il Protection
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA 453/N-92-003
July 1992
Control
Technology
Center
NEWS
Volume 4, No. 3
A JOINT EPA / STAPPA /ALAPCO PROJECT
July 1992
ALTERNATIVE VOC
CONTROL
TECHNIQUES FOR
SMALL PRINTING
PLANTS
By Bob Blaszczak
CTC/OAQPS Co-Chair
In 1978, the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency (EPA) published the
Control Technique Guideline (CTG) for
VOC emissions from the graphic arts
industry. This CTG defined reasonably
available control technology (RACT) for
publication and packaging rotogravure
printing and packaging flexography.
The applicability of these guidelines
was subsequently limited to plants emit-
ting 100 tons or more of VOC peryearby
EPA guidance. The Clean Air Act
Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 required
RACT for sources that emit as little as 10
tons/year of VOC in "extreme" ozone
nonattainment areas. States with "se-
vere" or "serious" ozone nonattainment
problems are required to establish and
implement RACT for sources that emit
25 and 50 tons/year of VOC, respec-
tively.
The CTC was asked by EPA Re-
gion III, in support of the Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Re-
sources, and other EPA Regional Of-
(continued page 2)
A IRWA V E S
By Bob Blaszczak
CTC Co-chair
Did you notice that the April (last) edition of the CTC NEWS
looked a little different? How aboutthis edition? We have been
advised that past editions of the CTC NEWS did not fully
comply with Federal printing requirements. As a result, a
number of changes are being made. The most obvious
change is color. Two colors (black print with blue trim) is out!
We're still experimenting to determine what the one color
(black, blue or other) should be. The color of the paper will also
change due to the more limited variety of paper colors avail-
able through the Government Printing Office. The papercolor
will also affect our selection of the ink color. The banner is also
changing to give proper recognition to the EPA logo. We may
look a little different but we're still the same CTC. You may have
to look a little harder to find us in your in box, at least until we
settle on a new color scheme, but I'm sure the NEWS is worth
the extra effort. If you have any suggestions or comments
concerning these on-going changes, please let us know. Just
call the HOTLINE and ask for Joe or me, or leave a message
for us on the CTC BBS!
The end of our fiscal year is quickly approaching and we
are again scrambling to make sure our contractor funds are
committed to the projects you need. As in previous years, we
seem to have a surplus of dollars and a shortage of projects.
I continue to be amazed by this situation. We at the CTC
perceive an apparent need for assistance, especially to our
State and local agency clients, but a reluctance to come
forward with specific proposals. Its easy to do! You can
suggest a project via the CTC BBS, the HOTLINE or by writing
the CTC. Most projects are at no cost to the CTC's primary
clients, State and local agency staff. If you need this kind of
help, please let us know! If there are reasons why you have
avoided or don't use this service, we'd like to know that too. We
want this service to work for you and need your feedback.
You probably noticed some new voices on the HOTLINE.
Lyndon (Lyn) Cox and Brenda Best have joined the CTC. Lyn
brings a wealth of experience with him from the Department of
Defense and has been receiving his baptism of fire on the
HOTLINE. Brenda has been spared HOTLINE duty for the
(continued page 2)
-------
SMALL PRINTING
PLANTS
(continued from page 1)
fices, to prepare a document that identi-
fied alternate control techniques (ACT)
for States to use as a reference when
establishing and implementing RACT
for existing graphic arts facilities with
potential uncontrolled VOC emissions
of less than 100 tons per year. This new
CTC report responds to that request.
Emissions of volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC) from rotogravure and
flexographic printing facilities arise from
the evaporation of solvents during ink
drying. These emissions can be re-
duced by conversion of solvent-borne
ink systems to water-borne ink systems,
or by capture of the solvent vapors and
use of a control device such as thermal
or catalytic incineration systems or car-
bon adsorption systems. There are limi-
tations associated with each approach
and individual circumstances, including
the type of product produced, the cus-
tomer base, and the type of ink used,
which will affect the applicability of differ-
ent technologies. - •
Water-borne inks can eliminate
much of the VOC emissions problem.
However, there are uncertainties in ret-
rofitting existing presses for water-borne
inks. Conversion may include new cylin-
ders, modification of dryer systems,
changes in press speed, and consider-
able efforts to adjust ink system to meet
product appearance and performance
requirements. Conversion to water-
borne inks can reduce VOC emissions
by approximately 80 percent. In cases
where water-borne inks are suitable,
conversion to water-borne inks may be
the most cost-effective solution. How-
ever, due to the site-specific nature of
conversion costs, no generalized cost
estimates can be developed.
Properly operated carbon adsorp-
tion systems with total enclosures can
reduce VOC emissions by 95 percent.
Carbon adsorption systems are incom-
patible with certain ink systems and are
most suitable for facilities with a predict-
able, long-term production schedule.
Facilities using a wide variety of inks and
solvents to print numerous small jobs
Plant Size
(ton/yr)
10
25
50
100
1000
Cost (dollars/ton)
Effectiveness
Thermal
Incineration
$3,200 to
$4,300
$1,800 to
$2,900
$1,200 to
$2,200
$820 to
$1,800
$110 to $480
Catalytic
Incineration
$3;200
$2,000
$740 to
$1,500
$520 to
$1,200
$150 to $310
Carbon
Adsorption
$3,100
$1,280
$660 to $680
$420 to $430
$110 to $120
Table 1. Cost Effectiveness of Control Technologies for Small
Rotogravure and Flexography Facilities.
are not likely to be good candidates to
use carbon adsorption systems. Acti-
vated carbon has a solvent capacity
which varies for different organic com-
ponents. Cost estimates have been
developed on the basis of toluene as the
design solvent. In some cases, other
solvents which are present in some inks
may require larger and more expensive
systems.
Properly operated catalytic incin-
erator systems with total enclosures
systems can reduce VOC emissions by
up to 98 percent. Catalytic incinerators
provide an energy savings over thermal
incinerators, but they are not compatible
with all ink systems. Small facilities may
avoid catalytic incinerators because
they have a higher initial capital costs
than thermal incinerators, and the facility
may desire to maintain flexibility to print
a wider variety of jobs. Properly oper-
ated thermal incinerator systems with
total enclosures can reduce VOC emis-
sions by 98 percent. Thermal incinera-
tors are compatible with most ink sys-
tems used in rotogravure printing and
flexography, but these systems are rela-
tively energy intensive.
Cost-effectiveness data for the con-
trol systems discussed in this article for
small printing plants are summarized in
Table 1. The figures are in 1991 dollars
exclusive of total enclosure or capture
devices. Control efficiencies are as-
sumed to be 95 percent. Capture effi-
ciencies are assumed to be 100 per-
cent. Capital cost estimates for total
permanent enclosures for sources emit-
ting 10 to 100 tons of VOC/year range
from $4000 to $6800. Since these costs
seemed reasonable, a total enclosure
was assumed for all plants. Cost esti-
mates are also provided for 100 and
1000 ton/year sources with total enclo-
sures to provide a point of reference for
the costs for smaller plants. The plant
size listed in Table 1 isintermsof the total
solvent use including solvent present in
purchased inks and solvent added by
the facility. For a copy of this document,
call the CTC HOTLINE.
A IRWA V E S
(continued from page 1)
most part, but will becoming more active
on calls dealing with the RACT/BACT/
LAER Clearinghouse and requests for
CTC products. As we welcome Brenda
and Lyn, we want to acknowledge and
thank Jamie Whitfiek) for herworkforthe
CTC. Although Jamie will still be working
on CTC projects, she is assuming new
primary duties with the Air and Energy
Engineering Laboratory.
Thanks for your continuing interest
and support. Your comments and con-
structive criticism are welcome and
needed to help us serve you better.
Keep in touch and keep cool this sum-
mer.
Enjoy this edition oftheCTCNEWS!
CTC News page 2
-------
CONTROL OF VOC
EMISSIONS FROM
INK AND PAINT
MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
By Bob Blaszczak
CTC/OAQPS Co-Chair
The CTC has completed its study of
the ink and paint manufacturing indus-
tries. This study presents information on
processes used to manufacture ink and
paint, VOC emissions generated during
these operations, emission control tech-
niques and their effectiveness, and
costs associated with process changes
and emission control options. State
agencies and other government spon-
sored programs, as well as trade orga-
nizations, and paint and ink manufac-
tures were contacted to assess produc-
tion methods, available control tech-
nologies, and emission rates from the
manufacturing processes.
Many paint and ink manufactures
produce solvent-based products. In the
U.S., there are approximately 1,100
companies operating 1400 paint plants
and 200 companies operating 500 ink
facilities. Almost half of these plants are
small, employing fewer than 20 people.
Most of the facilities are located in popu-
lation centers because of high transpor-
tation costs. More than half of these
plants are located in ozone
nonattainment areas.
All paints and inks are made with the
same basic raw materials: pigments,
solvents, resins (or binders) and other
additives. In most cases, manufacturing
facilities purchase these raw materials
from chemical plants and then formulate
or blend them to produce a finished
product. The batch production of paint
and ink involves four major steps:
preassembly and premix; pigment
grinding/milling; product finishing/
blending; and product filling/packaging.
Some of the equipment used to perform
these steps include: roller mills; ball and
pebble mills; attritors; sand, bead and
shot mills; horizontal media mills; and
high speed disk dispersers.
The VOC is emitted from process
steps and cleanup operations; how-
ever, little information is available which
quantifies these emissions. Plant wide
VOC emissions are usually calculated
based on raw material consumption.
Emission estimates reflect total VOC
emissions from manufacturing, cleaning
and storage. There are no process
specific emission factors.
Manufacturers use a number of con-
trol methods to protect worker health,
safety and productivity. These methods
include: tank lids; horizontal media mills
(to replace other higher emitting types of
mills); equipment cleaning devices; re-
cycling techniques; and improved oper-
ating practices. Few facilities use emis-
sion control systems other than those
listed; however, control systems includ-
ing capture devices and thermal incin-
erators are technically feasible for the
low VOC concentrations and wide vari-
ety of contaminants found in paint and ink
waste streams.
This CTC report includes sections
on industry structure and processes;
VOC emissions, regulations and per-
mits; emission control techniques; and
control costs. To order a copy, call the
CTC HOTLINE.
SAFER MANAGEMENT
OF CHEMICALS FOR
SMALL BUSINESSES
By Deborah Michelitsch
CTC/OAQPS
The EPA, along with ten other public
and private sponsors, has just pub-
lished a primer on chemical accident
prevention. "Managing Chemicals
Safely" is directed to owners and man-
agers of small to medium-sized busi-
nesses that use hazardous chemicals in
many different ways. The 24-page, illus-
trated publication defines good preven-
tion practices and chemical process
safety management in non-technical
language. It explains howthis approach
can benefit a business, suggests how to
get started, and recommends sources
and resources for more information.
"Managing Chemicals Safely" will
also serve as an introduction to preven-
tion practices for many companies that
will soon have to comply with certain new
EPA and OSHA regulations. Under the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
(CAAA), EPA is developing regulations
that will require facilities with certain
chemicals above a specified threshold
to formulate risk management plans.
(continued on page 5)
THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990:
A GUIDE FOR SMALL BUSINESSES
By Deborah Michelitsch
CTC/SBAP/OAQPS
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 will place new Federal controls or* small
sources of air pollution that ultimately may affect hundreds of thousands of small
American businesses. To assist in understanding these new requirements, the
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has prepared The Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990: A Guide for Smalt Businesses*. Although specific
regulations are still evolving, this guide is designed to provide small businesses,
small business associations, and other interested persons with a broad overview
of the Act's major requirements, and the effects these are likely to have on tie small
business community.
ftMYONEt can receive a copy of thte document, free of charge, by calling the
CTCHOTUNE
CTC News page 3
-------
1
Source
Air RISC
(Air Risk
Information
Support Center)
AMTIC
(Ambient Monitor-
ing Technology
Information Center)
CHIEF
(Clearinghouse
for Inventories and
Emission Factors)
CTC
(Control
Technology
Center)
EMTIC
(Emission Measure-
ment Technical
Information Center)
NATICH
(National Air
Toxics Information
Clearinghouse)
SCRAM
(Support Center
for Regulatory Air
Models)
TTN
(Technology
Transfer Network)
OAQPS TECHNICAI
Clients
Fed, State & Local
air agencies;
and the public
Federal, State,
& Local air
agencies, and
the public
Federal, State,
& Local air
agencies, and
the public
Fed, State & Local
air agencies;
with limited service
to others
Federal, State,
& Local air
agencies, and
the public
Federal, State,
& Local air agencies,
and the public
Federal, State,
& Local air
agencies, and
the public
Federal, State,
& Local air
agencies, and
the public
- INFORMATION CENTEB
Format Costs :
w
BBS.
r* '"
BBS
^g^^_^
\
\
st/
/ iiBBsii
BBS
Jgy-588^
k
^PJL/T
/
BBS
fi=£^^s£
1
BBS
none
none
none
none
none
~ $25/HR for
mainframe;
none for BBS
none
none
.S FOR STATES, LOCALS, REGIONS & PUB
Information Available
Information and technical guidance
related to health, exposure and risk
assessment of air pollutants
Information related to ambient
air monitoring technologies
Access to tools for estimating air
pollutant emissions and clearinghouse
for information on air emission
inventories and emission factors
Eng. assistance and guidance on air pollution
control methods and control technology; also
RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse, Federal Small
Business Assistance Program (FSBAP), & Global
Greenhouse Gases Tech. Transfer Center (GGGTTC
Assistance in use of consistent and
accurate test methods for station-
ary source emission measurements
Primarily regulatory information on air toxics
from State/local air pollution control agencies
and the EPA
Access to regulatory air models
including computer codes, meteor-
logical data and documentation,
and updates
Multiple bulletin board network
for access to many OAQPS technical
and information centers
LIC
Phone Number
(919)541-0888
(Hotline)
(919)541-5653
or for BBS
(919)541-5742
(919)541-5232
or for BBS
(919)541-5742
(919)541-0800
(Hotline)
or for BBS
(919)541-5742
(919)541-0200
or for BBS
(919)541-5742
(919)541-0850,
RO's call ADP coor's,
& public call NTIS @
(703)487-4809
(919)541-5638
(919)541-5384
or for BBS
(919)541-5742
-------
SAFER MANAGEMENT
(continued from page 3)
Proposed rules will be published in mid-
1992. The related OSHA standard cov-
ering process safety in the workplace
was issued under the same CAAA in
March of this year. Many smaller busi-
nesses will not have to comply with the
new requirements because their on-site
quantities will be below the thresholds. It
is to these companies that "Managing
Chemicals Safely" directs its primary
message: it's good business and com-
mon sense to manage chemicals
safely.
Call the CTC HOTLINE to order
single copies of "Managing Chemicals
Safely" orfor information on bulk orders.
For additional information, you can also
call EPA's Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Information
Hotline at (800) 535-0202.
CTC EXPERT ON
ALTERNATIVE
REFRIGERANT
CHEMICALS:
Dr. N. DEAN SMITH
By Lisa Florer
Acurex Environmental
Dr. N. Dean Smith's interest in pro-
tecting the environment is not only dem-
onstrated by his career path, but also in
his outdoor life-style and membership in
the Nature Conservancy. When he's not
cycling around the city or backpacking
around the country, Dean works with the
Stratospheric Ozone Protection
Branch's research team in efforts to
evaluate new chemical alternatives for
ozone-depleting substances. His work
for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory has spanned
more than 14 years and has given him
the experience to be one of CTC's ex-
perts in alternative refrigerants.
***
***
***
ATTENTION
*** USERS OF THE ***
*** RACT/BACT/LAER CLEARINGHOUSE
The Clearinghouse f$ moving!
Asof October 1,1992 the Clearinghouse's new home will be the OAQPS Technology
Transfer Network (TTN) bulletin board system. The TTN is accessible to anyone
with a personal computer, modem, and communications software,
Cost? -just the cost of the telephone call!
Accessing the TTN -1200 or 2400 baud call (919) 541-5742
9600 baud users dial (919} 541-1447
- set communication parameters to 8 data bits,
a parity of N. and 1 stop bit
• go through the registration process and
you're a registered user!
Questions? - please call Joe Steigerwald at (919) 541-2736.
After earning his B.S. in chemistry
and mathematics from Eastern Illinois
University, Dean was accepted into the
master's program in chemistry at the
University of Florida. Dean finished his
academic pursuits at Indiana University
where he earned his Ph.D. in analytical
chemistry. In 1965, Dean returned to
Eastern Illinois
University's chemistry
department, but this
time to share his scien-
tific scholarship with
aspiring chemistry stu-
dents. As an Associate
Professor, he orga-
nized and taught un-
dergraduate courses
in general chemistry,
quantitative analysis,
inorganic chemistry, in-
strumental analysis,
and a graduate course
in electrochemistry. While serving on
numerous committees, Dean also was
the Faculty Advisor for the American
Chemical Society Student Affiliate
Chapter and the Coordinator for the Gen-
eral Chemistry Program.
Dean took a sabbatical leave from
the university in 1974 to work with EPA as
a Grants Officer. He enjoyed the work so
much that he returned for several con-
secutive summers, and in 1978, was
asked to join the Coal .Gasification and
Liquefaction Branch full time. Dean ad-
mits that he does miss teaching, espe-
cially the interplay with students and be-
ing in the classroom-he doesn't miss
grading papers, how-
ever. Because the
university increas-
ingly emphasized re-
search rather than
teaching, Dean found
the opportunity to join
EPA much more at-
tractive.
Dean has been
with the Stratospheric
Ozone Protection
Branch since its in-
ception in 1986. The
alternative refriger-
ants research program began as a
bootstrap operation with barely any
budget, but is now attacking a momen-
tous environmental problem. With the
assistance of the Off ice of Air and Radia-
tion, they helped prepare a Regulatory
Impact Analysis of the uses, amounts,
types, and applications of chlorofluoro-
(continued page 6)
CTC News page 5
-------
CTC EXPERT
(continued from page 5)
carbons (CFC's). Dean's group concen-
trated primarily on the refrigeration area,
mobile air conditioners, foam blowing,
and aerosols.
The Regulatory Impact Analysis
made a clear statement that CFC's
needed to be replaced. So, with an ex-
panded budget, Dean's group, along
with the Office of Air and Radiation,
called together a panel of experts from
academia and industry specializing in
fluorine chemistry. The focus of the
panel was to identify chemicals to re-
place CFCs. The panel recommended
more research on other alternatives,
and in turn, led the group to contract the
University of Tennessee and Clemson
to perform a study of alternatives. The
three-year study turned up 37 new com-
pounds of which EPA chose 11 to base
an in-house research program on. Dean
sees the goal of the current program as
assembling enough information on
each of these 11 chemicals to encour-
age industry to go ahead and use them.
Right now, Dean says, these alternative
refrigerants appear very promising.
Dean also heads a separate off-site
project with the New Mexico Engineer-
ing Research Institute to identify new
chemicals to replace halons. Halons,
which are compounds used in fire fight-
ing, have long atmospheric lives and
their breakdown in the atmosphere
cause ozone depletion similar to CFC's.
Since 1989, along with his research
efforts, Dean has shared his expertise
with the CTC. As the CFC issue mush-
roomed in the late 80's, the numbers of
calls concerning CFC's and their alter-
natives kept the phones ringing. Dean
has seen a marked decrease in CFC-
related calls because as public interest
increased, more specialized govern-
ment hotlines were set up; for example,
the Office of Air and Radiation has re-
cently set up a hotline to answer policy
and regulation CFC issues. Dean now
traffics calls to the various experts that
have grown out of the increased interest,
but still answers several calls per week
concerning chemical refrigerant alter-
natives.
Dean has documented his work in
29 published project reports, and more
than 15 other publications and papers.
His commitment to preserving the envi-
ronment has earned him EPA's Special
Achievement Award in 1984 and 1985,
and again in 1992 for his work in new
chemical alternatives. With at least two
more years of alternative chemicals
work to go, Dean is optimistic about the
ultimate possibility of saving the ozone
from further depletion.
REGULATORY BASIS
FOR TECHNOLOGY
DETERMINATIONS
By Joe Steigerwald
CTC/OAQPS
The RACT/BACT/LAER Clearing-
house (RBLC) has and continues to en-
courage and accept determinations af-
fecting a wide variety of source types,
regardless of size or regulatory basis.
However, because of this practice, the
information in the data field for statutory
basis for the limit has varied consider-
ably at the discretion of the permitting
agency. As a result, the current system
has 58 different designations. This pro-
liferation of terms has made data
searches on this field difficult and, in
some cases, meaningless. As the
Clearinghouse moves from the main-
frame National Computer Center (NCC)
IBM computer to the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards Technology
Transfer Network (OAQPS TTN) bulle-
tin board system, the field for statutory
basis for the limit will be standardized.
The available choices will be:
•BACT-PSD (Prevention of Significant
Air Quality Deterioration)
•BACT-Other(i.e., non-PSD;e.g.,
T-BACT, State/local BACT)
•LAER (Lowest Available Emission
Rate)
•MACT (Maximum Achievable Control
Technology)
•RACT (Reasonably Available Control
Technology)
•GACT (Generally Available Control
Technology)
•NSPS (New Source Performance
Standards)
•NESHAPS (National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants)
•Other (includes all other SIP or State/
local rule requirements)
In addition, users may see an aster-
isk immediately after the designation
which indicates that more information
may be found in the Notes Section of the
permit record.
Most of the designations are self-
explanatory, but two, "BACT-Other" and
"Other," need some explanation. The
"BACT-Other" designation should be
used for any BACT type requirement not
specifically required by the PSD pro-
gram (e.g., Toxics BACT or T-BACT,
BACT required by non-PSD State/local
regulations, etc.). The "Other" designa-
tion should be used for all determina-
tions that can not be classified under one
of the standard categories and should
be used in conjunction with the Notes
Section of the determination (i.e.,
Other*). Finally, if a limit is based on more
than one regulatory standard, please
choose the most stringent designation.
If you have any questions on these
designations or are unsure of a designa-
tion, please call Joe Steigerwald or Bob
Blaszczak on the CTC HOTLINE.
CTC News page 6
-------
MODEL ADVANCES
EVALUATION OF
ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR
PERFORMANCE
By Norman Plaks
U.S.EPA, AEERL
Computer models for evaluating
electrostatic precipitator (ESP) perfor-
mance have been under development
by the EPA for almost two decades. The
early models, written for main frame
computers, have in more recent times
been adapted to run on increasingly
more popular personal computers
(PCs). Simultaneously the ESP models
have been improving in power and abil-
ity. Today the newest ESP models, run-
ning on fast PCs, provide more capabili-
ties than do the older main frame ver-
sions. The latest EPA developed
model, ESPVI 4.0, for IBM compatible
computers, provides unique features
and performance capabilities. Philip A.
Lawless, of Research Triangle Institute,
was the principal architect in the devel-
opment of ESPVI 4.0.
ESPVI 4.0 contains the following
features:
-The model is menu-driven with the
various menus and sub-menus ar-
ranged in a hierarchy conducive to the
logical loading of data needed for a set
of ESP performance computations;
-Electrical conditions (voltage/cur-
rent), if known, can be directly provided
as input data, or alternatively;
-The model can compute the volt-
ages and currents for the ESP and elec-
trode geometry along with the particle
matter characteristics and concentra-
tion;
-Electrical conditions for the various
shapes and styles of electrodes cur-
rently in use, including the modern rigid
electrodes, can be simulated;
-The performance of emerging ESP
technology of preceding collector sec-
tions with a precharger can be evalu-
ated;
-The effects of high space charge,
caused by large concentrations of fine
particles, can be estimated;
-The model can include some of the
effects of electrode misalignment;
-The capability is provided to oper-
ate the model ineitherthe U.S. or Interna-
tional (SI) measurement system.
Once ESPVI 4.0 is provided with the
ESP design data, particle characteris-
tics, and electrical conditions, either by
direct input or by calculation, the model
computes the particle collection.
The collection has three compo-
nents: particle charging, collecting of the
charged particles, and the loss mecha-
nisms. For charging and collection the
model allows the user to stipulate the
electrical waveform from among filtered
direct current, half- and full-wave rectifi-
cation, and several levels of semi-puls-
ing. The particle collection is by the
mechanism of Deutschian collection.
The user may modify the particle migra-
tion velocity by altering the effect of gas
flow turbulence. The empirical loss
mechanisms are: velocity
maldistribution, applied as a modifier to
the Oeutsch collection; sneakage,
which is the fraction of the particle bear-
ing gas stream that bypasses the elec-
trified collection zone; and rapping
reentrainment which adds a fraction of
the collected particles back into the gas
stream for subsequent collection.
Total emissions are computed as a
sum over all particle sizes. For a typical
fly ash, from a coal-fired boiler, the
model computes an emission factor in
terms of weight per amount of energy to
the boiler. Also provided as an output is
the opacity for a given stack diameter,
and the PM-10 emission level.
Setting up a specific ESP, in the
model, and evaluating its performance
is complex. A user is expected to have
some knowledge of ESPs in respect to
properly providing correct data input
and interpreting the correctness of the
performance computations. The com-
panion ESPVI 4.0 Electrostatic Precipi-
tator V-l and Performance Model: User's
Manual, EPA-600/R-92-l04a provides
a useful tutorial for walking the new user
through the operation of the model.
The User's Manual and the model
are available on the CTC BBS or by
calling the HOTLINE.
Control lechnology £enter
NEWS
The CTC NEWS is a quarterly publica-
tion of the U.SJEPA's Control Technol-
ogy Center (CTC), The CTC Is art infor-
mal, easy-to-use, no cost, technical as-
sistance service for alt State and local
(S/l) air pollution control agency and
EPA Regional Office staffs. For others,
some services may be on a cost reim-
bursable basis, The CTC offers quick
access to EPA experts $nd expertise
via the CTC HOTLINE and the CTC
Bulletin Board, and in-depth technical
support through source Specific Engi*
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generic Technical Guidance Projects.
The CTC is operated by the Air and
Energy Engineering Research Labora-
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If you have any afr pollution emission or
control questions, or would like more
information about the CTC and the types
of technical assistance available,
CALL THE CTC HOTLINE)
(819) 541-0800
Publication of the CTC NEWS does not
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for use.
CTC News page 7
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era ASSISTANCE
No cost assistance to staff of State and Local agencies
and EPA Regional Offices on air pollution conlrol technology
issues.
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The BBS is part of the OAQPS Technology Transfer Network.
FEDERAL SMALL BUSINESS ASSISTANCE PRO-
GRAM (FSBAP): Call the CTC HOTLINE to access the
FSBAP, The CTC is the focal point for coordination of efforts
among the four EPA centers participating in the program. The
Federal program is intended to support State Small Business
Assistance Programs, as required by the Clean Air Act.
RACT/BACT/LAER CLEARINGHOUSE (RBLC):
Call the CTC HOTLINE for information on accessing the
RBLC and its database (BUS). The Clearinghouse provides
summary information for control technology determinations
made by permitting agencies.
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TRANSFER CENTER (GGGTTC):
Call the CTC HOTLINE to access GGGTTC information on
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