United States
Protection
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA453/N-92-013
October 1992
Control
Technology
Center
NEWS
Volume 4f No. 4
A JOINT EPA / STAPPA /ALAPCO PROJECT
October 1992
BUS OPENS DOORS
FOR BUSINESS ON THE
OAQPS TTN!
By Joe Steigerwald
CTC/QAQPS
The RACT/BACT/LAER Clearing-
house Information System, commonly
known by the acronym BUS, has com-
pleted it's move from the National Com-
puter Center (NCC) to the OAQPS
Technology Transfer Network (TTN)
Bulletin Board System (BBS). The new
BLIS BBS offers many new features.
These include: text search capabilities;
new report formats; new data elements;
an extensive HELP function; agency
editing/updating; and all of the functions
intrinsic to a BBS. I will briefly describe
each of the new features below.
HELP Function: The BLIS Data-
N C C
base portion of
the BLIS BBS
contains a
screen sensi-
tive HELP func-
tion. Just hit the
F1 function key
on your com-
puter from any-
where in the
BLIS database
and a HELP
screen will pop
up specific to
the screen that
you are cur-
rently viewing.
The HELP screens include lists of data
such as the pollutants included in the
database or the process codes used
and explanations of the functions listed
on the screen.
Agency Edit/Update: This is one of
RACT
BACT
LAER
CEARINGHOUSE
Office of Air Quality Planning^
and Standards
Technology Transfer
Neftvork
the most exciting features of the new
BLIS BBS. It allows the authorized
State, local, or regional agency BLIS
contact to enter new data or revise
existing data entered by their agency.
The data is put into a Transient BLIS
(continued page 2)
AIR W A V E S
By Charles H. Darvin
CTC Co-chair
During the last year, the CTC has added a number of new
users to its rolls both nationally and internationally. So, I
thought it would be a good time to reintroduce our older friends
and introduce our new friends to the CTC. Many of you are
familiar with Robert J. Blaszczak, the CTC Co-Chair repre-
senting the air regulatory side of EPA. He's the one with the
gift of gab who writes many of the Airwaves articles. I am the
other Co-Chair representing the air research and develop-
ment side of EPA. This division of responsibility is important
for the resolution of many of your CTC requests. Although
most questions involve regulatory issues, some require a
more detailed scientific and technical response. Thus, the
CTC is sponsored and staffed by two EPA offices: The Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), the air
regulations development office of EPA, and the Air and
Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (AEERL), the pri-
mary air research laboratory of the EPA Office of Research
and Development.
Each Co-Chair has a resident staff responding to ques-
tions in the respective areas of responsibility. Most staff
members are nationally recognized experts in some area of
air pollution research or control. Questions that cannot be
answered by the CTC staff are referred to one or both of the
sponsoring organizations for further study and resolution.
Their staffs include more than 200 technical experts in air
pollution regulation development and air pollution research
and development. In most cases someone knows the answer
or how to get the answer. The CTC has also established
informal agreements to solicit the assistance of other EPA
laboratories and government technology transfer centers on
questions outside its areas of expertise.
The CTC program is unique, setting it apart from most
other technical assistance and technology transfer prog rams.
The CTC conducts technical studies to develop information
for resolutions of many of your questions. These projects fall
outside the scope of pure research and development: they are
scientific inquiries to answer more practical questions using
the best scientific procedures. They give the supporting
(continued page 2)
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
BUS OPENS
(continued from page 1)
Database. This database may be used
as a working file by the issuing agency
and can help the agency track their
permits. When an entry is complete, the
agency contact marks it as 'complete'
and we take over. We review the data
and, if it's complete, insert it into the
permanent BLIS database. If not, it is
marked as 'incomplete' and the issuing
agency is notified. It's hoped that all air
pollution control agencies will use this
method of inputting and revising data
submittals to BLIS, and in the future, we
can move towards a purely electronic
system.
Text Search Feature: The BLIS
BBS will allow users to do word
searches on some data items. For
example, if a user was interested in
electric arc furnaces, he or she could
search for the word 'arc' in the process
name. BLIS would retrieve the determi-
nation whether the process was listed
as 'electric arc furnace1 or 'furnace,
elect, arc'. This feature may be used on
many of the data fields in BLIS.
New Report Formats: BLIS allows
the user to download data selected un-
der the Query option in a variety of
formats. Several are similar to the
formats found in the Clearinghouse
documents. These include a detailed
listing (Clearinghouse Appendix H for-
mat) and an index listing of the facility
name and other basic information
(Clearinghouse Appendix F format).
The new formats are a Scheduling re-
port and a dBase/Lotus report. The
Scheduling report allows the user to
searchsingle ormultiple reporting dates
and print out those entries that are late.
The dBase/Lotus report formats certain
data elements into a format that may be
directly input or manipulated by dBase
or Lotus.
New Data Elements: We've added
many new data elements to the BLIS
database. These new data elements
include extensive scheduling informa-
tion, AIRS ID and EPA ID numbers,
SCC and SIC codes, compliance verifi-
cation data, control equipment manu-
facturerdata, and more cost data for the
control equipment and pollution re-
moval. All of the new data elements will
remain blank for the existing entries
unless the issuing agency chooses to
submit the data.
Other BLIS BBS Functions: In ad-
dition to the database, the BLIS BBS
has many other functions such as docu-
ment ordering, downloading of docu-
ments and software programs, elec-
tronic mail, and leaving BLIS HOTLINE
requests. Anyone may use any of these
features except the document ordering
function: the CTC can only honor docu-
ment orders from government agen-
cies. The list of downloadable items
includes a BLIS Users Manual and a list
of the new process codes being used in
the database. The BLIS HOTLINE re-
quests may be used to notify us of a
problem you are having with the sys-
tem, to request some special informa-
tion, or just to let us know what you think
of the new system.
There are a few limitations included
in the BLIS BBS: only 3 users may
access the BLIS database portion of the
BBS at any one time (i.e., doing
searches, viewing, downloading, or ed-
iting data) and only 50 determinations
may be formatted and downloaded at
any one time. This was done to make
sure that users could conduct searches
in a reasonable amount of time. If 3
users are currently in the database, you
will notbe allowed access to this portion
of BLIS. Please try to access the data-
base again later.
Please be aware that the database
portion of BLIS is a very complex pro-
gram and that, even though it has gone
through extensive testing/debugging,
problems are still going to crop up. If
you have a problem with the system
PLEASE LET US KNOW ABOUT IT!
Try to remember exactly what you did
that produced the problem and, if a
message popped up on the bottom of
your screen before you were thrown out
to the BBS portion of BLIS, please let us
know verbatim what that message said.
Leave me a note on the BBS or call me
directly at (919) 541-2736 to let me
know of a problem or to give me your
opinion of the system.
AIRWA VES
(continued from page 1)
scientists and engineers a view Of the
practical world faced by industry and
regulatory agencies. They can address
many of your practical technical prob-
lems by applying their extensive knowl-
edge of fundamental scientific concepts
to practical problems. The CTC there-
fore encourages requests for technical
studies over a broad range of topics. All
you have to do is make a request.
During the past fiscal year the CTC
initiated 19 new field and laboratory
studies to support your regulatory
needs and to develop information on
more efficient control technologies and
manufacturing processes. Examples of
projects that were initiated at your re-
quest include an evaluation of two end-
of-pipe technologies that may permit
control of styrene emissions from the
manufacture of fiberglass products.
This study resulted from your concern
for a method for controlling styrene
emissions from these industrial
sources. Another project is the labora-
tory evaluation of paniculate filter sys-
tem capture efficiencies. This study re-
sulted from your concern for the differ-
ence in capture efficiency based on
weight of capture versus efficiency
based on partial size capture. We also
have a number of studies to character-
ize emissions from asphalt melting, tire
burning, and from the combustion of
various wood and synthetic products.
In the coming year we hope to ex-
pand our technical studies to evaluate
and identify a broader range of manu-
facturing and control technologies. We
continue to encourage your participa-
tion in our studies by submitting ideas
for other potential technology study ar-
eas.
Remember, good regulation begins
with good science.
El
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed with Soy/Canola Ink on paper thai
contains at least 50% recycled fiber
CTC News page 2
-------
NOX CONTROLS FOR
EXISTING UTILITY
BOILERS
By Bill Neuffer
ESD/OAQPS
The Northeast States for Coordi-
nated Air Use Management
(NESCAUM) requested assistance
from the CTC in the development of a
technical support document that would
discuss the feasibility, performance and
costs of retrofit nitrogen oxides (NOX)
controls for utility boilers operating in
the eight Northeast states that comprise
the NESCAUM region. Section 182 of
the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
(CAAA) requires the NESCAUM States
to develop reasonably available control
technology (RACT) standards for utility
boilers and other NOX sources. This
document will also assist OAQPS in
developing alternative control tech-
niques (ACT) documents for NOX con-
trols for utility boilers. The ACT docu-
ments are required under Section
183(c) of the CAAA for stationary
source categories that emit or have the
potential to emit 25 tons per year of NOX.
The report titled "Evaluation and Cost-
ing of NO, Controls for Existing Utility
Boilers in the NESCAUM Region",
(EPA-453/R-92-010) is now available.
This document discusses:
• Utility boiler population profile in
the NESCAUM region.
• Uncontrolled NO, emissions as a
function of boiler designs, fuels, and
age and current estimates of total NOX
emissions.
• Available NOX control technolo-
gies and their performance for coal-and
oil/gas fired boilers.
• Cost methodology for determining
the costs of 21 scenarios for NO,, con-
trols.
• Costs and cost effectiveness of
controls as a function of several design
and operating characteristics of boilers.
• Impacts of NOx controls on com-
bustible emissions (CO, HC, and car-
bon in flyash).
Because the applicability, ease of
retrofit, NOX reduction performance,
Boiler
Type
PC-Wall
PC-Wall
PC-Wall
PC-Tang
PC-Tang
PC-Wall
PC-Wall
PC-Tang
PC-Tang
Cyclone
O/G Wall
0/G Wall
O/G Wall
O/G Wall
O/G Tang
O/G Tang
O/G Wall
O/G Wall
O/G Tang
O/G Tang
NOx Control
OFA
LNB
LNB+QFA
LNB+CCOFA
LNB+SOFA
SNCR
SCR
SNCR
SCR
NCR
BOOS
FGR
LNB
LNB+OFA+FGR
BOOS
LNB
SNCR
SCR
SNCR
SCR
NOx Control
Levels
(Ib/MMbtu)
0.70 - 0.80
0.45 - 0.60
0.35 - 0.55
0.40 - 0.45
0.30 - 0.45
0.50 - 0.65
0.15 - 0.25
0.30 - 0.40
0.10 - 0.15
0.50 - 0.70
0.30 - 0.35
0.25 - 0.35
0.25 - 0.30
0.10 - 0.20
0.20 - 0.25
0.15 - 0.25
0.25 - 0.30
0.10 - 0.15
0.15 - 0.20
0.05 - 0.10
% NOx
Control
Efficiency
15 - 30
35 - 55
40 - 60
25 - 50
25 - 50
30 - 50
75 - 85
30 - 50
75 - 85
45 - 65
15 - 50
30 - 50
25 - 50
30 - 80
15 - 35
15 - 50
35 - 50
70 - 80
35 - 50
65 - 85
Cost
Effectiveness
($/ton)
410 - 1100
160 - 450
270 - 800
500 - 1300
420 - 1600
590 - 1100
1700 - 3200
630 - 1300
2600 - 5000
500 - 800
230 - 510
320 - 1000
750 - 1700
900 - 2600
340 - 740
1000 - 5100
670 - 1100
2600 - 4900
800 - 2200
3600 - 7400
and costs are
very much in-
fluenced by
site-specific
factors that
cannot be
taken fully into
account with-
out a site-by-
site retrofit
analysis, re-
sults and con-
clusions pre-
sented in this
report should
be interpreted
on the basis of
the limited
NO, retrofit
experience
reported to
date. Site-
spec i f i c
analyses are
r e c o m -
mended to as-
certain
whether the
emission lev-
els, percent NOX reductions, and costs
cited in this report can be achieved on a
long term basis by a given site.
NOX emissions from utility boilers
are a function of fuel properties and
many boiler design and operating vari-
ables. Among the most important vari-
ables are the fuel nitrogen content, the
excess air, the heat release rate per unit
of waterwall area in the burner zone, the
amount of air preheat and the burner
spacing and stoichiometry.
NOX combustion modification tech-
nologies such as low NOX burners
(LNB), overfire air (OFA), burners out of
service (BOOS) and flue gas recircula-
tion (FGR) are the principal methods for
controlling NOX from existing and new
utility boilers. Flue gas treatment con-
trols including selective catalytic reduc-
tion (SCR) and selective noncatalytic
reduction (SNCR) can provide addi-
tional NOX reductions from combustion
controlled levels or can be used without
combustion modifications. Both of
these processes have seen very limited
application in the United States for utility
Tang - Tangential PC - Pulverized Coal O/G - Oil/Gas
CCOFA - Close Coupled OFA SOFA - Separated OFA
Table 1. Summary of NOx Controls - Performance and Cost
Effectiveness
boilers, but SCR is being used exten-
sively in Japan and Germany with re-
ported successes on all fuels.
Table 1 summarizes the NOX emis-
sion levels and cost effectiveness for
various control technologies for 200
MW units. For PC- wall fired boilers the
bulk of the retrofit experience is limited
to low NOX burners. Overfire air (OFA)
is generally not installed because of
additional expenses and possible ad-
verse impacts on the operation and
efficiency of the boiler. For tangential
fired boilers LNB always has close
coupled OFA or, in more advance sys-
tems, separate OFA. The range in
control efficiency for LNB and/or OFA is
15-60%. Cost effectiveness is typically
in the range of $ 200-1,000 per ton of
NOX removed.
Natural gas reburning (NGR) for
coal-firing boilers can achieve 45 to
65% NOX reductions. The technical and
economic feasibility of NGR are cur-
rently under study. Cost effectiveness
is under $800/ton NO, removed when
(continued page 4)
CTCNempage3
-------
NOx CONTROLS
(continued from page 3)
applied to high NOX emitting cyclone
units.
For coal fired utility boilers, SNCR
canachievesimilaremission reductions
at slightly higher cost effectiveness as
combustion modifications ($590 -1300/
ton). SCR can achieved 80 percent NOX
reductions from uncontrolled boilers at
a cost effectiveness of $1700 - 5000/
ton. However due to limited full scale
experience, the cost estimates for
SNCR and SCR have a high degree of
uncertainty.
Combustion modification controls
for oil/gas fired utility boilers have been
used since the early 1970s primarily in
California. Estimated emission levels
for these controls are 0.1 to 0.35 Ib/
MMBtu or a NOx reduction of 15-80%.
The cost effectiveness varies from $100
to $5100/ton. SNCR is estimated to
achieve a 35 to 50 percent NOx reduc-
tion at a cost effectiveness of $670 -
2200/ton. SCR is estimated to achieve
65-85% reduction at cost effectiveness
of$2600-7400/ton.
Call the CTC HOTLINE to order
your copy!
C3
CONTROL OF VOC
EMISSIONS FROM
NONFERROUS METAL
ROLLING PROCESSES
By Joe Myers
ISB/ESD/OAQPS
The Industrial Studies Branch (ISB)
has completed its study for the CTC of
the nonferrous metal rolling industry.
This study provides information on the
overview of the nonferrous metal rolling
industry market structure, process de-
scriptions, volatile organic compound
(VOC) emission sources, various emis-
sion control techniques, and estimated
costs associated with VOC control tech-
niques for nonferrous metal rolling mills.
In general, a "nonferrous metal roll-
ing miirisdefined as aprocess machine
IT'S HERE! IT'S HERE! IT'S HERE! IT'S HERE! IT'S HERE!
ITS HERE! IT'S HERE! IT'S HERE! IT'S HERE! IT'S HERE! IT'S HERE!
THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990
A GUIDE FOR SMALL BUSINESSES
By Deborah M. Elmore
CTC/SBAP/OAQPS
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 will place new Federal controls on
small sources of air pollution that ultimately may affect hundreds of thousands
of small American businesses. To assist in understanding these new require-
ments, the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has prepared
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990: A Guide for Small Businesses".
Although specific regulations are still evolving, this guide is designed to provide
small businesses, small business associations, and other interested persons
with a broad overview of the Act's major requirements, and the effects these are
likely to have on the small business community.
ANYONEj can receive a copy of this document, free of charge, by calling
the CTC HOTLINE.
(Note: If you already ordered a copy, it's in the mail!)
for the gauge reduction or forming of
nonferrous metals by exerting pressure
between rotating rolls. The nonferrous
metal rolling industry consists of rolling
facilities producing nonferrous plate,
sheet, strip, and/or foil. This report
focuses on the two most prominent
types of nonferrous metal rolling opera-
tions in the U.S. today: aluminum and
copper. Bureau of the Census data
indicate that a total of 55 establishments
in the U.S. were engaged in aluminum
rolling operations with a combined pro-
duction rate of approximately 5.12 mil-
lion tons in 1987. There were also 23
copper rolling facilities in the U.S. pro-
ducing approximately 0.59 million tons
of copper rolled products in 1987.
Two main types of raw materials
are employed in the nonferrous rolling
process: metal or metal alloy and lubri-
cant. Initially, metal in the form of ingots
(manufactured by primary or secondary
producers) undergoes hot rolling, using
a water-based lubricant, which reduces
these ingots to plate and heavy-gauge
sheets sizes. These plates and sheets
then undergo cold rolling, which typi-
cally uses a petroleum-based lubricant
for the production of light-gauge sheet,
strip, or foil.
The aluminum rolling industry is di-
vided among plants that perform both
hotand cold rolling, those that engage in
foil (cold) rolling, and those that continu-
ously cast. The copper rolling industry is
similar in structure to aluminum given
that certain facilities perform both hot
and cold rolling, while other facilities
perform cold rolling only.
VOC emissions from nonferrous
metal rolling facilities are either in the
form of a vapor or an aerosol. The VOC
emissions are generated from the va-
porization of rolling lubricants used with
the following mills: tandem mills, cluster
mills, Sendzmir mills, and continuous
casters. Emissions left uncontrolled
can generate high VOC concentrations
in the work area compromising health,
safety, and productivity. Control of
these VOC emissions can be achieved
by ventilating the manufacturing area to
well designed equipment. Typical cap-
ture devices such as enclosures,
hoods, and other devices are appl icable
to the rolling mill to remove the emis-
sions from the manufacturing area and
transport them to appropriate control
equipment.
The focus of this study is VOC
emission control techniques used by
(continued page 5)
CTC tiews page 4
-------
NONFERROUS METAL
(continued from page 4)
copper and aluminum rolling mills. The
following control techniques discussed
are: carbon adsorption, absorption, in-
cineration, and lubricant substitution. A
control cost analysis is also provided for
each of the control techniques previ-
ously addressed.
This CTC report includes sections
on industry structure and rolling pro-
cesses; VOC emissions; emission con-
trol techniques; and control costs.
Call the CTC HOTLINE to order
your copy!
TIRE BURNING
MUTAGENICITY STUDY
COMPLETED
By Paul M. Lemieux
ABERL
As a follow-up to an earlier CTC
study (EPA-600/2-89-054 [NTIS PB90-
126004]) examining emissions from a
simulated open burning of scrap rubber
tires, another study has been com-
pleted examining the mutagenicity of
the emissions from the simulated tire
fire. These additional analyses were
performed on the organic extracts de-
rived from the earlier study. This report,
entitled "Mutagenicity of Emissions
from the Simulated Open Burning of
Scrap Rubber Tires," (EPA-600/R-92-
127 [NTIS PB92-217009]) is available
from the CTC.
In the earlier study, done under the
direction of EPA's Air and Energy Engi-
neering Research Laboratory (AEERL),
small (approx. 10 kg) quantities of scrap
tires were burned in controlled condi-
tions, meant to simulate an open burn-
ing situation, and the organic and inor-
ganic emissions were measured, as
well as combustion gas products (CO,
SO2, hydrocarbons), particulates, and
burning rates. These measurements
were then used to estimate quantities of
identified compounds emitted per kilo-
CARBON DISULFIDE EMISSION CONTROL OPTIONS
By Deborah Elmore
CTC/OAQPS
The CTC has completed its study of control options for carbon disulfide
emissions. The report presents a description of methods or techniques to control
carbon disulfide emissions from a variety of source categories. The control options
discussed include methods using absorption, adsorption, ventilation and conden-
sation, absorption/oxidation, thermal oxidation, catalytic conversion, and bio-
treatment. The report also contains background information on carbon disulfide,
and a discussion of carbon disulfide emission source categories.
The carbon disulfide emission control options presented include existing
applications, as well as some that are still in research or experimental stages.
Several of these techniques are quite sensitive to the characteristics of the waste
stream. Therefore, the nature of these streams must be carefully considered when
choosing a potential control option.
The CTC HOTLINE has received many calls seeking information on controlling
carbon disulfide emissions. This interest lead to the development of this report.
Information on the various control options presented was gathered from computer
literature searches, control equipment vendors, plant operators, and the Chemical
Manufacturer's Association. To order a copy, call the CTC HOTLINE.
g ram of ti re bu rned. I n the earl ier study,
many organic compounds, including
some known carcinogens, were identi-
fied. There was, however, a significant
amount of unidentified material in the
samples, and the health effects of the
complex mixture were not known.
The CTC then funded a follow-up
study, in which EPA's Health Effects
Research Laboratory (HERL) used Sal-
monella-based bioassays, coupled with
bioassay-di-
individual fractions can then be applied
to Salmonella TA98 bacteria. The num-
ber of cell mutations (revertants) can
then be counted, the mutagenicity of the
sample determined, and a "mutagram"
plot created. By utilizing certain meta-
bolic triggers within the Salmonella
TA98 strains, HERL is able to determine
the classes of compounds resulting in
the mutagenicity of the samples. The
-S9 and +S9 conditions are an example
rected frac-
tionation and
chemical
analysis to ex-
amine 1) the
m utagenic
emission fac-
tor of the emis-
sions and 2)
the chemical
species and/
or classes of
1,000 r
HPLC Mutagram
Composite Sample
20 25 30 35 40
Fraction number
45 50 55 60
species con-
tributing to the
biological activity. Bioassay-directed
fractionation and chemical analysis is
an experimental technique where High
Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC) is used to analyze and separate
organic samples into fractions. These
Figure 1. Salmonella TA98 Mutagram, Composite Sample
of such metabolic triggers. Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) gener-
ally give a +S9 response and no -S9
response. However, if the PAHs are
substituted with other chemical con-
(continued page 6)
CTC Nem page 5
-------
TIRE BURNING
(continued from page 5)
stituents, such as -nitro groups, then an
increase in -S9 activity is shown. There-
fore if a sample containing an unknown
mix of PAHs exhibits little or no -S9
activity, then non-substituted PAHs are
indicated.
The results from this study indicate
that open burning of scrap tires pro-
duced the highest mutagenic emission
factor of any combustion source yet
measured, approximately one order of
magnitude higher than residential wood
burning. Selected fractions from the
fractionation were then re-analyzed by
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectros-
copy (GC/MS) in order to identify the
compounds present in the biologically
active fractions. Much of the mutagenic
activity is due to PAHs, many of which
are known carcinogens. However, as
much as 60% of the biological activity
was due to substituted PAH material.
These substituted PAHs contained oxy-
gen (frequently in the form of a ketone
group) or nitrogen (either as a dinitro
aromatic group or actually bound inside
the ring structure). Little activity could
be attributed to mono-nitro aromatics.
Figure 1 illustrates the mutagram pro-
duced during the bioassay-directed
fractionation and chemical analysis of
the sample, and Table 1 lists the com-
pounds identified in the selected frac-
tions.
Table 1. Chemical Identified in HPLC Fractions of Particulate
Organics from Composite Tire Bum Sample.
CTC EXPERT ON
EMISSIONS FROM
CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES:
LESLIE EVANS
By Lisa Florer
Acurex Environmental
CTC calls concerning emissions
and control of emissions from the syn-
thetic organic chemical manufacturing
industry are directed to one of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's
National Experts in the field, Leslie
Evans. For the past 20 years, Leslie
Fraction
A
B
C
D
Chemicals
naphthlene, fluorene, phenanthrene,
fluoranthene, pyrene, anthracene,
benzo (a) anthracene, chrysene,
benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene,
benzo (a) pyrene, dlbenzo (a,h) -anthracene,
benzo (g,h, Dperylene, Indeno (1,2, 3-cd) pyrene
nonadecane, elcosane,
benzanthrone
anthraquinone, xanthane,
dioctyl phthalate
E-caprolactam, cyclododecane, acrldine,
naphthalic anhydride, benzanthrone,
benzoisquinoline, perinaphthenone,
methylbenzo-clnnollne
'Fractions A-D were composed of the following fractions from the mutagram in Figure
1 A (2,3), B (22-25), C (43), and D (47-49).
has contributed significantly to EPA's
knowledge of the control of emissions
from the manufacture of chemicals de-
rived from refineries and natural gas
plants.
Leslie earned his B.S. in chemical
engineering from North Carolina State
in 1952 and went on to receive his
M.B.A. from the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1957. When
Leslie joined EPA, he brought with him
a knowledge of the chemical manufac-
turing industry as he had worked for
DuPont, Exxon Chemical, andTenneco
Chemical. He had also
served in the Chemical
Corps for the U.S.
Army.
Since 1971, Leslie
has worked for EPA's
Office of Air Quality and
Planning Standards
(OAQPS). He is cur-
rently responsible for
overseeing the work of
several contractors
working on the emis-
sions and control of emissions from the
synthetic organic chemical manufactur-
ing industry and from polymer and res-
ins production. Leslie also has technical
responsibility for a number of other con-
tracts. He assists in the preparation of
Control Technique Guidelines docu-
ments (CTGs), New Source Perfor-
mance Standards (NSPSs), and Na-
tional Emission Standards for Hazard-
ous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs). He is
also responsible for maintaining a tech-
nical expertise on various types of pollu-
tion control devices.
Leslie receives calls from around
the country about emission control is-
sues. Many of these are calls about
whether new tech-
nologies are as effec-
tive as older technolo-
gies demonstrated in
the past. Leslie re-
ceives more CTC-
generated calls now
than several years
ago, probably be-
cause of the Clean Air
Act Amendments and
the fact that industry
is beginning to take a
more serious approach to chemical
manufacturing emissions.
Leslie feels very positive about his
(continued page 7)
CTC News page 6
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LESLIE EVANS
(continued from page 6)
work for the CTC. He says that the
ability to answer technical questions
gives him a sense of accomplishment.
"You really feel you've done something
worthwhile when you hang upfroma45-
minute call from someone wanting your
advice on a new technology." Answer-
ing CTC calls also helps keep Leslie
aware of problems people are facing
and keeps him up to date on current
issues.
When they're not camping out in
their sailboat in Oriental, North Caro-
lina, Leslie and his family, reside in
Durham.
CTC TESTING DRY
MEDIA PAINT
ARRESTORS
The CTC is conducting evaluations
of selected dry filter systems that are
used to capture paint overspray drop-
lets in the air exhausted from some
paint spray booths. The testing uses
the ASHRAE Standard 52-76 capture
efficiency test for filters, but is done with
droplets instead of dry particles and for
size from 0.3 to 10 microns instead of
from 0.1 to 3 microns as defined in the
Standard. The results of these evalua-
tions will be correlated with mathemati-
cal models and with weight arrestance
test results of the same media to pro-
vide insights into the relative effective-
ness of different media under different
spray booth conditions. These media
are typically designed to have relatively
low capture efficiencies for droplets of
such small sizes, because it is a neces-
sary condition to maintaining a low pres-
sure drop across the filter when holding
the overspray from one or two shift's
painting. However, it is believed that
differences in the capture efficiency ver-
sus droplet size can be observed under
calibrated test conditions. These differ-
ences, along with the mathematical
models, are expected to predict the
effectiveness under given spray booth
conditions.
TECH NOTEBOOK
What's In a Name?
Chlorofluorocarbons and Their
Replacements.
By Lyndon Cox
AEERL
Several callers to the CTC HOT-
LINE have requested the method of
identifying both Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs - Freon™ or Halon™) and the
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
that, in many cases, will replace CFCs.
Numerical codes for the simpler CFCs
are given in the American Society of
Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE) Stan-
dard 34 for Methane. Ethane, and
Cycloalkane Refrigerants which has
been used for many years. This numeri-
cal coding system has been extended to
the HCFCs in Standard 34-1992, Num-
ber Designation and Safety Classifica-
tion of Refrigerants, also known as the
ANSI-ASHRAE Standard, and obtain-
able (price $21.00) from Publications
Sales, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle
Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30329. This
standard has the following rules:
1. Each compound shall have an
identifying number which is used in
combination with the word "fluorocar-
bon," sometimes abbreviated to "FC."
2. Starting from the right, the first
number is the number of fluorine atoms
in the molecule of the compound.
3. The second digit from the right is
one more than the number of hydrogen
atoms in the molecule of the compound.
4. The third digit from the right is one
less than the number of carbon atoms in
the molecule of the compound. (Zeroes
are usually omitted.)
5. The number of chlorine atoms in
the molecule of the compound is found
by subtracting the sum of fluorine and
hydrogen atoms from the total of atoms
that can be connected to the carbon
atoms.
6. For cyclic derivatives, the letter
"C" is used before the identifying num-
ber.
7. In those instances where bro-
mine is present in place of all or part of
the chlorine, the same rules apply ex-
cept that the letter "B" follows the desig-
nation, and the number of bromine at-
oms follows the letter "B". Whenever
bromine isomers can exist, the ap-
pended Greek letters will denote the
position of the bromine atoms in the
molecule
8. In the case of isomers having the
same numerical designation, the most
symmetrical one is indicated by the
absence of a lower case letter following
it. As the isomers become more
unsymmetrical, the letters a, b, c, etc.
are appended. Symmetry is deter-
mined by adding the atomic weights of
the groups attached to each carbon,
and subtracting one sum from another.
The smaller the difference, the more
symmetrical the molecule.
9. In unsaturated compounds, the
number of double bonds is shown by the
fourth digit from the right.
These rules have been extended to
include:
10. When the number for a digit
exceeds 9, it is set off by dashes.
11. Linear compounds are lettered
starting at one end, cyclic compounds
from a side group, or - if there is none
~ from a carbon in the ring.
Note that the new numerical desig-
nator gives the same results for simple
compounds as the older rules which add
90 to the numerical designator to make
the second digit from the right the num-
ber of hydrogens, and the third digit
from the right the number of carbons.
E3
Control Technology Center NEWS
The CTC NEWS is a quarterly publication of the U.S.EPA's
Control Technology Center (CTC). The CTC is an informal,
easy-to-use, no cost, technical assistance service for an
State and local (S/1) air pollution control agency and EPA
Regional Office staffs. Forothers.someservicesmaybeon
a cost reimbursable basis. The CTC offers quick access to
EPA experts and expertise via the CTC HOTLINE and the
CTC Bulletin Board, and in-depth technical support through
source specific Engineering Assistance Projects or more
generic Technical Guidance Projects. The CTC is operated
by the Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory,
Office of Research and Development, and the Emission
Standards Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Stan-
dards in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
If you have any air pollution emission or control questions,
or would Hie more information about the CTC and the types
of technical assistance available, CALL THE CTC HOTLINE I
(819) 541-0800
Publication of the CTC NEWS does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
U.S.EPA, nor does the mention of trade names or commer-
cial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
CTC Nem page 7
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CTC ASSISTANCE
No cost assistance to staff of Stale and Local agencies
and EPA Regional Offices on air pollution control technology
issues.
CTC HOTUNE: CALL (919) 541 -0800 to access EPA expert
staff for consultations, references to pertinent literature* or
access to EPA technical data and analyses. No question is
too simple?
ENGINEERING ASSISTANCE PROJECTS: If you need in-
depth assistance concerning a specific control technology
problem .call the HOTUNE or write the GTC. EPA staff and
contractors are available for short-term projects such as
review of proposed or existing control technology applica-
tions. Projects are subject to CTC Steering Committee
approval.
TECHNICAL GUIDANCE PROJECTS: If the CTC receives
a number of similar HOTLINE calls or a joint request from a
group of agencies, the CTC Steering Committee may under-
take broad, tong-term projects of national or regional interest.
The result may be a control technology document for a
particular type of source, microcomputer software, or semi-
nars and workshops.
CTC BBSrCall (919} 541-5742 for 1200/2400/9600 baud
modem, to access the CTC Bulletin Board. Set communica-
tions parameters to 8 data bits, N parity, and 1 stop bit You
may leave HOTLINE requests, order documents, suggest
projects, and download software. The BBS is part of the
OAQPS Technology Transfer Network.
FEDERAL SMALL BUSINESS ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
(FSBAP): CalltheCTCHOTLINEtoaccesstheFSBAP. The
CTC is the focal point for coordination of efforts among the
four EPA centers participating in the program. The Federal
program is intended to support State Small Business Assis-
tance Programs, as required by the Clean Air Act.
RACT/BACT/LAER CLEARINGHOUSE (RBLC): The
Clearinghouse provides summary information for control
technology determinations made by permitting agencies.
BUS, the database portion of the Clearinghouse, is available
on the OAQPS TIN. (See CTC BBS for more information.)
GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GASES TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER CENTER (GGGTTC):
Call the CTC HOTLINE to access GGGTTC information on
greenhouse gas emissions, prevention, mitigation, and con-
trol strategies.
CTC. ESD (MD-13)
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300
AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
FIRST CLASS MAIL
U.S.Postage Paid
EPA.
Permit No. G-35
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