergovernmental relations; a more formal recognition of the positive
contributions available from citizen involvement in the decision-making
process; a formalization of procedures for determining the goals of water
planning; a better syntheses of the highly specialized but separated areas
of knowledge; and, more receptivity demonstrated by the planning profession
toward the desires of the public.
*Water resources development, *Water quality control, *Water policy, *Water
supply, Federal project policy, Project planning, Regulation, Multiple-purpose
projects, Legislation
886
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421J
PLANNING METHODOLOGY FOR THE DESIGN OF REGIONAL WASTE
WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS,
Joeres, D. F., Dressier, J., Cho, C-C., and Falkner,
C. H.
Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin, Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, p 643-649, August, 1974. 9 fig,
1 tab, 16 ref.
A mathematical programming formulation has been developed to obtain the
optimum regional waste water treatment plan considering the trade-off between
economies of scale in waste water treatment plants and the costs of additional
pipe network collection. The computer model will select the optimum plan
when given the definition of all reasonable interceptor routes connecting
individual communities, local treatment plant sites, and associated maximum
discharge potentials. The mixed integer programing model relies on
piecewise linear approximations of concave cost curves and uses capacity
limits that are set by the maximum allowable environmental impact at
potential treatment plant sites. The model is demonstrated by predicting
the cost savings possible for the central portion of Dane County, Wisconsin.
*Waste water treatment, *Economies of scale, *Mathematical models,
*Computer models, Costs, Pipes, Pipelines, Decision making, Economics,
Wisconsin
422J
SORTING OUT IRON IN WATER SUPPLIES,
Dart, F. J.
Ontario Ministry of Environment, Environment Association
and Planning Division, Chemistry, Water Technology
Section, Pollution Control Branch
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 112, No. 8, p 26, 28, August, 1974.
Iron problems in water supplies must be thoroughly diagnosed to determine the
basic causes, or else remedial measures become expensive hit or miss proposi-
tions. To find the problems of iron in the distribution system a series of
steps is given. Electrolyte corrosion possibilities should be evaluated,
chemical corrosivity should be evaluated, and then the corrosivity potential
of the water through encouragement of bacterial activity should be determined.
It seems that well chlorinated waters with less than 0.15 mg/liter organic
nitrogen, less than 4-5 mg/liter total organic carbon, and less than
50-70 cu ft of asporator-extractable methane per 100,000 gallons do not
develop nuisance organism problems. Electrolyte corrosion can usually be
corrected by standard techniques to remove the cause. Chemical corrosiveness
can sometimes be corrected by increasing the water pK by adding soda ash or
lime; or the addition of lime or limestone contact retention might be an
alternative if the water hardness is low. After measures to prevent iron
problems have been taken, the mains can be swab.b.ed with compressible foam
sponges to give the mains renewed lease for distributing clean water.
*Water quality control, *Water supply, *Water conveyance, *Iron, Aquifers,
Pipelines, Metal pipes, Corrosion, Corrosion control, Hydrogen ion
concentration
887
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423J
GROWTH OF SPIRULINA MAXIMA ALGAE IN EFFLUENTS FROM
SECONDARY WASTE-WATER TREATMENT PLANTS,
Kosaric, N., Nguyen, H. T., and Bergougnou, M. A.
Western Ontario University, London, Ontario, Chemical
and Biochemical Engineering Department
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 16, No. 7, p 881-896, July, 1974.
10 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
The algae Spirulina maxima were grown in effluents from the secondary municipal
waste water treatment plant in London, Ontario, to investigate the factors
influencing the growth of the algae and the value of this treatment with
regard to nutrition (production of a biomass suitable for animal or human
consumption) and tertiary waste water treatment (nitrogen and phosphorus
removal). There was a high yield of algae when the pH was adjusted to be
between 9 and 10; growth was drastically reduced at pH 11 and inhibited
below pH 8. Higher light intensity improved growth and constant light also
improved growth. The optimum temperature for growth was between 25 and 40 C
but the algae began dying at these extremes. The nutritional quality of the
algae was acceptable. The removal of nitrogen was found to be much faster
than the removal of phosphorus. Nitrogen tends to be the limiting factor in
Spirulina culture. The removal of nutrients from waste water appears to
depend on the amount of algae in the culture, the initial concentration of
nutrients and the culture conditions. The preliminary design of an algae
plant for treating sewage is presented.
*Algae, *Waste water treatment, *Tertiary treatment, *Nutrient removal,
Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Domestic wastes, Municipal wastes, Foreign research
Spirulina maxima, London, Ontario
424J
SOLUBILITY STUDIES OF METALLIC MERCURY IN PURE WATER
AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES,
Onat, E.
Journal of Inorganic Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 36, No. 9, p 2029-2032,
September, 1974. 3 fig, 2 tab, 24 ref.
A method employing ultraviolet spectrophotometry was developed for a direct
analysis of soluble mercury in aqueous solutions at various temperatures.
Soluble mercury is converted into mercurous form in the presence of mercuric
ions, and the absorbance of mercurous perchlorate measured at a wavelength
of 236.5 nm was utilized for the quantitative determination of mercury in
water. A determination can be made of mercury in as small an amount as
3 x 10 to the minus seventh power g-atom/liter. Twenty-three samples at
6 different temperatures were analyzed, with a s-tandard deviation from
compiled data of 0.004. A solubility curve was made on the basis of the
results of this experiment. There was no indication of ionic dissociation
in dimeric mercury or of deviation from Beer's law.
*Mercury, *Solubility, Spectrophotometry, Ions, Ultraviolet radiation
*Mercurous perchlorate, Ionic dissociation, Dimeric mercury, Beer's Law
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42 5 J
WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE RUHR
VALLEY,
Imhoff, K. R.
Ruhruerband and Ruhrtalsperrenverein, Essen,
Germany
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 7,
p 1663-1673, July, 1974. 11 fig, 18 ref.
An industrial zone has developed due to significant coal deposits and good
traffic conditions between the Ruhr, the Rhine and the Emscher Rivers. About
80 million tons of coal are excavated and some 20 million tons of steel are
smelted in this area. Water consumption and waste water flow is seven times
the West German areal average, necessitating special measures for water supply
and waste water disposal. About 6 m of gravel has been laid on a tight layer
of rock by the Ruhr River., and the surface is protected against contamination
by one or two m of clay accumulation. The filtered river water is purified
by aerobic biochemical processes in the gravel. The water is potable after
a filter path of 50 m and retention time of one day. For extra precaution,
0.4 mg/liter of chlorine is added to the water before it is pumped for
supply. Rapid sand filters and chemical precipitation is sometimes used to
prohibit clogging of the low-rate sand filters. Invariably, water is
artificially drained underground to equalize temperatures and gain more time
for pollution prevention. It has become the legal task for the Ruhrtalsperren-
verein to control water quantity, and for the Ruhrverband to insure good quality
in the Ruhr basin. The Ruhr has an average flow of 75 cu m/sec and a minimal
flow of 4 cu m/sec, being a relatively small river. To compensate for water
abstraction, a system of reservoirs with a capacity of 470 mil cu m was
constructed.
*Water pollution, *Water quality management, *Industrlal wastes, Water supply,
Rivers, Sludge disposal, Biochemical treatment, Chlorination, Precipitation,
Water loss, Flow rates, Filtration, Groundwater recharge, Reservoirs,
Waste water treatment, Digestion tanks
*Rapid sand filters, Low-rate sand filters, Sulfuric acid regeneration,
Crystal separation
426J
NEW WATER WORKS FOR SUTTON,
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 17, No. 8, p 46, August, 1974. 1 tab.
The construction of a new water works at Grander Green Lane, Cheam, Great
Britain, is planned by the Button District Water Company to prevent pollution
and guard against bacterial pollution. The process of super chlorination
followed by de-chlorination will sterilize the water. A dose of chlorine
applied to the water at a borehole head as soon as it has been abstracted
from the borehole should prevent any danger of pollution. As it travels
through a contact tank, the chlorine will have one hour to destroy organisms
present, and the excess chlorine will be removed by a dose of sulphur dioxide.
An addition of ammonia will make the remaining chlorine more persistent in
the distribution system and service reservoirs in corrosion prevention of
plumbing fittings and odor-taste pollution prevention. Chlorine content will
be monitored, displayed and recorded by a chlorine residual recorder, which
automatically adjusts the residual chlorine being pumped into supply. The
sterilization system will operate under a "fail-safe" principle, alerting
resident staff to quality control malfunctioning. A 24-hour service will be
available for consumer problems with domestic plumbing.
*Water pollution, *Water quality control, *Bacterial pollution, *Chlorination,
Reservoirs, Domestic sewage, Boreholes
889
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427J
CONDENSATE TRAPPING ALLEVIATES POLLUTION,
Fischer, J. A.
Electrical World, Vol. 182, No. 3, p 44-46, August 1, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab.
A trap-drain condensate-reclamation system has been perfected by engineers at
the Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Burlington, New Jersey. Operating
costs have since been decreased by $20,000, and the system now controls
pollution problems originating in plants where heating-system trap drains are
dumped into local waterways. A unit was sought that would detect and prevent
contaminants from getting into the condensate-storage system during the
drain recovery. A cartridge-type replaceable filter was examined for alerting
engineers to high levels of contaminants in the condensate. The conclusions
reached by experimentation were as follows: that about one-million gallons
could be filtered between cartridge changes in a unit designed for a
maximum flow of 100 gpm, where a. particle selection size would be one micron
with a cartridge outside diameter of 2.75 in.; that the cartridge filter would
retain fuel oil entrained in the condensate; and, that precoating would be
unnecessary for filtering the installation, although, it could lengthen the
required time between cartridge-element changes. In the event of condensate—
reclamation system malfunctioning, the filter-differential alarm, conductivity
alarm, oil-detector alarm, power-failure alarm and high:-and-low-level alarms-
were installed as part of the continual operation.
*Water pollution, *Water quality control, *Water reuse, Oil pollution, Sludge
disposal, Drainage systems
*Condensate trapping, *Trap-drain condensate-reclamation system, *Heating-system
trap drains, Cartridge filter, Precoating
428J
CLASSIFYING INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER EMISSIONS,
Williams, R. T.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 86-89, July, 1974. 5 tab.
Fair sewage service charges, source control of users, and completion of
federal discharge permits are requirements which can be achieved by the
categorization of users. Values given to waste water strengths for different
classes of usage are present in a large metropolitan system. Results of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 are the requirement
for the identification of the type of user discharging to their system, the
establishment of limits on toxicants and the enforcement of pre-treatment
standards. The East Municipal Utility District, treating Almeda County,
California, cities of Almeda, Albany, Berkeley, Emeryville, Oakland, and
Piedmont, consists of daily flows from an individual industry as much, as-
four mg/d. A sampling program was initiated over a one-year period to develop
waste water strength Information for each Eusiness- classification code category.
A determination was made of the concentration of toxicants and heavy metals
with a goal of setting waste water limitations on customers. This program
revealed that within a particular business classification code there is little
strength difference between large and small users for various parameters,
when compared to the strength differences between categories of users. The
regulations developed by Special District #1 considered not only effluent
requirements and the degree of treatment removal, but also the proportionate
mass emission of all users.
*Waste water treatment, *Municipal wastes, *Effluent control, *Water pollution,
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, Industrial wastes,
Water quality management
*National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, Business classification code,
Environmental Protection Agency
890
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429J
WASTEWATER ANALYSIS AND ITS RELATION TO COMPANY
PROFITS,
Kern, J. A., and Wilson, R.
Harnish and Lookup, Associates, Newark, New York
Industrial Wastes, Vol. 22, No. 3, p 26-28, 52, May/June, 1974. 8 fig,
2 tab.
In-plant sampling and waste water analysis to estimate the waste water
resulting from increased output at the Red Wing Company of Fredonia, New York,
was initiated so that individual sources of waste water discharge could be
identified for individual control and/or elimination. The program was
divided into two parts: an extensive in-plant analysis of the individual
process lines; and, the unit operation in each line. The sampling included
grab samples with measured flow, grab samples with estimated flows, samples
composited by flow, and samples composited with time. To double-check, the
total waste water loads calculated from production records were compared to
the results of a second sampling program on the control plant effluent.
The production of jams, jellies, peanut butter, tomato products, grape juice
and grape products were investigated. On the basis of the individual unit
process sampling results waste water discharge was accurately predicted for
a particular day. It was also determined which production operations result
in large waste loadings and which do not. By knowing the individual flows
that attend each process, it was possible to determine when processing
personnel became careless and discharge more than necessary for given unit
operation.
*Waste water treatment, *Water pollution, Industrial wastes, *Food processing
industry, Sampling, Discharge, Effluent control
*Jams, *Jellies, *Peanut butter, *Tomato products, *Grape products
430J
A CLOSE LOOK AT LONDON'S WATERS,
Surveyor, Vol. 143, No. 4278, p 39, June 7, 1974.
The Metropolitan Water Board was established as one of the first public bodies
of its type in Great Britain to appraise water quality matters there. The
MWB itself established a Water Examination Department in 1905 which for years
has produced a reused water supply from water containing increased proportions
of purified sewage and trade effluent, of a safe quality and sufficient supply.
The supply has been derived from the Thame and Lee Valleys, comprising such
industrial areas as Luton, Oxford, Swindon and Stevenage. MWB originated many
studies and new techniques based on an interest In water bacteriology. Slow
sand filtration experiments showed how filters might be run at up to 12 m/day
without effluent quality deterioration; being double the rate of previous
practice. An assessment of the amount of removal of phenols by slow sand
filters was made, resulting in the conclusion that to remove doses of
one mg/liter, a five day acclimatization Is necessary. Phenol at 0.5 mg/llter
was removed on the first day, and 0.2 mg/liter with Meta Cresol. In a five
day acclimatization about 7.5 mg/liter of the five phenols was removed. More
experimentation was initiated in the treatment of water with ozone or chlorine
before filtration, apparently increasing degradability of organic chemical
bacteria.
*Water pollution, *Wat.er quality control, *Filtration techniques, *Effluent
wastes, *lndustrial pollution, Phosphate removal, Bacteriology, Reservoirs,
Chlorophyll, Phenols, Biodegradation
*Slow sand filtration, Meta Cresol, Partlculate carbons, Ammoniacal nitrogen
891
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431J
FUTURE OF DESALTING IS BRIGHT BUT COSTS MUST DROP,
Heckroth, C. W.
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 7, p 20-23, 52-54, July, 1974.
15 fig.
Desalting is appearing as a viable means for increasing water and/or raising
water quality. More than 800 desalting plants of 25,000 gpd capacity or
greater are in operation or under construction in the United States and other
countries. The technology is expanding at a rate that should double or triple
the total production of fresh water by the end of the 1970's. Distillation
processes are the most widely used methods for desalting. Distillation is
used almost exclusively for desalting sea water; membrane processes are used
entirely for desalting brackish water. The handicap to the increased use of
desalting is the costs associated with, this method. Information is presented
on the costs of desalting techniques such as electrodialysis, reverse osmosis,
and ion exchange. The costs of desalting can be reduced through: improvement
of desalting technology, such as development of longer-lived and more effective
membrane for reverse osmosis; reduction in the cost of energy perhaps by
operating on interruptible power; more efficient use of energy by using the
heat generated from a nuclear or fossil fueled power generating plant;
economies of scale, and, the economic breakpoint beyond which the cost of
additional capacity becomes essentially constant; and, staged construction
utilizing desalting plants that are built in modules and schedules to meet
increases in uses.
*Desalination, *Costs, *Potable water, *Water quality, *Water supply,
Ion exchange, Reverse osmosis, Distillation, Separation techniques,
Economies of scale
432J
LONDON WATERS,
Aqua, No. 2, p 37-39, 1974.
The contents of the fifty-fourth report by Dr. E. W. Taylor on the
bacteriological, chemical and biological examination and treatment of the
London waters and research performed during 1971-1973 are presented. Section
I of the report pertains to the bacteriological quality of the water supply;
E. coli was not detected in any of the samples of water collected from pumping
out mains at the filtration works and well stations. Section II is a history
of the Water Examination Department which spans nearly 70 years. Section III
discusses visits to the laboratories. Section IV outlines the activities
of the Bacteriology Section which during this time were largely concerned
with the microbiology of slow sand filters. Section V explains the work of
the Virology Unit. The detailed and comprehensive analyses of samples from
the Thames and Lea rivers by the Chemistry Unit are detailed in Section VI.
The biological state of the rivers and principal storage reservoirs described
in Section VII indicates that algal growth is being controlled by regular
biological surveys and reservoir management. The chemical treatment, which
is mainly chlorination, used at the Board's filtration works and well
stations is the topic of Section VIII. The details of the quality of the
water in the distribution system are given in Section IX. Section X compares
the current methods for determining color and turbidity with the new method
which uses an absorptiometer; an absorptiometer can measure color and
turbidity simultaneously. Section XI covers the problems that might occur from
the introduction of new materials that may cause a deterioration of water
quality.
*Water quality, *Potable water, *Bioassays, Chemical analysis, Chemical
treatment, Bacteria, Bioindicators, Filters, Chlorination
London, Great Britain, Thames river, Lea river
392
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433J
THE TOXICITIES OF SEWAGE EFFLUENTS, INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES
AND SOME CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES TO BROWN TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA)
IN THE TRENT RIVER AUTHORITY AREA,
Woodiwlss, F. S., and Fretwell, G.
Trent River Authority, Great Britain, Pollution
Control and Fisheries Department
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 4, p 396-405, 1974. 3 fig, 13 tab,
3 ref.
An intensive investigation resulted in the conclusion that unidentified complex
organic compounds originating at the chemical manufacturing industry around
Loughborough were killing the fish population in the lower part of the Soar
River, a tributary of the Trent. A toxicity test was developed between
1965-1969 for an examination of the effluents in the Trent River Authority
area. A modified version of the Standard test recommended by the Ministry
of Housing and Local Government involved the following procedures: the test
species was changed from brown trout to rainbow trout because of the availa-
bility and the standard length of 60 and 150 mm for the tested fish.; the
temperature used during the tests was Increased from 10 degrees C to 15 degrees
C because of easier attainability; and, the dilution water was standardized,
with a choice of either hard C250 mg/ltter) or soft (25 mg/llter) water being
recommended so that the one can be chosen which most closely- approximates
the receiving water. Several industrial waste water discharges to sewers-
were tested on behalf of sewage works to trace. tKe. taxietty source in their
effluents, or the cause of operational problems such as the inhibition of
sludge digestion and the reduced efficiency of aerobic processes.
*Water pollution, *Effluent control, *Fish kills, industrial wastes,
*Chemical pollution, *Trout, Rivers, Toxicity, Sewage effluents
*Trent River Authority, Rainbow trout, Brown trout
434J
QUALITY CONTROL IN RIVER MANAGEMENT OF THE BRISTOL
AVON,
Ingham, G. S. N.
Bristol Avon River Authority, Great Britain
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 4, p 425-432, 1974.
The River Avon and its tributaries receive 200 x 1000 cu m of sewage effluent,
335 x 1000 cu m of industrial waste water, and an unknown volume of effluent
from about 4000 farms roughly estimated as 15 x 1000 cu m daily. The river
system carries an estimated effluent load of 550 x 1000 cu m/d DWF. Quality
control is required on a closely detailed scale, since each section of the
river receives direct effluent, influencing the next downstream section,
and being itself Influenced by its adjoining upstream stretch. Quality
control necessitates flow and quality data at or near the source of every
river and tributary; flow and quality data at strategic points down the river
or tributary to its confluence; flow and quality data of all important
effluents discharged into each river; and, the locations and quantities of
abstractions. From such data the following becomes available: maximum,
minimum, mean and median for flow and quality parameters, and the standard
deviation of all parameter values; effluent effects and their location;
recovery rate; pollution load carried; maximum pollution load safety
carriable; extent to which overloading occurs; extent to which effluent
regulations are applicable; identification of lengths where there are unknown
discharges; abstraction effects; extent of abstraction restrictions needed;
and, the extent to which abstraction is possible.
*Water quality management, *Water pollution, *Industrial wastes, *Waste water
treatment, Rivers, Flow characteristics, Effluent control, Water reuse,
S elf-puri fi cat i on
*Bristol Avon River Authority, Pollution Prevention Acts, Rivers Act (1961)
893
-------
435J
POLLUTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH: TACONITE CASE POSES
MAJOR TEST,
Carter, L. J.
Science, Vol. 186, No. 4158, p 31-34, 36, October 4, 1974. 1 fig.
Lake Superior has for the past 18 years been polluted by the wastes of the
Reserve Mining Company. The Lake, which was once considered of such purity
that Duluth, Minnesota, among other cities, used its water for drinking, is
the largest body of freshwater on earth-350 miles long, 160 miles across at
its widest, and up to 1333 feet deep. The lake, however, is not large enough
to assimilate the Reserve's discharge of taconite tailings; the discharge
being fivefold greater than the 12,000 tons of solids estimated to enter
naturally each day from the inflow of about 200 rivers and the erosion of
miles of shoreline. The tailings have despoiled some 200 square miles of the
west end of the lake. The tailings delta extends 4000 feet offshore from
the discharge point, being nearly a mile wide. The tailings have settled
at the bottom over large areas, smothering benthic organisms and harming the
ecology of the lake. The green water phenomenon occurs over many miles of
the lake when large quantities of light-reflective tailings surface. Last
year it was determined that tailing fibers indistinguishable from amphiobole
asbestos fibers were present in Duluth drinking water. A high incidence of
cancer occurs among persons exposed to asbestos in their jobs and in the
environment, giving a federal suit against the Reserve new impetus.
*Lake Superior, *Water pollution, *Public health, *Mining, *Mine wastes,
Asbestos, Potability, Benthos
*Taconite tailings, Cancer
436J
PHOSPHORUS DETERGENT BAN-HOW EFFECTIVE?,
Pieczonka, P., and Hopson, N. E.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 121, No. 7, p 52-55, July, 1974. 1 tab, 10 ref.
The eutrophication rate of a lake is greatly increased by the addition of
more nutrient, such as phosphorus. A study in Erie County, New York,
attempted to answer basic questions in phosphorus detergent pollution from
domestic sewage. What percentage of phosphorus reduction could be expected
in the influent of a sewage treatment plant treating domestic wastes, and
what would an effective ban of phosphate detergents have on sewage treatment
costs were the primary questions explored. In domestic sewage, the average
phosphorus content is about 10 mg/liter. The rate limiting concentrations
of phosphorus is about 0.01 mg/liter. It was determined that the enactment
of a ban on the detergents would not solve the problem of eutrophication.
Phosphorus removal in waste water treatment plants was required. The
Lackawanna Sewage Treatment Plant was investigated for further solutions.
Composite grab samples were studied for total phosphorus in accordance with
the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. A
stannous chloride technique and total phosphate determination were utilized
for all phosphorus analyses. It was concluded that phosphorus detergent
bans reduced phosphorus loading at a domestic sewage, plant by 55.7 percent,
although the banning is insufficient for fighting this pollution problem
alone.
*Phosphorus, *Detergents, *Water pollution, *Sewage treatment, Domestic
sewage, Effluent control, Eutrophication, Lakes
*Stannous fluoride treatment
894
-------
437J
CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION: MISCELLANEOUS
PROVISIONS,
International Digest: of Health Legislation, Vol. 25, No. 1, p 50-60, 1974.
The Water Resources Management Act of 1972 and the Department of the
Environment Act of 1972 are expected to become laws in Canada simultaneously.
The latter act repeals the Water Resources Commission Act as amended.
Pollution is defined as any change in the temperature, taste, or odor of
Saskatchewan waters; the addition or removal of any liquid, solid, radioactive,
gaseous, or other substance that will be harmful to the public health or that
is unsafe for domestic, municipal, industrial, agricultural, recreational,
or other lawful usage or that is detrimental to wildlife, birds, or aquatic
life, or sewage containing animal, vegetable or mineral matter in suspension
or solution, including rainwater resulting from melted snow or ice which has
entered the sewage works. The Minister of the Environment is made responsible
for administering the water resources of Saskatchewan and supervising all
pollution matters. The Minister is also responsible for the g.neral supervi-
sion, control, and regulation of all matters concerning waterworks, sewage,
water quality, and its impairment. The municipality's medical health officer
is to advise the Minister on matters of public health relating to water and
sewage.
*Water laws, *Public health, *Water pollution, *Water quality management,
Suspended solids, Toxicity, Wildlife, Birds, Aquatic life, Industrial
wastes, Sewage, Discharge, Radioactivity
*Saskatchewan water resources, The Water Resources Management Act,
The Department of the Environment Act, Canada
438J
INVESTIGATION FOR THE MARINE DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENTS,
Staples, K. D.
J. D. and D. M. Watson, Consulting Engineers,
Great Britain
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 73, No. 4, p 417-424, 1974.
Marine disposal should be undertaken as economically as possible consistent
with the proper protection of the public health, as well as the minimum damage
to amenity, recreational and industrial use of the receiving waters and the
minimum waste of natural resources or disruption of the environment. The
inland disposal of polluting discharges must inevitably mean disposal into
the sea, since waters flowing through almost all lakes, streams and rivers
eventually reach the seas. The oceans, it can be assumed, have become
progressively polluted with a variety of chemical salts present in the sea;
amounting to some 34,000 ntg/liter total dissolved solids. In considering the
oxidation capacity of the sea, it should be observed that many of the naturally
derived chemicals occurring in waste discharges are amenable to sea degradation;
acids and alkalis being rapidly dispersed by the sea, while toxics such as
phenols and cyanide compounds are rapidly degraded if prior to discharge they
have been properly diluted. Buoyant materials are not easily broken down,
and by surface wind action are liable to return to the shoreline, creating
unsightly pollution. The greatest amount of pollution is. discharged in
solution or colloidal suspension, including the liquid fraction of sewage
and industrial wasstes. Stable toxins: must not be discharged except as trace
contaminants.
*Water pollution, *Effluents, *Sea water, Phenols, Cyanide, Toxicity, Colloids,
Suspended solids, Discharge, Sewage disposal, Coastal areas, Industrial wastes,
Oxidation, Chemical pollution, Dissolved solids
*Marine disposal systems, Buoyant materials, Settleable solids, Intermediate
solids
895
-------
439J
WATER REUSE... SAFE DRINKING ACT. . .HOW SOON. . .HOW GOOD?,
Heckroth, C.
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 8, p 32, 34, 36-37, August, 1974.
This year's American Water Works Association annual meeting considered the
rising problems in the area of water use, reuse, master planning, dual systems,
and the unpopular Safe Drinking Water Act. Representative Peter Kyros of
Maine explained that the delay of the Act was due to the area of chemical
contamination and the need for funds. Studies and adequate monitoring have
been needed, and these "deficiencies give rise to technical uncertainty, which
in turn impacts on our concern about having the EPA make judgments which will
cause state and local governments to pour out large sums of money to clean up
water supplies." Congressmen are unsure as to whether enforcement, monitoring
and reporting should rest with the states with no power of coercion for the
federal government if the states should fail to take proper measures. They
are also unsure as to whether standards be set for tap water without providing
operation and maintenance requirements. There is some question as to the
availability of state funds to meet federal regulations. The administration's
bill makes no provision to control underground injection of contaminants.
Water supply administrators were seriously criticized. It was claimed that the
most difficult metals to remove are arsenic, lead, cadmium and barium. Metal
removal appears to function according to the efficiency of the activated sludge
system nitrification. An increase in some metals has been attributed to
chemical treatment.
*Water pollution, *Water reuse, *Water laws, *Federal government, *State
governments, *Potability, Chlorination, Chemical treatment, Water purification,
Toxicity, Heavy metals
*Safe Drinking Water Act, Environmental Protection Agency, American Water Works
Association
440J
ACCOMMODATING TO NEW IMPERATIVES IN WATER-POLLUTION
CONTROL,
Cleary, E. J.
Cincinnati Medical Center University, Cincinnati,
Ohio
American Water Works Association Journal, Vol. 66, No. 7, p 437-440,
July, 1974. 6 ref.
Legislation stemming from hearings and debates during 1970-72 has resulted in
the most comprehensive, complicated, and expensive program for protection of
the environment ever conceived. A shift in policy was represented by the
rejection of the idea that control of waste water discharges should take into
account the uses and assimilative characteristics of a waterway. The
application of this strategy depended upon the establishment for each waterway,
quality standards reflecting an appraisal of local social preferences as well
as a balancing of costs and benefits of achieving those standards. Limitations
were set for individual waste discharges. An unsatisfactory performance on
the part of both state and federal authorities, along with the legal complica-
tions of enforcing compliance with standards based on ambient-quality condi-
tions, necessitated PL 92-500. Environmentally, what may be gained from the
elimination of waste residuals from waterways, would be lost in air-and-land
deterioration, as well as increased energy consumption. Critics of PL 92-500
are skeptical as to how properly the federal bureaucracy will handle the
establishment of national effluent standards. State regulatory agencies see
themselves as being arbitrarily subjected to the directives, guidelines,
timetables and procedural details of the federal government. Generally,
PL 92-500 does not appear to promote expedient implementation.
*Water pollution, *Federal Water Pollution Control Act, ^Legislation,
*Discharge, Effluents, Ecology, Federal government
*Environmental Protection Agency
896
-------
441J
THE WORLD'S LARGEST DESALTING COMPLEX—A REPORT ON
TWENTY YEARS EXPERIENCE,
Reside, J., and Al-Adsani, A. M. S.
Water Resources Development, Kuwait, Arabian Gulf
National Water Supply Improvement Association Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1,
p 1-14, July 1974. 1 fig, 3 tab, 4 ref.
The country of Kuwait is the largest producer of desalted water in the
world. Kuwait presently has 65 mgd of desalting plant capacity and plans
another 12 mgd by 1975. The first municipal desalting plant was built
in 1953. The original desalting units were the submerged tube type
distillation process. The first multistage flash desalting plant was
installed in 1960. Currently there are three main plant sites with 24
individual desalting units distributed among them. The units have
capabilities ranging from 0.6 to 6.0 mgd. The design, operating
procedures, and experiences of these units are described. The by-product
recovery and water distribution systems are also described. By-products
produced include hydrogen, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and
hydrochloric acid. Chemical treatment used to reduce the scale formation
in the desalting units consists of a mixture of tri-polyphosphate,
lignum sulphonate and anti foam. The plants are cleaned manually by
water washing and by rods and brushes or they can be cleaned by acid
washing. The advanced use of desalting technology in Kuwait has made
available an inexpensive supply of electricity and potable water from
the sea,
*Desalinatlon, *Potable water, *Foreign research, *Desalination processes,
Desalination apparatus, Desalination plants, Descaling, Desalination
wastes, Water supply, Distillation, Flash distillation, Electrodialysis,
Evaporators
*Kuwait
442J
SIMULATION AND STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL FOR WATER
POLLUTION ABATEMENT,
Phantumvanit, D.
Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 4, p 1682, 1974.
The increases in water pollution problems and in the public demands for
high quality water necessitates the proper management of regional water
quality systems. To assist in the management of the stochastic nature
of a regional water quality system the following were developed: a
model of the reliability associated with the system goals; programs
describing the system management strategies; and a sensitivity analysis
to provide planners with alternative solutions subjected to changes
in water quality requirements. Operating characteristics curves
were formulated for major waste water treatment plants. These curves
illustrated the relationships between the quality of treated waste
effluent quality and regional water system reliability and also the
impact of each waste water treatment plant on regional water quality.
The overall process efficiency distributions for major waste water
treatment plants were discussed and described by some standard distri-
butions .
*Water pollution abatement, *Water quality control, *Waste water treatment,
*Management, Operation, Planning, Model studies, Theoretical analysis
897
-------
443J
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
PLANNING,
Peavy, H. S.
Oklahama University, Norman, Oklahoma
Dissertation Abstracts International B, Vol. 35, No. 4, p 1706, 1974.
An approach to water quality management planning is presented which
provides for the protection of water quality without placing undue
stress on state agencies planning and monitoring resources. The
approach is designed to meet the requirement of federal and state
statutes on water pollution control. A model plan was prepared for a
river basin in Oklahoma using data available through the state pollution
control agencies and local governments. The plan included: a description
of the natural characteristics which would aid in understanding the problems
relating to natural quantity and quality of the waters within the particular
basin; an assessment of the current quality of the basin's surface waters
and an analysis of the waste load presently imposed; and, the selection
of two models which appeared to sufficiently represent waste assimilative
characteristics and which required data that could be easily obtained.
The models were calibrated by field studies to more closely approximate
reactions in Oklahoma streams and then were used to estimate the maximum
amounts of waste which each discharger can release into the receiving
stream without violating the water quality standards.
*Water quality control, *Planning, *Water pollution control, *Model studies,
Effluents, Standards, Monitoring, Waste water disposal, Oklahoma
444J
COMPLYING WITH DISCHARGE REGULATIONS,
Schafer, C. J.( and Lailas, N.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D. C.,
Office of Water Enforcement
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 10, p 903-906, October
1974. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Under the new national permit system for pollutant discharge, the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, all industries and municipalities
must limit their point source effluent discharges into navigable waters.
The permit to be issued has a compliance schedule and monitoring re-
quirements. Target dates are July, 1977 for "best practicable control
technology currently available", and July, 1983 for "best available treatment
economically achievable", as part of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments (PL 92-500). The legislation gives Environmental Protection
Agency administrators the responsibility of publishing regulations with
guidelines for effluent limitations. Compliance schedules contain dates
for the preparation of engineering reports, planning and completion of
construction, and the operation of waste water treatment facilities.
Permits will be issued for fixed terms, the maximum duration being five
years. The permits must specify self-monitoring requirements for a
facility including sample type, frequency of analysis, and frequency of
reporting to the regulatory agency. Discharges will be reported by each
municipality of industrial facility on a "Monitoring Discharge Form",
recording minimum, average, and maximum values in terms of quantity and
concentration, representing a 24-hour day, as obtained from the analysis
performed. It will be the responsibility of the permittee to notify the
EPA regional administrator if he cannot comply with effluent limitations at
any time.
*Discharge (water), *Federal Water Pollution Control Act, *Effluents, legis-
lation, Planning, Analysis, Monitoring
*Permits, Environmental Protection Agency
898
-------
445J
SMOKE TESTS DETECT SOURCES OF ILLEGAL INFLOW,
Welker, F. S., and Miller, D. J.
Department of Sewers, Cincinnati, Ohio
Public Works, Vol. 105, No. 9, p 90-91, September, 1974.
The method that the Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati used
to correct the problem of illegal connections to its sanitary sewers is
described. The method employed by the Department of Sewers was to smoke
test the sewers. Before the tests were conducted, the sewers were visually
inspected and residents of the area to be tested were notified of the
test to prevent anyone from becoming alarmed at seeing any smoke. Fire
departments were also alerted. The tests were performed by sealing off
a manhole and pumping smoke through the area of the line being tested.
Any groundsmoke observed would indicate a cracked main sewer pipe or
customer service laterals, illegal downspouts, or outside drains connected
to the sanitary line. Notices were sent to property owners notifying them
of any connections they had in violation of the established rules of the
Sewer Department. A four-man crew, on a typical day, was able to smoke test
1907 feet of sewer lines at a total cost of $0.063 per foot.
*Sewers, *Sewerage, *Smoke, *Separated sewers, Testing, Sanitary engineering,
Manholes, Domestic water, Pipelines, Pipes
Smoke-testing
446J
NEW ATTITUDES TO WASTE TREATMENT,
Hughes, D. E.
University College, Cardiff, Wales, Department of
Microbiology
Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 24, No. 6, p 373,
June 1974.
The proposal that all wastes should be considered as raw materials which
can be re-used or recycled is discussed. Organic wastes can be considered
as stored potential energy derived from sunlight and as a store of
negative entropy. This negative entropy should be maintained at as high
a level as possible; this can be achieved by maintaining the redox state
of organic wastes (keeping them reduced). If the idea of converting
domestic wastes to useful products is accepted then the thinking about
sewage treatment systems will have to change. The efficiency of sewage
treatment systems is now considered as the maximum of BOD oxidised to
carbon dioxide and water with the minimum of sludge production. If
biomass is to be considered as a viable source of raw material then the
kinetics must be changed to give the maximum of biomass produced per amount
of BOD oxidised.
*Waste treatment, *Foreign research, *Sewage treatment, *Recycling,
Organic wastes, Biochemical oxygen demand, Entropy, Energy
399
-------
447J
LASL WASTE SYSTEM BACKS UP INTO STREET,
Nuclear News, Vol. 17, No. 13, p 106, October, 1974.
Radioactive wastes resulted from the spilling of a sewer line twice at
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in July and September, 1974. Both times
the line carrying waste water with low-level concentrations of plutonium
one and a half miles to a reprocessing plant backed up, ruptured, and spilled
water into nearby streets. The waste was considered low-level, but might
be high-level as an environmental pollutant. During the first incident,
waste trickled into the ground near the point of rupture. The second
time hundreds of gallons of waste were sent up through a manhole, along
a gutter, into a sewer intake, and finally into a dry canyon. Waste
penetrated the sandy soil of a dry bed, one to two feet wide, to af depth
of a few inches. Cleanup of the radioactive wastes entailed removing the
contaminated soil to a burial area and asphalting the street.
*Radioactive wastes, *Sewers, Waste water, Pollutants, Environmental
effects, Contamination, Pathways of pollutants
*Spills, *Plutonium
448J
FLOOD HAZARD REPORTS: TOOLS FOR RESOURCE
PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT,
Ringler, T. A., and Kennaugh, J. H.
Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of
Agriculture, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 29, No. 4, p 182-185,
July/August, 1974. 2 fig, 8 ref.
The mechanics and advantages of flood hazard reports are discussed.
Flood hazard studies consist of two major technical reports. The
flood plain areas subject to flooding by select-frequency floods are outlined
on aerial photomosaics and soil survey information that identifies the
different types of soils within the flood-plain and its surroundings are
also shown on the photomosaic maps. The reports contain soil descriptions
and interpretative data. Flood hazard reports provide local and state
governments and community residents with a technical basis for carrying
out flood-plain management programs. Suggested nonstructural measures
for flood-plain management resulting from legislation and flood hazard
reports include flood-plain zoning ordinances, flood-plain development
regulation, flood-plain filling regulation, flood insurance program,
open space acquisition, upstream land treatment, and regional land use
planning. Structural corrective measures include runoff-retarding dams,
levees or walls, channel improvement, and flood-proofing. The key to
developing technical data for flood planning programs is cooperation
between city, county, regional, state, and federal agencies. Successful
metropolitan resource management programs must ignore political boundaries.
*Flood plains, *Flood forecasting, *Flood data, *Flood control, Flood
plain zoning, Flood plain insurance, Flood protection, Legislation,
Regional flood, Planning, Management
Flood plain management, Flood hazard reports
900
-------
449J
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANNED AND ACTUAL COSTS AND
BENEFITS IN SMALL WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT,
Button, J. D.
Natural Resource Economics Division, Economic Research
Service, United States Department of Agriculture,
East Lansing, Michigan
Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 29, No. 4, p 165-168, July/August, 1974.
4 tab, 4 ref.
Water resource planners design projects on the basis of future benefits;
the discounted future benefits must exceed the economic costs. The
difficulty in planning is that many of the costs and benefits do not
become apparent until several years after planning, therefore the variables
that relate to the costs and benefits must be projected. Evaluations
of projects several years after they have been in operation allows an analysis
of the planning process and supplies a way to perfect future planning.
Four completed small watershed projects that had operated for four to
five years were evaluated by qualitatively comparing current values of
primary costs and benefits with planners' estimates and identifying reasons
for divergences between planned and achieved values. The results indicated
that planners should encourage local involvement in planning; analyze
socioeconomic trends at the project and river basin levels; and, use
a multiobjective planning approach to reduce the difference between the
planned estimates and the actual values. The projects were largely
considered to have no effect on the environment. Beauty of the area
involved was most often considered improved. In areas where the natural
streams were channeled negative responses were received for the effects
on hunting, fishing, and wildlife cover.
*Water resources development, *Watershed management, *Projects planning,
*Environmental effects, Cost-benefit analysis, Cost-benefit ration, River
basin development
901
-------
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
00 IK
ON THE SELECTION OF A GROUND DISPOSAL SITE BY SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS,
Morisawa, S., and Inoue, Y.
Kyoto University, Dept. of Sanitary Engineering,
Kyoto City 606, Japan
Health Physics, Vol. 26, No. 3, p 251-261, March, 1974. 4 fig, 6 tab, 21 ref.
Desirable conditions for ground disposal of radioactive wastes and the approx-
imate method for estimating the internal dose are discussed through the use
of sensitivity analysis. Eighteen out of 26 factors in the three ecological
paths through which leaked radionuclodes migrate are quantitatively examined
by sensitivity analysis with relationships between the internal dose and
studied factors tabulated. The difference between strict calculation and
approximation of internal dose is also examined. Said approximation is shown
to be useful for the quick estimation of the safety of a site for the ground
disposal of radioactive wastes.
*Radioactive Wastes, *Radioactive Waste Disposal, *Approximation Method,
*Estimating, Underground Waste Disposal, Radioisotopes, Mathematical
Studies, Analytical Techniques
*Sensitivity Analysis
00 2K
IMPROVED CONTROL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES,
Stubble-field, F. E. and Jackson, E. G.
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Bethesda, Md.
Certification of Engineers, Vol. 70, No. 3, p 87-88, March, 1974. 3 fig.
Improved control methods for solid and liquid radioactive wastes are described
at the Hanford plant of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission at Richland,
Wash. Previously, solid wastes were buried as received with no provisions
for retrievability. The expansion of land use at a rate of 3.7 acres/yr
necessitated the following improved procedure: segregate transuranic con-
taminated waste from other radioactive waste; segregate combustible and
noncombustible transuranic waste; package the transuranic contaminated waste
in retrieval type packages, and store in soil such that retrieval of con-
tamination free packages can be accomplished for at least 20 yr after ini-
tial storage; implement volume reduction measures at the generation facility;
implement improved land utilization; consolidate sites where practical,
thus releasing land areas from contamination restriction. Liquid wastes
were previously discharged to ground disposal sites, on surface ponds or
swamps, or to subsurface structures (cribs) depending on the amount of
total radioactivity. The improved method involves: process changes in-
cluding the addition of effluent treatment facilities to minimize the
amounts of ardioactivity in stream; diversion facilities; and storage of
plutonium containing streams in tanks.
*Radioactive Waste Disposal; *Radioactive Wastes, *Liquid Wastes, Solid
Wastes, Waste Storage
Plutonium, Uranium
902
-------
003K
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF A COMPLEX NUCLEAR FACILITY,
Bebbington, W. P.
E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., Aiken, S. C.
Certification of Engineers, Vol. 70, No. 3, p 85-86, March, 1974. 1 fig.
The storage and disposal of liquid wastes from the Atomic Energy Commission's
Savannah River Plant are described in a discussion of the environmental
effect of a coraplex nuclear facility. Most of the solids in the highly
radioactive liquid wastes from the separations processes are nonradioactive
salts containing aluminum and inorganic reagents. Sodium hydroxide is added
and the volume of the alkaline waste is as much as 100 times that generated
in the power reactor fuel cycle. This alkaline waste is stored underground
in carbon steel tanks, most of which are enclosed in wholly or partially
steel lined concrete vaults. Hydrated iron, manganese, and aluminum
oxides occur as a sludge that settles from the waste and contains nearly
all of the strontium-90. Sludge from several tanks has been combined
into one tank. This supernatant liquid contains nearly all of the cesium-137.
This solution is concentrated in evaporators, several tanks are now being
filled with the resultant crystalline salts.
Liquid Wastes, Environmental Effects, Nuclear Wastes, Salts, Waste Storage,
Waste Storage, Sludgy Storage, Storage Tanks
004K
CONTENT OF PLUTONIUM IN RIVER WATER IN JAPAN,
Miyake, Y., Sugimura, Y., and Saruhaski, K.
Meteorological Research Institute, Tokoyo, Japan
Papers in Meterology and Geophysics, Vol. 24, No. 1, p 75-78, March, 1973.
1 fig, 1 tab, 6 ref.
The content of plutonium in the water of eight main rivers in Japan was deter-
mined. The average value of the total content of plutonium is 0.0014pCi/llter
in which 0.004 pCi/liter is contained in the suspended matter. The annual
runoff plutonium is only 0.12% of the accumulated plutonium on land. This
suggests that the fallout plutonium is firmly adsorbed on soil surface and
is difficult to leach out.
*Rivers, *Radioactive Wastes, Fallout, Water Pollution, Investigations
*Japan, *Plutonium
903
-------
005K
THORIUM ISOTOPE CONTENT IN RIVER WATER IN JAPAN,
Miyake, Y., Sugimur, Y., and Yasujima, T.
Meteorological Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
Papers in Meteorology and Geophysics, Vol. 24, No. 1, p 67-73, March, 1973.
1 fig, 6 tab, 6 ref.
The concentrations of thorium isotopes Th232, Th230, and Th238 were determined
in the river water collected at 10 main rivers in Japan. The concentration of
dissolved Th232 in river water was one order of magnitude higher than that
in the Pacific surface waters. The weighted averages were 2.7 times 10 to
the minus 8th power g/liter for Th232 and 2.8 times 10 to the minus 13th g/liter
for Th230. The constancy in Th232 and Th230 concentration with time was ob-
served, but the concentration of Th238 in river water was quite variable.
Accordingly, the Th238/Th232 activity ratio showed a wide range of variations
from 37 to 0.65 during the period of study.
*Rivers, *Isotope Studies, Radioisotopes, Radioactive Wastes, Investigations,
Analysis, Analytical Techniques, Water Pollution
Japan, Thorium
006K
PREPARING EFFLUENT RELEASES FROM NUCLEAR AND FOSSIL-
FUELED POWER PLANTS,
Hull, A. P.
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York,
Health Physics and Safety Division
Nuclear News, Vol. 17, No. 5, p 51-55, April, 1974. 12 fig, 2 tab, 21 ref.
Airborne effluent releases from nuclear power plants are compared to those
from fossil fueled power plants. Yearly over all average amounts of gaseous,
halogen, and particulate, liquid fission and corrosion products and tritium
activity from 1967 to 1972 have been calculated and are tabulated. Data for
similar comparisons of conventional radioactivity and pollutants in liquid
effluents are not available. However, studied to date in the vicinity of
several nuclear power reactors suggest that their radioactive liquid effluents
have been dosimetrically insignificant. Comparable studies of the degree
of pollution of streams and groundwater by releases peculiar to fossil
fueled plants have not appeared in the literature, so it also appears to be
minimal.
*Air pollution, *Nuclear powerplants, *Fossil fuels, Gases, Halogens,
Particulates, Corrosion, Radioactive wastes, Water pollution sources,
Water pollution effects
Liquid fission
904
-------
007K
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS 0? NUCLEAR WASTES,
Mlcklin, P. P.
Science and Public Affairs, Vol. 30, No. 4, p 36-42, April, 1974. 1 fig,
29 ref.
The management and storage of nuclear wastes are discussed. Krypton-85,
cesium-137, and strontium-90 present the greatest management problems because
of their long physical half-lives. Because of their highly radioactive
content, reactor wastes must be isolated from the biosphere for centuries
or longer. The greatest quantity of high level wastes, approximately
85 million gallons, is contained at three federal repositories. Although not
presently posing a serious storage problem, these high level radioactive wastes
are expected to reach 93 million gallons by the year 2000. Commercial wastes
are a more serious problem because they can attain heat and radioactivity
levels six times greater per unit of volume. Tank storage has been satisfactory
so far, but salt formations are preferred for permanent disposal of commercial
high level radioactive wastes since they are dry and impervious to water.
Other possible modes of earth disposal include burial deep within other
geologic formations, on the seabed and within continental ice sheets.
*Management, *Nuclear wastes, *Radioactive waste disposal, Radioactive wastes,
Waste storage, Liquid wastes, Storage tanks, Underground storage, Dead
storage, Geological formations.
008K
ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION DOSE CRITERIA AND ASSESSMENT--
PATHWAY MODELING AND SURVEILLANCE,
Hull, A. P.
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York,
Health Physics and Safety Division
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21, No. 1, p 491-495, February,
1974. 2 fig, 3 tab, 24 ref.
The development of environmental radiation dose criteria and assessment through
both pathway modeling and environmental surveillance are discussed. Con-
siderable effort has been devoted to this end since the first utilization of
nuclear reactors in the United States in the 1940's and particularly since
the advent of civilian nuclear power reactors. The Atomic Energy Commission
has issued a Safety Guide calling for considerable refinement in the measuring
and reporting of effluents from nuclear power plants, and has only recently
issued a counterpart dealing with the measuring and reporting of radioactivity
in the environs of nuclear power plants. The EPA has also recently issued
a guide for the surveillance of environmental radioactivity. Currently, power
reactor operators are being required by the AEC Regulatory Staff to conduct
detailed, sensitive environmental surveillance at levels consistent with the
proposed concentration limits of Appendix I.
*Radiation, *Nuclear powerplants, *Safety, Nuclear physics, Radioactive
wastes, Measurements, *Radioactivity, Monitoring, Nuclear reactors
*Environmental radiation doses
905
-------
009K
INSTRUMENTATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION ASSESSMENT
SYSTEMS,
Peters, C. E.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington D.C., Office of Radiation Programs
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21, No. 1, p 470-477, February,
1974. 7 fig, 1 tab, 10 ref.
The field of radiation protection monitoring was surveyed and those applica-
tions requiring improved instrumentation or monitoring systems are identified.
The application of most pressing concern are emergency response monitoring
systems and systems to monitor the radiation exposure in the vicinity of
nuclear power facilities. The increasing need for calculating the doses from
sources of radiation exposure has generated two trends that may be of importance
to the future development of nuclear instrumentation and/or monitoring systems.
One trend is the increasing use of models, such as air and water transport
models, to calculate the movement of radionuclides and subsequently the doses.
The other trend is the increasing demand for specific radionuclide concentra-
tion measurements, which can be used for calculating dose, rather than mea-
surements of gross activity.
*Radiation, *Monitoring, *Instrumentation, Nuclear powerplants, Surveys,
Model studies, Water transfer, Radioisotopes
Environmental radiation doses
C10K
RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING—THE EPA APPROACH,
Rowe, W. D.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C., Office of Radiation Programs
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21, No. 1, p 416-422, February,
1974. 6 fig, 3 tab, 9 ref.
The approach of the Environmental Protection Agency to monitoring is dis-
cussed, with emphasis on dose computation utilizing source data, environ-
mental models, and minimal monitoring for validation. This approach, which
requires extensive use of models to predict dose and minimal environmental
measurements, is expected to be more cost effective than the conventional
approach. The need for monitoring at the state and/or local level is pri-
marily to enforce standards and to obtain timely and effective data upon
which emergency response decisions can be based. The EPA approach to radio-
logical environmental monitoring will require the development and use of
instrumentation which provides the data to implement this approach in the
most cost effective manner.
*Monitoring, *Radiation, Model studies, Instrumentation, Local governments,
Costs
*Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental radiation doses
906
-------
011K
THE PRINCIPLES OF SUBSTANTIATING PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRA-
TIONS OF RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN FRESHWATER BODIES,
Marey, A. N., and Barkhudarov, R. M.
Gigiena i Sautariia, No. 1, p 50-54, 1974. 2 tab, 2 ref.
Permissible irradiation doses for man accepted by the national sanitary law
were assumed as base in the standardization of radioactive isotopes in water
bodies. The entry of radioactive isotopes into the body of a man with drinking
water, their migration from the water body by the food chains, and the action of
ionizing radiation from the surface of the water body and the flood lands were
considered.
*Radioisotopes, *Freshwater, Potable water, Food chains, Surface waters, In-
vestigations
*Radiation doses, USSR
012K
RADIOACTIVE WASTES,
Straub, C. P.
Minnesota University, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 6,
p 1317-1335, June, 1974. 123 ref.
A review of the literature on the topic of radioactive wastes is
outlined to include the following aspects: ore processing, preci-
pitation, solvent extraction, adsorption and ion exchange, fixation,
ground disposal, flotation, evaporation, transmutation, water envi-
ronments, uptake by organisms, costs, and radiological protection.
*Reviews, *Radioactive wastes, Precipitation, Solvent extraction,
Adsorption, Ion exchange, Flotation, Evaporation, Environmental ef-
fects, Aquatic environment, Costs, Underground storage
Ore processing, Fixation, Transmutation, Organism uptake, Radio-
logical protection
907
-------
013K
EVAPORATION OF ALPHA BEARING AQUEOUS WASTES ON A
LABORATORY SCALE,
Akatsu, J., and Ishimori, T.
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute,
Tokal, Japan
Radiochemical Radioanalytical Letters, Vol. 18, No. 2, p 51-59,
July 15, 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab, 11 ref.
Alpha-radioactive aqueous wastes can not be treated with the usual beta-
and gamma-radioactive wastes and they must be converted into a less mobile
solid state in order to be stored for an. extended period. Evaporation is
one of the basic methods for handling alpha-active wastes. The problems
of alpha-radioactive contamination of the air released to the environment,
bumping of a salt, and generation of a mist caused by boiling are minimized
by the use of an infrared evaporating system. Ventilating air of a glove
box always passes through an evaporator, In which various alkaline aqueous
wastes are evaporated under electric heaters. The residue In the evaporator
is transferred to waste vessels and solidified with anhydrous gypsum.
*Radioactive waste disposal, *Evaporators, Air pollution, Ultimate disposal,
Radioactive wastes, Nuclear energy
*Alpha-radioactive wastes, Japan, Atomic energy
014K
THE COMPARATIVE MARINE GEOCHEMISTRIES OF LEAD 210 AND
RADIUM 226,
Bruland, K. W., Koide, M., and Goldberg, E. D.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of
California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 79, No. 21, p 3083-3086, July 20, 1974.
3 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
Concentrations of 226Ra and 210Pb in the Gulf of California and eastern North
Pacific seawaters are apparently governed by the extents of upwelling and the
consequential biological productivities. In the highly productive Gulf of
California surface water, the residence times of 226Ra and 210Pb are estimated
at a few months and less than one month, respectively, based on the upwelling
rates.
*Geochemlstry, *Lead, *Radium, Sea water, Pacific Ocean, Water pollution,
Biological productivity, Upwelling, Radioisotopes, Oceanography, Surface waters
Gulf of California, Eastern North Pacific, 226Ra, 210Pb
908
-------
015K
RADIOACTIVE WASTE: PRESENT PROBLEMS,
Girardi, E., and BertoEZi, G.
Chemical Division, Joint Research Centre of the
Commission of the European Communities, Ispra
Establishment
Euro-Spectra, Vol. 13, No. 1, p 23-29, March, 1974. 4 fig.
Kuclear reactors produce energy by the fission of a uranium isotope,
uranium-235, by neutron capture. The atom splits into two parts, producing
two light elements called the "fission products" and the energy escapes with
neutrons emitted leading to the fission of other uranium atoms in a continuous
chain reaction which- produces heat and fission products. The latter are
generally radioactive with activity varying In regard to type, intensity and
life. The longer-lived suBstances are the most dangerous products, for
example strontium-90 and cesium-137, with radioactivity of these substances
halved about every thirty years. Many hundreds of years must pass before
these substances can be considered harmless, during which time the products
must be surrounded by proper shielding to absorb radioactive emissions. Also
produced from reactors are alpha-emitting waste elements. The uranium atom
and its isotope U238 are able to capture neutrons, producing elements
not existing in nature, for example, neptunium, plutonium, americum and curium,
whose decaying characteristics are totally different from those of fission
products. They emit alpha particles with biological effects far more
hazardous than those caused by beta or gamma radiations, while they are
more easily shielded off with thin material. These elements have a greater
longetivity; lasting from several hundreds to tens of thousands of years upon
halving. Vitrification processes have reduced the volume of radioactive
wastes, painting a more optimistic future for the control of and safe
utilization of nuclear energy.
*Nuclear reactors, *Nuclear wastes, *Radioactive wastes, *Uranium radio-
isotopes, *Radioactivity, Nuclear powerplants, Energy
*Vitrification, *U238, Alpha particles, Beta particles, Gamma particles,
Neptunium, Plutonium, Americum, Curium, Fission products
016K
OPERATING EXPERIENCES: RELEASES OF RADIOACTIVITY
IN EFFLUENTS AND SOLID WASTE FROM NUCLEAR POWER
PLANTS IN 1972,
Casto, W. R.
Nuclear Safety, Vol. 15, No. 3, p 311-316, May-June 1974. 10 tab, 5 ref.
Radioactive materials are produced during the operation of nuclear power
reactors by fission of the nuclear fuel and by neutron interaction with
metals and materials in reactor sys.tems and impurities in reactor coolant
water. A tabulation of the radioactivity in effluents and solid waste
from nuclear powerplants for 1972 Is given. The data have been reported
by the licensed plants as required by the Atomic Energy Commission. A
comparison of the quantities of radioactive material released In 1972 with
the quantities released for 1971 aad 1970 Is made. The variations are
caused mainly by changes In fuel performance, reactor power production,
the extent of treatment, and improvement of methods and techniques for
measurements of radioactive effluents. The radioactivity In effluents
from licensed nuclear power plants has generally been lower than the limits
set by the Atomic Energy Commission.
*Radioactive wastes, *Nuclear powerplants, *Quality control, *Monitoring,
Nuclear reactors, Radioactive waste disposal, Radioactivity, Radioactivity
techniques
Atomic Energy Commission
909
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Absorption
093C, 244C, 105E, 156E, 012K
Abstracts (collections)
139J
Acetate
354J, 355J
Acidity
158C, 285D, 053E, 276J
Acid mine water
379D
Acids
198C, 184J
Acoustics
024C
Activated carbon
014C, 060C, 105C, 168C, 300C,
019D, 028D, 067D, 147D, 206D,
216D, 260D, 268D, 422D, 430D,
495D, 071E, 106E, 164E, 105F,
032J
Activated sludge
013C,
102C,
171C,
010D,
031D,
074D,
118D ,
185D,
259D,
360D,
404D,
446D,
477D,
501D,
023F,
030J,
027C,
107C,
188C,
014D ,
035D,
081D,
13 ID,
205D,
272D,
381D,
430D,
459D,
483D,
012E,
04 IF,
03 3 J
035C,
108C,
211C,
015D,
036D,
082D,
13 7D,
207D,
287D,
384D,
434D,
465D,
486D,
075E,
065F,
036C,
120C,
290C,
016D,
04 3D,
099D,
140D,
249D,
304D,
390D,
435D,
475D,
490D,
167E,
070F,
041C,
129C,
009D,
018D,
05 2D,
114D,
145D,
254D,
359D,
397D,
436D,
476D,
496D,
015F,
106F,
Active diffuser system
065D
Administration
073D, 005J, 059J, 062J, 073J,
152J, 265J
Adsorption
051C, 157C, 051D, 066D, 067D,
206D, 260D, 268D, 274D, 430D,
448D, 454D, 471D, 071E, 106E,
105F, 010H, 061H, 032J, 241J,
395J
Aerated lagoons
155D, 157D, 160D, 483D
Aeration
002C,
036C,
148C,
189C,
283C,
016D,
119D,
174D,
212D,
483D,
235J,
012C,
037C,
166C,
201C,
285C,
018D,
154D,
185D,
259D,
138E,
369J
020C,
096C,
171C,
202C,
307C,
036D,
156D,
195D,
385D,
030F,
030C,
097C,
173C,
204C,
010D,
053D,
159D,
198D,
389D,
069H,
032C,
146C,
179C,
211C,
015D,
094D,
164D,
207D,
403D,
125J,
Aerial photography
173E
Aerobic bacteria
339D, 457D
Aerobic conditions
059C, 103C, 154D, 155D, 464D
Aerobic treatment
035B, 007C, 151C, 220C, 272C,
291C, 043D, 053D, 100D, 283D,
287D, 380D, 382D, 399D, 483D,
289J
Aerosols
406D
Agricultural engineering
220J
Agricultural runoff
016A
Agricultural wastes
033C, 118D, 247D, 086E, 040J,
083J, 289J, 399J
Agricultural watersheds
025A
910
-------
Agriculture
128D, 382D, 028E, 275J, 315J
Air circulation
022E
Air diffusers
411D
Air pollution
043E, 003H, 027J, 344J, 006K,
013K
Airports
157J
Alaska
157D, 163D, 143J, 417J
Alcohols
095E
Alfalfa
012J
Algae
298C, 003D, 416D,
074F, 017J, 036J,
362J, 423J
079E, 101E,
237J, 297J,
Algal control
018J
Algorithms
069B, 005F, 009F, 035F, 060F
Alkalinity
012D, 462D, 074F, 040H, 072H,
039J
Alluvial channels
031F, 024H
Alluvial deposit
134E, 158E, 051F
Alum
220D, 442D, 450D
Aluminum
149C, 020D, 112D, 139D, 262D,
282D, 291D, 312D, 161E, 145J
Amino Acids
287J
Ammonia
015C, 047C, 251C, 265C, 281C,
097D, 124D, 176D, 234D, 482D,
131E, 141E, 101F, 287J
Ammonium
047C, 153C
Anaerobic conditions
295C, 364D, 464D, 113E, 054H
Anaerobic digestion
036D, 100D, 120D, 154D, 172D,
198D, 237D, 288D, 364D, 407D,
445D, 113E, 047F, 055F
Anaerobic treatment
289J
Analytical techniques
042C, 075C, 274C, 275C, 279C,
292C, 212D, 297D, 001E to 180E,
030F, 048F, 098F, 016J, 041J,
098J, 244J, 264J, 299J, 342J,
361J, 375J
Analyzers
160C, 167C, 167E
Animal behavior
07 8J
Animal pathology
024J
Animal wastes
154C, 166C, 382D, 239J, 399J
Anion exchange
285D
Application methods
024B, 244D, 250D, 348D, 081E,
094E, 098F, 099F, 047J, 048J
Aquatic environment
139E, 046J, 079J, 090J, 287J,
345J, 410J
Aquatic life
038E, 112E, 043J, 238J
Aquatic plants
236J
Aqueous solutions
139C, 157C, 162C, 190C, 191C,
281C, 306C, 400D, 456D, 180E
911
-------
Aquiculture
005D, 461D, 060J, 151J
Aquifer management
091C, 059D, 029H
Aquifer recharge areas
272J
Aquifers
020A, 059D, 342D, 051F, 102F,
009G, 001H, 009H, 015H, 030H,
031H, 035H, 059H, 067H, 068H,
070H, 422J
Argon
133E
Aromatic compounds
206D, 296J
Arsenic
003E, 142E, 155E, 185J, 216J
Artificial recharge
029H, 054H
Asbestos
498D, 143E, 225J
Atomic absorption
007E, 015E, 132E
Australia
078H
Automatic backwash carbon filter (ABW)
235D
Autoiiiatic control
156C, 216C, 274C, 081D, 115D,
135D, 205D, 343D, 409D, 172E,
066F, 019H
Automation
130C, 182C, 216C, 255C, 070D,
074D, 114D, 133D, 235D, 238D,
300D, 018E, 045E, 099E, 144E,
163E, 165E, 169E, 016F, 007G,
081J, 112J, 139J, 193J
Autoregressive models
111F
Bacteria
055B, 289C, 004D, 057D, 162D,
223D, 313D, 436D, 454D, 044E,
056E, 093E, 008H, 056H, 204J,
274J, 284J, 293J, 354J, 355J,
426J
Bacteriophage
061D, 050E, 056E, 098E
Baffles
202C
Barges
212J
Bark
256J
Basalts
035H
Basins
248C, 192D, 195D, 059F, 043H
Bays
001E, 162J
Beaches
106J
Bed load
028E
Beds
130C
Benthos
369J, 394J
Bioassay
460D, 080E, 149E, 017J, 018J,
021J, 114J, 432J
Biochemical
009A,
191C,
035D,
137D,
174D,
297D,
484D,
022F,
096F,
183 J,
328J
oxygen demand (BOD)
035B, 158C, 177C, 190C,
228C, 003D, 011D, 017D,
097D, 103D, 117D, 131D,
144D, 151D, 158D, 169D,
194D, 195D, 225D, 271D,
283D, 413D, 429D, 459D,
057E, 084E, 119E, 159E,
047F, 068F, 079F, 087F,
110F, 020H, 034J, 068J,
195J, 204J, 217J, 256J,
912
-------
Biodegradation
151C, 259C, 008D, 030D, 053D,
147D, 163D, 304D, 045E, 095E,
103E, 023F, 093F, 023J, 070J
Bioindicators
460D, 050E, 015J
Biological
048C,
181C,
016D,
189D,
272D,
354D,
433D,
075E,
204J,
treatment
059C, 119C,
221C, 295C,
051D, 152D,
194D, 198D,
286D, 309D,
358D, 373D,
434D, 457D,
119E, 126E,
235J, 245J
122C,
014D,
153D,
199D,
311D,
3 SOD,
47 8D,
140E,
163C,
015D,
166D,
205D,
34 OD,
418D,
011E,
183J,
Biomass
399D, 044E
Bleaching
276C
Boating
176E, 213J, 330J
Boilers
039J, 111J, 248J
Boron
104J, 216J
Brackish water
135J
Brines
200C, 340D, 081H, 082H
Bulk density
459D, 476D
Buoys
109C
Burning
031C, 197C, 294C, 069D
Cadmium
301D, 372D, 013E, 052E, 046H,
049J, 054J, 078J, 115J, 128J,
319J
Calcium sulfate
135J
California
026D, 064E, 018H, 019H, 022H,
023H, 249J
Canada
009A, 003B, 047C, 041D, 050D,
134D, 159D, 160D, 261D, 274D,
088F, 001H, 021H, 004J, 019J,
038J, 142J, 148J, 153J, 196J,
264J, 283J, 290J, 303J, 405J
Canals
005A, 005H, 055H
Cancer
225J
Capacity loss
005H
Capital costs
027B, 073B, 215D, 234D, 279D,
334D
Carbohydrates
117J
Carbon
101C, 147C, 221C, 247C, 147D,
235D, 397D, 434D, 049E, 074E,
036J, 082J, 297J, 381J
Carbonates
285D, 090E, 216J
Carbon dioxide
105C, 332J
Catalysts
038D, 415D
Cellulose
010C, 090C, 116C
Centrifugation
098B, 257C, 284C, 301C, 213D,
224D, 438D, 491D, 029F
Channels
060B, 119C, 135E, 062F, 005H,
021H, 028H, 039H, 226J
Chelation
143C, 123E
Chemical analysis
028E, 051E, 361J, 432J
913
-------
Chemical control
021D, 393D, 400D, 058E
Chemical industry
300C, 415D, 494D, 365J
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
003D, 035D, 144D, 297D, 480D,
057E, 121E, 159E, 162E, 137J,
256J
Chemical precipitation
117C, 039D, 042D, 062D, 103D,
104D, 105D, 106D, 109D, HID,
126D, 151D, 356D, 433D, 478D,
494D, 087J, 012K
Chemical properties
220D, 254D, 037E, 171J, 296J
Chemical reactions
128C, 295C, 012D, 355D, 010H,
211J, 246J, 365J
Chemicals
048D, 066D, 178D, 303D, 111J
Chemical treatment
161C, 047D, 107D, 115D, 141D,
152D, 166D, 171D, 189D, 231D,
433D, 485D, 495D, 078F, 026H,
235J, 237J
Chemical wastes
300C, 073D, 240D, 440D, 003E,
157E, 001F, 083J
Chlorides
269C, 112D, 353D, 154E, 216J,
379J
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
263J, 395J
Chlorination
025D, 100D, 167D, 168D, 176D,
197D, 211D, 234D, 288D, 291D,
455D, 467D, 063J, 214J, 234J,
426J
Chlorine
021A, 141C, 156C, 200C, 262C,
013D, 025D, 033D, 113D, 214D,
216D, 067E, 106E, 109E, 180E,
033H, 025J, 063J, 064J, 134J,
159J, 266J
Chlorine dioxide
076D
Chlorophyta
115J, 332J
Chromates
250C
Chromatography
006E, OWE, 096E, HOE, 125E,
205J, 342J
Chromium
120E, 175E
Circulation
173C, 189C, 207D, 297J
Cisterns
104C
Cities
002A, 009B, 387D, 005E, 043J,
163J
Civil engineering
083J
Clarification
018C, 121C, 143C,
193C, 242C, 154D,
196D, 212D, 485D,
Clays
017F, 034H
Cleaning
002B, 058B, 001C,
133C, 078D, 039J,
Cleveland, Ohio
010B, 024B
Climate
095F
Coagulation
034C, 071C, 081C,
095D, 107D, 141D,
273D, 375D, 426D,
466D, 498D, 074E
146C, 151C,
175D, 179D,
047E, 056F
040C, 121C,
042J, 331J
027D, 079D,
178D, 220D,
448D, 458D,
Coal
066E, 182J, 207J
914
Coalescence
050C
-------
Coasts
051J, 415J
Cobalt (radioisotope)
197D
Cockroaches
007B
Cold regions
156D, 157D, 158D, 160D, 163D,
164D, 165D, 167D, 124J, 140J,
141J, 143J, 356J
Coliforms
007D, 029D, 460D, 020E, 056E,
079E, 037J, 069J, 130J, 234J,
411J
Colloids
069C, 280D
Color
401D
Colorado
002B, 004F
Colorimetry
018E, 099E, 109E
Combined sewers
002A, 020A, 033A, 010B, 019B,
025B, 026B, 027B, 028B, 036B,
038B, 065B, 074B, 082B, 088B,
223C, 318D
Compressors
148C
Computer models
006A, 017A, 061E, 177E, 034F,
038F, 067F, 421J
Computers
182C, 045D, 133D, 135D, 292D,
062E, 088E, 166E, 006F, 016F,
033F, 039F, 052F, 057F, 060F,
063F, 069F, 076F, 078F, 052H
Computer studies
046F
Concentrations
068E
Concrete
29 3D
915
Concrete pipes
001B, 005B, 013B, 042B, 045B,
052B
Concrete structures
095J
Conduits
002B, 005C, 006C, 121C, 257C,
263C, 299D
Conferences
278D, 338D, 004J, 252J, 295J,
404J
Conservation
108J, 130J
Construction
039B, 059B, 088B, 089B, 093B,
218C, 253C, 254C, 143D, 263D,
427D, 168E, 115F, 085J, 093J,
190J, 269J, 419J
Construction costs
099B, 049D, 204D, 157J, 419J
Construction equipment
017B, 011G
Construction materials
027B, 060B, 068B, 070B, 085B,
092B, 218C, 293D, 389D, 115E,
013J, 157J, 212J, 215J, 302J,
337J
Consultants
241J, 242J
Contamination
143C, 167C, 184D, 313D, 357D,
070H, 180J, 231J, 447J
Contour farming
013A
Contours
018H
Contracts
089D
Control systems
055D, 212D, 213D, 063E, 088E,
057F, 063F, 066F, 014J, 194J
Convection
402D, 028F
-------
Cooling water
071B, 275C, 181D, 257J
Copper
372D, 013E, 052E, 070E, 080E,
015J, 115J, 154J
Correlation analysis
080H, 058J, 066J
Corrosion
HOD, 269D, 209J, 414J
Cost analysis
064D, 116D, 065F
Cost-benefit analysis
018F, 268J, 449J
Costs
Dams
062B,
022D,
089D,
146D,
193D,
257D,
046E,
168E,
058F,
039 J,
125J,
152J,
243J,
431J,
063B,
03 6D,
098D,
178D,
208D,
350D,
058E,
003F,
060F,
077J,
139J,
159 J,
291J,
010K
075B,
046D,
102D,
18 3D,
218D,
399D,
078E,
032F,
07 8F,
103J,
143 J,
168J,
363 J,
090B,
075D,
116D,
185D,
232D,
417D,
103E,
034F,
114F,
107J,
144J,
177J,
408J,
016D,
084D,
12 OD,
190D,
234D,
456D,
163E,
057F,
028H,
109J,
148J,
181J,
421J,
Countercurrent washing
078D
Cover crops
013A
Crabs
106J, 322J
Crop production
202D, 246D, 251D, 368D, 100F,
175J, 176J
Crustaceans
340D, 114J, 358J, 401J
Cyanides
038D, 245J
Cyanophyta
245J
010A, 040F, 388D, 037H, 302J
Darey's law
108F, 034H
Data collections
106D, 030E, 069E, 076E,
114E, 065F, 080F, 091F,
045J, 058J, 228J, 244J,
298J, 299J, 384J
Data processing
006F, 039F, 111F
Data storage and retrieval
292D, 039F, 012H
082E,
004H,
247J,
DDT
395J, 401J, 402J, 409J
Decomposition
053E
Dehydration
154C, 034D, 224D, 230D,
Deicers
009A, 022A, 140D
Demineralization
111C, 130C, 384D
Demography
019A, 072H, 163J, 255J
Denitrification
055C, 188C, 221C, 259C,
027D, 037D, 088D, 124D,
165D, 326D, 368D, 373D
Densitometry
145E
Deodorization
34 7D
Depth-duration-frequency
109F
Depth flow
004G
Desalination
199C, 032D, 285D, 289D,
502D, 081H, 082H, 211J,
431J, 441J
288D
295C,
137D,
431D,
240J,
916
-------
Design
054B, 066B, 083B, 084B, 089B,
098C, 104C, 128D, 136D, 150D,
381D, 497D, 041F, 042F, 115F
Design criteria
031B, 049B, 057B, 074B, 088B,
225C, 049D, 092D, 145D, 164D,
182D, 203D, 207D, 219D, 233D,
259D, 261D, 263D, 270D, 299D,
300D, 332D, 361D, 386D, 411D,
413D, 424D, 475D, 479D, 481D,
100E, 010F, 064F, 081F, 088F,
106F, 048H, 077H, 004J, 042J,
085J, 087J, 164J, 181J, 259J,
269J, 325J, 351J
Detergents
363D, 365D, 478D, 480D, 436J
Dewatering
103C, 130C, 153C, 048D, 079D,
082D, 108D, 190D, 210D, 226D,
230D, 244D, 262D, 428D
Diamond sawing
042B
Diatomaceous earth
061D, 412D
Dieldrin
287J
Dielectric constant
056C
Dietary effects
154J, 316J, 319J
Diffusion
096C, 157D, 207D, 028F, 048F
Digestion
226D, 477D, 493D
Digester gas
237D
Discharge (water)
043B, 187C, 197C, 211D, 216D,
098E, 076F, 065J, 440J, 444J
Disinfection
026B, 021C, 078C, 141C, 007D,
026D, 033D, 058D, 076D, 077D,
122D, 167D, 168D, 169D, 170D,
197D, 452D, 470D, 013F, 025J,
063J, 064J
Dispersion
374D, 027F, 048F
Dissolved oxygen
157D, 004E, 029E, 079F, 096F,
110F, 203J, 396J
Distillation
125C
Distribution patterns
137E, 094F, 011J
Documentation
020B, 039F
Domestic wastes
158C, 229C, 288C, 120D, 161D,
188D, 232D, 390D, 394D, 413D,
465D, 503D, 074E, 022F, 069J,
239J, 242J, 321J, 415J
Domestic water
020D, 180D, 417D, 005E, 177E,
231J, 403J, 445J
Drainage
072B, 079B, 083B, 225C, 263C,
299C, 031H, 033H, 036H, 042H,
070H, 360J, 377J, 383J
Drainage area
048C, 048H, 079H
Drainage engineering
012B, 044C, 045C
Drainage systems
001A, 012B, 040B, 046B, 067B,
095B, 039C, 226C, 002F, 004F,
042F, 020H, 042H, 076J
Drains
031B, 044C, 263C, 379J
Dredging
074C, 165C, 028H, 077H, 226J,
397J
Ecology
027J, 090J, 106J, 128J, 160J
Economic impact
103F, 073J, 075J
Economics
080D, 102D, 241D, 299D, 103F,
059J, 198J, 304J, 317J, 417J
917
-------
Ecosystems
222D, 072J, 123J
Eddies
050F
Elevation
156D
Emergency treatment
05 7D
Education
101J, 178J, 179J
Efficiencies
108D, 135D, 157D, 170D, 17ID,
225D, 229D, 104F
Effluent control
366D, 468D, 140E, 428J, 433J
Effluents
024C,
095C,
136C,
197C,
283C,
081D,
145D,
19 2D,
254D,
370D,
467D,
071E,
044F,
057J,
107J,
144J,
170J,
202J,
317J,
036G,
117C,
142C,
240C,
02 3D,
09 ID,
17 3D,
214D,
272D,
387D,
500D,
083E,
032H,
071J,
109J,
146 J,
174J,
218J,
393J,
053C,
127C,
169C,
242C,
038D,
104D,
183D,
216D,
314D,
425D,
031E,
103E,
00 1J,
073J,
127J,
149J,
177J,
244J,
423J,
064C,
131C,
188C,
259C,
072D,
113D,
187D,
228D,
319D,
434D,
044E,
107E,
002J,
075J,
131J,
166J,
183J,
252J,
438J,
088G,
132C,
196C,
268C,
078D,
118D,
191D,
236D,
34 3D,
444D,
054E,
126E,
007J,
099J,
137J,
169 J,
194 J,
300J,
444J
Effluent streams
294D, 083E
Electroanalytical techniques
027E
Electrochemistry
039D, 348D, 027E, 160E
Electrodes
348D, 113E, 115E, 157E, 116J
Electrolysis
065C, 178C, 228C, 246J
Electrolytes
014C, 022C
Electron capture detector
067E
Employment opportunities
201J
Emulsions
069D, 369D, 072E, 160E, 122J
Energy
121D, 237D, 081H, 082H, 108J,
161J
Energy conversion
293C
Engineering
075D, 062E, 115F, 085J, 094J,
157J, 201J
Engineering structures
008A, 006B, OOSB, 012B, 013B,
014B, 015B, 018B, 034B, 035B,
036B, 041B, 042B, 044B, 048B,
001C, 008C, 017C, 019C, 025C,
044C, 045C, 046C, 055D, 005F,
006G, 076J
Engineers
046F
Enteric bacteria
050E
Environmental control
387D, 414D, 415D, 125E, 150E,
074J, 163J, 190J, 193J, 196J,
199J, 259J, 269J, 271J, 327J,
338J, 380J, 386J, 416J, 417J
Environmental effects
022A, 147C, 257D, 278D, 365D,
108E, 011J, 027J, 061J, 074J,
078J, 086J, 108J, 110J, 158J,
175J, 187J, 228J, 250J, 259J,
265J, 296J, 418J, 447J, 449J
Environmental engineering
043B, 044B, 046C, 058J, 101J,
163J, 190J, 198J
Environmental impact studies
105J
918
-------
Environmental Protection Agency
074B, 007J, 080J, 108J, 168J,
338J, 339J, 344J, 380J, 386J,
387J, 416J
Environmental sanitation
167D, 168D
Epoxy resins
033B
Equations
031A, 066B, 100E, 135E, 151E,
013F, 014F, 021F, 028F, 074F,
079F, 087F, 270J
Estuaries
107F, 049H, 248J, 320J, 345J,
415J
Equilibrium
008G
Equipment
025B,
091B,
022C,
065C,
073C,
084C,
115C,
164C,
201C,
217C,
249C,
258C,
279C,
284C,
297C,
303C,
103D,
223D,
265D,
298D,
354D,
420D,
041E,
174E,
07 9J,
242J,
076B,
095B,
024C,
066C,
074C,
085C,
136C,
176C,
204C,
224C,
251C,
261C,
280C,
285C,
298C,
306C,
114D,
230D,
266D,
348D,
361D,
456D,
055E,
179E,
084J,
271J,
079B,
006C,
028C,
068C,
076C,
098C,
137C,
179C,
210C,
229C,
25 3C,
262C,
28 1C,
290C,
299C,
0451),
136D,
233D,
271D,
349D,
385D,
017E,
088E,
008G,
087J,
337J
081B,
018C,
029C,
070C,
080C,
107C,
145C,
192C,
212C,
241C,
254C,
267C,
282C,
292C,
300C,
048D,
199D,
247D,
276D,
352D,
409D,
034E,
100E,
028H,
136J,
090B,
020C,
031C,
072C,
082C,
114C,
152C,
195C,
214C,
248C,
256C,
278C,
283C,
296C,
30 2C,
050D,
210D,
259D,
295D,
353D,
411D,
037E,
149E,
069H,
209J,
Erosion
013A, 032B, 113J
Escherichia coli
061D, 460D, 020E, 050E, 092E,
218J, 274J, 367J
Estimating
030F, 001K
Eutrophication
370D, 063E, 078F,
017J, 068J, 072J,
236J, 260J, 362J
Evaluation
024B, 063D, 296D,
345D, 446D, 447D,
021J, 028J, 046J,
206J, 249J, 341J,
008J, 010J,
082J, 153J,
30ID, 330D,
04IF, 015J,
074J, 091J,
418J
Evaporation
217D, 392D, 085F, 013K
Evapotranspiration
070H
Expansion joints
054B
Experimentation
255C, 153J
Extraction
157C, 172C, 208C, 269C
Facilities
063B, 073B, 057C,
087D, 089D, 094D,
419D, 499D, 172E,
157J, 419J
084D, 085D,
394D, 410D,
115F, 149J,
Farm management
202D, 245D, 324D, 003J, 083J
Faulting
042H
Feasibility studies
052D, 301D, 268J, 324J
Fecal coliforms
029D, 092E
Federal government
032A, 007J, 074J, 200J, 326J,
439J
Federal jurisdiction
168J, 206J, 290J
Federal policy
251D
919
-------
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
086B, 203D, 204D, 085E, 028J,
038J, 067J, 073J, 075J, 127J,
165J, 168J, 338J, 380J, 382J,
386J, 408J, 440J, 444J
Fermentation
053D, 113E
Fertilizers
033C, 070E, 055J, 056J, 057J,
138J, 180J, 376J, 383J, 393J
Fiber-glass pipes
008B
Fibers
218C, 222C
Field data
292J, 318J
Filaments
176C
Filtering
192C, 195C, 132D, 108F
Filter media
193C, 207C, 211C
Filter plates
070D, 238D
Filter press
070D, 238D
Filters
080B,
067C,
150C,
218C,
270C,
298C,
092D,
210D,
226D,
314D,
426D,
165E,
182J
032C,
082C,
16 8C,
244C,
278C,
301C,
125D,
221D,
233D,
371D,
432D,
045F,
052C,
092C,
207C,
249C,
290C,
004D,
129D,
222D,
235D,
412D,
47 9D,
06 OH,
056C,
099C,
208C,
256C,
296C,
070D,
177D,
223D,
238D,
418D,
042E,
061H,
064C,
118C,
212C,
266C,
297C,
080D,
179D,
224D,
263D,
422D,
106E,
062H,
Filtration
024B,
070C,
175C,
297C,
011D,
06 3D,
086D,
142D,
199D,
317D,
473D,
160E,
352J,
007C
092C
200C
298C
022D
067D
087D
174D
2 SOD
412D
474D
045F
430J
9
9
9
9
»
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
018C,
099C,
218C,
299C,
028D,
078D,
090D,
177D,
290D,
458D,
487D,
026H,
026C,
134C,
278C,
301C,
056D,
080D,
092D,
179D,
295D,
466D,
093E,
077H,
039C,
174C,
296C,
008D,
061D,
085D,
136D,
193D,
313D,
47 ID,
112E,
047 J,
Financing
004B, 295J
Fish
100C, 040D, 080E, 102E, 124E,
151E, 024F, 049J, 050J, 078J,
114J, 120J, 151J, 232J, 244J,
283J, 294J, 319J, 320J, 347J,
364J, 391J, 406J
Fisheries
058J, 290J
Fishkill
413J, 433J
Fish management
058J, 059J
Fish physiology
051J, 054J, 374J
Flame evaporation
069D
Flexibility
054B, 118C, 026H
Floating sludge
205C, 227D
Flocculation
012C, 049C, 153C, 189C, 240C,
242C, 260C, 022D, 056D, 067D,
079D, 105D, 109D, 173D, 261D,
350D, 424D, 426D, 463D, 466D,
494D, 037E, 027F
Floe-suspension
087C
920
-------
Flood control
004F, 005G, 013H, 047H, 081J,
448J
Flood damage
077J, 133J
Flood forecasting
078H, 081J, 133J, 448J
Flooding
192D, 299D, 035J, 133J
Floodplains
052B, 062E, 021H, 047H, 448J
Floodproofing
052B, 047H
Flood protection
010A, 029A
Flood relief
083D
Floods
029A, 031A, 011B, 088F
Florida
032B, 051B, 077F, 098J, 121J
Flotation
023C, 065C, 068C, 145C, 149C,
159C, 166C, 126D, 265D, 350D,
37 2D
Flow rates
025A, 023B, 026B, 059B, 223C,
275C, 282D, 299D, 396D, 436D,
032E, 134E, 135E, 165E, 047F,
051H, 053H, 067H
Flow smoothing
053B
Fluidized bed reactor
164C
Fluid movement
160C, 292C, 383D
Fluids
133C, 192C, 206C, 210C, 255C
Fluorescence
024E
Fluoridation
020D, 276D
Fluorides
097E, 046H, 361J
Fluorometry
094E
Flush toilets
18 3D
Flux
053F
Flow
053B, 030C,
086C, 124C,
206C, 224C,
287C, 149D,
021E, 023E,
062F, 085F,
015H, 025H,
088H, 134J
042C, 062C, 071C,
150C, 176C, 194C,
249C, 270C, 285C,
317D, 437D, 441D,
047E, 152E, 017F,
089F, 112F, 013H,
048H, 073H, 074H,
Flow control
048B, 069C, 077C, 203C, 212C,
214C, 396D
Flow data
049F
Flow measurement
015A, 062C, 021E, 022E, 023E,
029E, 032E, 069E, 081E, 085E,
107E, 115E, 016H
Food chains
007F, 024F, 050J, 061J, 123J,
174J, 011K
Food consumption
069F
Food processing industry
355D, 429J
Foods
060J, 180J
Forecasting
011F, 042F, 049F, 094J, 255J,
328J
Forestry
378J
921
-------
Forests
328D, 329D, 323J, 326J
Fo rmaldehyde
176E
Fossil fuels
105J
Fossils
105J, 409J
Fouling
301J, 350J, 414J
Fragmentography
016E
Frame modules
07 ID
France
035C, 036C, 080C
Freshwater
043H, 257J, 011K
Freundlich equation
071E
Frost prevention
008G
Froth flotation
147J
Fuels
174C, 237D, 372J, 397J
Fungi
289C, 019E, 250J
Furnaces
031C
Future planning (projected)
201D, 198J, 224J, 255J, 404J
Gadolinium
03 9D
Gaging stations
094F
Gamma rays
197D, 428D, 033E, 034E, 035E,
043E, 258J
922
Gas chromatography
006E, 025E, 068E, 104E, 244J,
316J
Gases
078C, 092C, 093C, 096C, 164C,
258C, 472D, 147J
Gastrointestinal disturbances
367J
Gauges
023E
Geochemistry
031J, 014K
Geohydrology
041H
Geology
050B, 051F, 040H, 042H, 043H
Geomorphology
03 9H
Geothermal studies
081H, 082H
Germany
092D, 310D, 022E, 077E, 018F
Granular carbon
028D, 037D
Gravity filters
263C, 221D
Gravity sewers
018B
Great Britain
039B, 046B, 047B, 082C, 021D,
064D, 068D, 073D, 078D, 083D,
084D, 087D, 091D, 004G, 007G,
008G, 004H, 012H, 005J, 014J,
052J, 273J
Great Lakes region
043H, 133J, 260J
Groundwater
072B, 019C, 039C, 077C, 002D,
208D, 362D, 076E, 089E, 127E,
032F, 051F, 075F, 102F, 008G,
009H, 015H, 017H, 018H, 029H,
030H, 031H, 035H, 037H, 041H,
051H, 053H, 057H, 067H, 070H,
043J, 119J, 156J, 181J, 186J,
233J, 376J, 412J
-------
Groundwater recharge
059D, 502D, 016H, 023H, 054H,
063H, 324J, 368J
Growth rates
360D, 016J
Hydrants
058B
Hydraulic engineering
074B, 011D, 108F, 013H, 021H,
028H, 034H, 065H
Gunite
006G
Gymnodinium
016J
Harbors
226J, 228J
Hawaii
041H
Head loss
108F, 114F
Heat
264C, 227D, 228D, 008G, 414J
Heavy metals
106C, 137C, 142C, 02ID, 044D,
051D, 228D, 240D, 245D, 493D,
009E, 139E, 054J, 128J, 174J,
180J, 184J, 238J, 405J
Herbicides
008D, 124E, 145E, 391J, 412J
Highway effects
083B, 163C, 088F, 002H, 027J,
032J
History
100J, 121J
Hospitals
020J
Hudson River
049H, 247J
Human pathology
066E, 185J, 222J, 254J, 298J,
299J, 365J, 367J
Human resources
201J
Humus
112E
Hungary
014D
Hydraulics
011B, 041B, 043B, 150D, 221D,
407D, 037E, 165E, 020F, 033F,
112F, 025H, 035H, 074H, 075H,
071J, 134J
Hydrocarbons
169C, 184C, 205C, 186D, 102E,
046H, 023J, 147J, 284J, 342J
Hydrolectric power
410J
Hydrogen
293C, 020D
Hydrogenation
399J
Hydrogen ion concentration
012D, 082D, 126D, 170D, 182D,
119F, 064J, 114J, 158J, 218J
Hydrogen sulfide
106J
Hydrogeology
068H, 389J
Hydrographs
092F, 066H, 073H, 078H, 079H,
397J
Hydrologic aspects
014A, 030A, 059E, 108E, 010F,
011F, 049F, 001H to 082H
Hydrologic cycle
038F, 192J
Hydrologic data
059F, 275J
Hydrologic models
108E, 054F, 085F
Hydrolysis
138C, 170E
Hydroponics
005D
923
-------
Hyperfiltration
026C
Infrared radiation
156E
Ice
199C, 159D, 160D
Illinois
013D
Incineration
047B, 028C, 054C, 294C, 050D,
068D, 100D, 186D, 190D, 481D
Incubation
092E, 159E
India
366D, 023E, 001G, 047J, 055J,
056J, 057J
Industrial plants
343D, 028J, 162J, 163J, 194J
Industrial streams
047C
Industrial
050B,
158C,
188D,
269D,
344D,
086E,
057J,
146J,
248J,
336J,
429J,
wastes
094B, 137C,
178C, 268C,
200D, 231D,
273D, 315D,
347D, 465D,
099E, 126E,
067J, 084J,
149J, 184J,
285J, 290J,
372J, 408J,
433J, 434J
154C,
05 2D,
232D,
333D,
503D,
001F,
097J,
225J,
300J,
415 J,
155C,
091D,
258D,
341D,
084E,
056J,
144 J,
243J,
334J,
425J,
Industrial water
267D, 303D, 057E, 257J, 265J,
266J, 405J
Infiltration
015A, 024A, 014B, 015B, 020B,
086B, 024D, 255D, 137E, 014F,
017F, 092F, 007H, 032H, 044H,
054H
Infiltration equations
192D, 014F, 089F
Inflow
020B, 086B
Information
148E, 179J, 303J
924
Injection wells
098B, 500D, 023H, 407J
Inland water
057H
Inorganic compounds
069C, 279D, HOE, 163E, 074F
Inorganic matter
090E, 149J, 171J, 232J
Insecticides
007B, 067E, 050J, 053J, 288J,
401J
Installation
097C, 196D, 206J
Instruction
075E
Instrumentation
007A, 022C, 024C, 062C, 094G,
167C, 274C, 275C, 072D, 074D,
109D, 292D, 004E, 006E, 010E,
017E, 021E, 022E, 023E, 029E,
032E, 039E, 045E, 051E, 073E,
081E, 085E, 087E, 094E, 104E,
105E, 115E, 130E, 131E, 146E,
147E, 162E, 063F, 139J, 193J,
194J, 009K, 010K
Intake structures
100C
Interceptor sewers
358D
Interstitial water
160J
Investigations
024A, 022B, 023B, 037B, 086D,
099D, 107D, 137D, 139D, 140D,
229D, 254D, 257D, 277D, 333D,
341D, 450D, 053E, 023F, 005H,
018H, 020H, 034H, 056H, 008J,
015J, 032J, 034J, 040J, 060J,
070J, 089J, 115J, 116J, 117J,
120J, 122J, 150J, 214J, 250J,
286J, 294J, 413J
Iodine radioisotopes
035E
-------
Ion exchange
010C, 015C, 052C, 075C, 088C,
098C, HOC, 116C, 130C, 224C,
176D, 285D, 462D, 123E, 061H,
071J, 104J, 241J
Ions
280D, 116J, 424J
Iron
015B, 101C, 250C, 268C, 001D,
002D, 023D, 112D, 225D, 240D,
273D, 282D, 031E, 109E, 150E,
061J, 103J, 124J, 264J, 366J,
422J
Irradiation
305C, 060D, 258J
Irrigation
024A, 080B, 024D, 187D, 218D,
251D, 255D, 321D, 322D, 328D,
330D, 331D, 332D, 421D, 0757,
089F, 044H, 055H, 104J, 150J,
166J, 315J, 377J, 407J, 412J
Irrigation effects
012J
Irrigation systems
255D, 334D, 335D, 031F, 181J,
323J, 324J, 327J
Isotopes
108E
Japan
044D, 093D, 038E, 024F, 010H,
032J, 033J, 276J, 004K, 005K
Jets
031B, 170C, 195D, 198D, 048E,
006H
Joints
008B, 087B
Kaczmarek model
012F
Karst hydrology
051H, 052H, 059H
Kentucky
028D
Kinetics
457D, 011E, 055F, 087F, 105F
Krypton
133E
Labor
215D, 238D
Laboratory animals
221J, 223J
Laboratory analysis
011E, USE
Laboratory equipment
011E, 149E, 162E, 167E
Laboratory tests
061B, 043D, 127D,
302D, 339D, 350D,
074E, 092E, 126E,
160E, 052F, 049J,
136J, 158J, 221J,
258J, 301J, 347J,
Lagoons
142J, 218J, 289J
Lake Erie
384J
148D, 264D,
356D, 031E,
148E, 159E,
051J, 118J,
223J, 256J,
400J, 402J
Lake Michigan
040D, 086E,
Lake Ontario
05 4D, 056D
Lake Superior
292J, 435J
Lakes
026A, 049E,
043H, 011J,
142J, 153J,
Laminar flow
136C, 207C,
Land application
190D, 191D,
058F, 044H,
176J, 177J,
Land disposal
324D, 368D,
407J
003H, 010J, 120J
063E, 044F, 050F,
036J, 113J, 129J,
361J
402D, 048E
247D, 277D, 368D,
165J, 166J, 169J,
178J, 252J
414D, 065E, 252J,
Landfills
021D, 194D, 241D, 242D, 113J,
156J, 164J, 186J, 208J
925
-------
Land management
050B, 009D, 251D, 252D, 253D,
255D, 256D, 258D, 277D, 331D,
332D, 336D, 337D, 251J, 325J
Land reclamation
225C
Lime
047D, 082D, 098D, 102D, 112D,
132D, 152D, 169D, 172D, 229D,
291D, 379D, 438D, 137J
Linear programming
101F
Land resources
172J
Liner-inserting machine
003C
Land use
025A, 062E, 007H, 047H, 272J
Larvae
301J
Laser-beam aligner
017B
Lasers
017B, 246C, 024E, 007G
Latin America
224J
Law enforcement
227J, 233J, 382J
Leachate
345D, 380D
Leaching
030D, 089E, 012J, 040J, 256J,
376J, 389J, 412J
Lead
021A, 028A, 301D, 013E, 052E,
253J, 254J, 319J, 014K
Least squares method
110F
Legal aspects
032B, 203D, 262J, 338J, 351J
Legislation
086B, 453D, 028J, 037J, 049J,
107J, 109J, 148J, 165J, 167J,
186J, 196J, 198J, 227J, 233J,
262J, 295J, 329J, 336J, 339J,
353J, 360J, 373J, 386J, 388J,
416J, 439J, 440J, 444J
Lignins
401D, 025F
Linings
001B, 006B, 008B, 033B, 003C,
269D
Lipids
342J
Liquids
071C, 072C, 074C, 075C, 078C,
086C, 092C, 093C, 114C, 118C,
126C, 136C, 140C, 148C, 164C,
170C, 172C, 182C, 194C, 195C,
204C, 205C, 208C, 213C, 245C,
247C, 261C, 267C, 282C, 286C,
287C, I960
Liquids ventilation
201C, 266C
Liquid wastes
050B, 028C,
083C, 125C,
179C, 180C,
291C, 294C,
068D, 370D,
001J, 030J,
002K, 007K
Lobsters
358J, 401J
Local governments
179J, 329J
Lodgepole pine trees
038H
London, England
007A
Lysimeters
012J
054C, 057C, 063C,
146C, 166C, 175C,
220C, 250C, 280C,
304C, 038D, 050D,
472D, 169E, 044H,
128J, 208J, 241J,
Mains
016B
926
-------
Maintenance
002B, 056B, 073B, 091B, 092B,
102C, 190C, 080D, 096D, 215D,
235D, 005H
Maleic anhydride
236D
Management
082B, 497D, 161J, 173J, 175J,
442J, 007K
Mangarese
023D, 103J, 124J
Mannings equation
031B
Manpower
201J, 210J
Manuals
276D, 210J
Mapping
018H
Marine biology
060E, 101E, 031J, 061J, 162J,
345J
Markov processes
012F
Massachusetts
022D
Mass spectrometry
016E, 068E, 102E, 104E, 244J
Mathematical models
018A, 019A, 011B, 041B, 043B,
044B, 061B, 062E, 009F, 012F,
013F, 015F, 019F, 020F, 032F,
035F, 036F, 040F, 044F, 050F,
054F, 058F, 060F, 061F, 068F,
069F, 071F, 075F, 091F, 093F,
095F, 097F, 103F, 104F, 105F,
106F, 116F, 030H, 421J
Mathematical studies
030A, 012B, 014B, (BOB, 031B,
037B, 053B, 066B, 078B, 025D,
175D, 260D, 032E, 038E, 059E,
164E, 010F, 014F, 021F, 028F,
037F, 049F, 064F, 065F, 079F,
094F, 016H, 025H, 027H, 034J,
270J
927
Measurement
054C, 066C, 094C, 156C, 177C,
228C, 423D, 006E, 010E, 017E,
018E, 023E, 033E, 034E, 036E,
039E, 041E, 042E, 055E, 064E,
072E, 077E, 078E, 084E, 085E,
087E, 119E, 122E, 132E, 136E,
144E, 146E, 025F, 062F, 011H,
012H, 087J, 105J, 192J, 400J,
008K
Mechanical equipment
007A, 100E
Membrane processes
008D, 044D, 071D, 487D, 488D,
492D, 020E, 093E, 211J
Membranes
090C, 134C, 175C, 008D, 391D,
432D, 441D
Mercury
198C, 200C, 279C, 184D, 454D,
002E, 015E, 060E, 080E, 111E,
132E, 152E, 046H, 076H, 024J,
051J, 054J, 079J, 129J, 151J,
160J, 232J, 250J, 254J, 283J,
298J, 299J, 359J, 375J, 406J,
424J
Metabolism
162D, 288J
Metal pipes
006B, 015B, 087B
Metal recovery
200D
Metals
070B, 243C, 269C, 019D, 400D,
OOZE, 064E, 083E, 101E, HOE,
003H, 156J, 197J
Meteorology
021E, 040E
Methane
120D, 121D, 027E, 129J, 354J,
355J
Methodology
085C, 213C, 216C, 227C, 105D,
106D, 127D, 019E, 036E, 053E,
105E, 161E
Methyl parathion
288J
-------
Mexico
222J
Michigan
004A, 335D, 167J
Microbiology
120D, 264D, 056E, 301J, 343J,
350J, 365J, 367J, 411J
Mi c ro o rgani sms
048C, 265C, 264D, 283D, 404D,
405D, 459D, 013F, 055F, 008H,
270J, 301J, 350J, 411J
Microstrainers
023B, 004D, 017D, 199D
Mineral extraction
067F
Minerals
111C, 127D, 242D, 243D, 143E
Mines
207J, 276J
Mine wastes
207J, 435J
Mining
388D, 077F, 108J, 197J, 435J
Minitunnel
007G
Mink
232J
Mirex
264D, 050J, 322J
Mixing
078C, 126C, 182D, 374D, 407D,
028F, 069H
Modeling
094F
Model studies
006A, 008A, 014A, 018A, 019A,
029A, 031A, 010B, 012B, 041B,
044B, 162D, 311D, 360D, 464D,
001F to 116F, 007H, 010H,
030H, 071H, 073H, 080H, 134J,
370J, 443J, 010K
Molybdenum
34 7 J
Monitoring
062C,
279C,
250D,
031E,
065E,
087E,
163E,
063F,
048 J,
016K
Moran model
012F
102C,
00 2D,
36 2D,
042E,
069E,
101E,
168E,
046H,
158J,
156C,
109D,
003E,
043E,
077E,
124E,
176E,
048H,
008K,
182C,
205D,
017E,
049E,
07 8E,
136E,
179E,
055H,
009K,
194C,
211D,
029E,
058E,
080E,
137E,
053F,
046 J,
010K,
Morphoedaphic index
151E
Mud
028C, 112C, 121C
Municipal wastes
012A,
065B,
016C,
014D,
062D,
222D,
256D,
320D,
427D,
073E,
172E,
062H,
169J,
210J,
013B,
075B,
147C,
017D,
187D,
231D,
258D,
323D,
496D,
084E,
006F,
026J,
172J,
245J,
014B,
093B,
158C,
018D,
190D,
241D,
270D,
324D,
5 ODD,
086E,
023F,
099J,
173J,
252J,
047B,
008C,
005D,
05 6D,
191D,
251D,
311D,
328D,
005E,
128E,
058F,
165 J,
176J,
371J,
064B,
009C,
006D,
057D,
204D,
254D,
315D,
338D,
058E,
153E,
029H,
167J,
178J,
428J
Moisture content
089F, 017H
Municipal waste water
053B, 144D, 274D, 309D, 351D,
065E, 247J, 408J
Municipal water
099B, 099C, 002D, 007D, 032D,
033D, 087D, 187D, 218D, 219D,
310D, 469D, 007E, 143E, 089J,
167J, 230J, 243J, 257J
NASA
223D, 073E
Natural gas
184C, 009G, 074J
Navigation
037J
928
-------
Nephelometric methods
144E
Netherlands
037C, 098F
Neutralization
37 9D
New York
012A, 009B, 253D, 292D, 296D,
007E, 037J, 077J, 262J, 418J
Niagara Falls
003B
Nickel
240D, 070E, 238J
Nitrates
037C, 127E, 131E, 100F, 040J,
110J, 116J, 119J, 155J, 229J,
286J, 379J
Nitrification
027D, 031D, 117D, 155D, 326D,
354D, 373D, 070F, 204J
Nitrites
037C, 109E, 155J, 223J
Nitrogen
037C, 038C, 049C, 188C, 221C,
265C, 295C, 088D, 202D, 245D,
364D, 376D, 398D, 434D, 449D,
482D, 490D, 131E, 003J, 110J,
217J, 229J, 236J, 285J, 366J,
381J
Nitrogen compounds
030D, 274D
Nozzle
108C, 115C
Nuclear powerplants
032D, 042E, 043E, 228J, 417J,
006K, 008K, 009K, 016K
Nuclear wastes
150E, 015K
Numerical analysis
048E, 018F, 030F, 040F, 079F,
086F, 004G, 036H
Nutrient removal
295C, 166D, 367D, 461D, 423J
Nutrients
026A, 246D, 255D, 476D, 127E,
010J, 123J, 195J, 236J, 247J,
285J, 381J, 383J
Oceans
144C, 186D, 050F, 031J, 162J,
200J, 398J
Odor
076C, 123D, 001H, 030J
Off-shore facilities
228J
Oil
050C, 051C, 056C, 066C,
140C, 145C, 161C, 176C,
180C, 186C, 193C, 173D,
014E, 122J, 146J, 399J
Oil pollution
066C, 088J, 372J, 388J
Oil spills
061C, 144C, 145C, 161C,
298D, 443D, 072E, 088J,
275J, 370J, 388J, 398J
073C,
178C,
237D,
241C,
212J,
Oil wastes
061C, 001E, 024E, 182J, 372J
Oil-water separation
150C
Oily water
222C, 069D, 260D, 265D, 266D,
375D
Oligotrophy
396J
On-site investigation
447D, 010E, 020J, 046J, 118J,
264J, 301J
On-site tests
016A, 041D, 104D, HID, 248D,
004E, 026F, 166J
Open channel flow
022E, 069E, 085E, 004G
Operating costs
215D, 234D, 279D, 334D, 041F
929
-------
Operation and maintenance
089B, 098D, 215D, 272D, 281D,
300D, 359D, 387D, 394D, 475D,
147E, 172E, 064F, 066F, 004H,
087J, 331J, 341J, 407J
Optical properties
03 9E
Organic acids
129E, 111J
Organic carbons
071E
Organic compounds
051C, 059C, 211D, 274D, 045E,
023J, 066J
Organic loading
117D, 435D, 459D
Organic matter
101C, 135C, 138C, 040D, 147D,
188D, 194D, 242D, 246D, 254D,
287D, 363D, 145E, 068F, 023J,
090J, 156J, 160J, 232J, 260J
Organic micropollutants
068E
Organic wastes
103C, 101D, 100J, 446J
Organochlorine hydrocarbons
102E
Oxidation lagoons
141D, 151D, 392D, 439D, 478D
Oxidation reduction potential
002D
Oxygen
177C, 252C, 272C, 293C, 185D,
195D, 259D, 496D, 045H
Oxygenation
065D, 185D, 381D, 403D, 501D
Oxygen demand
054C, 045E
Oxygen sag
369J
Oysters
461D, 092E, 051J, 214J, 322J
Ozonation
174D, 346D, 349D, 401D
Ozone
007D, 058D, 066D, 067D, 122D,
123D, 170D, 214D, 275D, 294D,
346D, 347D, 349D, 401D, 495D,
124J, 203J, 266J
Pacific Ocean
060E, 061J
Pakistan
031F
Organophosphorus pesticides
171E, 374J
Paramecium
021J
Orthophosphates
018E
Parameters
112F
Outfall sewers
001B, 005B, 037F
Overflow
034A, 011B, 019B, 021B, 025B,
026B, 027B, 038B, 061B, 223C
Oxidation
014C, 059C, 066C, 089C, 139C,
147C, 191C, 221C, 252C, 272C,
217D, 275D, 377D, 405D, 413D,
035E, 121E, 154E, 170E, 025F,
045F, 079J, 209J, 218J
Particles
159C, 256C, 287C
Particulate matter
286C, 414J
Passive diffuser system
065D
Pasture management
025A
Patents
001C to 308C
930
-------
Pathogenic bacteria
406D, 455D, 008H, 020J, 239J
Percolation
024D, 302D, 114E
Performance
077B, 171D, 446D, 099F, 341J
Periphyton
292J
Permeability
091C, 034H
Permits
339J, 373J
Personnel
006J, 091J, 201J
Pesticides
007B, 006E, 019E, 067E, 089E,
106E, 124E, 149E, 171E, 020H,
119J, 263J, 320J, 322J, 358J,
374J, 395J, 401J, 402J, 409J,
417J
Petroleum
057B, 309D, 001J, 119J
Phenols
157C, 289C, 304D, 025E, 095E,
001F, 023F, 070F, 019J, 258J,
274J, 438J
Phosphate removal
042D, 109D, HOD
Phosphates
013C, 035C, 003D, 039D, 042D,
079D, 086D, 105D, 139D, 225D,
273D, 311D, 341D, 356D, 018E,
130E, 052F, 077F, 078F, 002J,
011J, 039J, 153J
Phosphorus
04 ID,
109D,
172D,
398D,
086E,
036 J,
236J,
436J
04 3D,
110D,
324D,
44 9D,
127E,
072J,
285J,
066D,
HID,
365D,
47 ID,
170E,
082J,
377J,
100D ,
118D ,
376D,
489D,
078F,
137 J,
381J,
10 3D,
150D,
378D,
063E,
035 J,
195J,
393J,
Phosphorus removal
041D, 098D, 099D, 101D, 102D,
103D, 104D, 108D, HID, 112D,
376D, 378D, 004J, 237J, 352J
Photosynthesis
332J, 369J, 396J
Physical-chemical treatment
009D, 150D, 268D, 345D, 430D
Phytoplankton
091F, 056H, 010J, 396J
Pickling
184J
Pilot plants
006D, 022D, 023D, 029D, 030D,
037D, 047D, 058D, 060D, 107D,
119D, 140D, 14ID, 145D, 148D,
150D, 205D, 250D, 056F, 337J
Pipe bridges
029B
Pipe flow
037B
Pipe foundations
034B
Pipelines
046B, 054B, 057B, 069B, 080B,
087B, 090B, 097B, 011C, 017C,
040C, 251C, 253C, 254C, 244D,
055E, 098F, 114F, 093J
Pipes
006B, 009B,
044B, 046B,
053B, 058B,
080B, 086B,
003C, 005C,
019C, 040C,
077C, 225C,
055E, 005F,
013B,
049B,
070B,
087B,
008C,
042C,
246C,
114F,
042B,
051B,
077B,
093B,
011C,
045C,
253C,
001G,
043B,
052B,
079B,
001C,
017C,
046C,
254C,
008G
Plains
038H
Plankton
284J
Planning
033A, 064D, 421D, 427D, 147E,
06-7F, 069F, 086F, 005J, 038J,
142J, 188J, 227J, 230J, 241J,
259J, 392J, 404J, 418J, 443J
Plant design
072D, 016F
931
-------
Plant pathology
104J
Plastic pipes
016B, 022B, 034B, 085B, 092B
Plastics
020A, 003B, 005C, 044C, 045C,
310D, 389D, 429D, 159J, 366J
Plating
042J
Plumbing
097B, 253J
Plutonium
125E, 002K, 004K
Polarographic analysis
027E, 052E, 091E, 153E
Pollutants
180C, 194D, 282D, 045E, 051E,
068E, 120E, 143E, 180E, 048F,
096F, 003H, 128J, 391J
Pollution
186C, 222D, 064E, 129J, 207J,
233J, 317J
Pollution abatement
035A, 046C, 050C, 161C, 241C,
300C, 093D, 333D, 455D, 084J,
191J, 197J, 199J, 271J, 273J,
300J, 370J, 442J
Polychlorinated biphenyls
016E, 102E, 070J, 205J, 214J,
263J, 316J
Polyelectrolytes
049C, 069C, 063D, 180D, 369D,
056F
Polyethylene
078B, 442D, 491D
Polyethylene pipes
016B, 078B
Polyhydric phenol
440D
Polymers
153C, 155C, 369D, 448D, 111J
Polyurethane
058B 932
Porous media
015A, 134C, 018F, 036H
Potable water
094C, 243C, 262C, 273C, 288C,
293C, 063D, 076D, 092D, 142D,
209D, 303D, 312D, 384D, 395D,
420D, 422D, 424D, 431D, 462D,
498D, 097E, 099E, 142E, 179E,
054H, 055H, 013J, 089J, 110J,
155J, 185J, 203J, 222J, 223J,
224J, 231J, 240J, 253J, 254J,
261J, 267J, 293J, 368J, 385J,
431J, 432J, 441J, 011K
Potassium
057E, 090J
Potomac River
030E
Power
178C
Power plants
275C, 248J, 291J
Prague, Czechoslovakia
003A
Precasting
095J
Precipitates
196C, 097E, 340J
Precipitation (atmospheric)
043F, 057H
Pressure
128C, 132C, 194C, 206C, 208C,
264C, 266C, 290C, 284D, 008G
Pressure conduits
077B, 025C
Pressure sewers
018B, 022B, 063B
Pre-treatment
232D, 286D, 351D, 426D, 251J
Priming water
006C
Probability
040F
-------
Processing
140E, 209J
Profiles
076E
Project planning
029B, 054D, 064D, 279D, 296D,
334D, 336D, 009F, 064H, 052J,
188J, 190J, 268J, 269J, 304J,
333J, 335J, 449J
Properties
099D
Proportional weirs
055D
Proteins
088C, HOC, 117C, 268C, 071J
Protozoa
021J, 034J
Pseudomonas
023J
Publications
452D, 453D, 075E, 163E, 052J,
200J
Public health
049B, 327D, 139E, 178E, 024J,
025J, 092J, 185J, 198J, 229J,
234J, 251J, 261J, 293J, 375J,
435J, 437J
Public relations
178J
Public rights
062J
Public utilities
089J
Public works
023A, 219D
Pulp and paper industry
276C, 158D, 161D, 270D, 289D,
397D, 465D, 073J, 075J, 148J,
151J, 357J
Pulp wastes
276C, 282C, 158D, 161D, 270D,
032J, 161J
Pumping
081B, 011C, 174C, 195C, 240C,
027H
Pumping plants
045B, 129D, 143D, 201D, 019H
Pumping stations
084B, 093J
Pumps
071B, 081B, 084B, 098B, 019C,
074C, 108C, 112C, 115C, 187C,
258C, 284D, 069E
Purification
122C, 124C, 127C, 169C, 247C,
309D, 350D
Quality control
148E, 174E, 377J
Radiation
128D, 042E, 008K, 009K, 010K
Radioactive tracers
211D, 134E, 051H, 053H, 068H
Radioactive wastes
079C, 428D, 024F, 048J, 447K,
001K to 016K
Radioactivity
060E, 120J
Radioactivity techniques
026E
Radiocarbon
041H
Radioisotopes
033E, 034E, 035E, 036E, 133E,
134E, 090J, 120J, 005K, 011K
Radium
014K
Rainbow trout
287J, 316J, 347J, 402J
Rainfall
018A, 030A, 036A, 038F, 058H,
08OH, 053J
Rainfall intensity
003A, 005A, 002F, 042F,
071F
933
-------
Rainfall-runoff relationships
003A, 005A, 006A, 017A, 018A,
026A, 031A, 010B, 058H
Rain gauge
028E
Rain water
059B
Random walk model
051F
Rapid sand filter
108F, 425 J
Raritan River Basin
017A
Rational formula
014A, 078H
Receiving streams
411J
Recession curves
030E
Recharge
091C, 009H, 016H, 181J
Recirculated water
053C, 057C, 207C, 114D
Reclaimed water
273C, 280C, 179E
Recording
088E
Recreation
001A, 206J, 249J
Recycling
009B, 001C, 013C,
146C, 001D, 005D,
093D, 119D, 180D,
191D, 236D, 262D,
053F, 061F, 009H,
034J, 048J, 170J,
178J, 199J, 344J,
Red tide
008J
Reduction
021C
015C, 058C,
032D, 075D,
181D, 183D,
278D, 007F,
064H, 033J,
173J, 177J,
446J
934
Regional development
164E, 188J, 403J
Regression analysis
109F
Regulation
203D, 333D, 001J, 059J, 065J,
086J, 101J, 213J, 262J, 327J,
329J
Relining project
001B
Remote sensing
078E, 082E, 094E
Reovirus
44 7D
Research and development
044D, 106D, 253D, 338D, USE,
027J, 029J, 060J, 131J, 179J,
240J, 249J, 275J, 303J, 335J,
370J, 441J
Reservoirs
002B, 122C, 185C, 186C, 090D,
395D, 410D, 005E, 012H, 019H,
026H, 027H, 043J, 093J, 102J,
105J, 321J, 362J, 410J
Reservoir storage
001A
Resins
015C, 052C, HOC, 113C, 071J
Resource allocation
227J
Respiration
137D, 304D, 395J
Respiration rates
359J
Retention
004A, 030B, 044F
Retention basin
030B, 059B
Reverse osmosis
090C, 113C, 185C, 071D, 142D,
267D, 279D, 281D, 289D, 357D,
391D, 402D, 420D, 425D, 431D,
432D, 441D, 473D, 488D, 492D,
053F, 135J, 197J, 240J
-------
Reviews
022A, 023A, 034A, 020B, 113D,
146D, 281D, 325D, 327D, 338D,
357D, 363D, 364D, 365D, 404D,
418D, 421D, 445D, 452D, 453D,
489D, 096E, 136E, 163E, 010F,
064F, 065F, 011H, 003J, 045J,
063J, 064J, 164J, 189J, 193J,
199J, 200J, 229J, 246J, 296J,
351J, 352J, 403J, 012K
Reynolds number
037B, 402D, 032E, 048E, 025H
Rhine Valley
067H
Rotary kiln
068D
Rubber
054B
Runoff
018A, 024A, 031A, 028E, 030E,
122E, 035F, 036F, 062F, 057H,
112J, 113J, 172J, 368J, 383J
Runoff forecasting
014A, 029A, 079H
Runoff graphs
073H
Rhode Island
010D
Rinsing
042J
Riparian rights
227J
River basins
017A, 027H
River flow
152E
River forecasting
020F, 033F
Rivers
003B, 004B, 001D,
001E, 004E, 026E,
049E, 054E, 122E,
020F, 033F, 046F,
086F, 113F, 005G,
013H, 021H, 024H,
081J, 102J, 110J,
189J, 219J, 239J,
River training
014J
086D,
040E,
152E,
068F,
002H,
042H,
118J,
276J,
125D,
046E,
158E,
074F,
012H,
076J,
129J,
004K
Rural areas
004B, 052B, 096D, 143J, 152J,
224J, 286J
Saline water
085C
Salinity
154E, 075F, 002H
Salmon
357J
Salmonella
020J, 222J, 321J, 367J
Salt
021A, 150J
Salts
081C, 131C, 141C, 169C, 042D,
043D, 127D, 156J, 402J
Sampling
007A, 109C, 159C, 160C, 177C,
209C, 257C, 274C, 325D, 008E,
054E, 059E, 061E, 063E, 066E,
076E, 079E, 084E, 087E, 090E,
132E, 161E, 163E, 174E, 010J,
018J, 086J, 098J, 105J, 205J
Roads
331J
Roasting
198C
Sand
168C, 193C, 177D, 221D
Sand aquifers
009G
Romania
095F
Sand columns
03 7D
935
-------
Sand filtration
317D
San Francisco Bay area
026D, 001E
Sanitary engineering
003B, 377D
Sanitary landfills
164J
Sanitation
164J, 206J, 213J
Sclairpipe
001B
Screening/dissolved air flotation
025B
Screens
203C, 215C, 223C, 308C
Scum
023C
Seabeds
048E
Sea water
217C, 093E, 097J, 213J, 214J,
221J, 438J, 014K
Seaweeds
101E
Secondary pollution
019D
Secondary treatment
192D, 193D, 214D, 234J, 387J
Sedimentation
260C, 270C, 027D, 385D, 437D,
026F, 064F, 106F, 362J
Sediments
174C, 292C, 298C, 055D, 403D,
008E, 063E, 064E, 090F, 100F,
104F, 020H, 024H, 049H, 076H,
098J, 160J, 284J, 340J, 346J
Seepage
015A, 392D
Selenium
003E
Self-purification
093F, 008H
Semipermeable membranes
080C, 289D
Separated sewers
026A, 015B, 036B, 002C, 445J
Separation
061B,
058C,
084C,
118C,
175C,
215C,
271C,
301C,
069D,
303D,
456D,
035E,
029J,
techniques
033C, 035C,
063C, 065C,
086C, 095C,
140C, 150C,
176C, 189C,
216C, 222C,
278C, 290C,
304C, 306C,
086D, I960,
391D, 399D,
463D, 472D,
100E, 171E,
070J
050C,
068C,
114C,
163C,
203C,
227C,
296C,
004D,
227D,
432D,
474D,
029F,
056C,
075C,
115C,
174C,
213C,
245C,
299C,
044D,
240D,
451D,
487D,
019J,
Septic tanks
127C, 277C, 010D, 030D, 096D,
37OD, 478D, 002J
Settling
165C, USD, 227D, 047E
Settling basins
059B, 084C, 291C, 476D, 026F,
041F, 104F
Settling tanks
171C, 148D
Sewage
045B, 075B, 081B, 084B, 099B,
007C, 010C, 012C, 013C, 020C,
041C, 043C, 057C, 077C, 081C,
083C, 120C, 122C, 123C, 132C,
154C, 173C, 034D, 089D, 093D,
134D, 135D, 138D, 149D, 314D,
319D, 425D, 025E, 053E, 176E,
069J, 097J, 126J, 131J, 138J
Sewage bacteria
007D, 020E, 069J
Sewage disposal
096B, 017C, 125C, 074D, 091D,
143D, 368D, 451D, 464D, 064H,
217J, 247J
Sewage districts
005J
936
-------
Sewage effluents
070C, 039D, 328D, 329D, 330D,
128E, 323J
Sewage lagoons
052F
Sewage sludge
047B, 076B, 264C, 034D, 060D,
116D, 184D, 202D, 229D, 246D,
247D, 248D, 250D, 264D, 283D,
287D, 288D, 320D, 491D, 014E,
070E, 045H, 003J, 117J, 170J,
208J, 220J
Sewage treatment
012A.,
094B,
035C,
089C,
123C,
173C,
229C,
285C,
307C,
029D,
049D,
076D,
09 6D,
123D,
15 ID,
270D,
302D,
380D,
393D,
428D,
497D,
090F,
044J,
246J,
Sewerage
032A,
097C,
13 8D,
497D,
020A,
023C,
038C,
097C,
129C,
188C,
244C,
288C,
006D,
036D,
05 3D,
081D,
105D,
12 9D,
15 2D,
271D,
318D,
385D,
408D,
433D,
009E,
004H,
109J,
334 J,
056B,
303C,
251D,
039F,
040B,
027C,
048C,
105C,
135C,
202C,
259C,
293C,
017D,
037D,
064D,
082D,
109D,
13 OD,
173D,
284D,
352D,
386D,
41 ID,
469D,
081E,
075H,
140 J,
371J,
064B,
134D,
25 3D,
122J,
055B,
029C,
053C,
116C,
148C,
219C,
264C,
294C,
019D,
04 5D,
065D,
085D,
120D,
133D,
198D,
29 3D,
36 9D,
391D,
419D,
484D,
119E,
003 J,
213J,
436J,
095B,
135D,
31 8D,
445J
09 OB,
031C,
058C,
119C,
171C,
220C,
277C,
302C,
025D,
046D,
07 4D,
094D,
12 2D,
134D,
239D,
295D,
377D,
392D,
427D,
486D,
166E,
030 J,
219J,
446J
097B,
136D,
416D,
Sewer overflows
038B
Sewer systems
003A, 005A, 032A, 033A, 001B,
to 099B, 001C, 003C, 005C,
006C, 011C, 025C, 040C, 132C,
152C, 226C, 246C, 248C, 303C,
134D, 204D, 037F, 001G, 011G,
047H, 075H, 002J, 068J, 133J,
445J, 447J
Sewer rods
152C
Shales
040H
Shellfish
037J, 123J
Ships
209J, 348J
Silica
177D, 472D
Simulation
024A, 067B, 175D, 302D, 304D,
061E, 034F, 035F, 038F, 058F,
060F, 062F, 076F, 077F, 091F,
092F, 102F, 106F, 110F, 006H,
025H, 071H
Slime
289C, 079D, 151J
Sludge
034C, 043C, 073C, 079C, 087C,
124C, 165C, 170C, 283C, 302C,
307C, 001D, 075D, 082D, 088D,
116D, 117D, 121D, 143D, 175D,
212D, 213D, 220D, 224D, 230D,
241D, 367D, 396D, 405D, 438D,
117J, 126J, 174J
Sludge blanket
087C, 047E
Sludge disposal
302C, 132D, 146D, 189D, 210D,
241D, 242D, 244D, 245D, 247D,
248D, 249D, 250D, 288D, 383D,
386D, 397D, 481D, 485D, 493D,
126J
Sludge treatment
084C, 108C, 117C, 151C, 181C,
047D, 048D, 060D, 070D, 100D,
108D, 128D, 130D, 131D, 132D,
133D, 139D, 146D, 189D, 226D,
227D, 228D, 229D, 262D, 323D,
396D, 419D, 429D, 436D, 440D,
450D, 458D, 106F, 126J, 138J
Slurries
067C, 112C, 170C, 181C, 199C,
215C, 251C, 256C, 284C, 047E,
045F
937
-------
Smoke testing
097B
Snow
021A, 022A, 054F, 002H, 038H
Social values
032D, 121J
Sodium
325D, 145J
Sodium compounds
282C, 089E, 223J
Soil analysis
321D, 019E, 089E, 125E, 060H
Soil chemistry
243D, 326D, 061H, 065H, 171J
Soil conservation
100F, 172J, 220J
Soil contamination
184D, 053J, 275J, 379J
Soil disposal fields
322D, 325J, 326J
Soil engineering
101D
Soil filters
170J
Soil management
024D, 243D, 248D, 032H, 053J
Soil mechanics
066B, 045H, 220J
Soil microbiology
188D, 243D, 062H, 170J
Soil moisture
011H, 017H
Soil pressure
078B, 158E
Soil properties
056B, 188D, 302D, 114E, 017F,
033H, 060H, 169J
Soils
032A, 078B, 326D, 036E, 017H,
036H, 065H, 035J- 040J
Soil water
010H, 011H, 032H, 033H, 045H,
065H, 150J
Soil-water-plant relationships
045H, 171J, 173J
Solids
067C, 123C, 172C, 261C, 266C,
284C, 119D, 146D, 267D, 029J
Solid wastes
079C, 092C, 100C, 125C, 215C,
227C, 224D, 029F, 075H, 056J,
112J, 226J, 336J, 389J, 002K
Solubility
138C, 153C, 243C, 228D, 117J,
424J
Solutions
157C, 097F, 147J
Solvents
051C, 001E, 083E, 019J, 012K
Sorption
031D
Sound waves
058D
Spain
035J
Specific gravity
114C, 207C
Spectrometers
033E, 034E, 036E, 043E, 104E
Spectrophotometry
028A, 007E, 014E, 083E, 123E,
142E, 175E, 424J
Spectroscopy
009E, 013E, 111E, 129E, 156E,
169E, 298J
Spraying
407J
Spray irrigation
321D, 322D, 329D, 332D, 323J,
327J
Springs
037H
938
-------
Standards
057B, 162E, 038J, 080J, 086J,
144J, 217J
State jurisdiction
168J
Stations
129C
086J, 225J
113F, 298J
293D
Statistical methods
059E, 061E, 085J,
Statistics
075B, 082E, 109F,
Steam
105C, 273C
Steel pipes
029B, 057B, 060B,
Stochastic processes
038E, 012F, 027F
Storage
030B, 009G
Storage tanks
032C, 189C, 298D, 095J, 007K
Storm drains
004A, 009A, 011A, 013B, 009C,
222D, 002F
Storm runoff
001A, 002A, 006A, 008A, 019A,
023A, 025A, 010B, 019B, 028B,
030B, 038B, 065B, 067B, 046D,
318D, 002F, 059F, 073F, 092F,
005G, 077J
Storm sewers
095B
Storm water
004A, 007A, 011A, 012A, 034A,
019B, 021B, 023B, 028B, 065B,
009C, 226C, 012D, 125D, 222D,
036F, 095F, 058H
Storm water runoff
001A to 036A
Strainers
245C
Stream flow
030E, 040F, 043F, 094F, 378J
Stream purification
369J
Streams
027A, 093C, 123C, 183C, 209C,
113D, 374D, 045E, 122E, 096F,
112F, 001H, 002H, 056H, 072J,
394J
Street runoff
023A
Strip mining
323D, 207J
Structural design
010F
Subsurface flow
091C, 054F
Sulfates
144E, 354J, 355J
Sulfides
139C, 157E
Sulfite liquors
145J
Sulfites
183C, 234J
Sulfur
183C
Sulfuric acid
121E
Sulfurization
051D
Sumps
120C
Surface runoff
013A, 014A, 016A, 028A, 008E,
111F, 116F
Surface water
040B, 039C, 077E, 032F, 075F,
083F, 102F, 056H, 233J, 237J,
368J, 011K
Surfactants
178C, 280D, 363D, 095E, 135E,
147J
939
-------
Surveys
020B, 071D, 204D, 258D, 022F,
022H, 084J, 193J, 219J, 220J,
247J, 009K
Suspended load
004C, 270C, 271C, 292C, 066J,
340J
Suspended solids
004B, 023B, 001C, 038C, 055C,
060C, 063C, 135C, 190C, 191C,
271C, 292C, 004D, 011D, 017D,
018D, 097D, 117D, 131D, 144D,
176D, 193D, 255D, 268D, 271D,
282D, 468D, 479D, 040E, 082E,
146E, 022F, 070F, 108F, 024H,
195J
Suspensions
187C, 210C, 287C, 292C, USD
Swamps
142J
Television
091B, 286C
Temperature
156C, 160C, 151D, 152D, 153D,
154D, 155D, 162D, 163D, 164D,
165D, 167D, 168D, 169D, 170D,
171D, 172D, 283D, 029E, 072E,
107E, 043F, 070F, 040H, 053J,
066J, 270J, 292J, 294J
Tertiary treatment
019D, 077D, 206D, 268D, 290D,
294D, 295D, 352D, 366D, 367D,
378D, 461D, 475D, 479D, 128E,
164E, 007F, 063H, 018J, 208J,
271J, 423J
Testing
077B, 072C, 112D, 209D, 114E,
147E, 178E, 017J, 217J
Texas
295D
Sweden
062D, 044J
Swimming pools
076D, 025J
Swirl concentrator
027B, 061B
Systems analysis
209D, 138E, 003F, 005F, 242J,
291J
Tanks
023C, 124C, 126C, 165C, 202C,
242C, 258C, 312D, 134J, 208J
Tannery wastes
107J, 109J
Taste
001H
Taxes
032A, 300J
Technology
073E, 246J
Telemetry
088E, 166E, 063F
Textiles
222C, 131J, 235J, 397J
Thermal pollution
107E, 291J, 292J, 331J, 364J
Thermal stress
294J
Thorium
005K
Thunderstorms
03 OA
Tidal waters
096F, 066J, 076J, 162J, 239J
Times series analysis
043F, 080F
Tokyo Bay, Japan
008J
Topography
129D
Torsional simple shear device
400J
940
-------
Toxicity
113D, 168D,
012E, 142E,
024J, 049J,
149J, 154J,
185J, 221J,
254J, 270J,
288J, 357J,
413J
Toxins
041J
Trace elements
052E
Trace metals
123E
Tracers
026E, 098E
Training
075E, 091J
Transportation
374D, 212J
I860, 245D, 002E,
175E, 001J, 021J,
055J, 104J, 114J,
155J, 174J, 180J,
232J, 238J, 253J,
274J, 283J, 286J,
375J, 391J, 406J,
Treatment
032A,
029C,
220C,
041D,
052D,
104D,
HID,
130D,
138D,
162D,
203D,
266D,
290D,
299D,
352D,
389D,
065E,
026H,
093J,
138 J,
341J,
facilities
025B, 047B,
032C, 149C,
277C, 003D,
046D, 047D,
060D, 062D,
106D, 107D,
115D, 125D,
132D, 133D,
139D, 143D,
164D, 165D,
221D, 239D,
269D, 271D,
291D, 293D,
300D, 335D,
358D, 359D,
390D, 451D,
001F, 006F,
013J, 044J,
094J, 103J,
213J, 215J,
371J
068B,
214C,
013D,
048D,
068D,
108D,
12 8D,
134D,
14 9D,
166D,
261D,
276D,
295D,
343D,
36 ID,
009E,
026F,
077J,
126J,
245J,
088B,
219C,
02 6D,
049D,
095D,
HOD,
129D,
135D,
153D,
176D,
26 3D,
286D,
296D,
34 4D,
386D,
041E,
056F,
085 J,
136J,
271J,
Treatment methods
035B, 010C, 018C, 020C, 021C,
026C, 027C, 041C, 043C, 061C,
089C, 204C, 001D to 503D,
015F
Treatment plants
082B, 099B, 119C, 181C, 096D,
114D, 149D, 263D, 316D, 058E,
073E, 136J, 205J, 215J, 334J,
337J
Trickle irrigation
150J
Trickling filters
015D, 016D, 085D, 272D, 359D,
378D, 418D, 429D, 480D, 183J,
204J
Tritium
026E, 041H, 052H, 053H
Tubes
113C, 208C, 291C
Tubular modules
071D
Tuna
024J
Tunnel construction
005G, 006G, 011G
Tunnel design
006G
Tunnelling
068B, 005G, 006G, 007G, 011G
Tunnel linings
060B, 068B
Tunnels
011A, 005B, 033B, 039B, 045B,
008C, 001G, 008G, 026J
Tunnel technology
001G to 011G
Turbidimeter
167, 146E
Turbidity
115D, 213D, 448D, 031E, 039E,
041E, 146E, 173E, 378J
Turbine blades
030C
Turbulence
004G, 059H
941
-------
Turbulent flow
037B, 021F, 048F, 050F, 006H
Utah
006D
Turtles
263J
Utilities
089D
Two, four-D (2,4-D)
124E, 107F
Ultrahigh frequency sound
077D
Vacuum distilation
217D
Vacuum drying
233D
Ultraviolet radiation
096E
Underground storage
QUA
Underground structures
125J
Underground waste disposal
050B, 001K
Universities
101J, 384J
Unox system
381D, 501D
Upflow filtration
063D, 439D
Uranium
015K
Urban areas
286D, 061F
Urban drainage
036B, 009C, 004F
Urban hydrology
139E, 081F, 014H, 071H, 073H
Urban planning
027A, 048H, 170J, 190J
Urban runoff
016A, 026A, 027A, 028A, 034A,
035A, 067B, 036F, 071F, 081F,
099F, 116F, 078H
Vacuum filters
233D, 239D
Vacuum sewage
055B, 056B
Valves
048B, 076B, 082C, 104C, 192C,
214C, 158J
Vapor filtration
217D
Vegetation
184D, 005H, 175J, 393J
Velocity
022E
Venturi fumes
030C
Vienna, Austria
010A
Virginia
011D
Viruses
HOC, 061D, 214D, 412D, 447D,
045J, 092J, 261J, 343J
Vortices
196D
Washing
135C
Waste activated sludge
18 9D
Ureas
118J
U.S.S.R.
034C, 153D, 424D, 216J
942
-------
Waste disposal
027A, 055B,
175C, 196C,
073D, 097D,
239D, 252D,
275D, 277D,
329D, 336D,
406D, 414D,
067F, 062H,
098J, 112J,
172J, 173J,
208J, 226J,
300J, 325J,
016K
Waste streams
139C
Waste treatment
002A, 012A,
061C, 172C,
210C, 211C,
305C, 018D,
082D, 10ID,
161D, 163D,
273D, 275D,
394D, 398D,
445D, 449D,
496D, 128E,
048J, 141J,
446J
Waste water
071B, 060C,
149D, 452D,
145E, 044H, 033J, 411J
Waste water disposal
021D, 040D, 181D, 256D, 257D,
337D, 406D, 065J, 125J, 346J,
407J
Waste water flow
035D
Waste water (pollution)
061C, 416D, 018J, 019J, 055J,
161J
Waste water treatment
063B
214C
101D
253D
278D
370D
500D
057J
122J
176J
251J
326J
064B
179C
227C
038D
118D
200D
334D
405D
457D
003F
24 2 J
088D
482D
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
J
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
004 C,
005D,
202D,
256D,
286D,
383D,
022F,
083 J,
140J,
182J,
273J,
336J,
012C,
196C,
250C,
051D,
158D,
231D,
355D,
435D,
458D,
074H,
348J,
094D,
044E,
083C,
050D,
236D,
258D,
327D,
388D,
029F,
084J,
141J,
186J,
289J,
348J,
016C,
197C,
27 1C,
068D,
159D,
236D,
390D,
436D,
486D,
042J,
408 J,
147D,
057E,
020A,
014C,
037C,
089C,
137C,
290C,
305C,
015D,
058D,
075D,
097D,
124D,
1450,
180D,
260D,
287D,
302D,
327D,
351D,
367D,
403D,
433D,
455D,
471D,
484D,
495D,
140E,
037F,
029H,
044J,
140J,
215 J,
34 3J,
429 J,
032A,
016C,
043C,
090C,
138C,
291C,
306C,
04 2D,
059D,
077D,
106D,
138D,
165D,
187D,
26 5D,
289D,
314D,
328D,
35 4D,
393D,
404D,
440D,
456D,
473D,
489D,
503D,
161E,
061F,
063H,
047 J,
143 J,
235J,
352J,
434J,
022B,
029C,
049C,
095C,
149C,
294C,
307C,
05 2D,
06 2D,
080D,
116D,
140D,
166D,
218D,
266D,
292D,
319D,
331D,
357D,
395D,
409D,
444D,
463D,
478D,
490D,
011E,
016F,
101F,
020J,
125J,
146 J,
251J,
353J,
44 2 J
082B,
032C,
070C,
102C,
280C,
296C,
006D,
056D,
06 5D,
082D,
117D,
141D,
173D,
220D,
277D,
294D,
32 OD,
335D,
358D,
398D,
429D,
446D,
467D,
48 ID,
492D,
017E,
019F,
105F,
030J,
136J,
194 J,
295J,
371J,
007C
033C
079C
116C
281C
297C
012D
057D
07 3D
087D
12 3D
144D
174D
252D
279D
297D
322D
336D
361D
400D
430D
44 9D
468D
482D
494D
065E
034F
009H
042J
138J
202J
324J
428J
J
9
9
9
y
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Water allocation (policy)
006J
Water analysis
275C, 130E, 131E, 147E, 161E,
174E, 092J, 116J, 296J, 297J,
332J
Water chemistry
129E, 040H
Water conservation
055B, 349J, 413J
Water consumption
304J
Water currents
006H, 397J
943
-------
Water demand
055B, 342D, 014J, 191J, 192J,
304J
Water desalting
134C
Water discharge
339J, 373J
Water levels
020F
Water policy
094B,
443D,
101F,
360J,
420J
Water pollution
022A,
440D,
010E,
153E,
173E,
00 3H,
127J,
192J,
345J,
364J,
387J,
415J,
434J,
440J,
085C,
441D,
046E,
154E,
175E,
031 J,
144J,
219J,
346J,
366J,
388J,
425J,
435J,
00 4K
Water pollution
026B,
045D,
298D,
016E,
007J,
082 J,
189 J,
26 2J,
353J,
443J
085B,
084D,
336D,
081E,
044 J,
088J,
196J,
330J,
373J,
144C,
467D,
078E,
156E,
178E,
036 J,
145J,
231J,
353J,
382J,
390J,
429J,
436J,
control
216C,
126D,
388D,
166E,
065J,
091J,
210J,
333J,
380J,
366D,
003E,
139E,
157E,
057F,
089 J,
146J,
343J,
361J,
384J,
411J,
430J,
437J,
252C,
210D,
443D,
065F,
067J,
148J,
212J,
335J,
390J,
375D,
005E,
141E,
171E,
086F,
107 J,
191J,
344 J,
363J,
385J,
413J,
433J,
438J,
276C,
252D,
503D,
06 9F,
068J,
184 J,
213J,
348J,
416J,
Water pollution effects
123D, 054J, 068J, 096J, 097J,
261J, 263J, 357J, 374J, 401J,
406J, 409J, 006K
sources
, 028A,
, 015E,
, 097E,
, 178E,
, 067J,
, 097J,
, 248J,
, 390J,
200D,
024E,
105E,
011J,
068J,
119J,
285 J,
395J,
231D,
025E,
107E,
015J,
080J,
197J,
330J,
406J,
944
Water pollution
023A, 027A
362D, 414D
051E, 067E
110E, HIE
055J, 056J
082J, 096J
221J, 222J
356J, 359J
006K
Water pollution treatment
095C, 272C, 007F
Water pressure
058B
Water purificati
034C, 038C,
060C, 073C,
107C, 120C,
143C, 144C,
195C, 199C,
260C, 261C,
115D, 122D,
282D, 284D,
366D, 415D,
470D, 499D,
167E, 090F,
033J, 088J,
Water quality
016A, 019A,
275C, 028D,
179D, 181D,
342D, 417D,
002E, 041E,
009F, 044F,
041J, 073J,
094J, 130J,
203J, 231J,
304J, 346J,
403J, 404J,
Water quality act
416J
Water quality control
035A, 019B, 021B, 304C,
17ID, 172D, 212D, 213D,
312D, 316D, 395D, 469D,
488D, 502D, 004E, 049E,
168E, 176E, 177E, 046F,
113F, 022H, 023H, 055H,
007J, 012J, 046J, 158J,
192J, 203J, 219J, 243J,
266J, 267J, 268J, 272J,
290J, 315J, 318J, 382J,
389J, 405J, 420J, 422J,
427J, 430J, 442J, 443J
on
052C,
099C,
122C,
163C,
224C,
263C,
19 9D,
303D,
420D,
011E,
008H,
103 J,
070B,
029D,
193D,
418D,
077E,
080F,
07 5J,
131J,
260J,
349J,
412J,
055C,
100C,
140C,
184C,
243C,
305C,
239D,
346D,
442D,
037E,
077H,
124J,
094C,
085D,
208D,
46 9D,
087E,
107F,
091J,
187 J,
272J,
356J,
431J,
058C,
106C,
141C,
185C,
252C,
077D,
28 ID,
349D,
463D,
165E,
025J,
352J
13 1C,
118D,
319D,
499D,
121E,
116F,
092J,
189J,
286J,
380J,
432J
102D,
290D,
470D,
094E,
110F,
072H,
191J,
260J,
276J,
387J,
426J,
-------
Water quality management
173E, 425J, 434J, 437J
Water quality standards
130D, 131D, 275D, 046E, 079E,
112J, 196J, 267J, 291J, 293J,
318J
Water reclamation
242D
Water resources
103F, 022H, 014J, 026J, 043J,
052J, 062J, 102J, 187J, 189J,
230J, 363J
Water resources development
062B, 054D, 201D, 059E, 071F,
014H, 052J, 062J, 179J, 187J,
188J, 191J, 230J, 269J, 273J,
349J, 392J, 420J, 449J
Water resources management (applied)
004B, 051B, 062B, 009D, 054D,
083D, 177E, 011F, 032F, 081F,
113F, 014H, 071H, 072H, 005J,
006J, 038J, 062J, 096J, 167J,
265J, 315J, 349J, 363J
Water reuse
me,
142D,
217D,
416D,
097E,
099J,
249 J,
168C,
180D,
218D,
417D,
138E,
132J,
255J,
273C,
181D,
236D,
421D,
007F,
145 J,
427J,
072D,
183D,
278D,
428D,
026J,
199J,
439J
09 3D,
209D,
331D,
502D,
096J,
202J,
Water sampling
042C, 217C, 255C, 257C, 267C,
447C, 019E, 020E, 054E, 098J
Watershed management
071F, 064H, 130J, 449J
Watersheds
003A, 005A, 036A, 038A, 081F,
007H, 017H, 052H, 066H, 072H,
065J, 130J, 272J, 340J
Water storage
001A, 040B, 062B, 201D, 095J
Water supply
004B, 039B, 062B, 064B, 073B,
109C, 185C, 293C, 208D, 261D,
267D, 276D, 310D, 408D, 410D,
425D, 090E, 143E, 061F, 019H,
022H, 023H, 054H, 013J, 096J,
099J, 102J, 140J, 141J, 152J,
155J, 187J, 211J, 224J, 225J,
229J, 230J, 255J, 261J, 265J,
273J, 293J, 318J, 360J, 392J,
403J, 419J, 420J, 422J, 441J
Water supply development
410D, 037H, 102J, 392J
Water table
059D, 016H, 035H, 043J
Water temperature
156D, 159D, 160D, 161D, 179D
Water treatment
002A, 076B, 093B, 021C, 022C,
026C, 081C, 087C, 142C, 162C,
183C, 206C, 244C, 260C, 262C,
288C, 298C, 299C, 009D, 010D,
013D, 024D, 026D, 057D, 072D,
088D, 090D, 09ID, 094D, 095D,
177D, 178D, 182D, 197D, 208D,
209D, 219D, 223D, 262D, 291D,
300D, 313D, 316D, 371D, 408D,
474D, 498D, 499D, 003F, 027F,
047J, 063J, 064J, 111J, 127J,
159J, 243J, 264J, 353J
Water utilization
020D, 080J, 328J
Waterwells
015H
Waterworks
087D, 201D
Weirs
008A, 011B, 096B, 104C, 277C,
055D, 090F
Welding
046B
Wells
098B, 186J
Wet-front equation
036A
945
-------
Wind
021E
Winter
118J
Wisconsin
011A, 249D, 076E, 205J
Xanthate
372D
X-rays
055E, 066E
Yeast
454D, 183J, 356J
Zeolites
031D, 124D
Zero pollution discharge
216D, 161J
Zeta potential
071C, 280D, 040E
Zinc
070E, 155E, 158E, 115J
946
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Abel, F. H.
268J
Aberley, R. C.
207D
Abrahameen, J.
166D
Abshire, R. L.
455D
Adams, J. A. S.
04 3E
Adyaklar, P. G.
035H
Afghan, B. K.
099E
Agardy, F. J.
023A
Agarwal, H. C.
409J
Agg, A. R.
037F
Agnew, R.
025B
Ahnoff, M.
016E
Ahuj a, L. R.
036A
Airaksiner, J. U.
16 ID
Aitken, A. P.
078H
Akatsu, J.
013K
Al-Adsani, A. M. S.
441J
Albanese, P.
095E
947
Albertson, M. L.
032F
Albright, M. A.
093C
Aldworth, G. A.
HOD
Alferova, L.
153D
Al-Mashidani, G.
035F
Alter, A. J.
141J
Althaus, H.
020J
Altshul, A. D.
025H
Alverson, D. L.
059J
Amar, A. C.
016H
Amirhor, P.
412D
Anand, A.
034F
Andelman, J. B.
296J
Anderson, C. G.
282C
Anderson, E. A.
033F
Anderson, H. T.
237C
Anderson, J. B.
401J
Anderson, J. J.
010B
-------
Anderson, P. L.
257C
Anderson, W. C.
361D
Andersson, J.
303C
Andrade, P. S. L.
264D
Anspaugh, L. R.
036E
Anthony, H.
076F
Anton, W. F.
269J
Antonie, R. L.
117D
Aoyama, I.
038E, 024F
Apostol, S.
021J
Applegate, M. J.
254C
Appleton, B.
082F
Appleyard, C. J.
132J
Araki, Y.
290D
Araman, V. K.
013D
Ardill, J.
273J
Armstrong, A.
168C
Armstrong, E. T.
078C
Armstrong, R. A.
358D
Arrowsmith, J. D.
014J
Arthur, J. W.
114J
Arthur, R. M.
162E
Asce, F.
001A
Aschun, 0. K.
158D
Ash, R. H.
019F
Ashida, K.
278C
Ashworth, R. G.
042F
Asseed, M. S.
015A
Aston, W. M.
197J
Atakan, Y.
067H
Atkinson, A.
127D
Auberton, G. M.
378J
Aue, A. I.
269C
Auerback, S. I.
090J
Aulerich, R. J.
232J
Austin, E. P.
065C
Austin, T. S.
228J
Aveni, A.
288D
948
-------
Averill, D. W.
056B
Ayoub, G, M.
006H
Ayres, P. A.
09 3E
Azad, H. S.
490D
Azuma, K.
347D
Bacchetti, J. A.
203D
Bacon, V. W.
349J
Bagozkij, J. B.
424D
Bailey, D. A.
425D
Baird, R. B.
304D
Balaraman, K.
416D
Balasubramanian, V.
412J
Baldrock, E. H.
139D
Baldwin, W. F.
239C
Balkeslee, P. A.
065E
Ball, J. E.
185D
Bambenek, R. A.
223D
Bandyopadhyay, M.
014A
Banerji, S. K.
365D
Banks, P. A.
469D
Barbas, S.
303J
Barker, R. C.
129E
Barkhudarov, R. M.
011K
Barnes, D. A.
07 8F
Barrett, K. A.
386D
Barth, E. F.
265C, 204J
Bartlett, L.
115J
Bartolini, R. R.
177J
Basev, P. D.
009C
Basu, N. K.
001G
Bates, T. E.
003J
Batsche, H.
051H
Batten, C. E.
142D
Baturinskaya, I. V.
216J
Bauer, D. A.
220D
Bauer, W. J.
190D, 244D, 334D
Bauermann, H. D.
432D
Baum, H. E.
030J
949
-------
Baumann, E. R.
479D, 157E
Baumann, F. J.
154E
Bayer, A. G.
039C
Beavon, D. K.
193C
Beckrath, H.
315D
Beckroth, C.
439J
Beech, G.
070E
Beer, C.
434D
Beheer, N. V. H.
019C
Behrens, U.
011E
Belaya, V. P.
282D
Belfort, G.
492D
Beliveau, J. G.
110F
Bella, D. A.
091F
Bellack, E.
276D
Bellinger, S. L.
274C
Belyayeva, A. H.
342J
Benedek, A.
171D
Benedict, A. H.
256J
Benke, G. M.
288J, 374J
Bennett, M.
014E
Benoit, D. A.
364J
Berg, A. R.
324J
Berg, G.
343J
Bergert, K. H.
068E
Bergles, J. L.
244C
Bergman, H. L.
213C
Bergougnou, M. A.
245J, 423J
Berndt, H.
474D
Bernhardt, H.
017J
Bernstein, L
012J
Berry, F. A.
04 OH
Bertezzi, G.
015K
Berthouex, P. M.
030F, 085J, 094J
Bertine, K.
046E
Besik, F.
274D
Bessudo, D.
222J
Best, G. A.
168E
950
-------
Beszedits, S.
330J
Bettaque, R.
054H
Betz, V.
068E
Betzer, N.
050E
Beuscher, D. B.
467D
Bevan, R.
069J
Beverly, W. C.
156C
Bewtra, J. K.
483D
Bex, J.
065B
Bexson, J.
097B
Beylin, D. K.
066B
Bhattacharyya, B.
108F
Bhole, A. G.
317D
Biahchi, R. A.
068C
Bills, D. D.
316J
Bingham, S. W.
297J
Bishop, H. F.
004F
Bisogni, J. J.
178E
Bitton, G.
086D
Black, R. D.
36 ID
Blackwell, W. A.
203C
Blanc, F. C.
113E
Blitz, E.
014B
Blois, R. S.
085E
Bloomfield, R. A.
287J
Blough, R. S.
166C
Bobalek, E. G.
045F
Bodrito, P.
109E
Body, R. L.
298J
Boeglin, J. C.
463D
Bogardi, J. L.
024H
Bogedain, F. 0.
25 3D
Bokowski, D. L.
125E
Bolitho, V.
163J
Bellinger, K. A.
300D
Bondurant, J. A.
377J
Boon, A. G.
486D
Boor, U.
069D
951
-------
Booth, F. M.
301C
Brade, C. E.
226D
Borthwick, P. W.
320J
Boschen, W. 0.
016C
Bradford, G. R.
016A
Bradley, E. H.
214C
Bose, B.
014A
Brainard, E. C.
085C
Bosje, J.
171C
Brandsletter, A.
010B
Bosley, R.
233D
Braswell, J. R.
460D
Bosshard, E.
060D, 128D
Bouma, J.
37OD, 464D
Bourdimos, E. F.
017A
Brater, E. F.
066H
Brauer, F. P.
035E
Braun, R. D.
105E
Bourke, J. B.
118E
Braunscheidel, D. E.
077J
Bousfield, S.
44 5D
Brazel, A. J.
133J
Bouveng, H. 0.
062D, 433D
Bouwer, H.
192D, 193D, 029H, 044H, 063H
Bowling, R.
02 8D
Brecher, E. M.
231J, 280J, 385J
Bredehoeft, J. D.
075F
Breer, H.
294J
Box, E. 0.
252C
Brewer, R.
067J
Boyd, G. B.
023A
Brezonlk, P. L.
163E
Boyko, B. I.
HID
Briltz, R. P.
240C
Boyle, W. C.
194D, 345D, 022F, 030F
Boyle, W. H.
299D
Brill, F. W.
016F
Bringmann, G.
311D
952
-------
Brink, R.
289C
Brisbin, R. L.
329D
Buchan, S.
066J
Buckle, K. A.
092E
Broadbent, F. E.
188D, 326D
Brociner, H.
123C
Buckley, A. D.
415J
Buddemeier, R. W.
041H
Brock, R. R.
016H
Buklai, L.
040E
Brodeur, T. P.
220D
Bunch, R. L.
418D
Brooksbank, H. R.
094B
Brown, C. A.
290C
Burchett, M. E.
066F
Burgess, D. E.
029B
Brown, C. H.
266C
Brown, D.
357J
Burgess, D. R.
486D
Burke, G. W. Jr.
092J
Brown, M. J.
377J
Burlingame, A. L.
001E
Brown, T. S.
061D
Burns, B. C.
017C, 025C
Brown, W. P.
136E
Bruce, J. P.
260J
Bruce, R. A.
301C
Bruland, K. W.
064E, 014K
Brunner, D. R.
389J
Brunner, R. E.
285D
Bruvold, W. H.
249J
Burns, D. E.
006D
Burns, V. T.
267D
Burt, J. P.
318J
Burwell, R. E.
130J
Butruille, Y.
080C
Buyers, A. G.
237J
Buzzell, T. D.
164D
953
-------
Cable, C.
226J
Cairns, V. M.
140D
Caldwell, D. H.
265C, 027D
Caldwell, J. S.
003E
Callahan, W. F.
465D
Callander, R. A.
031B
Gallery, R. L.
010B
Galloway, J. A.
101F
Camp, I.C.
047B
Camp, J. R.
022D
Campbell, E. E.
299J
Campbell, R. D.
402J
Canale, R. P.
034J
Cao, C.
109F
Caperton, C. B.
152C
Cappenberg, T.
354J, 355J
Capper, C. B.
414J
Capuano, I. A.
279C
Capuci, R.
095E
Carcich, I.
018B, 022B, 063B
Carlson, H. B.
230C
Carlson, R. 0.
246D
Carnahan, R. P.
105F
Carry, C. W.
03 7D
Carter, D. L.
377J
Carter, J. W.
441D
Carter, L.
159C
Carter, L. J.
435J
Casling, R. H.
074D
Cassin, J.
037J
Cassin, J. M.
010E
Casto, W. R.
016K
Cawood, C. H.
162J
Cearley, J. E.
078J
Cembrowlcz, R. G.
005F
Cescon, P.
HOE
Cessna, J. 0. H.
146C
Chakravarty, S.
146J
954
-------
Chambers, C. W.
167D
Chander, S.
111F
Chandler, C. R.
502D
Chandler, J. H.
149E
Chandler, S. S.
236C
Chandrasekaran, D.
055D, 090F
Chaney, R. L.
17 4 J
Chang, A. C.
065H
Chang, L. W.
024J
Chapman, B. T.
044F
Chapman, W. A.
231D
Chapman, W. H.
me
Chappal, P.
258C
Chappeil, G. M.
158C
Charbonneau, S. M.
283J
Chau, A. S. Y.
025E, 171E
Chaudhuri, M.
412D, 045J
Chaudry, M. T.
032F
Chebotaryov, A. I.
010F
Cheeseman, P. C.
036H
Cheever, K. L.
288J
Chen, E. C.
072E
Chen, I. B.
450D
Chen, P. J.
356D
Cheng, F. Y.
034J
Chepurnayo, G. S.
015C
Chermisinoff, P. N.
087E
Cherry, G. B.
238D
Chian, E. S. K.
391D
Chien, J. S.
137E, 079H
Childs, E. A.
319J
Cho, C. C.
421J
Cho, D.
271D
Choun, J. M.
007C
Christensen, G. M.
364J
Christian, R. T.
209D
Christiansen, C. D.
157D
Chubb, L. W.
131E
955
-------
Church, M. R.
074F
Clark, D.
038D
Clark, D. W.
297D
Clarke, A. B.
400D
Clasen, J.
017J
Claus, P.
025F
Clayfield, G. W.
137D
Cleary, E. J.
007J, 440J
Cleary, J. W.
081C
Cleasby, J. L.
480D
Clements, M. S.
026F
Click, C. N.
053B
Clifford, K. L.
199J
Clingenpeel, W. H.
270D
Clinger, R. C.
011D
Coburn, J. E.
025E
Cockburn, R. T.
082B
Cockerham, P. W.
027F
Coerdt, W.
106E
Coffman, L. M.
258J
Cohen, J. M.
393D, 352J
Coleman, M. S.
02 8A
Coleman, R. J.
078J
Collier, S. A.
284C
Collins, A. S.
047F
Collins, H. L.
322J
Comerton, L. J.
009A
Conrad, J. R.
364D
Conway, R. A.
206D
Cook, E.
3 800
Cook, G. H.
320J
Cook, P. M.
143E
Copenhauer, E. D.
139E
Corey, J. C.
011H
Cornish, A. H.
219C, 294C
Corrill, L. S.
139E
Corson, F. L.
247C
Cosens, K. W.
215J
956
-------
Costello, L. S.
019A
Cotter, J. E.
072D
Cotton, B. L.
304C
Cotton, P.
045D
Cowlishaw, W. A.
336D
Cox, J. L.
041J
Cox, M. F.
079J
Craddock, J. M.
158J
Craun, G. F.
365J
Crawford, N.
071H
Crawford, P.
102D
Creed, H. K.
227D
Crisp, D. J.
066J
Crites, R. W.
187D, 257D
Cronshaw, H.
065J
Crossland, J.
08 2 J
Crumal, J.
209C
Csanady, M.
014D
Cullis, J. C.
082C
Gulp, G. L.
066D, 176D, 268D
Curl, H. C.
091F
Cutter, B. E.
329D
Cuttica, H. C.
358D
Dainty, S. H.
007A
Dajani, J. S.
044B
Daly, M. P.
263D, 458D
D'Amato, R.
202J
Daniels, S. L.
109D
Dannals, L. E.
089E
Dannewitz, R.
274C
Dart, F. J.
264J, 422J
Datta, A. K.
442D
Davenport, C. V.
168D
Davis, A. C.
118E
Davis, E. D.
172D, 140J
Davis, E. M.
45 2D
Davis, G. K.
154J
Davis, J. M.
035F
957
-------
Davis, P. R.
018H
Davis, R. B.
294C
Davister, A.
298C
Dawson, R. N.
165D
Day, A. D.
176J
Dean, R. B.
047D, 189D, 242D
Deb, A. K.
114F
Dechambenoy, C.
107E
Deering, R. W.
314D
Deiveekasundaram, M.
416D
De Keyser, W. R.
057B
de Klerk, H.
023J
Delany, R. E.
219C, 294C
De Latour, C.
08 6D
Delleur, J. W.
049F
Del Pico, J.
473D
De Michele, E.
092J, 239J
De Rienzo, P.
248J
Derouane, A.
144E
Derzansky, L. J.
402D
Deshpande, A. W.
047J
de Veer, S. M.
078E
Derries, J.
189C
Dick, R. I.
453D
Dickie, L. M.
058J
Dickman, M.
009J
Diebler, H. G.
160C, 274C
Di Gianne, F. A.
489D
Di Giano, F. A.
078F
Dillon, N.
002F
Ditmars, J.
374D
Dixon, D. J.
188J
Dmitriev, A. S.
102C
Dobson, H. F. H.
381J
Doi, K.
347D
Doig, T.
016J
Dolan, R.
106J
Dolinsek, F.
013E
958
-------
Dolobovskaya, A. S.
032C
Donaldson, D.
152J, 224J
Dontsova, M. I.
034C
Dorcey, A. H. J.
038J
Dorn, P.
359J
Doss, R. C.
081C
Dotson, G. K.
245D
Dougan, W. K.
161E
Dougay, P. P.
207D
Douglas, J. H.
46 ID
Downey, R. L.
018E
Downing, A. L.
335J
Dracup, J. A.
061F
Drago, M.
HOE
Dressier, J.
421J
Dressier, R. L.
330D
Drown, D. B.
29 2 J
Dryden, F. D.
037D
Dryman, W. R.
15 OD
Dube, D. J.
205J
Dubois, E. M. R.
205C
Dubouchet, J. L.
216C
Duchateau, G. F.
172C
Duddles, G. A.
204J
Dudley, A. W. Jr.
024J
Dujmovie, M.
HIE
Dunbar, J. 0.
178J
Durazo, R.
034B
Durrum, E. L.
075C
Durst, R. E.
04 5F
Dutton, C. S.
468D
Duval, L. A.
074C
Dyck, A. W. J.
151J
Dyment, R.
054D
Dyson, J. M.
094B
Eak-Hour, C.
019E
Echelberger, W. F.
407D
Economy, J.
300C
959
-------
Eda, M.
423D
Edgerley, W. H. L.
090E
Edwards, A. B.
496D
Edwards, C. A.
053J
Edwards, R. A.
092E
Egan, W. G.
010E
Eglinton, G.
001E
Ehly, J.
302J
Ehrlen, L.
044J
Eklund, C. D.
383J
Elder, L. L.
057B
Ellington, C. P.
179J
Ellis, B. G.
061H
Elphick, A.
369D
El-Ramly, N.
081H
Elvins, B. J.
029E
Emerick, R. J.
155J
Emmons, D. R.
15 6C
Emrath, E. E.
230D
Endelman, F. J.
376J
Engelbrecht, R. S.
327D, 412D
English, J. N.
03 7D
Engman, E. T.
092F, 058H
Enke, C. G.
017E
Epstein, E.
045H
Epstein, J.
005E
Erdelysky, Z.
134E
Erickson, A. E.
16 9J
Erickson, L. E.
015D, 016D
Ermakov, I. S.
070D
Ermert, U.
43 2D
Ernstrom, E. K.
077J
Escher, E. D.
243J
Etheridge, D. C.
013B
Evans, J. D.
243D, 338D
Evans, R. L.
013D, 025D, 134J
Evans, W. H.
141E
Evard, W. M.
100C
960
-------
Everett, J. G.
227D, 228D
Evers, D.
366D
Fahlenbock, T.
087J
Fairweather, V.
086B
Falcke, F.
078B
Falkner, C. H.
421J
Fan, L.-T.
015D, 016D
Fang, H. H. P.
391D
Farell, J. H.
06 8C
Farha, F.
252C
Farquhar, G. J.
080F
Farr, F.
215J
Farrell, B.
047D
Farrell, R. P.
063B
Fasoli, U.
093F
Faust, S. D.
342D, 356D
Felbeck, G. T.
395J
Fell, J.
356J
Fennell, H.
321J
Fenton, T. E.
070B
Ferguson, B. B.
301D
Ferm, R. L.
161C
Ferrar, T. A.
317J
Fetter, C. W. Jr.
009H
Field, R.
022A, 034A, 019B, 061B, 074B
Filip, A.
031E
Flnan, M.
127D
Firth, R. L.
249C
Fischer, J. A.
427J
Flach, K. W.
172J
Flanagan, M. J.
08 ID
Fleischmann, L. W.
177C
Fleming, R. N.
069F
Fleming, W. G.
008E
Fleps, W.
167E
Fletcher, G. C.
168C
Flood, F. J.
059D
Floodgate, G. D.
066J
961
-------
Foehrenbach, J.
362J
Ford, J. H.
050J, 322J
Foree, E.
380D
Forester, R.
069E
Forge, C. 0.
075C
Fossom, G. 0.
392D
Foster, D. H.
327D
Foster, H.
049D
Foster, J. H.
04 9D
Fotiyeva, N. N.
008G
Fournier, C. D.
019F
Fournier, E.
118C
Fowler, D. P.
009G
Fowlie, P. J. A.
137J
Fox, G. T.
371D
Fox, I. K.
03 8 J
Frache, R.
HOE
Fragoso, R.
222J
Francois, L. E.
012J
Franke, P.
284D
Fraser, J. H.
199C
Frazier, R. P.
277J
Freese, R.
029C
Freeze, R. A.
054F
Frenke, K.
037J
Frenzel, H.
077E
Fretwell, G.
433J
Friedlander, J.
384J
Fries, H.
081B
Froman, C. A. Jr.
080D
Frost, T. P.
323J
Froulunds, B.
269C
Frye, F. C.
05 OB
Fryer, G. E.
043E
Fu, Y. C.
399J
Fuchs, W.
204C
Fuge, R.
101E
Fuhs, G. W.
072J
962
-------
Fujii, T.
03 2 J
Fujinaga, T.
09 IE
Fuller, C. E.
219D
Fullerton, R. W.
45 ID
Fulton, G. P.
262D
Funk, W. H.
115J
Gabriel, G. F.
260J
Gadkari, S. K.
047J
Gaffke, J. N.
319J
Gahler, A. R.
063E
Gammon, A.
026H
Ganczarczyk, J.
04 3D
Gangolli, S. D.
221J
Ganley, R. J.
012A
Garber, I.
048J
Gardiner, D. K.
118J
Garrison, R. L.
27 5D
Garry, J. A.
386D
Carton, A.
386D
Gary, H. L.
038H
Gascoigne, P.
298D
Gasner, L. L.
401D
Cast, R. G.
379J
Gaube, E.
078B
Gaudy, A. F.
119D, 360D, 405D
Gautreau, J.
017B
Gburek, W. J.
058H
Geen, G. H.
410J
Gegauff, R.
344J
Geinopolos, A.
397D
Geisinger, D. W.
036D
Geldreich, E. E.
411J
Gellman, I.
161J
Genetelli, E.
241D
Genon, G.
09 3F
Gentry, R. E.
318J
Gerber, R. G.
272J
Geyh, M. A.
06 8H
963
-------
Ghosh, D. K.
315J
Girling, R. M.
155D
Ghosh, M. M.
136E
Giusti, D. M.
206D
Ghosh, S.
364D, 055F
Gibb, J. P.
208D
Gjeasing, E. T.
112E
Gladkov, B. A.
153D
Gibbs, C. F.
130E
Glass, G. E.
USE
Gibbs, J.
03 4F
Glasson, H. H.
002B
Gibbs, R. H.
054J
Gleisberg, D.
003D
Gilbert, J. B.
265J
Glessner, W. R.
082B
Gilbert, P. H.
227D
Gilbertson, M.
381J
Glover, G.
023B, 026B
Gluck, W. R.
007H
Gill, W. N.
402D
Gillespie, W. A.
069J
Goda, T.
122D, 423D
Goddard, J. E.
131D
Gilliam, J. W.
383J
Godfrey, K. A., Jr.
060B
Gilliland, M. W.
077F
Goeppner, J.
121D
Gills, E.
155E
Goldberg, A.
253J
Gilmour, J. T.
376J
Ginaven, M. E.
215C
Goldberg, E. D.
064E, 031J, 014K
Goldfield, J.
092C
Ginzburg, G. 0.
275J
Goldman, C.
018J
Girardi, E.
015K
Goldman, J. C.
007F
964
-------
Gonzalez-Cortes, A.
222J
Gordon, C. R.
16 8D
Gosselin, C.
007G
Goswami, S. R.
002D
Gould, B. W.
047E
Grabow, W. 0. K.
029D
Graham, H. J.
112D
Graham, P. H.
019A
Grajcer, D.
340D
Grant. R- A.
071J
Grasso, P.
221J
Gratzl, J. S.
025F
Gray, D. A.
186J
Gray, S. L.
328J
Greco, V.
092C
Green, L. R.
324J
Green, R. E.
412J
Greening, E.
214D
Grenney, W. J.
091F
Gresko, T. M.
394D
Gribbin, J.
392J
Grieshaber, 0. A.
016C
Grimmett, E.
273C
Gritzuk, M.
250D
Gross, A. C.
17 8D
Gross, M. G.
049H
Gross, S. P.
380J
Gruener, N.
223J
Grundy, R. D.
198J
Grzywienski, A.
010A
Guarino, A. M.
401J
Guarino, C. F.
496D
Gugelmann, A.
108E, 133E
Guinn, V. P.
060E
Guiver, K.
186J
Gujer, H.
103C
Gumbatov, R. P.
102C
Gunther, F. A.
180E
965
-------
Guo, H. M.
140D
Hall, R. M.
042E
Gupta, B.
409J
Gupta, K.
17 OE
Hall, W. A.
032F, 103F
Haller, G. L.
129E
Gupta, M. K.
025B
Halligan, B. J.
114J
Gusberti, L.
027H
Halls, S.
093E
Guter, K. J.
406D
Gutknecktz, W. F.
066E
Guzdar, A. R.
075H
Ham, R. K.
194D, 345D
Hamann, C. L.
066D, 176D
Kamano, T.
218C
Gyori, S. A.
160C
Hambley, B.
108D
Haar, L. W.
227C
Hammerton, D.
278J
Hablb, J.
034H
Hamoda, M.
043D
Hagihara, K.
05 9F
Hampton, Q. L.
307C
Hagiwara, K.
440D
Hagler, R.
270C
Handin, L.
464D
Handley, J.
064F
Halmes, Y. Y.
102F, 103F
Haney, B. J.
063D
Hair, M. E.
010E
Hall, E. S.
013F
Hanisch, B.
004D, 199D
Hanks, R. J.
150J
Hall, J. A.
171E
Hall, J. B.
14 2D
Hansen, E. A.
076E
Haralson, R. H.
042J
966
-------
Harbo, R.
361J
Hardcastle, J. E.
250J
Marker, R. P.
131J
Harlin, C. C.
256D
Harris, A.
16 2C
Harris, A. R.
076E
Harris, F. L.
282J
Harris, R. H.
231J, 280J, 385J
Harris, R. J.
255C
Harriss, R. C.
16 OJ
Harsanyi, E. G.
015E
Hart, J. S.
076H
Hart, R. D.
256J
Hartmatm, L.
119E
Harvey, P.
024B
Hasebe, S.
37 2D
Hashimoto, S.
295C
Hasit, Y.
044B
Hasselmann, D. E.
12 ID
Hasting, A. P. M.
441D
967
Hatfield, J.
497D
Hathaway, W.
047D
Hattersley, R.
005J
Hattori, A.
008J
Hattori, R.
057E
Hawkins, S.
014J
Hawthorne, J. C.
050J, 322J
Haycock, D. H.
150D
Hayden, B.
106J
Hayre, H. S.
024C
Hays, G. E.
093C
Hayward, D.
033B
Hazel, F.
268C
Hazelwarts, D. E.
438D
Heaney, J. P.
028B
Heaton, R. E.
027E
Heckroth, C. W.
294D, 431J
Hedenland, L. D.
47 5D
Heeps, D. P.
099F
Hegedus, J.
056H
-------
Heidman, J. A.
389J
Hills, D. J.
289J
Heindl, L. A.
014H
Himmelblau, D. M.
027F
Heinke, G. W.
056B, 148D, 246 J
Hendrickson, E. R.
127J
Hinesly, T. D.
024D, 128E
Hinkle, C.
301D
Heneghan, W. F.
487D
Hlnrlch, H.
122E
Henley, T. D.
250C
Hirose, K.
037B
Henry, J. G.
162D
Hirs, G.
207C
Henry, K.
00 2G
Hiser, L. L.
073E
Herschy, R. W.
152E
Ho, S.
345D
Hess, A. F.
353D
Hoadley, A. W.
460D
Hess, C. E.
252J
Hobson, P. N.
445D
Hettling, L. J.
063B
Hoche, G.
357D
Hibberd, R. L.
041F
Hodgson, K. 0.
095J
Hickin, E. J.
021H
Hoeppner, S.
098B
Hickman, R. E.
010D
Hoffman, S. B.
286J
Higgins, P. M.
29 OJ
Hoffmann, W.
28 5D
Hilbert, R. B.
230J
Hofstein, S. R.
286C
Hill, D.
418J
Hogan, J. W.
244J
Hill, R. D.
379D
Hogg, W. R.
292C
968
-------
Holley, E. R.
079F
Hoyland, G.
441D
Hollman, K. W.
304J
Hsu, J. S-y.
164E
Holm, H. W.
079J
Huang, J. Y. C.
479D
Holynska, B.
123E
Huber, W. C.
028B
Holzworth, R. T.
230J
Hubly, D. W.
480D
Honegger, R. L.
217D
Huck, P. M.
080F
Hood, J. W.
151C
Huckabay, G. W.
036E
Hook, J. E.
324D
Hudenko, B. M.
153D
Hopson, N. E.
436J
Hopwood, A. P.
291C
Hufen, H. T.
041H
Huggins, H. D.
263C
Hornberger, G. M.
074F
Horsefield, D. R.
181D
Hughes, C. D.
154D
Hughes, D. E.
446J
Horst, R. L.
317J
Horstkotte, G. A.
027D
Horvath, R. J.
251C
Hosking, R. J.
036H
Houser, E. A.
275C
Hughes, R. C.
057B
Hughes, R. G.
100C
Hulanicki, A.
116J
Hull, A. P.
006K, 008K
Hull, A. R.
228J
Howard, D. W.
088E, 063F
Howe, R. S.
009D
Humenick, M. J.
018D, 185D
Humiston, G. F.
304C
969
-------
Hunsinger, R. B.
112D
Ingham, G. S. N.
434J
Hunter, I.
356J
Ingols, R. S.
025J
Hunter, J. S.
156D, 003F
Hunter, J. V.
027A, 254D, 319D, 071E
Hupka, G.
053D
Hurley, J. T.
006E
Hurley, T. L.
223D
Inoue, M.
260D, 160E
Inoue, S.
349D
Inoue, Y.
036E, 024F, 001K
Insley, M. G.
088E, 063F
Intorre, B.
248J
Hurst, G. E.
004C, 131J
Hurtubise, F. G.
142J
Hutchison, R. M.
008B
Hutzler, N.
022F
Ipatova, K. G.
009C
Irhoff, K. R.
232D
Iriye, T.
276J
Ishibashi, I.
400J
Hwang, C. P.
097E
Hynes, H. B.
394J
Ichiki, M.
235C
Idyll, C.
060J
Ikeda, H.
278C
Ishihara, T.
051D
Ishii, M.
235C
Ishimori, T.
013K
Iwamoto, S.
232J
Iwata, Y.
017D
Illig, E. G.
399J
Iwata, S.
010H
Imamura, T.
240D
Imhoff, R.
425J
Izumi, K.
122J
Jackson, E. B.
002K
970
-------
Jackson, J. E.
17 4C
Jacobson, A. R.
331J
Jaggi, H.
071B
James, D. B.
321J
James, K. H.
101E
James, L. D.
363J
Janicki, V.
032A
Jank, B. E.
140D
Janson, L-E.
077B
Jarosewich, E.
054J
Jarvis, C. L.
040F
Jassby, A.
050F
Jayaraman, R.
023E
Jelinek, C.
180J
Jenkins, C. E.
061J
Jenkins, R. D.
47 8D
Jeris, J. S.
059D, 434D
Jespersen, F.
055B
Jobes, H. D.
091J
Joeres, D. F.
421J
Johannessen, J. M
248C
Johanson, E. E.
068C
Johanson, J. B.
065H
Johanson, K. J.
341D
John, M. K.
302D, 158E
Johnson, D. W.
402J
Johnson, E. A.
326J
Johnson, H. E.
007B
Johnson, J. F.
337D
Johnson, J. L.
244J
Johnson, J. S.
134C
Johnson, L. G.
313J
Johnson, W. E.
199C
Johnston, D. W.
263J
Jolley, R. L.
211D
Jones, G. M.
081D
Jones, K.
425D
Jones, M. K.
270D
971
-------
Jones, P. H.
33 9D
Jones, R. L.
128E, 259J
Jones, S. B.
268C
Jones, T. C.
268C
Jones, T. I.
162C
Jones, W. F.
041F
Joseph, R. T.
105C
Joshl, N. S.
316D, 047J
Joyce, J. M.
066E
Joyce, R. T.
383J
Jung, H.
092D
Justice, R. L.
289C
Kabeya, H.
032J
Kadooka, K.
057E
Kaelin, J. R.
053C, 179C, 201C, 272C
Kaiser, K. L.
070J
Kaiser, N.
156E
Kalan, E. B.
268C
Kale, C. K.
393J
Kalff, J.
396J
Kalinske, A. A.
075D
Kalitsun, V. I.
03 4D
Kamata, 0.
017D
Kamath, P. R.
046J
Kandler, J.
003D
Kanehiro, Y.
412J
Kanunnikova, L. S.
309D
Kao, S. E.
067B
Kaplovsky, A. J.
241D
Kardos, L. T.
322D, 324D, 325D, 328D
Kasatiya, S. S.
051E
Kato, S.
290D
Kato, T.
348D
Katzer, M. F.
112C
Kaufman, W. J.
119J
Kaushik, N. K.
394J
Kauwling, T. J.
345J
Kawahara, 0.
122D, 423D
972
-------
Kawahata, M.
014C
Kawai, S.
312J
Kawazoe, S.
210D
Kawert, K. G. K.
243C
Kaye, J. H.
035E
Kaye, S. V.
090J
Kaziyev, B. M.
072B
Kearton, W.
048J
Reefer, T. N.
112F
Keenan, J- D.
03 5D
Keeney, D. R.
37OD, 464D, 376J
Keller, F. R.
076C
Keller, H. F.
150C
Keller, J.
150J
Keller, 0.
270C
Keller, R. J-
022E
Kelley, S. T.
286J
Kelly, G.
064H
Kelly, M. G.
07 4F
Kelton, P.
07 3H
Kelway, P- S.
038F
Kern, J. A.
429J
Kemp, G. D.
065C
Kenard, R. P.
056E
Kennaugh, J. H.
448J
Kennedy, J- F.
028F
Kennedy, S. R.
173C
Kerfoot, W. B.
395D
Kerl, J. F.
235J
Kerr, S. R.
151E
Kershaw, M.
360J
Kesner, W. D.
324J
Ketchum, B. H.
247J
Ketchum, B. T.
395D
Ketchum, L. H., Jr.
012D
Keup, L. E.
413J
Keve, T. K.
055H
Kharaka, Y. K.
040H
973
-------
Khomylov, G. S.
225C
Kiss, G. S.
165C
Kiezyk, P. R.
019J
Kitahara, S.
117E
Kilmer, V. J.
383J
Kite, G. W.
088F
Kilney, E.
073C
Klapwijk, A.
012E
Kimuro, Y.
032J
Kleester, S. A.
173E
Kincannon, D. F.
272D
Klei, H. E.
205D
King, A. S.
206C
King, D. L.
33 2D
Klein, S. A.
030D, 478D
Klemas, V.
397J
King, J. A.
067C
Kluesener, J. W.
026A
King, L. D.
368D
Kluge, D. L.
116D
Kingsford, M.
090E
Knight, C. H.
108D
Kingsley, 7. H.
006F
Knudsen, H. J.
167J
Kinman, R. N.
17 OD
Kobayashi, H.
454D
Kinner, P.
397J
Koch, C. M.
035B
Kinrad, J.
009E
Koehler, D.
310D
Kirby, C. F.
308D
Koepf, H. H.
040J
Kirby, W.
06 IE
Koganovskii, A. M.
015C
Kirkham, D.
015H
Kohout, R.
281D
Kishore, R.
060E
Koide, M.
064E, 014K
974
-------
Koikawa, S.
349D
Kollar, K. L.
067J, 419J
Komarov, V. D.
011F
Kondon, S.
170C
Konikow, L. F.
075F
Kontur, I.
085F
Kopfler, F. C.
051J
Kosaric, N.
245J, 423J
Kose, M.
347D
Kothandaraman, V.
035A, 467D, 134J
Kott, Y.
050E
Kountz, R. R.
477D
Kovacs, S.
177E
Kovalenko, V. P.
17 5D
Kozaczkowski, S.
274J
Kozak, M.
020F
Kozlorchunas, E. F.
225C
Kozlowski, M. E.
096F
Krainov, S. R.
216J
Kratzer, B. P.
033C
Kratzl, K.
025F
Kraus, G.
156E
Kraus, K. A.
134C
Kreissel, J. F.
37 8D
Krenke, G.
083F
Kreske, W. L.
022D
Krishen, P. H.
033A
Kritikos, H.
082E
Kriz, J.
005H
Krug, E. K.
217D
Kruivak, J. A.
420J
Krylova, M. G.
309D
Ku, W. C.
346J
Kucharczk, N.
089E
Kudo, A.
076H
Kudrna, F.
064H
Kuehn, R.
311D
Kuehn, W.
106E
975
-------
Kuentzel, L. E.
036J
Kugelman, I. J.
398D, 421D, 352J, 393J
Ruhr, R. J.
118E
Kuji, Y.
346D, 348D
Kulperger, R. J.
501D
Kulskii, L. A.
034C
Kunkle, S. H.
323D
Kuo, C. L.
304D
Kurata, Y.
124D
Kyushin, S.
476D
Labadie, J. W.
032F
LaBarre, N.
021A
Laburn, R. J.
191J
Ladd, T. A.
480D
Ladouceur, E.
098D
La Fleur, P. D.
155E
La Grega, M. D.
035D
Lailas, N.
444J
Laitinen, H. A.
027E
Lake, B. G.
221J
Lake, L. J.
36 9D
Lakshmanan, S.
042H
Lamb, R.
117J
Lament, P.
273C
Lance, J. C.
193D
Landis, H.
23 3J
Lang, M.
222D
Langford, J. C.
061J
Lantz, P. M.
135J
Lanyon, R.
047H
Larkin, D. G.
269J
Lash, R. W.
016B
Latall, R. C.
011C
Lau, L. S.
041H
Laughlin, W. C.
034F
Lauza, P.
052E
Lavado, R. S.
035J
La Valle, P.
002J
976
-------
Lawrence, A. W.
384D, 399D, 178E, 072F
Lawson, C. T.
20 6D
Lemke, A. E.
114J
Lemmel, D. E.
018E
Lawson, P. D.
16 OD
Lenster, J.
097F
Leadem, T. P.
402J
Leonov, A. V.
087F
Leatham, W.
397J
Le Roy, R. F.
208C
Le Blanc, H. P.
245C
Leung, R.
099E
Le Blanc, P. J.
159E
Leutniler, C.
269D
Lech, R. F.
446D
Lewandowski, R.
116J
Lechner, L. J.
17 2D
Lewis, M. J.
364J
Le Clair, B. P.
098D
Li, W-H
096F
Leclerc, H.
019E
Liao, P. B.
481D
Le Compte, A. R.
191C
Liberman, S. J.
160E
Lee, G. F.
026A, 086E, 205J
Lee, K. N.
032D
Lichwa, J.
009E
Licsko, I.
040E
Lee, P. L. Y.
07 5C
Lieb, A. J.
316J
Lefur, J.
302C
Lieberman, R.
150E
Lehrer, I. H.
100E
Light, D. J. N.
189C
Lejcher, T. R.
323D
Ligman, K.
022F
Leland, H. V.
139E
Ligon, J. T.
017H
977
-------
Lin, R. Y.
300C
Lincoln, R. M.
276C
Lindberg, S. E.
160J
Lindsay, W. L.
171J
Lins, S.
025D
Linsley, R.
071H
Linton, K. B.
069J
Lippolis, M. T.
052E
Lishka, R. J.
003E
Little, L. W.
03 ID
Lloyd, A.
083E
Lloyd, A. C.
221J
Lock, M. A.
394J
Locke, M.
105J
Loehr, R. C.
341D, 482D
Loftus, K. H.
151E
Loll, U.
283D
Long, D. A.
477D
Long, H. G.
277C
Long, V. E.
277C
Longman, M. D.
292C
Lonnquist, C. G.
094F
Lonsky, W.
025F
Lopata, J. R.
269D
Lord, C. J.
15 7 J
Loring, B. A.
037H
Louboutin, R.
302C
Loucks, D. P.
138E
Lubienska, B.
274J
Luck, E.
106C
Ludzack, F. J.
075E
Lue-Hing, C.
320D
Luehr, H. P.
018F
Luescher, 0.
060D, 128D
Lundberg, E. A.
082H
Lundquist
163C
Lush, D. L.
394J
Luttinger, L. B.
357D
978
-------
Lutz, J.
383J
Lyman, B. T.
246D
Lynch, G. P.
437D
Maar, I.
079E
Macagno, E. 0.
028F
Macauley, D. C.
366J
Mac Gregor, J. M.
379J
Mackay, D.
019J
MacKenzie, W. N.
100J
MacKinnon, K. L.
075C
MacNelis, D. N.
150E
Maddinson, C.
081E
Madern, J. P.
052C
Maeda, M.
34 8D
Magdoff, E. R.
370D, 464D
Magony, L.
073B
Mah, R. S. H.
069B
Mahmood, K.
031F
Maier, M.
156E
Maier, W. J.
049E
Mainka, E.
106E
Maj, M.
116J
Majeron, F.
084C
Majori, L.
015J
Maki, H.
032E
Malina, J. F., Jr.
061D
Mallon, H. J.
019A
Malouf, J. B.
116F
Malpas, J. F.
076D
Malueg, K. W.
236J
Malz, F.
334J
Mani, V. V. S.
035H
Manke, A.
114E
Manot, M. G.
190C
Mansfield, W. W.
135E
Maqsood, R.
17 ID
Mara, D. D.
020E
Marcikic, S.
019F
979
-------
Marey, A. N.
011K
Markalunas, J. j.
115D
Markin, G. P.
050J, 322J
Marks, D. H.
033A
Markus, F. I.
113D
Maroney, W. J.
297C
Maroschak, E. J.
045C
Marsh, J.
240J
Marshall, I.
065C
Marshall, W. L.
135J
Martin, A. J.
351J
Martin, C.
318D
Martin, D. F.
098J, 016J
Martin, D. W.
314D
Martin, K. L.
16 9D
Martin, R. J.
409D
Maruoka, S.
312J
Mason, R. E.
006G
Mason, R. W.
252J
Mason, S. G.
160E
Massaro, E. J.
049J
Masse, A. N.
037D
Masson, T. J.
225J
Masters, H. E.
022A
Mastropietro, M. A.
03 6D
Masuyama, K.
240D
Matalas, W. C.
059E
Matlock, W. G.
018H
Matras, E. J.
307C
Matsche, D. E.
334D
Matsuda, Y.
240D
Matsumoto, T.
260D
Matsumura, A.
240D
Matsuno, Y.
210D
Matsuoka, H.
34 6D
Mattheas, G.
067H
Mattingly, G.
110F
Mattison, V. R.
114J
980
-------
Mauk, C. E.
27 5D
Maurer, D.
397J
Mauzy, M. P.
277J
Mavichakana, N.
250J
Mavinic, D. S.
48 3D
Mavrovic, I.
281C
Mawer, P. A.
060F
Maxam, D. R.
067C
Maxwell, E.
086D
Mayzlik, D. L.
289D
McCalla, T. M.
130J
McCandless, W. J. C.
160C
McCaull, J.
082J
McCleese, D.
358J
McClure, G. W.
008D
McComas, F.
361J
McConnel, H. L.
049E
McCoy, F. C.
157C
McCreight, L. R.
209J
McCullough, C. A.
022H
McDaniel, H. C.
007B
McDuff, D. P.
085D
McFarren, E. F.
003E
McGhee, T. J.
439D
McKay, F. W.
225J
McKee, J. E.
255J
McKeown, J. J.
256J
McKerchar, A. I.
049F
McKibbe, J. W.
002C
McKim, J. M.
364J
McKinney, R. E.
084F
Mclaughlin, S. J.
091B
McLean, E. 0.
020H
McLeay, D.
357J
McMenamin, S. H.
021C
McMichael, F. C.
001F
McMichael, W. F.
215D
McPherson, M. B.
081F
931
-------
McQuade, R. E.
219D
Metcalf, S. M.
37 ID
McQueen, J. R.
103J
Metlin, S. J.
399J
McQuivey, R. S.
112F
Meyer, J. A.
276C
McShan, M.
340D
Meckelborg, E. I.
15 9D
Meyer, P. A.
096E
Meykar, 0. A.
416J
Medbery, H. C.
062J
Michel, H. L.
277D
Medlar, S.
313D
Medvedev, M. I.
034C
Michener, D. W.
020H
Middlebrooks, E. J,
270J
Mehrle, P. M.
287J
Mehta, S. C.
44 7D
Middleton, A. C.
399D
Mielke, J. H.
117D
Main, R. G.
099F
Mekler, Y.
27 5 J
Melsted, S. W.
173J
Miller, D. J.
445J
Miller, D. W.
36 2D
Miller, J. A.
277J
Menzel, R.
253C
Miller, R. A.
391J
Meriaux, S.
033H
Miller, R. D.
448D
Merrill, W. H., Jr.
049B
Mertens, J.
079C
Miller, R. H.
062H, 170J
Miller, R. W.
225J
Mesengisser, M. J.
070D
Milne, J. B.
021A
Metcalf, C. C.
116D
Milotich, F. J.
231C
932
-------
Mineat, R. A.
363D
Miner, J. R.
083J
Minton, G. R.
082D
Mira, D.
132E
Mohanty, S. K.
011B
Mohr, A. W.
028H
Mohsin, M.
129J
Moldenhauer, W. C.
024A
Mirer, F. E.
288J
Molnar, G.
057H
Mishra, B.
316D
Molof, A.
138C
Mishra, P. N.
015D, 016D
Mitchell, C.
425D
Mitchell, R.
086D, 301J, 308J
Mitra, S. K.
056J
Mix, T. W.
053F
Mixon, F. 0.
053B
Miyake, Y.
004K, 005K
Mizukami, Y.
346D
Modesto, F. A.
065C
Moeller, U. J.
06 9D
Moetsch, H.
060D, 128D
Moghissi, A. A.
150E
Mohanrao, G. J.
055J
Molof, A. H.
354D, 113E
Mondoux, R. G.
108D
Monro, J. C.
033F
Montgomery, H. A. C.
054E
Monti, R. P.
097D, 174D, 279D
Moore, B. D.
06 ID
Moore, J. D.
452D
Morey, E. F.
177D
Morgeli, B.
06 7D
Mori, K.
044D
Mori, M.
495D
Moriguchi, Z.
408D
Morikawa, M.
346D, 347D
983
-------
Morisawa, S.
001K
Morris, E. E.
267J
Morris, G. E.
083B
Morris, H. D.
368D
Morris, J.
321J
Morris, R. L.
313J
Morrison, R. D.
01 ID
Morrison, S. M.
16 9D
Moser, H.
053H
Moss, F. H.
082B
Moss, W. D.
299J
Mottet, N. K.
298J
Moudgil, B. M.
147J
Mougenot, G.
096B
Mourlan, J.
080C, 205C
Movlar, A. E.
139J
Mrklas, L.
02 OD
Mudrack, K.
225D
Mueller, J. A.
434D
Mueller, W.
078B
Muennich, K.
067H
Mugford, D.
189J
Mukai, S.
126D
Mukerj i, A. B.
039H
Mulbarger, M. C.
376D
Mulchandi, H. K.
146J
Mullins, L. D.
239C
Mulvihill, M. E.
061F
Munemiya, I.
122D
Munkacsy, T.
055H
Munro, I. C.
283J
Muntz, W.
005A
Munz, W.
038B, 059B
Murakami, K.
240D
Murakami, Y.
440D
Muraoka, K.
086F
Murata, K.
278C
Murkes, J.
071D
984
-------
Murphey, W. K.
329D
Murphy, D. S.
234C
Murphy, K. L.
165D, 197D
Murphy, R. S.
16 3D
Murphy, S. D.
288J, 374J
Murray, J. F.
277J
Murray, R. W.
394D
Musselwhite, C. C.
176E
Nalluri, C.
004G, 068F
Naryshkina, V. L.
079B
Nashikkar, J. T.
317D
Neal, L. A.
369J
Nebeker, E. B.
370J
Nedokuchayev, B. N.
079B
Nefedov, Y. I.
309D
Neish, D.
115E
Mustata, L.
095F
Muzik, I.
018A
Nelson, D. L.
164J
Nelson, M. A.
244C
Myers, E. A.
331D
Mysin, A. V.
225C
Nagamori, H.
122J
Nagel, 0.
204C
Nagy, Z.
053D
Naito, M.
104F
Nakahiro, Y.
126D
Nakamura, K.
019D
Nakatsuji, K.
086F
Nelson, M. D.
145D, 496D
Nelson, W. W.
379J
Nemedi, L.
056H
Nera, E. A.
283J
Nesbitt, J. B.
332D, 477D
Nester, A. W.
036B
Netzer, A.
330J
Neumaier, F.
051H
Nevin, T. A.
00 5D
985
-------
Nevzorov, M. I.
032C
Newton, C. D.
028A
Newton, S. G.
036F
Nguyen, H. T.
245J, 423J
Nickerson, G. L.
011D
Nicklin, T.
169C
Nicoll, E. H.
219J
Nielson, D. R.
011H
Nijs, M.
002H
Niles, D. G.
02 7D
Niogret, G.
175C
Nishi, K.
210D
Nishio, T.
312J
Nishikawa, T.
099C
Niskin, S. J.
217C
Nitescu, S.
02 3D
Noble, R. G.
190J
Nobunaka, M.
037B
Noda, S.
34 9D
Nogal, M.
033J
Noonan, M. E.
082B
Norman, J. D.
103D
Norris, L. A.
391J
Novak, J. T.
332J
Novak, J. T.
457D
Novak, P.
004G
Nunez, W. J.
455D
Nunn, G.
005J
Obayashi, A. W.
405D
Oberholtzer, J. V.
233C
Ockershausen, R. W.
195J
Oehme, F. W.
286J
Oertli, J. J.
016A
Oeschger, H.
108E, 133E
Offner, F. F.
006A
0'Flaherty, C. A.
042F
Oglesby, H. S.
127J
Oguntuase, A. M.
017A
986
-------
Ogura, S.
427D
Ohata, M.
057E
Ohta, M.
178C
Okubo, K.
271C
Olah, J.
287D
Oliver, B. J.
021A
Olives!, J.
286D
Olmstead, W. R.
065H
Olney, C. E.
395J
Olson, 0. C.
326J
Omura, A.
117E
Onat, E.
424J
Ongerth, H. J.
249J
Onishi, H.
100F
Onstott, E.
039D
Onuska, F. I.
145E
Or, T.
061C
Orie, D. H.
127E
Ormerod, K.
497D
Ortolano, L.
291J
Orvini, E.
155E
Osburn, Q. W.
018E
0'Shaughnessy, J. C.
477D
0'Sullivan, D.
310J
Otsuka, Y.
429D
Ott, D. E.
180E
Ott, R.
05 2D
Otterman, J.
275J
Overland, D.
069E
Owen, S. G. H.
117J
Oxenham, J. P.
180C
Oxley, N. C.
113F
Pagoria, P. S.
363D
Paily, P. P.
028F
Painter, R. B.
036F, 012H
Pakhani, C.
084C
Palin, A. T.
063J, 064J
Palms, J. M.
033E
987
-------
Palusova, 0.
067E
Pantell, R. H.
069F
Paramasivam, R.
04 7 J
Parhad, N. M.
218J
Pariel, J. M.
028C
Parizek, R. R.
321D
Parker, D. S.
02 7D
Parker, E. E.
183D
Parker, H. W.
377D
Parker, W. H.
465D
Parmele, L. H.
058H
Partridge, B. F.
141E
Patin, P.
008C
Patric, J. H.
378J
Patrick, J. M.
320J
Patterson, R. J.
05 OH
Patterson, R. K.
439D
Patterson, W. D.
386J
Paul, J. L.
104J
Paulik, G. J.
059J
Paulson, W. L.
435D
Pawson, J. M.
062B
Peantek, G.
003D
Pearson, S. C.
485D
Peavy, H. S.
443J
Peck, W. H.
284C
Peel, C.
211J
Perlis, H. J.
057F
Perry, R. A.
198C
Peters, C. E.
009K
Peterson, J. R.
32 OD
Peterson, R. E.
081H
Peterson, S. A.
236J
Petronio, F.
015J
Petrov, E. G.
018C
Petrova, N. K.
216J
Petts, K. W.
176E
Pew, K. A.
010B
988
-------
Pfeil, K.
031A
Phantumvanit, D.
442J
Phelps, P. L.
036E
Phillips, D. W.
133J
Phillips, W. J.
180D
Pick, A. R.
155D
Pick, P. E.
47 2D
Pickering, Q. H.
238J
Pieczonka, P.
436J
Pierce, D. M.
325J
Pierce, R. H.
395J
Pierson, H. G. W.
078D
Piest, R. F.
130J
Pinezich, J. R.
230C
Pingry, D. E.
009F
Pinnell, S.
089D
Plura, G.
098C
Poertner, H. G.
001A
Pohland, F. G.
055F
Ponomarev, V. G.
153D
Pontier, L.
107E
Popalisky, J. R.
076B
Popov, E. G.
01 IF
Porter, R. C.
300J
Postlewait, J. C.
167J
Potworowski, H. S.
124J
Pouget, E.
107E
Pound, C. E.
187D, 257D
Powell, G.
102D
Powell, T.
050F
Prasad, D.
339D
Prasad, R.
175E
Pinter, C.
055H
Pitkin, J. B.
037D
Platz, R.
204C
Pratt, L.
116D
Prendiville, P. W.
086D
Prengle, H. W.
275D
989
-------
Price, D. H. A.
335J
Price, G. A.
026F
Price, K. R.
014C
Price, W. E., Jr.
051F
Primeaux, W. J., Jr.
304J
Pritchard, J. B.
401J
Procella, D. B.
270J
Proges, R.
380J
Proziesky, 0. W.
02 9D
Pruggmayer, D.
068E
Pugh, K. B.
130E, 131E
Pugh, 0.
431D
Puri, B. K.
091E
Pustoseleva, Z. I.
350D
Qadri, R. B.
092E
Quigley, J.
040D
Rabe, F. W.
115J
Rachor, D. G.
198C
Rafael, J.
144C
Rahmann, H.
294J
Rako, J.
079E
Rail, D. P.
401J
Ramanuj am, S.
175E
Ramsay, A. St. A.
291D
Rananthau, K. R.
16 3D
Rangaswami, G.
416D
Ranken, M. B. F.
097J
Rankin, P. W.
263J
Rao, M. N.
442D
Rao, N. S. L.
055D, 090F
Rao, N. U.
218J
Rao, P. V.
108F
Ratray, G. B.
207D
Rauschenberger, J.
053D
Rawcliffe, E.
220J
Rawls, W. L.
338J
Reasoner, D. J.
367J
Rebhun, M.
144D
990
-------
Reed, C. H.
247D
Reed, R. R.
003C
Reeves, R. F.
250C
Regier, H. A.
151E
Reid, B.
252D
Reid, B. H.
168D, 143J
Reid, L. C.
124J
Reinhardt, H.
269C
Reish, D.
345J
Remus, G. A.
217D
Rendon-Herrero, D.
340J
Rensink, J. H.
459D
Reside, J.
441J
Rettmer, S.
121E
Reuter, I. J.
315D
Reynolds, J. H.
270J
Rhee, S. S.
07 5H
Rhindress, R. C.
327J
Rice, A. H.
17 9D
Rice, R. C.
192D
Rice, T. R.
255J
Richardson, N.
162C
Richardson, S. E.
204J
Richmond, M. H.
069J
Richter, J. D.
019F
Rickert, D.
071E
Riesbeck, L. J.
203C
Riggleman, B. M.
113C
Riggs, M. S.
19 3D
Ringer, R. K.
232J
Ringler, T. A.
448J
Ripley, B. D.
171E
Rishel, J. B.
281J
Rishel, R. C.
114C
Roa, P. S. C.
412J
Robbins, C. W.
377J
Rhodes, H. M.
176C
Roberts, F. W.
217J
991
-------
Robinson, C. N., Jr.
056F
Robinson, K.
38 2D
Robson, C. M.
011D
Rock, B. M.
131J
Rodriguez, S, E.
370J
Roesler, J. F.
140E, 139J
Roether, W.
067H
Rogers, M. E.
292D
Rogowski, A. S.
092F
Roland, F. J.
336D
Romkens, J. M.
036A
Rood, 0. E., Jr.
079F
Roodvoets, R. J.
246C, 254C
Rooney, T. C.
030F
Rosenberg, D. J.
212C
Rosenberg, H. G.
185J
Rosenwald, R. H.
047C
Ross, D. I.
042E
Ross, D. S.
070C
Roth, G. W.
036E
Roth, L.
242J
Rotsides, C.
227D
Rousar, D. C.
010J
Routson, W. G.
069C, 112C
Rowe, D. W.
049J
Rowe, W. D.
010K
Rozanova, L. M.
175D
Rudling, L.
023F
Rueb, F.
224D
Runge, G.
06 9D
Rupke, J. W. G.
107D, HID
Rush, R.
04 ID
Rustham, H.
375J
Ruttan, D.
009E
Ruzicka, J. A.
020D
Ryan, J. F.
099E
Rybakov, K. V.
175D
Rydberg, J. H.
269C
992
-------
Ryder, R. A.
151E
Sangster, J.
097F
Ryhage, E. R.
115C
Sanko, S.
124D
Saad, A. H.
011J
Sapio, J. P.
105E
Sackmauerova, M.
067E
Sarfert, F.
077E
Sacks, B. R.
107J
Sargent, H. F.
089J
Saffigna, P. G.
376J
Sartor, J. D.
023A
Saiga, K. K.
079H
Sartz, R. S.
025A
Saint, P. K.
156J
Saruhaski, K.
004K
Sakai, A.
169E
Sasaki, S.
099C
Sakamoto, I.
170C
Sato, H.
372D
Sako, F. F.
236C
Sato, K.
146E
Salvo, J. M.
14 ID
Sato, U.
278C
Sama, N.
195C
Sambridge, N. E. W.
226D
Sanchez-Leyva, R.
222J
Saul, G. W.
220J
Savage, E. S.
188C, 092D
Savalappan, K. N.
316D
Sanders, H. 0.
149E
Savall, V.
302C
Sands, D. C.
436D
Sawyer, D. L.
036E
Sane, M.
337J
Saxena, G. M.
057J
Sangal, S.
066H
Scaramelli, A. B.
489D
993
-------
Schaefer, R. G.
102E
Schaeffer, C. W.
115F
Schaeffer, D. J.
277J
Schafer, C. J.
444J
Scharen, H.
053F
Schaub, S. A.
406D
Schervin, E. J.
353D
Scherz, J. P.
173E
Schiefner, K.
079E
Schleicher, A. R.
074J
Schlicht, R. C.
157C
Schmidt, A.
285J
Schmidt, R. L.
063E
Schmieder, A.
059H
Schneider, L.
048B
Schneider, R. J.
168J
Schneider, W. J.
081F
Scholzke, D.
083E
Schon, E. A.
480D
Schroeder, E. D.
072F
Schultz, D. P.
124E
Schultz, M.
009A
Schultz, S. E.
136J
Schuman, G. E.
130J
Schumann, G.
060D, 128D
Schutte, R.
238C
Schwab, G. 0.
020H
Schwartz, A. K.
101F
Scorer, R.
110J
Scott, D.
042D
Scott, R. B.
379D
Seabrook, B. L.
333D, 166J
Searles, S. S.
308D
Seeburg, V.
179C
Seika, Y.
170C
Seisz, R. N.
062E
Seitz, W. D.
058F
Seki, H.
008J
994
-------
Semenyuk, V. D.
015C
Sen, R. N.
108F
Seo, K. K.
081H
Serpik, B. I.
010F
Shane, M. S.
092J
Shannon, E.
04 ID
Sherman, R. M.
355D
Sherrard, J. H.
2720, 015F, 072F
Sherrill, J. D.
066H
Sherwood, C. R.
16 4D
Sherwood, R. J.
034F
Shiba, S.
104F
Shannon, E. E.
103D, 141D, 137J
Shapiro, J. S.
304D
Sharma, S. K.
227J
Shibata, K.
170C
Shimkovich, V. V.
165E
Shin, E-B.
406J
Sharon, D.
080H
Shiramasa, I.
259D
Shaw, M. G.
132J
Shea, J. J.
167C
Shirior, I. S.
009C
Short, C. S.
234D
Sheikh, H.
028B
Shell, G. L.
006D
Shema, B. F.
289C
Shepard, C. A. Y.
186C
Shwer, M.
073D
Sias, D. R.
005D
Siehl, G.
200J
Sifalda, V.
003A
Shephard, W. W.
028A
Silbermann, P. T.
097D, 174D, 279D
Sherenkov, M. I.
032C
Sherif, M. A.
400J
Silvey, J. K. G.
455D
Simoneit, B. R.
001E
995
-------
Simpson, D. W.
330D
Simpson, J. R.
333J
Sims, R. C.
031D
Singh, G. P.
064B
Singh, K. P.
094F
Sinnhuber, R. 0.
316J
Siren, M. J. 0.
055C
Sirou, F.
107E
Sixt, M. E.
299C
Skarlatos, Y.
129E
Skibin, D.
003H
Skirdov, I. V.
15 3D
Slack, J. R.
059E
Sleath, J. F. A.
048E
Slipchenko, V. A.
282D
Sliter, J. T.
007D, 237D, 339J
Sloth, E.
105J
Sly, P. G.
381J
Smiles, D. E.
017F
Smirnov, D. N.
102C
Smith, A. W.
288C
Smith, B.
098F
Smith, C. E.
007B
Smith, D. B.
026E
Smith, D. H.
001E
Smith, D. W.
157D
Smith, E.
047D
Smith, E. W.
256C
Smith, F. A.
291J
Smith, H. S.
435D
Smith, J. E., Jr.
189D
Smith, J. 0.
382J
Smith, K.
037J
Smith, L. G.
151C
Smith, L. S.
02 9D
Smith, R. E.
030A
Smith, S. F.
077C
Smith, W. H.
006B
996
-------
Smith, W. L.
109J, 236J
Smythe, W. J.
274C
South, C.
497D
Sowden, W. H.
084B
Snape, T. R.
006J
Spandowska, S.
274J
Snarponis, J. M.
201J
Spaulding, M. L.
107F
Sneyd, A. D.
036H
Speece, R. E.
018D
Snodgrass, J. E.
296J
Sperber, S.
050E
Snoeyink, V. L.
113D, 216D
Sokolov, V. P.
350D
Spolia, S. K.
111F
Spomer, R. G.
130J
Solomon, D.
027J
Sridharan, N.
086E
Solomon, R. L.
197C
Srinath, E. G.
482D
Soltis, R. G.
485D
Sriniuasaraghaven, R.
360D
Solyom, P.
022F
Somasundaran, P.
147J
Stafford, D. A.
120D, 070F
Stalling, D. L.
244J
Sona, K.
476D
Stalnaker, R. M.
001C
Sone, L. J.
072H
Stanley, H. I.
018J
Songa, T.
288D
Stapert, J.
246C
Sopper, W. E.
322D, 324D, 325D, 328D
Sopper, W. M.
175J
Staples, K. D.
438J
Statham, M.
098E
Sorber, C. A.
406D, 251J
Stedman, D. H.
096E
997
-------
Steimle, S. E.
063D
Stein, P. C.
299J
Steinberg, M.
009B
Stengelin, V.
095C
Stephanoff, N. N.
154C
Stephenson, G. R.
054F
Sterling, P.
073F
Stern, A. M.
401D
Stetefeld, W.
029A
Stevenson, C. D.
090E
Stewart, F. I.
121C
Stiff, M. J.
118J
St. Jean, R.
051E
Stobbe, G.
225D
Stocker, Z. S. J.
394J
Stokes, H. W.
475D
St. Onge, H. S.
092B
Stone, J. S.
229C
Stoneker, L. L.
024A
Stones, T.
053E
Storck, W. J.
295J
Stoy, R. L.
021E
Straten, G.
121E
Straub, C. P.
012K
Strautin, U. F.
066B
Streit, S.
144D
Stribling, J. B.
031C
Strokach, P. P.
282D
Strundjalic, P.
031E
Struzeski, Jr., E. J.
02 2A
Stubblefield, F. E.
002K
Stuiber, D. A.
040D
Subrahmanyam, P. V. R.
055J
Suess, A.
060D
Sugata, K.
373D
Sugata, Y.
37 2D
Sugimoto, E.
260D
Sugimura, Y.
004K, 005K
998
-------
Suhr, L. G.
268D
Sullivan, H.
021B, 027B
Sullivan, R.
020B
Sullivan, R- H.
258D, 165J
Sumitomo, H.
048F
Summers, R.
445D
Sunada, D. K.
070H
Sundstrom, D. W.
20 5D
Suriyades, R.
046D
Surkan, A. J.
07 3H
Suss, A.
128D
Sutherland, G.
101C
Sutton, J. D.
449J
Sutton, R. M.
16 5D
Suzuki, S.
346D
Svanteson, S. E. A.
083C
Swales, D. A.
232C
Swanson, E. R.
058F, 100F
Swanson, N. P.
028E
Swartzendruber, S. D.
015A, 014F
Sweeney, G. E.
087D
Swered, P.
289C
Swets, D. H.
116D
Swicegood, W. R.
005H
Synott, T.
243J
Szakatsits, G.
008A
Szeeley, P. J.
034A
Szepkuti, L.
040E
Szidorenko, G. 1.
008H
Szokolay, A.
067E
Tabata, N.
349D, 495D
Tabatabai, M. A.
070B
Tackett, R.
084J
Taddia, M.
052E
Taft, W. H.
098J
Tafuri, A.
022A, 019B
Tai, N.
02 5H
Takahashi, H.
124D
999
-------
Takamatsu, T.
104F
Takayasu, K.
280C
Takeno, K.
117E
Takeuchi, T.
260D
Talley, W. J.
223C
Talmi, Y.
116E
Tarn, K. C.
142E
Tamburrino, A.
027H
Tara Singh, H. D.
089B
Tate, D. P.
153C
Tate, J. F.
196C
Tatu, G.
014B
Taylor, C.
035F
Taylor, F. B.
261J
Taylor, J.
469D
Tchobanoglous, G.
359D, 387D, 066F
Tenney, M. W.
407D
Tenore, K. R.
018J
Thayer, P. M.
097C
Thiele, K.
094J
Thirumurthi, D.
413D
Thomas, J. F.
192C
Thomas, J. L.
417J
Thomas, R. E.
255D, 256D, 060H
Thompson, J.
361J
Thompson, L. B.
226C
Thompson, N. P.
263J
Thompson, R. G.
101F
Thorn, D.
060F
Thornhill, W. F.
104J
Tihansky, D. P.
065F, 268J, 403J
Toerber, E. D.
435D
Tofflemire, T. J.
407J
Tomsen, J. B.
296C
Torpey, W. N.
221C
Toups, J. M.
023H
1000
-------
Towne, R. E.
323J
Toyokuni, E.
059F, 062F
Tracy, K. D.
106F
Train, R. E.
086J
Trainer, F. W.
030E
Trax, J. R.
251D
Treasure, W.
397J
Tredgett, R. G.
056D, 499D
Trent, D. S.
021F
Trieff, N. M.
340D
Troeger, J.
415D
Trollop, K. S.
005G
Troth, L.
270C
Trujillo, P.
299J
Tsao, H. Y.
456D
Tscheschke, P.
150J
Tsuge, H.
04 4D
Tsuji, T.
008J
Tsukamoto, M.
057E
Tucker, G. E.
385D
Tucker, J. H.
143E, 364J
Turner, H. J.
323J
Tymoszcuk, J.
211C
Ueda, Y.
104F
Ueno, A.
271C
Uhnak, J.
067E
Ulmgren, L.
152D
Unz, R. F.
404D
Urano, K.
019D
Uratsuko, K.
210D
Urban, P.
047C
Valentine, J. P.
297J
Valentine, R. S.
056E
Valimaa, P.
077B
Van Alstyne, F. E.
407J
Vanderborgh, N. E.
237J
van der Linden, A. C.
02 3 J
Vanderploeg, H. A.
090J
1001
-------
Van der Ploeg, R. R.
015H
Van der Voorde, H.
002H
Van Dijc, P. J.
002H
Van Duuren, F. A.
192J, 503D
Van Es, D. W.
15 5D
Van Fleet, G. L.
106D, 107D
Van Loon, J. C.
184D, 009E, 138J
Van Natta, W. S.
075B
Vanstaen, H.
350J
Varshney, R. S.
011B
Vasil'ev, A. G.
080B
Vecchioli, J.
34 2D
Veith, G. D.
205J
Verduyn, G.
144E
Vernoff, F. H.
407D
Verstraete, W.
350J
Vesilind, P. A.
146D, 029F
Vidhyasekaran, P.
416D
Vigani, F. C.
00 IF
Viitasaari, M.
151D
Villiers, R. V.
100D
Vincent, J. H.
133C
Visser, P.
227C
Vitek, M.
257J
Voelkel, K. G.
314D
Voets, J. P.
350J
Volkov, G. A.
216J
Vollheim, G,
415D
von Baeckmann, A.
106E
Von Burg, R.
375J
Vouve, J.
107E
Vreeland, V.
214J
Vuskovic, B.
031E
Waddington, J. I.
278J
Wade, S.
068B
Waldron, A. C.
020H
Walker, A. J. W.
308C
Walker, J. D.
202C
1002
-------
Walker, J. M.
248D
Wallace, F. X.
262J
Wallace, L. J.
306J
Waller, R. M.
043H
Wallis, B. F.
113F
Wallis, I. G.
118D
Wallis, J. R.
059E
Walsh, D. F.
149E
Walsh, F.
308J
Walter, R. H.
355D
Walter, R. L.
066E
Walters, T. M.
266C
Wang, C. N.
354D
Wang, L. K.
074E
Ward, J. C.
156D
Ward, P. S.
237D
Warren, H. V.
254J
Warren, W.
030B
Warrick, W. W.
089F
Watanabe, M.
061C, 062F
Watkins, D. A. M.
309J
Watkins, F. A., Jr,
030E
Watkins, S. H.
234J
Watters, G. Z.
074H
Watts, J. B.
006C
Webb, F. J.
153C
Webb, L. J.
229D
Weber, R. B.
065D
Weber, W. J.
012D, 430D
Webster, L.
003B
Webster, L. F-
123J
Weddle, C. L.
490D
Wehry, A.
012B
Wei, N. S.
246J
Welch, H. E.
396J
Welker, F. S.
445J
Wells, J.
418J
Welty, J. R-
021F
1003
-------
Wendel, H.
120E
Wesley, R. B.
293C
Wessels, G. R.
267C
West, A. W.
212D, 213D, 396D
Westerhoff, G. P.
263D, 296D, 458D, 341J
Wheeler, W. B.
264D
Whimster, K. W.
239D
Whlnston, A. B.
009F
Whipple, W.
027A
White, G. C.
026D, 470D
White, N. F.
070H
White, P. W.
473D
White, R. K.
020H
White, W. R.
037F
Whitehead, L. W.
452D
Whitney, E. W.
124E
Whittaker, E. L.
150E
Wilbur, P. F.
164D
Wildung, R. E.
063E
Wilkens, J. R.
142D
Wilkes, A.
105D
Williams, J. C.
243J
Williams, R. T.
428J
Williams, T. C.
191D, 335D
Willies, R. F.
283J
Willis, R. D.
066E
Wilmoth, R. C.
379D
Wilson, A. L.
161E
Wilson, C. G.
249D
Wilson, C. R.
057B
Wilson, D. B.
456D
Wilson, D. J.
301D
Wilson, R.
429J
Wilson, R. E.
132C
Wilson, T. V.
017H
Winkler, H. A.
HIE, 132E
Winter, R. L.
182D, 125J
Wise, R. H.
140E
1004
-------
Witherspoon, J. P.
090J
Witt, E.
049C
Wittgenstein, G. F.
046C
Wnek, W.
280D
Wogman, N. A.
034E
Wolcott, D. K.
128J
Wold, P. B.
488D
Wolman, A.
121J
Wolman, M. G.
046E
Wong, T. S.
070J
Wood, G. M.
101D
Wood, G. W.
330D
Wood, R. E.
033E
Woodbridge, D. D.
258J
Woodhouse, D. A.
071C
Woodiwiss, F. S.
433J
Woods, M. D.
305C
Woolhiser, P.
038D
Wright, C. G.
007B
Wright, H. W.
223C
Wright, M. G.
221J
Wu, Y. C.
449D
Yadeta, B.
045F
Yagi, S.
349D
Yakovlev, S. V.
034D
Yamada, K.
17 OC
Yamaguchi, S.
024J
Yamanouchi, T.
373D
Yamashita, G.
065H
Yamazaki, Y.
153E
Yang, P.
119D
Yanko, W. A.
304D
Yao, K. M.
041B
Yasimov, A. A.
289D
Yasujima, T.
005K
Yeaple, D. S.
07 8F
Yeatts, L. B.
135J
Yelon, A.
129E
1005
-------
Yershova, K. P.
309D
Yorinks, L.
082E
Yost, K. J.
220C
Young, D. L. G.
210C
Young, D. N.
048H
Young, J. C.
228C
Young, L. Y.
301J
Young, R. A.
328J
Young, R. H. F.
368J
Young, W. J.
329D
Young, W. L.
113C
Youngner, V. B.
324J
Yrjanainen, G.
030B
Yu, S. L.
027 A.
Yu, W.
102F
Zachos, G. H.
077J
Zahn, R.
103E
Zaloum, R.
099D
Zandi, I.
035B
Zanker, A.
043B
Zanoni, A. E.
170E
Zenz, D. R.
320D
Ziebell, W. A.
37 OD
Ziemba, J.
373J
Zoetl, J.
052H
Zojer, H.
052H
Zsolnay, A.
284J
Zuckerman, M.
138C
Zwamborn, J. A.
162J
1006
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1014
OU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975-629-172/643
-------
SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
4. Title
MUNICIPAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ABSTRACTS
K)R 197U,
3. Accession No
7. Author(s)
Murphy, Jo S
Project No.
E 1BB033 PEMP 08
9. Organization
The Franklin
Institute Research Laboratories
20th Street and The Parkway
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
//. Contract!Grant No.
-01
15. Supplementary Notes
Environmental Protection Agency report numter, EPA-600/2-75-005, April 1975
16. Abstract The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, Science Information Services
has prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency a monthly current-awareness
abstracting bulletin, the Municipal Technology Bulletin (MTB), Volume 2, 197U,
•which deals with methods of municipal waste water treatment, problems of water qual-
ity, and water pollution control* Under the same grant, the Science Information
Services Department has provided 360 MTB abstracts, as well as ll&O additional ab-
stracts, to the WRSIC data bank as sole supplier of municipal waste water treatment
input and center of competence for Water Resources Scientific Information Center.
Hie Municipal Technology Bulletin informs researchers, consultants, engineers,
and government officials of current developments described in over 1*000 technical
journals, both domestic and foreign., The topics covered in MTB, Volume 2, and in
the WRSIC input include: stoim water runoff; tunnel technology and sewer systems;
biological, chemical, and physical methods of waste water treatment; waste dis-
posal alternatives; treatment plant operation and automation; analytical tech-
niques for water quality measurement; mathematical, statistical, and simulation
model studies; and construction and equipment for pollution control. The 1800
abstracts representing 197U input to the WRSIC data bank have been arranged in
chronological order by accession number within subject areaso A list of the 360
abstracts which appeared in the Municipal Technology Bulletin is providedo Included
also are a subject index, author index, and joiimnl Hart. (Pragup>-ETRT.)
#Abstracts, *Publications, *Water quality control, *Waste water treat-
ment, -sMunicipal wastes, Storm runoff, Sewers, Patents, Sewage treatment, Analytical
techniques, Mathematical models, Model studies, Pipelines, Equipment, Construction,
Hydrologic aspects, Treatment facilities, Design criteria, Waste disposal, Tunnels,
Water resources management
17b. Identifiers *IndeXeS
17c. CO WRR Field & Group Q^D, 0£E, 0?D, 10A, 10D
18. Availability
Abstractor R« H° Prague
Send To:
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. DC 2O24O
anklin Institute Research Laboratories
WRSIC 1O2 (REV. JUNE 1971)
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