EPA 600-2-82-032
July 1981
APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE FOR
DETERMINING OIL DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION
by
Raymond A. Meyer and Milton Kirsch
Rockwell International
Environmental Monitoring & Services Center
Newbury Park, California 91320
Fred Howard
Esoteric Systems, Inc.
Thousand Oaks, California 91360
Frank Freestone
Oil and Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Edison, New Jersey 08837
Contract No. 68-03-2648
Project Officer
John S. Farlow
Oil and Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08837
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade
names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
' The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created because of increasing
public and government concern about the dangers of pollution to the health and
welfare of the American people. Noxious air, foul water, and spoiled land are
tragic.,testimonies to the deterioration of our natural environment. The com-
plexity of that environment and the interplay of its components require a con-
centrated and integrated attack on the problem.
Research and development is that necessary first step in problem solution;
it involves defining the problem, measuring its impact, and searching for solu-
tions. The Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory develops new and im-
proved technology and systems to prevent, treat, and manage wastewater and
solid and hazardous waste pollutant discharges from municipal and community
sources, to preserve and treat public drinking water supplies, and to minimize
the adverse economic, social, health, and aesthetic effects of pollution. This
publication is one of the products of that research and provides a most vital
communications link between the researcher and the user community.
A salt brine normally accompanies oil as it emerges from the earth. Sig-
nificant amounts of oil remain dispersed in the brine after primary separation
from the produced oil. In an effort to minimize hydrocarbon release to the en-
vironment, oil producers employ several types of final brine treatment systems.
They all ultimately depend on oil drops rising through the brine to a col-
lection area. Drop diameter is a major factor in establishing the speed of
separation, since rise rate is proportional to the square of the drop diameters.
This study aims to develop a better understanding of the drop size distribution
in oily brine streams. This knowledge could improve the application of present
equipment and aid in development of even better techniques.
Francis T. Mayo, Director
Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory
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ABSTRACT
This program was initiated to develop a method and apparatus for determin-
ing the oil drop size distribution in flowing oily brine during brine cleanup
treatment.
An automated photomicrographic apparatus for taking time-lapse photographs
of oily brine that was briefly at rest is described. This apparatus meets all
N.E.C. Class 1, Division 1, Group D requirements for operation where explosive
concentrations of hydrocarbons are known to exist. The system demonstrates its
ability to determine the size and number distribution of 2- to 100-micrometer
spherical entities, and it establishes their density as well. Thus the tech-
nique can differentiate between oil drops, oil-covered gas bubbles, and oil-
covered sand or other solids.
The report presents both the techniques for reducing the photomicrographs
to size and number data, and the Fortran programs involved.
Although developed for oil particles in brine on offshore production
platforms (where the device has obtained some 20,000 photos for the parent
study), the apparatus and technique are equally well suited for characterizing
the distribution of any immiscible minor component in a semi-transparent fluid
matrix.
This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Contract 68-03-2648 by
Rockwell International under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency. The report covers the period from June 1978 to November 1980, and
work was completed in June 1981.
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
English-Metric Conversion ix
Acknowledgment x
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 8
3. Recommendations 9
4. Theoretical Discussion 10
Sample Flow out of the Pipeline 10
Flow From Pipeline Valve to Standpipe Pressure Regulator. . 15
Cell Pressure Regulation 15
Cell and Solenoid Valve Flow 17
Use With Other Sample Systems 17
Stopped Flow Period 17
Microscope Viewing Cell 18
Representative Sample 19
5. Design 25
Photographic Considerations 25
Microscope Considerations 27
Instrument Case 28
Solenoid Flow Control Valve 28
Cell 29
Pressure Regulation Standpipe 30
Power Supply 30
Electronic Control System 30
Calibration 40
Data Reduction 41
6. Operating Instructions 49
Sample Requirements 49
Case Preparation 50
Camera and Film Preparation 53
Making the Run 55
High Oil Samples 57
References 61
Appendices
A. Viscosity Estimation 62
B. Fortran Programs 64
C. Wall-Center Samples 95
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Drop movement with normal vertical microscope axis orientation 3
2 Drop movement with nontypical horizontal microscope
axis orientation 3
3 Top diagrammatic view of photomicrographic system 4
4 Left side view of the final apparatus 5
5 Right side view of the final apparatus 6
6 Detail right side view of lower section 7
7 Flow for Reynolds Number of 3000 11
8 Flow for Reynolds Number of 3000 12
9 Standpipe pressure reducer 16
10 Drop position after 10.3 seconds 20
11 Drop movement during 12 seconds 22
12 Macromicroslide cell 29
13 Plastic cell 29
14 Standpipe pressure regulator 31
15 Electrical block diagram 32
16 Primary power diagram 32
17 Strobe power circuit 33
18 Time base circuit 34
19 Logic control circuit 36
20 Timing pulses at the output busses 39
vi
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FIGURES (Continued)
Number Page
21 Battery charger 40
22 Relation of liquid volume to film aperture 42
23 External switches 51
24 Focusing operations 52
25 High oil sampler 58
26 High oil sampler upper drop diameter limits 60
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Physical Parameters of Several Matrix Liquids 10
2 Platform ST177 Drop Movement 19
3 Field Study Time-Lapse Sequence 39
4 Calibration Data 41
vm
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ENGLISH-METRIC CONVERSION
1 inch = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm
1 foot = 0.3048 meter
1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kpa
1 inch water head = .249 kpa
1 cm water head = .098 kpa
_3
1 gallon per minute = 3.785 x 10 cubic meters per minute
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The cooperation of the Offshore Operators Committee, through its Environ-
mental Subcommittee, William Berry, Chairman, and its Industry Technical Assis-
tance Group, Dan Caudle, Chairman, is gratefully acknowledged.
Carl Dimon, Mobil Oil Company Research, provided valuable assistance in
the statistical evaluation of the procedure and assisted in the final review.
Robert R. Matthews, Conoco Research, and John S. Farlow, U.S. EPA, as-
sisted in the final review stages of the effort.
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Production of oil-brine mixtures, pumping, and pipeline flow all result in
a dispersal of the oil in the brine. In an effort to reduce the hydrocarbon
discharge to the environment, the Offshore Oil Producers Association and the
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory cooperated in a production platform
study. Characterization of the oily brine at several points in the oil removal
treatment process, study of the effectiveness of several treatment techniques,
and comparison of analytical methods were among the goals of the study.
Oil-brine separation methods ultimately depend on the oil drops rising
through the brine to a collection area. This rise rate is proportional to the
density difference between the oil drops and the brine, but is proportional to
the square of the diameter of the drop. Thus a major governing factor in the
success of brine treatment for oil removal is the size range and distribution
of oil drops.
Knowledge of the oil drop size distribution at several places in the
produced water treatment system would aid in the application of present separa-
tion techniques and in the development of future systems. Therefore, a part of
the platform study was directed toward measurement of the drop size distribution
in the primary oil-water separator feed, the final treatment unit feed, and the
produced water outfall. Emphasis was on offshore production, but the develop-
ment is equally applicable to onshore production.
A number of nonspecific techniques exist for characterizing particle size
distribution. All are based on measurement of the particle's effect in the
interruption of some flow of energy such as light, radiation, or electricity.
These methods are nonspecific and report gas bubbles and solid particles as
oil drops. They are inadequate because the produced brine contains non-oil
material, e.g., sand, shells from microorganisms, gas bubbles from dissolved
gas, and gas bubbles intentionally introduced to implement the oil removal
flotation process. Therefore any of the nonspecific techniques would be ex-
pected to give erroneously high oil contents and misleading oil drop size
distributions. Additionally, to obtain meaningful size measurement, only one
particle may be in the measuring path at a time. This is typically achieved by
severely limiting the path length. While this is quite acceptable when dealing
with solids, the high shear introduced by passing the sample through the small
orifice would be expected to alter the oil drop size distribution and render
the data meaningless. For these reasons, the existing techniques were consid-
ered unsuitable for the determination of oil drop size dispersions.
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A micrographic technique may be implemented that does not introduce sig-
nificant shear forces on the oil drop population. The technique was developed
into an automated photomicrographic system (PMS) that met the requirements of
the National Electrical Code Class 1 , Division 1 , Group D. This permitted its
,use on production platforms where explosive concentrations of hydrocarbons were
known to exist.
Conventional micrography involves capturing a sample, placing it on a
slide, perhaps in a shallow well, and counting or measuring the entities of
interest. This typically is done at leisure since the sample is stable over a
relatively long time. Such is not the case when studying oil drop dispersion.
As soon as the turbulent mixing motion dissipates, the sample starts to stra-
tify due to the density disparity between the oil drops and the brine matrix.
This dispersion alteration proceeds at such a rapid rate that the sample would
be useless within 20 seconds. Accordingly, the PMS was developed along the
lines of a flowthrough system.
A flowthrough microscope cell was constructed and the microscope illumina-
tion changed from the conventional continuous light source to electronic flash
illumination. The flash gun used, a Model 611 Sun-Gun, had a reported flash
duration of 20 microseconds at the 1/128 power setting. However, when the
sample was flowing fast enough to maintain turbulent mixing, the linear drop
movement was too rapid to give sharp photographs. Accordingly, an interrupted
flow system was designed where the flow was blocked by a downstream valve and
the photograph taken 0.1 second later. This system resulted in clear, sharp
photographs of spherical entities and microscopic shells of fossilized organisms.
The spherical entities were initially thought to be nothing but oil drops.
However, the oil content of a Wemco (final oil removal unit) outlet sample,
calculated from measured drop diameters and count, was found to be much larger
than that determined by conventional solvent extraction techniques. The ration-
ale was offered that not all the photographed, measured, and counted spherical
entities were oil. This seemed logical, since the function of the Wemco treat-
ing unit was to mix gas bubbles into the water in an effort to "parachute" the
oil drops to a surface skimmer. .These bubbles could well be covered with a
film of oil and be photographically similar to actual oil drops. This problem
led to the development of a technique to apply time-lapse microphotography to
the determination of number, size, and, most importantly, the density of the
spherical entities.
In the normal, vertical orientation of the microscope viewing axis,
Figure 1, where a series of simulated time-lapse photographs are combined, the
oil drops rise toward the top of the cell and thus move in and out of focus.
However, if the axis of the microscope were turned horizontal, Figure 2, the
drop would remain in focus and only change position in the field of view as it
rises. Drop movement would therefore be across the field of view of the
microscope. Thus the series of combined photographs show the drop image in
several positions as it moves. The vertical movement of the oil drops and air
bubbles could now be measured by comparison of their positions in two photo-
graphs taken a known time interval apart. If the rise rates and diameters were
known, the densities of the spherical entities could be determined by applica-
tion of Stokes Law. It required only slight modification of the original
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9
o
9
Figure 1. Drop movement with normal
vertical microscope
axis orientation.
Figure 2. Drop movement with
nontypical horizontal
microscope axis orientation.
system to permit its operation "on its back" with the viewing axis horizontal.
The final system is illustrated in Figure 3, which shows a line diagram of
the PMS as viewed from above while in its operating position. The horizontal
orientation of the microscope viewing axis and its relation to the flowthrough
cell and film plane are shown. Both the camera focusing magnifier and the
microscope oculars are designed to be used from the side of the PMS when it is
in the operating position. The camera was positioned with the long, 34-mm axis
of the film vertical. An electronic control circuitry was developed to sequence
the sample flow and the three time-lapse photographs.
An apparatus embodying this technique has been constructed and used both in
the laboratory and on offshore oil production platforms. The system is auto-
mated, self-contained, battery-operated, and enclosed in an inert gas pressur-
ized case. The system as designed is applicable to liquids in turbulent flow
within pipelines at pressures less than 170 kPa (10 psig). It could easily be
modified to accept higher pressure samples. Minor changes in the positioning of
the microscope and changes in the photograph timing could adapt the PMS to study
other liquid-borne particulate systems.
ure 6
Figures 4 and 5 are side view photographs of the final apparatus, and Fig-
is a detail view of the lower section.
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2.5 X MAGNIFIER
DISCHARGE
STROBE a REFLECTOR ASSY
Figure 3. Top diagrammatic view of phototnicrographic system.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
Apparatus for determining the number, diameter, and density of particles
2 to 200 micrometers in diameter under flowing conditions has been developed.
The battery-operated device is 63 cm long, 55 cm high, and 55 cm wide, and
weighs 16 kg. It is designed to be safely operated in explosive atmospheres.
The apparatus described in this report was successfully operated on
offshore oil production platforms. Over the period of the study, a nominal
20,000 color photographs were taken of uncompromised samples from flowing oily
brine systems. The data were reduced to numerical size and number oil drop
distributions and form part of the data reported in the complete study, "Oil
Content in Produced Brine on Ten Louisiana Production Platforms," to be avail-
able from the NTIS.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
The system should be modified to use color video tape recording instead of
photography. As a no-cost adjunct to the program, one of the authors, Fred
Howard of Esoteric Systems Corp., demonstrated the feasibility of applying
color video photography and recording to the technique. This method of data
acquisition proved to be much better than the photographic methods described in
this report. If color video recording is used, time-lapse images may be
obtained every 33 milliseconds. The video images may be rapidly reduced by
application of existing pattern recognition programs. By comparison, the data
reduction and photograph processing steps are time-consuming and costly (about
60tf per time-lapse triad and 3 minutes to reduce the data from the photographs).
These costs and manhour requirements severely limit the size of the data base.
Additionally, the video system seems to present a unique opportunity to study
oil drop coalescence. The use of the video system is not limited to automated
data reduction since "freeze-frame" systems are readily available in the home
market.
Although the system and procedure was developed for the specific purpose
of oil drop distribution study, the same apparatus is equally applicable to
other sparse dispersion in fluid media. For example, if the entities to be
studied are heavier than the media, the viewing cell would be located near the
bottom of the microscope cell. The present electronics provide for either
time-lapse or single-shot photography. The electronic timing matrix is adjust-
able over a wide range and has several unused control ports that may be used to
control additional actions in another system. Thus, in addition to fulfilling
its original purpose, this photomicrographic system has wide potential in the
hands of an innovative researcher.
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SECTION 4
THEORETICAL DISCUSSION
Successful implementation of the design depends upon maintenance of
sample integrity through the steps of pipeline sampling, sample transport,
pressure reduction and photography. Each of these phases of the investigation
has the potential of altering the oil drop size and rendering the data meaning-
less. The following discussion will show that the sample remains unaltered
throughout its journey to the microscope cell and that the photomicrographs do
indeed capture the oil drops in a representative sample of the pipeline flow.
SAMPLE FLOW OUT OF THE PIPELINE
The first requirement for valid data acquisition is that the liquid in
the pipeline to be sampled be uniformly dispersed. Reynolds numbers in excess
of 3000 indicate the turbulent flow region where such dispersion occurs. The
calculation of Reynolds number requires knowledge of the viscosity of the
flowing liquid. Experimental-based knowledge of the brine viscosity under
field conditions was not available. The techniques described in Appendix A
were used to estimate this parameter. Data for fresh water, sea water, and
the produced brines on three of the platforms studied are presented in Table
1.
Figures 7 and 8 show flowrates required to maintain turbulent flow for
typical brine and sea water as a function of inside pipe diameter. Dimensions
are also given in common engineering units for greater utility.
The sample port configuration in a field pipeline is seldom under the
investigator's control. Field sample points in one study ranged from a very
TABLE 1. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF SEVERAL MATRIX LIQUIDS
Offshore Platform Number
Flu id/ Platform
Density, gm/ml
Temperature, C
Fresh Water
.9901
40
Sea Water
1.017
40
SP65B
1.086
38.6
WD45C
1.072
40
ST177
1.151
36.1
Estimated
Viscosity,
Centistokes
0.63
0.71
0.815
0.765
1.021
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undesirable 6.35-mm (1/4-in) needle valve in the side of a 20.3-cm (8-in) pipe
to a 19-mm (3/4-in) gate valve that allowed insertion of a sampling tube.
Ideally, the sampling would be isokinetic, but this luxury is seldom available.
It remains to attempt to evaluate the effect of the several available sampling
techniques upon the oil size dispersion in the extracted sample.
The petroleum industry's interest in transporting and sampling dilute
suspensions has led to several reported studies of the subject (1-3). The
1964 work of Rushton and Hillested contained an experiment where kerosene was
dispersed in water and weak brine. The results cannot be considered directly
applicable because the kerosene was present in the 1% to 10% range and had a
density of 0.79 compared with the 0.84 to 0.89 densities of the oil studied.
The Summary of Recommendations is given below:
"Summary of Recommendations
Two-phase flow can be sampled either in a horizontal or vertical pipe
with good precision. For either horizontal or vertical pipes, a probe
consisting of a pitot type appears to be the most accurate, but either a
circular port sampler or a 45-degree cut sample tube can be used with
about the same accuracy. The circular port sampler is preferred because
it is easier to insert and is less subject to damage than the pitot type,
and its use resulted in data that scatter less from average values than
the data from the 45-degree sampler.
For sampling in a horizontal pipe:
1. The sampling probe should be located at least 20 pipe diameter (PD)
and preferably 40 PD or more downstream from any elbow, valve, or
other pipe fitting.
2. The probe opening should be placed at the center of the cross-
section of the pipe and pointed precisely upstream.
3. The sample should be withdrawn at a rate such that the velocity of
flow (feet per second) through the probe opening is equal to the
center!ine velocity (isokinetic). However, for practical purposes
the sample can be withdrawn at 1.2 times the average velocity of
flow.
4. The average concentration in the pipe is calculated by dividing the
composition of the sample by a value V.
5. Openings flush with the pipe wall, elbow wall, or pump wall do not
yield reproducible results for systems that are difficult to suspend.
Such systems are those whose settling ratios, S, are above 1.0. For
systems whose settling ratios, S, are below 1.0, and whose concentra-
tion gradient, -m, is less than 0.1, a side-wall tap will give
satisfactory results.
6. Use of a circular port probe under the conditions described in the
preceding paragraphs (see Items 1 through 4) will result in samples
13
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whose reproducible average will be within 8% of stream composition
for a wide variety of systems, and within 2% for a large majority of
suspensions likely to be encountered in petroleum operations.
For sampling in a vertical pipe, upward flow, pipe precisely vertical:
1. The sample probe opening must be pointed downward, precisely vertical,
and at least 3 PD above any elbow or fitting.
2. The probe opening should be placed at the center of the pipe cross-
section.
3. The sample should be withdrawn at a rate such that the velocity of
flow through the probe opening is equal to the center!ine velocity
of the flowing stream. It is satisfactory to calculate center!ine
velocity as 1.2 times average velocity of flow.
4. Use of a circular probe under the conditions described in Items !
through 3 will result in samples that will equa! the average composi-
tion within +0.05 absolute percent by volume. It is not necessary
to use an adjustment factor as is the case for the condition de-
scribed in Item 4 for the horizontal pipe."
The withdrawal probe, used as recommended, will give a sample that can be
accurately related to the average composition that flows through the pipe, and
deviations in position and withdrawal velocity will result in a change of
sample composition. Such changes are primarily the result of the settling
rate of the dispersed phase, the rate of withdrawal of the sample, and the
rate of flow in the pipe.
Note that isokinetic sampling (where the linear velocity through the
opening of the sampling probe is equal to the linear velocity in the pipe in
front of the opening) is recommended for sampling in both vertical and hori-
zontal pipes. Nonisokinetic sampling can be done with equally accurate results,
but a knowledge of concentration gradient (which is a function of settling
velocity, pipe size, and rate of flow) is necessary so that the ratio between
sample composition and average pipeline composition can be determined. To
this end, a method has been found and partially developed whereby a settling
ratio can be determined by a static test and this in turn related to the dis-
tribution of solids, or the concentration gradient, from top to bottom of a
horizontal pipe cross-section.
The proposed settling rate test will distinguish between those suspensions
that are easy or difficult to sample. A suspension can be withdrawn from a
flowing stream and used in the test. Low values of the settling ratio mean
that the suspension is insensitive to the method and rate of sampling, whereas
high values show that the recommendations given above must be adhered to.
The recommendations related "settling factor" and concentration gradient
to ease of taking a representative sample.
"Settling factor" is defined as the quotient of the dispersed phase that
14
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moves more than 35.6 cm (14 in) in 1 minute, divided by the amount that moves
less than 27.3 cm (10.75 in). Stokes Law calculations for oil and brine from
WD45 show that a 205-micrometer oil drop will rise slightly more than the
27.3-cm and thus raise the settling factor from zero to infinity. Since the
photomicrographic system is designed to an upper drop size cutoff of 100
micrometers, the "settling factor" may be considered zero. In one case, the
effluent from WD45 Wemco, the pipe diameter times average flow equals 0.62 and
the dispersed phase distribution (-m) for kerosene in weak brine is 0.08.
Since the conditions of Section 5 above are exceeded, pipe wall sampling is
predicted to give satisfactory results. It is also predicted that the much
sparser dispersion of the oil phase and the much denser brine will both act to
increase sampling reliability.
Appendix C details a field experimental approach to resolution of the
question. The experimental data showed no clear difference between pipe wall
and pipe center samples. One statistical treatment of the data showed average
drop size depended upon sample point for the Wemco inlet, but not for the
Wemco outlet. Since there is no clear-cut evidence that wall sampling alters
the drop size dispersion, samples taken from pipe wall taps will not be re-
jected. However, when the opportunity permits (gate valves as sample ports),
it is recommended that samples be taken from a probe inserted to the center of
the pipeline. In any case, the valve must be fully open to reduce flow-
induced shear. The PMS pressure reduction system is designed to handle the
excess flow.
FLOW FROM PIPELINE VALVE TO STANDPIPE PRESSURE REGULATOR
The PMS design uses a 30- to 90-cm length of 12.7-mm-OD, 9.5-mm-ID plastic
tube as a connection between the completely open pipeline valve and the stand-
pipe. Any other connection would be equally suitable provided that the flow
remains in the turbulent regime. The flowrate for a 200-mm head of fresh
water applied to a 100-cm length of 9.5-mm-ID plastic tube was measured at
3800 cc/min. This, using brine data from Platform WD45, results in a Reynolds
number of 9500, which is well into the turbulent regime. Moderate changes in
the sample transmission line would not be expected to change the flow regime,
but the operator must remain alert to the possibility of sample degradation.
CELL PRESSURE REGULATION
One of the design criteria was that the system operate under widely
varying sample pressures. Additionally, a constant bypass sample flow had to
be maintained near the cell inlet to assure that the sample had never remained
static prior to admission to the microscope cell. Application of the standpipe
overflow principle as shown in Figure 9 satisfied both of these requirements.
Continuous sample flow enters the tee at the bottom of the system, flows up
the center tube, overflows and falls to the vent. When the cell solenoid
valve opens, part of the flow is diverted through the cell. This flushes the
cell with freshly acquired sample that has been in turbulent flow since its
diversion from the pipeline. The pressure upon the cell is maintained constant
over a very wide range of pipeline pressures. This pressure reduction is
achieved without sample compromise through restriction-induced shear.
15
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OVERFLOW
SAMPLE
J TO CELL
Figure 9. Standpipe pressure reducer.
16
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CELL AND SOLENOID VALVE FLOW
The standpipe system is designed to establish a pressure equivalent to
21.5 cm of water at the cell inlet. Flow through the cell is interrupted by
an altered (to permit wider opening) 9.5-mm Nacom Industries* Teflon diaphragm
valve. When the valve was open to flush the cell with fresh sample taken from
the standpipe flow, the flowrate was measured at 2075 cc/min. Reynolds numbers
for such flow in the 4.5-mm-ID transfer tube and the cell body are 7600 and
4000, respectively. Both of these flows are well into the turbulent regime
and the oil drop dispersion is uncompromised. Flow paths within the solenoid
valve may induce shear, but this sample degradation occurs after the photo-
graphic cell and does not introduce error.
USE WITH OTHER SAMPLE SYSTEMS
The system was designed to sample low-pressure pipeline flows. It will
function with pressures as low as 2.8 kPa (30 cm, 12-inch water) and has been
tested to 44.8 kPa (457 cm, 15 ft water). Higher pipeline pressures will
increase the standpipe overflow rate with only minimal effect upon cell inlet
pressure. The PMS may be used with any sample source, providing sampling may
be achieved without shear-induced sample alteration. Sample flowrate must be
at least 3000 ml/min and ideally should be 5000 to 10,000 ml/min. The investi-
gator must carefully consider the effect of pumps in the system prior to the
cell. Pumps in the system after the cell will have no effect upon the sample
except to reduce the pressure when in the cell. The serious effect of such
pressure reduction is the release of gas bubbles from gas-saturated liquid and
the expansion of already existent bubbles. This complicates data reduction
and should be avoided. Additionally, the bubbles have been seen to change
size or redissolve during the static period.
STOPPED FLOW PERIOD
Previous applications of the photomicrographic principle for measuring
oil drop size dispersion relied upon the ability to photograph moving drops in
a flowing stream. If one applies the requirement that the stream must be in
continuous turbulent movement to eliminate sample stratification, the exposures
must be extremely short. For example, the linear transit rate of a drop in
the microscope cell at a Reynolds number of 4000 is 4.3 x 10^ micrometers/sec-
ond. Common shutters of 1/1000 of a second capacity would result in an image
of a 1-micrometer-diameter drop that would be 430 micrometers long. Photo-
graphy with an electronic flash lamp having a 50-microsecond duration would
give an image 21 micrometers long. Even if the 5-microsecond "Strobotac"
source were used, the image would still be twice as long as it was wide. We
have established 0.1 micrometers as the desired limit of movement during
photography. This would impose an exposure duration of 0.2 microseconds,
which is beyond the range of available portable illumination sources. Accord-
ingly, a stopped flow system was designed that would not induce sample degrada-
tion. The previous discussion of sample flow defends the assumption that the
sample cell is filled with an uncompromised and uniformly dispersed sample at
See footnote 1, page 28.
17
-------
the time turbulent flow is interrupted. Drop motion at this time is due to
inertia and also to the random movement of turbulence. The sample must remain
static until movement due to both of these sources dissipates and vertical
movement due to density difference between the drop and the liquid matrix is
established. Early work indicated that 4 seconds would be sufficient. However,
reduction of a large number of photo triads where the static period prior to
photography was 4 seconds showed that a longer static period would result in
better density measurements. Therefore, a 10-second static period was used
during the second field use. A change in cell dimensions over the original
cell permitted this increase in static period without lowering the maximum
drop size cutoff. It will be proven that this static period does not compro-
mise the sample.
MICROSCOPE VIEWING CELL
The microscope viewing cell is the liquid volume in focus by the micro-
scope optics. Its size is defined by the length and width of the film, the
diameter of the drop (D) and the magnification and depth of focus of the
objective. Under the conditions used in this work, the cross-sectional cell
dimensions are 535 + D x 349 + D micrometers. The apparent depth of focus was
found to be dependent on the drop diameter.
A slide of oil drops captured in gelatin was photographed with color film
and electronic flash as used in the field studies. The microscope stage was
moved in 4-micrometer steps over a wide range with photographs taken at each
step. Twelve drops were selected ranging in size from 2 to 115 micrometers in
diameter and the range of stage positions resulting in sharp-image photographs
was determined by inspection of the photographs. The data were fitted to var-
ious equations with a Hewlett Packard statistics program found in their
General Statistics, Volume 1, Part Number 09815, 15001. Equation 1 shows the
best fit. This equation may only be applied under the exact conditions used
in its determination.
Depth of Focus (micrometers) = 3.861 + (5.088 Ln Diam) (1)
Black and white film, for example, gave significantly different results. The
determination of "in focus" is very subjective and the data analyst must be
well trained by inspection of the calibration photographs. Retraining by
viewing the calibration photographs should be performed at periodic intervals
to eliminate "subjective drift." There is a marked tendency to "find" drops
in sparsely populated exposures which led to high drop counts and oil contents.
The retraining minimized this effect.
Once the concept of the viewing cell as a boundaryless volume of liquid
sample located someplace within the 25,000 x 3,175-micrometer cell is estab-
lished, the preferred location may be selected. The objective side of the
viewing cell is typically located 600 micrometers into the liquid to minimize
the effect of the cell wall on drop rise. The top of the viewing cell is a
nominal 1500 micrometers below the top of the microscope cell to avoid optical
distortion from the cell curvature. If one discounts a 1000-micrometer section
at the bottom of the cell, the drops may be said to have a conservative rise
path of 22,000 micrometers to the bottom of the 535-micrometer-high viewing
cell.
18
-------
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
The assumption has already been proven that the sampling procedures have
placed an uncompromised and uniformly dispersed sample within the microscope
cell when flow is interrupted. It remains to be shown that photographs taken
10, 10.3, and 12.0 seconds later capture a representative sample of the oil
drops in the water. Figure 10 shows calculated rise distances in 10.3 seconds
for oil drops in various matrices. Platform ST177 conditions resulted in the
most rapid rise and therefore were used to prepared Table 2.
Referring to the 10-second column in Table 2, one finds that in this
period a 2-micrometer-diameter oil drop rises 7 micrometers, a 100-micrometer
drop rises 16,488 micrometers and a 125-micrometer drop rises 25,762 micro-
meters. As previously indicated, the free vertical rise section of the cell to
the bottom of the microscope viewing cell is a conservative 22,000 micrometers.
Consider a zero time photograph where a 2-micrometer, a 10-micrometer, and
a 100-micrometer drop are just inside the lower edge of the film image. The
water sample had been stationary for 10 seconds before the photograph was taken
and all oil drops had an opportunity to rise at their diameter and density deter-
mined rates for the 10 seconds. Thus the 2-micrometer drop had risen 7 micro-
meters, the 10-micrometer drop 165 micrometers, and the 100-micrometer drop
16,488 micrometers. Another way to say the same thing is that the 2-micrometer
drop originated in a microvolume 7 micrometers below the viewing cell, the 10-
micrometer drop in a microvolume 165 micrometers below the viewing cell, and
the 100-micrometer drop, 16,488 micrometers below.
Considering the previously established fact that all drops are uniformly
dispersed, all microvolumes have equal chances of containing any drop size. It
therefore makes no difference if the 2-micrometer drops originate in one micro-
volume and the 100-micrometer drops in another. All microvolumes are equivalent
and the sample volume photographed will still be representative of the entire
sample.
TABLE 2. PLATFORM ST177 DROP MOVEMENT
(Brine Density = 1.151; Oil Density = 0.8418; Viscosity = .01021 Stokes)
Drop Diam.,
Micrometers
Rise Rate,
Microns/Sec
Micrometer Rise in xx.x Seconds
10 10.3 11.7
2
10
50
100
125
0.7
16
412
1,649
2,576
7
165
4,122
16,488
25,762
7
170
4,246
16,983
8
193
4,823
19,291
26,535 30,142
19
-------
cn
-O
c
O
0
01
(/I
O
OJ
*
O
'I—
+J
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oo
O
Q.
O-
o
O
O)
CD
20
-------
This condition holds until the drop-rise distance during the static
period exceeds the available path within the cell. This was defined as 22,000
micrometers and a 115.5-micrometer-diameter oil drop will then be the cutoff
point, since it will rise 21,995 micrometers in 10 seconds. Any larger drops
may exceed the rise path and, even if they originated in the lowest acceptable
microvolume, may have escaped the viewing cell when the photograph was taken.
Microscope viewing cell limitations indicate a conservative cutoff point of
100-micrometer diameter, and the above discussion shows that the viewing cell
contains a representative sample at the end of 10 seconds. The rise rate is
dependent upon water density and viscosity and oil density. Thus the actual
cutoff point will change somewhat due to sample conditions.
Oil drop movement over a 12-second period is diagrammed in Figure 11.
Column A diagrams the viewing cell, #1, at the top of the microscope cell and
two equal-sized cells located below. Cell #2 is near the center of the micro-
scope cell and #3 near the bottom. Each cell contains the same drop size
distribution since the drops are uniformly dispersed throughout the cell. The
drops carry the number of their cell of origin to permit following their
movement. Column B shows the position of the drops 10 seconds later at the
time of the first exposure of the time-lapse series. The large drops from
cells 1 and 2 have risen out of view, but the large drop from cell 3 has been
captured in the top, viewing, cell. The medium-sized drop from the viewing
cell has escaped from view, but has been replaced by an identical drop from
cell 2, the next lower one. The small drop's movements are minimal and each
remains in its cell of origin.
Columns C and 0 diagram the drop position after 10.3 and 12 seconds.
After 10.3 seconds, the large drop from cell 3 is still in view but is about to
escape. It has, however, been photographed and its diameter and rate of rise
measured and used to calculate density. Twelve seconds after flow interrup-
tion, the largest drop from cell 3 has escaped, the medium-sized drop origin-
ating in cell 2 and the small drop originating in cell 1 have moved measureable
distances. Thus, although a drop may move out of the viewing cell, it is
replaced by a drop of the same size from a lower volume and the photographs
capture a representative sample of the oil drops in the microscope cell. This
factor obtains until sufficient time has passed (12 seconds here) to allow the
largest drop of interest to escape the viewing cell even though it was origin-
ally at the bottom of the microscope cell.
The preceding discussion of drop size cutoff applies only to the capture
of a drop in a single photograph. Density measurement requires capture of the
same drop in two photographs of the photo-triad to provide for measurement of
rise rate. This requirement seriously decreases the effective vertical height
of the liquid viewing cell because:
1. The camera motor drive limits successive photographs to 0.3-sec
intervals.
2. During this time a 100-micrometer drop rises 495 micrometers.
3. Cell height- rise of drop = 40 microns.
21
-------
NO. 1
MICROSCOPE
VIEWING CELL
NO. 2
NEAR CENTER
OF CELL
_©
CO*
®
©
(ft
©
©
©
NO. 3
NEAR BOTTOM
OF CELL
r?.
CO
A
OTIME
©
B
10 SEC.
.
C
10.3 SEC.
.
D
12 SEC.
Figure 11. Drop movement during 12 seconds.
22
-------
Thus a 1.00-micrometer drop has to be in the bottom 40 micrometers of photograph
2 to be at the top of photograph 3 taken 0.3 second later. Therefore, the
effective viewing cell height for a 100-micrometer drop is only 40 micrometers.
When a 50-micrometer drop is under consideration, the cell height is 411
micrometers. Thus the dynamics of drop movement as well as photographic aper-
ture combine to fix the volume of the viewing cell during density determina-
tion. Understanding this factor is vital to the calculation of oil content
based on the drop volume and the viewing cell volume.
There are many possible combinations of vertical position of the viewing
cell within the microscope cell, static period prior to photography and time
between photographs that will result in capture of divergent size and density
entities. For example, if the viewing cell were positioned near the bottom of
the microscope cell, the system would be optimized for entities heavier than
brine. The photographic timing sequence has been optimized for oil drops.
However, if the density measurement feature is eliminated, a photograph can be
taken within 0.1 second of flow interruption and capture almost all entities in
a single photograph. This is a switchable option in the PMS electronic cir-
cuitry. Such adaptations must be at the well-considered discretion of the
user.
Density Calculation
Calculation of the density of the spherical body captured in two photographs
taken known times is based on Stokes Law (Equation 1).
g (P -a, ) D2
Terminal velocity (v) = - - (1)
where
2
g = acceleration due to gravity = 980 cm/sec
p = density of matrix
PB = density of body
D = diameter of spherical body
n = viscosity of matrix (Stokes)
Measurement of the body's location in two photographs determine the ver-
tical movement during the time-lapse period. Since the bodies reach terminal
velocity very rapidly, the velocity may be represented by Equation (2).
V • I (2)
where:
d = vertical displacement of body between photographs
t = time between photographs
23
-------
Substituting in Equation (1), then,
d
t
18n
and solving for pg the density of the body (Equation 4)
18nd
PR - Pm
B m
24
-------
SECTION 5
DESIGN
The design of the PMS (Photomicrographic System) to implement the theo-
retical principles had to address several selection decisions as well as the
mechanical portions of the system.
PHOTOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS
The photographic equipment and operations presented were selected as cost-
effective optimizations for the problem at hand. They have worked well in field
use but may be changed at the discretion of future operators of the equipment.
The rationales for their selection are discussed by equipment type in the fol-
lowing paragraphs.
Camera
The camera is an Olympus OM1 purchased without a lens. It is supplied with
both a 36-exposure back and a 250-exposure back. The 36-exposure back is con-
venient for laboratory work and the 250-exposure back is used for field work.
Film was purchased in 100-foot rolls that filled three 250-exposure magazines.
The normal viewing screen was replaced with a No. 1-12 screen. This screen has
a clear section with a cross etched in the center. It is designed to facilitate
critical focus. A Varimagni finder is supplied to further ease the task of
focusing. The camera is equipped with an MD-1 power film advance unit. This
system advances the film and recocks the shutter. It will cycle in 0.3 second.
A fully charged battery will run 1000 exposures and was exchanged for a fully
charged one every 750 exposures. The camera has taken more than 20,000 photo-
graphs with only two areas of malfunction. The cam used to clamp the 250-
exposure back to the camera body developed excessive play. This allowed the
film to "jump" the drive sprockets. The result is that frames intermittently
overlapped each other by distances equal to one or two sprocket holes. The mal-
function was rectified in the field by placing pieces of electrician's tape on
the clamp surface. The manufacturer has repaired the system and it has operated
faultlessly for 10,000 photographs. The flash synchronization contacts failed
at about 19,000 operations and required cleaning and adjustment.
Film Selection
The system is designed for 35-mm film in 20- or 36-exposure cartridges or
33-foot continuous lengths. The 33-foot lengths are cut from 100-foot rolls and
loaded into the special magazines by the operator. The exposure given the film
is a system parameter that is beyond the casual control of the operator. It can
be easily decreased by the use of neutral-density filters or improper optical
25
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alignment, but cannot be increased.
ASA 200 Ektachrome film in 100-foot rolls was.selected for the field study.
Several other films were tested such as Plus X and Super XX black and white, and
5247 color negative film. The black and white negative films were difficult
to digitize since the oil drop images were of low contrast. The 5247 film
would have been satisfactory after positive slides were made, but the processing
was nonstandard and it proved difficult to locate a satisfactory processing
laboratory. The Eastman Kodak Ektachrome is a standard film of high quality
and reliability. A film processing laboratory was located in Hollywood,
California, that offered a 3-hour processing service. Ektachrome is available
in several emulsion speeds. The ASA 200, the fastest available in 100-foot
lengths, was chosen to match the illumination of the Sunpak 611 photo-strobe
unit used in the first field study.
The film speed requirements have been changed for future work because of
a change in the lighting source.
The system, in its present configuration with Strobotak illumination,
provides proper exposure of clear to slightly tan liquid samples when the film
has an ASA rating of 800 to 1600. The strobe illumination has a higher blue
content than daylight and thus produces blueish-colored transparencies. If
precise color rendition is required, optical filtering may be applied. The
electronic system is still capable of operating an electronic flash gun such
as a Sunpak'Auto 611. In this case, recycle time limitations would apply, but
film speed requirements would be greatly relaxed. Such system alterations
should be placed in the hands of a capable electronics engineer.
The system was last used with Ektachrome ASA 200 professional film #5036.
The film was push-processed for a three-stop underexposure that raised its ef-
fective speed to ASA 1600. An Arkay 100-foot processing tank was used because
no commercial continuous process machine with three-stop push capability could
be located. In the Arkay tank, the film is wound from one reel to another and
has very limited chemical contact time. E6 processing in this system is not
recommended and the results, while usable, were not up to normal photographic
standards. The problem seemed to reside in the time allowed for the bleach,
clear or fix steps. It is possible that processing times could be adjusted,
but it is doubtful that such a study would be cost-effective. The film could
be cut into six 36-exposure lengths and processed in tanks such as the 22-inch
Omega tank that will process 16 such strips at a time.
The Superior Bulk Film Co. (442 N. Wells Street, Chicago, Illinois
60610) lists a tank and reel processing system called the "Soligor/2080." The
system is designed for 32-foot, 250-exposure film strips. The 1980 catalog
price is $213. This system has not been used by the author, but is recommended
for consideration. High-speed black and white film is available in 100-foot
and larger rolls. However, laboratory and field experience indicates that
color film is a much better choice. The recommended films available in 100-
foot rolls are:
1. Eastman Ektachrome 200 professional film #5036
2. Eastman Ektachrome Video News Film ASA 160 #5239
26
-------
3. Eastman Color Negative Film ASA 100 #5247
4. Eastman Video News High-Speed ASA 400 Tungsten #7250. This is
a special-order film. Minimum order is 430 100-foot rolls at
$53.26 each (May 1980).
All of these films must be push-processed to increase their speed.
One other caution is worthy of comment. Some of the Ektachrome 200 film
was found to be very hygroscopic. When exposed to the high humidity of the
Gulf of Mexico region, it became so sticky that the sprocket holes would tear
out before the film would unroll. The problem was alleviated by loading the
film into the magazines and the magazine into the camera in the dehumidified
atmosphere of the control room. The loaded camera was placed in a plastic bag
for transport to the sample point.
Illumination Source
The first field study was performed using a Sunpak 611 photographic
strobe light. The strobe is an automatic thyristor-controlled unit and was
used in the 1/128 power ratio position. The thyristor shut off the power flow
after 1/128 of the total capacity had been discharged. The system then re-
charged to full capacity in 0.25 second. Thus, the strobe was ready for a
second flash within the 0.3 second available between photographs 1 and 2. In
actual practice, slight exposure differences between the photographs in a
triad were evident. The flash duration was rated at 1/50,000 second, or 20
microseconds. This proved to be completely satisfactory and no motion-blurred
photographs were found. This was true even when the system was operated in a
high-vibration area on a production platform near large pumps.
After the first field study it was decided that system operation could be
improved by changing the illumination source. A General Radio Strobotac unit
was modified to operate from a 12-volt battery and used in the final system.
This unit has a flash duration of less than 5 microseconds and recycles within
a few milliseconds. While the 20-microsecond flash was satisfactory, the 5-
microsecond unit adds additional versatility in photographing drops in motion.
The major advantage of the Strobotac, however, is in operation from the system
battery and a significant decrease in weight. The more significant disadvan-
tages of the Strobotac's low illumination levels, which mandated special film
processing, leads to a recommendation that the Sunpak illumination be rein-
stalled. Another option would be the employment of a detachable-head elec-
tronic flash having the same power and recycle character as the Sunpak. This
would eliminate the requirement to alter the Sunpak to make it fit the second
operational case.
MICROSCOPE CONSIDERATIONS
The microscope system was originally an Olympus BHA-100 microscope with
4X, 10X, and 20X Plan Achromat objectives, a BH-SHR stage, and suitable eye-
pieces for viewing and photography. In the final version of the system, much
of the microscope was eliminated because it was nonessential and heavy. The
base, including part of the illumination system, and the mechanical stage were
27
-------
thus eliminated. The substage condenser system was retained. The unconven-
tionally high position of the viewing cell precludes any attempt to establish
Koehler illumination conditions. Despite the violation of most conventional
microscope illumination practices, resolution was sufficient to clearly define
2-micrometer-diameter oil drops on the film. The validity of the definition
and calibration was substantiated by photography and measurement of known 7-
micrometer-diameter pollen suspended in a liquid matrix.
Proper focusing of the microscope is a critical factor in the successful
application of the system. However, since the viewing cell may be located
anywhere within the 3000-micrometer width of the microscope cell with equally
satisfactory results, a reasonably wide latitude of focusing exists. The
focusing system of the microscope is well calibrated and each revolution of
the fine-focusing knob moves the stage 200 micrometers.
A complete description of the focusing procedure is found in Section 6,
Operating Instructions. Briefly, it consists of successively focusing the
microscope on a piece of tissue placed on the cell, raising the cell until the
outer cell wall is in focus, raising further to focus on the inner cell wall,
and then raising the cell a calibrated distance to place the focal zone within
the liquid volume.
INSTRUMENT CASE
The case is constructed in two parts. The lower part is constructed of
aluminum sheet riveted to a strong internal frame. This part contains all gas
and liquid ports and switches (Figure 5). All joints are completely sealed
and a gasketed flange is provided to mate with the upper section. All internal
components are securely mounted to this section.
The gas ports consist of the pressurization gas inlet and the reference
port for the pressure safety switch. This switch interrupts all internal
power until a pressure of 1.2 kPa (5 in. hLO) is established. The liquid port
is the sample outlet. The sample inlet standpipe block is attached to the
opposite side of the case. A bank of hermetically sealed switches is provided
to control the function of the system. They will be described under the
Electronics heading.
The upper part is constructed of Aerolite, a clear plastic. It mates
with the lower part with a leakproof seal to contain the pressurizing atmos-
phere. It is secured in place with eight suitcase-type latches.
SOLENOID FLOW CONTROL VALVE
Nacom (1) 9.5-mm (3/8-in) all-Teflon diaphragm valve was operated from
the 12-volt supply to provide flow control. The return spring and diaphragm
were modified to permit maximum opening. The valve used with the Vitrodynamics
(2) cell was similar, but with a 6.4-mm (1/4-in) port which resulted in a
(1) Nacom Industries, 2852A Walnut Avenue, Tustin, California 92680.
(2) Vitrodynamics Co., 114 Beach Street, Rockaway, New Jersey 07866.
28
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reduced flow.
CELL
Two cell configurations are interchangeable. One, the original design,
consists of a 1.0-mm path length, 1-cm-wide Vitrodynamics Macromicroslide
cemented into altered 1/2-inch Swagelok fittings. This cell configuration,
Figure 12, causes significant flow restriction and requires a 36-inch stand-
pipe for proper operation.
Many sample sources provided insufficient pressure to overflow a 36-inch
standpipe and the second cell configuration was developed. This cell, Figure
13, is constructed of Aerolite plastic in a machined and cemented configuration,
.Omm THICK
Figure 12. Macromicroslide cell
0.32cm THICK
Figure 13. Plastic cell.
29
-------
The internal dimensions in the viewing area are 2.5 cm high, 0.32 cm thick,
and 2.5 cm long. The low flow restriction of this cell, combined with the
larger solenoid valve, allows operation with a 21.5-cm standpipe.
PRESSURE REGULATION STANDPIPE
The sample supply pressure varies widely between sample points and a
fresh sample must always be available at the cell inlet. A standpipe overflow
system, Figure 14, operated in the bypass flow mode fulfills both of these
needs. The connection block is constructed of Teflon and is mated to the
lower case section with an 0-ring seal. The PVC standpipe section is a fric-
tion fit and 0-ring sealed connection into the top of the connection block.
It is self-supporting. The flowing sample contacts only Teflon until it is
used or past the cell port.
POWER SUPPLY
With the exception of the camera motor drive, the entire system is pow-
ered with a single 12-volt battery. The battery selected is an El power (1)
Model EP1250, 12-volt, 5.0-a.H rechargeable solid-gel battery. Its dimensions
are 150 x 63 x 95mm and it weighs 2.27 kg. The battery fits snugly into a
foam-cushioned battery case.
A fully charged battery has ample power to run the system for the 1.5
hours required to make 750 exposures (3-33-foot magazines). Field practice
was to exchange the battery for a fully charged one at this time. A multiple
battery charger, described in the Electronics section, is supplied for recharg-
ing in a safe area.
ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEM
The electronic control system is composed of four major subassemblies,
interconnected by flexible cable/plug assemblies. Each assembly is indepen-
dently removable from the main frame for service or adjustment. The system is
diagrammed in Figure 15.
Primary Power
Operating power is supplied by a rechargeable, 12-volt, 5-ampere/hour
gelled electrolyte battery. The positive terminal of the battery is wired
through a pressure-operated switch (normally open) that requires a minimum
pressure equivalent to 1.2 kPa (5 in. of hLO) to close. Pressure is supplied
to the main enclosure by an external inert gas source, and insures compliance
with Group I, Section 1, Class D requirements. The useful life of a charged
battery is in excess of 2 hours. They are normally exchanged for a freshly
charged battery after three rolls of film, or 1.5 hours. The system is dia-
grammed in Figure 16.
(1) Elpower Corp., Santa Ana, California.
30
-------
OVERFLOW
SAMPLE
IF TO CELL
Figure 14. Standpipe pressure regulator.
31
-------
SAMPLE
FLOW
VALVE
BATTERY
Figure 15. Electrical block diagram.
PRESET
±-« ±zr^£Tn
-r 5AH- rssA J ^_>-i
O VOO
Figure 16. Primary power diagram.
Flash Tube Power Supply and Control
NOTE
This power supply is floating above ground and
develops potentially lethal voltages.
A commercial inverter is used to convert the 12-volt DC primary power to
120-volt AC, square wave, at approximately 60 cps. This power is supplied to
the strobe control circuit, Figure 17. The output of the inverter is zener-
diode-clamped at 120 volts peak, to provide a constant voltage, over the useful
discharge range of the primary power source. Figure 16 shows the strobe
primary power supply circuitry.
The output of the inverter supplies power to the flash tube power supply
and control assembly which powers the high-intensity gas discharge flash tube.
The inverter is a major drain upon the power supply battery. Accordingly
it is wired to the timer external control switch. The inverter is on only
when the timer is in the RUN or RESET positions. The on time should be
limited to actual use time to conserve the battery.
32
-------
INS242
Figure 17. Strobe power circuit.
The gas discharge flash tube is powered from a voltage quintupler circuit,
composed of five diodes and six capacitors. The 120-volt, 60-Hz squarewave
input is raised to approximately 600 volts and stored in a 2-mfd capacitor.
Tube firing is initiated by a 4000-volt pulse, capacitively coupled to
six dynodes located within the flash tube and between the anode and cathode.
The firing pulse results from discharging a charged 150-volt capacitor. This
is accomplished through the trigger transformer by firing an SCR connected in
series with the transformer primary.
The SCR gate is controlled by a uni-junction transistor which, by switch
selection, may be made to oscillate at 50 to 100 Hz, or provide a single pulse
when an additional NPN transistor base is connected to the power supply common.
In the oscillating mode, the flash tube supplies an essentially constant
light source for focusing and optical adjustment.
In the single-flash photographic model, the camera sync contacts cause a
relay closure in the timing control module. This relay action causes the
above transistor base switching and fires the flash lamp.
33
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Time Base
The circuit, Figure 18, utilizes CMOS, digital integrated circuits. UI
is a crystal-controlled oscillator at 2.048 MHz, and a 4098:1 divider. This
drives U2, a 10:1 divider.
The output of the timer oscillator is a symmetrical 50-Hz square wave.
This signal therefore includes a positive-going pulse every 20 milliseconds.
Three-decade ring counters, U3, U4, and U5, are connected in series to count
these positive-going oscillator pulses. Each of the 30 decade counter outputs
is connected on a patchboard to a separate bus of 10 commonly connected wire
sockets. The sockets are used to connect jumper wires to cause the several
triple input NOR gates in the logic control circuit to function in the desired
time sequence and sequence the several automatic actions of the system. The
busses are arranged left to right viewed from the top 0-9, 00-90, and 000-900.
Each decade is identified by the standard RTMA color code. There are two
additional busses: "low," identified by double green marks, and "hi," iden-
tified by double black marks.
' LINC J L_=> 0.3 MS
oooooo oooo
TIMING MATRIX
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
TIME Mirmx
Figure 18. Time base circuit.
34
-------
Ull is wired as a triple input, NAND gate, and provides a reset pulse to
the entire counter chain when one or more inputs go "lo." This sets all
counters to "0."
One half of US, a single-shot pulse generator, provides a 5-ms "lo"
pulse, 50 ms after "power on," to Ull, to set all counters to "0."
Upon completion of the reset operation, bus lines 0, 00, and 000 are high
and all others are low. The first oscillator pulse drops the 0 bus low and
raises the 1 bus high. The second drops the 1 bus low and raises the 2 bus
high. The 10th pulse "cycles" the first counter, U3, causing the 0 bus to go
high once again. It also transfers one pulse to U4, the second decade counter.
This causes the 00 bus to go from high to low and sets the 10 bus high. The
next time the 0-9 counter "cycles," it sets the 10 bus low and the 20 bus
high. This sequence of operations continues, cycles U4, advances U5 from 000
to 100, continues, and, after 999 pulses or 19.98 seconds, cycles counter and
starts over. This restart is never allowed to occur since the RESET line is
always programmed to recycle the system in less than the 19.98 seconds.
Logic Control Circuit (Figure 19)
All auxiliary functions are initiated by the application of three simul-
taneous "hi's" to triple input NAND gates shown in Figure 19. The interconnec-
tion between Figures 1 and 8 is at terminal strip TS1.
All control function inputs are wired in triplicate to the terminal
strip, located parallel to the main timing matrix board, and coded per RTMA
color code, which is as follows:
Brown: solenoid start
Red: solenoid stop
Orange: camera shutter
Yellow: camera shutter
Green: camera shutter
Blue: strobe
Violet: strobe
Slate: strobe
White: strobe
Black: recycle
Programming--
Times are selected from 000 to 999 increments of 20 ms, and three jumpers
inserted between the time matrix and the functions as required. Unused
35
-------
3
U
S-
o
g
-!->
c
o
o
(J
CD
o
CT1
Ol
S-
3
O)
36
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functions must have one or more leads inserted in the double green (logic
"To") buss to disable them.
Solenoid Start—Three simultaneous "hi's" to the input of one-third of
U7, a triple input NAND gate, provide a "lo" to the input of one-fourth of
U15, wired as an inverter. The output of U15 produces a "hi," which "sets"
the set input of one-half of a J/K flip-flop (U13), producing a "hi" at the
"Q" output. This output goes to a SPOT switch, S2, with three positions,
Continuous, off, and cycle. In the cycle position, this output of U13 is
applied to the base of a Darlington transistor "Ql" which completes the cir-
cuit, energizing the solenoid.
In the off position of Switch 2, the solenoid is disabled. In the "Cont"
position the transistor base is driven from +12V DC, and the solenoid is on
continuously.
Solenoid Off—The application of three "hi's to another one-third of U7
drives an additional one-fourth of U15, providing a "hi" to the "R" input of
U13, setting the output to "lo," turning Ql and the solenoid off. The system
is capable of supplying 1 amp at 12V DC.
Camera Shutter—The camera shutter may be fired at three sequential
times, selected by application of three simultaneous "hi's" to each section of
U9, a triple-triple input NAND gate. Simultaneous "hi's" to any triple input
of U9 results in a "hi" from one-third of U7, provided a "hi" to half of U14,
a single-shot multivibrator with a "hi" pulse of 50 ms. The pulse goes to the
AUTO position of S3, an SPOT switch, which selects AUTO, off, and single. In
the AUTO position, the output of U14 drives the base of an NPN transistor (Q2)
positive. The transistor operates relay (K2) and a pair of normal open contacts
tripping the camera shutter and motor drive. In the off position, the camera
is deactivated, and in the single position the camera is fired, once for each
switch closure.
Strobe Timing—The strobe may be fired by the camera sync contacts, the
timer controlled signals or by a combination of both. This capability remains
from development work and has not been removed. At present, one line of each
of the four strobe firing circuits is connected to the lo bus (double green)
to disable them. The strobe is fired in synchronization with the shutter by
connecting a sync cable between the camera and the circuit input marked camera
flash sync. The contact closure operates through two sections of U15, an
exclusive OR gate, to produce the control action.
The strobe may also be fired at any of four selected times by wiring
"hi's" to the inputs of the selected three-input NAND gates, U10 or U12.
These gates output a "lo" to the input of a quad input NAND gate, Ull, which
provides a "hi" to the input of one-fourth of U8, an OR gate.
The output of U8 provides a "hi" to three paralleled inputs of U16, an
open collector buffer. The open collector output provides a ground return for
the coil of relay Kl. When the U16 output goes "hi," the relay is de-energized,
closing a pair of NC contacts, which grounds the base of the NPN transistor in
the strobe firing circuit. Any unused gates must have at least one input
wired to the "lo" buss, double green, on the patchboard matrix.
37
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Table 3 details the three- photograph time-lapse sequence used in the
last field study and the timing connections that generate the sequence. Using
the "solenoid valve close" step as a programming example and expressing all
times in seconds after reset:
The valve is to close at 5 seconds
5 seconds divided by .020 second per pulse = 250 pulses
Connect line 1 to a 0 wire socket
Connect line 2 to a 50 wire socket
Connect line 3 to a 200 wire socket
Line 1, line 2, and line 3 refer to the three control lines of the triple-
input NAND gate controlling the valve off function (coded red on the patch
panel). When all three lines are "hi" the controlled action occurs. Figure
20 shows the signal versus time curve for the three wire socket groups used.
With reference to timing in oscillator pulses which are 20 ms apart, the 0
wire sockets are turned from their initial hi state to lo by the first pulse;
the sockets are returned hi by the 10th pulse and maintained hi for one pulse
(20 ms). This action is repeated every time the units decade counter cycles.
In a similar manner, after the units counter has cycled five times (50 pulses)
and transferred five pulses to the 10's counter, the 50 wire sockets are set
hi. They stay hi until the units counter completes another cycle (requiring
200 ms) which returns them to low. The 200 wire sockets operate in the same
manner and are controlled by the 10's counter. They are driven hi during the
second cycle of the 10's counter after a lapsed time of 4 seconds and remain
hi until the third cycle of the 10's counter 2 seconds later. The dashed line
on Figure 20 indicates the state of all three wire socket groups during the
250th pulse and it can be seen that all are hi. This satisfies the control
requirement of the NAND gate and closes the valve.
Single-Shot Time-Lapse Selector--
S4 is a 6-pole, 2-position switch mounted on the time base circuit board,
Figure 18, to permit rapid switchable transition between two timing sequences.
It is designed to select either three photograph time-lapse photography or to
take a single photograph of each water sample. In the time-lapse mode, the
camera shutter is controlled by the three timing circuits (orange, yellow, and
green) previously discussed and the recycle time by the black. In the single-
cycle mode the camera and reset times are controlled by additional lines from
the switch to the timer matrix. The system timing was selected to maximize
sample throughput. The valve action is unchanged at 5 seconds flush time, but
the camera is fired at 5.1 seconds and the recycle set at 5.2 seconds. Thus a
250-exposure roll of film is exposed in 23.7 minutes in the time-lapse mode or
in 21.7 minutes in the single-shot mode. In the first case, 83 water samples
would be photographed and in the second, 250.
Battery Charger
A separate battery charger, Figure 21, is supplied to simultaneously
38
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TABLE 3. FIELD STUDY TIME-LAPSE SEQUENCE
Step
Description
Solenoid Open
Solenoid Close
Camera Shutter 1
Camera Shutter 2
Camera Shutter 3
Reset
Strobe 1
Strobe 2
Strobe 3
Strobe 4
Bus
Color
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Black
Blue
Violet
Slate
White
Sees.
.021
5.00
15.00
15.30
17.00
17.10
Unused
All li
double
Pulses
1
250
750
765
850
855
- camera
ne numbers
green bus
Line 1 Line 2
1
0
0
5
0
5
contacts fire
are connected
0
50
50
60
50
50
strobe.
to the
Line 3
0
200
700
700
800
800
low -
_[ {
0 BUSS
n f
50 BUSS
1
|
1
PULSE 250
[
I
200 BUSS
Figure 20. Timing pulses at the output busses,
39
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LM340
5
LMJ40-5
I3
2 10 iow
t.. . ., (r?\ +
i~] 142V jgQMft.MAX.
Id J "ic's-
13
10 IOW
J*~"
1
y
Figure 21. Battery charger.
charge one to three "Gel-Cell" batteries. The charger is operated from 120V
AC in a safe, nonexplosive-atmosphere, area. A transformer and bridge recti-
fier provide 25.2 volts DC at 2.0 amps to the system. The DC voltage feeds a
hybrid voltage regulator, shunted by a PNP pass transistor. The regulator
output is adjustable, to provide a nominal 14.2 volts at the battery terminal.
Three current regulators are connected between the voltage regulator
output and the respective battery cable connectors. These current regulators
are composed of hybrid voltage regulators, wired as current regulators by
sensing the voltage drop across series sensing resistors. Each current regu-
lator limits the current to 500 ma.
This charger provides a taper charge characteristic that insures a full
charge within about 6 hours, but prevents overheating or overcharge of the
batteries when left on the charger beyond their full charge time.
Unused Components
This system is the result of a long development program and has not been
rebuilt to eliminate unused features. Accordingly, when the circuit boards
are compared with the schematics, extra components will be found. Their
functions have been disabled or they have been removed from the electronic
system. Some unused functions such as the four timed strobe firing options
have been made nonfunctional by connecting one of the three NAND gate inputs
to a permanent "low." The presence of these components and functions does not
impair the operation of the system, which has been well field-tested.
CALIBRATION
Photographs of a stage micrometer are used to calibrate the system. A
stage micrometer is a glass plate with a very precise scale etched into its
surface. Divisions and subdivisions differ widely and the one chosen for the
oil drop study has 10-micrometer subdivisions. Ealing Corp., South Natick,
Massachusetts, lists stage micrometers with 2- to 100-micrometer subdivisons.
The calibration is a one-time laboratory operation and need not be repeated
unless the objective, eyepiece or microscope tube length are changed. The
stage micrometer was placed in the microscope focal plane and several exposures
were made. These films were then retained for projection during data reduction.
40
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An additional calibration experiment has been made to verify the stage
micrometer calibrations. Three size classes of spores were purchased from
Duke Scientific Co., Palo Alto, California. They included:
#419 Bermuda Grass smut spores 7-micrometer diameter
#213 Paper Mulberry pollen 13-14 micrometer diameter
#396 walnut pollen 40-50 micrometer diameter
A water matrix containing these spores was generated and photographed in a
flowing system. Data from 55 exposures are presented in Table 4.
This calibration effort showed that the stage micrometer calibrated data
agree well with the values measured by the suppliers. Time constraints pre-
cluded a longer study to completely test the system calibration.
DATA REDUCTION
Data reduction can assume several configurations, dependent upon the
volume of photographs to be studied. Two techniques will be discussed. One
requirement is common to all techniques. The entire photographic image must
be studied. Normal 35-mm color transparencies are mounted in plastic or
cardboard holders. The inside edges of the holder obscure a small portion of
the image. The amount and position of the obscured edge is a variable with no
control by the operator. Since density determination depends upon precise
measurement of the drop position relative to a lower corner of the photograph
in two time-lapse photographs, the error caused by variable mounting cannot be
tolerated.
A glass-type strip film holder was designed to fit a Kodak 500 projector.
Movement of the glass pressure plates was controlled by two solenoid actuators.
The aperture of the projector was enlarged over the standard size to permit
projection of the borders of the photographic image. Thus all positional mea-
surements may now be referenced to the camera aperture.
TABLE 4. CALIBRATION DATA
Average Measured
Reported Diameter Average Diameter
Group
1
2
3
Spores Counted
8
14
3*
(Micrometers)
7
13-14
40-50
(Micrometers)
6.5
13.8
32.7
* These spores were out of focus and are included for general information.
41
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The calculations of drop size dispersion and the oil content in mg/liter
must both be based on a common liquid sample volume. The depth of focus and
therefore the thickness of the liquid volume photographed has been found to be
a function of the drop diameter. To quote the extremes, a 2-micrometer drop
is counted in a 9.4-micrometer-thick volume while a 100-micrometer drop is
counted in a 127-micrometer-thick volume. Additionally, if a drop is far
enough into the photograph for its diameter to be visible, it is counted.
This factor is shown diagramatically in Figure 22. The inner rectangle is the
actual film aperture and the outer rectangle is the effective liquid volume.
It is larger than the film aperture by 1/2 the drop diameter in all dimensions.
Equation 2 shows the volume calculation where D is the diameter of the drop.
Volume = (Length + D) (width + D) ((3.86 + (5.09 Ln D)) + D)
(2)
Application of this equation to the measurement range of the system, 2 micro-
meters to 100 micrometers, indicates that the 2-micrometer drops are counted
in a 1.8 x 10^ cubic micrometer volume and the 100-micrometer drops in a 36.3
x 1Q6 cubic micrometer volume. If the liquid volume size correction were not
made, the calculated oil content would be much higher than actual and the
small drops discriminated against in the size dispersion.
Projector, Screen, and Ruler Technique
Manual measurement is the most basic technique and is also the most
labor-intensive. The photographic image of a stage micrometer calibration
slide is projected upon a screen. The distance between calibration lines is
measured and a ratio established between distance measured on the projected
image and the known distance between the lines on the stage micrometer. After
this calibration, the first of the time-lapse pair is projected and the dia-
meter of all drops and their distance from the corner of the photograph are
determined and recorded. The next photograph of the time-lapse pair is pro-
jected and similarly measured. The drop diameter and distance moved in a
known time are recorded and Stokes law is used to calculate density.
Effective liquid
volume limits
Actual film limits
Figure 22. Relation of liquid volume to film aperture.
42
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Digitizer-Computer Technique
The projector and ruler technique is satisfactory when only a few hundred
sets of photographs are to be examined. However, when 20,000 photographs are
to be examined, as in the case of the offshore use of the system, it becomes
cost-effective to develop computer techniques.
A PDP-11 computer was used with a Summagraphics Model HW-2-20 digitizer
providing .25 mm resolution. The color photograph is projected upon the
platen with a vertical projection system using the modified projector previ-
ously described. The primary system calibration was performed by projecting
one of the stage micrometer photographs and determining the number of .25-mm
digitizer units, called nibbs, required to subtend the known distance. The
camera aperture, limit of the projected image, was then measured and used as a
convenient secondary standard.
Computer Programs--
The utility of some of the computer programs in this section is immedi-
ately obvious. The data reduction programs are the result of the expressed
desires of the several people involved in evaluating and reporting of the
data. The utility of these programs may be more obscure, but they are included
for the sake of completeness. All programs were written by one of the authors,
and questions are to be referred to R. A. Meyer.
The programs were developed to run on a DEC PDP11-40 with 128,000 words
of memory. The multiple-user operating system, RSX 11M Version 3.2, was in
use. Programs were compiled with the ANSI Fortran IV Version 1.8 compiler.
The Fortran listing of all programs is included in Appendix B. The top 5 cm
of the digitizer platen are reserved for program control action and are re-
ferred to as "menu." "I" and "F" refer to the Fortran integer and floating
type of numbers.
READ.FTN--READ is a basic photographic image reduction program. It re-
quires a calibration factor of microns in the photographed water/nib (.25 mm)
on the platen. Entering 0 for FACTOR results in a factor of 0.01. This
converts all diameter data to inches on the platen. The image is touched on
its x-sides. The terminal responds with the x-y platen location of both
touches, the x-y platen location of the center of the image and the x-width
(diameter) of the image in units defined by the FACTOR. Any MENU touch termi-
nates the program. There is no data storage.
SIZE.FTN--SIZE is the primary oil drop photograph processing program. It
allows measurement and file storage of up to 600 drop diameters. It is initi-
ated by either the input of the cell-platen factor in micrometers/.01" or 0.
An answer of 0 jumps to a calibration routine where a known distance is re-
quested and entered and the stylus touched to the x-sides of the distance.
The overall size of the photographic aperture in the cell has been repeatedly
measured as 535 micrometers and is typically used as the known distance. Run
number (12) and film number (15) are requested by the program and the number
of the first frame typed by the terminal. The program expects a digitizer
touch on the x-sides of each drop of interest. The terminal types the diameter
of the drop and, if it is within .99 to 125 micrometers, increments the table
43
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location equal to the diameter. A MENU touch substituted for the second x-
side touch allows the option to terminate by entry of "1234." Any other
action returns the program to "measure" and retypes the last frame number.
After each drop in a frame has been processed, a MENU touch is substituted
for the first drop side and the terminal types the next frame number. Errors
in digitizing are given the preliminary screening by the size and y limits.
If a known error passes the screen, it can be corrected by use of ALTSIZ.
Termination of the program closes the output file named SIZEXX.DAT;YY
where XX is the operator-defined run number and YY the version. Table location
149 contains the run number; 148 the film number; 147 the number of samples;
and 146 the total number of drops. Location 1 contains the number of 1-
micrometer-diameter drops found, location 2, the number of 2-micrometer
drops, etc., up to 125 micrometers.
ALTSIZ.FTN--ALTSIZ is a program to inspect and/or alter any location in a
SIZEXX.Dat;YY file. Locations 1 to 125 of a SIZEXX.DAT file contain the
number of drops found whose diameter matches the location, e.g., location 4 =
25 means that 25 drops of 4-micrometer diameter were found in that roll of
film. Location 149 contains the run number, 148 the film number, 147 the
number of water samples studied, and 146 the total number of drops found.
The program is initiated by specifying a file in the form SIZ.E.XX.DAT;YY
in answer to the question FILE TO ACCESS. The location to be inspected is
specified as 13. The terminal types the value stored in that location and
offers the option to change by entering (16), the new number, or CR for no
change (zero is a number). A CR response to FILE TO ACCESS or NUMBER TO
CHANGE closes the file and terminates the program. The file name and version
remain unchanged.
ASIZEPRO.FTN—ASIZEPRO is a program to process the data in a series of up
to 10 SIZEXX.DAT (latest version only) files into five forms of output. It is
initiated by input of up to 10 (12) run numbers and their associated oil den-
sities (F12.5). The entry of 0 or CR for FILE TO ACCESS terminates the input,
types the identity of the first file on the terminal, and starts processing.
When processing of the first file is completed, the identity of the second is
typed, and so on.
The first processing step is a DROP NUMBER COMPILATION. The run number,
film number, and number of water samples are placed as the sheet header and a
three-column output generated of drop diameter in micrometers, number of drops
of that size counted, and drops per liter based on the diameter controlled
microscope viewing volume. The system has capability of 125-micrometer-
diameter drops but the column is terminated when the largest drop is reached.
The last output line is the total number of drops and the diameter of the
largest one.
The program next generates a histogram that relates average drops per
1000 cubic micrometers to drop diameter in micrometers. It is worthy of note
that conversion of number of drops counted to drops per 1000 cubic micrometers
can change one drop into many counts in the histogram. The histogram is made
44
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through use of an International Mathematical and Statistical Libraries Inc.*
program called USHV1. This program prints a horizontal histogram on one or
more pages from a table of data. Copyright restrictions prohibit reproduction
of the program. However, assuming that the operator has the program available,
the following alterations have been made to expand the dynamic range of the
histogram:
USHV1 scales the bar length to fit the longest bar to the page by locat-
ing the largest value and dividing by the available space. Thus, one count, a
printed I, may equal one or more units. For example, in the data for Run 01,
there were 2557 drops counted in 340 water samples and each "I" represented 43
drops. A histogram composed of I's therefore eliminates any knowledge of drop
counts less than 21. This severely limits the usability of the data, since
over 50% of the total oil is contained in the few large drops that would thus
be eliminated. To eliminate the problem, two tests have been added to the
IMSL program. If, after the bar height value (T(IJ)) has been divided by AK
(the frequency factor), the result is less than 1, T(IJ) is scaled by 10
instead of the frequency factor (AK). If the result is 1 or greater, the line
is made from the character "X" rather than"I." If the result is still less
than 1, the scale factor is changed to 1 and "0" used to build the line.
This program change results in histogram display of all data. The end
print of the histogram displays the frequency and scale values for X and 0;
e.g., ONE FREQUENCY UNIT IS EQUAL TO 43 "COUNTS" (UNIT(S)
X= FREQUENCY OF 10 0= FREQUENCY OF 1
The third processing step calculates and prints the mg/L of oil contributed
by all the drops of each diameter. The drop weight is calculated as the
spherical volume of the drop times its density. The density of the oil is a
program input factor. The volume of the water sample photographed is a function
of the photographic aperture, microscope magnification, the apparent depth of
focus of the optics, and the diameter of the drop.
The size-mg/L table is printed and a histogram made of the data as the
fourth section of the output.
The fifth section of the output is a measure of oil dispersion as a func-
tion of drop diameter. Starting with the largest drop, the mg/L are succes-
sively summed until the value exceeds 25, 50, and 75% of the total oil. The
data are printed in the form:
30.8% of the oil was in 1 drops. The smallest diam was 56 u
61.5% of the oil was in 3 drops. The smallest diam was 41 u
76.9% of the oil was in 5 drops. The smallest diam was 33 u
Inspection of the drop number table shows that there was 1-56, 1-46, 1-
41, 1-35, and 1-33 micrometer-diameter drops. The printout shows that the sum
* IMSL, 7500 Bellaire Blvd., Houston, Texas 77036.
45
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of the oil in these five drops was 76.9% of the total oil found at that sample
point.
After the fifth output is written into the OIL3.DMP file, the program
steps to process the next data file in the input stack. The terminal types
the identification data for the file and processing continues. When the last
file in the input stack has been processed, the program terminates and the
OIL3.DMP file is spooled to the line printer.
SIZMIX.FTN--SIZMIX is used to mix two size files. One example of its use
is to gather the data from two runs at a single sample point into a single
data file. The two files to be mixed are specified in the SIZEXX.DAT;YY form
and only the run number, XX, specified for the output file. Thus one may
specify SIZE34.DAT;! and SIZE34.DAT;3 and 34 as the output file to create
SIZE34.DAT;4 from the other two versions. Upon auto-termination of the
program the two input files remain unchanged, the new output file is written,
and also spooled as RAY.DMP.
SIZMAK.FTN--Most of the data processing programs are directed toward
SIZEXX.DAT files. This program addresses a DENS created file, OILXX.DAT;YY,
removes the density data and puts the diameter and number of drops data in the
format of a SIZE created file, SIZEXX.DAT.
CAP.FTN--CAP is identical to ASIZEPRO with the exception that the run
numbers and associated densities of all field test SIZE files have been defined
in DATA format. The command RUN CAP causes automatic processing of all pres-
ently available oil drop data and the generation of a 3.6-cm-thick printout.
The data format may be changed to include any file list by editing and recom-
piling the program.
ASIZNQR.FTN--ASIZNOR generates data tables from a series of SIZE.DAT files,
Up to 10 file numbers (I2)and associated densities (F10.5) may be entered.
Entry of 0 as a file number initiates processing. The program opens an
OILS.DMP file, locates and reads the first file and writes in the DMP file a
table of diameter vs number of drops found. It then generates and writes (in
reverse order) a table of log diameter vs percentage of total drops that are
smaller than that diameter. Mg/L of oil are calculated using the algorithm
discussed in ASIZEPRO and a table of diameter vs mg/L written into the DMP
file. Another reverse order percentage table of mg/L is generated and written
and the program repeats until all runs have been processed. The output is
spooled to the line printer and the program stops.
CAS.FTN--CAS is the fully automatic version of ASIZNOR and produces the
Versetec* plots of the log-normal cumulative probability of percent distribu-
tion by number of drops vs size. It also compiles the log size - cumulative %
data into an OIL3.DMP file. The spool command is "commented out."
CAM.FTN--CAM is identical to CAS but the data base is calculated to cum-
ulative mg/L oil. Calculation of oil content is identical to that in ASIZEPRO
and CAP.
* Versetec, 2805 Bowers Ave., Santa Clara, California 95051.
46
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DENS.FTN--DENS is used to determine the diameter and x-y position of the
same drop in a pair of time-lapse photographs and calculate its density. It
creates a 1200-word file called OILXX.DAT for storage of data. The odd-
numbered locations hold the Fortran "real" diameter of a drop and the next
even location holds its associated density (real).
A calibration action initiates the program. The program prompts "CALIBRA-
TION: ENTER MICRONS AND TOUCH 2 LINES* MICRONS BETWEEN LINES IS." The operator
selects a known distance, typically the x sides of the image, and enters the
known distance, typically 535 microns. He then touches the stylus to each
side in turn. The program returns a factor in micrometers in the microscope
cell per nib (digitizer increment). Then, following program prompting, the
program is continued by input of run number (12), film number (13), water
density (F12.6) and water viscosity in stokes (F12.6). The program prompts
with a number representing the first diameter storage location. Without
further prompting, it expects a digitizer value (touch) for the lower left
corner of the first photo frame and the 2-x sides of the drop.
Diameter and x-y location are printed. If the diameter is less than 0.1
or greater than 200 micrometers, the operator is notified and the number
rejected. Similar rejection occurs if the y positions of the drop side loca-
tions are more than 2.5 mm apart. Without further prompting, similar digitizer
positions are expected for the second photo frame in the time-lapse series.
The size and location of the drop in the second photo are printed and a number
indicating the time interval between photos is requested. The program calcu-
lates and prints average diameter, difference between diameters in the two
photographs, density, x movement between photos (rise or fall of drop) and y
(side) movement between photos. A carriage return enters the data in the file
and resets for the next drop pair. Any number followed by a carriage return
discards the data and returns for the next drop. A touch in the upper 2
inches of the digitizer tablet instead of the lower left photo corner allows
the option to end by entering 123. Any other number returns to the next drop
pair. The 123 entry places the number of drops in location 600, run number in
599, film number in 598, water density in 597, and the water viscosity in 596.
It writes the file and closes it. All numbers are real.
The data in the OILXX.DAT file is processed by DENSPR or SIZMAK and in-
spected or changed by ALTDEN.
ALTDEN.FTN--ALTDEN addresses any OILXX.DAT;YY file and permits the inspec-
tion or change of the value stored in any location. Note that subsequent pro-
grams inspect the diameter locations searching for a 0 value which indicates
termination of data. Elimination of a value by changing it to zero may cause
trouble in the future. The program is run similar to ALTSIZ.
DENSPR.FTN--DENSPR processes the (1,1200) files created by DENS. It is
initiated by input of the file to process in the OILXX.DAT;YY form. Without
further user action, the program creates an OIL.DMP file and spools it to the
line printer. The printout consists of a run data header followed by, for
each integral drop diameter, the total number of drops of that diameter that
were found and their individual densities. The program auto-terminates.
47
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GRAPH.FTN, PGBR.FTN--These programs were written by another programmer to
generate plots of log-normal probability data on a Veraplot-07 made by Verse-
tec.* They are included for completeness and are used in programs CAS and
CAM. The techniques used should be easily understood by a competent program-
mer.
Non-Fortran Subroutines —
Tab
Call Tab (NX, NY, MENU). This subroutine interfaces with the Summagraph-
ics digitizer platen. When the stylus is touched to the platen, the subroutine
returns the x, y coordinates in integer nibs. There are 33.37 nibs per cm.
The upper 6.25 cm are reserved and called MENU. This area is usable for
program control. Thus the Fortran programs expect either two 14 numbers
representing x-y location, or a number representing MENU.
Fils
Call Fils (File, 'prefix,', NN, 'ext')
Fils is a subroutine to generate an ASCII string for a filename of form:
PPPPPPXX.ext
where
PPPPPP = a prefix string of any length
XX = a two-digit decimal number
ext = 3 character extension string
The resultant filename string is terminated by a null byte and thus is accept-
able to the "assign" library routine. It is stored in the array defined by
the "file" input.
* Versetec, 2805 Bowers Ave., Santa Clara, California 95051
48
-------
SECTION 6
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
These operating instructions are specifically directed toward use of the
system for the determination of oil drop size distribution in treated, produced
oilfield brine. While there are only very broad limitations on the application
of this system to other problems, detailed general instructions are well beyond
the scope of this development. The user is cautioned that the changing physi-
cal requirements dictated by different samples may require significant altera-
tion of the operation instructions. Even within the sample type addressed in
this work, changes in operating parameters can greatly alter the drop size and
density cutoff points. The effect of changes in pertinent instructions will
be discussed, along with the specific instructions.
SAMPLE REQUIREMENTS
Sample has typically been conducted to the system in a short, 16-mm (5/8-
inch-) -diameter garden hose. The entrance to the Teflon standpipe block is
female 12.7-mm (1/2-inch) standard pipe thread and any desired fitting may be
installed. Sample pressure must be at least 22 cm of water, but should be
between 40 and 100 cm. The system has been tested to a sample pressure of 460
cm of water with a 9.5-mm-ID by 30.5-cm-long transfer line without overflow of
the standpipe. Higher sample pressures would overflow the collection tube of
the standpipe and slightly increase the cell pressure. This would not be
expected to influence the system operation except to provide an excess sample
disposal problem.
Each 4-second cell flush period requires 138 ml. If the system is used in
the single-photograph mode, the cell flow is 1700 ml/min. In the three-photo-
triad mode, the cell flow is 700 ml/min. These values establish the absolute
minimum sample requirements. If the cell is flushed continuously, the sample
throughput is 2075 ml/min. This should be considered a minimum flow since,
during the flow static periods, the excess sample would overflow the standpipe
and establish the desired bypass sample condition. This condition assures
that fresh sample, uniformly dispersed by turbulent flow, is always present at
the cell entrance. Maximum flow is dictated by standpipe overflow disposal
capabilities.
Pipeline sample point location and valve type are seldom user-controllable
parameters. Isokinetic sample withdrawal from the center of the flowing stream
would be ideal but, in most cases, both difficult to achieve and unnecessary.
Very good results were obtained by installing a bored-through Swagelok 810-1-
8, 1/2-inch tube to 1/2-inch pipe male connector, fitted with Teflon ferrules
49
-------
in the outlet of a 1/2-inch gate valve. (English units are used to refer to
standard fitting sizes.) The sample withdrawal tube was 1/2-inch-OD, thin-
walled stainless tube with one end closed and a 3/8-inch hole in the side very
close to the closed end. The tube, which was long enough to reach the center
of the pipeline, was pushed in to the face of the closed valve gate, the tube
fitting gently tightened, the valve opened and the tube slid through the
Teflon ferrules until the side opening was looking upstream and in the center
of the pipe. The tube fitting was tightened just enough to prevent leakage,
and sampling progressed.
During the field work, sample outlets ranged from the above desirable
configuration to a completely undesirable 1/4-inch needle valve in the side of
a vertical pipe. In any case, the valve MUST NOT BE USED TO CONTROL FLOW.
The sample must not be subjected to the shear caused by rapid flow through a
small orifice or the drop size dispersion will be altered. Sample transfer
lines should be at least 9.5 mm ID and as short as practical. Excess sample
(standpipe overflow) should be disposed of in a manner consistent with the
nature of the sample. The disposal tube must be large enough to carry the
flow without generating backpressure, which would cause the standpipe overflow
collection tube to overflow.
CASE PREPARATION
Microscope Focusing and Calibration
The system is designed for use in NEC Class 1, Division 1, Group D known
explosive atmospheres. Since there are no provisions for focusing from the
outside of the pressurized case, the focusing and calibration must be performed
in a safe area. An electrical jumper plug is provided on the side of the
lower case section to defeat the case pressure safety switch. (The upper
section cannot be installed with this jumper in place.) Assure that the
surrounding area is safe (nonexplosive atmosphere) and connect the jumper.
Depression of the FOCUS pushbutton (Figure 23) should now cause the strobe to
flash at a rate of 75 Hz, which the eye sees as continuous illumination.
Flash Tube Adjustment
The illumination source consists of a flash tube mounted in a reflector.
The power supply is remotely located within the case. The angle of the light
source is controlled by adjustment of three spring-loaded screws in much the
same manner as that of an automobile headlight. The other focusing variable
is the position of the substage condenser. It should be re-emphasized that
the physical constraints of the system preclude estabishment of Koehler illu-
mination. The following adjustments should be performed in very subdued
light. It is also advantageous to shield the eye from stray strobe flash
light by draping the system with black cloth.
Remove the camera back and place a sheet of tissue over the film aperture.
While making individual exposures with the camera switch on the outside of the
housing, adjust the three screws to achieve even lighting over the focal
plane. Adjust the substage condenser to eliminate any "hot" spots or shadow
bars. The adjustments interact and the cycle should be repeated until maximum
50
-------
POWER CELL
ON CYCLE
OFF
CONT
TIME RECORD
RUN CYCLE
(§) OFF (§)
RESET SELECT
FOCUS
(©)
Figure 23. External switches.
even illumination is achieved. A photoelectric measurement system was tested
during development and two operators achieved almost identical results with
the unaided eye. This adjustment proved stable during field operation and is
suggested as an initial setup step.
Calibration
Calibration is normally done in the laboratory, but if the objective,
photo eyepiece or tube length are changed, can be performed in the field. The
following stepwise procedure should be followed:
(a) Load the camera. Typically, a 20-exposure cartridge of Tri X black
and white film is used.
(b) Orient the system with the microscope axis vertical.
(c) Attach the Varimagni finder.
(d) Assure that the beam splitter knob is out and the safety jumper plug
is connected.
(e) Place the stage micrometer slide on top of the cell with the gradu-
ated section up and centered in the field.
(f) Depress the FOCUS switch and focus the image. Note that the stage,
not the microscope, moves. This results in a reverse action of the
focusing knob.
(g) Re-center the calibration scale in the field of view with the scale
running across the wide axis of the image. Crude calibration may
51
-------
now be made by counting the lines in the field. They are 10 micro-
meters apart.
(h) Release the illumination switch and actuate the RECORD switch,
Figure 23, to the select side several times. Each actuation should
open the shutter, flash the strobe, and advance the film.
(i) Process the film in Eastman HC110 developer Dilution B for 10 min-
utes at 20°C. Fix and wash. The processing may be altered to suit
the desires of the operator. High-contrast processing for an ASA
rating of 800 to 1600 is required.
These negatives are used to establish the magnification ratio between the
object and the projected image during digitization. The lines on the scale
are 10 micrometers apart. Any other stage micrometer may be used based on the
magnification.
Focusing
Focusing, like calibration, is a safe-area operation. The following
operations successively establish the focal plane at the outer cell wall face,
the inner cell wall face and, finally, the desired 600 micrometers into the
liquid volume. Please refer to Figure 24, steps 1 through 4. The point of
the arrow indicates the focal point.
(a) Perform Steps b, c, and d of the calibration operation.
(b) Place a thin, transparent sheet of paper such as a single Kimwipe or
sheet of toilet tissue on the top of the cell.
(c) Depressing the FOCUS switch, focus upon the paper (step 1).
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
Figure 24. Focusing operations,
52
-------
(d) Remove the paper and shorten the focal distance (turn the focusing
knob clockwise) to bring the top surface of the cell into focus
(Step 2).
(e) Loosen the stage attachment dovetail screws and slide the cell
toward the microscope column until the cell wall is visible in the
image. Adjust the cell position so the center of the image is a
nominal 1 mm inside the cell wall and tighten the screws.
(f) Again establish the focal plane on the upper cell face and shorten
the focal distance until the focal plane is at the inner face of the
upper cell wall. Since the cell wall is 1.6 mm thick, this should
require eight revolutions of the fine focusing knob (Step 3). Turn
the fine focusing knob an additional 3 revolutions clockwise to
establish the focal plane 600 microns into the liquid volume (Step
4).
Focusing is now complete. The horizontal cell position seldom moves even
in shipping, but it should be checked after each transport of the system.
Focus also is typically stable but must be verified after transport. Practice
has shown that focus does not change during movement to several sampling
points on a platform and it has seldom shown a change after shipment.
The positioning of the viewing zone 1 mm from the top of the liquid cell
(when the optical axis is horizontal) was chosen to optimize the system for
oil drops that are lighter than water. This position also establishes a
maximum discrimination against objects that are heavier than water. To study
heavy objects, the viewing zone should be closed to the bottom. Optimum zone
position can be calculated by application of Stokes1 law.
An optional but less desirable focusing technique is to place a suitable
spacer between the outer cell wall and the microscope objective and, very
slowly and carefully, bring the objective into contact with the spacer. The
spacer thickness is a function of the cell wall thickness.
CAMERA AND FILM PREPARATION
After the photomicrographic system has been focused, the camera may be
removed and replaced at will without compromising the focus. Follow the
manufacturer's instructions for lens removal and replacement, substituting the
words "Microscope system" for "lens." Attach the camera back consistent with
the desired film length.
Loading 250-Exposure Magazines
Study the manufacturer's magazine loading instructions with care before
continuing with the reading of this section. The following discussion presents
one satisfactory way of implementing these instructions under field conditions.
Olympus supplies an expensive magazine loader that has to be used in a darkroom
and seemed to offer little advantage for field work. A cartridge-type bulk
53
-------
film daylight loader such as the Watson Model 100* could be modified to per-
form the loading operation in the daylight. However, for budgetary considera-
tions, the following technique was used.
All film loading operations are performed in a photographic changing bag.
This is a double-walled, dual-zipper closed bag of opaque fabric. There are
two elastic belted arm sleeves attached to the bag. It is recommended that a
100-foot roll of film be loaded into three magazines during one operation.
Accordingly, place three complete magazines, a film can holding 100 feet of
film, a pair of sharp scissors, the film spool holder, the magazine spool
rotation stick, and a roll of masking tape into the inner bag and close both
zippers. The masking tape is not normally used, but is desirable for unplanned
reclosure of a partly emptied film can.
Insert the arms into the sleeves with the elastic belt above the elbows,
open the can, remove the film (save the plastic bag for reuse), remove the
small piece of tape from the film roll, place the film spool over the upright
tube of the film spool pedestal, cut the film end and load the three magazines
following the manufacturer's instructions. Eighty-four revolutions of the
magazine spool place 33 feet of Ektachrome film on the spool. This is a
factor of the film base thickness. Use care when cutting the film ends so as
not to cut either the bag or the fingers, and note that both are very easy to
accomplish. Since practice promotes perfection, it is recommended that the
operations be performed in the light with test film and also repeated without
observing the action (eyes closed).
Camera Loading
Loading of 20- and 36-exposure film cartridges into the camera and load-
ing of 250-exposure magazines are described in the manufacturer's instructions.
A note of caution is worthwhile here. If the film end is not SECURELY attached
to the takeup spool or if the small knurled fork knob is not completely engaged,
the film will advance for about 20 exposures and jam. The practice of placing
a small piece of masking tape over the film-spool joint after the reverse bent
tongue is put in the spool slot is highly recommended. As noted earlier, film
sticking due to high humidity precluded camera operation during one phase of
the field work. The problem was eliminated by filling the magazines and
loading the camera in an air-conditioned area. The loaded camera was trans-
ported to the filming site in a closed plastic bag.
Film Coding
The film should be coded by punching small (1/4-inch-diameter or less)
holes in the center of the film. Film was coded o ooo to indicate platform 1,
Run 3. Care must be exercised to keep the holes small and well inside the
sprocket holes.
SAMPLE POINT CONNECTION
Sample points and their connection to the PMS were discussed earlier. No
* Pfefer Products, Simi Valley, California.
54
-------
definitive instructions can be given due to the wide variation in available
connections and pressures. The basic requirements are an absolute minimum
flowrate of 2000 cc/min. and a desirable range of 5 to 10 liters/min. Low
pipeline pressures on some platforms required establishment of the PMS on a
lower sub-deck to achieve the desired flow. Lack of a sampling port on one
platform dictated a syphon system to remove the sample. Thus the connection
to sample source must remain the province of the operator. Sample flow may
never be modulated with a valve. Sample excess and used standpipe overflow
must be disposed of in a manner consistent with sample composition and minimum
flow requirements must be met.
MAKING THE RUN
1. Assure that the loaded camera is ready for use:
. Rewind knobs engaged
Exposure counter set
. Motor drive in single mode
Plug the mini-phoneplug into its socket on the top of the motor
drive and connect the flash connection at the top of the camera.
Set the camera shutter speed at 1/30 second.
2. Select the desired photographic mode (photo triad or single shot)
and adjust the selection switch on the electronic box accordingly.
3. Attach the plastic housing top and latch all fasteners. Establish
sample flow to overflow the standpipe.
4. With reference to the rubber boot sealed switches on the side of the
PMS, Figure 23:
Turn all switches off. Note that all are double throw -
center-off switches.
5. Turn pressurization gas source on and assure that the regulator is
set to 10 inches of water pressure (2.5 kPa).
Turn the power switch on and turn the cell switch to continuous.
This should result in an audible "thump" as the valve actuates and
also sample flow at the sample exhaust port.
Turn the time switch to reset, then to the run position.
After 120 seconds, turn the cell switch to the cycle position. The
valve should now cycle either 4 seconds on and 12 seconds off, or 4
seconds on and 1 second off, depending upon the selected photographic
cycle.
55
-------
After 60 seconds of correct operation, turn the record switch to CYCLE.
The run is now started and should proceed without further interaction until
the film is exhausted.
The proper progression of the run should be monitored by observing the
following actions:
Continuous sample overflow at the standpipe
Four-second pulses of sample flow from the sample exit port
Film advance which is indicated by regular progression of the exposure
counter from 250 toward zero
As the exposure counter nears zero, it may stop advancing. This typically
indicates exhaustion of the film supply. The camera automatically stops
advancing when the counter reaches zero. Should film advance stop during the
run, the operator should check for low battery voltage by observing sample
flow and monitoring the solenoid valve operation "thump." Lack of either
indicates low system battery voltage.
Assuming that valve operation is normal, the most likely cause of mal-
function is the film transport. The operator may either terminate the run or
attempt to remedy the cause of the malfunction. In either case, the following
housing depressurizing sequence must be followed:
. Turn all switches off.
. Turn pressurization gas source off.
. Open case by opening latches and remove the plastic top section.
The operator may now remove the entire camera to the changing bag, open
the back and try to ascertain and remedy the cause of the malfunction by feel.
Some failures are obvious to the touch. Film folded between the takeup magazine
and the camera film advance sprocket indicate film detachment from the takeup
spool, non-engagement of the knurled takeup knob or attempted operation with
the takeup magazine closed. Some failures may be remedied in the changing bag
without loss of exposed film. The operator must weigh the value of the exposed
film against the value of the remaining film. It is also possible to close
both magazines, cut the film and save both the exposed and unexposed film at
the possible complication of the processing step.
When the run has proceeded to completion, follow the depressurization
instructions, remove the plastic housing top, close both magazines, open the
camera back, and remove the film magazine.
After the film in three magazines has been exposed, place the three maga-
zines, an empty 100-foot film can, the plastic bag that originally held the
film, and a roll of masking tape into the changing bag and close both zippers.
Insert the arms, open the magazines in turn and wind the three rolls of film
into a single roll. Place the roll in the plastic bag and into the film can.
56
-------
Tape the lid of the can to the lower part with masking tape. The tape elimin-
ates the remote possibility of stray light penetration and insures that the
top is not removed unintentionally. The film can should be marked. LOOSE
EXPOSED FILM. OPEN ONLY IN DARKROOM. Details of film processing are left to
the operator. Please refer to Section 5 for a discussion on film selection
and processing.
HIGH OIL SAMPLES
The photomicrographic system was designed for use with flowing streams of
processed brine samples having oil contents ranging from 10 to 1000 mg/L.
Higher oil content samples exist in the production system and a pre-separation
technique has been developed to study the 1- to 100-micron-diameter drops in
these samples. A preliminary separation is made in the sampling device dia-
grammed in Figure 25. The 6-liter cylinder is filled from the bottom with
all valves open to minimize shear. After at least 30 liters have passed
through the cylinder, the valves are closed in anti-flow direction sequence
starting at the flow control valve. Again, this minimizes valve-induced shear
since the liquid is stationary when the lower sample valve is closed. Pres-
sure is released at the cylinder top valve and, after allowing separation
time, the water phase is passed through the photomicrographic system at the
normal rate.
Sample volume is limited by the capacity of the separator and the water-
oil ratio. To obtain the maximum number of photomicrographic samples, the
overflowing standpipe feature is eliminated. The standpipe is removed and
replaced with a solid plug (Figure 9). Thus, all the water in the separator
is available for use as cell flush and sample. The water level in the separ-
ator must be maintained at least 22 cm above the cell to furnish hydrostatic
head to ensure the normal 138-ml-per-flush flow. Connection line length is
kept at a minimum to ensure that the 138-ml flush volume delivers sample fresh
from the separator to the cell. The separation time, sample withdrawal rate,
and fluid parameters combined to fix a maximum possible drop size.
The upper drop size limit is caused by the interaction of the rise rate
of the drops in the high oil sampler and the rate at which the liquid level
falls during sample withdrawal.
Equation 3 relates the fluid parameters and relevant times through Stokes
equation to the upper drop size limit in the sample.
aT2] 18h \ 2
a = cm/min drop in reservoir level (11.6 for triad sets,
37 for single shot)
D = upper drop diameter limit (micrometers)
Dbrine = density of br1ne
57
-------
112 CM
12.7-MM FLOW CONTROL VALVE
10.2-CM TO 12.7-CM ADAPTER
10.2-CM TRANSPARENT PIPE
10.2-CM TO 2.5-CM ADAPTER
SAMPLE OUTLET
) 2.5-CM BALL VALVE
2.5-CM UNION
2.5-CM NPT
Figure 25. High oil sampler.
58
-------
D .-, = density of oil
g * 980
T-, = static period (min)
Tp = time after start of sampling (min)
Figure 26 shows application of Equation 3 to typical Phase 2 fluid para-
meters. The difference between the triad and single-shot curves is due to the
much higher sample consumption rate during single-shot photography.
This technique may be applied to any grab sample system. The user is
cautioned that great care must be exercised that sample alteration does not
negate the results. Factors such as matrix-particle density difference, set-
tling time, and sample withdrawal rate will all affect the particle size
cutoff point and must be well evaluated.
59
-------
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60
-------
REFERENCES
Rushton, J.H., and J.G. Hillestad. Sampling of Nonhomogeneous Flow in
Pipes. API Proceedings, 44, 3, pp. 517-534. 1964.
Karabelas, A.J. Recent Studies Improve Velocity Criteria Used for BS&W
Sampling. The Oil and Gas Journal, pp.98-104. April 17, 1978.
Karabelas, A.J. Droplet Size Spectra Generated in Turbulent Pipe Flow of
Dilute Liquid/Liquid Dispersions. AIChE Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2. pp.
170-180. March 1978.
61
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TABLE A-l. MEASURED VISCOSITIES AND DENSITIES OF
BINARY AQUEOUS NaCL SOLUTIONS
Temp. ,
°C Molality
25 0.0999
0.7069
1.4138
3.5345
40 0.0999
0.7069
1.4138
3.5345
60 0.0999
0.7069
1.4138
3.5345
75 0.1001
0.7083
1.4166
3.5408
100 0.1004
0.7103
1.4207
3.5502
125 0.1009
0.7144
1.4289
3.5686
150 0.1020
0.7217
1.4438
3.6024
Density
1.0011
1.0253
1.0514
1.1226
0.9961
1.0197
1.0453
1 . 11 54
0.9871
1.0104
1.0356
1.1047
0.9786
1.0016
1.0272
1.0969
0.9623
0.9855
1.0113
1.0813
0.9434
0.9671
0.9935
1 . 0644
0.9221
0.9466
0.9738
1.0469
v (cs)
0.8980
0.9243
0.9636
1.1358
0.6627
0.6880
0.7212
0.8524
0.4786
0.5009
0.5277
0.6258
0.3920
0.4118
0.4352
0.5170
0.2981
0.3143
0.3333
0.3976
0.2396
0.2535
0.2695
0.3225
0.2015
0.2134
0.2273
0.2724
Exp.
1.010
1.065
1.138
1.432
1.011
1.075
1.155
1.457
1.013
1.085
1.171
1.482
1.014
1.090
1.181
1.499
1.017
1.098
1.195
1.525
1.019
1.105
1.207
1.547
1.024
1.113
1.220
1.571
S.D.
\
Calc.
1.009
1.065
1.140
1.431
1.010
1.074
1.154
1.456
1.012
1.084
1.170
1.482
1.013
1.090
1.181
1.500
1.014
1.099
1.195
1.526
1.015
1.106
1.208
1.550
1.017
1.113
1.220
1.573
= 0.17%
v Kinematic Viscosity (centistokes);
Molality (g moles salt/1000 g H20);
^D =
H20
Jl; Density (g/cc).
63
-------
APPENDIX B
FORTRAN PROGRAMS
This is a complete compilation of all Fortran data reduction programs used
to measure oil drop size dispersion from a series of photomicrographs. The use
of the programs is covered in the body of the report.
64
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READ.FTN
C THIS PROGRAM REQUIRES A FACTOR IN
C MICROMETERS PER .01 INCH OR IT WILL
C SET THE FACTOR TO .01 AND READ IN
C INCHES ON THE PLATEN. AFTER THE
C FACTOR IS INPUT A TOUCH ON ONE SIDE
C RETURNS THE X-Y LOCATION. A TOUCH
C ON THE OTHER SIDE RETURNS THE SECOND
C X-Y, THEN THE DELTA X AND Y IN .01 INCH
C FOLLOWED BY THE SIZE IN MICROMETERS.
C MENU EXITS THE PROGRAM.
C
L 7
TYPE 1
1 FORMAT ('SFACTOR?') ,'/
ACCEPT 2,F :"
IF (F.EQ.O.) GO TO 20
2 FORMAT(F10.3)
556 CALL TAB(NX1,NY1,MENU)
IF (MENU)STOP
TYPE 25,NX1,NY1
CALL TAB(NX2,NY2,MENU)
6 FORMAT(I5)
IF(MENU)STOP
TYPE 25,NX2,NY2
IDX=IABS(NX1-NX2)
IDY=IABS(NY1-NY2)
TYPE 25,IDX,IDY
25 FORMAT(2I10)
ID=MAXO(IDX,IDY)
VAL=F*ID
TYPES,VAL
3 FORMAT(X,F6.1)
GO TO 556
20 F=.01
GO TO 556
END
SIZE.FTN
C SIZE IS A PROGRAM TO PERMIT MEASURMENT OF THE
C SIZES OF PROJECTED IMAGES AND STORE THEM IN A FILE
C CALLED SIZEXX.DAT;YY. DIAMETERS GREATER THAN 125
C OR LESS THAN 0.99 MICROMETERS ARE REJECTED. DATA
C ARE IN 150 LOCATIONS WHOSE NUMBER IS EQUIVALENT TO
65
-------
C THE DIAMETER AND THE VALUE, THE NUMBER OF DROPS
C FOUND. A MENU TOUCH PERMITS TERMINATION.
BYTE FNAME(20)
DIMENSION 1(150)
4 FORMAT('$ F12.6 FACTOR IN MICRONS PER HUNDRETH INCH IS 0=CAL')
75 FORMAT(3F10.1)
TYPE 4
ACCEPT 5,F
IF(F.EQ.O) GO TO 500
2 FORMAT('$ 12 RUN NUMBER IS ')
502 TYPE 2
NUDO
ACCEPT 3,IR
TYPE 19
19 FORMAT ( '$ 13 FILM NUMBER IS ')
ACCEPT 3, IFM
3 FORMAT(15)
CALL FILS(FNAME,'SIZE',IR,'DAT')
CALL ASSIGN(2,FNAME)
DEFINE FILE 2(1,150,U,IV)
NS=1
DO 600 MM=1,150
I(MM)O
600 CONTINUE
5 FORMAT(F12.6)
WRITE (2'1)I
CALL CLOSE (2)
CALL ASSIGN(2,FNAME)
DEFINE FILE 2(1,150,U,IV)
READ (2'1)ID
255 TYPE 3,NS
111 CALL TAB(NX1,NY1,MENU)
IF(MENU) GO TO 900
CALL TAB (NX2,NY2,MENU)
IF(MENU) GO TO 905
NY=IABS(NY1-NY2)
IF(NY.GT.IO) GO TO 915
DT=(IABS(NX1-NX2))*F
TYPE 75,DT
IF (DT.LT..99.0R.DT.GT.125.) GO TO 907
IDT=INT(DT+.5)
DO 102 N=l,145
IF (IDT.EQ.N)GO TO 105
102 CONTINUE
105 I(N)=I(N)+1
WRITE(2'1)I
NUD=NUD+1
GOTO 111
916 FORMAT( ' Y IS OUT OF LIMITS ',F12.1)
66
-------
915 TYPE 916,(NY*F)
GO TO 111
907 TYPE 908
908 FORMAT( ' OUT OF LIMITS')
GO TO 111
500 TYPE 20
20 FORMAT(' CALIBRATIONrENTER MICRONS;TOUCH TWO LINES'
21 FORMAT('$ 15 MICRONS BETWEEN LINES IS ')
TYPE 21
ACCEPT 3 IM
CALL TAB(NX1,NY1,MENU)
IF(MENU)GO TO 400
CALL TAB(NX2,NY2,MENU)
IF(MENU) GO TO 400
IDX=IABS(NX1-NX2)
IDY=IABS(NY1-NY2)
IDT=MAXO(IDX,IDY)
FIM=FLOAT(IM)
F=FIM/IDT
25 FORMAT(' FACTOR IS ',F12.6)
TYPE 25,F
GO TO 502
900 NS=NS+1
GO TO 255
905 TYPE 100
100 FORMAT( '$ TO END TYPE 123')
ACCEPT 3,ITST
IF(ITST.EQ.123) GO TO 400
GO TO 255
400 I(149)=IR
I(148)=IFM
I(147)=NS-1
I(146)=NUD
WRITE (2'1)I
CALL CLOSE(2)
150 FORMAT(2I5)
END
ALTSIZE.FTN
C ALTSIZ IS A PROGRAM TO SEE AND ALTER
C IF DESIRED THE NUMBER IN ANY LOCATION OF A
C SIZE CREATED FILE. INDICATE THE DESIRED FILE
C BY SIZEXX.DAT;YY. CHANGE LOCATIONS
C TERMINATES THE RUN.
C
C
DIMENSION 1(150)
67
-------
BYTE FNAME(ZO)
21 TYPE 4
4 FORMAT('$ FILE TO ACCESS IS ')
ACCEPT 5, N, FNAME
10 FORMAT(5012)
5 FORMAT(Q,20A1)
IF (N.EQ.O) STOP
CALL ASSIGN (3, FNAME,N)
DEFINE FILE 3(1,150,U,IV)
READ(3'1)I
TYPE 200,I(149),I(148),I(147),I(146)
200 FORMAT( ' RUN ',15,' FILM ',15,' SAMPLES ',15,' DROPS ',15)
100 TYPE 103
102 FORMAT(Q,I5)
103 FORMAT( '$ NUMBER TO CHANGE IS ')
ACCEPT 102,NQ,NN
IF(NN.EQ.O) GO TO 20
READ (3'1)1
TYPE 104,I(NN)
104 FORMAT( ' IS ',16,' CHANGE TO ? CR=NO CHANGE1)
ACCEPT 102,NQ, IDT
IF(NQ.EQ.O) GO TO 100
I(NN)=IDT
WRITE (3'1)I
GO TO 100
20 CALL CLOSE (3)
END
ASIZEPRO.FTN
C ASIZEPRO IS A PROGRAM TO AUTOMATICALLY PROCESS
C A GROUP OF FILES CREATED BY SIZE. IT REQUESTS
C THE RUN NUMBER (12) AND THE ASSOCIATED OIL
C DENSITY FOLLOWED BY THE NEXT FILE DESIRED UP TO
C A LIMIT OF 10. ENTRY OF 0 FOR THE FILE NUMBER
C CAUSES AUTO PROCESSING OF THE DESIRED FILES.
C IT GREATS AND SPOOLS AN OIL3.DMP FILE CONTAININ
C THE DROP NUMBER AND MG/L COMPILATIONS AND ALSO
C THE HISTOGRAMS OF BOTH. FINAL PRINT IS THE
C SMALLEST DROP DIAMETER TO CONTAIN 25,50,75
C PERCENT OF THE TOTAL OIL.
C
C
C
BYTE FNAME(20)
DOUBLE PRECISION SIZE
DIMENSION D(10),A(132),IW(132),W(132),IR(10)
DIMENSION ID(150),RI(150),RD(150),IOPT(5)
68
-------
DATA IOPT / 0,1,500,1,0 /
DATA SIZE / 'SIZE ' /
4 FORMAT('S FILE TO ACCESS IS ')
3 FORMAT(15)
DO 500 LS=1,10
TYPE 4
ACCEPT 3,IR(LS)
IF (IR(LS).EQ.O) GO TO 501
TYPE 121
ACCEPT 22,D(LS)
500 CONTINUE
10 FORMAT(50I2)
5 FORMAT(Q,20A1)
501 CALL ASSIGN (8,'LS:OIL3.DMP')
LS=LS-1
DO 502 LB=1,LS
CALL FILS(FNAME,'SIZE',IR(LB),1DAT')
WRITE (5,550) FNAME
550 FORMAT(X,20A1)
CALL ASSIGN (3, FNAME)
DEFINE FILE 3(1,150,U,IV)
600 READ (3'1)ID
SPPMO
NUD=0
12 FORMAT(' RUN NUMBER ', 15,17,' WATER SAMPLES
2 FILM ',14)
121 FORMAT( ' OIL DENSITY F12.5= ')
22 FORMAT(F12.5)
DEN=D(LB)
KKS=ID(149)
KS=ID(147)
KFM=ID(148)
TYPE 12,KKS,KS,KFM
NS=ID(147)
WRITE (8,105)KKS,KFM,KS
105 FORMAT ( ' RUN ',15,' FILM ', 15,' WITH ',15,' SAMPLES')
WRITE(8,301)
301 FORMAT( ' DROP NUMBER COMPILATION1)
DO 151 M=l,145
IF(ID(M).NE.O)MS=M
151 CONTINUE
WRITE(8,25)
25 FORMAT ( ' SIZE NUMBER DROPS PER LITER')
DO 120 M=1,MS
DIA=FLOAT(M)
DP=3.86+(5.09*ALOG(DIA))
CVOL=(DP+DIA)*(535+DIA)*(339+DIA)
CNU=ID(M)*1E15/CVOL*KS
WRITE (8,131)M,ID(M),CNU
131 FORMAT( ' ',2I5,F12.3)
69
-------
NUD=NUD+ID(M)
120 CONTINUE
WRITE (8,132)NUD,MS
132 FORMAT( ' TOTAL DROPS= ',15,' LARGEST DIAMETER IS ',15,'
2 MICROMETERS1,/)
DO 206 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
DIA=FLOAT(KK)
DP=3.86+(5.09*ALOG(DIA))
CVOL=(DP+DIA)*(535+DIA)*(339+DIA)
CNU=ID(KK)*1E6/CVOL*KS
RD(J)=CNU
206 CONTINUE
WRITE(8,1112)
WRITE (8,105)KKS,KFM,KS
660 WRITE(8,661) NUD,MS
661 FORMAT( ' AVG DROPS PER 1000 CUBIC MICRONS. SIZE IN
2 MICROMETERS ',/,' TOTAL DROPS*',15,' LARGEST
3 DIAMETER IS ',15,' MICROMETERS')
CALL USHV1(SIZE,RD,MS,IOPT,A,W,IW,IER)
111 DO 112 NNN=1,MS
113 DIA=FLOAT(NNN)
DP=3.86+(5.09*ALOG(DIA))
BHI=535.
CVOL=(DP+DIA)*(535+DIA)*(339+DIA)
DVOL=3.1416*NNN*NNN*NNN/6
DOVOL=DVOL*DEN
PPM=(1E6*OOVOL/(CVOL*KS))*ID(NNN)
SPPM=SPPM+PPM
RI(NNN)=PPM
112 CONTINUE
88 WRITE (8,105)KKS,KFM,KS
WRITE (8,302)
302 FORMAT( ' MG/L COMPILATION')
WRITE (8,133)NUD,SPPM,MS
133 FORMAT( 15,' TOTAL DROPS',F12.1, ' TOTAL MG/L',1 LARGEST DIAM
2 =M5,/)
DO 135 M=1,MS
WRITE(8,136)M,RI(M)
136 FORMAT(I5,F12.1)
135 CONTINUE
DO 207 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
RD(J)=RI(KK)
207 CONTINUE
WRITE(8,1112)
1112 FORMAT(1H1)
WRITE (8,12)KKS,KS,KFM
WRITE (8,145)SPPM,MS
145 FORMAT( ' MG/L HISTOGRAM. TOTAL MG/L =',F7.0,/
70
-------
2 ,' SIZE IN MICROMETERS LARGEST DIAM=',I5,/)
721 CALL USHV1(SIZE,RD,MS,IOPT,A,W,IW,IER)
WRITE (8,410)SPPM,MS
410 FORMAT( ' TOTAL MG/L=',F12.1,'LARGEST DROP=',15)
TM=0
NDO
IC=0
DO 400 N=MS,1,-1
TM=TM+RI(N)
ND=ND+ID(N)
IF(IC.67.0)60 TO 430
IF(TM.GT.(.25*SPPM))GO TO 405
430 IF(IC.GT.l) GO TO 431
IF(7M.67.(.50*SPPM))GO TO 405
431 IF(TM.GT.(.75*SPPM))GO TO 405
400 CONTINUE
GO TO 420
405 WRITE(8,406)(TM*100/SPPM),NO,N
406 FORMAT( F12.1,'% OF THE OIL WAS IN ',15,
2 ' DROPS. THE SMALLEST DIAM WAS ',15,' U')
IC=IC+1
IF(IC.GT.2) GO TO 420
GO TO 400 .
420 CALL CLOSE(3)
WRITE(8,1112)
502 CONTINUE
CALL SPOOL(8)
END
SIZMIX.FTN
C SIZMIX IS USED TO MIX 2 SIZE CREATED FILES.
C IT IS USED WHEN PROCESSING IS INTERRUPTED OR
C TO GATHER DATA FROM SEVERAL ROLLS OF FILM.
C
C TO ENTER, SPECIFY THE TWO FILES IN THE
C SIZEXX.DAT;YY FORM AND THE RUN NUMBER(I2)
C OF THE DESIRED OUTPUT FILE. THE FINAL MIXED
C FILE IS ALSO WRITTEN INTO RAY.DMP AND SPOOLED.
C
C
BYTE FNAME(20)
DIMENSION 1(150),12(150),13(150)
TYPE 4
4 FORMAT( '$ FILE TO ACCESS IS ')
ACCEPT 5,N,FNAME
5 FORMAT(Q.20A1)
IF(N.EQ.O)STOP
CALL ASSIGN (3,FNAME,N)
71
-------
DEFINE FILE 3(1,150,U,IV)
READ (3'1)1
TYPE 4
ACCEPT 5,N,FNAME
IF(N.EQ.O)STOP
CALL ASSIGN (4,FNAME,N)
DEFINE FILE 4(1,150,U,IV)
TYPE 200
200 FORMAT( '$ OUTPUT FILE NUMBER IS ')
ACCEPT 6,IR
6 FORMAT(15)
CALL FILS(FNAME,'SIZE1,IR,'DAT')
CALL ASSIGN (1,FNAME)
DEFINE FILE 1(1,150,U,IV)
READ (4'1)I2
DO 100 M=l,125
I3(M)=I(M)+I2(M)
100 CONTINUE
I3(149)=IR
I3(148)=IFM
I3(147)=I(147)+I2(147)
WRITE (I'l) 13
CALL CLOSE(3)
CALL CLOSE (4)
CALL ASSIGN (2,'LS:RAY.DMP')
WRITE (2,105)13(149),13(148),13(147)
105 FORMAT( ' RUN ',15,' FILM ',15,' ',15,' SAMPLES',//)
DO 120 M=l,125
WRITE (2,130) M,I3(M)
130 FORMAT(2I5)
120 CONTINUE
CALL SPOOL (2)
END
SIZMAK.FTN
C SIZMAK IS DESIGNED TO CREATE A "SIZE" FILE
C FROM A "DENS" FILE BY ELIMINATING THE
C DENSITY DATA. ENTER BY INPUT OF DENS FILE
C OILXX.DAT;YY AND FOLLOW BY RUN NUMBER
C OF THE SIZE FILE TO MAKE.
C
C
DOUBLE PRECISION SIZE
DIMENSION A(600),1(150)
BYTE FNAME(20)
TYPE 4
4 FORMAT('$ FILE TO ACCESS IS ')
ACCEPT 5, N, FNAME
72
-------
10 FORMAT(50I2)
5 FORMAT(Q.20A1)
IF (N.EQ.O) STOP
CALL ASSIGN (3, FNAME,N)
DEFINE FILE 3(1,1200,U,IV)
600 READ (3'1)A
12 FORMATC RUN NUMBER ', 15,15,' WATER SAMPLES
2 FILM M5,//)
N=A(600)
ID=A(599)
IFM=A(598)
TYPE 12,ID,N,IFM
DO 320 KK=1,150
I(KK)=0
320 CONTINUE
100 FORMAT( '$ SIZE FILE TO CREATE IS ')
TYPE 100
ACCEPT 101,IR
101 FORMAT (15)
CALL FILS (FNAME,'SIZE1,IR,'DAT')
CALL ASSIGN (4,FNAME)
DEFINE FILE 4(1,150,U,IV)
CALL ASSIGN (2,'LS:OIL3.DMP')
WRITE (2,12)IR,N,IFM
DO 300 L=l,600,2
IF(A(L).EQ.O.) GO TO 400
DO 310 M=l,150
IF(INT(A(L)+.5).EQ.M)I(M)=I(M)+1
310 CONTINUE
300 CONTINUE
400 I(149)=IR
I(148)=IFM
I(147)=N
WRITE (4'1)I
DO 330 M=l,125
WRITE (2,340)M,I(M)
340 FORMAT(2I5)
330 CONTINUE
CALL SPOOL (2)
CALL CLOSE (4)
CALL CLOSE (3)
END
CAP.FTN
C THIS WAS WRITTEN TO AUTO PROCESS ALL THE
C OIL DROP DATA FILES. ITS VALUE TO OTHERS IS THE
C ABILITY TO CHANGE THE DATA SECTION OF IR AND D
C TO FIT THE RUN NUMBERS AND DENSITIES IN THE NEW
73
-------
C USERS FILES. . IT IS ASSUMED THAT THIS IS DONE
C BY A PROGRAMER AND NO INSTRUCTINS ARE NEEDED.
BYTE FNAME(20)
DOUBLE PRECISION SIZE
DIMENSION A(132),RRD(150),IW(132),W(132),ID(150),IDS(150),L(11)
DIMENSION IOPT(5),RD(125),FID(150),I(150,10),JD(10),KD(10)
DIMENSION RI(150),RL(11),0(47),IR(47)
DATA IOPT / 0,1,500,1,0 /
DATA D/.834,.834,.895,.895,.895,.895,
1 .84,.84,.84,.84,8*.84,8*.836,9*.81,
2 4*.872,8*.867
DATA IR/1,2,3,4,5,6,81,91,82,92,
1 31,32,33,34,35,37,83,93,41,42,43,
2 44,45,47,84,94,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,
3 85,95,61,62,63,86,71,72,73,74,76,
4 77,87,977
DATA SIZE / 'SIZE ' 7
4 FORMAT('$ FILE TO ACCESS IS ')
3 FORMAT(I5)
10 FORMAT(50I2)
5 FORMAT(Q,20A1)
501 CALL ASSIGN (8,'LS:OIL3.DMP')
DO 502 LB=1,47.
CALL FILS(FNAME,'SIZE',IR(L8),'DAT1)
WRITE (5,550) FNAME
550 FORMAT(X,20A1)
CALL ASSIGN (3, FNAME)
DEFINE FILE 3(1,150,U,IV)
600 READ (3'1)ID
SPPM=0
NUDO
12 FORMATC RUN NUMBER ', 15,17,' WATER SAMPLES
2 FILM ',14)
121 FORMAT( ' OIL DENSITY F12.5= ')
22 FORMAT(F12.5)
DEN=D(LB)
KKS=ID(149)
KS=ID(147)
KFM=ID(148)
TYPE 12,KKS,KS,KFM
NS=ID(147)
WRITE (8,105)KKS,KFM,KS
105 FORMAT ( ' RUN ',15,' FILM ', 15,' WITH ',15,' SAMPLES')
WRITE(8,301)
301 FORMAT( ' DROP NUMBER COMPILATION1)
DO 151 M=l,145
IF(ID(M).NE.O)MS=M
151 CONTINUE
WRITE(8,25)
DO 120 M=1,MS
74
-------
25 FORMAT( ' SIZE NUMBER DROPS PER LITER1)
DIA=FLOAT(M)
DP=3.86+(5.09*ALOG(DIA))
CVOL=(DP+DIA)*(535+DIA)*(339+DIA)
CNU=ID(M)*1E15/CVOL*KS
WRITE (8,131) M,ID(M),CNU
NUD=NUD+ID(M)
131 FORMAT(2I5,E12.3)
120 CONTINUE
WRITE (8,132)NUD,MS
132 FORMAT( ' TOTAL DROPS= ',15,' LARGEST DIAMETER IS ',15,'
2 MICROMETERS1,/)
DO 206 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
DIA=FLOAT(KK)
DP=3.86+(5.09*ALOG(DIA))
CVOL=(DP+DIA)*(535+DIA)*(339+DIA)
CNU=ID(KK)*1E6/CVOL*KS
RD(J)=CNU
206 CONTINUE
WRITE(8,1112)
WRITE (8,105)KKS,KFM,KS
660 WRITE(8,661) NUD,MS
661 FORMAT( ' DROPS PER THOUSAND CUBIC MICRONS-SIZE IN MICROMETERS1,/
2 ' TOTAL DROPS =',15,' LARGEST DIAMETER IS',15,' MICROMETERS')
CALL USHV1(SIZE,RD,MS,IOPT,A,W,IW,IER)
111 DO 112 NNN=1,MS
113 DIA=FLOAT(NNN)
DP=3.86+(5.09*ALOG(DIA))
CVOL=(DP+DIA)*(535+DIA)*(339+DIA)
BHI=535.
DVOL=3.1416*NNN*NNN*NNN/6
DOVOL=DVOL*DEN
PPM=(1E6*DOVOL/(CVOL*KS))*ID(NNN)
SPPM=SPPM+PPM
RI(NNN)=PPM
112 CONTINUE
88 WRITE (8,105)KKS,KFM,KS
WRITE (8,302)
302 FORMAT( ' MG/L COMPILATION1)
WRITE (8,133)NUD,SPPM,MS
133 FORMAT( 15,' TOTAL DROPS',F12.1, ' TOTAL MG/L',
2 =' LARGEST DIAM= ',I5,/)
DO 135 M=1,MS
WRITE(8,136)M,RI(M)
136 FORMAT(I5,F12.1)
135 CONTINUE
DO 207 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
RO(J)=RI(KK)
75
-------
207 CONTINUE
WRITE(8,1112)
1112 FORMAT(lHl)
WRITE (8,12)KKS,KS,KFM
WRITE (8,145)SPPM,MS
145 FORMAT( ' MG/L HISTOGRAM. TOTAL MG/L =',F7.0,/
2 ,' SIZE IN MICROMETERS LARGEST DIAM=',I5,/)
721 CALL USHV1(SIZE,RD,MS,IOPT,A,W,IW,IER)
WRITE (8,410)SPPM,MS
410 FORMAT( ' TOTAL MG/L=',F12.1,'LARGEST DROP=',I5)
TM=0
ND=0
IC=0
DO 400 N=MS,1,-1
TM=TM+RI(N)
ND=ND+ID(N)
IF(IC.6T.O)60 TO 430
IF(TM.6T.(.25*SPPM))GO TO 405
430 IF(IC.GT.l) GO TO 431
IF(TM.GT.(.50*SPPM))GO TO 405
431 IF(TM.GT.(.75*SPPM))GO TO 405
400 CONTINUE
GO TO 420
405 WRITE(8,406)(TM*100/SPPM),ND,N
406 FORMAT( F12.1,'% OF THE OIL WAS IN ',15,
2 ' DROPS. THE SMALLEST DIAM WAS ',15,' U1)
IC=IC+1
IF(IC.6T.2) GO TO 420
GO TO 400
420 CALL CLOSE(3)
WRITE(8,1112)
502 CONTINUE
CALL SPOOL(8)
END
ASIZNOR.FTN
C
C ASIZNOR IS A PROGRAM
C TO PROCESS A SIZE GENERATED FILE TO MAKE
C TABLES OF THE LOG OF DIAMETER VS
C CUMULATIVE PERCENT OF BOTH NUMBER
C OF DROPS AND MG/L.
C
BYTE FNAME(20)
DOUBLE PRECISION SIZE
DIMENSION ID(150),IOPT(5),RD(140),RI(150),D(10),IR(10)
DIMENSION CSN(150),A(132),W(132),IW(132)
DIMENSION CSNH(150),CDN(150),RIN(150)
76
-------
DATA IOPT / 0,1,500,1,0 /
DATA SIZE / 'SIZE ' /
4 FORMAT('$ FILE TO ACCESS IS ')
IFL=0
3 FORMAT(I5)
DO 500 LS=1,10
TYPE 4
ACCEPT 3,IR(LS)
IF (IR(LS).EQ.O) GO TO 501
TYPE 121
ACCEPT 22,D(LS)
500 CONTINUE
10 FORMAT(50I2)
5 FORMAT(Q.20A1)
501 CALL ASSIGN (7,'LS:OIL3.DMP')
LS=LS-1
DO 502 LB=1,LS
CALL FILS(FNAME,'SIZE',IR(LB),'DAT1)
WRITE (5,550) FNAME
550 FORMAT(X.20A1)
CALL ASSIGN (9,FNAME)
DEFINE FILE 9(1,150,U,IV)
600 READ (9'1)ID
SPPM=0
NUDO
12 FORMAT(' RUN NUMBER ', 15,17,' WATER SAMPLES
2 FILM ',14)
121 FORMAT( 'SOIL DENSITY F12.5= ')
22 FORMAT(F12.5)
DEN=D(LB)
KKS=ID(149)
KS=ID(147)
KFM=ID(148)
TYPE 12,KKS,KS,KFM
NS=ID(147)
WRITE (7,105)KKS,KFM,KS
105 FORMAT ( ' RUN ',15,' FILM ', 15,' WITH ',15,' SAMPLES')
WRITE(7,301)
301 FORMAT( ' DROP NUMBER COMPILATION')
DO 151 M=l,145
IF(ID(M).NE.O)MS=M
151 CONTINUE
WRITE(8,25)
25 FORMAT ( ' SIZE NUMBER DROPS PER LITER')
DO 120 M=1,MS
DIA=FLOAT(M)
DP=3.86+(5.09*ALOG(DIA))
CVOL=(DP+DIA)*(535+DIA)*(339+DIA)
CNU=ID(M)*1E15/CVOL*KS
WRITE (7,131) M,ID(M),CNU
77
-------
NUD=NUD+ID(M)
131 FORMAT( ' ',2I5,F12.3)
120 CONTINUE
WRITE (7,132)NUD,MS
132 FORMAT( ' TOTAL DROPS= ' LARGEST DIAMETER IS ',15,
2 ,15,' MICROMETERS1,/)
DO 206 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
RD(J)=ID(KK)/(.001*KS)
206 CONTINUE
WRITE(7,1112)
WRITE (7,105)KKS,KFM,KS
60 TO 310
in DO 112 NNN=I.,MS
113 DIA=FLOAT(NNN)
DP=3.86+(5.09*ALOG(DIA))
BHI=535.
DVOL=3.1416*NNN*NNN*NNN/6
CVOL=(DP+DIA)*(339+DIA)*(535+DIA)
DOVOL=DVOL*DEN
PPM=(1E6*DOVOL/(CVOL*KS))*ID(NNN)
SPPM=SPPM+PPM
RI(NNN)=PPM
112 CONTINUE
88 WRITE (7,105)KKS,KFM,KS
WRITE (7,302)
302 FORMAT( ' MG/L COMPILATION')
WRITE (7,133)NUD,SPPM,MS
133 FORMAT( 15,' TOTAL DROPS',F12.1, ' TOTAL MG/L1,
2 ' LARGEST DIAM=',I5,/)
DO 135 M=1,MS
WRITE(7,136)M,RI(M)
136 FORMAT(I5,F12.1)
135 CONTINUE
DO 207 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
RD(J)=RI(KK)
207 CONTINUE
WRITE(7,1112)
1112 FORMAT(lHl)
325 TM=0
N0=0
IC=0
GO TO 320
310 ISU=0
DO 311 KK=1,MS
ISU=ISU+ID(KK)
CDN(KK)=(100.*ISU)/NUD
CKK=KK
CSN(KK)=ALOG10(CKK)
78
-------
311 CONTINUE
DO 330 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
CSNH(J)=CSN(KK)
RD(J)=CDN(KK)
330 CONTINUE
WRITE (7,105)KKS,KFM,KS
DO 355 M=1,MS
WRITE (7,360)CSNH(M),RD(M)
360 FORMAT(2F10.3)
355 CONTINUE
GO TO 111
320 CSU=0
DO 322 KK=1,MS
CSU=CSU+RI(KK)
RIN(KK)=CSU*100/SPPM
322 CONTINUE
DO 340 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
RD(J)=RIN(KK)
340 CONTINUE
DO 365 M=1,MS
WRITE (7,360)CSNH(M),RD(M)
365 CONTINUE
GO TO 420
420 CALL CLOSE(9)
502 CONTINUE
CALL SPOOL(7)
END
CAS.FTN
C
C CAS AUTO=PROCESSES ALL SIZEXX.DAT FILES
C FOR PHASE 1 AND 2 WORK. THE RESULT IS PRODUCTION
C OF A SERIES OF LOG-NORMAL CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY
C PLOTS OF PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY NUMBER VS SIZE
C AND AN OIL3.DMP FILE THAT IS COMMENTED OUT.
C
C
BYTE FNAME(20)
DOUBLE PRECISION RASM
DOUBLE PRECISION SIZE
DIMENSION ID(150),IOPT(5),RD(140),RI(150),IR(100)
DIMENSION IGTT(100),CSN(150),A(132),W(132),IW(132)
DIMENSION CSNH(150),CDN(150),RIN(150),ZID(150)
DATA IOPT / 0,1,500,1,0 /
DATA RASM / 'RASM1 /
DATA SIZE / 'SIZE ' /
79
-------
DATA IR/ 01,02,01,02,03,04,03,04,
1 06,05,06,05,31,32,33,31,32,33,
2 34,35,34,35,37,83,93,83,93,
3 41,42,43,41,42,43,44,45,44,45,
4 47,84,94,84,94,
5 51,52,53,51,52,53,54,55,56,
6 54,55,56,57,85,95,85,95,
7 61,62,63,61,62,63,86,
8 71,72,73,71,72,73,
9 74,76,74,76,77,87,97,87,97,
1 81,91,81,91,82,92,82,92,11*07
DATA IGTT/0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,
2 0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,
3 0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,
4 1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,
5 0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,
6 0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,
7 0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,11*07
DATA IS/89/
CALL PLTSET('MSGLVL',0)
4 FORMAT('$ FILE TO ACCESS IS ')
IFL=0
3 FORMAT(15)
10 FORMAT(50I2)
5 FORMAT(Q.20A1)
501 CALL ASSIGN (7,'LS:OIL3.DMP1)
DO 502 LB=1,LS
CALL FILS(FNAME,'SIZE',IR(LB),' DAT')
WRITE (5,550) FNAME
550 FORMAT(X.20A1)
IFL=IGTT(LB)
NRUN = IR(LB)
CALL ASSIGN(9,FNAME)
DEFINE FILE 9(1,150,U,IV)
600 READ (9'1)ID
SPPM=0
NUD=0
12 FORMATC RUN NUMBER ', 15,17,' WATER SAMPLES
2 FILM ',14)
121 FORMAT( 'SOIL DENSITY F12.5= ')
22 FORMAT(F12.5)
DEN=1
KKS=ID(149)
KS=ID(147)
KFM=ID(148)
TYPE 12,KKS,KS,KFM
NS=ID(147)
WRITE (7,105)KKS,KFM,KS
105 FORMAT ( ' RUN ',15,' FILM ', 15,' WITH ',15,' SAMPLES'
WRITE(7,301)
80
-------
301 FORMAT( ' DROP NUMBER COMPILATION1)
DO 151 M=l,145
IF(ID(M).NE.O)MS=M
151 CONTINUE
ZNUD=0
DO 120 M=1,MS
DIA=FLOAT(M)
DP=3.86+(5.09*ALOG(DIA))
CVOL=(DIA+DP)*(535+DIA)*(339+DIA)
ZID(M)=ID(M)*3E6/CVOL
ZNUD=ZNUD+ZID(M)
131 FORMAT(2I5)
120 CONTINUE
132 FORMAT( ' TOTAL DROPS= ',15,' LARGEST DIAMETER IS ',15,'
2 MICROMETERS1,/)
TYPE 132,NUD,MS
DO 206 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
RD(J)=ID(KK)/(.001*KS)
206 CONTINUE
WRITE(7,1112)
WRITE (7,105)KKS,KFM,KS
660 WRITE(7,661) NUD,MS
661 FORMAT( ' AVG DROPS PER 1000 SAMPLES. SIZE IN MICROMETERS',/
2 ' TOTAL DROPS =',15,' LARGEST DIAMETER IS',15,' MICROMETERS'
CALL USHV1(SIZE,RD,MS,IOPT,A,W,IW,IER)
GO TO 310
111 DO 112 NNN=1,MS
113 DIA=FLOAT(NNN)
DP=3.86+(5.09*ALOG(DIA))
BHI=535.
CVOL=DP*BHI*339
DVOL=3.1416*NNN*NNN*NNN/6
DOVOL=DVOL*DEN
PPM=(lE6*DOVOL/(CVOL*KS))*ID(NNN)
SPPM=SPPM+PPM
RI(NNN)=PPM
112 CONTINUE
88 WRITE (7,105)KKS,KFM,KS
WRITE (7,302)
302 FORMAT( ' MG/L COMPILATION')
WRITE (7,133)NUD,SPPM,MS
133 FORMAT( 15,' TOTAL DROPS',F12.1, ' TOTAL MG/L',' LARGEST DIAM
2 =',I5,/)
DO 135 M=1,MS
WRITE(7,136)M,RI(M)
136 FORMAT(I5,F12.1)
135 CONTINUE
DO 207 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
81
-------
RD(J)=RI(KK)
207 CONTINUE
WRITE(7,1112)
1112 FORMAT(lHl)
WRITE (7,12)KKS,KS,KFM
WRITE (7,145)SPPM,MS
145 FORMAT( ' MG/L HISTOGRAM. TOTAL MG/L =',F7.0,/
2 ,' SIZE IN MICROMETERS LARGEST DIAM=',I5,/)
721 CALL USHV1(SIZE,RD,MS,IOPT,A,W,IW,IER)
WRITE (7,410)SPPM,MS
410 FORMAT( ' TOTAL MG/L=',F12.1,'LARGEST DROP=',15)
325 TM=0
ND=0
IC=0
DO 400 N=MS,1,-1
TM=TM+RI(N)
ND=ND+ID(N)
IF(IC.GT.O)GO TO 430
IF(TM.GT.(.25*SPPM))GO TO 405
430 IF(IC.GT.l) GO TO 431
IF(TM.GT.(.50*SPPM))GO TO 405
431 IF(TM.GT.(.75*SPPM))GO TO 405
400 CONTINUE
GO TO 320
310 ZISUO
DO 311 KK=1,MS
ZISU=ZISU+ZID(KK)
CDN(KK)=(100.*ZISU)/ZNUD
CKK=KK
CSN(KK)=ALOG10(CKK)
311 CONTINUE
DO 330 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
CSNH(J)=CSN(KK)
RD(J)=CDN(KK)
330 CONTINUE
WRITE (7,105)KKS,KFM,KS
DO 355 M=1,MS
WRITE (7,360)CSNH(M),RD(M)
360 FORMAT(2F10.3)
355 CONTINUE
IF(IGT.EQ.O)GO TO 362
362 CALL GRAPH(RD,CSNH,MS,IFL,NRUN)
GO TO 111
320 CSU=0
DO 322 KK=1,MS
CSU=CSU+RI(KK)
RIN(KK)=CSU*100/SPPM
322 CONTINUE
DO 340 KK=1,MS
82
-------
J=MS-KK+1
RD(J)=RIN(KK)
340 CONTINUE
DO 365 M=1,MS
WRITE (7,360)CSNH(M),RD(M)
365 CONTINUE
GO TO 420
405 WRITE(7,406)(TM*100/SPPM),ND,N
406 FORMAT( F12.1,'% OF THE OIL WAS IN ',15,
2 ' DROPS. THE SMALLEST DIAM WAS ',15,' U1)
IOIC+1
IF(IC.GT.2) GO TO 320
GO TO 400
420 CALL CLOSE(9)
WRITE(7,1112)
502 CONTINUE
C CALL SPOOL(7)
CALL PLOT(0.,0.,999)
CALL REQUES(RAD50(RASM))
END
SUBROUTINE PBGR(IFL)
DIMENSION XP(114),P(11),DP(11),EP(11),YP(18)
DIMENSION IXGR(10),IYGR(10),XGR(10),YGR(10)
COMMON/XY/X(114),NX
COMMON/SCF/XSF
DATA IXGR / 10,25,33,48,58,68,83,91,106,0 /
DATA IYGR / 6,8,9,10,15,18,19,0,0,0 /
DATA XGR / .1,2.,10.,30.,50.,70.,90.,98.,99.9,0. /
DATA YGR / 50.,30.,20.,10.,5.,2.,1.,0.,0.,0. /
DATA P / .01,.15,.3,1.2,3.,22.,81.,98.2,99.1,99.85,99.91 /
DATA DP / .01,.05,.!,.2,1.,2.,!.,.2,.!,.05,.01 /
DATA EP / .1,.2,1.01,2.01,20.,80.,98.,99.,99.8,99.9,99.99 /
NX = 1
DO 10 I = 1,11
CALL CX(P(I),DP(I),EP(I))
10 CONTINUE
NXP = NX - 1
SUM = 0.0
DO 100 I = 2,NXP
XP(I-l) = X(I) - X(I-l)
SUM = SUM + XP(I-l)
100 CONTINUE
XP(NXP) = XP(1)
SUM = SUM + XP(NXP)
XSF = 9.25 / SUM
DO 110 I = l.NXP
110 XP(I) = XP(I) * XSF
83
-------
Z = 1.
DO 120 I = 1,9
J = 10 - I
YP(J) = 3.765 * (ALOG10(Z+1.) - ALOGIO(Z)
YP(J+9) = YP(J)
120 1=2+1.
IF(IFL .NE. 0) RETURN
R = 100.
CALL NUMBER(.06,.29,.05,R,90.,-1)
CALL PLOT(0.,.49,3)
CALL PLOT(0.,9.81,2)
CALL PLOT(7.53,9.81,2)
CALL PLOT(7.53,.49,2)
R = 1.
CALL NUMBER(7.555,.29,.05,R,90.,-1)
CALL PLOT(7.53,.56,3)
CALL PLOT(0.,.56,2)
XG = XP(1) + .56
NAX = 1
DO 130 I = 2,NXP
CALL PLOT(0.,XG,3)
CALL PLOT(7.53,XG,2)
IF(IXGR(NAX) .EQ. 0) GO TO 130
IF(IXGR(NAX) .NE. I) GO TO 130
CALL PLOT(7.6,XG,2)
CALL NUMBER(7.7,XG-.l
NAX = NAX + 1
130 XG = XG + XP(I)
YG = YP(1)
NAY = 1
DO 140 I = 2,18
CALL NEWPEN(2)
CALL PLOT(YG,.56,3)
CALL PLOT(YG,9.81,2)
IF(IYGR(NAY) .EQ.
IF(IYGR(NAY) .NE.
CALL PLOT(YG,.56,3)
CALL PLOT(YG,.49,2)
CALL NEWPEN(l)
CALL NUMBER(YG+.025
CALL NEWPEN(2)
NAY = NAY + 1
140 YG = YG + YP(I)
RETURN
END
.05,XGR(NAX),90.,i;
0) GO TO 140
I) GO TO 140
29, .05,YGR(NAY),90.,-1)
84
-------
SUBROUTINE CX(PG,DP,EP)
COMiMON/XY/X(114),NX
P = PG
100 PB = P / 100.
CALL MDNRIS(PB,XPB,IER)
X(NX) = XPB
NX = NX + 1
P = P + OP
IF(P .LE. EP) GO TO 100
RETURN
END
CAM.FTN
C
C CAM AUTO-PROCESSES ALL SIZEXX.DAT DATA FILES FOR
C PHASE 1 AND 2 WORK. THE RESULT IS PRODUCTION
C OF A SERIES OF LOG-NORMAL CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY PLOTS OF
C PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY MG/L OF OIL VS SIZE
C AND AN OIL3.DMP FILE THAT IS COMMENTED OUT.
BYTE FNAME(20)
DOUBLE PRECISION RASM
DOUBLE PRECISION SIZE
DIMENSION ID(150),IOPT(5),RD(140),RI(150),IR(100)
DIMENSION IGTT(100),CSN(150),A(132),W(132),IW(132)
DIMENSION CSNH(150),D(100),CDN(150),RIN(150)
DATA IOPT / 0,1,500,1,0 /
DATA RASM / 'RASM1 /
DATA SIZE / 'SIZE ' /
DATA IR/ 01,02,01,02,03,04,03,04,
1 06,05,06,05,31,32,33,31,32,33,
2 34,35,34,35,37,83,93,83,93,
3 41,42,43,41,42,43,44,45,44,45,
4 47,84,94,84,94,
5 51,52,53,51,52,53,54,55,56,
6 54,55,56,57,85,95,85,95,
7 61,62,63,61,62,63,86,
8 71,72,73,71,72,73,
9 74,76,74,76,77,87,97,87,97,
1 81,91,81,91,82,92,82,92,11*07
DATA IGTT/0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,
2 0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,
3 0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,
4 1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,
5 0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,
6 0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,
7 0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,11*07
85
-------
DATA LS/89/
DATA D/4*.834,8*.895,15*.84,15*.836,
1 17*.81,7*.872,15*.86,8*.84,11*0./
CALL PLTSET('MS6LVL',0)
IFL=0
3 FORMAT(I5)
10 FORMAT(50I2)
5 FORMAT(Q.20A1)
501 CALL ASSIGN (7,'LS:OIL3.DMP')
DO 502 LB=1,LS
CALL FILS(FNAME,'SIZE',IR(LB),'DAT')
WRITE (5,550) FNAME
550 FORMAT(X,20A1)
IFL=IGTT(LB)
NRUN = IR(LB)
CALL ASSIGN(9,FNAME)
DEFINE FILE 9(1,150,U,IV)
600 READ (9'1)ID
SPPMO
NUD=0
12 FORMATC RUN NUMBER ', 15,17,' WATER SAMPLES
2 FILM ',14)
22 FORMAT(F12.5)
DEN=D(LB)
KKS=ID(149)
KS=ID(147)
KFM=ID(148)
NS=ID(147)
DO 151 M=l,145
IF(ID(M).NE.O)MS=M
151 CONTINUE
DO 120 M=1,MS
NUD=NUD+ID(M)
131 FORMAT(2I5)
120 CONTINUE
132 FORMAT( ' TOTAL DROPS= ',15,' LARGEST DIAMETER IS ',15,'
2 MICROMETERS',/)
DO 206 KK=1,MS
v>MS-KK+l
RD(J)=ID(KK)/(.001*KS)
206 CONTINUE
661 FORMAT( ' AVG DROPS PER 1000 SAMPLES. SIZE IN MICROMETERS',/
2 ' TOTAL DROPS =',15,' LARGEST DIAMETER IS',15,' MICROMETERS')
GO TO 310
111 00 112 NNN=1,MS
113 DIA=FLOAT(NNN)
DP=3.86+(5.09*ALOG(DIA))
BHI=535.
DVOL=3.14l6*NNN*NNN*NNN/6
CVOL=(DP+DIA)*(535+DIA)*{339+DIA)
86
-------
DOVOL=DVOL*DEN
PPM=(1E6*DOVOI/(CVOL*KS))*IO(NNN)
SPPM=SPPM+PPM
RI(NNN)=PPM
112 CONTINUE
136 FORMAT(I5,F12.1)
135 CONTINUE
DO 207 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
RD(J)=RI(KK)
207 CONTINUE
1112 FORMAT(lHl)
145 FORMAT( ' MG/L HISTOGRAM. TOTAL MG/L =',F7.0,/
2 ,' SIZE IN MICROMETERS LARGEST DIAM=',I5,/)
410 FORMAT( ' TOTAL MG/L =',F12.1,'LARGEST DROP=',I5)
325 TM=0
ND=0
ICO
GO TO 320
310 ISU=0
DO 311 KK=1,MS
ISU=ISU+ID(KK)
CDN(KK)=(100.*ISU)/NUD
CKK=KK
CSN(KK)=ALOG10(CKK)
311 CONTINUE
DO 330 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
CSNH(J)=CSN(KK)
RD(J)=CDN(KK)
330 CONTINUE
DO 355 M=1,MS
360 FORMAT(2F10.3)
355 CONTINUE
GO TO 111
320 CSU=0
DO 322 KK=1,MS
CSU=CSU+RI(KK)
RIN(KK)=CSU*100/SPPM
322 CONTINUE
DO 340 KK=1,MS
J=MS-KK+1
RD(J)=RIN(KK)
340 CONTINUE
DO 365 M=1,MS
365 CONTINUE
MMS = -MS
CALL GRAPH(RD,CSNH,MMS,IFL,NRUN)
GO TO 420
406 FORMAT( F12.1,'% OF THE OIL WAS IN ',15,
87
-------
2 ' DROPS. THE SMALLEST DIAM WAS ',15,' U1)
IOIC+1
IF(IC.GT.2) GO TO 320
420 CALL CLOSE(9)
502 CONTINUE
C CALL SPOOL(7)
CALL PLOT(0.,0.,999)
CALL REQUES(RAD50(RASM))
END
DENS.FTN
C DENS A PROGRAM TO MEASURE SIZE AND POSITION
C OF AN IMAGE IN TWO TIME LAPSE PHOTOGRAPHS,
C CALCULATE ITS DENSITY AND DIAMETER AND STORE
C THEM IN A FILE CALLED OILXX.DAT;YY. THE ODD
C NUMBERED LOCATIONS HOLD THE AVERAGE DENSITY
C OF THE TWO MEASURMENTS AND THE NEXT EVEN
C NUMBERED LOCATION, ITS DENSITY. A TOUCH
C IN MENU RATHER THAN THE LOWER LEFT CORNER
C ALLOWS THE OPTION TO TERMINATE.
C WHEN THE TERMINAL TYPES A NUMBER IT EXPECTS A
C TOUCH IN THE LOWER LEFT CORNER OF PHOTO #1
C FOLLOWED BY THE X SIDES OF THE IMAGE AND
C FOLLOWED BY THE SAME FOR PHOTO #2.
BYTE FNAME(20),FSAME(20)
DIMENSION A(600)
GO TO 500
2 FORMAT('$ 12 RUN NUMBER IS ')
5 FORMAT(F12.6)
502 TYPE 2
ACCEPT 3,IR
TYPE 19
19 FORMAT ( '$ 13 FILM NUMBER IS ')
ACCEPT 3, IFM
3 FORMAT(I5)
TYPE 210
210 FORMAT ( '$ F12.6 WATER DENSITY IS ')
ACCEPT 5,WD
TYPE 211
211 FORMAT( '$ F12.6 WATER VISCOSITY IS ')
ACCEPT 5,VIS
AK=.098/(18*VIS)
CALL FILSfFNAME.'OIL'.IR.'DAT1)
CALL ASSIGN(2,FNAME)
DEFINE FILE 2(1,1200,U,IV)
A(600)=N/2
A(599)=IR
A(598)=IFM
88
-------
A(597)=WD
A(596)=VIS
WRITE(2'1)A
CALL CLOSE(2)
CALL FILS(FNAME,'OIL',IR,'DAT')
CALL ASSIGN(2,FNAME)
DEFINE FILE 2(1,1200,U,IV)
READ (2'1)A
DO 38, N=l,600,2
49 TYPE 3,N
56 CALL TAB(NXO,NYO,MENU)
IF (MENU) GO TO 29
255 CALL TAB(NX1,NY1,MENU)
IF(MENU) GO TO 29
CALL TAB (NX2,NY2,MENU)
NY=IABS(NY1-NY2)
IF(NY.GT.10)60 TO 915
DT=(IABS(NX1-NX2))*F
IF(DT.GT.200.0R.DT.LT.1)GO TO 250
D1=DT
Yl=((NYl-NYO)+(NY2-NYO))*F/2
Xl=.((NXl-NXO)+(NX2-NXO))*F/2
T.YPE 76,D1,X1,Y1
76 FORMAT( ' DIAM ',F6.1,' X ',F6.1,' Y ',F6.1)
48 CALL TAB(NXO,NYO,MENU)
260 CALL TAB(NX1,NY1,MENU)
IF(MENU) GO TO 29
CALL TAB (NX2,NY2,MENU)
NY=IABS(NY1-NY2)
IF(NY.GT.10)GO TO 917
DT=(IABS(NX1-NX2))*F
D2=DT
Y2=((NYl-NYO)+(NY2-NYO))*F/2
X2=((NXl-NXO)+(NX2-NXO))*F/2
TYPE 76,D2,X2,Y2
GO TO 35
915 TYPE 120,NY
120 FORMAT( ' DELTA Y IS ',15)
GO TO 255
250 TYPE 121, DT
121 FORMAT( ' DIAM ERROR1, F12.1)
GO TO 255
917 TYPE 120,NY
GO TO 260
43 FORMAT( ' DIAM ',F6.2,' DELTA ',F6.2, ' DENS ',F8.4,' X/DY',2F8.2)
500 TYPE 20
20 FORMATC CALIBRATION:ENTER MICRONS;TOUCH TWO LINES')
21 FORMAT('$ MICRONS BETWEEN LINES IS ')
TYPE 21
ACCEPT 3,IM
89
-------
CALL TAB(NX1,NY1,MENU)
CALL TAB(NX2,NY2,MENU)
IDX=IABS(NX1-NX2)
IDY=IABS(NY1-NY2)
IDT=MAXO(IDX,IDY)
FIM=FLOAT(IM)
F=FIM/IOT
25 FORMATC FACTOR IS '.F12.6)
TYPE 25,F
GO TO 502
35 DD=ABS(D1-D2)
0=(Dl+02)/2.
DY=ABS(Y1-Y2)
X=X2-X1
30 FORMAT! ' TIME INTERVAL .3=1,1.7=2,2=3
TYPE 30
ACCEPT 3,IT
IF (IT.EQ.l) T1K=AK*.3
IF(IT.EQ.2) T1K=AK*1.7
IF(IT.EQ.3) T1K=AK*2
DEN=WD-(X/(D*D*T1K))
TYPE 43,D,DD,DEN,X,DY
TYPE 44
44 FORMAT( ' IF GOOD TYPE CR')
ACCEPT 3,LK
IF (LK.NE.O) GO TO 49
A(N)=D
A(N+1)=DEN
A(600)=N/2
A(599)=IR
A(598)=IFM
A(597)=WD
A(596)=VIS
WRITE(2'1)A
38 CONTINUE
29 TYPE 100
100 FORMAT( ' TYPE 123 TO END1)
ACCEPT 3,ITT
IF (ITT.EQ.123) GO TO 400
GO TO 56
400 A(600)=N/2
A(599)=IR
A(598)=IFM
A(597)=WD
A(596)=VIS
WRITE(2'1)A
END
ALTDEN.FTN
90
-------
C ALTDEN IS A PROGRAM TO SEE AND /OR CHANGE
C THE VALUE IN ANY DENS CREATED FILE. ENTERED BY
C GIVING THE FILE NAME; OILXX.DAT;YY. WHEN A 0
C LOCATION IS GIVEN, THE PROGRAM EXITS.
DIMENSION A(600)
BYTE FNAME(20)
21 TYPE 4
4 FORMAT('$ FILE TO ACCESS IS ')
ACCEPT 5, N, FNAME
10 FORMAT(50I2)
5 FORMAT(Q,20A1)
IF (N.EQ.O) STOP
CALL ASSIGN (3, FNAME,N)
DEFINE FILE 3(1,1200,U,IV)
READ(3'1)A
TYPE 200,A(599),A(598),A(600)
100 TYPE 103
200 FORMAT( ' RUN ',F10.5,' FILM1,F10.5,' SAMPLES',F10.5)
102 FORMAT(Q,F10.5)
103 FORMAT( '$ NUMBER TO CHANGE IS ')
ACCEPT 112,NN
112 FORMAT(I5)
IF(NN.EQ.O) GO TO 20
READ (3'1)A
TYPE 104,A(NN)
104 FORMAT( ' IS ',F10.5,' CHANGE TO ? CR=NO CHANGE1)
ACCEPT 102,NO,ADT
IF(NQ.EQ.O) GO TO 100
A(NN)=ADT
WRITE (3'1)A
GO TO 100
20 CALL CLOSE (3)
END
DENSPR.FTN
C DENSPR THE PROGRAM PROCESSES AND SPOOLS THE
C DATA IN A DENS CREATED FILE. IT IS ENTERED BY
C INPUT OF THE FILE NAME: OILXX.DAT;YY. PROCESSING
C IS AUTOMATIC RESULTING IN A COMPILATION OF INTEGER
C DROP DIAMETER IN MICROMETERS AND DENSITIES OF ALL
C DROPS OF THAT DIAMETER.
DOUBLE PRECISION SIZE
DIMENSION A(600), 0(125,50)
BYTE FNAME(20)
DATA 0/6250*0.7
DATA SIZE / 'SIZE ' /
TYPE 4
91
-------
4 FORMAT('$ FILE TO ACCESS IS ')
ACCEPT 5, N, FNAME
10 FORMAT(50I2)
5 FORMAT(Q.20A1)
IF (N.EQ.O) STOP
CALL ASSIGN (3, FNAME,N)
DEFINE FILE 3(1,1200,U,IV)
600 READ (3'1)A
CALL ASSIGN (2,'LS:OIL.DMP')
DO 100 N=l,125
JO
DO 101 M=l,600,2
IF(A(M).EQ.O) GO TO 109
K = INT(A(M) + .5)
IF(K.EQ.N) GO TO 110
101 CONTINUE
109 D(N,50)=J
100 CONTINUE
GO TO 111
110 J=J+1
D(N,J)=A(M+1)
GO TO 101
111 WRITE(2,120)A(.599)
120 FORMAT( ' RUN NUMBER1,F5.0)
DO 112 N=l,125
IF(D(N,1).EQ.O) GO TO 112
ID=D(N,50)
WRITE(2,115)N,ID
117 FORMAT(10F7.4)
115 FORMAT( ' DIAM=', 13,' TOTAL DROPS=' ,13)
WRITE(2,117)(D(N,I),I=1,ID)
112 CONTINUE
CALL SPOOL (2)
END
SUBROUTINE GRAPH(X,Y.MS, IFL,NRUN)
DIMENSION X(1),Y(1),XP(152),YP(152)
COMMON/SCF/XSF
DATA XI / -3.71898 /
DATA YOFF / 7.53 /
IF(IFL .EQ. 0) CALL PLOT(0.,0.,-999)
CALL NEWPEN(l)
CALL PBGR(IFL)
IF(IFL .NE. 0) GO TO 20
IF(MS .LT. 0) GO TO 10
CALL SYMBOL(7.9,.56,.12,
1'CUMULATIVE % BY NUMBER OF DROPS WITH SMALLER DIAMETERS'
290.,54)
92
-------
GO TO 20
10 CALL SYMBOL(7.9,.56,.12,
I1CUMULATIVE % BY MG/L OIL IN DROPS WITH SMALLER DIAMETERS
290.,56)
20 MS = IABS(MS)
IF(IFL .NE. 0) GO TO 30
CALL SYMBOL(7.9,8.37,.12,'RUN',90.,3)
30 XG = FLOAT(IFL) * .36
R = NRUN
CALL NUMBER(7.9,8.9+XG,.12,R,90.,-1)
DO 100 I = 1,MS
XX = X(I)
IF(XX .GT. 99.99) XX = 99.99
IF(XX .LT. .01) XX = .01
XX = XX / 100
CALL MDNRIS(XX,XP(I),IER)
XP(I) = ((XP(I) - XI) * XSF) + .56
YP(I) = Y(I)
IF(YP(I) .GT. 2.) YP(I) = 2.
YP(I) = YOFF - (YP(I) * 3.765)
100 CONTINUE
CALL NEWPEN(5)
CALL PLOT(YP(1),XP(1),3)
DO 200 I = 2,MS
CALL PLOT(YP(I),XP(I),2)
200 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE GRAPH(X,Y,MS,IFL,NRUN)
DIMENSION X(1),Y(1),XP(152),YP(152)
COMMON/SCF/XSF
DATA XI / -3.71898 /
DATA YOFF / 7.53 /
IF(IFL .EQ. 0) CALL PLOTfO.,0.,-999)
CALL NEWPEN(l)
CALL PBGR(IFL)
IF(IFL .NE. 0) GO TO 20
IF(MS .LT. 0) GO TO 10
CALL SYMBOL(7.9,.56,.12,
1'CUMULATIVE % BY NUMBER OF DROPS WITH SMALLER DIAMETERS',
290.,54)
GO TO 20
10 CALL SYMBOL(7.9,.56,.12,
I1CUMULATIVE % BY MG/L OIL IN DROPS WITH SMALLER DIAMETERS',
290.,56)
20 MS = IABS(MS)
IF(IFL .NE. 0) GO TO 30
CALL SYMBOL(7.9,8.37,.12,'RUN',90.,3)
30 XG = FLOAT(IFL) * .36
R * NRUN
93
-------
CALL NUMBER(7.9,8.9+XG,.12,R,90.,-1)
DO 100 I = 1,MS
XX = X(I)
IF(XX .GT. 99.99) XX = 99.99
IF(XX .LT. .01) XX = .01
V^ _ XX / ]_QQ
CALL MDNRIS(XX,XP(I),IER)
XP(I) = ((XP(I) - XI) * XSF) + .56
YP(I) = Y(I)
IF(YP(I) .GT. 2.) YP(I) = 2.
YP(I) = YOFF - (YP(I) * 3.765)
100 CONTINUE
CALL NEWPEN(5)
CALL PLOT(YP(1),XP(1),3)
DO 200 I = 2,MS
CALL PLOT(YP(I),XP(I),2)
200 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
94
-------
APPENDIX C
WALL-CENTER SAMPLES
One of the platforms studied presented a unique opportunity to study the
effect of sample withdrawal from the pipeline wall and center. Both the inlet
and outlet of the Wemco final heater treating unit were equipped with large
gate valves that would allow passage of a 1/2-in-diameter tube. A Swagelok
1/2-in connector was altered to allow passage of the 1/2-in tube through the
fitting. This is accomplished by passing a 17/32-in drill through the fitting
to remove the tube travel limiting shoulder in the fitting. A sample withdrawal
tube was prepared from 12.7 mm OD x .7 mm wall (1/2-in x .028 in) stainless
tubing by silver soldering a thin plug into one end and drilling a 9.5-mm hole
in the sidewall at the plugged end. The sample transmission line was connected
to the open end of the 12.7-mm tube, the 12.7-mm tube was long enough to
extend well past the center of the pipeline.
To use the sample apparatus, the modified Swagelok connector was screwed
into the open end of the closed gate valve. Teflon front and rear Swagelok
ferrules were placed in the tube connection end and the 12.7-mm tube inserted.
The tube was inserted to the face of the closed gate and the fitting tightened
just enough to prevent water leakage when the gate valve was opened. The gate
valve was then opened and the tube inserted further, sliding through the incom-
pletely tightened fitting, until the sidewall hole was at the center of the
pipeline. The tube was rotated until the hole was "looking upstream." The
system was then established to take pipeline center samples. A similar tech-
nique was used to position the sample hole in the 12.7-mm probe at the wall for
taking a wall sample. All distances were established by measurement of the
tube extending from the fitting.
The data in Table C-l were taken by exposing rolls of film with the sample
probe placed alternately at the wall and at the center to minimize the effect
of changing platform conditions. Two statisticians have inspected the data and
rendered exactly opposite decisions as to the effect of sample point on drop
size dispersion. Both, however, said that there was no large and obvious
difference. The conclusion of the authors is that any effect on drop size
dispersion by the sample point is small and may be masked by the moment-to-
moment change in the sample stream. Other experiments could certainly be
designed to study the problem in detail, but this was beyond the scope of the
reported investigation. Based on the intuitive feeling that center samples
would be more representative of the stream, the sample probe was used when
possible.
95
-------
TABLE C-1. ST177 DATA, WALL AND CENTER SAMPLES
(total drop count in each size range)
Size
Run
Order:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
33
39
40
41
42
Wemco Inlet
Center
1
3
24
180
191
104
46
32
22
20
6
4
5
4
3
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
48
193
137
69
43
30
11
13
6
4
4
4
3
4
6
1
4
1
3
1
3
1
1 '
1
1
1
1
Wemco Inlet Wemco Outlet
Mai 1 Center
2
5
59
314
177
79
52
35
24
14
6
8
2
2
5
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
4 135
1 11 17 7
59 82 109 129
185 137 99 79
90 62 22 12
53 23 9 7
22 19 1 5
19 65
20 6
10 2 1
4 42
2 1
1
3 2 1
5
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 2
3
1
1
1
Wemco Outlet
Wall
245
15 18 16
77 151 103
75 29 57
19 12 17
8 9 5
454
1 3
1 2
1 2
1
2 1
2
1 1
1
43 1
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
1
96
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
I Please read faOrucrions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCES
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
Apparatus and Procedure for Determining Oil Droplet
Size Distribution
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Raymond A. Meyer, Milton Kirsch, Fred Howard, and
Frank Freestone
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Rockwell International
2421 West Hillcrest Drive
Newbury Park, California 91320
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE826
11.
TRACT/GRANT NO.
68-03-2648
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Oil & Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Environmental Protection Agency
Edison. New Jersey 08837
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final. June 1978-Nov. 1980
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
John S. Farlow, Project Officer (201-321-6631)
18. ABSTRACT
This program was initiated to develop a method and apparatus for determining the
oil drop size distribution in flowing oily brine during brine cleanup treatment. An
automated photomicrographic apparatus for taking time-lapse photographs of oily
brine that was briefly at rest is described. This apparatus meets all N.E.C. Class
1, Division, 1, Group D requirements for operation where explosive concentrations of
hydrocarbons are known to exist. The system demonstrates its ability to determine •
the size and number distribution of 2- to 100-micrometer spherical entities, and it
establishes their density as well. Thus the technique can differentiate between oil
drops, oil-covered gas bubbles, and oil-covered sand or other solids. The report
presents both the techniques for reducing the photomicrographs to size and number
data, and the Fortran programs involved. Although developed for oil particles in
brine on offshore production platforms (where the device has obtained some 20,000
photos for the parent study), the apparatus and technique are equally well suited
for characterizing the distribution of any immiscible minor component in a
semi-transparent fluid matrix.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSAT) Field/Group
Measuring Instruments
Photomi crography
Drops (liquid)
Oils
Water Treatment
Oil Production
Oil/Water Separation
Droplets
Particle Size (micron)
Particle Density
Field Instrument
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Reponi
UNCLASSTFTFn
21. NO. OP PAGES
107
Release to Public
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page I
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
97
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA ,
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Apparatus and Procedure for Determining Oil Droplet
Size Distribution
5. REPORT DATE
July 1981
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Raymond A. Meyer, Milton Kirsch, Fred Howard, and
Frank Freestone
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Rockwell International
2421 West Hillcrest Drive
Newbury Park, California 91320
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-03-2648
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Oil and Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Environmental Protection Agency
Edison, New Jersey 08837
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final, June 1978-November 1980
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
John S. Farlow, Project Officer
16. ABSTRACT
This program was initiated to develop a method and apparatus for determining the
oil drop size distribution in flowing oily brine during brine cleanup treatment. An
automated photomicrograph!c apparatus for taking time-lapse photographs of oily brine
that was briefly at rest is described. This apparatus meets all N.E.C. Class 1,
Division 1, Group D requirements for operation where explosive concentrations of
hydrocarbons are known to exist. The system demonstrates its ability to determine
the size and number distribution of 2- to 100-micrometer spherical entities, and it
establishes their density as well. Thus the technique can differentiate between oil
drops, oil-covered gas bubbles, and oil-covered sand or other solids. The report
presents both the techniques for reducing the photomicrographs to size and number
data, and the Fortran programs involved. Although developed for oiTparticles in
brine on offshore production platforms (where the device has obtained some 20,000
photos for the parent study), the apparatus and technique are equally well suited for
characterizing the distribution of any immiscible minor component in a semi-transparent
fluid matrix. This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Contract 68-03-
2648 by Rockwell International under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency. The report covers the period from June 1978 to November 1980, and work
was completed in June 1981.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Particle Size Distribution, Crude
Petroleum, Photomicrography, Oil
Production, Droplets
Field Verification of
Pollution Control
Rationale for Offshore
Oil and Gas Production
Platforms
07/01
13/11
21/04
14/05
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
107
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R»v. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION 13 OBSOLETE
-------
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