EPA 600-2-85-021A
US, fcPA EPA *»8-03-3191
DECEMBER 1984
USING MINED SPACE FOR LONG-TERM RETENTION
OF NONRADIOACTIVE HAZARDOUS WASTE
VOLUME 1 - CONVENTIONAL MINES
by
R.B. Stone
T.R. Moran
L.W. Weyand
C.U. Sparkman
Fenix & Scisson, Inc.
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74119
Contract No. 68-03-3191
Project Officer
Carlton C. Wiles
LAND POLLUTION CONTROL DIVISION
HAZARDOUS WASTE ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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EPA #68-03-3191
DECEMBER 1984
USING MINED SPACE FOR LONG-TERM RETENTION OF
NONRADIOACTIVE HAZARDOUS HASTE
Volume 1 - Conventional Mines
by
R. B. Stone
T. R. Moran
L. W. Weyand
C. U. Sparkman
Fenix & Scisson, Inc.
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74119
Contract No. 68-03-3191
Project Officer
Carlton C. Wiles
LAND POLLUTION CONTROL DIVISION
HAZARDOUS WASTE ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-03-3191 to
Fenix & Scisson, Inc. It has been subject to the Agency's peer and adminis-
trative review, and it has been approved for publication as an EPA document.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
The Environmental Protection Agency was created because of increasing
public and governmental concern about the dangers of pollution to the health
and welfare of the American people. Noxious air, foul water, and spoiled land
are tragic testimonies to the deterioration of our natural environment. The
complexity of the environment and the interplay between its components require
a concentrated and integrated attack on the problem.
Research and development is the first necessary step in problem solution,
and it involves defining the problem, measuring its impact, and searching for
solutions. The Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory develops new
and improved technology and systems to prevent, treat, and manage wastewater
and the solid and hazardous waste pollutant discharges from municipal and
community sources; to preserve and treat public drinking water supplies; and
to minimize the adverse economic, social, health, and aesthetic effects of
pollution. This publication is one of the products of that research and is a
most vital communications link between the researcher and the user community.
The original studies of using mined space for long-term retention of non-
radioactive hazardous waste were done 10 years ago. This report documents
development of the concept since then. The assessment includes applicable
regulations, permitting requirements, and technological advances that have
expanded the definition of mined space to include solution-mined salt caverns
as well as conventionally mined space. The use of mined space for retaining
hazardous waste provides an environmentally acceptable alternative for storing
untreatable and residual wastes that are difficult or expensive to manage with
existing technology.
David 6. Stephan, Director
ii
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ABSTRACT
This report is the first of a two-volume document that assesses the
current status of using mined space for long-term retention of nonradioactive
hazardous waste. This volume updates previous studies conducted in 1974 and
examines, (1) recent literature published on the subject, (2) determines the
involvement of government agencies, (3) reviews regulatory and permitting
requirements, and (4) identifies existing mines for a potential demonstration
project. Volume 2 expand the definition of "mined space" to include space
created by solution mining in salt and investigates the use of such space for
long-term retention of nonradioactive hazardous waste.
A search of 19 computerized data bases yielded relatively few articles or
papers published in the past 9 years on the subject of hazardous waste storage
in mines. This search was supplemented by data from in-house specialty publi-
cation data that were not in the computerized database.
A number of federal and state government agencies will be involved in the
review and approval role of the siting process of any proposed hazardous waste
facility. The number of such agencies and the extent of their involvement
will vary, depending upon whether the facility is to be placed on private, or
government-owned land.
Present regulatory and permitting requirements for hazardous waste facil-
ities were found to be in accordance with the 1976 Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA), and 45 states have made application to assume primary
control of the permitting process within their state.
Three mines were selected as meeting the specified criteria for a demon-
stration project. The most critical of the selection factors were owner in-
terest and permitting requirements. If the owner was not interested in host-
ing the project the inquiry was discontinued.
iii
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CONTENTS
Disclaimer 1
Foreword 11
Abstract Hi
Contents iv
Illustrations vl
Tables vl
Acknowledgments vii
1. Introduction 1
Purpose 3
Approach 3
Organization of Report 3
2. Conclusions 5
3. Recommendations 7
4. Literature Review and Update of Project Activities 9
Recent Commercial Activities - U.S 9
Recent Activities - Foreign 9
Recent Government Activities 10
Other Government Activities - Nuclear 11
Other Technical Activities 12
Public Reaction to Hazardous Waste Facilities 12
Literature Search - U.S. and Foreign 12
5. Involvement of Government Agencies 15
General 15
Administrative of RCRA 15
Federal Government Agencies 16
State and Local Agencies 18
Involvement and Interaction of Government Agencies 18
6. Regulation and Permitting Assessment 20
Introduction 20
Current Applicable RCRA Permitting Requirements 20
Other Federal Requirements 21
State Hazardous Waste Permitting Requirements 22
iv
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Page
tjMflt
7. Select Candidate Mines 25
*** Introduction 25
Purpose 25
Criteria 25
MM Approach 26
Identification 26
Analysis 29
m Preliminary Screening - Salt Mines 29
Geographical Screening 30
Rating Remaining Mines 30
Salt Mines 33
* Limestone Mines 34
Mine Rating Worksheets 34
Selected Mines 34
« Additional Investigation 34
Conclusions 36
m
8. References 37
^N
APPENDICES
* A. Case Histories of Effects of Public on Hazardous Waste Disposal
Facilities A-l
* B. Bibliography on Storage of Nonradioactive Hazardous Waste in
m Mines B-l
C. Examples of State Laws and Procedures for Siting Hazardous Waste
«. Facilities C-l
D. Federal Government Agencies which could be Involved with a
* Hazardous Waste Facility in a Mine D-l
rm E. State Agencies Dealing with Hazardous Wastes ... E-l
F. Mine Rating Worksheets F-l
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Number Page
1. 1980 Industrial Hazardous Waste Generation Within Each EPA
Region (Thousand WMT and Percent of Total Nationwide) 31
TABLES
Number Page
1. Some Similarities/Differences Between "Nuclear" and "Hazardous"
Wastes 13
2. Status of EPA - Authorized State Hazardous Waste Management
Programs 17
3. Government Agency Involved in a Proposed Mine Hazardous Waste
Project 19
4. States with Hazardous Waste Facility Siting Laws 23
5. Operating Salt Mines 27
6. Shutdown Salt Mines 27
7. Shutdown Limestone Mines 28
8. 1980 and 1981 Industrial Hazardous Waste Generation and Most
Probable Off-Site Disposal, by EPA Region (Thousand Wet Metric
Tons) 32
9. Mine Rating Matrix 35
VI
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The project team wishes to acknowledge the Project Officer, Mr. Carl ton
C. Wiles of the Land Pollution Control Division, Hazardous Waste Engineering
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio for his support and guidance throughout
the study.
Fenix & Scisson, Inc. Project Personnel were as follows:
R. B. Stone - Project Manager and Mining Engineer
T. R. Moran - Mechanical Engineer
K. A. Covell - Mechanical Engineer
L. W. Weyand - Civil Engineer
C. U. Sparkman - Librarian
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The continued health of an industrial society depends on its ability to
remove, contain, and isolate the hazardous wastes it creates. This fact has
been recognized for many years by government, environmental activists, and
concerned industry. Concern over the issue is demonstrated by creation of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the enactment of numerous
Federal laws and regulations.
The search for environmentally acceptable and economically viable methods
for hazardous waste storage and disposal has been continuing, with much debate
among legislators, industry, and environmentalists. A national waste manage-
ment program was formed with enactment of the 1976 Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Hazardous Waste regulations promulgated under RCRA
by EPA. Industry has attempted to comply with regulations, but has been hamp-
ered by the weaknesses of the existing technology.
The presently accepted methods of hazardous waste disposal are: deep
well disposal, landfill in engineered pits, land treating of hazardous waste,
and incineration.
The principal limitations of present disposal and storage methods are
discussed as follows:
o Deep Well Disposal - This method can handle only liquid wastes, and the
direction and spread of the liquid is essentially controlled by the
underground formation characteristics once it is injected. Though deep
well disposal is widely used for liquid waste and brine disposal, pres-
ent technology cannot assure that the practice will not pollute usable
aquifers at some future date.
o Landfill In Engineered Pits - Engineered landfill pits have been and
are being used for disposal of hazardous sludges and liquids. This
storage concept, in certain instances, and if properly utilized, can
provide environmentally sound, long-term storage in many areas. How-
ever, a number of land fills for waste storage constructed in the past
have encountered leakage, storm runoff, and high ground water problems.
Review of past problems indicates that with appropriate and thorough
engineering analysis and design, construction completed in accordance
with that design and specific methods of landfill operations all per-
formed under stringent quality assurance enforcement, past landfill
problems can be controlled. Therefore, this method of hazardous waste
disposal remains a viable option for certain wastes and certain suit-
able locations.
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o Land Treatment - In this method of disposal, the waste sludges or
liquids are spread on tillable land. This method has limited applica-
bility because of the large areas of land required and the slow process
of biodegradation and assimilation of the sludges into the land. If
not properly designed and operated, buildup of toxic materials in the
soil and subsequent leaching of this material into surface and ground
water may occur, in conflict with RCRA requirements.
o Incineration - Though incineration is presently favored in the regula-
tions, the use of incineration for waste disposal is limited by the
types of waste that can be burned and by the production of air pollu-
tants and ash which may contain toxic and harmful residues. This
method can handle a large portion of the varied waste streams, but it
is expensive and often requires the use of additional fuels to maintain
combustion. Incineration cannot handle wastes containing heavy metals
or noncombustibles.
After all present treatment and storage methods have been tried and found
wanting in some respects the need remains for an ultimate disposal technique
that can handle the residues from the other methods. When all of the chemical
treatment, volume reduction, incineration, and other methods have been ex-
hausted and waste can be reduced no further, a certain amount of toxic mate-
rial will still remain for permanent disposal in an environmentally acceptable
manner. The use of underground mined space appears to provide a technically
and economically feasible method of permanent storage for untreatable wastes
or the end products of hazardous waste treatment. The advantages of mined
space for hazardous waste storage include the following:
o Hazardous waste can be completely isolated from the surface
environment.
o Encapsulated, containerized or solidified wastes can be isolated from
hydrological environment.
o Security can be readily maintained.
o Minimal or no continuing maintenance is required for sealed mines.
o Conventionally excavated mines can be used as long-term underground
warehouses if retrievability is desired. Mixed wastes in solution
mined caverns cannot be retrieved.
The present concept of using mined space for hazardous waste storage
originated in the United States with the Atomic Energy Commission in 1955 when
they requested an advisory committee of the National Academy of Sciences -
National Research Council (NAS-NRC) to identify geological formations in the
United States that might be suitable for disposal of high level radioactive
waste. In 1957, the NAS-NRC recommended that naturally occurring salt forma-
tions were possibly the best geological formations for this purpose. Field
research was commenced in 1959 by Oak Ridge National Laboratories.
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In the early 1960s the public was becoming aware of the consequences of
industrial pollution and hazardous waste problems and legislation was intro-
duced into the U.S. Congress to mitigate and control the problems. The 1970s
saw a flood of legislation being passed to regulate and control the quality of
air, water, and land contamination by pollution.
Europe, at the same time, was becoming aware of the pollution problem and
in 1972 the first mine permit was issued to store hazardous chemical wastes.
This mine was the Herfa-Neurode Potash Mine in Germany.
In 1974, the Environmental Protection Agency requested proposals for a
study titled "Evaluation of Hazardous Wastes Emplacement in Mined Openings"
and a contract was awarded to Fenix & Scisson, Inc. of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The
conclusion of this study was that the storage and management of hazardous
industrial waste in mined openings in salt, potash, and gypsum were both tech-
nically feasible and environmentally sound.
Purpose
The purposes of this project are to reflect activities which have oc-
curred since related 1974-75 studies and to re-examine using mined space for
the long-term retention of non-radioactive hazardous waste.
Approach
A three-phased approach was used in carrying out the project. The first
phase included a review of the activities that have been conducted and changes
that have occurred during the past 10 years in the use of mined space to re-
tain hazardous waste. This review was based on a literature search to iden-
tify past and present research, government activities, activities associated
with the development of commercial facilities, and foreign activities involved
with the use of underground space for storing and disposing of wastes.
The second phase consisted of a review of federal and state regulatory
requirements for obtaining a permit for an underground hazardous waste dis-
posal facility.
Finally, the third phase addressed the selection of candidate mines for
potential concept demonstration based on a review of past government and pri-
vate client studies and reports. This assessment indicated a number of con-
ventional mined spaces in limestone, salt, potash, and gypsum mines that might
have a potential for hazardous waste storage. The literature search indicated
that solution-mined storage caverns in salt offer additional storage
possibilities.
Organization of Report
Each volume of this report addresses a separate aspect of the use of
mined space. Volume 1 includes a search for suitable existing, conventional,
mined space, in room and pillar salt and limestone mines for a demonstration
of the concept of waste retention in mined space. This volume includes a
literature review, an assessment of the involvement of government organiza-
tions, and a review of regulations and permitting requirements.
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Volume 2 consists of a geological, geographical, and environmental as-
sessment of the potential use of solution mined space in salt domes and salt
beds for hazardous waste storage. This concept appears to offer an economical
alternative for the permanent retention of hazardous liquids and slurries.
The report includes a nationwide assessment of the occurrence of suitable salt
deposits, the chemistry of the individual major deposits, a preliminary match-
ing of the waste-generating regions to the salt deposits, the past history of
the use of solution-mined space for hydrocarbon storage, a description of the
solution mining process, a discussion of design and operating factors and
recommendations for further research.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
1. Previous attempts to establish commercial hazardous waste storage in
existing mines and solution mined salt caverns in the United States have
not been successful.
2. The storage of hazardous wastes in mined space has been successfully
demonstrated in the Herfa-Neurode facility in West Germany since 1972.
3. Hazardous wastes which ultimately must be disposed of, are often made up
of a myriad of different chemicals and compounds, and occur in liquid,
sludge, and solid forms. Research and study must be continued to arrive
at suitable methods and techniques to safely handle and place these
wastes in some stable form, isolated from the population and the
environment.
4. Previous research, testing, and demonstrations conducted in support of
the nuclear waste isolation program can be selectively used to expedite
the planning, design, and preparation of a demonstration hazardous waste
storage facility in existing mined space.
5. At this time local public opposition to any proposed hazardous waste
storage site appears to be a greater obstacle to establishing a demon-
strati on mine hazardous waste storage facility than technical and finan-
cial constraints.
6. Under the RCRA, EPA and states authorized to administer their own hazar-
dous waste programs have developed relatively uniform technical regula-
tions for hazardous waste facilities. The procedures for approving
hazardous waste management sites and methods for assuring long-term
financial responsibility, vary between states.
7. At this time, neither EPA nor any of the states have permitting or stor-
age regulations specifically applicable to mined space for the storage of
hazardous wastes.
8. Present EPA regulations appear to be sufficiently comprehensive that, by
logical interpretation or extension, these regulations may be adequate to
administer and control hazardous waste facility development and storage
in mines. Under the RCRA, EPA appears to have adequate authority to
promulgate any additional regulations deemed necessary to regulate hazar-
dous waste storage in mines.
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9. Three existing salt mines in the U.S. appear to have the best potential
for developing a demonstration hazardous waste storage facility in mine
space.
10. An existing limestone mine has virtually equal rank with salt mines as a
potential demonstration site.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Research should continue to develop permanent and economical waste encap-
sulation or containerization methods for transportation to and storage of
hazardous wastes in mined space.
2. Continuing research should be supported for methods and procedures to
determine the compatibility of hazardous wastes with other wastes and
with potential mine host rock. Continuation or expansion of the hazar-
dous waste compatibility studies, initiated by the ASTM through its
Committee D-34, appear to be extremely worthwhile. This type of study
and research could develop a computerized data base to evaluate potential
disposal or storage facilities by both the government and private waste
management.
3. Because of the extreme variety of wastes and host rocks plus the complex-
ity of their analysis, a national computer and data processing center
should be established to determine acceptable final treatments and com-
patibility of wastes if mixed, and compatibility of wastes with each
other and with the mine storage environment.
4. Current operations of the Herfa-Neurode Waste Storage Facility in West
Germany should be examined. The 12 years of operating experience proves
the applicability of mined space for the storage of hazardous wastes.
Their proven systems and methods should provide an excellent base for
developing U.S. facilities. One approach would be to make a documentary
film of their operation for U.S. viewing.
5. The following activities should be initiated to develop a mine storage
demonstration facility:
(a) Develop a conceptual design of a demonstration project to establish
the scope, time, and cost. This conceptual design should include
descriptions of permitting efforts, facilities needed, duration of
the project, manpower required, facility alterations, equipment
needed and a closure plan.
(b) Select the demonstration mine.
(c) Seek agreements with candidate mine owners to allow further investi-
gation of mine configuration and stability plus sampling of host
rock.
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(d) Initiate action to obtain regulatory or possible legislative author-
ity or relief for siting the temporary demonstration mine storage
facility.
(e) Secure an option or agreement with the Owner for use of the selected
mine.
(f) Develop detailed design and demonstration plans for a mine waste
storage facility.
6. Efforts should be expanded to educate the public and their legislators of
the possible effects hazardous waste will have in the U.S. if current
treatment and storage practices are continued with no final treatment or
permanent storage facilities.
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SECTION 4
LITERATURE REVIEW AND UPDATE OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Recent Commercial Activities - U.S.
Louisiana - Empak, Inc. of Houston, Texas applied to the Louisiana
Department of Conservation for a permit to build a hazardous waste facility on
the Vinton Salt Dome in Southwest Louisiana. This project envisioned using
solution mined caverns in the salt dome as final storage for hazardous
waste (1). After this project was announced, a state law was passed (in 1983)
forbidding emplacement of hazardous waste in salt domes for a period of two
years. This was intended to allow the state time to evaluate the proposed use
prior to issuance of a permit.
Texas - United Resource Recovery, Inc. of Houston submitted an applica-
tion to the Texas Department of Water Resources for a permit to store hazar-
dous waste in the Boling Salt Dome. This application was returned to the com-
pany for further elaboration and information, and has subsequently been resub-
mitted and is still pending (November 1984). This request, in turn, triggered
a two-phase geological study to evaluate the acceptability of using salt domes
in Texas for waste disposal, and to recommend guidelines for waste storage in
domes. This study was performed by the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG)
and was funded through October 1984.
Contract reports issued as a result of the study have defined the geo-
logical and technical issues involved with salt dome cavern hazardous waste
storage. BEG has submitted a proposal for a continuing Phase III or second
year of research. In their proposal, BEG indicates that the first year of
study did not answer all critical questions, but that results did not
disqualify salt domes as potential hosts for permanent isolation of toxic
wastes (2).
Ohio - The proposed conversion of the PPG Industries, Inc., Barberton,
Ohio limestone mine to a waste storage facility in 1981/82 has been dropped.
A public notice to this effect was issued by PPG Industries, Inc. on July 12,
1982. PPG cited "economic activities" as reason for discontinuing plans for
this storage facility. However, based upon review of the public hearing
records, it is assumed that the extreme public opposition to the proposed
facility had a significant effect upon this decision (3).
Recent Activities - Foreign
Germany - The Herfa-Neurode facility continues to operate satisfactorily
twelve years after its startup in 1972. Approximately 270,000 tons of
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hazardous waste were placed in the mine in 10 years and the annual volume
presently is running between 35,000 and 40,000 tons. Approximately 25%
of this tonnage originates outside of Germany. The reuse of stored waste
is possible and over 1,000 tons of waste has been retrieved by a waste
producer and sent back to the originator for further use. The type of
waste retrieved was not identified in the literature (4).
Other Countries
Two International Symposiums on subsurface storage in excavated rock
caverns were held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1977 and 1980. These meetings,
called "Rockstore 77" and "Rockstore 80," provided an international forum
for technical discussion and interchange of the conceptual and technolog-
ical advances in subsurface design and construction. General sessions
during both Rockstore 77 and 80 covered environmental protection and the
related use of mined space.
The majority of papers presented relative to the use of mined space for
waste storage dealt with the safe disposal of nuclear wastes (5 and 6).
Relatively few papers were concerned with other hazardous wastes. The
West German representative discussed the Herfa-Neurode facility, which
represented the only active mine storing hazardous waste. The represen-
tative from India indicated significant study in the use of existing and
new caverns to reduce severe waste pollution in Central India (7).
The proceedings of Rockstore 77 and 80 indicate a large amount of re-
search underway regarding geotechnical concerns and packaging and hand-
ling of radioactive wastes. It appears that some of this research may be
applicable to the storage of other hazardous waste in mine space.
Recent Government Activities
Minnesota - The Minnesota Waste Management Board financed a study titled
"Subsurface Isolation of Hazardous Wastes." This study was conducted by the
University of Minnesota and was oriented to deep geologic waste disposal in
crystalline bedrock, within the State of Minnesota. This work was completed
in June of 1982. Following preparation of the report, the Waste Management
Board made a survey to locate specific sites. They identified 18 mine study
sites and anticipated reducing these to five sites for further investigation.
The Minnesota Waste Management Board dropped the Crystalline Rock Concept from
further consideration during a meeting on February 24, 1984. While having no
documentation of the reasons for dismissing further mine storage study,
private sources have indicated that they were not technical reasons and that
public opposition to the tentative storage locations was intense.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has sponsored studies and devel-
opment projects in recent years covering the fields of encapsulation, contain-
erization, and fixation technologies. The developments from these and related
projects have provided valuable background information on containment which
did not previously exist and would apply directly to the use of mined space
for retention of hazardous waste (8).
10
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In 1976, the Environmental Protection Agency requested proposals for a
"Cost Assessment for the Emplacement of Hazardous Materials in a Salt Mine"
and a contract was awarded to Bechtel Corp. of San Francisco, California.
Work was completed on this contract in 1977 (9).
In 1982, a study was conducted by the Committee on Disposal of Hazardous
Industrial Wastes, National Research Council of the National Academy of Sci-
ence and was sponsored by the EPA and the American Institute of Chemical Engi-
neers. This consisted of a comprehensive review of disposal technology. One
of the committees conclusions was "that emplacement (of hazardous wastes) in
salt domes or strati graphic salt beds could be useful for certain waste types
and deserves more attention than it has been given to date." This report was
issued in 1983 (10).
In May of 1983, a Request for Proposal was issued by EPA titled "Assess-
ment of Current Status of Using Mined Space for Long-Term Retention of Non-
radioactive Hazardous Waste." A contract which resulted in this report was
awarded to Fenix & Scisson, Inc. of Tulsa, Oklahoma.
The recent (fall 1984) reauthorization of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act has a provision included in it which has banned bulk or non-
containerized liquid hazardous waste disposal in solution caverns or under-
ground mines constructed in dome or bedded salt bodies. This ban will remain
in effect until the Environmental Protection Agency has determined through a
series of findings, the feasibility of the concept and issued a permit for a
specific facility. This new requirement has a direct impact upon and will
delay the permitting of the proposed Louisiana and Texas facilities previously
described.
Other Government Activities - Nuclear
In addition to EPA study and research, the Department of Energy (DOE) and
its predecessor agencies, have sponsored research and testing for siting,
designing, constructing, and maintenance of facilities for storing radioactive
wastes in mined spaces. This research, administered by the Office of Nuclear
Waste Isolation (ONWI) via various national- laboratories (Battelle, Lawrence
Livermore, and Oak Ridge), was initially directed at storage of such wastes in
salt. Research has since been broadened to include other types of geological
settings. Present studies, tests, and demonstrations for nuclear waste stor-
age are continuing in salt, basalt, tuff, and crystalline rock geologic
structures (11).
Though the dangers from "nuclear" waste and "hazardous" waste may be
drastically different (i.e., radiation vs. toxicity), the requirements for
long-term storage in mined space are similar in many areas. Therefore, a
large amount of the research, study, and data that have been developed by the
national nuclear waste program can be applied to the development of mined
hazardous waste storage facilities. Those studies which relate to the geo-
technical stability of mined openings and the potential hydrological and en-
vironmental effects of such storage appear to be directly applicable. Previ-
ous studies of encapsulation, containerization, solidification, handling, and
transportation of nuclear wastes have potential for expediting study and
design that must precede the demonstration of an underground hazardous waste
11
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storage installation. Table 1 indicates a number of technological similari-
ties and differences between radioactive waste storage and industrial hazar-
dous waste storages.
Other Technical Activities
The American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) through it's Committee
D-34 has been working on a "Guide for Determining the Compatibilty of Hazar-
dous Waste (12)." Due to the complexity and variability of the many hazardous
waste streams throughout the country, this represents a massive effort and the
committee is to be commended for bringing some order out of the chaos. While
the basis for the system of determining compatibility uses only a pure chemi-
cal approach it does serve to indicate where incompatibility could exist and
raises a warning flag that careful testing should be done when two potentially
incompatible chemicals are to be stored together. No other recent literature
describing recent studies or research relating to the compatibility of mixed
hazardous wastes, or the compatibility of such wastes with mine host rock or
salt was discovered. This lack of such literature indicates a need for more
study in the area of waste compatibility if long-term storage of hazardous
wastes is to be proven a viable waste disposal concept.
Public Reaction to Hazardous Waste Facilities
The press and the media have produced continuing commentary of activities
associated with the generation, transportation, and storage of hazardous
wastes. Thereby, the public has become increasingly aware of the potential
for damage to all life forms from these wastes. This public awareness does
not apparently include a general recognition of the national consequences if
some type of final treatment or storage is not developed. Because of the near
panic and political pressure which occur when a hazardous waste treatment or
storage facility is publicized or proposed in a locality, under present site
permitting procedures, it will be virtually impossible to obtain necessary
site approvals in most parts of the U.S.
The intense public feelings that can be generated in opposition to hazar-
dous waste activities can be described for numerous instances where facilities
were forced to close or where treatment and storage projects were stopped by
official action or withdrawn because of the heat of opposition.
Examples of public pressure which was instrumental in closing of a pri-
vate storage facility, and causing withdrawal of a permit application for a
mine storage facility are furnished in Appendix A of Volume 1. These two case
histories are representative of the reactions and pressures which can be ex-
pected in attempts to establish a mined space hazardous waste storage
facility.
Literature Search - U.S. and Foreign
A database literature search was the first step in the review of the
literature as to the status of Nonradioactive Hazardous Waste Storage in Mined
Space. Citations were retrieved for literature published since 1974. The
database literature search was performed by the personnel at the Hazardous
Materials Technical Center. The following 19 computerized databases were
12
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TABLE 1
SOME SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
NUCLEAR AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
Characteristic
Hazardous Waste
Requires Containerization
or Encapsulation
Health Hazard
Life of Health Hazard
Heat Generation
Storage Density
Corrosive
Water Soluble
Retrievable
Explosive
Physical Volume to be
Stored
Harmful Vapor Emission
Handling Dangers
Yes
Lethal Toxicity
Forever
*Possibly
No Limit Except Container
Stacking Strength
*Possibly in Presence of
Moisture
*Possibly-If Container
Ruptured
No Regulatory Requirements
*Possibly
Relatively Large Volume
*Possibly-If Container
Ruptured
*Possibly-If Container
Ruptured-Can Use
Standard Material
Handling Equipment
Radioactive Waste
Yes
Lethal Radiation
lO.OOO^yr. Half Life
Yes
Spaced for Heat
Dissipation
Yes-In Presence of
Salt and Heat
Slightly if Container
Ruptured
For 50 Years
No-If Correctly
Spaced
Relatively Small
Volume
Radon Gas-Potentially
Harmful in Confined
Spaces
Radiation-Must Use
Special Shielded
Handling Systems
* Depends upon the characteristics of the specific waste
or wastes to be stored.
13
-------
searched: DROLS, NTIS, Arthur Little, Inc., BHRA Fluid Engineering, Chemical
Industry Notes, CRGS, Compendex, DOE, El Engineering Meetings, Energyline,
Enviroline, ISMEC, Metadex, Pollution Abstracts, PTS Promt, Trade and Industry
Index, Tulsa, Apilit, and CA Search. The following key words appropriately
truncated and combined according to Boolean logic were used: hazardous waste,
mine, mines, mining, storage, retention, and disposal.
A copy of a bibliographic database search titled "Safety and Health Pro-
cedures at Hazardous Materials Storage Areas," was obtained and reviewed for
pertinent references. This bibliography was also prepared and furnished by
the Hazardous Materials Technical Center. In the computer search for this
bibliography the following key words were appropriately truncated and used:
hazardous material/substance, toxic material/substance, dangerous materials/
substance, safety, handle/handling, accident, emergency, protective, storage,
warehouse, shed, exposure, ventilate, inhalation, workplace, industrial
hygiene, occupational hygiene, occupational health, and respirator.
Other databases searched included the following: Enviroline, Chemical
Industry Notes, Comprehensive Dissertation Abstracts, NTIS, PTS Promt, Manage-
ment Contents, Conference Papers Index, Standards and Specifications, TRIS,
World Aluminum Abstracts, Electric Power Database, Paperchem, Surface Coatings
Abstracts, Textile Technology Index, Metadex, Apilit, Chemical Regulations and
Guidelines, and Toxline.
Citations of articles that appeared to be relevant were obtained on in-
terlibrary loan or by purchase. Libraries cooperating in the interlibrary
loan service included Tulsa City/County Library, Tulsa University Library,
Oklahoma State University, University of Oklahoma Library, Engineering Socie-
ties Library, Linda Hall Library, and the Geological Survey Library. Other
sources for publications included NTIS, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Government
Printing Office, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
The computerized database searches were supplemented by in-house techni-
cal library specialty publications which did not appear in the computer data-
bases.
The bibliography listing the literature reviewed is found in Appendix B,
Volume I.
14
-------
SECTION 5
INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
» General
„, Every phase of a hazardous waste storage facility, from conception to
closure, will require the involvement of government agencies of all levels;
* Federal, State, and local. The agencies involved, and the extent of their in-
volvement, will vary with location, and with time, as new legislation is
passed and programs put into effect. The major reason for government involve-
<* ment is the protection of the public primarily through implementation of RCRA.
The administration of RCRA will be discussed in this section.
#*<
& Administration of RCRA
The hazardous waste management program established under Subtitle C of
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 consists of five
*" major directives:
1. Define which wastes are hazardous.
*»
2. Track these wastes from generator to waste disposal/storage
« facilities.
** 3. Assure that all hazardous waste management facilities meet minimum
national design, performance, and operating standards through a per-
mitting process.
*»
4. Assure that facilities will be maintained properly after closure.
•#*
,m 5. Assure that facility operators are financially responsible for acci-
dents occurring at their facility, and for continued safe maintenance
«. of stored wastes.
** The Act directed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue
^ comprehensive regulations which would serve as minimum national standards, and
to administer the programs when required. However, Congress intended the
** states to develop and implement hazardous waste regulatory programs consistent
with the Federal requirements.
m
m As directed under Section 3006(a) of RCRA, the EPA issued regulations
governing the authorization of State hazardous waste programs (40 CFR Part
271) in lieu of a Federally administered program. For a State to receive
15
-------
final authorization, an application must be submitted to the EPA that demon-
strates that the proposed program is equivalent to the Federal program and
provides adequate enforcement measures.
The EPA grants authorization of State administered programs in two
phases: Phase I, for interim authorization, requires a program which
includes:
o The identification and listing of hazardous wastes
o Regulations for generators and transporters of hazardous wastes
o Preliminary standards for hazardous waste treatment, storage, and dis-
posal (TSD) facility.
Phase II, for full authorization, is divided into three components, A, B,
and C; each of which authorizes a state to administer a permit program for
specific types of TSD facilities which require RCRA permits.
o Component A governs regulations for tanks, container storage facili-
ties, waste piles, and surface storage impoundments.
o Component B governs hazardous waste incinerator facilities.
o Component C regulates landfills, land treatment units, and waste piles
and surface impoundments not covered by Component A.
A typical mine storage facility would most probably be classified under
Component A since the waste will be stored either in containers or waste
piles. A solution mined salt cavern facility does not appear to fit the 3
present categories, since the waste must be introduced into the cavern as a
liquid or a slurry and either stored as a fluid or later solidifed. If the
salt cavern itself can be considered a container, as it is in the storage of
petrochemical products, Component A could again apply.
Table 2 presents a complete listing of the status of EPA authorized State
Hazardous Waste Management Plans through August 1984. As of August 24, 1984,
only 9 of the 54 States and Territories had not obtained Phase I authoriza-
tion. Twenty had received only Phase I authorization, and 25 had received
various components of Phase II authorization. Fifteen states had been granted
full interim authorization.
Appendix C contains brief summaries of representative State Hazardous
Waste Management Laws. The summaries furnished are for Ohio, Michigan, and
New York.
Federal Government Agencies
Appendix D, of this Volume, contains a list of Federal Government Agen-
cies which could be involved, and therefore be considered in the permitting
and regulation of a hazardous waste facility in a mine.
16
-------
Status of EPA-Authorized State Hazardous Waste Management Programs
m
•mt
CTKT-
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLO RAH
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
D1STRJCT OT COLUMBIA
FLORIDA
SEORGIA
GUV
HAWAII
InAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MAPYLANE
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW KAMI-SHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTil DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
ORLGCN
PENNSYLVANIA
PURETO RiCO
RHODL I ELAN L
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TEUNLSSEL
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
VIRGIN ISLANDS
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
PHASE I
AUTHORIZATION
CIANTED
02/25 '81
06/16/82
ll'lb/80
Ofc/4/Bl
O4/21/8.*
o:/25/e;
11/22/83
OS'07/B;
01 '03/61
Oi.'lfc'tJ
OS .'17/82
OB,'16,'82
01/30/81
09/09/61
04/01/81
15 '19/BO
03/18/61
07/0fc/81
02/25/61
01 '07/B1
11 '06/63
OJ/lfc/62
OS/14 '62
07/19/63
11/03/81
03 '02 '83
OS '30/83
1J/27/83
IJ/16'BO
IS/12/80
07/lb/83
01/14 'B!
07/Jfc/Bl
05'26/81
10/14 '82
OS/29/B1
OJ/25^B1
07/1 b/Bl
1J/24/BO
1J/12/BC
01/15/81
11/03/81
08 '02 .'83
03/28/84
01/15/8:
PHASE II ALTHOKIZATIOJ
OMfXorrs At«
AuthoriEation
Granted
04/19/82
01/11/83*
Ot. '29/63
11/22/83
12/29/83
05/21/B2
01/26/B3
01/24/64
09/26/83
11/23/83*
07/20/84
OB/ 31/82
07/19/83
03'31/83
04/06/64
09 '10 '63
03/2b'B2
12/13/82
OS/^9/84*
11/03/B2
03/23/81
01/24/84
08/1 7/B 3
OB/02/83
03/26/84
COVOMZNTS C
Authorisation
Granted
1/24/B4
Ot, 29/82
02/24/B4
11/04 '83
02/29/84
01/24/B4
09/26/83
07/09/84"
07/20/84
04/26/63
02/06/84
'06/24/83
12/O6/83
O9/01/83
01/24/84
APPLICATION
DEADLINE
rOD FINAL
AUTHORIZATION
7/84
7/B4
V26/B5
6/64
1/26/85
B/2t/84
7/01/64
1/26/85
5/64
9/64
7/26 '84
6/10/84
7/84
7/12 '64
7/01 fM
7/26/64
1/22/84
4, 30/84
1/26/85
7/01/84
S/84
7/26 ,'B4
2/84
1/22/84
5/64
6/84
8/84
S/64
5/01 /64
S/B4
7/01 /84
6/26 '64
6/84
1/26/85
6/64
FINAL
AUTHORIZATION
SRANTED
•••
i/06/84 T
6/22/8<
8/21/64
07/24/64 T
06/27/84
07/25/84
07/10/84 T
07/10/84 T
07/06/84 T
07/20/84 t
Component A only. •• Plu« componant I ••• Authorisation withdrawn T- TENTATIVE APPROVAL
SOURCE: HAZARDOUS WASTE TECHNICAL CENTER
VOLUME 3 NO. 4, OCTOBER 1984
Table 2
17
-------
The Appendix also contains addresses, phone numbers, a brief description
of the Agency's function, and an index of various subjects with which the
agencies could be involved, i.e., rural projects, transportation, and data
centers.
State and Local Agencies
The involvement of various state and local agencies with hazardous waste
storage facilities is in a stage of flux as state programs are being developed
and responsibilities defined. Most states have now assigned responsibility
for administration of state hazardous waste problems either to a new or an
existing state department or agency. Appendix E lists the current state
agencies that have primary responsibility for hazardous waste. Because of the
present variations in individual state legislation, administrative, and regu-
latory authorities, the number and type of other state and local agencies that
may be involved in the permitting and regulation of hazardous waste facilities
varies greatly between states. Therefore, regulatory procedures and authori-
ties must be researched for each and every specific site prior to permit
preparation and application.
The states of Louisiana and Texas have received applications for permits
to construct hazardous waste storage facilities in solution mined space. To
date no such permits have been issued. Up to the present in the U.S., no
formal applications to construct hazardous waste storage in mine space have
been submitted. A number of the states have studied or are studying various
aspects of underground hazardous waste storage, however, to date, no specific
regulations regarding the siting, design, construction, and operation of
underground waste storage in mined space have been promulgated.
Involvement and Interaction of Government Agencies
The involvement of federal, state, and local agencies in the process of
developing a proposed mine hazardous waste storage facility is defined by each
agencies charter, regulations, and location jurisdictions. This multiple
agency involvement, and the necessary interactions, obviously will required
considerable planning and coordination in order to process such a storage
facility from permitting to operation. Because precise regulations are not in
place for underground storage, plans and strategies must be developed, priori-
tized, and scheduled in order to gain the necessary approvals to construct and
operate such a facility in a practical time frame.
The following Table 3 indicates agencies that would probably be involved
in the permitting, construction, and operation of hazardous waste mine storage
facility. The table indicates regulatory involvement by initial "R," and
advisory participation by symbol "A." Agency involvement if storage site is
on public land is indicated by asterisk.
18
-------
TABLE 3
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES INVOLVED IN A PROPOSED MINE
HAZARDOUS WASTE STORAGE PROJECT
Agency Participation
Federal Government
Environmental Protection Agency R
Department of Defense
Corps of Engineers R
Department of Transportation
Coast Guard R
Federal Highway Administration R
National Highway Safety Administration A
Department of Agriculture
Soil Conservation Service A
*Forest Service R
Department of Interior
Bureau of Mines R
*Bureau of Land Management R
Fish and Wildlife Service R
*National Park Service R
Geological Survey A
Department of Labor
OSHA R
MSHA R
Federal Emergency Management Agency A
State Government
Waste Management Control Agency R
Health and Welfare Agency R
Mining Authority R
Environmental Protection Authority R
Transportation Authority R
Archeological and Autiquities Authority R
Corporation Commission R
Local Government
Building Permitting Authority R
Public Health Department R
Road or Transportation Authority R
Land Use Zoning Authority R
19
-------
it*
SECTION 6
REGULATION AND PERMITTING ASSESSMENT
m Introduction
*• The 1976 RCRA required that the EPA establish regulations, setting stan-
dards to protect the public from the generation, transportation, treatment,
* storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. In May 1980, the EPA published
regulations in accordance with Subtitle C of the 1976 RCRA, as amended, to
protect human health and the environment from the improper management of
** hazardous waste (40 CFR - Parts 122 to 124 and 260 to 267). These regulations
include provisions whereby a State agency may be authorized by EPA to adminis-
" ten a hazardous waste program in that state, in lieu of a Federally adminis-
m tered program. For a state to receive final authorization, its hazardous
waste management program must be at least equivalent to and be consistent with
.» the Federal Program under RCRA.
* Many of the states have opted to develop and manage their own hazardous
waste program under EPA regulatory guidelines. For these states, legislatures
have authorized responsible agencies, funding, and controlling regulations. A
•» few states have not developed or are lagging in development of their hazardous
waste management plans and EPA is now administering their programs. The re-
"• suit is that a reasonably uniform hazardous waste management program is being
m conducted throughout the United States. Major regulatory differences between
state-to-state regulations and administration appear to be in siting require-
ments, in methods of assuring financial responsibility for waste facility clo-
sure, and in accommodations for local specialized industry.
i**
At this time, neither EPA nor any of the states have developed regula-
tions specifically pertaining to hazardous waste storage in mined space.
•» Therefore, initial mine hazardous waste facilities including demonstration
facilities will have to be designed, sited, and evaluated by interpretation of
** intent of existing regulations, with ultimate regulations to be developed if
m feasibility of mined storage is demonstrated.
Current Applicable RCRA Permitting Requirements
" The EPA regulation governing permitting of new hazardous waste facilities
is presented in 40 CFR 270. This regulation requires preparation and submit-
* tal of a two-part application for approval of proposed facilities.
•<*»
The present permitting regulations do not include specific terms related
to waste storage in mined space. However, the general format and require-
ments of present regulations appear to be comprehensive and broad enough to
20
-------
provide the basis for evaluation of a mined hazardous waste storage facility
« permit application.
1. Part A Permit Application Requirements.
Completion of Form 3 RCRA, plus information attachments. Part A
* Permit Application provides information describing in general terms
the type of facility, location, owner, and operator.
-------
National Park Service
Corps of Engineers
3. Federal Safety, Health, and Mining Regulations.
Inasmuch as no mineral is being mined for sale, safety regulations
for mine and facilities development, treatment of hazardous waste,
the movement of this waste to the mined storage area and the mainte-
nance of the storage area appear to be under OSHA safety regulations
and enforcement. In cases where OSHA regulations do not cover the
construction or development (as for mined space), by inter-agency
agreement, MSHA regulations may be applied. If this is the case, in
order to store toxic waste, certain waivers or modifications of MSHA
regulations will be required. As an example 30 CFR 55.6 and 57.5
bar the use or storage of 16 toxic materials in a mine "except under
laboratory conditions."
State Hazardous Waste Permitting Requirements
For those states authorized by EPA to administer a hazardous waste pro-
gram, permitting regulations have been developed and are presently being em-
ployed. For states without such EPA authorization, EPA regulations are being
employed.
In general, all authorized states now have regulations and permitting
practices which conform to EPA hazardous waste management regulations and
administrative criteria. Differences in storage regulation and permitting
procedures do not appear to be major. At this date, none of the authorized
states have regulations which specifically relate to the storage of hazardous
waste in subsurface mined space.
Major differences between states do exist in methods of storage siting
and financial assurances. The 1976 RCRA does not prescribe requirements for
the siting of new hazardous waste management facilities. Present policies
consider this the responsibility of the State.
In the past, many state legislatures gave authority to various agencies
for permitting new hazardous waste facilities proposed by industry. After
analyzing the applications and conducting public hearings, the state would
rule on the permit. However, public opposition to new facilities resulted in
very few approved facility permits. In response to these problems, a majority
of the states have developed siting programs that specify the process to be
followed in selecting a hazardous waste storage site, provide for public
participation, and establish the responsibility of state and local agencies.
Specific issues addressed by these laws are: Representation of all af-
fected parties in the siting decision process, resolution of impasses, public
participation, financial responsibility, assurances of safety, and provisions
for incentives.
Table 4 presents a synopsis of siting procedures for the 28 states that
had enacted siting laws as of the end of the 1982 legislative year.
22
-------
* t Is I 1 It I) II
I* • • •• it ti ti ii ti it it it
STATES WITH HAZARDOUS WASTE FACILITY SITING LAWS
ro
Siting. Procedures
Siting Process Initiated bj
St«tt
Developer
Siting Decision ty
Existing Agency
Siting Board
Local Group
Permit Approval bjr
Existing Agency
Siting Board
Local Group
Siting Upatse Resolved.
through
State Preemption
He dl at ton/ Arbitral Ion
Local Veto
Public Participation
Local Representative*
Sit on Siting Board
Local Review Board
Notice of Per* It Appli-
cation given Affected
Parties
Hearings
Citizen Suits
Other
Financial Assurances
Trust Funds
Financial Responsi-
bility Mechanism
Other
tod-Financial Assurances
Inspections
State Ownership
Contingency Plans
Restrictions en Fu-
ture Users
Incentives and Compensation
Local Ta«es or Receipt
of Fees
Tax Prepayments
Other
«
•
i
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CT
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X.
GA
X
X
X
X
X
IL
X
X
X
IN
X
X
X
X
M
X
KS
X
X
X
KV
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
ME
X
X
X
HO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
MA
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
Ml
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
MM
X
X
X
X
X
X
NC
X
X
X
NH
X
X
X
X
NJ
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Mr
X
X
X
X
NC
X
X
X
X
OH
X
X
X
X
OX
X
X
X
X
X
PA
X
X
X
X
X
•I
X
X,
X
X
X
X
X
TN
X
X
X
X
UT
X
X
X
X
X
MM
X
X
X
X
Wf
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•
X
SOURCE: "A NATIONAL SURVEY OF STATE LEGISLATURES 1982"
Table 4 States with Hazardous Waste Facility Siting Laws.
-------
At this date, all states have assigned solid or hazardous waste manage-
ment responsibility to a specific group or agency. Because of differing state
government organization and legal structures, approval, permits or licenses
may be required from a variety of state agencies other than the particular
hazardous waste management agency.
24
-------
SECTION 7
SELECT CANDIDATE MINES
Introduction
The concept of storage of hazardous waste in mined openings is not new,
but except for one known instance in Germany, has not been utilized. A study
conducted by Fenix & Scisson, Inc. in 1974 concluded the concept was valid and
environmentally acceptable, provided recommended site selection and waste man-
agement procedures were followed.
Because mined space is expensive to construct and a demonstration of the
technique is needed, a viable alternate to construction of new mined space is
to utilize existing mined space. The earlier study concluded that salt,
potash, and gypsum mines offer the most suitable containment with respect to
environmental, stability, and other factors.
Studies conducted for the Department of Energy - Strategic Petroleum
Reserve and private clients since the 1974 effort have revealed that gypsum
mines may not be as acceptable as originally thought, due to water leakage and
occasional flooding. Each mine history would have to be reviewed in detail to
determine its acceptability. The use of potash mines, while being utilized in
Europe for this purpose, is questionable in the U.S. due to the method of
mining which has allowed the extraction of approximately 90% of the ore.
This, in turn, has allowed the mine roof's to settle and reduce the storage
space to a very small amount.
These previous studies did reveal that in specific instances there are
limestone mines which are comparable to salt mines in acceptability and would
meet the geotechnical criteria. Four of the limestone mines which were
studied for the Department of Energy - Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program are
included for evaluation for hazardous waste storage.
Purpose
The purpose of this task was to select three candidate mines that have
good potential for use as a demonstration facility for retention of non-
radioactive hazardous waste.
Criteria
The basic criteria specified by EPA were that:
25
-------
o The preferred candidates were to be salt mines, but other mines were
not ruled out.
o The mine should have been mined by the room and pillar method.
o The mine should be close to an industrial waste source.
o Existing engineering, geology, and other information should indicate
that the mine is suitable for the purpose.
o An industrial organization willing to cooperate in a limited demonstra-
tion of the concept must exist.
Further criteria developed were:
o Hazardous wastes to be stored must be containerized, encapsulated or
solidified, non-reactive, dry, non-combustible, and untreatable by
current technology or the end product of current treatment technology.
o F&S elected to include limestone mines, mined by the room and pillar
method in this report. Limestone mines are presently being used to
store foods and other perishable merchandise.
Approach
The approach utilized in selecting three candidate mines for a demonstra-
tion project consisted of:
o Identification
o Analysis
o Preliminary Screening
o Geographical Screening
o Rating Remaining Mines
Identification
A list and status of all the known salt mines in the United States was
compiled from various records and sources. In addition, four limestone
mines were listed. These had recently been studied as possible storage
sites for the Department of Energy Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program.
This listing was in turn subdivided into Operating and Shutdown Mines.
Table 5 lists the operating salt mines and their locations.
Table 6 lists the shutdown salt mines, their location, and status.
Table 7 lists four recently studied limestone mines and their
location.
Gypsum mines were excluded from further consideration because of the pos-
sibility of flooding; plus the owners expressed no interest in partici-
pating in the earlier Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program. Potash mines
were excluded from further consideration due to their being mined to 90%
extraction, roof problems and remoteness from hazardous waste generating
centers.
26
-------
Location
Kansas, Hutchinson
Kansas, Kanopolis
Kansas, Lyons
Louisiana, Avery Island
Louisiana, New Iberia
Louisiana, Weeks Island
New York, Myers
New York, Retsof
Ohio, Cleveland
Ohio, Painesville
Grand Saline
Hockley
Texas,
Texas,
Utah, Sevier
TABLE 5
OPERATING SALT MINE
Name
Hutchinson Mine
Kanopolis Mine
American Mine
Avery Island Mine
Cote Blanche Mine
Weeks Island (New) Mine
Cayuga Mine
Retsof Mine
Cleveland Mine
Fairport Mine
Grand Saline Mine
Hockley Mine
Sevier Mines
TABLE 6
SHUTDOWN SALT MINES
Owner
Carey Salt Co.
Independent Salt Co.
American Salt Co.
International Salt
Domtar, Inc.
Morton Salt Co.
Cargill, Inc.
International Salt
International Salt
Morton Salt Co.
Morton Salt Co.
United Salt Co.
Unknown
Location
Name
Owner
Status
Kansas, Kanopolis
Kansas, Kanopolis
Kansas, Kingman
Kansas,
Little River
Kansas, Lyons
Louisiana,
Jefferson Island
Louisiana,
Weeks Island
Louisiana,
Winnfield
Louisiana, Belle Isle
Michigan, Detroit
New York, Leroy
New York, Livonia
New York, Perm Yan
Crystal Mine
Royal Mine
Kingman Mine
Little River Mine
Lyons (North) Mine
Jefferson Island
Mine
Weeks Island
(Old) Mine
Winnfield Mine
Belle Isle
Detroit Mine
Leroy Mine
Livonia Mine
Seneca Lake Mine
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Rickano Corp.
Diamond Crystal
Salt Co.
Department of
Energy
Unknown
Cargill Inc.
International
Salt Co.
Unknown
Unknown
Morton Salt Co.
Inaccessible
Inaccessible
Flooded
Propane
Storage
Available
Flooded
Crude Oil
Storage
Flooded
Shut Down,1984
Shut Down,1982
On Standby
Flooded
Flooded
Available but
Inaccessible
27
-------
TABLE 7
SHUTDOWN LIMESTONE MINES
Location Name Owner
California, Crestmore Riverside Mine Riverside Cement Co.
Kentucky, Lexington Central Rock Mine Central Rock Products
Ohio, Barberton Barberton Mine PPG Industries, Inc.
Ohio, Ironton Ironton Mine Alpha-Portland Cement
28
-------
Analysis
The selection of candidate mines required consideration of a multiplicity
of factors. The method used in the selection process consisted of:
o A Preliminary Screening of potential mines for storage use to elimi-
nate obviously unsuitable candidates (Such as flooded or
inaccessible).
o Geographical - The mines were located geographically and their loca-
tion matched to the EPA Regions where hazardous waste is generated.
Mines that fell outside the boundary of a major EPA waste generating
region were removed from consideration.
o The surviving mines were then rated in the next step of the
analysis.
Preliminary Screening - Salt Mines
From Table 6 the following mines are known to be flooded thus removing
them from the list of possible candidates:
o Kingman Mine - Kingman, Kansas
o Jefferson Island Mine - Jefferson Island, Louisiana
o Winnfield Mine - Winnfield, Louisiana
o Leroy Mine - Leroy, New York
o Livonia Mine - Livonia, New York
The following mines are presently being used for storage of petroleum
products and are not available.
o Little River Mine - Little River, Kansas - Propane Storage
o Weeks Island Mine - Weeks Island, Louisiana - Crude Oil Storage
The following mines are presently inaccessible. Their shafts are plugged
or capped and would require a substantial investment to reopen them for a
demonstration project.
o Crystal Mine - Kanopolis, Kansas - Plugged
o Royal Mine - Kanopolis, Kansas - Plugged
o Seneca Lake Mine - Penn Yan, New York - Capped
The following mine was shut down due to "stability" problems in 1984.
o Belle Isle Mine - Patterson, Louisiana
The following mine was eliminated because it is a newly opened mine with
very limited amount of unused space available for storage.
o Weeks Island (New) Mine - Weeks Island, Louisiana
From Table 6, two mines survive as candidates for the next step of the
analysis.
29
-------
*»
o Lyons (North) Mine - Lyons, Kansas - Maintained Accessible
* o Detroit Mine - Detroit, Michigan - Maintained Accessible
Geographical Screening
-i*»
Figure 1 shows the geographical location of the remaining 15 mines and
** the EPA Hazardous Waste Reporting Regions. Table 8 shows the volumes of
hazardous waste estimated as being generated in a given region. Two of
* the highest volume regions as reported by EPA are Region V and VI. These
w regions will provide adequate volumes of "mine acceptable" hazardous
waste for a demonstration project and are located over major salt depos-
«* its. The character of wastes generated in Region Vis anticipated to be
— predominantly manufacturing waste from the concentrated automobile indus-
* try in the Cleveland, Toledo, and Detroit areas. The character of the
,„, wastes generated in Region VI is anticipated to be predominantly petro-
chemical wastes from the concentration of oil-related industry in this
"* region.
"" By choosing these two Regions (V and VI) the following mines were removed
M from consideration due to their remoteness from waste generating
sources.
•a*
Hutchinson Mine - Hutchinson, Kansas
** Kanopolis Mine - Kanopolis, Kansas
American Mine - Lyons, Kansas
Lyons (North) Mine - Lyons, Kansas
•* Cayuga Mine - Myers, New York
Retsof Mine - Retsof, New York
Sevier Mines - Sevier, Utah
Of
From Table 5 and 6 seven mines survive as candidates for the rating step
of the analysis.
** Rating Remaining Mines
The third step in identifying candidate demonstration mines was a rating
»* of the surviving seven mines located within EPA Regions V and VI. The
rating method used was subjective and included the following
considerations.
»
o Geological
* o Hydrological
o Marketing Factors
* o Sociopolitical
o Accessibility
o Location
«• o Previous Studies
o Owner Interest.
•BfW
M Geological - Assigned highest rank to formation with massive continu-
ous bedding without faulting and in an area of low seismicity.
30
-------
• SALT NINE LOCATIONS
O LIMESTONE NINE LOCATIONS
^ SELECTED REGION V
M SELECTED REGION VI
SOURCE: PUTNAM, HAYES & BARTLETT
Figure 1 1980 Industrial Hazardous Waste Generation Within Each EPA Region
(Thousand WMT and Percent of Total Nationwide)
-------
REGION
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TOTAL
1980
TOTAL
1.104
3,113
4,354
10,353
6,428
10,536
1.201
318
2,838
995
41,235
OFFSITE
299
652
604
913
1.330
1.029
252
106
535
348
6,069
UNKNOWN
368
S40
470
674
1,537
524
233
61
511
241
5.159
1981
TOTAL
1.131
3.216
4,507
10,697
6,611
11,025
1,231
325
2.925
1.023
42.694
OFFSITE
303
673
622
940
1.368
1.059
257
108
552
357
6.251
UNKNOWN
385
564
492
706
1.604
549
243
62
534
249
5.395
MOST
PROBABLE
580
1,022
922
1,358
2,517
1,346
440
154
896
503
9,738
NOTE: DETAIL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTAL BECAUSE OF ROUNDING.
SOURCE: PUTNAM, HAYES t BARTLETT
Table 8 1980 and 1981 Industrial Hazardous Waste Generation
and Most Probable Off-Site Disposal, by EPA Region
(Thousand Wet Metric Tons)
32
-------
Hydro!ogical - Assigned highest rank to site with least potential for
catastrophic flooding of the mine due to inflow of surface water or
rupture of a prolific aquifer.
Marketing Factors - The presence of large quantities of hazardous
waste in the area will make marketing of the concept much easier.
Conversely low quantities will make marketing of the concept much
harder.
Sociopolitical - Based upon review of past attempts at permitting a
facility, a judgment is made as to whether the public will accept a
facility and whether the permitting authority is receptive to new
applications for different concepts.
Accessibility - Is judged by the varied types of transportation which
can access the facility (i.e., rail, barge, truck) and the types of
highway adjacent to the facility (i.e., 2 lane road, interstate
highway).
Location - The location of the facility in relation to the generators,
transportation and population centers is assessed. The criteria being
the closer to the center of a generating area the better due to trans-
portation hazard exposure. Population density near the facility loca-
tion was considered less important than the transportation hazard
exposure.
Previous Studies - Probable availability of previous studies which
would reduce the effort required for a demonstration project and which
provide readily available information on a particular site.
Owner Interest - This rating is based on past studies and current con-
tacts with the various owners or operators of the facilities. Owner
and operator are to be considered separate entities not necessarily
the same.
A numerical rating for each of the mines was made by equating the
degree of acceptability to a number. When the above considerations
had been assessed for each mine and rating numbers were assigned, the
numbers were added together and a ranking obtained. The subjective
ratings for this analysis were:
Excellent 1
Good 2
Fair 3
Poor 4
Not Acceptable 5
Salt Mines
The seven mines surviving for the rating analysis are:
Avery Island Mine, Louisiana
Cote Blanche Mine, Louisiana
33
-------
Detroit Mine, Michigan
* Cleveland Mine, Ohio
^ Fairport Mine, Ohio
Grand Saline Mine, Texas
Hockley Mine, Texas
* Limestone Mines
** The selection of Regions V and VI due to the anticipated high volume of
* waste generated and the proximity to existing mined space eliminates two
of the four limestone mines from Table 7. These are:
-«»
— o Riverside Mine, California
o Central Rock Mine, Kentucky
•*>
The remaining mines will be rated on the same basis as the salt mines.
"* These mines are:
'* o Barberton Mine, Ohio
>» o Ironton Mine, Ohio
** Mine Rating Worksheets
'* The Mine Rating Worksheets shown in Appendix F of this Volume, treat each
mine separately and provide brief comments on the major consideration
leading to the numerical ratings given to the mine. During this rating
* analysis, the other mines were kept in mind so that the ratings were in
essence a comparison of all the various factors for all the mines.
^ Table 9 summarizes the results of the mine rating.
Selected Mines
* Three potential candidate salt mines and one limestone mine (an alter-
.„ nate) were selected for further study as possible hosts for a demonstration
site for the storage of hazardous non-radioactive waste based upon the
" previous rating and ranking method.
Rating
m Mine Designation Points Rank
Salt "C" 17 1
11D" 20 2
« MGM 21 3
Limestone "H" 17 (1)*
*» * This limestone mine has been included (as an alternate) due to its high
rating.
•«*»
m Additional Investigation
•» The three candidate salt mines are located in Michigan, Ohio, and Texas.
The alternate (limestone mine) is in Ohio.
34
-------
MINE
DESIGNATION
SALT MINES
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
LIMESTONE MINES
H
I
RATING CRITERIA
GEOLOGICAL
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
HYDROLOGICAL
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
MARKETING FACTORS
4
4
1
1
1
4
3
4
2
SOCIO-POLITICAL
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
2
4
ACCESSIBILITY
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
LOCATION
3
3
4
4
3
3
2
2
4
UJ
o
t/>
0
LU
O.
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
OWNER INTEREST
3
4
1
2
5
2
4
1
4
<:
o
23
24
17
20
22
22
21
17
22
RATING
6
7
1
2
4
5
3
(D
(4)
Table 9 Mine Rating Matrix
35
-------
The next step of the selection process was to visit each of the facili-
ties and discuss the proposed scope of the demonstration with the respective
owners/operators of the facility.
Mine "G" was withdrawn from further consideration when the operators
indicated "it was not in their best interest" to participate in the project.
Mine "D" was investigated and was withdrawn from consideration because of
the adverse public reaction which recently blocked attempts by the owner to
establish a commercial hazardous waste storage facility in an existing lime-
stone mine in this vicinity. Trying to set up a demonstration project immedi-
ately after the previous effort would only stiffen public resistance and make
the probability of obtaining a state permit for the facility all the more
difficult.
Mine "C" was the highest ranked of the original three candidates and the
owner has indicated willingness to participate in a demonstration. The next
step in the process was to determine what problems would be encountered from
state permitting agencies in establishing a hazardous waste demonstration
project. It was found that the state has jurisdiction for hazardous waste
facility siting and that their regulations are equal to, or more stringent
than, those required by the 1976 RCRA. There is no provision in any of the
existing state or federal laws or regulations for Research and Development
efforts, such as a demonstration facility, and the proposed facility would
have to go through permitting procedures under the existing state regulations
as any other hazardous waste facility.
Mine "H," the alternate limestone mine was ranked numerically at the top
of the list and illustrates the possibility of utilizing mines in types of
rock other than salt. This particular mine has been shut down for many years
and would require a hoisting system be installed prior to any use or inspec-
tion. As a hoisting system is expensive to acquire and install and the salt
mine having an equal rating and an operating hoisting system for access, the
limestone mine was not considered further.
Mine "C" is the best candidate for a demonstration Hazardous Waste Stor-
age Facility.
Conclusions
The most expeditious approach to obtain a permit for the proposed demon-
stration would be to seek legislative/ regulatory relief for such projects.
This legislation should allow for Research and Development projects, including
demonstration projects, to be permitted by executive consent as long as the
environment and public were protected. All current regulations would have to
be followed in the operation of a demonstration project as well as the cleanup
and deactivation requirements which are a part of present regulations.
The requirements for permitting a facility are discussed in Section 6 of
this report. An assessment of the cost and time required to prepare and ob-
tain a permit for a modest, limited time, demonstration facility indicates
costs on the order of several hundred thousands of dollars and a time require-
ment of 6 months to 1 year would be required, with no guarantee that a permit
would be obtained after the expenditure of time and money.
36
-------
SECTION 8
REFERENCES
(1) Private Communication.
(2) Private Communication.
(3) "Disposal of Hazardous Wastes in Mines; A Case Study at Norton, Ohio."
Hearing before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation &
Tourism of the Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representa-
tives, 97th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1982.
(4) Johnsson, Gunnar. "Untertage-Deponie Herfa-Neurode," Hazardous Waste
Emplacement in Mined Openings - 4 Years Experience in the Disposal
of Special Industrial Wastes in a Mined-Out Section of a Potash Mine
in the Werra Basin (Summary) in Bergman's Storage in Excavated Rock
Caverns; Proceeding of the First International Symposium (Rockstore
'77), Stockholm, Sweden, September 1977.New York:Pergamon Press,
T978. pp 173-175.
(5) Bergman, Magnus, "Rockstore 77," Proceedings of the International Sympos-
ium, Stockholm, Sweden. June 1977. Pergamon Press, 1978. pp. 721-
822-
(6) Bergman, Magnus, "Rockstore 80," Proceedings of the International Sympos-
ium, Stockholm, Sweden. June 1980. Pergamon Press, 1981. pp. 791-
1005.
(7) O.K. Ghosh, "Subsurface Space for Waste Disposal Around Korba, Madhya
Pradesh, India," Rockstore 80, June 1980. Pergamon Press, 1981.
pp. 285-294.
(8) Listing of EPA. Research and Study Related to Containerization; etc.
(9) Kwon, B. T., & Others, "Cost Assessment for the Emplacement of Hazardous
Materials in a Salt Mine," EPA Cincinnati, Ohio - Bechtel Corp.
(10) Committee on Disposal of Hazardous Wastes, National Research Council,
National Academy of Science, "Review of Hazardous Waste Disposal
Technology," 1982 - EPA & AICE.
37
-------
(11) Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation, "ONWI-2. ONWI Report List." Washing-
ton, D.C.: Office of Waste Isolation".
(12) Private Communications. Committee D-34 findings not formally approved or
published.
38
-------
APPENDIX A
CASE HISTORIES OF EFFECTS OF PUBLIC ON
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES
"The Earthline Facility" - Wilsonville, Illinois
This facility was constructed and operated by Boston's SCA Services
through its Chem-Trol Pollution Services Subsidiary. The facility is on the
site of a former coal strip mine and was designed to receive solid, semi sol id,
and liquid hazardous wastes from industrial plants within a 300-mile radius of
Metropolitan St. Louis.
The design of the facility used accepted technology of the 1976 period
and basically was a clay lined pit of 130 acres which was fully fenced. An
additional 270 acres was optioned for future expansion. [Waste Age - May
1977]
The SCA Services' Earthline Facility was ordered closed as a public nui-
sance by the Illinois Supreme Court in 1981. This was a result of a citizens
suit filed by the residents of Wilsonville in county circuit court on 4-18-77.
Their specific objections were:
o Site created dust and offensive orders
o Trucks using the main street of the town constituted a transportation
hazard.
After the suit was filed it was learned that SCA has buried soil that was
heavily contaminated with PCB's.
The states attorney general charged that:
o Chemicals were leaking from the trucks
o The site was not large enough to handle future waste volumes.
Experts for the plaintiffs charged that:
o The site was built over an abandoned peat mine and subsidence could be
expected which would breach the clay barrier and contaminate the
groundwater.
The states attorney general concurred with the common-law-of-nuisance
charges and the high court ruled the site closed.
A-l
-------
SCA was now charged with removing the wastes from the site. [Chemical
Week 7-22-81]
PPG Industries - Norton, Ohio
PPG Industries' Norton, Ohio limestone mine also known as the Barberton
Mine was proposed as a chemical waste storage facility in December of 1981.
D'Appolonia Engineers conducted an extensive study of the technical concept
and concluded it was technically feasible.
The mine is 2,300 feet deep in massive limestone and is 1,500 feet below
the nearest water table. Wastes proposed to be stored would include any mate-
rial that could be handled in an approved conventional landfill. [Chemical
Market Report 12-7-81]
A hearing was conducted by the United States House Committee on Energy
and Commerce on August 31, 1982 with Congressman James J. Florio, presiding.
This hearing which was titled "Disposal of Hazardous Wastes in Mines, A Case
Study at Norton, Ohio," was called in relation to the reauthorization of the
RCRA act. The purpose was to determine whether additional legislation was
needed to further the concept.
There was organized opposition from local residents and several signifi-
cant points of opposition were made which ultimately affected the future of
the proposed project.
o The site was located in an industrial zone surrounded by residences.
Owners felt this type of facility would degrade real estate values due
to the potential for spills and possible periodic evacuations.
o As this would be a prototype facility and the operating hazards were
unknown it was suggested that the facility should be remote from popu-
lated areas.
o The proposed use of the facility in lieu of a conventional landfill was
questioned as most felt that other appropriate technologies should be
utilized for much of the waste and only the most difficult to treat
should be stored in the mine.
o The EPA administrator for Region V testified that the legislation cur-
rently in force was adequate to handle mine storage regulation. Possi-
bly some additional regulations would be required but the authority to
promulgate, review, and implement the necessary regulations already
exists in the present RCRA law.
o CODE (Citizens Opposed to the Destruction of Our Environment) advocated
the adoption of a model set of rules and regulations as set forth in
Executive Order B-8881 of the State of California as modified herein:
o There should be no inground or onground disposal of hazardous toxic
chemicals unless or until the following criteria are met:
- The waste is unable to be recycled.
A-2
-------
- The waste is unable to be reclaimed.
- The waste is unable to be destroyed by incineration or biological
agents.
- The waste is unable to be neutralized and rendered harmless.
- The waste has been reduced to its lowest levels of toxicity and its
lowest bulk form.
- The waste has been completely encapsulated by a protective coating
that effectively eliminates its leaching potential.
A press release by PPG Industries dated July 12, 1982 suspended further
action due to "economic conditions." A permit application was not made.
A-3
-------
APPENDIX B
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON STORAGE OF NONRADIOACTIVE
HAZARDOUS WASTE IN MINES
FOREIGN
Broch, E., "Subsurface Storage: Introduction" in Marcus Bergman's Subsurface
Space: Environmental Protection, Low Cost Storage Energy Savings: Pro-
ceeding of the International Symposium (Rockstore '80), Stockholm,
Sweden, June 1980.New York: Pergamon Press, 1981.
"Environmental Protection: State-of-the-Art-Reports Spain" in Marcus
Bergman's Subsurface Space: Environmental Protection, Low Cost Storage,
Energy Savings: Proceedings of the International Symposium (Rockstore
'80). Stockholm, Sweden, June 1980.New York:Pergamon Press, 1981.
Finkenwirth, A. & G. Johnsson. "Subsurface Waste Disposal Facility Herfa/
Neurode near Heringen on the Werra' in 5th Symposium on Salt, Vol. I.,
Cleveland, Ohio: Northern Ohio Geological Society, 1979.
Johnsson, Gunnar. "Untertage-Deponie Herfa-Neurode," Hazardous Waste Em-
placement in Mined Openings - 4 Years Experience in the Disposal of
Special Industrial Wastes in a Mined-Out Section of a Potash Mine in the
Werra Basin (Summary)" in Bergman's Storage in Excavated Rock Caverns;
Proceeding of the First International Symposium (Rockstore '77), Stock-
holm, Sweden, September 1977. New York: Pergamon Press, 1978.
Lehman, John P. (ed.) Proceedings of the NATO/CCMS Symposium on Hazardous
Waste Pisposal, held in Washington, D.C., October 1981. New York:
Plenum Press, 1983.
"Low Cost Storage State-of-the-Art-Reports, German Democratic Republic" in
Bergman's Subsurface Space: Environmental Protection, Low Cost Storage,
Energy Savings: Proceeding of the International Symposium (Rockstore
'80)7Stockholm. Sweden, June 1980. New York: Pergamon Press, 1981.
McClure, John E., "Western European Hazardous Waste Management Systems,"
Engineering Bulletin, LV (March 1980), 25-36.
UNITED STATES
Bell, John M. (ed.). Proceedings of the 34th Industrial Waste Conference,
Lafayette, Indiana, May 1979.Ann Arbor, Michigan:Ann Arbor Science
Publishers, 1980.
B-l
-------
Bell, John M. (ed.). Proceedings of the 35th Industrial Waste Conference,
» Lafayette, Indiana, May 1980.Ann Arbor, Michigan:Ann Arbor Science
Publishers, 1981.
*
Bell, John M. (ed.). Proceedings of the 36th Industrial Waste Conference,
** Lafayette, Indiana, May 1981. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor Science
«• Publishers, 1982.
*» Bendersky, David and Others. Study of Waste Generation, Treatment, and Dis-
— posal in the Metals Mining Industry.Washington, D.C.:Environmental
Protection Agency, 1976.
#*
Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc. Review of Activities of Major Firms in the
* Commercial Hazardous Waste Management Industry: 1981 Update. Office of
Solid Waste, Environmental Protection Agency, 1981.
.--m
*» Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc. and Putnam, Hayes & Barlett. Hazardous Waste
Generation and Commercial Hazardous Waste Management Capacity: An
* Assessment"! Washington, D.C.: Office of Planning & Evaluation and
Office of Solid Waste, Environmental Protectional Protection Agency,
1980.
«Ki
Cahan, Vicki. "Confined-Spaces Measure is out of the Bag," Chemical Engi-
•* neering, LXXVII (January 1980), 69-70.
** Clayton, E. H., Jr., "Role of Local Government in Hazardous Waste Management,"
m Public Works, CIV (July 1983), 67-68, 91.
» Comptroller General of the U.S. Nuclear Energy's Dilemma: Disposing of
Hazardous Radioactive Waste Safely. Washington, D.C.: General Account-
* ing Office, 1977.
"Disposal of Hazardous Wastes in Mines; A Case Study at Norton, Ohio." Hear-
* ing before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation & Tourism of the
Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives, 97th Congress,
2nd Session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982.
«•*
Duff, Paul & Jim Brown. "Hazardous Waste Disposal Case Studies Highlighting
Required Safety & Equipment Procedures. Paper presented at the 88th
National American Institute of Chemical Engineers' Conference,
* Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 8 - 12, 1980.
"Earthline Facility: Continuing the Commitment for Sound Hazardous Wastes
m Control." Waste Age, VIII (May 1977), 111-114.
Helsing, Lyse. "Managing Hazardous Wastes," Chemical Week. CXXXIII
+ (August 10, 1983), 44-45.
Hileman, Bette. "Hazardous Waste Control," Environmental Science Technology,
XV (July 1983), 281-285.
•on
Hill, Ronald D. "Four Options for Hazardous Waste Disposal," Civil Engineer-
ing, LI (September 1981), 82-85.
B-2
-------
Kibler, Ronald A., "RCRA and the Steel Industry," Engineering Bulletin. LV
(March 1980), 19-24.
* Kown, B. T. and others. Cost Assessment for the Emplacement of Hazardous
^ Materials in a Salt Mine.Cincinnati, Ohio:U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1977.
m
Mascone, Cynthia. "Washington Tightens Noose Around Hazardous Wastes," Chemi-
* cal Engineering, LXXXX (December 12, 1983), 22-25.
<*
National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites,
* October 1981, Washington, D.C.Silver Spring Maryland:Hazardous
Materials Control Research Institute, 1981.
*
_ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recom-
** mended Standard - Working in Confined Spaces. Rockville, Maryland: U.S.
« Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1979.
National Materials Advisory Board. Management of Hazardous Industrial Wastes:
m Research and Development Needs.Washington, D.C.:National Academy
Press, 1983.
*i
National Conference of State Legislatures: Solid and Hazardous Waste Project.
** Hazardous Waste Management: A Survey of State Legislation. Denver,
Colorado: National Conference of State Legislatures, 1982.
«
* Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation, "ONWI-2. ONWI Library Report List," Wash-
ington, D.C.: Office of Waste Isolation.
a«i
Office of Technology Assessment. Technologies and Management Strategies for
** Hazardous Waste Control: Summary. Washington, D.C.: Office of Technol-
ogy Assessment.
•*• Rich, Charles A. "Hydro-geologic Considerations in Waste Management: A New
Frontier," Engineering Bulletin, LV (March 1980), 5-18.
l«Kl - - - —•—-nr
« Schomaker, Norbert. Hazardous Waste Landfill Research. Cincinnati, Ohio:
U.S. Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, 1983.
-sfttt
"Technical Considerations for Siting Chemical Waste Disposal Facilities in
* Surface Mining," Mining Engineer, XXXIII (February 1981), 150-152.
"Texas First State to Get Authority From U.S. on Toxics," Chemical Market
Reporter, (March 22, 1982), 7, 22.
United States. Office of the Federal Register. Code of Federal Regulations,
*, Energy, Title 10, Parts 1 to 16. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office, 1982.
*=it
United States. Office of the Federal Register. Code of Federal Regulations,
** Energy, Title 10, Parts 17 to 27. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office, 1982.
B-3
-------
United States. Office of the Federal Register. Code of Federal Regulations.
Energy, Title 10, Parts 28 to 41. Washington, D.C.:Government Printing
Office, 1982.
United States. Office of the Federal Register. Code of Federal Regulations,
Energy, Title 10, Parts 42 to 50. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office, 1982.
United States. Office of the Federal Register. Code of Federal Regulations,
Labor, Title 29, Parts 1900 to 1910. Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1982.
United States. Office of the Federal Register. Code of Federal Regulations,
Labor, Title 29, Parts 1911 to 1919. Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1982.
United States. Office of the Federal Register. Code of Federal Regulations,
Transportation, Title 49, Parts 100 to 177. Washington, D.C.: Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1982.
United States. Office of the Federal Register. Code of Federal Regulations,
Transportation, Title 49, Parts 178 to 199. Washington, D.C.: Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1982.
United States. United States Statutes, Vol. 91, Part II. Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1976.
Wheatley, Sue (ed.). "1983 Pollution Engineering Consultants/Services Tele-
phone Directory," Pollution Engineering, (May 1983), 47-97.
** OTHERS
Hirschhorn, Joel S., "Hazardous Wastes: Perspective on the Problem," Con-
sulting Engineer, March 1984.
Thomas, Lee M., "Federal Regs Tackle Hazardous Wastes," Consulting Engineer,
March 1984.
Florio, James J., "Congressional Involvement in Hazardous Wastes," Consulting
Engineer, March 1984.
Mackie, Jay, "State-of-the-Art Disposal Alternatives," Consulting Engineer,
March 1984.
Doyle, David F. and Sorensen, Paul B., "The Sensitive Art of Siting Treatment
Facilities," Consulting Engineer, March 1984.
Compressed Air Magazine, "Hazardous Wastes," June 1984 Anon.
State of Michigan - Department of Natural Resources, "Hazardous Waste Manage-
ment Act 64 of 1979," as amended.
State of New Mexico, "Hazardous Waste Management Regulations 1984."
B-4
-------
United States Congress, "The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act," Public
Law 94-580. 94th Congress. October 21, 1976 as amended to 1980.
"Siting Hazardous Waste Management Facilities Handbook," Prepared by members
of the Hazardous Waste Dialogue Group, published by the Conservation
Foundation, Chemical Manufacturers Association and the National Audubon
Society. 1983, 73 pp.
J. Cece, "EPA Authorize State Hazardous Waste Management Programs in Two
Phases," Hazardous Materials Technical Center, Vol. 2. No. 2, April 1983,
pg. 3.
J. Cece, "EPA Extends Interim Authorization Deadline for State Hazardous Waste
Programs," Hazardous Materials Technical Center, Vol. 2, No. 4, October
1983, pg. 5.
L. D. He!sing, "Managing Hazardous Wastes," Chemical Week, August 10, 1983.
The United States Government Manual 1982/83, Office of the Federal Register
National Archive and Record Service
The National Directory of Addresses and Telephone Numbers 1983 Edition,
Concord Reference Books, Inc.
B-5
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APPENDIX C
EXAMPLES OF STATE LAWS AND PROCEDURES FOR
SITING HAZARDOUS WASTE FACILITIES
State: Ohio
Effective Date: 10/09/80
Citation:
SB 269, amending and creating
Subsections of Sec. 3734 oftHe"
Revised Code to provide for the
management of Hazardous Waste;
as amended by Sub. S.B. No. 57
(1981-1982)
Sponsor: Meshel, Malott, et.
rn
Title:
SCOPE OF LAW
I. Approach:
o Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue facility installa-
tion and operation permits, subject to approval by 9-member Hazardous
Waste Facility (HWF) Approval Board composed of the EPA Director, who
shall serve as chairperson; the Natural Resources Director; the Chair-
person of the Ohio Water Development Authority; a chemical engineer;
and a geologist employed by a state university and appointed by the
Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate. For individual
siting decisions, 4 temporary members are appointed to the board.
These members are appointed by the affected municipal and county
governments.
o EPA to adopt rules and regulations substantially equivalent to RCRA,
including lists of wastes and performance standards for facilities.
Standards to be consistent with degrees of hazard posed by different
wastes and/or categories of wastes.
o EPA to conduct 1-year study of facilities, including identification of
suitable areas in state for various types of facilities, feasibility
and need for direct state involvement, and feasibility and availabil-
ity of detoxification techniques minimizing use of landfill ing. EPA
to periodically assess market potential for waste exchange and re-
source recovery and may grant exemptions from regulations to encourage
same. Plants utilizing hazardous wastes as raw materials exempted
from regulations.
C-l
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II. Override:
o Waste facilities approved by HWF Approval Board not subject to local
regulation or land-use ordinances.
III. Public Participation:
o HWF Approval Board to hold public hearing following notice prior to
action on facility permit applications.
o HWF Approval Board to hold adjudication hearing to resolve disputed
issues between parties. Parties to include developer, EPA staff, host
county Board of Commissioners, host municipality chief executive, and
aggrieved persons petitioning for inclusion in proceedings.
o EPA to hold public hearing prior to action on variances.
IV. Financial Assurances:
o EPA to set annual fee of up to $1,000 for permitted facilities.
o EPA to require applicants to provide bond or other surety to cover
closure and long-term care costs.
o HWF Management Special Account established, funded by surcharges on
disposal costs collected by operators at facilities. Expenditures
from account to be approved by controlling Board, except for repay-
ments on debts to Water Development Authority. Account to be used for
EPA administrative inspection and study costs.
V. Non-Financial Assurances:
o Developer to include description of closure and post-closure clean-up
and care plans in permit application. Inspection and specific
requirements for closure.
o EPA authorized to declare emergency in case of imminent and substan-
tial threat to health or environment, exercise state powers to abate
pollution and hazards. Powers include revoking permits, seizing
property.
o EPA may attach restrictive covenants to sites regulating future use.
VI. Incentives and Compensation:
o EPA authorized to expend up to $500,000 over 3 years from HWF Manage-
ment Special Account in the form of grants to local governments for
their use in encouraging the location of hazardous waste facilities in
their areas.
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State: Michigan Effective Date: 01/01/80
-*•»
m Citation: Act 64 of 1979 Sponsor: Rep. Tombaulian
„. Title: Hazardous Waste Management Act
* SCOPE OF LAW
* I. Approach:
.*»
o Nine-member Site Approval Board to act on each site construction per-
«• mit application recommended for approval by Department of Natural
Resources. Board composed of 5 permanent members, including 3 state
*"* government representatives appointed by department directors and 2
^ state university faculty scientists appointed by Governor; and 4
temporary members, including 2 representatives of host county and 2
""» representatives of host municipality appointed by their respective
local governments.
4H*
4* o Fourteen-member Hazardous Waste Management Planning Committee, ap-
pointed by Governor and representing diverse geographical areas of
«. state, to prepare within 2 years a state hazardous waste management
plan. Plan to provide geographic distribution of facilities; inven-
* tory general locations for future facilities; and explore state owner-
ship of facilities. Department to adopt plan with advice of Commis-
sion of Natural Resources, and the Health Department Committee to
* review plan every 5 years.
-** o Department to encourage local health departments to engage in adminis-
m tration of portions of waste program.
II. Override:
*** o Site Approval Board shall review and grant final approval for each
site construction permit application recommended by Department. The
Board shall, to the fullest extent practicable, integrate by stipula-
*> tion the provisions of local ordinances, permits, or requirements.
o Department shall make final decision on operating license application.
^ Local ordinances, permits, or other requirements shall not prohibit
the operation of a licensed disposal facility.
••*»
III. Public Participation:
*>.
o Each Site Approval Board contains representatives of host community.
••*»»
« o Board to hold public hearing, following notice in newspaper, in host
community.
•m*
o HWM Planning Committee to hold 3 public hearings across state prior to
"** submission of plan to Department.
C-3
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m
o Department to notify local governments in host community of permit
*• applications, as well as the Soil Erosion Agency, regional planning
m agency, and local newspapers.
„» o Department to hold 3 public hearings across state prior to proposing
formal rules or siting process and criteria to legislature.
IV. Financial Assurances:
,» o Developer to provide bond or other surety to cover closure costs and
15 years of post-closure monitoring and maintenance costs.
o Disposal Facility Trust Fund, containing $20 million - $30 million,
** funded by surcharges on facilities, to cover state costs in long-term
— care after assumption of site responsibilities.
• o Hazardous Waste Service Fund, containing $1,000,000 in legislative
appropriations, created to finance emergency actions taken by state.
* V. Non-Financial Assurances:
. o Developer to include emergency contingency plans in application.
* o Developer to execute covenant restricting future use of site without
^ approval of Department.
« o Health Department may declare state of imminent and substantial hazard
to health if it suspects dangers in any facility operation. Empowers
» Department to undertake precautionary measures, including facility
„, close-down, waste removal, environmental clean-up.
,„ o Developer to provide right of search and seizure without warrant by
officials of Department.
«
o Department to issue operation permit after construction and prior to
* commencement of facility operations. Permit issued only after certi-
*. fication that construction meets specifications approved in construc-
tion permit issued by Board and after formal inspection of facility by
* Department.
* VI. Incentives and Compensation:
o Not specified in Act.
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State: New York Effective Date: 09/01/78
j- -r ^ ^"
Citation: S-9557, A-12770, Ch. 639. 1978; Sponsor: Sen. B. C. Smith
"Industrial Hazardous Waste Speaker S. Steingut
Management Act" as amended by
Ch. 853. 1982
Title: Title II - Industrial Siting Hazardous Waste Facilities
SCOPE OF LAW
I. Approach^
o Certificates of environmental safety and public necessity required for
operation of facilities, issued by 8-member temporary siting board.
Board composed of Secretary of State; 4 state commissioners; and 3 ad_
hoc non-elected members appointed by Governor, 2 of whom must reside
in host judicial district. Applications submitted to Department of
Environmental Conservation for analysis and technical review.
o Department to promulgate siting criteria and application requirements,
including mandate to include analysis of alternative sites.
o Does not apply to on-site treatment or storage, non-major facilities,
or those located at existing sites that are similar to existing
facilities.
II. Override:
~ ~ ^™^^~
o Siting board must deny license if facility is contrary to local zoning
or land-use ordinances in effect on date of application.
III. Public Participation:
o Local representatives sit on siting board.
o Department to publish notice of application in environmental bulletin,
2 newspapers serving host community and contiguous areas, and notify
chief executive officers of host communities, as well as property own-
ers within 300 feet of proposed site. Department may require devel-
oper to publish similar notices and accept public comment.
o Public hearing to be held before hearing officer, following notice and
prior to determination on issuance of certificate.
o Board to notify all parties of hearing of decision on certificate.
o Adjudicatory hearing held on the permit application.
IV. Financial Assurances:
o Not specified in Act. Department to include in regulations.
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V. Non-Financial Assurances:
o Not specified in Act. Department to include in regulations.
VI. Incentives and Compensation:
o Not specified in Act.
C-6
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APPENDIX D
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
THAT COULD BE INVOLVED WITH A
HAZARDOUS WASTE FACILITY IN A MINE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
Function: Develops and recommends to the President national policies
concerning environmental issues; analyzes national trends,
reviews federal programs and conducts studies concerning the
environment.
Address: 722 Jackson Place NW
Washington, D.C. 20006
Phone: 202/395-5700
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
USDA agencies which may be involved with a hazardous waste facility are
listed below.
Address: Fourteenth Street and Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, D.C. 20250
Phone: 202/447-2791
Farmers Home Administration (FHA)
Function: Provides credit for those in rural areas who are unable to get
credit from other sources at reasonable rates and terms. FHA
provides financial and management assistance through a number
of types of loans, one of which is the Business and Industry
Loan. Under this program the agency is authorized to make
grants for projects to improve water, waste disposal, and
industrial site facilities in rural areas.
Address: Farmers Home Administration
Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. 20250
Phone: 202/447-4323
D-l
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«*»
Office of Rural Development Policy (ORDP)
Function: Assists the Under Secretary for Small Community and Rural
Development in carrying out responsibilities for rural devel-
opment leadership, coordination, and strategy preparation and
implementation.
Address: Office of the Director
Office of Rural Development Policy
Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. 20250
Phone: 202/382-0044
Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
Function: Administers research programs in animal and plant protection
and production; the use and improvement of soil, water, and
air; the processing, storage, and distribution of farm prod-
ucts; and human nutrition.
Address: Agricultural Research Service
Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. 20250
Phone: 202/447-3998
Region
Northeastern
North Central
Southern
Western
ARS Regional Offices
Address
Building 003
Agricultural Research Center
Beltsville, MD 20705
2000 W. Pioneer Parkway
Peioria, Illinois 61614
P. 0. Box 53326
New Orleans, LA 70153
1333 Broadway
Oakland, California 94612
Cooperative State Research Services (CSRS)
Function: Administers acts of congress that authorize Federal appropria-
tions for agricultural research carried on by the state agri-
cultural experiment stations of the states and U.S.
territories.
D-2
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Cooperative State Research Services (CSRS) cont'd.
Address: Office of Administration
Cooperative State Research Service
Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. 20250
Phone: 202/447-4423
U.S. Forest Service
Function: Manages the national forest system for multiple use and sus-
tained yield. USFS also provides assistance to states in con-
servation and forest management. In particular, the USFS
would be involved with administering mining claims and lease
management for projects in the national forest system.
Address: Forest Service
Department of Agriculture
P. 0. Box 2417
Washington, D.C. 20013
Phone: 202/447-3760
Forest Service Field Offices
Region Address
Northern Federal Building
Missoula, Montana 59807
Rocky Mountain 11177 W. 8th Ave. (P.O. Box 25127)
Lakewood, Colorado 80025
Southwestern 517 Gold Avenue, SW
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87102
Intermountain 324 25th Street
Ogden, Utah 84401
Pacific Southwest 630 Sansome Street
San Francisco, California 94111
Pacific Northwest 319 SW Pine Street (P.O. Box 3623)
Portland, Oregon 97208
Southern 1720 Peachtree Road, NW
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
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Region
Eastern
Alaska
Forest Service Field Offices
(Continued)
Address
6333 W. Wisconsin Avenue
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203
Federal Office Building (P.O. Box 1628)
Juneau, Alaska 99802
Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
Function: Develops and oversees national soil and water conservation
programs. The SCS also assists in agricultural pollution
control, environmental improvement, and rural community
development.
Address: Soil Conservation Service
Department of Agriculture
P. 0. Box 2890
Washington, D.C. 20013
Phone: 202/447-4543
Department of Commerce
Function: Under RCRA the DOC is responsible for programs promoting the
recycling of waste material. Department of Commerce agencies
which may be involved with a hazardous waste facility are
listed below.
Address: 14th and E Streets, SW
Washington, D.C. 20230
Phone: 202/377-2000
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Function: Monitors, reports, and predicts conditions in the atmosphere,
oceans, sun, and space environments; and develops beneficial
methods of environmental modification and assesses the conse-
quences of inadvertent environmental modification over scales
of time. Pertinent tasks include establishing and operating a
national environmental satellite system and conducting a pro-
gram of research relating to the atmosphere, waterways, space,
and earth environments. NOAA also acquires, stores, and dis-
seminates worldwide environmental data.
D-4
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) cont'd.
Address: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
Phone: 202/377-4190
Department of Defense (DOD)
DOD agencies which may be involved in a hazardous waste facility are
listed below.
Address: The Pentagon
Washington, D.C. 20301
Phone: 202/545-6700
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CGUSACE)
Function: Manages U.S. Army property; manages and executes engineering,
construction, and real estate programs for the Army and Air
Force. The Corps manages and executes Civil Works Programs
which include research, design, construction, operation and
maintenance, and administration of laws concerning navigable
waters and wetlands.
Division/District
Huntsville Division
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Division and District Offices
Address
P. 0. Box 1600
Huntsville, Alabama 35807
Lower Mississippi Valley
Division
Memphis District
New Orleans District
St. Louis District
P. 0. Box 80
Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180
668 Clifford Drive
Federal Building
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
P. 0. Box 60267
New Orleans, Louisiana 70160
210 Tucker Blvd., North
St. Louis, Missouri 63101
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Division/District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Division and District Offices
(Continued)
Address
Vicksburg District
Middle East Division
Missouri River Division
Kansas City District
Omaha District
New England Division
North Atlantic Division
Baltimore District
New York District
Norfolk District
Philadelphia District
North Central Division
Buffalo District
Chicago District
P. 0. Box 60
Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180
P. 0. Box 2250
Winchester, Virginia 22601
P. 0. Box 103, Downtown Station
Omaha, Nebraska 68101
700 Federal Building
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
6014 USPO & Courthouse
Omaha, Nebraska 68102
424 Trapelo Road
Waltham, Massachusetts 02254
90 Church Street
New York, New York 10007
P. 0. Box 1715
Balitmore, Maryland 21203
26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York 10278
803 Front Street
Norfolk, Virginia 23510
US Custom House
2nd & Chestnut Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19106
536 S. Clark Street
Chicago, Illinois 60605
1776 Niagara Street
Buffalo, New York 14207
219 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
D-6
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Division/District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Division and District Officers
(Continued)
Address
Detroit District
Rock Island District
St. Paul District
North Pacific Division
Alaska District
Portland District
Seattle District
Walla Walla District
Ohio River Division
Huntlngton District
Louisville District
Nashville District
Pittsburgh District
Pacific Ocean Division
P. 0. Box 1027
Detroit, Michigan 48231
Clock Tower Building
Rock Island, Illinois 61201
1135 USPO & Custom House
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
P. 0. Box 2870
Portland, Oregon 97208
P. 0. Box 7002
Anchorage, Alaska 99510
P. 0. Box 2946
Portland, Oregon 97208
P. 0. Box C-3755
Seattle, Washington 98124
Bldg. 602, City-County Airport
Walla Walla, Washington 99362
P. 0. Box 1159
Cincinnati, Ohio 45201
502 Eighth Street
Huntington, West Virginia 25701
P. 0. Box 59
Louisville, Kentucky 40201
P. 0. Box 1070
Nashville, Tennessee 37202
William S. Moorhead Fed Bldg.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222
Building 230
Fort Shafter, Hawaii 96858
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Division/District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Division and District Offices
(Continued)
Address
South Atlantic Division
Charleston District
Jacksonville District
Mobile District
Savannah District
Wilmington District
South Pacific Division
Los Angeles District
Sacramento District
San Francisco District
Southwestern Division
Albuquerque District
Fort Worth District
Galveston District
510 Title Building
30 Pryor Street, SW
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
P. 0. Box 919
Charleston, South Carolina 29402
P. 0. Box 4970
Jacksonville, Florida 32232
P. 0. Box 2283
Mobile, Alabama 36628
P. 0. Box 889
Savannah, Georgia 31402
P. 0. Box 1890
Wilmington, North Carolina 28402
630 Sansome Street, Room 1216
San Francisco, California 94111
P. 0. Box 2711
Los Angeles, California 90053
650 Capital Mall
Sacramento, California 95814
211 Main Street
San Francisco, California 94105
1114 Commerce Street
Dallas, Texas 75242
P. 0. Box 1580
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103
P. 0. Box 17300
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
P. 0. Box 1229
Galveston, Texas 77553
D-8
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** U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Division and District Offices
** (Continued)
Hk
Division/District Address
m$
Little Rock District P. 0. Box 867
* Little Rock, Arkansas 72203
"" Tulsa District P. 0. Box 61
• Tulsa, Oklahoma 74121
*** Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
IM
Function: Manages high-risk, high-payoff basic research and applied
* technology programs in projects designated by the Secretary of
Defense.
Address: 1400 Wilson Boulevard
Arlington, Virginia 22209
»
Phone: 202/694-3007
-**
m Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)
Function: Provides support to the military services, DOD agencies,
Federal, and civil agencies for assigned material commodities
** and items of supply, logistics services, and other support
services. The DLA administers the operation of various DOD
programs one of which is the DOD Hazardous Material Data
«* System.
Address: Cameron Station
Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Phone: 202/274-6001
" Department of Energy (DOE)
Function: Administers programs for long-term, high-risk research and
** development for energy technology, marketing of Federal power,
energy conservation, nuclear weapons, and energy data collec-
* tion and analysis. The Assistant Secretary for Environmental
m Protection, Safety, and Emergency Preparedness is responsible
for assuring that DOE programs comply with environmental
» safety and health regulations and coordinates the department's
responsibilities under the National Environmental Policy Act
* Of 1969.
D-9
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Department of Energy (DOE) cont'd.
Address: James Forrestal Building
1000 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, D.C. 20585
Phone: 202/252-5000
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
HHS agencies which may be involved with a hazardous waste facility are
listed below.
Address: 200 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, D.C. 20201
Phone: 202/245-6296
Public Health Service (PHS)
Function: Manages national health related organizations such as Alcohol,
Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA); Centers
for Disease Control (CDC); Food and Drug Administration (FDA);
Health Resources Administration (HRA); Health, Services Admin-
istration (HSA); and National Institutes of Health (NIH). PHS
sub-organization which may be involved with a hazardous waste
facility are: The National Center for lexicological Research
under the FDA; the National Institute of Environmental Health
Science and the Division of Research Services under the NIH,
all of which conduct research programs and provide support for
such programs.
Address: 200 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, D.C. 20201
Phone: 202/245-6867
Pub!ic Health Service
Regional Offices
Region Address/Phone
1 JFK Federal Buflding
Boston, MA 02200
617/233-6827
D-10
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Public Health Service
Regional Offices
Continued)
Region
2
10
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Address/Phone
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
212/264-2560
3535 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19101
215/596-6637
101 Marietta Tower
Atlanta, 6A 30323
404/221-2316
300 S. Wacker Drive
Chicago, IL 60606
312/353-1385
Main Tower Building
Dallas, TX 75202
214/767-3879
601 E. 21st Street
Kansas City, MO 64106
816/374-3291
1961 Stout Street
Denver, CO 80294
303/837-4461
50 United National Plaza
San Francisco, CA 94102
415/556-5810
1312 Second Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
206/442-0430
Function: The Assistant Secretary has the responsibility of implementing
policies and procedures concerning environmental quality pur-
suant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and the
D-ll
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Department of Housing and Urban Development cont'd.
Housing and Community Development Act of 1974. Environmental
activities include development of standards, policies, and
procedures for environmental assessments and impact state-
ments; historic preservation reviews; insuring compliance with
laws on archeology, flood plains, wet lands, acquifers, and
endangered species; development and administration of strate-
gies for the improvement of environmental problems such as
natural and man-made hazards and air and noise pollution.
Emphasis is placed on technical assistance for helping commun-
ities in environmental and land use planning and environmental
management practices.
Address: 451 Seventh St., SW
Washington, D.C. 20410
Phone: 202/755-6420
Department of Housing & Urban Development
Regional Offices'
Region Address/Phone
1 JFK Federal Building
Boston, MA 02203
617/233-4066
2 26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
212/264-8068
3 Sixth & Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19106
215/597-2560
4 RB Russell Federal Building
Atlanta, GA 30303
404/221-5136
5 300 S. Wacker Drive
Chicago, IL 60606
312/353-5680
D-12
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Department of Housin
Regiona
& Urban Development
Offices
Continued)
Region
6
8
N»
10
Department of the Interior (DOI)
Address/Phone
221 W. Lancaster Avenue
Ft. Worth, TX 76113
817/870-5401
1103 Grand Street
Kansas City, MO 64106
816/374-2651
1405 Curtis Street
Denver, CO 80202
303/837-4513
450 Golden Gate Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94102
415/556-4752
1321 Second Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
206/442-5414
Function: Manages most of our nationally owned public lands. Other DOI
responsibilities include management of Indian reservations;
conservation and development of mineral, water, fish, and
wildlife resources; coordination of Federal and state recrea-
tion programs; administration of National historic areas,
operation of Job Corps Conservation centers. DOI agencies
which may be involved with a hazardous waste facility are
listed below.
Address: C & 19th Streets, NW
Washington, D.C. 20240
Phone: 202/343-3171
Office of Water Research and Technology (OWRT)
Function: Conducts research and development activities for the purpose
of solving or mitigating existing and projected state,
regional, and nation-wide water resource problems.
D-13
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DPI Agencies
Office of Water Research and Technology (OWRT) cont'd.
Address: Office of Water Research and Technology
Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C. 20240
Phone: 202/343-4607
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Function: Administers programs concerning conservation, protection, and
enhancement of fish and wildlife and their habitats. Some
relevant service activities include: biological monitoring;
surveillance of pesticides, heavy metals, and thermal pollu-
tion; ecological studies; environmental impact assessment
through river basin studies, including hydroelectric dams,
nuclear power sites, stream channelization, dredge and fill
permits; and environmental impact statement review.
Address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C. 20240
Phone: 202/343-5634
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Regional Offices
Region Address/Phone
Albuquerque Office 500 Gold Ave., SW
Albuquerque, NM 87103
505/766-2321
Anchorage Office 1011 E. Tudor Road
Anchorage, AK 99503
907/276-3800
Atlanta Office 75 Spring St., SW
Atlanta, GA 30303
404/221-3594
Denver Office 134 Union Blvd.
Lakewood, CO 80228
303/234-2209
D-14
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Regional Offices
[Continued)
Region Address/Phone
Newton Corner Office One Gateway Center
Newton Corner, MA 02158
617/965-5100
Portland Office 500 NE Multnomah Street
Portland, OR 97232
503/231-6118
Twin Cities Office Federal Bldg. Fort Snelling
Twin Cities, MN 55111
612/725-3500
National Park Service (NPS)
Function: Administers the system of national parks, monuments, historic
sites, and recreation areas.
Pertinent activities include mineral validity determinations
and patent examinations pertaining to mining claims, and
participation in management of mining leases of NPS land.
Address: National Park Service
Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C. 20240
Phone: 202/343-7394
National Park Service
Regional Offices
Region Address/Phone
Alaska Region 540 W. Fifth Avenue
Anchorage, AK 99501
907/271-4226
Mid-Atlantic Region 143 S. Third Street
Philadelphia, PA 19106
215/597-3679
Midwest Region 1709 Jackson Street
Omaha, NE 68102
402/221-3472
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National Park Service
Regional Offices
Continued)
Region
National Capital Region
North Atlantic Region
Pacific Northwestern Region
Rocky Mountain Region
Southeastern Region
Southwestern Region
Western Region
Bureau of Mines (BOM)
Address/Phone
1100 Ohio Drive SW
Washington, D.C. 20242
202/426-6700
15 State Street
Boston, MA 02109
617/223-3793
2001 Sixth
Seattle, WA 98101
206/442-4830
655 Parfet Street
Denver, CO 80225
303/234-3095
75 Spring Street SW
Atlanta, GA 30303
404/221-4998
Box 728
Santa Fe, NM 87501
505/988-6375
450 Golden Gate Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94102
415/556-5186
Function: Manages research programs dealing with various aspects of the
mining industry, such as the use of domestic low grade ores
and minerals, recycling of solid wastes, mine health and
safety, and environmental problems associated with mining and
minerals.
Address: Bureau of Mines
Department of the Interior
2401 E Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20241
Phone: 202/634-1004
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Geological Survey (USGS)
Function: Performs surveys, investigations, and research concerning
topography, geology, and the mineral and water resources;
classifies land as to mineral character and water and power
resources; enforces departmental regulations applicable to
oil, gas, and other mining leases, permits, licenses, and
development contracts.
Address: Geological Survey
Department of Interior
National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, Virginia 22092
Phone: 703/860-7444
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
Function:
Address:
Phone:
Manages and administers 341 million acres of public lands and
subsurface resources for an additional 169 million acres where
mineral rights have been reserved to the Federal government.
Some pertinent activities include administering sales of BLM
land to individuals, organizations, or local or other Federal
agencies when in the public interest; issuing right-of-way for
crossing Federal land, surveying of Federal lands and main-
taining public land records and records of mining claims.
Bureau of Land Management
Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C. 20240
202/343-5717
Bureau of Land Management
Field Offices
Office
Alexandria Office
Anchorage Office
Address/Phone
350 Pickett Street
Alexandria, VA 22304
703/235-2833
701 C Street
Anchorage, AK
907/271-5076
99513
D-17
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Bureau of Land Management
Field Offices
(Continued)
Office
Billings Office
Boise Office
Cheyenne Office
Denver Office
Phoenix Office
Portland Office
Reno Office
Sacramento Office
Salt Lake City Office
Santa Fe Office
Address/Phone
222 North 32nd Street
Billings, MT 59107
406/657-6461
Federal Building
Boise, ID 83724
208/334-1401
2515 Warren Avenue
Cheyenne, WY 82001
307/778-2220
2000 Arapahoe
Denver, CO 80202
303/837-4325
2400 Valley Bank Center
Phoenix, AZ 85073
602/261-3873
729 NE Oregon Street
Portland, OR 97208
503/231-6251
Federal Building
Reno, NV 89520
702/784-5451
2800 Cottage Way
Sacramento, CA 95825
916/484-4676
136 E South Temple
Salt Lake City, JT
801/524-5311
Federal Building
Santa Fe, NM 87501
505/988-6217
84111
D-18
-------
Department of Justice
it*
Department of Justice agencies which may be involved with a hazardous
** waste facility are listed below.
Address: Tenth St. & Constitution Ave. NW
» Washington, D.C. 20530
Phone: 202/633-2007
Land and Natural Resources Division
f»»
Function: Conducts lawsuits, both in Federal and State courts, relating
** not only to the assertion and protection of interests in
specific real property and natural resources owned or sought
** to be acquired by the Federal Government, but relating also to
m the protection of the American environment, generally.
• In particular, the Division defends suits against Government
offices arising out of the National Environmental Policy Act,
** and represents the EPA in suits involving judicial review of
the Administrator's actions.
** Address: Tenth St. & Constitution Ave. NW
Washington, D.C. 20530
K*
Phone: 202/633-2701
Department of Labor
** Department of Labor agencies which may be involved in a hazardous waste
facility are listed below.
«* Address: 200 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20210
Phone: 202/523-8165
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
* Function: Develops and promulgates occupational safety and health
^ standards; develops and issues regulations; conducts investi-
** gations and inspections to determine compliance with the
*» regulations; and issues citations and proposes penalties for
non-compliance.
D-19
-------
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) cont'd.
Address: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
200 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20210
Phone:
Region
1
8
202/523-6901
OSHA Regional Offices
Address/Phone
One Dock Square Bldg.
Boston, MA 02109
617/233-6710
1515 Broadway
New York, NY 10036
212/944-3426
3535 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
215/596-1201
1375 Peachtree St. NE
Atlanta, GA 30367
404/881-3573
230 S. Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL 60604
312/353-2220
555 Griffin Square Bldg.
Dallas, TX 75202
214/767-4731
911 Walnut St.
Kansas City, MO 64106
816/374-5861
1961 Stout St.
Denver, CO 80294
303/837-3883
450 Golden Gate Ave.
San Francisco, CA 94102
415/556-0586
D-20
-------
OSHA Regional Offices
(Continued)
Region
10
Mine Safety and Health Administration
Address/Phone
909 First Ave.
Seattle, WA 96174
206/442-5930
Function: Develops and promulgates mandatory safety and health standards
for the mining industry, ensures compliance with such stan-
dards; assess penalties for violations; investigates acci-
dents; aids in the development of state programs.
Address:
Phone:
Mine Safety and Health Administration
4015 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22205
703/235-1452
MSHA Field Offices
Office
Albany Office
Beckley Office
Birmingham Office
Dallas Office
Lakewood Office
Lexington Office
Address/Phone
1450 VI. Queen Ave.
Albany, OR 97321
503/926-5213
Drawer J
Beckley, WV 25801
304/255-1479
228 W. Valley Ave.
Birmingham, AL 35209
205/254-1513
Old Post Office Bldg.
Dallas, TX 75221
214/767-5362
730 Simms St.
Lakewood, CO 80215
303/234-2800
340 Legion Dr.
Lexington, KY 40504
606/253-2820
D-21
-------
MSHA Field Offices
(Continued)
Office Address/Phone
Norton Office Post Office 81 dg.
Norton, VA 24273
703/679-4430
Phoenix Office 522 N. Central Ave.
Phoenix, AZ 85004
602/261-4905
Pittsburgh Office 4 Parkway Center
Pittsburgh, PA 15220
412/621-4500
Vincennes Office 2602 N. Sixth St.
Vincennes, IN 47591
812/882-6307
Department of Transportation (DOT)
DOT Agencies which may be involved with a hazardous waste facility are
listed below.
Address: 400 Seventh St. SW
Washington, D.C. 20590
Phone: 202/426-4321
DOT Regional Offices
Region Address/Phone
3 434 Walnut St.
Philadelphia, PA 19106
215/597-9430
4 1720 Peachtree Rd. NW
Atlanta, GA 30309
404/881-3738
5 300 S. Wacker Dr.
Chicago, IL 60606
312/353-4000
D-22
-------
DOT Regional Offices
(Continued)
Region Address/Phone
6 819 Taylor St.
Ft. Worth, TX 76102
817/334-2725
7 601 E. 12th St.
Kansas City, MO 64106
816/374-5801
8 2 Embarcadero Center
San Francisco, CA 94111
415/556-5961
United States Coast Guard
Function: Functions and activities include search and rescue operations,
Maritime Law Enforcement, Commercial Vessel, and Boating
Safety, aids to Navigation. Under the Marine Environmental
Response and the Port and Environmental Safety programs the
Coast Guard performs such functions as boarding tank vessels,
monitoring transfer operations, inspecting liquid bulk facili-
ties, supervising cargo transfer operations of special inter-
est vessels, and providing a response capability in the event
of a major pollution incident.
Address: U.S. Coast Guard
2100 Second St., SW
Washington, D.C. 20593
Phone: 202/426-1587
Districts and Field Organizations -
United states Coast Guanf
Organization Address
1st District: ME, MA, NH, RI, VT 150 Causeway St.
Boston, MA 02114
2nd District: AR, CO, IL, IN, IA, 1430 Olive St.,
KS, KT, MN, MO, NE, NO, OH, OK, St. Louis, MO 63103
western PA, SD, TN, WV, HI, WY
3rd District: CT, DE, NJ, eastern Governors Island
NY, eastern PA New York, NY 10004
D-23
-------
Districts and Field Organizations -
United States Coast Guard
(Continued)
Organization
5th District: DC, MD, NC VA
7th District: FL, GA, PR, SC, VI
Address
Federal 81dg.
431 Crawford St.
Portsmouth, VA 23705
Federal 81dg.
51 SW., 1st Ave.
Miami, FL 33130
8th District: AL, LA, MS, NM, LA, TX Hale Boggs Federal 81dg.
500 Camp St.
New Orleans, LA 70130
9th District: Great Lakes area
PACIFIC AREA
llth District: AZ, southern CA
12th District: northern CA, NV, UT
13th District: OR, ID, MT, WA
1240 E. 9th St.
Cleveland, OH 44199
630 Sansome St.
San Francisco, CA 94126
Union Bank Bldg.
400 Oceangate Blvd.
Long Beach, CA 90822
630 Sansome St.
San Francisco, CA 94126
Federal Bldg.
915 2nd Avenue
Seattle, WA 98174
14th District: American Samoa, GU, HI 9th Floor, Prince Kalanianaole
Pacific Islands Federal Bldg.
300 Ala Moana Blvd.
Honolulu, HI 96850
17th District: AK
U.S. COAST GUARD ACADEMY
SUPERINTENDENT
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
P.O. Box 3-5000
Juneau, AK 99802
New London, CT 06320
Function: Administers highway transportation programs concerned with the
total operation and environment of highway systems. Under the
D-24
-------
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) cont'd.
Highway Safety Programs the FHWA has jurisdiction over the
movement of dangerous cargoes, such as hazardous wastes.
Address: Federal Highway Administration
400 Seventh SW
Washington, D.C. 20590
Phone: 202/426-0677
FHWA Regional Offices
Region Address/Phone
1 Clinton Ave. & N. Pearl St.
Albany, NY 12207
518/472-6476
3 31 Hopkins Plaza
Baltimore, MD 21201
301/962-2361
4 1720 Peacktree Rd. NW
Atlanta, GA 30309
404/881-4078
5 18209 Dixie Hwy.
Homewood, IL 60430
312/370-9300
6 819 Taylor St.
Ft. Worth, TX 76102
817/334-3221
7 6301 Rockhill Rd.
Kansas City, MO 64141
816/926-7563
8 Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225
303/234-4051
9 2 Embarcadero Center
San Francisco, CA 94111
415/556-3850
10 222 SW Morrisson St.
Portland, OR 97204
503/221-2053
D-25
-------
FHWA Regional Offices
(Continued)
Region Address/Phone
15 1000 N. Glebe Rd.
Arlington, VA 22201
703/557-9070
Material Transportation Bureau (MTB)
Function: Coordinates DOT's responsibilities concerning hazardous mate-
rials transportation and pipeline safety. Activities include
developing, issuing, and enforcing regulations for transporta-
tion of hazardous materials.
Address: Materials Transportation Bureau
400 Seventh St. SW
Washington, D.C.
Phone: 202/755-9260
MTB - Field Offices
Region Address
EASTERN - CT, DE, DC, ME, MD, Room 7117, 400 7th St. SW
MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT, Washington, DC 20590
VA, WV, PR
SOUTHERN - AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, 1568 Willingham Dr.
NC, SC, TN Atlanta, GA 30337
CENTRAL - IL, IN, IA, KS, MI, Room 1802, 911 Walnut St.
MN, MO, NE, OH, WI Kansas City, MO 64106
SOUTHWEST - AR, LA, NM, OK, TX 6622 Homwood Dr.
Houston, TX 77074
WESTERN - AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, 831 Mitten Rd.
NV, ND, OR, SO, UT, WA, WY, Burlingame, CA 94010
AK, HI
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Function: Develops national programs, technical policies and regula-
tions, enforces standards, conducts research, and coordinates
efforts of state and local government agencies, private
organizations, and other Federal agencies for the purpose of
controlling and abating environmental pollution.
D-26
-------
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cont'd.
Function:
Address:
Phone:
Region
1
8
Specific Activities Include: Air, Noise, and Radiation Pro-
grams; Water Programs; Solid Waste Emergency Response Pro-
grams; Pesticides and Toxic Substances Programs; Legal and
Enforcement Counsel, and Research and Development.
401 M Street SW
Washington, D.C.
20460
202/382-2090
EPA - Regional Office
Address/Phone
JFK Federal Bldg.
Boston, MA 02203
617/223-7210
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
212/264-2525
Curtis Bldg.
Philadelphia, PA
215/597-9814
19106
345 Courtland St. NE
Atlanta, GA 30308
404/881-4727
230 S. Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL 60604
312/353-2000
First Intl. Bldg.
Dallas, TX 75270
214/767-2600
324 E. llth St.
Kansas City, MO 64106
816/374-5493
1860 Lincoln St.
Denver, CO 80295
303/837-3895
D-27
-------
EPA - Regional Office
(Continued)
Region
10
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Address/Phone
215 Fremont St.
San Francisco, CA
415/974-8071
1200 Sixth Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101
206/442-1220
94105
Function:
Address:
Phone:
Region
1
Provides a single point of accountability for all Federal
emergency preparedness, mitigation, and response activities.
Coordinates efforts of Federal, State, and local levels of
government in preparing for and responding to the full range
of emergencies - natural, man-made, and nuclear.
500 C. Street SW
Washington, D.C.
20472
202/287-0330
FEMA - Regional Offices
Address/Phone
443 JW McCormack Federal
Boston, MA 02109
617/223-4741
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
212/264-8980
Sixth & Walnut Sts.
Philadelphia, PA 19106
215/597-9416
1375 Peachtree St. NE
Atlanta, GA 30309
404/881-2400
One N. Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL 60602
312/353-1500
Bldg.
D-28
-------
FEMA - Regional Offices
*• {Continued)
** Region Address/Phone
6 Federal Regional Center
• Denton, TX 76201
817/387-5811
-WW
. 7 911 Walnut St.
Kansas City, MO 64106
816/374-5912
'** 8 Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225
303/234-2553
m
9 211 Main St.
San Francisco, CA 94105
m 415/556-8794
10 Federal Regional Center
Bothell, WA 98011
* 206/481-8800
Interstate Commerce Commas si on (ICC)
«
Function: Regulates interstate surface transportation - trains, trucks,
•* buses, inland waterway and coastal shipping, and freight
m forwarders.
Address: 12th Street & Constitution Ave. NW
Washington, D.C. 20460
•#*
Phone: 202/275-7252
ICC Regional Offices
Region Address/Phone
1 150 Causeway St.
Boston, MA 02144
617/223-2372
m
2 101 N. Seventh St.
Philadelphia, PA 19106
.„ 215/597-4449
D-29
-------
ICC Regional Offices
(Continued)
Region
3
Address/Phone
1776 W. Peachtree St. SW
Atlanta, GA 30309
404/881-4371
219 S. Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL 60604
312/353-6204
411 W. Seventh St.
Ft. Worth, TX 76102
817/334-3101
211 Main St.
San Francisco, CA
415/974-7011
94105
4M
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
Function: Investigates accidents, conducts studies, and makes recommen-
dations' to Government agencies and industry on safety measures
and practice. Pertinent activities include: review or appeal
of action on any DOT issued certificate or license; and evalu-
ating the adequacy of safeguards and procedures concerning the
transportation of hazardous materials and the performance of
Government agencies responsible for the safe transportation of
such materials.
Address: Independence Ave. SW
Washington, D.C. 20594
Phone: 202/382-6600
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
Function:
Licenses and regulates the uses of nuclear energy to protect
the public health and safety and the environment. Pertinent
activities include licensing and regulation of transport,
handling, and disposal of nuclear materials.
Address:
Phone:
1717 H Street NW
Washington, D.C.
301/492-7000
20555
D-30
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APPENDIX E
STATE AGENCIES DEALING WITH HAZARDOUS WASTES
Alabama -
Alaska -
Arizona -
Arkansas -
California -
Colorado -
Connecticut -
Environmental Health Administration
Solid and Hazardous Waste Division
328 State Office Building
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205) 834-1303
Department of Environmental Conservation
Environmental Quality Management Section
Solid Waste Management Section
Pouch 0
Juneau, AK 99811
(907) 465-2667
Department of Health Services
Division of Environmental Health Services
Bureau of Waste Management
1740 West Adams
Phoenix, AZ 85007
(602) 255-1170
Department of Pollution Control and Ecology
Solid Waste Division
P. 0. Box 9583
Little Rock, AR 72219
(916) 562-7444
Solid Waste Management Board
1020 9th Street, Suite 300
Sacramento, CA 95841
(916) 322-3330
Department of Health
Office of Health and Environmental Protection
4210 East llth Avenue
Denver, CO 80220
(303) 320-8333
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Environmental Quality
Solid Waste Management Unit
State Office Building
165 Capitol Avenue
Harford, CT 06115
(203) 566-5847
E-l
-------
Delaware -
District of
Columbia -
Florida -
Georgia -
Hawaii -
Idaho -
Illinois -
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
Division of Environmental Control
Solid Waste/Hazardous Waste Section
Edward Tatnall Building
P. 0. Box 1401
Dover, DE 19901
(302) 736-4781
Department of Environmental Services
Solid Waste Management Association/
Hazardous Waste Division
500 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, DC 20032
(202) 767-8176/767-8422
Department of Environmental Regulation
Division of Environmental Programs
2600 Blairstone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32301
(904) 487-1855
Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
Land Protection Branch
270 Washington Street, S.W.
Atlanta, GA 30334
(404) 650-2833
Department of Health
Environmental Protection and Health Services Division
P. 0. Box 3378
1250 Punchbowl Street
Honolulu, HI 96801
(808) 548-4139
Department of Health and Welfare
Division of Environment
Statehouse
Boise, ID 83720
(208) 334-4059
Environmental Protection Agency
Land Pollution Control Division
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, IL 62706
(217) 782-6760
E-2
-------
Indiana -
Iowa -
•Ml
Kansas -
Kentucky -
Louisiana -
Maine -
Maryland -
Massachusetts -
Environmental Management Board
P. 0. Box 1964
1330 Michigan Street
Indianapolis, IN 46206
(317) 633-0170
Department of Environmental Quality
Air and Land Quality Division
Henry A. Wallace Building
900 East Grand Avenue
Des Moines, IA 50319
(515) 281-5851
Department of Health and Environment
Solid Waste Management Division
740 Forbes Building
Topeka, KS 66620
(913) 862-9360
Bureau of Environmental Protection
Waste Management Division
Fort Boone Plaza
18 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-6716
Department of Natural Resources
Solid Waste/Hazardous Waste Division
P. 0. Box 44066
Baton Rouge, LA 70804
(504) 342-1216/342-1227
Department of Environmental Protection
Solid Waste/Hazardous Materials Division
State House, Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-2111/289-2251
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Waste Management Division
201 West Preston Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
(301) 383-3123
Executive Office of Environmental Affairs
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering
Solid and Hazardous Waste Division
One Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5589
E-3
-------
Michigan -
Minnesota -
Mississippi -
Missouri -
Montana -
Nebraska -
Nevada -
New Hampshire -
Bureau of Environmental Protection
Hazardous Waste Management Office
P. 0. Box 30038
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-8114
Health Department
Environmental Health Division
717 Delaware Street SE
Minneapolis, MN 55440
(612) 296-5320
Department of Natural Resources
Bureau of Pollution Control
P. 0. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39209
(601) 961-5202
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Quality
Solid Waste Management Program
P. 0. Box 1368
Missouri Boulevard
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314) 751-3241
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences
Environmental Sciences Division
Solid Waste Management Bureau
Cogswell Building
Helena, MT 59620
(406) 449-2821
Department of Environmental Control
P. 0. Box 94877
State Office Building
Lincoln, NE 68509
(402) 471-2186
Department of Conservation and National Resources
Division of Environmental Protection
201 South Fall Street, Capitol Complex
Carson City, NV 89710
(702) 885-4670
Department of Health and Welfare
Bureau of Solid Waste Management/
Hazardous Waste Management
Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 271-4586/271-4608
E-4
-------
New Jersey -
New Mexico -
New York -
North Carolina -
North Dakota -
Ohio -
Oklahoma -
Oregon -
Department of Environmental Protection
Solid Waste Division/Hazardous Waste Bureau
CN 402
Trenton, NJ 08625
(609) 292-9120/292-9877
Health and Environmental Department
Environmental Improvement Division
P. 0. Box 968
Santa Fe, NM 87503
(505) 827-5271
Department of Environmental Conservation
Solid Waste Management Division/
Bureau of Hazardous Waste
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
(518) 457-5861/457-3254
Department of Human Resources
Division of Health Services
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Branch
P. 0. Box 2091
225 North McDowell Street
Raleigh, NC 27602
(919) 733-2178
Health Department
Environmental and Waste Management Research Division
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58505
(701) 224-2382
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Land Pollution Control
P. 0. Box 1049
361 East Broad Street
Columbus, OH 43216
(614) 466-8934
Oklahoma State Department of Health (OSDH)
P. 0. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
(405) 271-5338
Department of Environmental Quality
Solid Waste Division
522 SW 5th Street
Portland, OR 97204
(503) 229-5336
E-5
-------
Pennsylvania -
Rhode Island -
•Ml
South Carolina -
South Dakota -
Tennessee -
Texas -
Utah -
Vermont -
Department of Environmental Resources
Office of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
Fulton Building, P. 0. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 787-9870
Department of Environmental Management
Division of Land Resources
75 Davis Street
Providence, RI 02908
(401) 277-6820
Board of Health and Environmental Control
Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 758-5544
Department of Water and Natural Resources
Environmental Health Division
Joe Foss Building
Pierre, SD 57501
(605) 773-3329
Department of Public Health
Bureau of Environmental Health Services
Solid Waste Management Division
Cordell Hull Building
Nashville, TN 37129
(615) 741-3424
Texas Department of Health (TDH)
1100 West 49th Street
Austin, TX 78756
(512) 458-7271
Dallas Area - (214) 460-3032
Department of Health
Division of Environmental Health
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
150 North Temple Street
P. 0. Box 2500
Salt Lake City, UT 84110
(801) 533-4145
Environmental Conservation Agency
Air and Solid Waste Division
State Office Building
Montpelier, VT 05602
(802) 828-3395
E-6
-------
Virginia -
Washington -
West Virginia -
Wisconsin -
Wyoming -
Department of Health
Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
109 Governor Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 786-5271
Department of Ecology
Solid Waste Management Division/Hazardous Waste Section
P. 0. Box 829
Olympia, WA 98501
(206) 459-6273/459-6301
Department of Health
Office of Environmental Health
1800 Washington Street East
Charleston, WV 26505
(304) 348-2987
Department of Natural Resources
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
101 South Webster Street
Madison, WI 53707
(609) 266-1327
Environmental Quality
Solid Waste Management Program
401 West 19th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
(307) 777-7753
E-7
-------
APPENDIX F
MINE RATING WORKSHEET
MINE DESIGNATION - "A" RATING
Geological
Salt Dome would provide excellent containment-large high rooms,
could not be fully utilized. Good-2
Hydro!ogical
Water and brine in aquifers over the top of the dome. Poten-
tially a source of water for flooding if breeched. Fair-3
Marketing Factors
"Mine acceptable" wastes are not generated in the immediate
vicinity. 125 miles and 85 miles to nearest sources. Use of
the mine would incur high transportation cost. Poor-4
Sociopolitical
The State of Louisiana currently has a 2 year legislative
moratorium on waste disposal in salt domes. Poor-4
Accessibility
Accessible by rail, barge, and highway. Good-2
Location
Located in rural South Louisiana. Fair-3
Previous Studies
Several studies have been conducted about and in the mine in
conjunction with the Nuclear Waste Program and the Strategic
Petroleum Reserve. Good-2
Owner Interest
Operator has expressed corporate interest in the program, but
not specifically for this mine. Owner has a history of
opposing other development. Fair-3
F-l
-------
MINE RATING WORKSHEET
MINE DESIGNATION - "B"
Geological
Salt Dome would provide excellent containment-large high
rooms, could not be fully utilized.
Hydro!ogical
Water and brine in aquifers over the top of the dome. Poten-
tially a source of water for flooding if breeched.
Marketing Factors
"Mine acceptable" wastes are not generated in the immediate
vicinity. 125 miles to nearest source.
Sociopolitical
The State currently (1983) has a 2 year legislative moratorium
on waste disposal in salt domes.
Accessibility
Located on an island, accessible by barge or ferryboat only.
Location
Located in rural area, isolated by the Intracoastal Waterway.
Previous Studies
Several studies have been conducted about and in the mine
in conjunction with the Nuclear Waste Program and the
Strategic Petroleum Reserve and for a private client
interested in waste storage.
Owner Interest
Owner is not interested in Waste Storage at this time.
RATING
Good-2
Fair-3
Poor-4
Poor-4
Fair-3
Fair-3
Excellent-1
Poor-4
F-2
-------
MINE RATING WORKSHEET
MINE DESIGNATION - "C"
Geological
Bedded salt will provide excellent containment-22-foot high x
60-foot wide rooms are ideal for storage.
Hydro!ogical
Water in aquifers above the salt zone in small quantities
easily controlled.
Marketing Factors
"Mine acceptable" wastes are generated in large quantities in
the immediate area. Several licensed land fill operators in
the area.
Sociopolitical
Permits are granted by a state board without a local veto. Mine
is located in an industrial area surrounded by mixture of heavy
and light industry and blue collar residential land use.
Accessibility
The mine is accessible by rail and interstate highway within
one mile.
Location
Site is located in a heavily industrialized area. Location
may present an unacceptable transportation hazard.
Previ ous S_t_u_d 1 es
The site was studied as a possible site for the Strategic
Petroleum Reserve Crude Oil Storage Program. This mine was
used as a model for a previous EPA study.
Owner Interest
The owner has expressed interest in utilizing this mine for
a demonstration.
RATING
Good-2
Good-2
Excellent-1
Poor-4
Good-2
Poor-4
Excellent-1
Excellent-1
F-3
-------
MINE RATING WORKSHEET
MINE DESIGNATION - "D" RATING
Geological
Bedded salt will provide excellent containment-18-foot high x
45-foot wide rooms are ideal for storage. Good-2
Hydro!ogical
Water in aquifers above the salt zone in moderate quantities
easily controlled. Good-2
Marketing Factors
"Mine acceptable" wastes are generated in large quantities
in the immediate area. Excellent-1
Sociopolitical
Permits are granted by a state board without a local veto.
Previous attempts to establish a facility in the area have met
strong local and political opposition. Poor-4
Accessibility
The mine is accessible by water, rail, and interstate highway
within one mile. Good-2
Location
The mine is located within one mile of a major metropolitan
city. The location may present an unacceptable transportation
hazard. Poor-4
Previous Studies
The mine was rejected for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program
due to its location. Only general information is available. Fair-3
Owner Interest
The owner (operator) has not expressed corporate interest. Not
Acceptable 5
F-4
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MINE RATING WORKSHEET
Excellent-1
MINE DESIGNATION - "E" RATING
Geological
Bedded salt will provide excellent containment-17-foot high x
40-foot wide rooms are ideal for storage. Good-2
Hydro!ogical
Water in aquifers above the salt zone in moderate quantities
easily controlled. Good-2
Marketing Factors
"Mine acceptable" wastes are generated in large quantities
in the immediate area.
Sociopolitical
Permits are granted by a state board without a local veto.
Previous attempts to establish a facility in the area have met
strong local and political opposition. Poor-4
Accessibility
The mine is accessible by water, rail, and interstate highway
within one mile. Good-2
Location
The mine is located near Lake Erie in an industrial area. The
location may present an unacceptable transportation hazard. Fair-3
Previous Studies
The mine was rejected for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program
due to its location. Only general information is available. Fair-3
Owner Interest
Owner has rejected the proposed demonstration Not
Acceptable 5
F-5
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MINE RATING WORKSHEET
MINE DESIGNATION - "F" RATING
Geological
Salt dome will provide excellent containment- 65-foot wide x
85-foot high rooms could not be fully utilized. Good-2
Hydro!ogical
Water and brine in aquifers over the top of the dome. Poten-
tially a source of water for flooding if breeched. Fair-3
Marketing Factors
"Mine acceptable" wastes are not generated in the immediate
vicinity. Eighty miles to nearest source. Use of the mine
would require high transportation costs. Poor-4
Sociopolitical
Facilities are permitted by the Department of Water Resources
and the Department of Health. Press reports indicate a Hazar-
dous Waste Siting Board has been created. Fair-3
Accessibility
Mine is accessible by rail and road Good-2
Location
Site is located 80 miles east of a major metropolitan area. Fair-3
Previous Studies
The site was studied as a possible site for the Strategic
Petroleum Reserve Crude Oil Storage Program. Fair-3
Owner Interest
Owner has expressed corporate interest, but not in this
particular mine. Good-2
F-6
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MINE RATING WORKSHEET
MINE DESIGNATION - "G" RATING
Geological
Salt dome will provide excellent containment large high rooms
could not be fully utilized. Good-2
Hydro!ogical
Water and brine in aquifers over the top of the dome are
potentially a source of water for flooding if breeched. Good-2
Marketing Factors
A large metropolitan area is a source of much waste, but
the amount of mine acceptable waste could be of a moderate
amount. Several waste operators are in the area. Fair-3
Sociopolitical
Permits are granted by the State Dept. of Health and by the
Dept. of Water Resources - Press reports indicate a Hazardous
Waste Siting Board has been created. Fair-3
Accessibility
Mine is accessible by rail and road Good-2
Location
Site is 30 miles northwest of a large metropolitan area
development. Setting around the site is rural. Good-2
Previous Studies
Site was studied as a possible site for the Strategic Petroleum
Reserve Crude Oil Storage Program. Rejected because it was too
small. Fair-3
Owner Interest
Owner has not been amenable to expansion or changes in the
facility. Poor-4
F-7
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MINE RATING WORKSHEET
Excellent-1
MINE DESIGNATION - "H" RATING
Geological
Bedded limestone, will provide excellent containment rooms
are adequately sized and could be fully utilized.
Hydrological
Water in aquifer above the mining zone in moderate quantities
and is easily controlled. Mine is dry except for shaft leakage. Good-2
Marketing Factors
"Mine Acceptable" wastes are generated in large quantities
in the area. Good-2
Sociopolitical
The owner tried to promote this mine as a waste storage facil-
ity in 1981. Due to its location under a city it generated
a high level of adverse public reaction. (Application was not
filed.) Poor-4
Accessibility
Mine is accessible by rail and interstate highway. Good-2
Location
Mine is located in a metropolitan area. Mine is under
residential neighborhood and a city-owned recreational lake. Poor-4
Previous Studies
Owner financed a definitive study oriented to hazardous waste
storage by D'Appolonia Engrs. in 1981. Excellent-1
Owner Interest
Owner was interested but after the adverse public reaction has
started search for alternate uses. Poor-4
F-8
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MINE RATING WORKSHEET
MINE DESIGNATION - "I"
Geological
Bedded limestone, will provide excellent containment rooms,
are adequately sized and could be fully utilized.
Hydrological
Water in aquifer above the mining zone in moderate quanti-
ties and is easily controlled. Mine is dry except for
shaft leakage.
Marketing Factors
"Mine Acceptable" wastes are not generated in the immediate
area. High transportation costs would be necessary.
Sociopolitical
Mine has been studied for crude oil storage, propane storage,
compressed air storage, and pumped hydro storage. No adverse
reaction has been generated.
Accessibility
Mine is accessible by rail, highway, and water. Shafts are
capped.
Location
The mine is located on a major River. Mine location is rural,
adjacent to a small city.
Previous Studies
Mine has been studied for oil storage, pumped hydro, propane
storage and compressed air storage.
Owner Interest
Owner is interested in converting the mine to any acceptable
use.
RATING
Excellent-1
Good-2
Poor-4
Good-2
Poor-4
Good-2
Excellent-1
Excellent-1
F-9
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