SPECIAL STUDIES OF A SANITARY LANDFILL
Robert C. Merz, et al
University of Southern California
Los Angei.os, California
1970
NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
Distributed . , ,'to foster, serve and promote the
nation's economic development
and technological advancement.'
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
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STANDARD TITLE PACE
tVOR TtCHNKAL MrORTS
|4. Title And Subtitle
SPECIAL STUDIES OF A SANITARY LANDFILL
7. Auhor(s)
Robert C. Merz and Ralph Stone
II. PerforniBB Otg«nizMio«i Name and AddtcM
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
1L Sponsoring Agency NABC and Addre**
Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Public Health Service,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Rockville, Maryland Z085Z
Repon Date
1970
. Performing Orgnnizntio* Code
•• Performing OrgaaisntioA Rept.
No.
10. Projeci/T*>lc/*ock Unk No.
_ /Crut No.
UI 00518-08;
8 RO1 UI00518-07;*
IX Type of Report * Period
Cohered final and
In^jrnReports - -1964
14. Sponsoriog Agency Code
15. Supplementary Note!
*9 RO1 SW 00028-06; EF-00160-05; EF-00160-04.
lo. Abstract*
>Model sanitary landfill cells were constructed and, over a 4+ year period, subjected
to simulated environmental conditions such as added water, aeration, and aerobic and
anaerobic operation. The effect of these conditions on percolation, gas quality and
production, settlement, and temperature was measured. Examination of core sample
taken at the end of the study period showed that refuse in the aerated cell was well
decomposed except for plastics and other inerts and that refuse in the anaerobic cells
was easily identifiable. Based on an original cell depth of 20 feet, volume reduction
in the aerated cell was 21. 5% and in the anaerobic cells, 11. 5%. The four parts of
tm« report detail the activity during the last year of the project and summarize the
data collected for the span of the project "(-1^1/64 to 12/M/68)* ' r
17. Key Wordi
Refuse dj
Environn
17k. ld«ntifiei
Aerobic
Landfill
It. DiMribwi
Rel
Jb
a
c
m
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SPECIAL STUDIES OF A SANITARY LANDFILL
This final siamary report (SW-8rg), which is combined with the
first, second, and third progress reports, and final report
on factors oontrolling utilization of sanitary landfill sites,
work performed under Research Grant No. UI-00518-08
to the University of Southern California
was written by
ROBERT C. MERZ and RALPH STONE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
1970
A WEALTH OF LANDFILL DATA
The objective of the Federal solid waste program is to aid efforts
across the Nation to develop economic and.efficient practices for managing
our increasing volumes of solid waste. As authorized under the Solid
Waste Disposal Act (Public Law 89-272), the Bureau of Solid Waste Manage-
ment has made almost 100 research grants to nonprofit institutions for
the purpose of stimulating and accelerating new or improved technology
for handling the Nation's discarded solids.
The present document reports on work completed under one of those
research grants. This grant has funded a long-term study of a sanitary
landfill, the technical term for engineered deposit of solid waste within
the earth under controlled conditions. The main effort over the years
of this grant has been to document in engineering terms the changes that
take place within sanitary landfills. We trust that other researchers
will be able to use this wealth of landfill data gathered over the four-
year period.
—RICHARD D. VAUGHAN, Director
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
ii
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PREFACE
On March 25, 1966, the Department of Civil Engineering of the Univer-
sity of Southern California submitted a final report, "Factors Controlling
Utilization of a Sanitary Landfill Site," which is reproduced herein as
Appendix 8.3. Funds had been provided by two grants from the U.S. Public
Health Service, EF-00160-04 and EF-00160-05, covering the period January 1,
1964 to December 31, 1965. Special studies of the sanitary landfill were
continued and expanded under new grants, SW-00028-06 covering the 1966
calendar year, UI-00518-07 covering the 1967 calendar year, and UI-00518-08
covering the 1968 calendar year. Progress reports entitled "Special
Studies of a Sanitary Landfill" were submitted for the years 1966 and
1967 and are included in this volume as Appendices 8.2 and 8.1. The
appendices give detailed information concerning the construction, instru-
mentation, and initial performance of the four landfill test cells
described as A, B, C, and D.
The present report is offered both as a third statement of progress,
since only the data collected during 1968 are included, and as a final
summary report, with discussion of results of the four-year study and
statement of conclusions drawn.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The project was under the joint direction of Robert C. Herz, Chair-
man, Department of Civil Engineering, and Ralph Stone, Research Associate.
Field assistance was provided by Ramon Beluche and George de la Guardia.
The County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County constructed the
test cells and provided field assistance when requested. The help of the
staff of the Sanitation Districts, John D. Parkhurst, Chief Engineer and
General Manager, and Lester Haug, Deputy Assistant Chief Engineer, is
most gratefully acknowledged.
ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY STATEMENTS
SUMMARY REPORT
5.1 Percolation
5.2 Gas Quality
5.3 Settlement
5.4 Gas Production
5.5 Temperatures
PROGRESS REPORT - 1968
6.1 External Climatic Factors
6.2 Application of Water
6.3 Settlement
6.4 Gas Quality
6.5 Temperatures
6.6 Gas Production
PROJECT CO-INVESTIGATORS
APPENDIX
8.1 Progress Report for 1967
8.2 Progress Report for 1966
8.3 Progress Report for 1965-1964
Page
1
4
8
13
18
18
19
19
33
33
39
39
51
iv
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LIST OF TABLES
Section . Table Title
5 5.1.1 Summary of Water Application to
Cells A, B and C
5.1.2 Average Percent Moisture Content
of Top, Middle and Lower Bands
of Cells A, B and C on a Dry
Weight Basis from Core Samples
5,2.1 Maximum Gas Components in Percent
by Volume and Time of Occurrence
in Cells A and B
5.2.2 Average Major Gas Components in
Percent by Volume for Indicated
Time Intervals in Cells A and B
5.2.3 Summary of Blower On-time, Cell C
5.3.1 Summary of Cell Settlement
6 6.1.1 External Climatic Factors
6.2.1 Actual Amounts of Water Applied to
Cell A
6.2.2 Actual Amounts of Water Applied to
Cell B
6.2.3 Cell A Moisture Determined from
Core Samples
6.2.4 Cell B Moisture Determined from
Core Samples
6.2.5 Cell C Moisture Determined from
Core Samples
6.2.6 Log of Cores for Cells A, B and C
December, 1968
6.3.1 Cell Settlement Data
6.4.1 Gas Composition in Cell A
6.4.2 Gas Composition in Cell B
6.4.3 Gas Composition in Cell C
6.4.4 Summary of Blower Operation, Cell C
6.5.1 Temperatures in Cells A and B
6.5.2 Temperatures in Cell C
6.6.1 Gas Production and Temperatures,
Cell D
Page
11
12
14
15
20
22
23
24
27
29
31
34
35
36
37
38
40
41
42
LIST OF FIGURES
5.1.1 Time and Location of Landfill Cores,
Cells A, B and C 7
5.3.1 Surface Settlement of Cells A, B and C 16
5.4.1 Gas Production and Temperatures for
Decomposing Refuse 17
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Photograph Title
1 Clamshell Used for Excavating for Cell D
2 Delivery of Cell D to Site
Installation of Cell D
3-4-5
6
Assembly of Internal Gas Collection Piping
for Cell D
Gas Collection Piping Installed at Top Level
Page
45
45
46
47
8-9-10
11
12
13-14
15
16
17
During Packing of Cell D
External Gas Collection Manifold, Cell D
Cover Plate for Cell D Manhole Showing Gas
Line Connectors and Pipe Used as Water
Bath for Thermometer at 4-ft. Depth
Coring Rig
Core Examination
View of Cell C (March 1968) Showing Surface
Settlement
View of Cell C Showing Access Well Exposed
by Surface Settlement
View of Cell C Showing Settlement and
Development of Surface Cracks
47
48
49
49
49
50
50
50
vi
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4. SUMMARY STATEMENTS
The purposes of the field investigation, utilizing landfill cells having a
depth of approximately 20 ft and an earth cover of 2 ft, were to (1) study
the percolation through the landfill as a result of application of sufficient
water to maintain a golf course type turf, (2) study the percolation through
toe landfill as a result of application of sufficient water to simulate the
rainfall pattern of a temperate climate (Seattle), (3) study the effects of
aerating a landfill, (4) measure settlement of both aerobic and anaerobic
landfills, (5)-study the quality of gas produced in the landfills receiving
the various treatments, and (6) determine the volume of gas produced by a
known quantity of refuse decomposing under anaerobic conditions.
Data were developed as a result of the construction of model landfills and
their treatment under selected environmental conditions. Practical applica-
tion of the reported data requires detailed knowledge of individual landfill
conditions - existing or proposed - best known to the responsible authorities.
1. Initial landfill compaction ratios from 2.1 to 2.2, and an in-place den-
sity of 1000 Ib per cu yd were achieved for the 3 test cells A, B and C.
The in-place density for Cell D was 634 Ib per cu yd.
2. Cell A, receiving the Seattle rainfall equivalent of 184 in. plus an extra
30 in. (for a total of 214 in. of water) , exhibited some percolation into
the subgrade as evidenced by a 7% Increase in the percent moisture of the
subgrade over that of undisturbed soil at similar depth. At the close of
the project, the differential was 12.SZ.
3. Cell B, receiving 392 in. of applied irrigation water, exhibited greater
percolation into the subgrade as evidenced by a 15Z increase in the mois-
ture content of the subgrade over that of undisturbed soil at similar
depth. At the close of the project, the differential was 41X.
-1-
4. The growth of Bermuda grass was successfully maintained on an anaerobic
landfill with a top earth cover of 2 ft especially prepared to favor
turf growth.
5. The greatest settlement of 4.25 ft occurred in aerobic Cell C. The 2
anaerobic cells each settled 2.20 ft.
6. In anaerobic Cells A and B, after ageing 2 yr, the major gas constitu-
ents by volume were carbon dioxide and methane in almost equal amounts
(nearly 50%). Oxygen and nitrogen were present in small, varying
amounts.
7. Cell C was aerobically operated and the gas composition was dependent
upon the duration of the blower operation. The gas samples obtained
during aeration were characteristically high in nitrogen and oxygen,
and low in carbon dioxide and methane.
8. The maximum temperature reached in anaerobic Cell A was 108 deg F after
79 days. Over the final 2 yr of the 4+ yr study the temperature ranged
between 53 and 88 deg F.
9. The maximum temperature reached in Cell B was 120 deg F after 31 days.
Over the final 2 yr of the 4+ yr study the temperature ranged between
60 and 90 deg F. Although intended to be an anaerobic cell, its per-
formance was influenced by the passage of air from aerobic Cell C not-
withstanding a 5-ft wide, continuous adobe-shale barrier.
10. The maximum temperature reached In Cell C was 193 deg F after 174 days.
Over the final 2 yr of the 4+ yr study the temperature ranged between 90
and 164 deg F. Bottom temperatures reached peaks high enough to destroy
thermistors. Smoke emanations with fire were noted on a few occasions.
The cell temperature was affected by the aeration cycle.
11. A cell similar in construction to Cell A or B, but smaller, intended for
quantitative studies of gas production, was unsuccessful although
-2-
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constructed with extreme care by professional plastic fabricators. The
polyethylene envelope was not able to store gas.
12. The aaximum temperature reached In Cell D was 117 deg F after 368 days.
Over the final 2 yr, the temperature ranged between 67 and 120 deg F.
13. Seventy-three cubic yards of refuse packed into an underground sealed
and instrumented steel tank produced 2027 cu ft of gas, or 27.7 cu ft
per cu yd of refuse, over 907 days. Virtually all the gas was produced
between the 230th and 600th day.
14. Final examination of the cell materials during the coring operation
shoved the aerated Cell C refuse to be well decomposed except for
plastics and other inerts. In contrast, the anaerobic cells A and B
refuse was-easily identifiable.
15. Based on the original cell .depth of 20 ft, the volume reduction
achieved through aeration amounted to 21.SZ. The volume reduction
achieved in the anaerobic cells was 11.51.
16. Epoxy-coated steels supplied by factory specialists provided protection
against severe corrosion. Stainless steel thermistors, copper conduits,
teflon-coated leads, galvanized pipe, and asphalt-coated steel were
found to be inadequate for this type of Investigation. All seriously
deteriorated or failed because of high temperatures, corrosion, or
strain exerted by differential settlement.
-3-
5. SUMMARY REPORT
5.1 Percolation. Cells A and B were constructed for the purpose of study-
ing percolation resulting from (1) the application of water in accordance with
the Seattle rainfall pattern of 1961 and (2) the application of water neces-
sary to support a golf-course like turf. In both cases, efforts to measure
moisture content of the landfill material by moisture probes and percolation
by entrapment of water in collection lysimeters or cans were unsuccessful. A
program of cell coring, with cores subjected to laboratory analysis for their
moisture content, was initiated in August, 1966.
Water was applied manually to Cell A, the intent being to duplicate the
established Seattle monthly increments. The schedule was immediately upset
la 1964 when unintentional flooding took place, and again in September 1967
when an adjacent reservoir overflowed. Nevertheless, reference to Table
5.1.1 will show that the Seattle rainfall total was closely approxiaated in
1966, 1967 and 1968. The amount applied in 1965 was reduced to compensate
for the 1965 flooding.
The water applied to the turf on top of Cell B was automatically con-
trolled by tensiometers, beginning in October 1964. Irrigation proceeded
in normal manner except for brief periods when the tensiometers needed re-
pair. In September 1967 the reservoir overflow placed an unwanted volume of
water on the cell, and from July through October 1968 faulty operation of
the tensiometers placed considerable unnecessary water on the cell.
Table 5.1.1 indicates that the amount of water applied to Cell B during
1968 was from 1.75 to 2.75 times the amount applied in previous years. This
is not considered particularly damaging to the investigation since any land-
fill or golf course turf could be subjected to unexpected flooding.
-4-
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TABLE 5.1.1
SUMMARY OF WATER APPLICATION TO CELLS A, B AND C
Year
1964*
1965
1966
1967
1968
Site
Rainfall
In.
4.13
24.63
14.59
18.77
9.39
locals
Seattle
Rainfall
Pattern
In.
13.72
42.52
42.52
42.52
42.52
183.78
Water Applied
to Cells, In.
A
52.98
5.24
28.70
21.37
33.94
B
23.75.
60.42
41.57
49.63
145.28
C
4.13
24.63
14.59
18.77
9.39
Total
Water Applied
to Cells, In.
A | B
57.11
29.87
43.29
40.14
43.33
213.74
27.88
85.05
56.16
68.40
154.67
392.09
C
4.13
24.63
14.59
18.77
9.39
71.51
Last 4 nonths only.
-5-
Tbe total amounts of water applied to Cells A and B were approximately 214
and 392 in., respectively. As stated above, the effect of this water on the
moisture content of the cells and the possible movement of water down through
the cells and into the subgrade was checked by coring in the cells in August,
1966, February and November 1967, and every 3 months thereafter in 1968.
Figure 5.1.1 locates the cores for all three cells and carries the- coring
dates. Core samples taken at 2-ft depth increments were placed in sealed
containers immediately and transported to the laboratory where their moisture
contents were determined. All data are summarized in the graphic presenta-
tion of Table 5,1.2. Moisture contents on a dry weight basis have been aver-
aged for bands consisting of the top 6 ft, the middle 8 ft, and the bottom
6 ft.
The top band of Cell A always had the lowest moisture content of the 3
bands With 2 exceptions, the earth cover exhibited still lower moisture
content. A combination of the upward rise of the water through the cover by
capillarity with subsequent evaporation, and of downward movement of the
water through the cell, would account for this. At least during the final
year of the project, the moisture content of the middle band was considerably
greater than the bottom band, indicating great capacity of the fill material
to retain water. Of greatest interest and importance is the fact that the
moisture content of the subgrade varied only -4% +71 from an average of 312
over the entire time, and was only 7% more than the native soil samples taken
from equivalent depth. The indication is that little water has percolated
into the tight, adobe-shale subgrade.
The picture presented by the data of Cell B Is not quite as clear. In
this case, there were 2 cores in which the moisture content of the top band
was not less than any other band, The top earth cover had the least moisture
content in all cases. There was no consistency in the relationship of the
-6-
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FIGURE 5.1.1
12
10
NTS
TIME AND LOCATION OF LANDFILL CORES. CELLS A. B 1 C
Nott : - All corts wtrt located approximately
5ft. from the cell boundary
The cores were 8 in. dia
The coring dates appear on the cell location lines
-7-
molature content of the middle band to the bottom band. It is significant
that che nolsture content of the subgrade averaged 39% - or about the same
as Cell A - until the September-December period of 1968 when it averaged 77%.
This Increase correlates with the excessive amounts of water applied to the
surface in July, August, September and indicates that under such an unusual
condition there was appreciable percolation into the subgrade.
Cell C of course was kept in a drier condition by reason of aeration,
Attention is called to the fact that to prevent movement of air through the
cover and into the atmosphere, an impervious membrane was stretched over the
cell one foot below the surface. Because of the varied off-on cycle of the
blower, as well as extended on and off periods, the data do not fall into any
pattern permitting rational explanation. As expected, the bottom band which
received the full benefit of the air admitted was always much drier than the
middle baad and, over the final year, was the driest band. Over the last 6
mo, the average moisture content of the bottom band was only 34Z. The aver-
age moisture content of the subgrade was 30%. Sampling of the subgrade was
discontinued after June, 1968 to avoid further damage to the air gridwork.
Since Cell C received only rainfall totalling 72 in., most of which should
have been stopped by the membrane, plus about 8 in. applied through the sub-
surface spray piping between September and October 1966 to purposely increase
the moisture content, it may be concluded that no percolation into the sub-
grade took place.
5.2 Gas Quality. Samples of the gaseous environment within Cells A, B and
C were taken on a regular basis over the entire period of the investigation
until August 1968. By then, the original field installation had deteriorated
to the point where gas samples were suspect. For instance, many of the gas
samples from the anaerobic Cell A were analyzing as air. Replacement of some
-8-
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TABLE 5.2.1
MAXIMUM GAS COMPONENTS IN PERCENT BY VOLUME
AND TIME OF OCCURRENCE IN CELLS A AND B
Gas
Component
H2
co2
CH4
H2
°2
7 -Foot Depth
Cell A
16,0 (290)
95.4 (48)
63.6 (1113)
0.4 (123)
5.7 (34)
Cell B
75.9 (234)
94.4 (35)
61.6 (1063)
0.2 (65)
6.7 (893)
13-Foot Depth
Cell A
24.3 (34)
96.3 (48)
58,5 (1106)
0.2 (34)
4.4 (72)
Cell B
81.2 (181)
92.7 (42)
57.1 (1091)
0.3 (58)
8.3 (35)
Note: The figures in parentheses indicate number of days elapsed since
-ampletion of cell.
-11-
TABLE 5.2.2
AVERAGE MAJOR GAS COMPONENTS IN PERCENT BY VOLUME
FOR INDICATED TIME INTERVALS IN CELLS A AND B
Tine Interval
Since Cell
Completion
Start
to
3 Months
3 Months
to
6 Months
6 Months
to
1.0 Year
1.0 Year
to
1.5 Years
1.5 Years
to
2.0 Years
2.0 Years
to
2.5 Years
2.5 Years
to
3.0 Years
3.0 Years
to
3.5 Years
3.5 Years
to
4,0 Years
Gas
Component
N
CO*
«4
N2
CO*
CH*
N2
CO*
CH*
N2
CO*
CH*
N
CO,
«J
N2
C°2
CH*
s2
°°2
CH*
N2
co2
CH*
N2
co2
CH4
7-Foot Depth
Cell A
5.2
88
5
3.8
76
21
0.4
65
29
1.1
52
40
0.4
53
47
0.2
52
48
1.3
46
51
0.9
50
47
0.4
51
48
Cell B
16
83
1.4
46
51
1.7
42
42
13
17
48
33
1.9
54
43
0.5
52
47
6.6
48
44
3.7
50
45
2.6
51
46
13-Foot Depth
Cell A
7.2
84
6.3
1.3
73
25
4.2
61
31
2.2
58
40
0.9
55
44
0.6
54
44
2.0
49
49
3.6
48
47
0.4
49
51
Cell B
25
72
1.4
58
40
1.1
54
37
6.7
43
35
20
20
48
29
3.9
53
42
11
38
42
6
47
46
1
50
49
-12-
-------
yr, the concentrations at both levels were comparable «t 50%. Methane built
up at each level over the first 2 yr from approximately 1% to 40%, and then
held fairly constant over the balance of Che time at approximately 45Z. Nitro-
gen was a major component only during the first 1.5 yr, reaching concentrations
of 55*.
The data of Cell C cannot be grouped in the above described fashion, for
the on-of f blower periods and the blower cycle used governed the gas composi-
tion more than the elapsed time. In general, when the blower was operating,
the analysis would come up to expectations: oxygen as high as 20Z, nitrogen
as high as 80%, carbon dioxide as low as It, and methane as low as 0.5%. Table
5.2.3 carries a complete tabulation of blower on-time, during which Cell C
received aeration. Many combinations of on-time and off-time were used, and it
was ultimately found that an on-time of 1.0 hr and an off-time of 0.25 hr re-
sulted in the maintenance of a satisfactory cell environment. Early in the
investigation, when the fill material was fresh, a combination of even shorter
on-tiae and longer off-time would result in too rapid oxidation accompanied by
high temperatures, smoke, occasional fire (2), and odor problems.
5.3 Settlement. The bench marks used to measure settlement were concrete
oonuaents originally set flush with the cell surface. There were 4 at each
cell, located about 12 ft from the access well on N-S and E-W diameters. The
reported settlement refers to the average movement of these benchmarks. There
were portions of the cells that settled to a greater extent. In Cell C, for
instance, the surface settlement around the access well was over 6 ft. The
surveys were conducted weekly at the start for about the first 3 mo, biweekly
for the next 3 no, and then at approximately monthly Intervals. Total settle-
Bent of Cells A, B and C is summarized in Table 5.3.1 and graphed in Figure
5.3.1. Cells A and B each settled a total of 2.20 ft and Cell C settled a
total of 4.25 ft. The fact fhat the aerobic Cell C settled more than anaerobic
Cells A and B is due to the greater reduction in volume of refuse through
-13-
TABLE 5.2.3
SUMMARY OF BLOWER "ON" TIME, CELL C
Time Interval
Days
28-69
69-104
104-168
182-193
193-209
259-286
286-303
305-402
416-426
428-465
601-844
844-1145
1145-1229
1229-1266
1277-1286
1294-1312
1314-1316
1361-1368
1469-1606
Blower Cycle
Hr On
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Hr Off
5.5
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
2.5
7.5
7.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
1.0
0.5
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
Remarks
Odor complaints
Fire in cell
Blower connections
Motor repaired
Motor damaged, air
Blower connections
Recirculation cell
at 862 day
Odor complaints
Ordor complaints
replaced
lines flooded
replaced
gas discontinued
Heavy rain; cave- in around access
well; blower flooded
Air line clogged
Air line clogged
Air line connected
to access well
Note: Days reckoned from time of cell completion.
-14-
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TABLE 5.3.1
SUMMARY OF CELL SETTLEMENT
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion*
Years
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Months
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
Total Settlement of
Cell Surface in Feet
Cell
A
-
0.07
0.14
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.41
0.52
0.63
0.76
1.06
1.36
1.76
2.24
B
-
0.07
0.05
0.10
0.14
0.17
0.28
0.43
0.61
0.75
0.95
1.29
1.67
2.22
C
0.09
0.22
0.36
0.67
1.08
1.27
1.66
1.90
2.24
2.61
3.28
3.83
4.13
4.29
* Times approximate
Original cell depth was 20 ft
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-15-
-16-
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-17-
oxidation at the organic matter present. There was little identifiable matter
in the December corings of Cell C other than plastic, rubber, some metal,
scorched paper, and highly decomposed rags.
5,4 Gas Production. The gas production of Cell D - the only purpose for
which it was constructed - is graphically illustrated in Figure 5.4,1. This
cell consisted of a 10,000 gal underground steel storage tank, 95 in, I, D, x
28 ft high x % in. th, which was packed with refuse, instrumented, and care-
fully sealed. The amount of gas produced was 2027 cu ft over a 907-day period.
This is equivalent to 27,7 cu ft per cu yd of refuse.
The initial release of gas occurred within the first 3 days following pack-
ing and sealing of the tank. Only one cubic foot was produced in the following
50 days, and then none until the 230th day. This long period of non-production
could have been due to acidification or low temperatures unfavorable to bacte-
rial action. By the time gas production ceased, the temperatures within the
tank were less than 90 deg F and ultimately dropped to the low seventies. The
pickup in gas production accompanied a rise in temperature as shown in the
Figure 5.4.1.
Gas production might also have been delayed until the tank was fully sta-
bilized as an anaerobic unit. After packing, the tank was tested for leakage
by admitting compressed air, and the unit was initially aerobic
A nanometer was fitted into a gas line and was used as a constant check to
make certain there were no leaks in the tank or piping,
5-5 Temperatures. All cells reached maximum temperatures very early in
the study. Cell A reached 108 deg F after 79 days, Cell B 120 deg F after 31
days, Cell C 193 deg F after 174 days, and Cell D 117 deg F after 368 days.
Over the final 2 yr, temperatures in Cell A ranged between 53 and 88 deg F, in
Cell B between 60 and 90 deg F, in Cell C between 90 and 164 deg F, and in
Cell D between 67 and 120 deg F. Cell 0, during the final year, never rose
above 92 deg F.
-18-
-------
6. PROGRESS REPORT - 1968
61 External Climatic Factors. Monthly average air temperatures and dally
rainfalls were obtained from the Pomona Weather Station records and are re-
corded In Table 6 1.1. Dally temperatures are recorded In Table 6.5.1. The
total rainfall at the test site was 9.4 in.
6.2 Application of Water. In Table 6.2.1 are shown the amounts of water
applied to Cell A The required annual amount of water to simulate the
selected Seattle rainfall of 1961 is 42.52 in. The actual amount of water
applied during the year was 33.94 in. irrigation water plus 9.39 in. rainfall
for a total of 43.33 in.
In Table 6.2.2 are shown the amounts of water applied to Cell B. The
actual amount of water applied during the year was 145.28 in* of irrigation
water plus 9 39 in. rainfall for a total of 154.67 in. Faulty operation of
the tensiometer equipment resulted 4.n the application of far more water than
necessary during July, August, and September for support of the Bermuda grass.
The coring program initiated on August 22, 1966 for the purpose of deter-
mining the moisture content of the cells was continued. The cells were cored
every 3 mo beginning in March, 1968 and samples were taken at 2-ft depth incre-
ments: The top cover and subgrade were also sampled when feasible. The mois-
ture analyses for the 2 cores of Cell A appear In Table 6.2.3.
The moisture content of the core profile averaged 50% on a wet weight basis
during the year, an increase of 5% over the previous year. The moisture con-
tent of the subgrade was again less than that of the bottom layer of the refuse
in all but a single case, indicating very slow movement of water into the
ground or greater water capillarity of the refuse than the ground. At the
bottom of the table are shown the average moisture contents for the top portion
of the cell (2-6 ft), the middle portion (8-14 ft), and the bottom portion
TABLE 6.1.1
External Climatic Factors
Month Day
1968
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
3
11
16
27
28
31
09
10
13
14
17
27
02
06
07
08
13
14
17
18
01
02
06
12
13
21
07
28
01
01
03
14
30
Rainfall, In
Daily
0.05
0.14
0.05
0.37
0.40
0.13
0.25
0.11
0.34
0.26
0.01
0.03
T
0.02
0.15
3.83
0.18
0.06
0.03
T
0.12
0.50
T
0.03
T
T
0.03
0.05
0.00
O.OOT
0.13
0.02
0.32
Cumulative
63.20
64.20
68.47
68.50
68.53
68.58
68.58
68.58
69.05
Temperatures, Deg F
Ave Max
64.2
69.3
70.4
76.2
81,9
90,1
87.7
86.4
78.4
Ave Min
42.9
50.1
47.7
53.5
56.9
61.9
60.8
60.3
55.4
Mean
53,6
59.7
59.0
64.9
69.4
76.0
74.3
73.4
67.0
(Continued on Page 21)
-19-
-20-
-------
TABLE 6.1.1 (Continued)
TABLE 6.2,1
External Climatic Factors
Month
1968
Boveaber
December
Day
04
15
16
11
15
16
20
25
26
Rainfall, In
bally
0.04
0.42
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.20
0.10
0.54
0.37
Cumulative
69.54
70.83
Temperatures, Deg F
Ave Max 1 Ave Mln
71.2
62.0
49.4
48.5
Mean
60.3
51,8
Actual Amounts of Water Applied to Cell A
Month
1968
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
Augus t
September
October
November
December
Water Applied
Gal
12,688
12,913
1,750
3,373
3,500
2,184
1,619
4,971
0
5,476
4,568
4,366
In.
6,64
8.08
0.70
1.80
2.00
1.00
0.31
2.17
0
2.55
4.69
4.00
Rainfall
In.
1.14
1.00
4.27
0.62
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.47
0.49
1.29
Total Water
Applied, In.
Monthly
7.78
9.08-
4.97
2.42
2.03
1,03
0.36
2.17
0.00
3.02
5.18
5.29
Cumulative
178.19
187.27
192.24
194.66
196.69
197.. 72 "
198.08
200.25
200.25
203.27
208.45
213.74
Seattle, Wash, Rainfall
Water Required, In,
Monthly
7.71
9.11
4.45
2,35
3.07
0.54
0.75
0.82
0.46
3.27
4.67
5.32
Cumulative
148.99
158.10
162.55
164.90
167,97
168.51
169.26
170,08
170,54
173.81
178,48
183,80
-22-
-21-
-------
TABLE 6.2.2
Actual Amounts of Hater Applied to Cell B
Montk
1968
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Water Ap
Gal
0
0
0
5,120
9,373
3,422
53,709
85,107
43,564
42,399
1,901
2,328
plied
In.
0
0
0
3.28
6.00
2.20
34.43
54.50
27.80
14.36
1.22
1.49
Rainfall
In.
1.14
1.00
4.27
0.62
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.47
0.49
1.29
Total Water Applied, In.
Monthly
1.14
1.00
4.27
3.90
6.03
2.23
34.48
54.50
27.80
14.83
1.71
2.78
Cumulative
238.51
239.51
24.3,78
247,68
253.71
255.94
290.42
344.92
372. 72
387.55
389.26
392,04
-23-
TABLE 6.2.3
CELL A MOISTURE DETERMINED FROM CORE SAMPLES
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
(ft)
Earth
Cover
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Subgrade
Averages
2-6
8-14
16-20
Entire Co
March 1968
Core No. 7
Core No. 8
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
21.2
14.5
48.2
46.1
59.9
47.0
63.3
58.6
50.5
48.9
28.6
36.3
57.2
49.7
•e 48.6
Dry Wt
27.0
17.0
93.1
85.5
149.1
88.7
172.5
141.3
102.0
95.5
40.1
65.2
137.9
98.8
105.0
Wet Wt
58.0
95.3
14.3
59.2
64.4
55.7
62.2
69.3
58.7
57.7
32.5
26.4
56.3
62.9
49.6
56.9
Dry Wt
137.9
131.6
16.7
145.4
180.8
125.9
164.2
219.0
142.2
136.6
48.2
35.9
97.9
172.5
109.0
131.1
June 1968
Core No. 9
Core No. 10
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
17.8
22.4
48.7
46.7
43.1
57.2
67.1
56.3
64.8
53.2
27.4
26.4
39.3
55.9
48.5
48.7
Dry Wt
21.7
28,8
95.1
87.6
75.7
133.4
203.6
128.6
184.4
113.8
32,8
36.1
70.5
135.3
110.3
108.8
Wet Wt
21.3
10.9
38.1
46.7
52.5
33.5
46.0
73.9
43.5
56.8
28.9
24.9
31.9
51.5
43.1
43.1
Dry Wt
27.1
12.2
61,5
87,7
109.6
142.4
85,2
28.3
77.0
131.5
40.6
33.1
53,8
91.4
83.0
77.6
(Continued on Page 25)
-24-
-------
TABLE 6.2.3 (Continued)
CELL A MOISTURE DETERMINED FROM CORE SAMPLES
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
(ft)
Earth
Cover
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Subgrade
Averages
2-6
8-14
16-20
Entire Coi
September 1968
Core No. 11
Core No. 12
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
18.5
23.8
30.0
30.6
79.1
58.8
78.5
83.9
56.9
67.0
35.5
26.0
28.1
75.1
53.1
e 54.4
Dry Wt
22.8
31.1
42.1
44.0
365.7
142.9
412.1
520.1
132.3
202.7
55.0
35.2
39.1
360.2
130.0
194.8
Wet Wt
22.6
23.4
32.5
46.5
52.2
54.9
59.5
54.9
61.4
55.0
32.7
27.3
34.1
55.4
49.7
47.3
Dry Wt
29-1
30.5
48.1
86.9
109.1
121.6
147.1
121.6
158.9
122.2
48.7
37.6
55.2
124.9
109.9
99.5
December 1968
Core No. 13
Wet Wt
28.3
18.6
44.7
48.9
25.7
22.2
59.4
86.3
60.8
84.4
23.7
29.8
37.4
48.4
56.3
47.5
Per Cent
Dry Wt
39.6
22,9
81.0
95.6
34.6
28.5
146.5
611.0
155.0
539.7
31.1
42.5
66.5
205.2
241.9
174.6
Core No. 14
Moisture
Wet Wt
31,4
22.6
13.2
41.7
61.1
59.2
76.1
66.7
72. 7
56.4
32.3
-
25.8
65,8
53.8
50.2
Dry Wt
45.8
29.3
15.3
71.7
73.0
145.4
317.9
200.0
266.5
129.3
47,6
-
38.7
184,1
147.8
129.6
-25-
(16-20ft). The band with the highest moisture content was between 8 and 14 ft
below the surface.
The Moisture analyses for the 2 cores of Cell B appear In Table 6.2.4.' The
moisture content of the core profile averaged 50% on a. wet weight basis, the
same as Cell A despite the application of nearly 3.5 times as much water. The
moisture content of the subgrade was generally from 10% to 25% less than that
of the bottom layer of refuse, again Indicating slow movement of water Into
the ground. However, the moisture content of the earth cover was little dif-
ferent fro* that of the top layer of refuse, especially after application of
the excessive amounts of water during the summer months. Considering the
greater application of water to Cell B, and that the top cover of the cell was
prepared for the growing of turf, the relationship is reasonable. The average
moisture contents of the designated cell bands again indicate a downward trans-
fer of water as in Cell A, and, with the exception of the June cores, again
show that the highest moisture content was in the 8-14 ft band. Direct obser-
vation of core samples taken at the bottom at the Fall coring showed a condi-
tion of saturation.
Cell C received no water during the year other than the normal rainfall of
9.39 in. The moisture analyses for the 2 cores of Cell C appear in Table
6.2.5. The moisture content of the core profile averaged 40% on a wet weight
basis. In contrast to Cells A and B, the driest material was always found in
the bottom band, a condition to be expected since the forced air was introduced
into the landfill from air ducts located beneath the fill. Sampling of the
subgrade was discontinued because of the danger of striking the air ducts.
The core descriptions and core temperatures for all of the cells for the
final coring in December are presented in Table 6,2.6. As expected, the cores
of Cell C demonstrated an advanced stage of decomposition over Cells A and B.
Paper and paper products were frequently scorched, grass with the original
-26-
-------
TABLE 6.2.4
CELL B MOISTURE DETERMINED FROM CORE SAMPLES
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
(ft)
Earth
Cover
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Subgrade
Averages
2-6
8-14
16-20
March 1968
Core No. 7
Core No. 8
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
34.6
29.6
27.3
41.8
59.3
-
65.4
60.9
61.2
54.1
30.6
23.1
32.9
61.9
48.6
Entire Core 47.8
Dry Wt
52.8
42.1
37.6
71.8
145.7
-
188.7
155.7
157.6
117.9
44.0
30.1
50.5
163.4
106.5
106.8
Wet Wt
16.6
28.2
44.8
46.4
60.8
43.3
45.6
52.5
45.9
58.8
44.6
32.2
39.8
50.6
49.8
47.1
Dry Wt
19.9
39.2
81.3
86.4
154.9
76.5
83.9
110.4
84.8
142.7
80.6
47.5
69.0
106.4
102.7
94,1
June 1968
Core No. 9
Core No. 10
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
19.7
27.4
67.4
81.5
56.6
37.7
78.1
54.5
72.8
64.2
47.4
28.7
58.8
56,6
61.5
58.7
Dry Wt
24.6
37.7
206.8
439.6
130.2
60.6
356.7
118.6
267.7
179.7
90.0
40.4
228.0
166.5
179.1
188.8
Wet Wt
14.9
16.9
26.5
50.4
33.1
61.7
57.2
48.7
73.8
61.9
50.1
25,0
31.3
50,2
61.9
48.0
Dry Wt
17.6
20.4
36.1
101.8
49,4
161.0
133.4
94.8
282.2
162.8
100.5
33.4
52.8
109.7
181.8
114,2
(Continued on Page 28)
-27-
TABLE 6.2.4 (Continued)
CELL B MOISTURE DETERMINED FROM CORE SAMPLES
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
(ft)
Earth
Cover
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Subgrade
Averages
2-6
8-14
16-20
Entire Coi
September 1968
Core No. 11
Core No. 12
Per Cent Moisture
Vet Wt
25.8
24.7
39.1
41.0
63.1
52.7
60.5
58.1
57.0
53.7
36.4
27.6
34.9
5B.6
49.0
e 48.6
Dry Wt
34.8
32.9
64.2
69.5
168.9
111.5
153.4
138.6
132.6
116.0
57.1
38.1
55.5
143.1
101.9
104.5
Wet Wt
25.1
30.4
92.0
51.8
62.8
61.0
75.2
57.4
61.0
49.9
44.2
45.4
41.4
64.1
51.7
53.6
Dry Wt
33.5
43.7
72.4
107.7
168.5
156.6
299.1
134.5
156.6
99.5
79.2
84.4
74.6
189.7
111.8
131.8
December 1968
Core No. 13
Core No. 14
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
30.0
30.9
56.2
56.6 j
67.4
51.6
73.1
65.4
64.5
68.5
33.1
-
47.9
64.4
55.4
56.7
Dry Wt
42.8
44.6
128.3
130.6
206.3
106.4
189.6
189.0
181.4
218.5
49.5
-
101.2
172.8
149.8
144.4
Wet Wt
30.6
33.2
50.6
49.9
64.7
66.8
29.8
66.9
68.0
67.9
43.4
41.4
44,6
57.1
59.8
54,1
Dry Wt
44.2
47.9
102.4
104.1
182.9
201.6
42.5
202.6
192,3
211.5
76.6
71.3
84.8
157.4
160.1
136.4
-28-
-------
TABLE 6.2.5
CELL C MOISTURE DETERMINED FROM CORE SAMPLES
Distance
Below
Top Of
Cell
(ft)
March 1968
Core No. 7
Core No. 8
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
Earth 1
Cover
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Subgrade
Averages
2-6
8-14
16-18
Entire Co:
-
24.2
45.0
46.7
48.7
37.6
51.1
61.9
24.4
24.5
21.8
23.2
46.8
49.8
23.6
e 41.0
Dry Wt
-
32.0
81.7
85.6
95.1
60.3
104.3
162.7
32.3
32.5
27.6
30.1
66.4
105.6
30.8
71.4
Wet Wt
16.0
29.0
44.4
51.4
53.2
46.7
48.9
51.8
21.8
22.1
20.0
21.0
41.6
50.1
21.3
43.4
Dry Wt
19.0
40.8
79.9
105.7
113.8
87.5
95.8
107.4
27.9
28.4
25.0
26.7
75.5
101.1
27.1
71.2
June 1968
Core No. 9
Core No. 10
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
16.9
26.1
29.3
42.9
41.0
48.0
47.7
39.6
59.8
19.0
12.1
21.8
32.8
44.1
30.3
36.6
Pry Wt
20.4
39.2
41.4
75.0
69.6
92.4
91.2
65.6
148.9
24.5
13.8
27.8
51.9
79.7
62.4
66.2
Wet Wt
19.9
23.5
57.3
55.4
49.3
53.2
51.5
58.1
49.1
24.8
22.9
-
45.4
53.0
32.3
44.5
Dry Wt
24.9
30.7
134.4
124.4
97.3
113.9
106.2
138.7
96.4
33.0
29.7
-
96.5
114.0
53.0
93.0
(Continued on Page 30)
-29-
TABLE 6.2.5 (Continued)
CELL C MOISTURE DETERMINED FROM COSE SAMPLES
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
(ft)
Earth
Cover
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Subgrade
Averages
2-6
8-14
16-18
Entire Coi
September 1968
Core No. 11
Per Cent
Wet Wt
17.6
26.4
33.9
48.8
38.4
54.0
46.0
20.0
27.2
19.9
22.2
-
36.4
39.6
23.1
e 33.7
Dry Wt
21.4
35.9
51.4
95.2
62.3
117.6
85.3
58.7
37.4
24.9
28.5
-
60.8
81.0
30.3
59.7
Core No. 12
Moisture
Wet Wt
18.4
21.5
44.7
66.2
48.4
47.7
49.4
-
20.1
23.3
18.4
-
44.1
48.5
20.6
34.0
Dry Wt
29.5
27.3
80.8
196.2
93.7
91.3
97.7
-
26.4
30.4
22.5
-
101.4
94.2
26.4
66.6
December 1968
Core No. 13
Per Cent
Wet Wt
23.7
27.7
41.4
44.7
50.7
47.7
40.8
49.8
26.6
26.5
28.1
-
37.9
47.3
27.1
38.4
Dry Wt
31.1
38.4
70.7
81.2
102.7
-
68.9
99.2
36.3
36.1
39.2
-
63.4
90.3
37,2
63.6
Core No. 14
Moisture
Wet Wt
14.2
27.8
56.2
62.1
57.5
53.8
67.2
58.7
34.3
27.9
24.7
-
48.7
59.3
29.0
47.0
Dry Wt
16.6
39.6
128.3
163.9
135.1
116.5
204.6
142.3
51.0
37.8
38.9
-.
110.6
149.6
42.6
105.8
-30-
-------
TABLE 6.2.6
LOG OF CORES FOR CELLS A, B AND C - DECEMBER, 1968
Cell
and
Core
No.
A-13
A-14
B-13
ELspced
TIM Since
Cell
Completion
Day*
1625
1625
1625
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
Ft
0
2
4
6
3
10
12
14
16
18
22
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Temp
Deg
F
62
59
60
74
68
74
72
72
72
68
70
66
66
70
76
70
69
68
70
74
74
74
66
66
68
68
74
74
73
76
76
76
Observation
Dirt
Pulpy, moist material
Chunky, very decomposed, rotten rags
Wood and plastic unaffected
Damp, chunky, pulpy paper, green grass
Some plastic decomposed, metal shiny
Rubber and wood unaffected
Rotten rags, wax paper unaffected
Muddy grey clay
Loose grey clay
Dirt
Dirt moist
Rotten. rags, chunky material no identity
Pulpy moist paper, wood unaffected
Plastic and tennis hoes unaffected
Plastic and cellophane unaffected
Glass and hose unaffected
Much paper and grass decomposed
Moist damp chunks no identity, metal shiny
Grass clippings green, hose unaffected
Loose moist grey clay
Dirt moist
Loose and pulpy material
Loose and pulpy material
Grass unaffected, paper pulpy, metal shiny
Plaster and wood unaffected
Brown chunk material no identity
Rubber unaffected, grass light green
Wet dark decomposed material
Metal shiny
Wet dirt
(Continued on Page 32)
-31-
TABLE 6.2.6 (Continued)
LOG OF CORES FOR CELLS A, B AND C - DECEMBER, 1968
Cell
and
Core
No.
B-14
C-13
C-14
Elapsed
time Since
Cell
Completion
Days
1625
1602
1602
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
Ft
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Temp
Deg
F
62
64
66
70
72
72
74
74
74
80
80
66
68
74
80
86
98
98
102
106
106
100
70
70
74
78
90
90
90
90
98
102
100
Observation
Dirt
Dirt
Moist slushy material, green grass
Wood, plaster and rubber unaffected
Very wet pulpy paper, shiny metal
Much glass unaffected, even labels
Rotten wet muddy rags
Plastic unaffected, shiny metal
Rubber unaffected
Wire unaffected
Dark mud
Dirt
Dirt
Dirt
Rotten rags, loose dry chunks
Brown burnt paper, no grass
Plastic, hose and metal unaffected
Paper burnt and illegible
Hot dry very decomposed material
Aluminum unaffected
Dark brown decomposed materials
Loose moist sand
Dirt
Dirt
Decomposition evident, wood unaffected
Rotten rags, metal oxidized
Glass and plastic unaffected
Dark warm chunky material
Rubber hose unaffected, no grass
Decomposed material, no identity
Dirt
Some oxidized metal, mostly dirt
Dirt
-32-
-------
green color was rarely seen, «nd there was much unidentifiable material.
6.3 Settlement. The settlement of all cells wee periodically measured by
survey, and the data are given In Table 6.3.1. During the year, Cell A settled
an additional 0.89 ft, Cell B 0.93 ft, and Cell C 0.51 ft. This was the first
year in which settlement of the aerated Cell C lagged behind Cells A and B.
Cells A and B settled nearly twice as much as Cell C, thereby reducing the
settlement of Cell C from what had been 3 times as much as Cells A and B to
twice ae much. Cells A and B each settled a total of approximately 2.20 ft, aud
Cell C settled a total of approximately 4.25 ft.
The differential settlement between the top half and the bottom half of all
cells increased during the year. In Cell A the differential was 0.70 ft, in
Cell B 0.86 ft, and In Cell C 0.64 ft. This is simply indicative of an increase
in the "equivalent" density of the bottom fill material.
6.4 Gas Quality. As shown in Table 6.4.1, Cell A continued to produce a
gas high in carbon dioxide and methane at top and bottom levels. Oxygen and
nitrogen were present in varying minor amounts. There was no hydrogen.
As shown in Table 6.4.2, Cell B also continued to produce a gas high in
carbon dioxide and methane at top and bottom levels. Oxygen and nitrogen were
present in varying minor amounts. There was no hydrogen.
The gas analyses for Cell C are shown in Table 6.4.3, and this table should
be correlated with Table 6.4.4 which summarizes blower operation. Heavy rains
in March caused a cave-in around the access well and permitted surface water to
move down along the casing and into the aeration channels thereby effectively
blocking air passage. This difficulty was later compounded by the collapse of
the main air line because of corrosion. In August, the main air line was relo-
cated to discharge directly into the center access well, and any aeration was
achieved by passage of air through existing openings or ports in the access well
casing and Into the cell. Because of the mistaken belief that air passage was
-33-
Call Settlement Data
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(Days)
1266
1290
1294
1318
1329
1353
1357
1381
1378
1402
1429
1453
1452
1476
1483
1507
1509
1533
1546
1570
1584
1606
1606
1630
Total Settlement of Total Settlement of
Cell Surface, Ft Mid-Depth Surface, Ft
Cell Number Cell Number
A
1.4025
1.4250
1.5250
1.5700
1.6225
1.7500
1.8000
1.9150
1.9980
2.0755
2.1705
2.2155
B
1.3300
1.4000
1.4800
1.5050
1.5425
1.6675
1.7150
1.7925
1.8675
1.9475
2.0925
2.1825
C A
3.8225
3.9050
4.0325
4.0200
4.0375
4.0925
4.1175
4.1525
4.1775
4.2100
4.2325
4.2575
1.03
1.05
1.10
1.13
1.17
1.25
1.28
1.34
1.38
1.39
1.48
1.51
B
0.84
0.89
0.94
0.95
0.98
1.06
1.08
1.11
1.13
1.18
1.29
1.36
C
3.28
3.36
3.48
3.46
3.47
3.52
3.52
3.55
3.57
3.60
3.62
3.62
-34-
-------
TABLE 6.4.1
Gas Composition in Cell A
Date
1968
1-04
1-08
1-15
1-22
1-29
2-05
2-12
2-26
3-11
3-23
4-08
4-16
4-22
4-29
5-06
5-13
5-20
6-03
6-10
6-21
7-02
7-08
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-05
8-14
Elapsed Time
In Days
Following
Completion o£
Cell
1269
1273
1280
1287
1294
1301
1308
1322
1336
1348
1364
1372
1378
1385
1392
1399
1406
1420
1427
1438
1450
1456
1463
1470
1477
1484
1493
Percent Composition by Volume of Cases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
co2
52.38
52.42
52.16
51.39
51.83
52.10
53.16
52.08
44.20
50.93
52.29
51.36
52.44
51.40
52.00
51.64
52.10
52.38
52.63
52.39
51.52
50.99
63.03
50.49
52.39
52.76
°2
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.03
T
0.02
0.02
0,15
0.03
0.06
0.60
0.03
0.05
0.32
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.04
CH4
47.52
47.47
47.78
48.43
47.97
47.80
46.74
47.78
54.14
48.76
47.37
45.75
47.42
48.25
46.49
48.18
47.52
47.32
47.27
47.50
48.41
48.90
36.82
49.23
47.48
47.07
H2
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N,
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.14
0.17
0.10
0.08
0.12
1.51
0.28
0.28
2.29
0.11
0.30
1.19
0.14
0.32
0.27
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.11
0.20
0.10
0.13
13 Feet
coz
48.43
48.86
48.85
46.84
48.55
50.70
50.20
36.41
44.31
47.82
49.68
48.90
45.83
47.64
48.00
50.16
49.64
55.14
55.16
46.78
47.62
°2
0.01
0.02
0.11
0.08
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.01
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.13
0.56
0.15
1.08
0.67
CH4
51.40
50.90
50.64
52.77
51.29
49.04
49.57
62.06
55.19
51.91
50.08
50.84
54.08
52.11
51.73
49.57
49.64
42.14
43.77
46.78
48.93
H2
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2
0.16
0.22
0.40
0.31
0.12
0.20
0.16
1.44
0.43
0.20
0.17
0.19
0.08
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.59
2.16
0.92
4.76
2.78
TABLE 6.4.2
Gai Composition in Cell B
Date
1968
1-04
1-08
1-15
1-22
1-29
2-05
2-12
2-26
3-11
4-16
4-22
4-29
5-06
5-13
5-20
6-03
6-10
6-21
7-02
7-08
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-05
8-14
Elapsed Time
tn Days
Following
Cell
1269
1273
1280
1287
1294
1301
1308
1322
1336
1372
1378
1385
1392
1399
1406
1420
1427
1438
1450
1456
1463
1470
1477
1484
1493
Percent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
CM Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
co2
51.83
52.04
53.55
52.74
52.98
53.01
54.04
53.73
51.20
45.94
50.78
49.60
49.84
50.14
48.33
48.29
°2
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.15
0.16
0.03
0.05
0.82
0.76
0.80
0.91
0.90
0.84
1.92
1.01
CH4
48.08
47.90
46.41
47.06
46.29
46.30
45.72
46.06
43.73
49.16
44.43
45.54
45.19
45.00
42.91
46.68
H2
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N2
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.16
0.58
0.53
0.21
0.16
3.95
4.14
3.99
3.95
4.07
4.02
6.84
4.02
13 Feet
co2
52.20
51.78
47.10
51.94
39.69
52.81
53.01
45.09
53.27
52.84
53.16
51.39
52.65
46.69
49.25
46.27
36.99
50.22
52.99
44.99
°2
0.10
0.03
0.16
2.52
0.05
0.28
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.04
1.61
0.03
0.05
0.10
0.04
0.07
0.30
CH4
47.38
48.06
48.83
47.71
53.66
46.87
46.90
54.73
46.41
46.89
46.54
48.30
47.28
48.16
50.60
53.51
62.39
49.55
46.62
53.88
H?
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N?
0.32
0.13
3.97
0.30
6.37
0.27
0.08
0.15
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.03
3.54
0.12
0.17
0.52
0.19
0.32
0.83
-------
e *
S-«4
e
oxr^\oa>vovoaoaooo^
888888888888888888888 8
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O
O«*o^OrHoocj»cor*NOr^moo\
OOt*o^mcMO\^o*7^DO\vOfOOG\C'>'''*'O
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i-liHiHiHiHrHM<-lrHt-lr-|i-trHtHfHi-lt-liHiHi-|r-lr-lr-lr-
-------
being blocked by flooded ducts, the collapse of the air line was not discovered
for about 3 mo and consequently the blower was not operated for this period.
Values of carbon dioxide and methane were predictably high during the long
off period of the blower. Conversely, oxygen and nitrogen values were high
during the blower on periods.
6.5 Cell Temperatures. The temperature data for Cells A and B are pre-
sented in Table 6.5.1, and for Cell C in Table 6.5.2. To obtain the internal
temperatures of Cells A and B (following failure of thermistors), thermometers
were suspended in 3/4-in. dla, water-filled pipes which, in turn, were set into
the shafts established by the coring operation. The system was the same as that
installed for Cell C in 1967. All of the temperature readings are correlated
with the date on which they were taken and the total elapsed time in days fol-
lowing completion of each cell.
In Cell A, the temperature range was 40 deg F, from 60 deg F in the winter
to 100 deg F in the summer.
In Cell B, the temperature range was 28 deg F, from 62 deg F in the winter
to 90 deg F in the summer. The excessive amounts of water applied apparently
had a cooling effect.
In Cell C, the temperature range at a depth of 4 ft was 43 deg F, from 76
deg F to 119 deg F. At the 10-ft depth, the range was 63 deg F, from 84 deg F
to 143 deg F. With the blower operating in the normal manner, temperatures at
the 10-ft depth were much higher than at the 4-ft depth. With the blower off,
the temperature differential was slight.
6,6 Gas Production. In Table 6.6.1 are presented the performance data for
Cell D for 1968. Gas production within the cell totalled less than 100 cu ft,
with less than one-fourth of It being collected over the final 8 mo. There was
virtually no gas produced over the last 6 mo. Frequent checking Insured that
there were no leaks in the system.
-39-
TABLE e.lhi
Temperatures in Cells A and B
Date
1968
4-16
4-22
4-29
5-06
5-13
5-20
5-31
6-03
6-10
6-17
6-29
7-02
7-08
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-05
8-14
8-20
8-29
9-09
9-17
9-24
10-01
10-07
10-18
10-28
11-03
11-11
11-18
11-25
12-02
12-08
12-15
12-30
Air Temperature*
Deg F
Max
65.1
72.0
86.1
72.2
62.0
81.2
79.0
82.8
86.6
96.6
73.7
87.8
90.7
83.4
92.3
91.3
89.2
79.2
77.6
96.9
103.2
89.8
99.1
68.5
70.4
85.0
80.2
70.0
81.1
73.1
62.5
62.7
69.6
59.6
66.3
Kin
53.0
44.0
51.8
52.6
49.4
49.1
59.0
57.1
51.4
61.4
56.0
53.8
68.8
59.7
62.8
66.8
59.7
56.9
61.0
67.0
70.0
53.9
59.0
60.1
59.2
57.0
55.4
49.2
53.0
49.4
44.1
41.4
42.9
48.7
39.2
Mean
59.0
62.0
69.0
62.4
55.7
65.0
69.0
70.0
69.0
79.0
64.8
70.8
79.7
72.5
77.3
81.0
74.4
68.0
69.3
82.0
87.0
71.8
79.0
64.3
64.8
71.0
67.8
59.6
67.0
62.2
53.3
52.0
56.3
54.2
52.7
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(Days)
1372
1378
1385
1392
1399
1406
1417
1420
1427
1434
1446
1449
1455
1462
1469
1476
1483
1492
1498
1507
1518
1526
1533
1540
1546
1557
1567
1573
1581
1588
1595
1602
1608
1615
1630
Cell A
Deg F
62
69
68
64
65
77
69
72
72
78
88
78
77
74
81
84
82
80
75
-
76
77
76
75
75
74
74
73
73
73
72
72
68
65
60
Cell B
Deg F
62
72
76
66
65
77
69
75
76
80
80
82
78
75
84
86
84
82
76
90
78
76
76
75
75
74
73
73
73
73
73
70
70
68
66
* Data from Pomona Weather Bureau
Cell temperatures from thermometers suspended in 3/4-in., water-filled
pipes installed March 5 in cored holes. Thermometers located 8 ft
above bottom.
-40-
-------
TABLE 6.5.2
Temperatures In Cell C
Date
1968
1-04
1-08
1-15
1-22
1-29
2-05
2-14
2-20
2-26
4-16
4-22
4-20
5-06
5-13
5-20
5-31
6-03
6-10
6-21
6-29
7-02
7-08
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-05
8-14
8-20
8-29
9-09
9-17
9-24
10-01
10-07
10-18
10-28
11-03
11-11
11-18
11-25
12-02
12-08
12-15
12-30
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(Days)
1245
1249
1256
1263
1270
1277
1286
1292
1298
1348
1354
1361
1368
1375
1382
1393
1396
1403
1414
1422
1426
1432
1439
1446
1453
1460
1469
1475
1484
1494
1502
1508
1516
1522
1533
1543
1549
1557
1564
1571
1578
1584
1591
1606
Temperatures, *F
Air*
Max
60.5
60.0
67.8
75.2
54.7
73.4
61.2
59.0
75.0
65.1
72.0
86.1
72.2
62.0
81.2
79.0
82.8
86.6
96.6
73.7
87.8
90.7
83.4
92.3
91.3
89.2
79.2
77.6
96.9
103.2
89.8
99.1
68.5
70.4
85.0
80.2
70.0
81.1
73.1
62.5
62.7
69.6
59.6
66.3
Min
38.3
34.2
45.8
46.7
35.2
49.8
46.5
53.0
56.4
53.0
44.0
51.8
52.6
49.4
49.1
59.0
57.1
51.4
61.4
56.0
53.8
68.8
59.7
62.8
66.8
59.7
56.9
61.0
67.0
70.0
55.1
59.0
60.1
59.2
57.0
55.4
49.2
53.0
49.4
44.1
41.4
42.9
48.7
39.2
Mean
49.4
47.4
56.8
61.1
45.0
61.6
53.9
56.0
65.7
59.0
62.0
69.0
62.4
55.7
65.0
69.0
70.0
69.0
79.0
64.8
70.8
79.7
72.5
71.3
81.0
74.4
68.0
69.3
82.0
87.0
71.8
79.0
64.3
64.8
71.0
67.8
59.6
67.0
62.2
53.3
52.0
56.3
54.2
52.7
In Cell at
Indicated a
10 Ft
119
102
88
102
112
112
92
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
117
118
116
116
115
115
115
116
116
116
115
112
110
109
116
116
114
112
116
116
115
114
114
Distances
ove Bottom
2 Ft
143
123
94
84
110
126
122
96
120
121
120
118
122
112
110
112
117
117
111
114
118
114
114
113
109
110
116
115
118
117
115
115
116
109
106
107
107
104
104
102
102
102
* Data from Poaona Weather Bureau
Cell temperatures from thermometers installed In water baths and
placed in cored holes.
-41-
TABLE 6.6.1
Gas Production and Temperatures in Cell D
Date
1968
1-04
1-08
1-15
1-15
1-18
1-22
1-25
1-29
2-05
2-12
2-20
2-22
2-26
3-05
3-11
3-15
3-23
3-28
4-08
4-16
4-22
4-29
5-06
5-13
5-20
5-31
6-03
6-10
6-21
6-29
7-02
7-08
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-05
8-14
8-20
8-29
9-09
9-17
9-24
10-01
10-07
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(Days)
546
550
557
557
560
564
567
571
578
585
593
595
599
607
613
617
625
630
641
649
655
662
669
676
683
694
697
704
715
723
726
732
739
746
753
760
769
775
784
795
803
810
817
823
Cumulative
Volume of
Gas Produced
(cu ft)
1928.51
1933.50
1939.14
1939.14
1941.66
1945.25
1951.87
1956.90
1963.78
1971.99
1978.13
1979.22
1982.55
1982.55
1983.23
1983.38
1983.78
1983.94
1984.27
1989.17
1989.86
1994.28
1997.56
2001.22
2004.17
2018.01
2018.54
2019.11
2023.35
2023.45
2023.45
2023.53
2025.84
2026.48
2026.50
2026.51
2026.51
2027.01
2027.12
2026.70
2026.70
2026.70
Cell
Pressure
In.
Water
0.50
0.25
0.00
0.12
0.25
0.25
3.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
2.50
0.25
0.50
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.375
1.4
0.4
8.4*
1.0
0.1
Temperatures at
Locations Below
Top of Cell, Deg F
4 ft
62
68
68
68
69
70
78
77
81
80
76
76
74
75
75
74
74
74
80
79
79
75
88
88
82
82
83
86
88
86
85
82
86
88
86
85
85
80
14 ft
76
82
82
82
81
88
81
84
84
84
84
89
86
87
83
92
91
90
87
90
90
90
90
90
90
(Continued on Page 43)
-42-
-------
TABLE 6.6.1 (Continued)
Gaa Production and Temperatures In Cell D
Date
1968
10-18
10-28
11-03
11-11
11-18
11-25
12-02
12-08
12-15
12-30
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(Days)
834
844
850
858
865
S72
879
885
892
907
Cumulative
Volume of
Gas Produced
(cu ft)
2026.71
2026.71
2026.71
2026.72
2026.72
2026.72
2026.72
2026.72
2026.72
2026.73
Cell
Pressure
In.
Water
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.2
Temperatures at
Locations Below
Top of Cell, Deg F
4 ft 14 ft
80 89
79 89
73 88
78 89
75 89
72 C8
68 86
67 85
59 80
59 80
* Feed line to wet test cell closed for 4 days
Temperatures measured by thermometers installed in water baths
-43-
The last thermistor in the tank failed. A hole was drilled as close as
possible to the tank wall. A 3/4-in. die water-filled pipe was placed in this
hole, and a thermometer was lowered into the pipe to a depth of 14 ft. Still
available was a thermometer installed in an internal pipe at a depth of 4 ft.
The temperature at the 14-ft depth ranged from 76 deg F to 92 deg F. The
temperature at the 4-ft depth (inside of the tank) ranged from 59 deg F to 88
deg F.
-44-
-------
Photograph 1
Clamshell Used for Excavating
for Cell D
Photograph 3
Installation of Cell D
Photograph 2
Delivery of Cell D to Site
Photograph 4
Installation of Cell D
Photograph 5
Installation of Cell D
-45-
-46-
-------
Photograph 6
Assembly of Internal Gas
Collection Piping for Cell D
Photograph 8
External Gas Collection
Manifold, Cell D
Photograph 7
Gas Collection Piping Installed at
Top Level During Packing of Cell D
-47-
Photograph 9
External Gas Collection
Manifold, Cell D
Photograph 10
External Gas Collection
Manifold, Cell D
-48-
-------
Photograph 15
View of Cell C (March 1968)
Showing Surface Settlement
Photograph 11
Cover Plate for Cell D Manhole
Showing Gas Line Connectors
and Pipe Used as Water Bath
for Thermometer at 4-ft Depth
Photograph 12
Coring Rig
Photograph 16
View of Cell C Showing Access Well
Exposed by Surface Settlement
Photograph 13
Core Examination
Photograph 14
Core Examination
Photograph 17
View of Cell C Showing Settlement and
Development of Surface Cracks
-49-
-------
7. PROJECT CO-INVESTIGATORS
The following are brief sketches of the professional personnel who
served as co-investigators.
A. Robert C. Merz
Born September 13, 1911, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin
BS in Civil Engineering, 1933, University of Wisconsin
MS in Civil Engineering, 1950, University of Wisconsin
1935-1948, Sanitary Engineer, Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1948-1950, Instructor, University of Wisconsin
1950-date, Professor and Chairman, Department of Civil
Engineering, Assistant Dean, School of Engineering,
University of Southern California
Member ASCE (F), AWWA, APHA, WPCF, ASEE, AIDIS, RSH, Chi Epsilon,
Tau Beta Pi, Sigma XI, Phi Kappa Phi, Blue Key
Senior Sanitary Engineer, USPHS (Inac. Res.)
Certified by EEIB
B. Ralph Stone
Bom April 2, 1921, at New York, New York
BS in Engineering, 1943, University of California (Berkeley)
MS in Civil Engineering, 1944, University of California (Berkeley)
1944-1946, U. S. Public Health Service
1946-1948, U. N. World Health Organization (in China)
1948-1949, Inat. of Inter-American Affairs (in Colombia, S.A.)
1949-1951, Reaearch Assoc., University of California (Berkeley)
1951-1953, Project Engineer, Fluor Corp., Los Angeles, California
1953-date, Research Assoc., University of Southern California, and
Consulting Sanitary Engineer in private practice,
President, Ralph Stone and Company, Inc. - Engineers
Registered Professional Engineer
Member ASCE (F), AWWA, ACS, WPCF, APHA, APHA, RSH, ASPO, AIP
Senior Sanitary Engineer, USPHS (Inac. Res.)
Certified by EEIB
-51-
-------
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
SCHOOL OP ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY PARK
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 0OOO7
OCPARTHEHT Or CIVIL ENOINURINO
SPECIAL STUDIES OF A SANITARY LANDFILL
March 15, 1968
Grant Number 8 E01 UI00518-07
Second Progress Report to
Office of Solid Wastes
United States Public Health Service
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
January 1, 1967 to December 31, 1967
Prepared by Principal Investigators
Robert C. Mere, Chairman
Department of Civil Engineering
Ralph Stone
Research Associate
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
Mr. Henry C. Steed, Jr.
Chief, Office of Grants Administration
Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare
National Center for Urban and Industrial
Health
222 East Central Parkway
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Subject: 8 R01 UI00518-07
Dear Mr. Steed:
Forty copies of our Second Progress Report covering
the investigation made under the subject grant on the
"Special Studies of a Sanitary Landfill" are submitted
to you with this letter. This report summarizes the
project activity and services performed during the 1967
calendar year.
Respectfully submitted,
RCM:bb
Chairman
•estigator
8.1-i
-------
2. FOREWORD
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
On March 25, 1966, the Department of Civil Engineer-
ing of the University of Southern California submitted a final
report on the factors controlling the use of a sanitary landfill
cite. Funds were provided by two grants from the United States
Public Health Service, EF-00160-04 and 5R01-EF-00160-03. Copies
of the report are available from the University.
These special studies of a sanitary landfill were con-
tinued and expanded under new grants, 9R01-SW-00028-06 covering
the 1966 calendar year, and 8 R01-UI-00518-07 covering the 1967
calendar year. This report is offered as a second statement of
progress, and only the data collected during 1967 are included.
leaders are referred to the above referenced reports for full
and complete information concerning the construction, instrumen-
tation and initial performance of the four landfill test cells
described as A, B, C, and D.
The project is under the joint direction of Robert
C. Jferz, Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering, and Ralph
Stone, Research Associate. Field assistance was provided by
«•»<»" Curran and George De La Guardia, undergraduates,
Capt. Gerald Bar hour, Master of Science candidate, and Ramon
Beluche, Doctoral candidate.
This investigation was supported in whole by
Public Health Service Research Grant No. UI-
00518-07 from the National Center for Urban
and Industrial Health.
The County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
County constructed the test cells and provided
field assistance when requested. The help of the
staff of the Sanitation Districts and of John D.
Farkhurst, Chief Engineer and General Manager, are
most gratefully acknowledged.
8.1-11
8.1-111
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
1
2
3
4
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 1
FOREWARD ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii
CELLS A, B AND C
4.1 External Climatic Factors 1
4.2 Application of Water 14 10
4.3 Settlement 10
4.4 Gas Production 12
4.5 Temperatures 20
CELL D
5.1 Performance 24
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 31
PROJECT CO-INVESTIGATORS 32
8.1-iv
LIST OF TABLES
Section
Title
Page
4.1.1 External Climatic Factors 2
4.2.1 Actual Amounts of Water Applied
to Cell A 4
4.2.2 Cell A Moisture Determined from
Core Samples 5
4.2.3 Actual Amounts of Water Applied
to Cell B 6
4.2.4 Cell B Moisture Determined from
Core Samples 7
4.2.5 Cell C Moisture Determined from
Core Samples 8
4.3.1 Cell Settlement Data 11
4.4.1 Gas Composition in Cell A 13
4.4.2 Gas Composition in Cell B 15
4.4.3 Gas Composition in Cell C 17
4.4.4 Summary of Blower Operation,
Cell C 19
4.5.1 Temperatures in Cell A 21
4.5.2 Temperatures in Cell B 22
4.5.3 Temperatures In Cell C 23
4.5.4 Log of Cores for Cells A, B and C,
February, 1967 25
4.5.5 Log of Cores for Cells A, B and C,
November, 1967 27
5.1.1 Gas Production and Temperatures,
Cell D 29
8.1-v
-------
4. CELLS A, B, AND C
4.1 External Climatic Factors. Monthly average air temperatures and daily
rainfall* vere obtained from Pomona Weather Station records and are recorded
in Table 4.1.1. Daily temperatures are recorded in Tables 4.5.1 through
4.5.3. Hie total rainfall at the test site for the full 3.5 yr. period of
study (to December 31, 1967) has been 62.1 in. The total rainfall for 1966
was 18.3 In.
4.2 Application of Water. In Table 4.2.1 are shown the amounts of water
applied to Cell A. The figures shown are cumulative since the start of this
investigation in September 1964. The required annual amount of water to be
applied tc simulate the Seattle rainfall is 42.52 in. The actual amount of
water applied during the year was 21.37 in. irrigation water plus 18.77 in.
rainfall for a total of 40.14 in.
There is a water supply reservoir located on top of a high hill adjacent
to the research site. On September 3, this reservoir accidentally overflowed,
and the water cascaded down the hill and onto the surfaces of Cells A and B.
Based on flood markings, the minimum amount of water estimated to have entered
Cell A was 3750 gal and was included in the September entry in Table 4.2.1.
The ulnlatBB amount of water estimated te have entered Cell B was 2450 gal and
was included in the September entry in Table 4.2.3.
The coring program initiated on August 22, 1966, for the purpose of deter-
mining the moisture content of the cells, was continued. The cells were cored
in February and again in November, and samples were taken at 2-ft depth Incre-
ments. The top cover and the subgrade were also sampled. The samples were
sealed immediately and transported to the laboratory where their moisture con-
tents were determined. The core descriptions and the core temperatures appear
in Tables 4.5.4 and 4.5.5. The moisture results for Cell A are presented in
Table 4.2.2.
8.1-1
TABLE 4.1.1
External Climatic Factors
Month
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Day
6
22
23
24
25
31
14
4
10
11
12
13
14
31
1
2
4
7
11
12
15
18
19
20
21
22
24
29
. 10
28
29
30
31
10
12
Rainfall, In
Daily
T
1.44
0.93
2.10
0.45
0.16
T
0.15
T
0.37
0.18
0.57
0.37
0.60
0.08
0.44
0.20
0.47
0.68
0.01
0.01
0.43
0.58
0.04
0.47
0.46
0.23
0.08
0.16
T
0.04
T
0.05
T
0.05
Cumulative
48.37
48.37
50.61
54.79
55.04
55.09
55.09
Temperatures, Deg F
Ave Max
65.8
71.2
67.8
63.4
77.2
77.2
91.3
Ave Min
41.8
43.7
47.3
42.8
52.3
53.8
61.8
Mean
53.8
57.5
57.5
53.1
64.7
65.5
76.6
(Continued on Page 3)
8.1-2
-------
TABLE 4.1.1 (Continued)
TABLE 4.2.1
External Climatic Factors
ttmth
Aug.
S«pt.
Oct.
Hov.
Dec.
Day
30
2
10
22
23
27
28
29
30
19
20
21
28
30
8
16
17
18
19
Rainfall, In.
Daily
T
T
0.01
T
T
0.18
0.10
T
T
1.90
0.91
0.90
0.08
0.86
0.07
0.05
0.03
1.22
0.66
Cumulative
55.09
55.38
55.38
60.03
62.06
Temperatures, Deg
Ave Max
94.6
84.7
84.8
72.7
60.5
Ave Min
68.1
63.3
55.4
52.9
41.7
F
Mean
81.4
74.0
70.1
62.8
51.1
Actual Amounts of Water Applied to Cell A
Month
1964-65
J966
1967
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Water Applied
Gal
709
0
0
0
0
2,041
2,459
9,461
9,836
8,340
603
6,303
In.
0.45
0
0
0
0
1.17
1.62
5.06
5.60
4.28
0.41
2.78
Rainfall
In.
5.08
T
2.24
4.18
0.25
0.05
-
T
0.29
-
4.65
2.03
Total Water
Applied, In.
Monthly
5.53
0
2.24
4.18
0.25
1.22
1.62
5.06
5.89
4.28
5.06
4.81
Cumulative
86.98
43.29
135.80
135.80
138.04
142.22
142.47
143.69
145.31
150.37
156.26
160.54
165.60
170.41
Seattle, Wash. Rainfal
Water Required, In.
Monthly
7.71
9.11
4.45
2.35
3.07
0.54
0.75
0.82
0.46
3.27
4.67
5.32
Cumulative
56.24
42.52
106.47
115.58
120.03
122.38
125.45
125.99
126.74
127.56
128.02
131.29
135.96
141.28
8.1-3
8.1-4
-------
TABLE 4.2.2
CELL A MOISTURE DETERMINED FROM CORE SAMPLES
Dlataoce
Top of
Cell
(ft)
Earth
Cover
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Subgrade
Averages
2-06
8-14
16-20
Entire Ce]
February 1967
Core No. 1
NW Corner
Core No. 2
SE Corner
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
22.2
21.3
30.8
50.3
44.1
52.8
51.8
52.3
61.5
46.8
32.6
34.1
50.3
47.0
1 44.4
1
Dry Wt
28.5
27.1
44.6
101.1
78.7
112.0
107.7
109.6
159.6
87.9
48.5
57.6
102.0
98.7
87.6
Wet Wt
23.7
29.8
34.8
43.6
47.5
51.1
52.7
59.5
58.9
52.4
30.1
36.1
52.7
47.1
46.0
Dry Wt
31.0
42.4
53.3
77.3
91.3
104.4
111.3
147.9
143.0
110.8
43.1
57.7
113.7
98.9
92.4
November 1967
Core No. 1
N Side
Core No. 2
S Side
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
1
21.2
12.3
28.1
41.5
39.6
56.6
53.5
45.0
48.7
53.4
61.6
30.6
27.3
48.7
54.6
44.0
Dry Wt
26.9
14.1
39.1
70.9
65.7
130.3
115.0
81.9
95.1
114.6
160.1
44.1
41.4
98.2
123.3
88.7
Wet Wt
20.9
11.3
60.7
48.7
44.0
60.1
49.6
48.0
64.0
60.7
41.4
25.4
40.2
50.4
55.4
48.9
Dry Wt
26.4
12.7
154.3
94.7
78.6
150.5
98.5
108.4
177.5
154.5
70.7
34.0
87.2
109.0
134.2
110.0
8.1-5
TABLE 4.2.3
Actual Amounts of Water Applied to Cell B
Month
1964-66
1967
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
Deceaber
Water Applied
Gal
0
3,571
0
0
7,236
10,822
14,060
14,617
19,186
7,685
57
0
In.
0
2,30
0
0
4.64
6.96
9.05
9.37
12.30
4.92
0,04
0.00
Rainfall
In
5.08
0
2.24
4.18
0.25
0.05
-
T
0.29
-
4.65
2.03
Total Water Applied, In
Monthly
5.08
2.30
2.24
4.18
4.89
7.01
9.05
9.37
12.59
4.92
4.69
2.03
Cumulative
169.02
174.10
176.40
178.64
182.82
187.71
194.72
203.77
213.14
225.73
230.65
235.34
237.37
8.1-6
-------
TABLE 4.2.4
CELL B MOISTURE DETERMINED FROM CORE SAMPLES
Distance
Top of
Cell
(ft)
Earth
Cover
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Subgrade
Averages
2-06
8-14
16-20
Entire Cel
February 1967
Core No. 1
SW Corner
Core No. 2
HE Corner
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Ut
44.2
54.7
51.6
63.3
63.0
37.5
67.1
47.2
63.1
27.3
50.2
57.7
45.9
1 51.9
Dry Wt
79.2
120.7
106.6
172.4
170.3
60.1
204.1
89.2
170.8
37.6
103.2
151.7
99.2
121.1
Wet Wt
39.2
53.9
48.6
48.6
53.7
35.7
42.2
45.9
47.7
22.0
47.2
45.1
38.5
43.8
Dry Wt
64.6
116.9
94.6
94.5
116.1
55.5
72.9
84.9
90.7
28.3
92.0
84.8
68.0
81.9
November 1967
Core No. 1
N Side
Core No. 2
S Side
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
22.3
26.1
46.1
40.1
44.4
46.7
41.5
45.8
-
57.8
58.0
25.5
37.5
44.6
57.9
45.2
Dry Wt
28.7
35.3
85.5
67.0
79.9
87.6
70.1
84.4
-
136.9
138.3
34.2
62.6
80.7
137.6
87.3
Wet Wt
23.7
25.6
37.9
47.2
49.0
51.6
51.1
61.2
65.1
63.0
56.1
33.5
36.9
53.2
61.3
50.8
Dry Wt
31.1
34.4
61.0
89.3
96.0
106.4
104.3
157.8
186.2
170.0
127.8
50.3
61.6
116.1
161.3
113.3
8.1-7
TABLE 4.2.5
CELL C MOISTURE DETERMINED FROM CORE SAMPLES
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
f f+\
lit)
Earth
Cover
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Subgrade
Av= rages
2-06
8-14
16-18
Entire Cel
February 1967
Core No. 1
NW Corner
Per Cent
Wet Wt
26.7
28.7
53.8
51.0
52.0
43.4
39.4
46.1
38.0
-
12.5
36.4
46.5
42.1
1 44.9
i
Dry Wt
36.3
40.2
116.3
103.9
108.4
76.6
65.0
85.3
61.3
-
14.3
64.3
88.5
73.3
85.1
Core No. 2
SE Corner
Moisture
Wet Wt
27.8
43.5
48.8
60.8
55.7
54.0
55.2
57.0
30.3
-
40.0
56.4
43.7
48.1
Dry Wt
38.4
77.0
95.2
155.4
125.6
117.6
123.0
132.3
43.5
-
70.2
130.4
87.9
100.9
November 1967
Core No. 1
N Side
Core No. 2
S Side
Per Cent Moisture
Wet Wt
11.7
26.7
57.2
32.0
50.0
41.0
43.8
43.2
28.3
16.2
-
16.7
38.6
44.5
22.2
37.6
Dry Wt
13.4
36.4
133.5
47.1
100.1
69.5
77.8
75.9
39.4
19.3
-
20.0
72.4
80.9
29.4
66.6
Wet Wt
15.9
18.2
24.4
50.4
49.9
46.9
47.7
51.4
52.8
23.6
-
21.9
31.0
49.0
38.2
40.6
Dry Wt
18.9
22.3
32.3
101.6
99.6
88.3
91.3
105.7
111.9
31.0
-
28.0
52.0
96.2
71.4
76.0
8.1-8
-------
The aolsture content of the cell as a whole, on a wet weight basis, re-
mained virtually unchanged during the interval between corlngs despite the
application of 29.8 in. water. On a. dry weight basis, the moisture content
increased 10%. Ey the end of the year, the moisture content of the earth cover
was considerably higher than that of the top layer of refuse, indicating the
ready capillary rise of water from the top layer of refuse for subsequent evap-
oration froiB the bare cell surface. The moisture content of the subgrade, 2 ft
below the landfill, was considerably less than that of the bottom layer of
refuse, when sampled in November, indicating slow movement of water into the
ground. At the bottom of Table 4.2.2 are shown the average moisture contents
for the top portion of the cell (2-6 ft), the middle portion (8-14 ft), and the
bottom portion (16-20 ft). The November figures indicate that a downward
transfer of water has taken place, since in February the band with the highest
moisture content was between 8 and 14 ft below the surface.
In Table 4.2.3 are shown the amounts of water applied to Cell B. The
figures shown are cumulative, as in the case of Cell A described above. The
actual aaount of water applied during the year was 49.58 in. of irrigation
water applied on demand by the tensiometer equipment (and including the afore-
mentioned reservoir drainage) plus 18.77 in. rainfall for a total of 68.35 in.
This was adequate to maintain an excellent turf cover on top of the cell.
Cell B received 61.2 In. water between corings. The picture presented by
analysis of the core samples in Table 4.2.4 is as follows. The moisture con-
tent of the cell as a whole on a wet or dry weight basis remained virtually
unchanged, and the moisture content of the subgrade when sampled in November
was considerably less than that of the bottom layer of refuse, again indicating
slow movement of water into the ground. However, the moisture content of the
earth cover was little different from that of the top layer of refuse.
8.1-9
Considering that Cell B received more than twice the amount of water applied to
Cell A (on call from the tensiometer control equipment), and considering that
the top cover of Cell B was especially prepared to resist passage of applied
water, the relationship is reasonable. The average moisture contents in Novem-
ber for the designated cell portions (as noted above in Cell A) again indicate
a downward transfer of water as in Cell A, and again show that the depth with
the highest moisture content was between 8 and 14 ft below the surface in
February.
Cell C received no water during the year other than normal rainfall of 18.8
in. The cell has continued to exhibit a loss of moisture. The moisture con-
tent of the cell as a whole decreased from 46.5% to 39.IX on a dry weight basis.
In contrast to Cells A and B, the driest material is found in the bottom por-
tion (16-18 ft) in both February and November, a condition to be expected since
the forced air is introduced into the fill from the air ducts located beneath
the fill. For the same reason, there is little difference in the moisture
contents of the bottom portion of the cell and the subgrade.
4.3 Settlement. The settlement of all cells was periodically measured by
survey, and the data are given in Table 4.3.1. During the year, Cell A settled
an additional 0.57 ft, Cell B 0.51 ft and Cell C 1.14 ft. As shown, Cells A
and B have each settled a total of approximately 1.30 ft and Cell C has settled
a total of 3.75 ft or nearly three times as much. The rate of settlement of
all cells has been fairly uniform with the few exceptions probably caused by
expansion of the adobe cover soil.
The bench marks used to measure settlement are concrete monuments original-
ly set flush with the cell surface. There are four at each cell, located about
12 ft from the access well on N-S and E-W diameters. The reported settlement
refers to the average movement of these benchmarks. There are portions of the
cells that have settled to a greater and lesser extent. In Cell C, for
8.1-10
-------
TABLE 4.3.1
Cell Settlement Data
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
896
920
935
959
963
987
991
1015
1044
1068
1079
1103
1110
1134
1148
1171
1180
1204
1208
1232
1222
1246
Total Settlement of
Cell Surface, Ft
Cell Number
A
0.8300
0.8575
0.9075
0.8900
0.9750
1.0550
1.0925
1.1550
1.2400
1.3100
1.3275
B
0.7850
0.8150
0.8500
0.8500
0.9150
0.9825
1.0175
1.0725
1.1475
1.2375
1.2550
C
2.6075
2.7100
2.8075
2.8775
3.0550
3.2350
3.3550
3.4600
3.5875
3.6950
3.7525
Total Settlement of
Mid-Depth Surface, Ft
Cell Number
A
0.65
0.68
0.71
0.71
0.77
0.83
0.84
0.88
0.93
0.97
0.98
B
0.53
0.54
0.57
0.57
0.60
0.65
0.65
0.68
0.72
0.77
0.80
C
2.18
2.32
2.42
2.48
2.60
2.78
2.86
2.94
3.05
3.17
3.24
instance, the surface settlement around the access well Is more than 5 ft.
The differential settlement between the top half and bottom half of Call* A
and B increased during the year. In Cell A the differential is now 0.35 ft,
and in Cell B it is 0.46 ft. The differential in Cell C remained 0.51 ft.
This is simply indicative of an increase in the "equivalent" density of tha
bottom fill material.
While there were no serious caveins during the year, surface fissures con-
tinued to develop and these were filled in as soon as possible.
4.4 Gas Production. As shown in Table 4.4.1, Cell A continued over the
entire year to produce a gas high in carbon dioxide and methane at top and
bottom levels. Oxygen and nitrogen were present in varying minor amounts.
There was no hydrogen. There has been no marked change in the gas composition
from what it was during 1966.
As shown in Table 4.4.2, Cell B also continued to produce a gas high in
carbon dioxide and methane at top and bottom levels. And again, because of air
from Cell C moving over 25 ft through an adobe soil wall into Cell B, oxygen
was generally present in quantities up to 4 percent, whereas the Cell A value
was generally less than one percent. The continuing presence of oxygen is not
normally compatible with the presence of methane, and yet the technique as well
as the equipment used were thoroughly checked and appeared to be satisfactory.
The gas analyses for Cell C are shown in Table 4.4.3, and this table should
be correlated with Table 4.4.4 which summarizes blower operation.
The blower steadily supplied air at desired on-off schedules throughout the
full year. The cycle of on 0.5 hr and off 1.0 hr started on Dec. 1, 1966, was
continued to Sept. 26, 1967. On that date the cycle was changed to on 1.0 hr
and off 0.5 hr. The change was made simply to determine what the effect of
more air would be in the gas composition and temperatures.
The data Indicate there was little immediate or long-time change in the
8.1-12
8.1-11
-------
TABLE 4.A.I
Gas Composition In Cell A
Date
1 Qft7
i:*D/
1-03
1-18
2-01
3-08
3-15
3-22
3-29
4-06
5-03
5-11
6-12
6-19
6-26
7-03
7-10
7-25
8-01
8-08
8-16
8-22
8-29
9-26
10-03
10-09
Elapsed Time
In Days
Following
Prv«n\1 A^ 4 «M\ nf
l»Omp.Leil.On OI
Cell
903
918
932
967
974
981
988
996
1023
1031
1063
1070
1077
1084
1091
1106
1113
1120
1128
1134
1141
1169
1176
1182
Percent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
coz
48.75
50.77
44.44
53.05
52.24
51.46
48.23
49.49
47.18
40.75
37.05
43.18
43.73
41.20
38.01
34.09
51.90
50.00
44.12
51.23
53.48
53.97
53.35
°2
0.07
0.48
0.24
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.02
3.66
0.94
0.64
2.03
2.27
0.38
0.67
0.85
2.37
1.24
0.67
1.02
T
CH4
50.86
46.88
54.33
46.70
47.63
48.47
51.65
50.20
52.74
59.14
46.82
51.18
53.07
52.70
48.37
63.64
45.44
47.23
45.59
41.33
43.15
40.95
44.35
H2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N2
0.32
1.87
0.99
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.10
0.24
0.06
0.09
12.47
4.70
2.56
4.07
11.35
1.89
1.99
1.92
7.92
6.20
2.70
4.06
2.30
13 Feet
C02
50.94
53.32
49.24
51.80
51.04
53.80
48.75
48.02
46.85
43.02
32.36
40.44
38.40
35.67
46.22
48.28
51.27
43.64
52.57
53.61
°2
0.16
0.55
1.68
0.65
1.27
0.19
0.42
0.06
0.10
0.03
3.71
0.91
0.87
3.30
0.01
3.28
1.98
4.27
1.83
1.00
CH4
48.30
43.89
42.76
45.03
42.86
45.29
49.15
51.67
52.67
56.73
42.51
55.25
58.48
52.46
53.74
35.34
36.83
37.88
38.29
40.40
H2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0.00
N2
0.60
2.24
6.32
2.52
4.83
0.72
1.68
0.25
0.38
0.22
21.42
3.40
2.25
8.57
0.03
13.10
9.92
14.21
7.31
4.99
(Continued on Page 14)
TABLE 4.4.1 (Continued)
Gas Composition in Cell A
Elapsed Time
In Days
Following
Completion of
Cell
10-23
10-30
11-06
11-27
12-04
12-11
12-21
12-28
52.75
53.89
53.25
51.55
51.60
52.91
51.67
49.71
46.18
46.11
46.51
48.38
46.88
47.03
48.19
50.16
-------
TABLE 4.4.2
Gaa Composition In Cell B
Date
1967
1-03
1-18
2-01
2-22
3-08
3-15
3-22
3-29
4-06
5-03
5-11
6-12
6-19
6-26
7-03
7-10
7-25
8-01
8-08
8-16
8-22
8-29
9-12
9-21
9-26
Elapsed Tim*
In Dayi
Completion of
Cell
903
918
932
953
967
974
981
988
996
1023
1031
1063
1070
1077
1084
1091
1106
1113
1120
1128
1134
1141
1155
1164
1169
Percent Composition by Volume, of Uai«» Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below finiihed Surface
7 Feet
C02
53.30
64.37
52.39
47.17
42.27
45.62
57.48
48.00
53.63
57.38
53.48
38.34
41.82
31.72
41.41
41.65
48.12
37.91
41.27
47.10
51.22
44.49
53.25
48.07
53.85
°2
0.05
0.79
0.13
2.61
3.39
4.26
0.70
0.78
0.14
0.04
0.05
0.01
0.01
2.80
1.98
1.18
0.65
1.29
3.13
3.18
3.96
3.21
2.46
2.41
2.00
CH4
46.23
29.34
46.41
38.35
33.73
33.68
38.71
45.47
45.45
42.39
46.33
61.56
58.11
51.48
46.70
48.28
47.31
58.21
46.23
39.13
35.57
39.46
38.39
43.50
38.15
H2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N2
0.42
5.50
1.07
11.87
20.61
16.44
3.11
5.75
0.78
0.19
0.14
0.19
0.06
14.00
9.91
8.89
3.92
2.59
9.37
10.59
9.25
12.84
5.90
6.02
6.00
13 Feet
C02
51.51
50.50
43.73
37.74
52.35
21.47
30.13
32.35
39.43
34.46
37.98
38.30
48.64
47.01
45.22
49.14
51.91
50.55
44.79
°2
0.15
1.54
1.56
2.66
0.25
2.29
0.60
1.82
1.66
0.46
0.20
0.13
0.19
0.12
0.93
0.40
1.19
0.62
1.45
CH4
47.67
33.27
44.80
37.85
46.44
38.39
33.27
43.21
43.27
57.06
52.33
50.35
44.12
47.01
45.11
39.45
43.33
42.62
42.17
H2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N2
0.67
14.69
9.91
21.75
0.25
2.29
0.60
22.62
15.64
8.02
9.49
11.22
7.05
5.86
8.74
11.01
3.57
6.21
11.59
(Continued on Page 16)
TABLE 4.4.2 (Continued)
Gas Composition in Cell B
Date
1967
10-03
10-09
10-23
10-30
11-06
11-27
12-04
12-11
12-21
12-28
Elapsed Time
In Days
Following
Completion of
1176
1182
1196
1203
1210
1231
1238
1245
1255
1262
Percent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
CO,
57.20
56.64
52.74
54.19
52.24
49.94
48.28
51.85
46.06
51.83
°2
1.40
T
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.16
0.31
0.07
0.06
CH,
35.80
40.51
43.96
45.81
47.76
49.86
50.98
46.66
53.55
47.80
H2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N2
5.60
2.85
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.58
1.18
0.32
0.31
13 Feet
co2
39.13
53.13
41.53
43.12
50.36
50.42
53.31
49.81
51.07
°2
2.37
0.34
0.35
o.n
0.15
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
CH4
38.51
38.78
54.96
55.18
38.55
49.32
46.54
49.89
48.75
H2
0
0
0
0
0.02
0.00
0
0
0
N2
19.99
7.75
3.16
1.59
10.92
0.23
0.12
0.26
0.15
-------
TABLE 4.4.3
oo
V
Gas Composition in Cell C
Date
1967
1-03
1-18
2-01
2-22
3-08
3-15
3-22
3-29
4-06
4-13
5-03
5-11
6-19
6-26
7-03
7-10
7-25
8-01
8-08
8-16
8-22
9-12
9-21
9-26
Elapsed Time
In Days
Following
Completion of
Cell
879
894
908
929
943
950
957
964
972
979
999
1007
1046
1053
1060
1067
1082
1089
1096
1104
1110
1131
1140
1145
Percent Composition by Volume of Gacet Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
co2
16.37
8.35
12.58
6.14
21.48
26.87
4.26
8.87
27.62
28.42
19.71
15.45
20.72
22.94
25.79
29.63
11.43
9.40
4.98
9.01
°2
12.28
15.95
13.43
16.02
11.23
8.95
17.43
14.06
7.43
7.39
10.87
13.32
3.18
0.74
1.40
1.21
8.29
9.58
10.49
7.78
CH4
14.96
2.67
8.71
2.22
18.27
21.65
2.19
2.93
22.49
23.53
19.20
16.17
10.51
11.73
12.11
14.81
6.28
5.13
3.09
4.61
H2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N2
54.81
73.03
65.28
75.65
49.02
42.53
76.12
74.14
42.46
40.66
50.22
55.06
65.59
64.59
60.70
54.35
74.00
75.89
81.44
78.60
13 Feet
co2
20.56
8.00
20.43
10.53
23.74
22.93
14.08
9.99
27.30
30.98
32.19
8.76
11.02
10.30
8.92
5.24
2.12
1.87
1.79
2.90
°2
11.30
15.79
8.96
14.84
9.66
10.97
12.40
13.35
7.11
7.06
5.05.
15.52
13.83
10.30
19.80
11.56
17.62
15.56
18.06
17.78
CH4
15.85
3.12
11.03
4.78
18.93
16.71
6.26
3.89
22.42
25.00
29.10
7.59
7.61
14.65
8.84
2.87
1.53
2.17
2.42
2.90
H,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N,
52.29
73.09
59.58
69.85
47.67
49.39
67.26
72. 77
43.17
36.96
33.66
68.13
67.54
64.75
62.44
80.33
78.73
80.40
77.73
76.42
(Continued on Page 18)
TABLE 4.4.3 (Continued)
Gas Composition in Cell C
Date
1967
10-03
10-09
10-23
10-30
11-06
12-04
12-11
12-28
Elapsed Time
In Days
Completion of
Cell
1152
1158
1172
1179
1186
1214
1221
1238
Percent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
C02
51.34
02
0.16
CH4
46.96
H2
N2
13 Feet
C02
3.94
2.66
2.01
4.57
1.37
2.82
6.33
6.24
°2
18.64
19.26
20.09
18.15
20.65
19.33
17.57
16.87
CH4
2.87
1.03
0.40
1.52
0.55
1.42
3.45
3.87
H2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
»2
74.55
77.05
77.50
75.76
77.43
76.43
72.65
73.02
-------
TABLE 4.4.4
Summary of Blower Operation, Cell C
Elapsed Time
in Days
Following
Completion of Cell
B
-
980
1015
1148
1150
1157
1162
1171
1183
1204
1218
1232
C
877
954
991
1145
1147
1179
1182
1196
Blower
On
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Off
Blower Cycle
Hr on
0.5
i
r
j
— i
1.0
r
j
1.0
Hr off
1.0
1
r
j
i
0.5
i
r
_J
0.5
Remarks
Steam emitted from Cell C
3.5 ft water bottom
Cell B
8.5 ft water bottom Cell B
4.0 in. water bottom Cell C
Cell B cave-in due to
flooding
6.5 ft water bottom Cell B
5.5 ft water bottom Cell B
5.0 ft water bottom Cell B
6.2 ft water bottom Cell B
Installed new tarpaulin
Cell C
5.0 ft water bottom Cell B
Odor problem Cell C
4.5 ft water bottom Cell B
Filled and compacted surface
fissures Cell C
4.5 ft water bottom Cell B
Cave- in around access well,
caused by rain
6.8 ft water bottom Cell B
8.1-19
analysts of the gas taken from the lower portion of the cell. Oxygen values
remained In the range of 17-20 percent, carbon dioxide in the range of 1-6
percent, and nitrogen in the range of 73-77 percent. While it was expected
that methane would disappear, small amounts persisted.
Difficulties were encountered in obtaining valid gas samples from the upper
portion of the cell during this interval of 3 mo. Methane, for instance, was
found in quantities that appeared unreasonably high.
4.5 Cell Temperatures. In Tables 4.5.1 through 4.5.3 are presented the
temperature data for all of the cells. For each cell are shown the maximum,
minimum and average temperatures for the air, the access well temperature, and
the internal temperatures. All of these readings are correlated with the date
on which they were taken and the total elapsed time in days following the com-
pletion of each cell.
During the year, Cell A at mid-depth experienced a range of 24 F deg from 58
in the winter to 82 in the summer.
In Cell B, the temperature range was 22 F deg from 60 in the winter to 82 In
the su™er.
Thermistors in Cell C at mid-depth and bottom levels failed in 1966. To ob-
tain internal temperatures, thermometers immersed in water baths were suspended
in 2-in. dia pipes which, in turn, were set into the shafts established by the
coring operation. The mid-depth temperatures are seen to be consistently
higher than bottom temperatures due to the fact that the air introduced into
the bottoa of the cell has a cooling effect. By the end of November, after
2 mo of increased blower operation, the temperature had risen as high as 162
deg F. When Cell C was cored in November, the core temperatures at depths of
8-12 ft on the North side confirmed this value. However, core temperatures on
the South side of the cell were much lower through the middle portion, ranging
from 106-130 deg F. The temperatures of all core samples are included in the
8.1-20
-------
TABLE 4.5.1
Temperatures In Cell A
Bate
1967
1-05
1-12
1-27
2-01
2-07
4-13
4-27
5-04
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-12
6-19
6-26
7-03
7-10
8-01
8-08
8-16
8-22
8-29
9-12
9-21
9-26
10-03
10-09
10-16
10-23
10-30
11-06
11-27
12-04
12-11
12-21
12-28
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
905
912
927
932
938
1003
1017
1024
1031
1038
1045
1053
1070
1077
1084
1091
1113
1120
1128
1134
1141
1155
1164
1169
1176
1182
1189
1196
1203
1210
1231
1238
1245
1255
1262
Temperatures , F
Air*
Max
57
70
71
63
71
60
71
71
67
81
71
62
81
90
86
94
90
88
93
90
105
89
82
82
80
86
93
84
81
52
52
61
68
54
63
Min
39
45
41
42
42
45
47
45
49
55
58
53
54
53
59
58
63
63
68
64
69
68
58
62
58
53
54
51
56
73
66
39
37
33
45
Avg
48
58
56
53
57
53
59
58
58
68
65
58
68
72
73
76
77
76
81
77
87
79
70
72
69
70
74
68
69
63
59
50
53
44
54
Access
Well
64
65
53
55
52
58
59
60
61
62
62
66
65
66
67
68
73
76
83
93
76
76
76
87
87
77
80
76
82
65
60
63
56
61
In Cell at Depths
Indicated Below
Finished Elevation
4 Ft
61
61
53
55
54
57
62
60
62
64
65
68
67
69
72
76
79
82
88
97
80
78
78
82
81
79
78
70
63
60
76
10 Ft
67
67
60
61
58
63
64
64
63
64
63
61
64
65
73
80
82
69
70
70
69
69
69
79
79
75
79
71
66
72
74
16 Ft
68
67
68
66
58
67
74
68
68
66
70
72
68
72
80
73
71
74
79
80
75
72
75
* Data From Pomona Weather Bureau
8.1-21
TABLE 4.5.2
Temperatures in Cell B
Date
1967
1-05
1-12
1-27
2-01
2-07
4-13
4-27
5-04
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-12
6-19
6-26
7-03
7-10
8-01
8-08
8-16
8-22
8-29
9-12
9-21
9-26
10-03
10-09
10-16
10-23
10-30
11-06
11-27
12-04
12-11
12-21
12-28
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
905
912
927
932
938
1003
1017
1024
1031
1038
1045
1063
1070
1077
1084
1091
1113
1120
1128
1134
1141
1155
1164
1169
1176
1182
1189
1196
1203
1210
1231
1238
1245
1255
1262
Temperatures, °F
Air*
Max
57
70
71
63
71
60
71
71
67
81
71
62
81
90
86
94
90
88
93
90
105
89
82
82
80
86
93
84
81
52
52
61
68
54
63
Hin |Avg
39
45
41
42
42
45
47
45
49
55
58
53
54
53
59
58
63
63
68
64
69
68
58
62
58
53
54
51
56
73
66
39
37
33
45
48
58
56
53
57
53
59
58
58
68
65
58
68
72
73
76
77
76
81
77
87
79
70
72
69
70
74
68
69
63
59
50
53
44
54
Access
Well
65
65
53
55
54
59
59
64
64
68
70
69
70
77
79
76
84
60
90
87
80
79
76
81
76
79
75
65
52
50
In Cell at Depths
Indicated Below
Flnl bed Elevation
4 Ft
67
67
64
64
60
71
67
64
64
64
64
70
66
68
72
71
74
74
82
78
76
76
76
78
80
77
73
73
75
70
10 Ft
75
74
73
72
63
70
72
72
70
70
70
70
70
71
74
73
74
77
75
74
74
76
78
76
80
74
67
60
60
16 Ft
* Data From Pomona Weather Bureau
8.1-22
-------
TABLE A.5.3
log shown la Table 4.5.5.
Temperatures in Cell C
Date
1967
1-05
1-12
1-27
2-01
2-07
3-21
3-28
3-29
4-06
4-13
4-27
5-04
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-12
6-19
6-26
7-03
7-10
8-01
8-08
8-16
8-22
8-29
9-12
9-21
9-26
10-03
10-09
10-16
10-23
10-30
11-06
11-27
11-28
12-04
12-11
12-21
12-28
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
881
888
903
908
914
956
963
964
972
979
993
1000
1007
1014
1021
1039
1046
1053
1060
1067
1089
1096
1104
1110
1117
1131
1140
1145
1152
1158
1165
1172
1179
1186
1207
1208
1214
1221
1231
1238
Temperatures . *F
Air*
Max | Min j
57
70
71
63
71
74
65
63
68
60
71
71
67
81
71
62
81
90
86
94
90
88
93
90
105
89
82
82
80
86
93
84
81
52
52
52
61
68
54
63
39
45
41
42
42
47
45
48
42
45
47
45
49
55
58
53
54
53
59
58
63
63
68
64
69
68
58
62
58
53
54
51
56
73
66
61
39
37
33
45
Avg
48
58
56
53
57
62
55
56
55
53
59
58
58
68
65
58
68
72
73
76
77
76
81
77
87
79
70
72
69
70
74
68
69
63
59
57
50
53
44
54
Access
Well
105
106
91
87
98
93
97
94
108
97
93
112
In Cell at Depths
Indicated Below
Finished Surface
4 Ft | *10 Ft
97
96
95
95
94
102
97
95
94
96
141
130
137
164
161
154
152
133
122
115
115
110
114
112
104
110
112
114
116
115
112
112
104
105
107
111
112
118
164
162
158
154
145
142
*20 Ft
103
94
93
117
120
125
124
110
97
90
102
100
100
104
100
104
106
106
106
108
108
108
104
102
103
102
101
103
116
116
118
122
119
120
5. CELL D
5.1 Performance. In Table 5.1.1 are presented the performance data covering
the entire 18-mo period following completion of the installation of Cell D.
Cell, in this case, refers to the 10,000 gal underground steel storage tank,
95 in. I.D. x 28 ft high x 1/4 in. th., which was packed with refuse, instru-
mented, and carefully sealed.
Gas production within the cell totalled less than one cubic foot between mid-
July and Che end of August, 1966. There was no gas produced from that date
until February 22, 1967. During this interval, the tank was observed to be
under a partial vacuum, indicating there was no gas leakage taking place. Be-
ginning on that date and to year's end, 1919 cu ft were measured, equivalent to
26.3 cu ft per cu yd of refuse.
During this period of gas production, temperatures within the cell rose
slowly and reached optimum values for bacterial activity throughout the tank by
June 12. During the last 6 mo, the temperatures (by thermistors) ranged from
92 to 120 deg F. At the end of August, a thermometer was placed in a water
bath and lowered into a 2-in. dla sealed pipe originally affixed within the top
cover plate of the cell. This thermometer thus reads the temperature existing
at the top level of the refuse in the tank, about 3 ft below ground level. The
data are included in Table 5.1.1 and are observed to be well below the internal
recorded temperatures.
* Data from thermometers installed In water baths
and placed in core holes.
8.1-23
8.1-24
-------
TABLE 4.5.4
LOG OF CORES FOR CELLS A, B AND C - FEBRUARY, 1967
Cell
and
Core
No.
A-NW
A-SE
B-SW
B-NE
Elapsed
Time Since
Cell
Completion
Days
940
940
940
940
Distance
Below
Tep of
Cell
Ft
2
4
b
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2 .
4
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
4
6
8
10
12
16
18
20
Observation
Moist refuse
Mushy - black chunks - light odor
Strong odor - metal shiny - grass light
green
Papfir in chunks - cloth unaffected - mild odor
Grass light green - paper legible - mild odor
Grass light green - metal shiny - plastic new
Grass, wood unaffected - cloth rotten
Grass green - plastic unaffected - mild odor
Materials massed together - rags rotted
Bottom muddy
Dry cool dirt - shiny metal
Material dry and decomposed - cellophane unaf.
Mushy, chunky material - rubber unaffected
Mushy, decomposed material - mild odor
Grass brown - cloth unaffected
Material dry and loose
Material very moist - ident. difficult -
plastic unaffected
Plastic - glass - rubber unaffected
Dirt only
Moist - no odor
Black, mushy decomposed material
Mushy paper - shiny metal - mild odor
Rags rotten - paper legible - leaves unaf.
Grass green - metal shiny - strong odor
Rags rotten
Grass decomposed - paper legible - metal
shiny - plastic unaf. - no odor
Bottom wet clay
Mushy material - yellow chunky paper
Paper legible - mild odor
Material dry, loose, decomposed - paper
legible
Plastic and glass unaffected - mild odor
Metal shiny
Paper yellow but legible - strong odor
Same
Moist clay bottom
(Continued on Page 26)
8.1-25
TABLE 4.5.4 (Continued)
LOG OF CORES FOR CELLS A, B AND C - FEBRUARY, 1967
Cell
and
Core
Ho.
C-HB
C-SE
Elapsed
Tine Since
Cell
Completion
Days
917
917
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
Ft
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
18
Observation
Dirt only
Paper chunk, legible - cloth rotten
MatetiaJ chunky, brown, decomposed -
metal oxidized - 114 deg F
Black, charred material - strong burnt
odor - 128 deg F
Material very decomposed - glass unaf .
144 deg F
Material very decomposed - cans black -
plastic unaffected - 158 deg F
Charred and burnt - little identifiable
material - 164 deg F
Very strong odor - wood burnt - 158 deg F
Same - plastic unaffected - 154 deg F
Bottom gravel - injured clay pipe
Dirt dry
Grass dark green, mushy, moist
Materials black, moist - metal oxidized -
plastic unaffected
Paper mushy, moist but legible - 105 deg F
Most material black, unidentifiable -
cellophane brittle - 105 deg F
Same - rubber hose and plastic unaf.
Cloth rotted - wood unaffected - strong
odor - 120 deg F
Clay bottom - moist
8.1-26
-------
TABLE 4.5.5
LOG OF CORES FOR CELLS A, B AND C - NOVEMBER, 1967
Cell
and
Core
Ho.
A-B
A-S
B-N
B-S
Elapsed
Time Since
Cell
Completion
Days
1218
1218
1218
1218
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
Ft
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
18
20
22
2
4
8
10
12
14
18
20
22
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Core
Temp.
Deg
F
72
70
68
70
74
74
75
75
75
75
74
68
69
72
72
73
73
74
75
74
72
69
70
72
74
76
79
78
78
76
70
73
78
90
88
85
87
85
86
84
84
Observation
Dirt only
Recognizable wood, rags - spicy
Same - septic odor
Refuse partially decomposed - musty
Graffs, green - musty
Undecomposed straw - spicy
Refuse well decomposed - spicy
Same - wood and grass recognizable
Same - musty
Mostly soil - balsamic
Soil - balsamic
Soil - earthy
Refuse moldy - septic
Refuse partially decomposed - spicy
Grass and rags evident - musty
Grass green - paper legible - musty
Material slimy - septic
Refuse partially decomposed - septic
Advanced decomposition - slimy - spicy
Same
Subgrade - spicy
Soil - earthy
Grass, wood, paper recog. - musty
Same
Refuse partially decomposed - musty
Same - newsprint legible - musty
Same - leaves unchanged - spicy
Same - septic
Well decomposed - slimy - septic
Subgrade soil - musty
Soil - earthy
Grass, paper unchanged - musty
Same - branches unchanged - musty
Same - spicy
Refuse partially decomposed - spicy
Rags, plastic, leaves unchanged - spicy
Same
Refuse slimy - septic
Same
Wood, paper, sticks, leaves recognizable
Subgrade soil - musty
(Continued on Page 28)
8.1-27
TABLE 4.5.5 (Continued)
LOG OF CORES FOR CELLS A, B AND C - NOVEMBER, 1967
Cell
and
Core
No.
C-N
c-s
Elapsed
Tine Since
Cell
Completion
Days
1193
1193
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
Ft
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Core
Temp.
Deg
F
108
111
114
168
154
158
145
118
109
106
87
90
114
106
137
130
127
115
106
98
Observation
Soil only - musty
Granular appearance - musty
Refuse partially decomposed - musty
Paper charred - wood recognizable -
balsamic
Granular appearance •- paper charred -
balsamic
Same - advanced decomposition - musty
Same
Same
Soil mostly - musty
Subgrade soil - musty
Soil only - earthy
Mostly soil - earthy
Paper , wood, plastic unchanged - musty
Grass appeared burnt - balsamic
Paper burnt - musty
Paper and wood burnt - musty
Refuse well decomposed - musty
Same
Mostly soil - musty
Subgrade soil - musty
8.1-28
-------
TABLE 5.1.1
CELL D PERFORMANCE DATA
Date
1967
1-05
1-12
1-27
2-01
2-07
2-22
2-28
3-03
3-07
3-08
3-15
3-19
3-21
3-22
3-24
3-28
3-29
4-04
4-06
4-13
4-25
4-27
5-04
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-12
6-17
6-19
6-26
7-01
7-03
7-10
7-17
7-22
7-25
8-01
8-03
8-07
8-08
8-16
8-18
8-22
8-29
8-31
Days
Following
Completion
of Cell
182
189
204
209
215
230
236
239
243
244
251
255
257
258
260
264
265
271
273
280
292
294
301
308
315
322
340
345
347
354
359
361
368
375
380
383
390
392
396
397
405
407
411
418
420
Cumulative
Volume
of Gas
Produced
Cu Ft
40.63
40.84
41.07
41.29
41.50
41.73
42.01
42.47
42.92
43.33
43.66
48.15
72.47
80.39
113.30
180.15
192.10
238.43
288.26
329.07
403.06
465.58
520.48
541.64
629.10
682.85
701.89
758.13
813.49
853.27
878.72
929.38
942.91
971.06
975.31
1044.70
1062.31
1095.45
1155.61
1180.79
Cell
Pressure
In.
Water
5.3
13.0
19.0
17.0
13.0
12.3
18.0
17.0
19.5
29.3
2.5
Temperatures at Locations
Below Top of Cell
Deg F
Bottom
80
80
80
81
73
86
89
87
87
87
87
92
91
94
105
98
118
120
107
95
21 Ft
84
82
84
85
74
91
93
92
89
91
92
101
98
99
110
110
100
110
110
120
14 Ft
86
83
88
89
77
99
94
92
91
97
100
107
108
122
112
117
108
115
112
113
7 Ft
76
70
76
75
67
86
83
82
82
86
91
98
97
101
103
100
103
111
106
Top
91
90
8.1-29
TABLE 5.1.1 (Continued)
CELL D PERFORMANCE DATA
Date
1967
9-05
9-06
9-07
9-12
9-14
9-19
9-21
9-26
9-28
10-03
10-09
10-10
10-16
10-23
10-30
10-31
11-02
11-06
11-14
11-16
11-27
11-28
12-04
12-11
12-19
12-21
12-28
Days
Following
Completion
of Cell
425
426
427
432
434
439
441
446
448
453
459
460
466
473
480
481
483
487
495
497
508
509
515
522
530
532
539
Cumulative
Volume
of Gas
Produced
Cu Ft
1231.43
1241.32
1249.91
1292.23
1306.59
1338.84
1348.67
1369.36
1375.15
1402.12
1431.20
1438.00
1493.42
1535.26
1577.83
1584.35
1602.95
1624.23
1672.36
1691.70
1772.55
1778.54
1811.08
1860.58
1893.52
1899.47
1917.83
Cell
Pressure
In.
Water
0.3
2.0
10.0
13.0
17.0
22.0
30.0
11.0
24.5
5.5
20.5
12.0
15.0
11.0
11.0
23.0
22.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
36.0
0.0
0.5
4.0
Temperatures at Locations
Below Top of Cell
Deg F
Bottom
93
93
94
93
98
98
21 Ft
98
98
97
100
87
108
110
102
116
106
104
105
110
92
14 Ft
106
106
106
108
110
116
107
112
105
110
104
99
7 Ft
Top
90
90
89
90
89
87
86
86
86
87
85
85
86
84
83
84
84
84
84
86
74
74
68
68
62
62
62
Note: Wet Test Cell used to measure gas produced through 8-08-66
Gasometer used to measure gas produced beginning 8-09-66
No gas produced after 8-29-66
450 gal water added to cell 9-07 and 9-08-66
8.1-30
-------
6. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
With this investigation now two-thirds through its scheduled time, some prelim-
inary conclusions can be drawn from the data presented.
1. The Seattle rainfall pattern (about 40 in. per yr)
has brought about a slow percolation of water through
the test cell and into the subgrade.
2. The golf course irrigation pattern (about 62 in.
per yr) has brought about a slow percolation of
water through the test cell and Into the subgrade.
3. The principal gases present in the anaerobic cells
have been carbon dioxide and methane; and in the
aerobic cell carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen.
4. Gas production within the 10,000 gal sealed tank
during the last, most active 10 mo totalled 1880
cu ft, equivalent to 25.8 cu ft per cubic yard of
refuse.
5. The surface settlement of the aerated cell, over
the 3.5 yr test period, has been nearly 3 times
that of the anaerobic cells.
6. The growth of Bermuda grass has been successfully
maintained for 3.5 yr on an anaerobic landfill
with an earth cover of 2 ft.
8.1-31
-------
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY PARK
LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA SOOO7
SPECIAL STUDIES OF A SANITARY LANDFILL
Grant Number 9 R01 SW 00028-06
First Progress Report to
Office of Solid Wastes
United States Public Health Service
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENOINEIRINO
January 1, 1966 to December 31, 1966
Prepared by Principal Investigators
Robert C. Merz, Chaiman
Department of Civil Engineering
Ralph Stone
Research Associate
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
March 15, 1967
Mr. Henry C. Steed, Jr.
Chief, Research and Training Grants
Office of Solid Waste*
Department of Health, Education and Welfare
United States Public Health Service
Washington, B.C. 20201
Subject! OSH-RIG
9 HOI SW 00028-06
Dear Mr. Steed:
Forty copies of our first Progress Report
covering the Investigation Bade under the subject
grant on the 'Special Studies of a Sanitary Land-
fill" are submitted to you Kith this letter.
We are grateful for the opportunity to make
this contribution to the science of solid waste
disposal, and look forward to continuance of the
project.
Respectfully submitted,
RCHijb
Robert C
& Princii
Chairman
Investigator
8.2-i
-------
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
2. FOREWORD
On March 25, 1966, the Department of Civil Engineer-
ing of the University of Southern California submitted a final
report on the factors controlling the use of a sanitary landfill
site. Funds were provided by two grants from the United States
Public Health Service, 2F-OC160-04 and 5R01-EF-00160-05. Copies
of the report ara available from the University.
These special studies of a sanitary landfill were con-
tinued and expanded under a new grant, 9R01-SV-00028-06, covering
the 1966 calendar year. It is this work which is reported upon
in the following pages. Since this report is offered as a
statement of progress, only those data collected during 1966 are
included; and readers are referred to the above referenced re-
port for full and complete information concerning the construc-
tion, Instrumentation and initial performance of the three
landfill cells described as A, B and C. A fourth cell D was
created especially for the current study, and is thus covered
fully in this report.
The project is under the Joint directorship of Prof.
Robert C. Merz, Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering, and
Research Associate Ralph Stone. Field assistance is being pro-
vided by student research assistants, Damian Curran and George
De la Guardia.
This research has been supported by the Public
Health Service Research Grant 9 R01 SW 00028-06.
The County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
County constructed the test cells and provided
field assistance when requested. The help of the
staff of the Sanitation Districts and of John D.
Parkhurst, Chief Engineer and General Manager, are
most gratefully acknowledged.
8.2-11
8.2-lii
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
FOREWARD
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
EXISTING CELLS A, B AND C
4.1 External Climatic Factors
4.2 Application of Water
4.3 Settlement
4.4 Gas Production
4.5 Temperatures
NEW CELL D
5.1 Construction
5.2 Performance
PROJECT CO-INVESTIGATORS
i
ii
iii
1
1
8
10
19
26
28
33
LIST OF FIGURES
Title Page
5.1.1 Shop Drawing Cell D 27
5.1.2 Assembly Diagram, Cell D 30
LIST OF TABLES
Section Figure Title Page
4.1.1 External Climatic Factors 2
4.2.1 Actual Amounts of Water Applied
to Cell A 4
4.2.2 Actual Amounts of Water Applied
to Cell B 5
4.2.3 Cell Moisture Determined From
Core Samples 6
4.3.1 Cell Settlement Data 9
4.3.2 Rates of Cell Settlement 11
4.4.1 Gas Composition In Cell A 12
4.4.2 Gas Composition in Cell B 14
4.4.3 Gas Composition in Cell C 16
4.4.4 Summary of Blower Operation,
Cell C 18
4.5.1 Temperatures in Cell A 20
4.5.2 Temperatures in Cell B 21
4.5.3 Temperatures in Cell C 22
4.5.4 Log of Cores for Cells A, B and C 24
5.1.1 Construction Summary For Cell D
5.1.2 Gas Production in Cell D
5.2.1 Cell D Performance Data
29
30
31
8.2-iv
8.2-v
-------
4. EXISTING CELLS A, B, AND C
4.1 External Climatic Factors. Monthly average air temperatures and daily
rainfalls vere taken from Pomona Weather Station records and recorded in
Table 4.1.1. Monthly average humidities were discontinued by the Weather
Bureau after March, 1966. Daily temperatures and humidities are recorded in
Tables 4.5.1 through 4.5.3. The total rainfall on the tsst site for the full
period of study (to December 31, 1966) has beer. 43.3 in. The total rainfall
for 1966 was 14.6 in.
4.2 Application of Water. In Table 4.2.1 are shown the amounts of water
applied to Cell A. The figures shown are cumulative since the start of this
investigation in September 1964. The required annual amount of water to be
applied to simulate Seattle rainfall is 42.52. The actual amount of water
applied during the year was 28.70 in. irrigation water plus 14.59 in. rain-
fall for a total of 43.29 in.
Since no leach has been withdrawn from even the top collection can after
application of more than 10 ft of water over 28 months, it appears to be a
reasonable assumption that percolating water is bypassing the collection cans.
A coring program was initiated on August 22, at which time all cells were
cored at opposite corners and samples were taken at 2 ft depth increments.
The samples were sealed immediately and transported to the laboratory where
their moisture contents were determined. The results appear in Table 4.2.3.
It is seen that the moisture content at one cell location varied from 45 to
60 per cent on a wet weight basis or 82 to 147 per cent on a dry weight
basis; and at a second location varied from 32 to 64 per cent on a wet weight
basis or 47 to 180 per cent on a dry weight basis. Averaging all figures,
the respective moisture contents were 53 and 117 per cent. The computed mois-
ture content of the cell at the time of construction was 97 per cent on a dry
8.2-1
TABLE 4.1.1
External Climatic Factors
Month
1966
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Day
1
16
30
31
1
2
6
7
8
10
24
25
1
14
16
24
25
3
9
8
9
25
26
30
16
29
30
19
27
28
29
4
10
11
Inches of Rainfall
Daily
0.01
0.01
1.00
0.15
T
0.17
1.33
0.11
0.04
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
0.34
T
T
T
0.04
T
T
T
T
T
T
0
T
T
T
0.04
T
0.14
T
Cumulative
29.87
31.52
31.86
31.86
31.90
31.90
31.90
31.90
31.94
32.08
Tern
Ave. Max.
63.5
63.5
70.4
73.9
73.7
82.0
88.2
89.8
85.3
81.1
peratures
Ave. Min.
39.3
41.7
46.7
50.6
53.8
57.3
60.3
62.8
58.9
54.1
Mean
51.4
52.6
58.6
62.3
63.7
70.1
74.3
76.3
72.1
67.6
Humidity
Ave. (I)
37.4
44.7
45.2*
(Continued on Page 3)
8.2-2
-------
TABLE 4.1.1 (Continued)
TABLE 4.2.1
External Climatic Factors
Month
Hov.
Dec.
Da,
7
8
17
23
28
29
3
4
5
6
7
26
Inches of Rainfall
Daily
2.08
0.25
T
0.19
0.02
0.03
2.61
0.01
2.79
2.37
0.44
0.42
Cumulative
34.65
43.29
Temperatures
Ave. Max.
68.8
64.7
Ave. Mln.
48.6
43.5
Mean
58.7
54.1
Humidity
Ave. U)
* Final reporting of this figure by U. S. Weather Bureau. All data from
Weather Station, Pomona, California.
Actual Amounts of Water Applied to Cell A
Month
1964-65
1966
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Cater Applied
Gal
0
0
0
1,740
2,017
16,709
11,268
7,627
10,974
4,151
436
392
In.
0
0
0
1.00
0.88
8.99
4.65
4.08
6.12
2.49
0.25
0.24
Rainfall
In.
1.17
1.65
0.34
T
0.04
T
T
-
0.04
0.14
2.57
8.64
Total Water
Applied, In.
tonthly
1.17
1.65
0.34
1.00
0.92
8.99
4.65
4.08
6.16
2.63
2.82
8.88
Cumulative
86.98
88.15
89.80
90.14
91.14
92.06
101.05
105.70
109. 78
115.94
118.57
121.39
130.27
Seattle, Wash. Rainfall
Water Required, In.
Monthly
V.71
9.11
4.45
2.35
3.07
0.54
0.75
0.82
0.46
3.27
4.67
5.32
Cumulative
56.24
63.95
73.06
'7.51
79.86
82.93
83.47
84.22
85.04
85.50
88.77
93.44
98.76
8.2-3
8.2-4
-------
TABLE 4.2.2
Actual Amounts of Water Applied to Cell B
Month
1964-65
1966
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Water Applied
Gal
0
0
0
916
6,640
18,457
8,130
14,778
8,545
7,543
0
0
In.
0
0
0
0.54
4.25
11.82
5.22
9.45
5.47
4.82
0
0
Rainfall
In.
1.17
1.65
0.34
T
0.04
T
T
-
0.04
0.14
2.57
8.64
Total Water Applied, In.
Monthly
1.17
1.65
0.34
0.54
4.29
11.82
5.22
9.45
5.51
4.96
2.57
8.64
Cumulative
112.86
114.03
115.68
116.02
116.56
120.85
132.67
137.89
147.34
152.85
157.81
160.58
169.02
8.2-5
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8.2-6
-------
weight basis indicating that the applied water has effectively increased the
moisture content. If only the bottom half of the cell is considered, from
which moisture is not readily drawn through capillarity and subsequent evapo-
ration, the average figure increases to 131 per cent on a dry weight basis,
indicating effective downward percolation of the applied water.
In Table 4.2.2 are shown the amounts of water applied to Cell B. The
figure* shown are cumulative, as in the case of Cell A described above. The
actual amount of water applied during the year was 41.57 in. of irrigation
water applied on demand by the tensiometer equipment plus 14.59 in. rainfall
for a total of 56.16 in. This was very adequate to maintain an excellent
turf cover on top of the cell.
At the time of construction, this Cell B had had 9 half drums with open
end up installed within it In a descending spiral pattern between top and
bottom for tracking vertical penetration of the percolating irrigation water.
Leach was withdrawn from the top collection can only, despite application of
some 14 ft. of water. Suspecting that the collection cans were being by-
passed by the percolating water, this cell was also cored at opposite corners
on August 22. The results of moisture determinations made on sealed samples
are shown in Table 4.2.3. It is seen that the moisture content at one cell
location varied from 22 to 44 per cent on a wet weight basis or 28 to 79 per
cent on a dry weight basis; and at the second location varied from 26 to 59
per cent on a wet weight basis or 34 to 142 per cent on a dry weight basis.
Averaging all figures, the respective moisture contents were 43 and 80 per
cent. The computed moisture content of the cell at the time of construction
was 73 per cent on a dry weight basis, Indicating that the applied water has
had a slight effect on the cell. If only the bottom half of the cell is con-
sidered, the average figure decreases to 66 per cent on a dry weight basis —
and a behavior just the reverse of Cell A is observed. There are several rea-
sons for this. First, the addition of water to Cell B is controlled by two
8.2-7
pairs of tensiometers, each pair consisting of a unit installed 3 in. below the
surface and another unit installed 6 in. below the surface. When an unsatis-
factory soil-moisture relationship was reached at any of the four tensiometers,
the spray system was activated and irrigation took place until the proper soil-
moisture condition was obtained at all tensiometers. Ideally, only enough
water was to be applied at one time to take care of the turf demand, with no
excess left to percolate down through the cell. Second, the top cover for Cell
B was carefully made up by combining "Loamite" with native soil to produce a
material which would hold moisture rather than permit its passage. On the con-
trary, Cell A was covered with an imported sandy silt which would readily per-
mit passage of surface water through It. Third, air introduced into Cell C is
known to penetrate into Cell B and would have a drying out effect at least in
the lower portion of the cell. Fourth, the collection pans do not appear to
entrap moisture effectively. These reasons partially explain and justify the
non-entrapment of leach.
Cell C had been subject to flooding on several occasions for various reasons
during its first 18 months of existence, principally channeling of surface
waters into crevices and cave-ins, and moisture determinations made on core
samples could not be considered meaningful. Nevertheless, the cell was cored
along with Cells A and B and the moisture data are presented in Table 4.2.3.
The data did suffice to Indicate that at the lower depths the cell was drying
out and that the moisture content should be increased before a condition could
be reached which would slow down or stop bacterial activity. Water was there-
fore admitted to Cell C through the spray piping built into the cell at the
time of construction. Between early September and mid-October, 12,800 gal.
were added at regular intervals in small increments.
4.3 Settlement. The settlement of all cells was periodically measured by
survey, and the data are presented in Table 4.3.1. During the year Cell A
8.2-8
-------
TABLE 4.3.1
Cell Settlement Data
Elapsed Tine
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
517
541
552
576
597
601
625
641
665
670
694
698
722
723
747
758
782
788
812
816
843
858
885
Total Settlement of
Cell Surface in Feet
Cell Number
A
0.52
0.55
0.56
0.62
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.73
0.76
B
U.43
0.47
0.48
0.57
0.57
0.58
0.61
0.65
0.66
0.68
0.71
0.75
C
1.88
1.93
1.96
2.05
2.07
2.13
2.18
2.24
2.31
2.37
2.44
2.52
Total Settlement of
Mid-Depth Surface
in Feet
Cell Number
A
0.41
0.44
0.44
0.50
0.47
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.61
B
0.35
0.39
0.39
0.45
0.42
0.44
0.44
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.48
0.50
C
1.63
1.67
1.69
1.76
1.77
1.81
1.84
1.88
1.92
1.95
2.00
2.11
settUd an additional 0.24 ft, Cell B 0.32 ft and Cell C 0.64 ft. As shown,
Cell A and B have each settled a total of 0.75 ft and Cell C has settled a
total of 2.50 ft or 3.33 times as much. As shown in Table 4.3.2, the rate of
settlement of the surfaces of all cells has been fairly uniform with few ex-
ceptions.
The differential settlement between the top half and bottom half of each
cell increased during the year. In Cell A the differential is 0.15 ft, in
Cell B 0.25 ft, and in Cell C 0.51 ft. This is simply indicative of an in-
creese in the "equivalent" density of the bottom fill material.
Additional cave-ins occurred during the year in Cell C, and numerous fis-
sures developed on the surface of all 3 cells, but especially C. The cave-
ins were backfilled as soon as possible and the fissures were packed with
sand.
4.4 Gas Production. As shown in Table 4,4.1, Cell A continued over the
entire year to produce a gas high in carbon dioxide and methane at top and
bottom levels. Oxygen and nitrogen were present in varying minor amounts. A
trace of hydrogen appeared in only 9 samples. There has been no marked change
in the gas composition from what it was over the last half of 1965.
As shown in Table 4.4.2, Cell B also continued to produce a gas high in car-
bon dioxide and methane at top and bottom levels. And again, because of air
from Cell C moving into Cell B, oxygen was always present in quantities much
higher than found in Cell A. The presence of oxygen is not normally compati-
ble with the presence of methane, and yet the technique as well as the equip-
ment used was thoroughly checked often enough for them not to be suspect. It is
to be noted that the gas composition changed greatly when the blower serving
Cell C was put into operation for the first time in the year early in April,
and that 3 months elapsed before a steady state analysis was reached. At the
close of the year, the analysis was much the same as at the close of 1965.
The gas analyses for Cell C are shown in Table 4.4.3; the summary of the
blower operation is shown in Table 4.4.4, and the two tables should be
8.2-10
8.2-9
-------
TABLE 4.3.2
Rates of Cell Settlement
Time Increment
(Month)
Seventeenth
Eighteenth
Nineteenth
Twentieth
Twenty-first
Twenty -second
Twenty-third
Twenty-fourth
Twenty-fifth
Twenty-sixth
Twenty -seventh
Twenty-eighth
Rate of Settlement
of Surface in Feet
per month
Cell A
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.02
0
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
Cell B
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.08
0
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.05
Cell C
0.03
0.04
0.10
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
U B
O4 ~4
fc
58
Q V
09
1-1 01
•H (0
09 --I
O CH
fa
U
4J
V
u
•O Q 3 w -H
O 01 '
CD .-< r-« U
O. C •-( CL
* M o e
tACM(*"imcOOfMi-\oo\sS-aor^^O'-
-------
TABLE 4.A.I (Continued)
Gas Composition in Cell A
Date
9-01-66
9-08
9-15
9-20
9-27
10-04
10-11
11-01
11-15
11-29
12-28
Elapsed Time
In Days
Following
Completion of
Cell
776
783
790
795
802
809
815
836
850
864
893
Per Cent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
002
52.65
54.08
55.41
51.28
51.25
53.45
49.96
54.59
02
0.02
0.13
0.23
0.03
0.12
0.05
0.05
CH4
47.22
45.45
44.46
47.76
48.61
45.98
49.80
45.21
H2
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0
0
0
N2
0.09
0.33
0.08
0.72
0.10
0.45
0.19
0.15
13 Feet
C02
54.10
60.36
49.42
55.97
55.64
61.20
51.22
52.34
60.55
51.18
49.35
02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.31
0.57
0.44
0.14
0.06
0.08
1.19
CH4
45.82
39.48
50.41
43.91
43.41
36.19
46.71
47.01
39.15
48.24
44.86
H2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N2
0.06
0.13
0.14
0.09
0.64
2.04
1.63
0.51
0.24
0.50
4.59
Note: Chromatograph down for repairs 4-7 to 4-20 and 7-16 to 8-4.
TABLE 4.4.2
Gas Composition in Cell B
Date
1-06-66
1-13
2-10
2-17
2-24
3-03
3-10
3-17
3-24
3-31
4-21
4-28
5-05
5-19
5-26
6-02
6-15
7-16
8-04
8-11
8-18
8-29
9-01
Elapsed Time
In Days
Following
Completion of
Cell
539
546
574
581
588
595
602
609
616
623
643
650
657
671
678
685
698
729
748
755
762
773
776
Per Cent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
002
54.46
52.62
54.78
54.49
55.77
52.97
54.69
56.29
46.46
53.68
54.13
54.99
56.20
54.91
52.88
52.75
54.84
53.89
51.99
53.68
51.64
02
0.19
0.14
0.21
0.17
0.26
0.03
0.13
0.02
1.43
1.64
1.00
0.78
0.64
0.33
0.09
0.46
0.07
0.08
0.03
0.20
CH4
44.77
47.07
44.53
44.93
43.28
46.90
44.89
43.69
33.17
36.07
40.29
40.85
40.44
43.50
46.70
45.04
44.39
45.77
47.62
46.15
47.37
H2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.04
0.01
0
0.02
0.01
N2
0.58
0.20
0.48
0.41
0.69
0.10
0.29
0.05
18.94
8.61
4.58
3.58
2.72
1.26
0.33
1.74
0.26
0.31
0.12
0.78
13 Feet
C02
52.16
52.56
57.82
51.67
61.16
61.56
63.35
59.94
59.85
59.08
26.19
31.32
32.40
36.60
37.15
41.23
45.52
48.11
53.86
53.28
52.85
52.38
51.75
02
0.69
0.32
0.22
0.12
0.31
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.14
0.07
4.68
5.50
5.44
3.30
4.98
3.94
3.06
1.42
X.18
0.93
0.88
0.84
CH4
45.07
46.36
41.43
47.88
37.58
38.27
36.48
39.85
39.77
40.63
6.92
7.57
7.21
16.28
17.51
22.95
33.46
34.66
37.11
39.44
39.51
43.14
43.07
H2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.01
0.01
0
0
0.01
N2
2.08
0.76
0.53
0.33
0.95
0.13
0.12
0.15
0.24
0.22
62.21
55.61
54.95
43.82
40.36
31.88
17.96
15.81
6.09
6.71
3.60
4.33
(Continued on Page 15)
-------
TABLE 4.4.2 (Continued)
9-08-66
9-15
9-20
9-27
10-04
10-11
11-01
11-15
11-29
12-28
Elapsed Time
In Days
Completion of
Cell
783
790
795
802
809
815
836
850
864
893
Gas Composition in Cell B
Per Cent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
CQ2
53.85
50.90
52.14
54.20
49.96
51.56
52.70
51.07
50.24
34.28
°2
0.13
0.06
0.07
0.14
0.07
0.14
0.03
0.42
6.67
CH4
45.69
48.82
47.28
45.25
49.61
47.82
46.54
48.73
47.54
33.70
H2
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.01
0
0
0
N2
0.32
0.21
0.50
0.40
0.32
0.44
0.17
1.80
25.35
13 Feet
C02
54.37
54.13
52.41
53.99
54.67
53.63
53.79
53.34
50.46
51.34
°2
0.76
1.17
0.87
0.32
0.41
0.21
1.45
1.14
1.78
0.43
CH4
41.33
38.92
43.18
44.35
42.93
45.03
38.17
40.68
37.70
46.51
H2
0
0.01
0
0.01
0
0.04
0
0
0
0
N2
3.54
5.77
3.54
1.33
1.99
1.09
6.59
4.84
10.06
1.72
Note: Chromatograph down for repairs 4-7 to 4-20 and 7-16 to 8-4.
TABLE 4.4.3
Gas Composition in Cell C
Date
1-06-66
1-13
2-10
2-17
2-24
3-03
3-10
3-17
3-24
3-31
4-21
4-28
5-05
5-19
5-26
6-02
6-15
7-16
8-04
8-11
8-18
8-29
9-01
Elapsed Time
In Days
Following
Completion of
Cell
518
525
553
560
567
574
581
588
595
602
622
629
636
650
657
664
677
708
727
734
741
752
755
Per Cent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
C02
57.34
61.78
59.73
57.14
61.10
58.88
59.35
58.67
59.16
60.11
19.63
23.90
24.67
24.28
18.46
19.89
19.87
10.79
16.82
19.98
11.44
22.64
21.91
02
0.36
0.43
0.48
0.18
0.15
0.07
0.18
0.32
0.12
0.79
4.55
12.23
7.04
6.36
9.34
9.06
6.44
5.66
7.89
7.62
7.98
8.33
CH4
40.82
36.76
38.65
41.91
38.10
40.62
39.81
40.25
40.24
36.43
4.50
4.03
4.88
4.87
3.68
4.59
5.04
7.73
4.15
8.29
11.12
18.13
17.84
H2
0.33
0.27
0.32
0.18
0.17
0.20
0.19
0.10
0.16
0.17
0.01
0.15
0.09
0.16
0.04
0.06
0
0.04
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.03
N2
1.15
0.76
0.82
0.59
0.48
0.23
0.47
0.66
0.32
2.50
71.21
59.69
63.32
64.33
68.48
66.40
68.65
75.78
63.78
69.78
51.20
51.89
C02
44.72
18.43
48.20
32.45
43.59
38.98
32.88
41.51
15.36
14.53
15.53
15.89
17.59
19.96
6.66
5.27
7.44
7.36
9.50
10.13
7.59
13 Feet
°2
3.86
15.41
2.82
7.49
5.26
6.41
9.68
4.12
9.27
13.79
12.53
11.73
12.60
9.47
14.69
11.39
16.55
15.49
17.03
17.61
CH4
37.73
17.37
41.37
31.88
34.50
35.37
26.77
35.62
7.37
4.35
6.17
5.88
8.31
7.23
3.49
2.84
4.21
4.61
5.30
7.42
5.69
H2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N2
13.69
48.79
7.61
28.18
16.65
19.24
30.67
18.75
68.00
67.33
65.77
66.50
61.50
63.34
75.16
80.50
71.48
69.71
65.42
69.11
(Continued on Page 17)
-------
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TABLE 4.4.4
ry of Blower Operation, Cell C
Elapsed Time
in Days
Following
Completion of Cell
A and B
541
576
625
667
791
817
819
847
869
C
517
552
601
643
767
793
795
823
844
862
Blower
On
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Off
X
X
Blower Cycle
Hr on
0.5
0.5
Hr off
3.5
1.0
Remarks
Leach withdrawn upper level
Cell B
Leach withdrawn upper level
Cell B; 31 in. water bottom
Cell B
Blower started after being
off for 112 days because of
flooding of air distribution
system.
Leach withdrawn upper level
Cell B; 20 in. water bottom
Cell B
12 in. water bottom Cell B
2 in. water bottom Cell C
Started adding water to Cell
through top spray system
Finished adding water to Cell
C through top spray system
12800 gal added
Replaced blower connections
Cave-in in Cell C, 3-1/2 ft
dia by 4 ft deep, near edge;
hot spot temperature was 180
deg F December 1, 1966
Recirculation of Cell gas
discontinued
8.2-17
8.2-18
-------
correllated. As stated in the preceding paragraph, the blower was put back in-
to service early in April, and the immediate effect on the gas composition is
evident. The nitrogen content increased greatly, accompanied by a decrease in
carbon dioxide and methane, all as expected. While oxygen also increased as
anticipated, there remained considerably more methane than expected.
It 1* emphasized that for the last 9 months of the year the blower was in
continuous operation: on 0.3 hr and off 3.5 hr to December 1 and then on 0.5
hr and off 1.0 hr. The data obtained dacing that time have been very consist-
ent — more so than during any other operating period when blower operation was
either changed or shut down. The effect of increasing the blower "on" time on
December 1 is reflected in the last sample taken on December 28 when, at the
upper level, the carbon dioxide and methane decreased and the oxygen and
nitrogen increased. The new cycle had little effect on the cell bottom envi-
ronment .
4.5 Cell Temperatures. In Tables 4.5.1 through 4.5.3 are presented the
temperature data for all of the cells. For each cell are shown the maximum,
minimum and average temperatures for the air and the access well, and the In-
ternal temperatures at depths of 4, 10 and 16 ft below the finished surface el-
evation. All of these readings are correlated with the date on which they
were taken and the total elapsed time In days following the completion of each
cell.
During the year, Cell A at mid-depth experienced a range of but 11 deg. F,
from 64 in the winter to 75 in the summer, a high insufficient to expect any
great amount of bacterial activity. The frequent application of water appar-
ently serves to cool the landfill mass.
The same may be said of Cell B, wherein a range of but 15 deg. F was exper-
ienced, from 66 in the winter to 81 in the summer.
In Cell C, the temperature of the upper level dropped during the first 3
8.2^-19
TABLE 4.5.1
Temperatures in Cell A
Date
1966
1-08
1-13
2-10
2-17
2-24
3-03
3-10
3-17
3-24
3-31
4-06
4-16
4-21
4-28
5-05
5-12
5-19
5-26
6-02
6-09
6-15
6-23
7-13
7-21
8-02
8-11
8-18
8-26
9-01
9-09
10-06
10-20
11-01
11-10
11-27
11-29
12-08
12-15
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
541
545
573
580
587
594
601
608
615
622
628
638
644
651
658
665
672
679
686
693
698
706
726
734
746
755
762
770
776
784
811
825
837
846
858
865
874
881
Per Cent
Humidity
*Air
36
21
58
24
53
29
49
30
44
18
50
48
36
39
75
69
54
87
68
74
63
56
38
63
53
61
47
43
62
34
78
26
11
59
72
55
72
32
Access
Well
91
98.5
83.0
91.0
99
Temperatures , °F
Air*
Max
72
74
62
68
69
60
72
82
77
96
77
75
76
80
74
81
89
65
83
72
83
88
92
81
86
92
84
98
77
95
81
75
74
68
61
56
60
65
Min | Avg
41
42
34
36
42
28
39
38
50
52
45
45
42
44
52
50
47
55
43
56
56
50
46
54
60
60
60
54
60
60
52
48
44
42
37
41
38
46
52
57
46
50
52
42
53
58
60
71
58
67
58
59
59
61
62
59
58
61
66
68
66
62
70
70
71
70
68
73
62
59
56
51
48
47
48
58
Access
Well
62
67
68
66
64
67
66
67
67
68
68
69
69
70
71
72
72
73
73
74
74
74
77
84
76
76
80
77
77
77
74
74
73
73
73
73
61
62
Below
Finished Elevation , Ft
4
58
63
60
60
62
62
63
64
66
66
67
68
68
69
70
70
70
72
73
73
75
75
77
78
79
80
80
80
80
80
75
73
74
77
80
78
71
72
10
69
73
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
73
72
72
73
72
73
73
74
74
74
75
74
74
74
74
72
72
72
73
73
73
64
65
16
68
76
71
70
74
72
73
73
77
74
74
77
77
77
77
75
74
75
79
75
78
75
80
84
76
81
81
80
80
81
74
74
73
64
68
68
60
60
* Data From Pomona Weather Bureau
8.2-20
-------
TABLE 4.5.2
Temperatures In Cell B
Date
1966
1-08
1-13
2-10
2-17
2-24
3-03
3-10
3-17
3-24
3-31
4-06
4-16
4-21
4-28
5-05
5-12
5-19
5-26
6-02
6-09
6-15
6-23
7-13
7-21
8-02
8-11
8-18
8-26
9-01
9-09
10-06
11-01
11-10
11-22
11-29
12-08
12-15
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
541
545
573
580
587
594
601
608
615
622
628
638
644
651
658
665
672
679
686
693
698
706
726
734
746
755
762
770
776
784
811
837
846
858
865
874
881
Per Cent
Humidity
*Air
36
21
58
24
53
29
49
30
44
18
50
48
36
39
75
69
54
87
68
74
63
56
38
63
53
61
47
43
62
34
78
26
11
59
55
72
32
Access
Well
84
81
89.6
95
Temperatures, °F
Air*
Max
72
74
62
68
69
60
72
82
77
96
77
75
76
80
74
81
89
65
83
72
83
88
92
81
86
92
84
98
78
95
81
75
74
68
56
60
65
Mia
41
42
34
36
42
28
39
38
50
52
45
45
42
44
52
50
47
55
43
56
56
50
46
54
60
60
60
54
60
60
52
48
44
42
41
38
46
Avg
52
57
46
50
52
42
53
58
60
71
58
67
58
59
59
61
62
59
58
61
66
68
66
62
70
70
71
70
68
73
62
59
56
51
47
48
58
Access
Well
69
71
69
71
72
72
73
74
77
77
77
79
78
79
81
80
80
80
76
76
82
80
82
83
83
84
81
84
82
81
80
68
73
74
59
60
Finlst
4
67
68
67
66
66
66
66
66
67
67
68
69
69
69
72
73
73
73
74
73
75
74
77
77
78
79
79
81
81
81
74
73
72
71
70
68
Below
ied Elevi
10
81
83
82
82
82
82
80
80
81
80
80
80
80
79
81
82
80
80
80
79
80
79
79
80
79
80
82
81
81
80
81
77
78
77
76
76
ition. Ft
16
_
-
-
* Data From Pomona Weather Bureau
8.2-21
TABLE 4.5.3
Temperatures in Cell C
Date
1966
1-08
1-13
2-10
2-17
2-24
3-03
3-10
3-17
3-24
3-31
4-06
4-16
4-21
4-28
5-05
5-12
5-19
5-26
6-02
6-09
6-15
6-25
7-13
7-21
8-02
8-11
8-18
8-26
9-01
9-09
10-20
11-01
11-10
11-22
11-29
12-08
12-15
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
516
521
549
556
563
570
577
584
591
598
605
615
620
627
634
641
648
655
662
669
677
685
703
711
723
732
739
747
753
761
802
fil A
oJ.4
823
835
842
851
858
Per Cent
Humidity
*Air
36
21
58
24
53
29
49
30
44
18
50
48
36
39
75
69
54
87
68
74
63
56
38
63
53
61
47
43
62
34
78
r\f
ZO
59
72
55
72
32
Access
Well
96
97
98
Temperatures, °F
Air*
Max
72
74
62
68
69
60
72
82
77
96
77
75
76
80
74
81
89
65
83
72
83
88
92
81
86
92
84
98
78
95
81
7 e
/ J
68
61
56
60
65
Mln | Avg
41
42
34
36
42
28
39
38
50
52
45
45
42
44
52
50
47
55
43
56
56
50
46
54
60
60
60
54
60
60
52
Aft
4O
42
37
41
38
46
52
57
46
50
52
42
53
58
60
71
58
67
58
59
59
61
62
59
58
61
66
68
66
62
70
70
71
70
68
73
62
CQ
J7
51
48
47
48
58
Access
Well
97
97
97
99
101
101
101
101
104
104
117
119
116
117
119
119
122
119
119
111
117
117
116
119
118
118
118
117
119
117
127
117
112
112
98
90
Below
Finished Elevation. Ft
4
111
108
99
95
93
93
92
90
92
91
91
91
92
93
10
16
f
103
103
112
113
113
114
114
, 108
/ in?
•\ 107
\ 110
105
1 104
[102
^100
* Data From Pomona Weather Bureau
8.2-22
-------
months, while the blower waa shut down for repairs, from 111 to 91 deg. F.
Then, with restarting of the blower, the temperature rose gradually to a high
of 114 deg. F. The temperature started to decline with the coming of cool
weather and was 100 deg. F at the close of the year. The effect of increasing
the blower "on" tine on December 1 and discontinuing recirculation of cell gas
on December 19 has not yet shown up.
Thermistors in Cell C at mid-depth and bottom levels were lost some time
ago. To obtain bottom temperatures, a thermometer Immersed in a water bath was
suspended in the access well. As shown, the thermometer readings are consist-
ently higher than the thermistor readings at the upper level. This condition
should exist since the air is introduced at the bottom of the cell and greatest
oxidation will occur at that level. When Cell C was cored, those core samples
which appeared unusually warm were checked with a thermometer Immediately upon
their being brought to the surface. These spot temperatures are recorded in
the logs shown in Table 4.5.4 and are seen to be considerably higher on occa-
sion than the temperatures routinely taken by thermistars.
Thermometers were also suspended in the access wells of Cells A and B, and
they do a fair job of confirming thermistor readings.
8.2-23
TABLE 4.5.4
LOG OF CORES FOR CELLS A, B AND C
Cell
and
Core
No.
A-l
A-2
B-l
B-2
Elapsed
Time Since
Cell
Completion
Days
766
766
766
766
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
Ft
2
4
5
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
4
6
8
10
12
14
18
2
4
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
4
6
8
10
12
16
18
20
Observation
Moist sand and dirt - no odor
Paper moist ana legible - grass decom-
posing - plastic soft - mild odor
Wood very moist - grass brown -
strong odor
Paper moist - grass green
Cloth very moist and decomposing - no odor
Grass green - metal clean and shiny
Decomposed paper - metal clean
Cloth unaffected
Newspaper pulpy
Bottom temperature 78 deg F
Coring time 55 minutes
Cool moist dirt - mild odor
Wet paper and grass
Newspaper pulpy
Refuse decomposed
Grass green - metal clean and ahiny
Plastic unaffected
Grass moist and mushy
Coring time 35 minutes
Dirt only
Moist legible paper - no odor
Moist legible paper - cloth deteriorated
Metal shiny
Some decomposition of newspaper
Rubber and moist wood unaffected
Core temperature 84 deg F - mild odor
Refuse dry - metal clean and shiny
Cloth decomposing
Coring time 45 minutes
Moist green grass - odor mild
Paper moist but unaffected
Refuse wet and mushy - grass slimy
Grass green
Metal clean and shiny
Metal clean and shiny
Cloth and plastic unaffected
Moist clay - odor mild
Coring time 30 minutes
(Continued on Page 25)
8.2-24
-------
TABLE 4.5.4 Continued
LOG OF CORES FOR CELLS A, B AND C
Cell
and
Core
No.
C-l
C-2
Elapsed
Time Since
Cell
Completion
Days
743
743
Distance
Below
Top of
Cell
Ft
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
4
6
8
10
12
14
18
Observation
Dirt only
Grass decomposing - strong odor
Newspaper decomposing - metal dull -
core temperature 102 deg F
Refuse warm and mushy - grass
decomposing
Grass and cloth decomposing - plastic
unaffected - core temperature 122
deg F
Core temperature 115 deg F
Metal dull - much rotted material -
core temperature 128 deg F
Much decomposed material
Nylon decomposed - high temperature 180
deg F
Coring time 25 minutes
Dirt only (drilled in location of
former cave-in)
Charred material - milk cartons soft
and decomposed - steam visible
Refuse very decomposed - mild odor
core temperature 126 deg F
Newspaper charred
Cushion padding decomposed
Grass decomposed - paper soft but
legible
Clay bottom - core temperature 140 deg F
Coring time 18 minutes
8.2-25
5. NEW CELL D
5.1 Construction. The present research program has as one of its announced
purposes the construction of a large volume, gas-tight cell to be used for
quantitative study of gas production.
Since previous efforts to study gas production by encapsulating a large mass
of refuse within an impervious polyethelene membrane failed, it was decided to
make a new approach and seal the refuse within a steel anclosuie. For this pur-
pose, there was purchased a 10,000 gal underground storage tank, 95' I.D. x
28'0" high, manufactured from 1/4" A-36 steel. To minlmimize corrosion the
tank was given a resinous inside coating and was covered with an asphalt paint
on the outside. The tank is shown on Figure 5.1.1.
The tank was installed at a site adjacent to existing Cell C and, in fact,
on the site of former Cell D which failed in its purpose. A standard
clamshell-type bucket was used to take out the old refuse, sand, and plastic
membrane until there had been formed an open pit 28.5 ft deep measuring about
12 ft x 14 ft at the bottom and 36 ft x 36 ft at the top. A 3-ft layer of
refuse was placed at the bottom and this in turn was covered by 1/4-in. thick
plywood, both to provide a cushion for the tank and protection for the tank
bottom. A crane was used to lower the tank into the hole and hold it in a ver-
tical position while an insulating layer of refuse was placed around it. The
vertical free-standing tank in its final position extended 3 ft above ground
level. Dirt was packed around the above-ground projection to form a sloping
berm. The tank was then ready for filling with refuse.
A 6 in. layer of sand was placed in the bottom of the tank. Some 31,090 Ib
of refuse as delivered to the tank in weighed packers were then placed in the
tank. The refuse was typically domestic, having been collected from homes in
Ponona. From spot sampling of the refuse, the breakdown by volume was 42.11
8.2-26
-------
-4—
J.
paper, 38X grass and garden clippings, 3Z plastic, 5Z glass, 7Z metal and 5Z
dirt. During placement of the refuse, a system of perforated piping was in-
stalled to permit withdrawal of gas at top, bottom and mid-depth (or to add
water), and thermistors were installed at similar locations. Also during
placement of the refuse, sufficient water was added to bring the moisture con-
tent to 69.91 on a dry weight basis. The construction summary is presented in
Table 5.1.1. Since compaction was limited within the confines of so small an
area, the resulting in-place density was a low 634 Ib per cu yd.
The top of the tank was sealed by a continuous, external weld. After the
cover was welded in place, field personnel entered the tank through a manhole
to paint the inside of the weld with a protective sealant. Additional refuse
and a top layer of dirt were then laboriously added through the cover manhole
to fill the tank. Flexible, neoprene hoses connected the pipes carrying the
thermistor leads and the gas pipes to the hatch nipples, and the hatch was then
bolted down. A plastic gasket in combination with a liquid sealant were used
to make the hatch gas tight.
All joints and welds were brushed with a fluorsene soap solution and the
tank was tested by placing it under a pressure of 1 psi by pumping compressed
air into it. After holding the pressure for 30 minutes, the pressure was re-
leased and the tank was considered sealed under zero pressure, confirmed by a
water manometer.
The complete system is illustrated in Figure 5.1.2.
The gas manifold was immediately connected to a wet test cell, later re-
placed by a gasometer, for measurement of all gas produced by the decomposing
refuse.
5.2 Performance. In Table 5.2.1 are presented the performance data cover-
ing the six-month period following completion of the installation.
For approximately the first month, the exterior gas manifold was directly
8.2-27
8.2-28
-------
TABLE 5.1.1
Line
Construction Summary for Cell D
1 Date Started
2 Date Completed
3 Working Days to Place Refuse In Cell
6-28-66
7-07-66
A
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Cubic Yards of Refuse Trucked to Cell2
Founds of Refuse Trucked to Cell2
Delivered Trucked Density, Pounds Per Cu Yd3
Volume of Cell, Cul/lc Yards4
Fill D*rsity> Pounds Per Cubic Yard3
Gallons of Water Added6
Pounds of Water Added
Pounds of Water Present in Trucked Refuse
Total Pounds of Water in Cell
Per Cent Moisture of Cell, Dry Weight Basis6
73
31,090
427
49
634
415
3,450
7,993
11,443
69.9
Notes:
1. Calculations exclude final fill covers.
2. Actual truck volumes and scaled weights
3. Line 5
Line 4
4. Determined by field measurements
5. Line 5
Line 7
6. Measured by water meter.
7. Determined by laboratory tests of representative
samples
8. (Line 5 « 34.6» + Line 10 100
Line 5 - (Line 5 x 34.61)
Moisture content of refuse on wet basis - 34.61
8.2-29
IATCU COWQ fcOLTUD TO UU.TC.U)
3U.D DfPt
QMOMLTLQ
2+' I-QOM TA.KJK. tOTTTOM
TAUK : <6' LD . 2AM
LLLXIbLC. GAS WDL COUUL.CTOU
GAS COLLLCTlOtJ PIDIUC fcLK-OC3ATLCiJ
at-1 AbovL bcrrroM oc. TMJK
TUU3MIJTOQ IT LOOM TA.KK bCTTOM
PIDt C&QQVIMC TULOWI5TOQ LLAD5
TUtDMiaTOR O1 LOOM TA.WK COTTOM
TAkK WkCKLD VtTU Dt3IDLUTlAL
- TTJLBM15TOQ -5' tBOM TAkftC bOTTOM
Ct SfclJD fcT DOTTOM CX- TWJkt
ASSEMBLY
DIAGRAM
CELL
512
8.2-30
-------
TABLE 5.2.1
CELL D PERFORMANCE DATA
Date
7-08
7-09
7-10
7-12
7-13
7-14
7-X6
7-18
7-19
7-21
7-22
7-26
7-27
7-28
8-01
8-02
8-04
8-05
8-08
8-11
8-12
8-15
8-16
8-18
8-19
8-22
8-25
8-26
8-29
9-01
9-07
9-09
10-13
10-20
11-01
11-03
11-22
11-29
12-08
12-15
12-19
12-28
Days
Following
Completion
of Cell
1
2
3
5
6
7
9
11
12
14
15
19
20
21
25
26
28
29
32
35
36
39
40
42
43
46
49
50
53
56
62
64
98
105
117
119
138
145
154
161
165
174
Cumulative
Volume
of Gaa
Produced
Cu Ft
15.68
34.39
39.28
39.35
39. 3b
39.42
39.54
39.68
40.01
40.03
40.06
40.10
40.10
40.10
40.10
40.10
40.11
40.11
40.16
40.20
40.28
40.30
40.34
40.34
40.34
40.34
40.34
40.34
40.39
Cell
Pressure
In.
Water
+12.9
+ 9.2
+ 6.6
+ 2.0
+ 2.3
+ 1.5
0
0
0
0
+ 0.3
+ 1.0
+ 0.4
+ 5.1
+ 3.5
+ 0.4
Temperatures at Locations
Below Top of Cell
Deg F
Bottom
88
89
88
88
88
89
88
89
89
89
85
—
—
—
—
86
—
86
87
86
86
85
86
85
86
86
84
84
86
84
85
87
—
87
81
—
80
83
78
78
—
—
21 Ft
100
97
96
96
96
98
96
99
96
101
94
—
—
—
—
92
—
92
91
92
91
89
92
90
90
90
95
90
89
90
89
89
—
89
85
—
85
84
83
83
—
—
14 Ft
93
93
93
93
93
94
—
95
95
97
94
—
—
—
—
94
—
95
96
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
93
93
93
96
92
—
89
88
—
89
89
87
87
—
—
7 Ft
100
100
97
97
97
97
—
99
97
104
95
—
—
—
—
95
—
97
96
94
96
94
94
94
94
94
97
97
93
98
92
91
—
88
88
—
83
85
79
78
—
—
Note: Wet Test Cell used to measure gas produced through 8-08
Gasometer used to measure gas produced beginning 8-09
No gas produced after 8-29
450 gal water added to cell 9-07 and 9-08
The cell was under a vacuum after 10-13
8.2-31
connected to a wet test cell. All valves were open, permitting measurement of
all gas produced within the cell. The discharge line from the wet test cell
was submerged to maintain a positive pressure on the entire system. Within 3
days, 39.3 cu ft of gas had been produced and measured, and this volume proved
to be 98% of that which would be produced. During these three days, the in-
ternal pressure (In. water) of the cell dropped from the initial reading of
12.C to 6.5, and then to zero 6 days late.:. At that time, the wet test cell
was permitted to discharge into the atmosphere.
Because gas production had fallen off to almost Immeasurable quantities, the
wet test cell was replaced after 33 days with a laboratory-built gasometer
which would permit storage of gas and more accurate volume determinations.
However, by the end of the second month, all gas production ceased.
The tabulated data show a decline in temperature (deg F) at all levels; from
88 to 78 at the bottom, from 100 to 83 at the bottom quarter, from 93 to 87 at
mid-depth, and from 100 to 78 at the top quarter. Using the gas collection
piping at the top of the cell as a spray system, 450 gallons of water were
added on the 62nd day to raise the moisture content of the refuse and improve
the environment necessary for bacterial activity. The decision to add water
was prompted, of course, by the stoppage of gas production. The addition of
water not only did not result in a step-up of gas production, but also served
to decrease cell temperatures at a still faster rate and put the entire cell
under a vacuum. Negative pressures were first observed in the 98th day and
existed until the 145th day. Temperatures remained low through the end of the
period covered by this progress report and it Is not expected that significant
gas quantities will be produced until temperatures come back up to at least 90°
F. The high percentage of cellulose packed into the cell will also markedly
limit the rate of gas production.
8.2-32
-------
FACTO
PF
„
TORt
Final Report to
Department of Health, H*uc«tton,''«nd Welfare
National'Institutes of Health
United States Pufclic Health Service
January 1, 1964 to December 31, 1565
Prepared by Principal Investigators
Robert C. Men, Chairman
Department of Civil Engineering
Ralph Ston*
Research Associate
University of Southern California
Los Angelesi California
FACTORS CONTROLLING UTILIZATION
OF SANITARY LANDFILL SITE
Project Number EF-00160-05
Final Report to
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
National Institutes of Health
United States Public Health Service
January 1, 1964 to December 31, 1965
Prepared by Principal Investigators
Robert C. Merz, Chairman
Department of Civil Engineering
Ralph Stone
Research Associate
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
-------
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 9OOO7
March 25, 1966
Mr. Harold R. Robinson, Chief
Research Grants Branch
Division of Environmental Engineering
and Food Protection
Department of Health, Education & Welfare
United States Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda 14, Maryland
Subject: EF 00160-05
Dear Mr. Robinson:
Forty copies of our final report covering the studies
made under Grants EF 00160-04 and -05 on the "Factors Control-
ling Utilization of Sanitary Landfill Sites," are submitted to
you with this letter. The privilege of carrying out this work
has been very much appreciated, and we hope the information
included herein proves useful to those interested in solid
waste disposal.
Respectfully submitted,
Robert C. tfr&ci, Chairman
Dept. of 'tivil Engineering
& Principal Investigator
B.3-1
2. FOREWORD
-r.e Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Southern
Califcrr.ia, in May 1963, completed a 3-year study of the factors control-
ling -':.(: 'jse of a sanitary landfill site. The purpose of the study was
to detferrine the optimum means by which the most waste can be put into the
avai-iile volume and at the same time permit shrinkage prediction. Funds
were provided by three grants from the United States Public Health Service
through assignment from the National Institutes of Health. Copies of the
final report are available from the University.
A supplementary grant was provided to continue the study. Four
test cells of various sizes were constructed at the Spadra Landfill,
Walr.ut, California, by the County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
County v'r.ich has continued to lend its support to the project. The con-
ditions of construction of the cells were varied, and one has been per-
mittee to decompose in an aerobic environment.
This report covers the completed 2-year study extending from
January 1, 1964 to December 31, 1965.
The project was under the joint directorship of Professor Robert
C. Merz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil Engineering, and Research Associate
Ralph Stone. Valuable assistance in the field and laboratory was
rendered by Andrew Boyd, Ramon Beluche, Raymond Rodrigue and Roger Olack,
Graduate Research Assistants.
8.3-ii
-------
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research has been supported by the Public Health Service
Research Grants EF-00160-04 and -05.
The County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County constructed
the rest cells and provided field assistance when requested. The help
of the staff of the Sanitation Districts, ard of John D. Parkhurst, Chief
Engineer and General Manager, is gratefully acknowledged.
Other individuals who have played important roles in this study
include the following:
Mr. John Blatt, Palco Linings, Inc., Indio, California, for super-
vising the lining of one of the cells with VisQueen film;
Dr. Glen Cannel, University of California, Riverside, for manufac-
turing and supplying the moisture probes installed in all of the test
cells;
Mr. Tom Fellows, Fellows & Associates, Inc., Los Angeles, for pro-
viding the sandy silt needed as top cover for one of the cells;
Mr. David C. Henderson, Southern California Edison Company, Pomona,
California, for consultative services in bringing power to the research
site;
Mr. Paul Ledig, Asgro Seed Company, Azusa, California, for furnish-
ing the Bermuda seed for the test grass plot for one of the cells;
Mr. John McQuade, Pope and Talbot, Inc., San Francisco for furnish-
ing the soil additive "Loamite" which was mixed with native soil to
provide cover for one of the cells;
Mr. Wayne C. Morgan, Farm Advisor, University of California Farm
and Home Advisors, Los Angeles, for assisting in the analysis of the
native soils and procurement of recommended additives;
Mr. G. C. Pooley, Irrometer Company, Riverside, California, for
installation of the automatic sprinkler system for irrigation of the
grass cover on one of the cells;
Mr. Stuart Shore, Sales Manager, Pacific Clay Products, Santa Fe
Springs, California, for providing the Wedge-Lock perforated pipe and
fittings needed for supplying air to one of the cells.
8.3-iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Title
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
FOREWORD
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SUMMARY
THE SANITARY LANDFILL SITE
5.1 Selection
5.2 Preparation
5.2.1 Cell Excavation
5.2.2 Access Well
5.2.3 Power Supply
REFUSE AND SOIL
6.1 Refuse Source
6.2 Refuse Characteristics
6.3 Soil Characteristics
CELL CONSTRUCTION
7.1 Description of Cells
7.1.1 Volumes
7.1.2 Weights
7.2 Construction Summary
7.3 Mensurative Equipment
7.3.1 Thermistors
7.3.2 Thermometers
7.3.3 Moisture Probes
7.3.4 Gas and Leach Collection
Cans
7.3.5 Gas Analysis
7.3.6 Settlement Bench Marks
i
ii
iii
1
7
11
11
12
14
14
18
18
18
19
19
CELL ACTIVITY
9
10
1 External Climatic Factors
2 Application of Water
8.3
8.4
8.5
Settlement
Gas Production
Cell Temperatures
PROJECT CO-INVESTIGATORS
APPENDIX
10.1 Intended Quantitative Study of
Gas Production
10.2 Examination of Previous Test Site
21
21
22
30
40
45
4b
8.3-iv
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
Section Figure
Title
Paee
Section Table
Title
Page
5.1.1 Plot Plan of Test Facility with
Location Map
7.3.1 Cross Section of Cell A
7.3.2 Cross Section of Cell B
7.3.3 Cross Section of Cell C
8.3.1 Surface and Mid-Depth Settlement
of Cell A
8.3.2 Surface and Mid-Depth Settlement
of Cell B
8.3.3 Surface and Mid-Depth Settlement of
Cell C Related to Blower Cycle
6.4.1 Variation in Gas Composition with Time
in Cell A from Inverted Collection
Can at 7-Ft Depth
8.4.2 Variation in Gas Composition with Time
in Cell A from Inverted Collection
Can at 13-Ft Depth
8.4.3 Variation in Gas Composition with Time
in Cell B from Inverted Collection
Can at 7-Ft Depth
8.4.4 Variation in Gas Composition with Time
in Cell B from Inverted Collection
Can at 13-Ft Depth
8.4.5 Variation in Gas Composition with Time
in Cell C from Inverted Collection
Can at 7-Ft Depth
8.4.6 Variation in Gas Composition with Time
in Cell C from Inverted Collection
Can at 13-Ft Depth
Temperature Trends in Access Well and at
Various Depths, Cell A
Temperature Trends on Access Well and at
Various Depths, Cell B
Temperature Trends in Access Well and at
Various Depths, in Cell C
15
16
17
27
28
29
33
34
35
36
37
38
42
43
44
12
7.1.1 Schedule of Amounts of Water to be
Applied to Cell A
7.2.1 Cell Construction Summary
8.2.1 Actual Amounts of Water Applied to
Cell A
8.2.2 Actual Amounts of Water Applied to
Cell B
8.3.1 Rates of Cell Settlement
8.4.1 Maximum and Minimum Gas Components
by Volume in all Cells
8.4.2 Summary of Blower Operation,
Cell C
12.2.1 Log of Core Samples Taken From First
Spadra Test Cells
12.3 External Climatic Factors
12.4 Cell Settlement Data
12.5 Gas Composition in Cell A
12.6 Gas Composition in Cell B
12.7 Gas Composition in Cell C
12.8 Temperatures in Cell A
12.9 Temperatures in Cell B
12.10 Temperatures in Cell C
9
13
23
24
26
32
39
49
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
8.3-v
8.3-vi
-------
Photograph Ho.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Title
Equipment Used for Cell Construction
Excavation of Cells, General View
Excavation of Cell A
Cells B and C Fully Excavated
General View of All Cells Fully Excavated
Start of Cell A
Watering of Cell A During Construction
Cell A at Mid-construction
Placing Upper Half of Cell A Access Well
Cells A and B Filled, Cell C Receiving First Load
Placing Earth Cover on Cells A and B
Floor of Cell C Showing Aeration Trenches and Inlet
Pipe from Blower
Setting Access Well in Cell C
Underground Sprinkler, Cell C
Laying Top Membrane, Cell C
Top Membrane in Place, Cell C
Covering of Top Membrane, Cell C
Access Well Extension
Access Well Extension, Corner Detail
General Instrumentation, All Cells
Gas Collection Drum
Collecting Gas Sample
Blower Serving Cell C, Recirculation Line in Foreground
Blower Serving Cell C, General View
Panel Board
Finished Cells, C in Foreground
Irrometers Used in Cell B
Watering Cell B after Seeding
Cell C after Settlement, Showing Modified Air Inlet Pipe
and Water Barrier Constructed around Center Access Well
Subsurface Irrigation Supply Line to Cell C
Settlement Crevices at Cell at Natural Ground Boundary
Cave-in In Cell C
Differential Settlement between Cells B and C as Indicated
by Car Position
Grass Cover on Cell B
Opening of 5-Year Old Test Site
Coring of 5-Year Old Test Site
Page
69
69
69
69
70
70
70
70
71
71
71
71
72
72
72
72
73
73
73
73
74
74
74
74
75
75
75
75
76
76
76
76
77
77
77
77
4. SUMMARY
Two years were spent in the preparation and study of the landfill cells de-
scribed in this report. They exist at the Spadra Landfill No. 2, operated
by the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts. The purposes for which
these cells were built were:
Test Cell A - Seattle rainfa.U pattern replication
Test Cell B - Turf development and irrigation
Test Cell C - Maintenance of aerobic environment
Test Cell D - Refuse encapsulation in polyethylene membrane
to measure gas production
Sunr.ary statements follow.
1. Compaction ratios from 2.1 to 2.2, and an in-place density of 1000 Ib
per cu yd, were achieved for the test cells.
2, Cell A, receiving the Seattle rainfall equivalent plus an extra 55 in.
(for a total of 87 in. of water), did not show percolation into the
leach collection cans.
3. Cell B, after receiving 113 in. of applied irrigation water, produced
leach in the collection can located 7 ft below the surface.
4. ^ornial turf development was readily achieved and maintained on Cell B.
5. The greatest settlement, nearly 2 ft in 17 months, occurred in aerobic
cell C, whereas the two anaerobic cells A and B settled 0.5 and 0.4 ft,
respectively, during the same period.
6, Extensive settlement in cell C produced cave-ins with holes measuring
3 ft by 4 ft that extended to the bottom of the cell. The cave-ins
were caused by a combination of oxidation, heavy rainfall and surface
flooding.
8.3-vii
8.3-1
-------
7. In anaerobic cell A, the major gas constituents by volume have been
fairly steady over the past year at 60 percent carbon dioxide and 40
percent methane. Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen were present in varying
amounts.
8. In cell B, the gas composition was affected by movement of air from
cell C when the blower was in operation. The major gas components were
carbon rtioxide, nitrogen and methane.
9. Cell C was aerobically operated anJ the gas composition was dependent
upon the duration of the blower operation. The chief gas components
at the upper level of the cell were nitrogen (70 to 80 percent) and
carbon dioxide (10 to 20 percent). Slightly lesser amounts existed at
the lower level, but oxygen averaged about 10 percent. Methane was
minimal when the blower was in operation.
10. The temperature at the 10-ft depth in anaerobic cell A was about 100
deg F for the first 5 months, and then gradually decreased to 71 deg F
over the balance of the test period. The temperature behavior at the
bottom depth was similar.
11. The temperature in cell B declined from an early peak of 120 deg to
70 deg F. Although intended to be an anaerobic cell, its performance
was influenced by the passage of air from cell C notwithstanding a
compacted, 5-ft wide, continuous earth barrier.
12. The aerobic cell C supported a 193 deg F temperature at mid-depth as
much as 174 days following cell construction. Bottom temperatures
reached peaks sufficiently high to destroy thermistors. Smoke emana-
tions with fire were noted on a few occasions. The cell temperature
was affected by the aeration cycle.
13. Cell D, intended for determining quantitative studies of gas production,
was unsuccessful although constructed with extreme care by professional
3.3-2
plastic fabricators. The polyethylene envelope was not able to store
gas.
14. Coring and side cutting of the 5 original, 4-t- yr old, anaerobic test
cells demonstrated that only minor decomposition of the solid wastes
had occurred. Moisture analyses on a dry weight basis for numerous
core samples ranged from 5.3 to 42.9 percent, considerably less than
computed values at the time of construction.
8.3-3
-------
5. THE SANITARY LANDFILL SITE
;.l Selection. As in the case of the earlier study (see page ii), this
investigation was conducted at Spadra Landfill No. 2. This landfill, oper-
ated by the County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, is located
as sr.own in Figure 5.1.1, near the City of Pomona at 4125 West Valley Blvd.
1.2 Preparation. Preparation of the site on which the test cells were
tc be constructed included clearing away of walnut trees, excavation of the
cells, placement of access wells, and installation of the facilities re-
quired before placement of the refuse.
5.2.1 Cell Excavation. It was decided to position 4 cells in an area
adjacent to the entrance to the landfill, as close as possible to the
Weighnaster' s office as well as a source of power. This area was of a
gently sloping nature, so that it was necessary to resort to both cut and
fill operations to form the 4 cells. Cells A and B were formed by cutting
into undisturbed earth. Cells C and D were formed in well compacted earth.
Construction of the cells was undertaken by the District personnel, utiliz-
ing bulldozers and scrapers. Cell D, which failed in its purpose, is further
discussed in the appendix.
When completed, the 3 test cells were fully below finished grade. End
slopes, established to permit easy entry and exit of the equipment, were
about one on two, and side slopes were about one on one-half. The result
was an 3ix-line series .of 3 cells having the appearance of inverted trun-
cated pyramids, with tops and bottoms in essentially parallel planes.
All cells had bottoms measuring approximately 50 ft on a side and tops
neasuring approximately ~0 ft by 130 ft. Their average depth was approxi-
mately 20 ft. That portion of each cell utilized for research purposes was
the mass rising vertically above the bottom area.
8.3-4
MAP TAKEN FROM
DATA BY L.A. CO. SANITATION DllTKICTS
LAMBFILL
LOCATION MAP
FIGUM 5.1.1
PLOT PLAN OF
TEST FACILITY
SCALE I" * 100
CONTOUR INTERVAL 5
8.3-5
-------
5.2.2 Access Wall. In the center of each cell there was erected an
access well to provida outlets for gas collection lines, leach collection
lines, and electrical leads, and a means of human access for observing bot-
tom drainage (if any), the taking of internal humidity and temperature
measurements, and collection of leach.
Each access well consisted of a steel pipe 44 in. diameter by 1/4" thick
by 18 ft long, with numerous openings cut into the side for admission of
the aforementioned conduits emanating from within the cell. The earth bot-
tom of etfch teac cell provided a suitable foundation for the access well.
Since the access wells were but 18 ft long, and since it was the intention
to carry the cells to a finished depth of 21 ft, it was necessary to build
a 3-ft high wooden extension on top of each of them. Each structure was
fitted with a hinged, locked cover. Each access well was sealed off from
the atmosphere by covering the wooden super-structure with an air-tight,
neoprene-coated nylon tarpaulin. All gas conduits and electrical leads
were carried outside of the enclosure and housed in a wooden box flush with
grade for convenience in taking samples, and so that the internal environ-
ment would be unchanged during the sampling process. A 6-in. high concrete
and aluminum berm was placed around each access well to prevent surface
drainage from reaching the access well.
5.2.3 Power Supply. It was necessary to bring in power from the near-
est lines strung along the adjacent highway. New lines were strung from
there to a temporary pole provided by the Districts to furnish 6 KW, 220v-
3ph current. To serve the research site, a panel board was erected and
fitted with control and time clock equipment for the blower, and a trans-
former to provide the single phase current for the vacuum pump and irriga-
tion controls. Underground lines in rigid conduits carried the single
phase current to 4 different locations within the test site.
8.3-6
6. REFUSE AND SOIL
6.1 Refuse Source. All of the refuse placed in the cells originated in
the residential districts of the adjoining communities of Pomona, San Dlmas,
Clareoont and LaVerne, just as in the case of the earlier Spadra study.
6.2 Refuse Characteristics. In addition to accepting refuse from only
the residential areas of the communities named in the preceding section,
further control was exerted to make certain that only typical domestic
refuse consisting of paper, grass and garden trimmings, garbage and miscel-
laneous inert material was placed in the cells. Further, such materials as
industrial wastes, lath and plaster, tree logs and stumps, and broken con-
crete, were generally excluded from the cells. The solid waste placed in
the cells was assumed to have the same composition as determined at the
start of the earlier project, approximately 65 percent paper, 25 percent
grass and garden trimmings, 5 percent garbage and 5 percent inerts by vol-
ume. In the laboratory, the average moisture content for the entire mass
of trucked refuse was determined to be 31 percent on a wet weight basis
(44.8 percent dry weight basis).
6.3 Soil Characteristics. The top soil of the entire Spadra site com-
prises a thin layer of organic clay. It was skinned off and stockpiled
for use elsewhere. The subsoil consists of a decomposed shale. It is this
material which was used for final cover on the top of cells B and C.
8.3-7
-------
7. CELL COHSTRUCTION
7.1 Degcription of Cells. ID cell A, the refuse was placed continuously
until the full depth (19 ft) was reached. As the refuse was being placed,
sufficient water was added to bring the moisture content to 97.4 percent on
a dry weight basis. The refuse placed was subjected to the standard com-
paction procedure. To bring the overall depth to 21 ft, a 2-ft thick earth
cover was placed. Since this cell was to be used as a basis for studying
the effect of simulated rainfall, particularly with regard to rainfall pen-
etration, it was necessary to provide an earth cover that would permit
water penetration. That portion of the earth cover having the same dimen-
sions as the bottom of the cell was therefore imported from a Pomona
construction site. Laboratory tests showed the material to be a "sandy
silt" with 54 percent passing through a No. 4 sieve and 60 percent passing
through a No. 200 sieve. The dry density was 102 Ib per cu ft. The co-
efficient of permeability, assuming 75 percent degree of compaction, was
50 ft per yr. For application of the simulated rainfall, irrigation piping
was laid just beneath the top surface to service individually controlled
Rain Bird nozzles located one at each corner and one in the center. The
amount of water to be applied in simulation of the Seattle, Wash., rainfall
is shown in Table 7.1.1.
In cell B, the refuse was placed continuously until the full depth
(19 ft) was reached. As the refuse was being placed, sufficient water was
added to bring the moisture content to 73.3 percent on a dry weight basis.
The refuse placed was subjected to standard compaction procedure. To bring
the overall depth to 21 ft, a 2-ft thick earth cover was placed. Since
this cell was to be used as a basis for studying the effect of maintaining
8.3-8
Table 7.1.1
Schedule of Amounts of Water To Be Applied To Cell A
(As Related to Rainfall, 1961, Seattle-Tacoma Airport)
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Measured Frecip.
in Inches
(0.S. Weather
Bureau Info.)
7.71
9.11
4.45
2.35
3.07
0.54
0.75
0.82
0.46
3.27
4.67
5.32
Comparable Water To Be Applied
Gallons Per Day
12,012
14,193
6,933
3,661
4,783
841
1,168
1,278
717
5,095
7,276
8,289
Minutes of Rain Bird Operation
Per Month
540
638
312
165
215
38
53
57
32
229
327
372
P«r Webk
135
160
78
41
54
9
13
14
8
57
82
93
8.3-9
-------
a high quality, golf course type turf, particularly with regard to penetra-
tion of irrigation .water, It was necessary to provide a top soil favorable
to turf growth. This was done by mixing "Loamite," a lignin-organic base
material containing approximately 45 percent lignin, 85 percent organic
matter and one percent nitrogen, with the native topsoll. The amount used
was 10 percent by volume. An automatic sprinkler system was installed to
insure that the turf would be properly irrigated. An "Irrometer" system
was installed, consisting of two pairs of ten&iometers tied in electrically
wlt'a a solenoid valve. The tendiometers were installed in pairs, one 3 in.
below the surface and the other 6 in. below the surface. When an unsatisfac-
tory soil-moisture relationship was reached at any of the four tensiometers,
irrigation would automatically begin and continue until the proper soil-
noisture condition was obtained at all tensiometers. Bermuda seed was
selected and chicken guano was used as a fertilizer to help produce the
turf. The irrigation piping was laid just beneath the top surface, and
individually-controlled Rain Bird nozzles were located one in each corner
and one in the center.
Before the refuse could be placed in cell C, a system of piping by which
air could be admitted to the completed cell was installed. This system
consisted of A-in. dia VC perforated Wedge-Lock pipe laid in trenches 12
in. deep by 12 in. wide. The network was made up of 3 parallel 48-ft lines
on 24-ft centers crossed at right angles by 7 lines on 6-ft centers. The
outside periphery of the network was a closed loop. A near-vertical 4-in.
galvanized steel line was installed to convey the air from the blower
mounted at ground surface to the cell aeration system. The refuse was
then placed continually until the full depth (19 ft) was reached. As the
refuse was being placed, sufficient water was added to bring the moisture
content to 80.0 percent on a dry weight basis. The refuse was subjected
8.3-10
to standard compaction procedure. To bring the overall depth to 21 ft, a
2-ft thick top cover was placed. To prevent movement of forced air through
the earth cover and into the atmosphere, an impervious membrane was
stretched over the cell one foot below the surface, i.e., at mid-depth of
the cover. The membrane used was a white, 6-mill thick polyethylene. It
was expected that movement of air through the cell would tend to dry out
the refuse. For this reason, a network of perforated 1/2-in. dia PVC spray
pipe was laid on top of the refuse, immediately under the top cover. The
layout used was similar to that described for the air piping. So that the
cell gases could be recirculated during blower operation, a 6-in. dia VC
Wedge-Lock pipe was laid on top of the cell, connecting the housing on top
of the center access well to the blower intake. The wooden extension to
the center access well for this cell was constructed so that it could be
reduced easily in height since considerable settlement of the cell surface
was expected. A Buffalo Forge Company Industrial exhauster was selected
for supplying air to the cell. The blower was rated at 1000 cfm against a
b-in. static pressure at 2345 rpm. The blower's inside surfaces were
treated to prevent corrosion. A valved manifold was provided at the intake
to mix fresh air with recirculated gases in any desired proportion. A
time clock was wired into the electrical system so that the operating cycle
of the blower could be varied. A plan view of the 3 cells with their re-
lationship to the surrounding terrain may be seen in Figure 5.1.1.
7.1.1 Volumes. Only refuse trucks (packers) of known volume were per-
mitted to unload their refuse at the test site. The volumetric capacity
of each packer was obtained from the municipality which owned it.
The volume of each excavation in which refuse was to be placed was sur-
veyed and computed through use of the prismoidal formula.
7.1.2 Weights. Each truck that entered the Spadra site was weighed.
8.3-11
-------
The Weighmaster issued a receipt on which was recorded the truck number,
the total weight, the tare weight, and the net tonnage of refuse carried
by the truck. The truck was then routed to the test site. The field rep-
resentative of the research staff was stationed at the site to direct the
unloading of each truck and placement of the refuse. The representative
also recorded the receipt number and the truck number as it unloaded, and
at conclusion of the day's work the entire listing of receipt numbers was
check-id against the Weighmaster's record to make certain that only those
tonnages were included on the record that actually reached the test site.
A bulldozer and scraper was normally used to transport and level the
earth that was to be used for top cover. The permeable soil cover for
cell A was imported by truck as described previously.
All of the water used in the construction of the refuse cells was
mete red. From the known gallonage, the weight of the water added was
computed.
7.2 Construction Summary. All of the data pertaining to the cell con-
struction are presented in Table 7.2.1. On line 6 of the table, the den-
sity of the refuse as delivered to each cell is shown and is seen to be
uniform. On line 7 are presented the volumes of the excavations. On line
8 are shown the calculated cell densities. These densities were virtually
the same for all cells.
The working time required to build the 3 cells was longest for cell C.
Many man days of hard, physical labor were required for placement of the
aeration lines and related equipment.
The compaction ratio is usually considered to be the trucked volume of
the refuse divided by the in-place volume of the same refuse. A recent
survey of sanitary landfill practices, conducted by the Solid Wastes Engi-
neering Section of the ASCE Committee on Sanitary Engineering Research,
8.3-12
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demonstrated that 70 percent of all operating landfills responding to
inquiry achieved a compaction ratio of from 2:1 to 3:1 by various proce-
dures. However, the method of calculation used was generally not specified.
The compaction ratios achieved in the earlier study by this Group by the
various construction techniques employed varied from 1.29:1 to 2.12:1. It
is emphasized that the trucked volumes used in determining the ratios repre-
sented known, "pre-compacted" values. The compaction ratios achieved in
this study vare 2.06:1 for cell A, 2.13:1 for cell B, and 2.18:1 for cell C.
7.3 Mensuratlve Equipment. While the cells were being constructed to
their finished surface elevation, it was necessary to install the equipment
which would make possible the measurement of internal and external tempera-
tures, Internal moisture and cell settlement, and provide for collection of
gas and leach samples. Figures 7.3.1-7.3.3 are diagrams of each cell showing
placement of all equipment.
7.3.1 Thermistors. To measure the internal temperatures of each cell, 3
general purpose, bead-type thermistors were buried in the refuse as the cell
was constructed. These thermistors were located at distances of 4 ft, 10 ft,
and 16 ft above the bottom surface. The thermistors were selected to operate
in a corrosive atmosphere over the full range of expected temperatures.
They and their leads were protected by enclosure in 3/8-in. dia copper tubing.
Each thermistor was fitted with 50-ft Teflon-coated leads to reach from the
thermistor location into the access well and up to ground surface. A fourth
thermistor was installed near the bottom of the access well and was taped to
a conventional mercury thermometer for comparison of readings. Even with
these precautions, thermistors were lost, apparently because of corrosion of
leads or because of tearing of leads with settlement. The first losses
occurred in cell C at the bottom and mid-depth due to excessive temperatures
after 193 days. The last loss occurred in cell B at the bottom depth after
8.3-14
1
25
g"
u o
w
•3-
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-I 9
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- Ft
8.3-15
-------
MOTE: All leada continue
up the «cce*a well to the
Instrument box. Leach
cans are In a spiral at
2 ft Interval*.
In. Dla Steel Pipe
Access Well
O
Differential Settlement Marker
25 Ft X 25 Tt Graas Cover
Settlement Marker
Huaddgulde
Thermometer d Thermistor
3 Ft Access Well Cover
Instrument Lead Box
2 Ft Earth Cover Plus Loamlte
Sprinkler System
10
15
20
Figure 7.3.2
CROSS SECTION OF CELL "B"
NOTE: All lesds continue up the
access well to the Instrument
lead box
No Scale
Instrument Lead Box
2 Ft Earth Cover
Settlement Marker
Polyethylene Cover
Underground Water System
Differential Settlement Marker -j
Humldgulde
Thermometer & Thermistor
6" Gas Return Line
4" Blower Discharge Line
Flexible Connecting Hose
Blower With Time Control
Air Intake
1 Ft Deep Trench
4" VC Distribution Line
Pea Gravel
In. Dia Steel Pipe
Access Well
Figure 7.3.3
CROSS SECTION OF CELL "C"
-------
233 days. Temperature* were obtained by measuring the resistance in the
thermistor with a "Thermistor Thermometer" and referring the resistance to
calibration curves prepared in the laboratory before installation.
7.3.2 Thermometers. An electrically driven recording thermometer using
7-day charts was located with the sensing device mounted in a shaded area
at the office of the Weighmaster at the entrance to the Spadra site. The
recording thermometer was calibrated against a standard laboratory thermome-
ter, and a maximum-minimum thermometer was installed near it as a constant
check on the recorded temperatures.
7.3.3 Moisture Probes. To secure the internal moisture content of each
cell, 3 moisture probes were burled in the refuse next to the thermistors as
the cell was constructed. The purchased probes consisted of 2 stainless
steel, wire mesh, cylindrical electrodes, set concentrically in plaster-of-
Faris. Each probe was fitted with a 50-ft lead of heavy duty, laminated
wire. The soldered joint was protected with an epoxy resin. It was expected
that moisture readings could be obtained by taking readings with a conductiv-
ity bridge and referral of the readings to calibration curves prepared by the
supplying laboratory. However, for the conditions under which the probes
were used, it proved impossible to take readings which could be converted
into meaningful humidity valves. Even in the laboratory, calibration readings
proved unreliable.
7.3.4 Gas and Leach Collection Cans. As the cells were constructed, half
sections of 55-gal steel drums were located within cells A and C, 2 with open
end up for the collection of leach and 2 with closed end up for the collec-
tion of gas. In cell B, 9 half drums with open end up were installed in a
descending spiral pattern between top and bottom of the cell for tracking
vertical penetration of irrigation water. Also, 2 half drums were installed
with open end down for gas collection. These are hereinafter referred to as
8.3-18
"leach collection cans" and "inverted collection cans." To protect the cans
against corrosion, they were given a bitumastic coating before placement.
Copper tubing was used to convey any leach and the expected gas from the
cans to the center access wells. Leach lines were valved at entrance to
access wells. Gas lines were carried on up to ground surface where they
terminated in compression stop cocks housed in a wooden box flush with grade.
The cans were installed within the fill with the copper outlet tubing so
positioned as to allow for future settlement. Gas samples were obtained at
distances of approximately 6 and 12 fi above the bottom. The take-off tubes
from the leach collection cans were at the same distances above the bottom.
No gas collection lines were lost.
7.3.5 Gas Analysis. All gas analyses were made in the laboratory utiliz-
ing a Beckman GC-2 gas chromatograph, modified to provide both silica gel and
molecular sieve columns, and a Sargent Model SR recorder equipped with a Disc
integrator.
A standard, glass, gas collector was installed between the terminal of the
copper gas line and a portable vacuum pump. To take a sample, the valve on
the end of the gas collection line was closed, the pump was started, and the
system back to the closed valve was evacuated. The valve was then opened,
permitting movement of the gas from the cell into the collection system, and
the pump was run for 5 minutes before the sample to be used for analysis was
sealed In the gas collector. The 5 minute purge used was determined through
experimentation. All timing was done by stopwatch in the interest of uni-
formity. Less than 24 hrs elapsed between the times of sample collection
and sample analysis.
7.3.6 Settlement Bench Marks. A survey monument was established in un-
disturbed earth at one end of the longitudinal axis of the test cells. Also,
4 survey markers consisting of 2-in. capped pipes set in concrete were
8.3-19
-------
established 90 deg apart and 15 ft from the center-line of the access well
on the surface of each cell. To measure differential settling within a cell,
a steel settlement plate was installed 10 ft. above the bottom within each
cell. Each plate was approximately one foot square, to which was welded a
3/4-in. dla steel pipe of sufficient length to reach above the finished sur-
face elevation.
8.3-20
8. CELL ACTIVITY
8.1 External Climatic Factors. Monthly average air temperatures and
humidities, and daily rainfalls, were taken from Pomona Weather Station
records and recorded in Table 12.3. Daily temperatures and humidities are
recorded in Tables 12.8 through 12.10. As shown in Table 12.3, there was
no measurable rainfall recorded during the time the cells were under con-
struction. The total rainfall on the test site for the period of study
(to December 31, 1965) has been 28.7 in.
8.2 Application of Water. In Table 8.2.1 are shown the amounts of water
applied to cell A. It will be noted that unintentional flooding of the cell
occurred in December, 1964, when some 53 in. of water were applied. Collec-
tion gauges were used to measure irrigation quantities. During the ensuing
6 months very little water was applied other than natural precipitation for
it was desired to permit the upper part of the cell to dry as well as
possible. Beginning in July, 1965, an effort was made to correlate the total
amount of water applied (irrigation plus rainfall) with the required amount
in accordance with Seattle rainfall (see Table 7.1.1). Approximately 16 in.
were applied which was 0.7 in. more than required. Even with the flooding
which took place in December, 1964, (55 in.) plus the water applied since
that time (30 in.), no leach was collected.
The Bermuda grass was planted on top of cell B on August 25, 1964. Care-
ful and frequent hand watering was required (normal for any new lawn) until
a sturdy stand was obtained. It was refertilized on October 9. It was not
until October 16 that the tensiometers could be given control of the
watering cycle. The first cutting was made on October 30. A third appli-
cation of fertilizer was made on February 25, 1965. On March 4, a broad leaf
8.3-21
-------
weed killer was applied as part of the weed control measure exercised over
the entire research site. Since that time, an excellent turf has been
maintained. The total irrigation water applied for the period of study
was 84.2 in. The total rainfall plus irrigation on cell B was thus 112.9 in.
as tabulated in Table 8.2.2. These amounts have produced leach only from
the top collection pan. The actual amount withdrawn was about 100 ml of a
typical dark green, odorous liquid.
The entrapment of water percolating downward through a medium into a col-
lection pan is not a certainty, and there is always the danger of the pan
being bypassed in spite of efforts to preserve the continuity of the medium
Inside and above the pan. However, since 2 leach collection cans were set,
and since leach was appeared in the top can, it is assumed that percolation
of the applied water has not yet occurred to a depth of more than 7 ft.
8.3 Settlement. The settlement of the surface of the cells, due to com-
paction of the refuse, was periodically measured by survey. Settlement was
also influenced by the unusually heavy rains of November, 1965. The settle-
ment data are presented in Table 12.4 and Figures 8.3.1 - 8.3.3. They indi-
cate that the greatest settlement, nearly 2 feet in 17 months, has occurred
in aerobic cell C. In the 2, full-size anaerobic cells, settlement of 0.50
ft has occurred in cell A and 0.40 ft has occurred in cell B. Cell C devel-
oped several longitudinal settlement fissures adjacent to the natural earth,
approximately 30 ft long and 1/2 in. wide. These fissures were filled with
earth and were not a particular problem.
Cave-ins in cell C did prove to be quite a problem. The first occurred
in October, 1965, simply as the result of natural oxidation. The cave-in
produced a hole in the cell measuring 3 ft by 4 ft and extending to the
bottom. Two more cave-ins followed, one on November 26 and one on
December 11, but these were hastened by the very unusual rains of that
8.3-22
TABLE 8.2.1
Actual Amounts of Water Applied to Cell A
Month
1964
September
October
November
December
1965
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Water Applied
Gal
82550
-
2063
2903
776
-
-
1136
1278
-
-
-
-
In.
52.98
-
1.33
1.86
0.50
-
-
0.73
0.82
-
-
-
-
Rainfall
In.
.01
.23
1.77
2.12
0.95
0.30
1.90
6.98
0.07
0.03
0.50
-
0.83
-
8.88
4.19
Total Water
Applied, In.
Monthly
.01
.23
1.77
55.10
0.95
1.63
3.76
7.48
0.07
0.03
1.23
0.82
0.83
-
8.88
4.19
Cumulative
.01
.24
2.01
57.11
58.06
59.69
63.45
70.93
71.00
71.03
72.26
73.08
73.91
73.91
82.79
86.98
Water Required, In.
Monthly
0.46
3.27
4.67
5.32
7.71
9.11
4.45
2.35
3.07
0.54
0.75
0.82
0.46
3.27
4.67
5.32
Cumulative
0.46
3.73
8.40
13.72
21.43
30.54
34.99
37.34
40.41
40.95
41.70
42.52
42.98
46.25
50.92
56.24
Note: The "water required" is taken directly from Table 7.1.1
8.3-23
-------
TABLE 8.2.2
Actual Amounts of Water Applied to Cell B
Month
1964
July
August
September
October
November
December
ia£c
^70^
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Water Ap
Gal
15,000
10,283
5,477
6,209
3,167
8,111
1,800
16,187
7,659
22,151
14,052
7,142
12,525
1,336
0
piled
In.
9.63
6.60
3.52
3.99
2.03
5.21
1.16
10.39
4.92
14.22
9.02
4.58
8.03
0.86
0
Rainfall
In.
0.01
0.23
1.77
2.13
0.95
0.30
1.90
6.98
0
0.03
0.50
0
0.83
0
8.88
4.19
Total Water Applied, In.
Monthly
9.64
6.83
5.29
6.12
0.95
2.33
7.11
8.14
10.39
4.95
14.72
9.02
5.31
8.03
9.74
4.19
Cumulative
9.64
16.47
21.76
27.88
28.83
31.16
38.27
46.41
56.80
61.75
76.47
85.49
90.80
98.83
108.67
112.86
8.3-24
period. These cave-ins occurred at the periphery of the cell and served as
funnels to channel surface runoff to the bottom of the cell. The result
was an Inundation of all aeration lines. Backfilling with clean earth re-
paired the cave-ins.
A method of comparing cell settlement is to use a rate measurement rather
than a total measurement. From the tabulated figures in Table 12.4, those
of Table 8.3.1 were computed and are graphed in Figures 8.3.1 - 8.3.3. Data
for the blower cycle has been added to tha settlement graph for cell C.
These plainly indicate that during the first 5 months following completion
of construction, the aerobic cell surface had the greatest rate of settle-
ment, reaching a maximum of 0.39 ft per month. This compares with cells A
and B having a maximum rate of 0.05 ft per month. At the end of 10 months,
the rate of cell settlement was negligible and remained so for several
months. Most recently, the rate has increased to about 0.05 ft per month
in all cells. (Note: for two months, the cell C blower was off due to
heavy rainfall flooding.)
Settlement under cells A, B and C was measured by means of the differen-
tial settlement plates described in Section 7.3.6. The total settlement
figures for the bottom half of each cell are shown in Table 12.4. The set-
tlement of the bottom half of cell A and cell B lagged behind the settle-
ment of the top half by 0.10 ft. The differential settlement between the
top half and the bottom half of cell C was 0.26 ft. In other words, the
lower portion of the cell settled 1.59 ft resulting in Increased "equiva-
lent" density of the bottom fill material. The upper portion of the cell
followed the lower portion down and actually compressed 0.26 ft additional
to give a total surface settlement of 1.85 ft. Thus, the density of the
upper portion of the fill material was virtually unchanged. It is ex-
pected that this differential would become greater as the depth of fill
8.3-25
-------
TABLE 8.3.1
Rates of Cell Settlement
Time Increment
First Month
Second Month
Third Month
Fourth Month
Fifth Month
Sixth Month
Seventh Month
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh
Twelfth
Thirteenth
Fourteenth
Fifteenth
Sixteenth
Seventeenth
Rate of Settlement
of Surface in Feet
per month
Cell A
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.02
0
0.01
0
0.01
0.04
0.04
Cell B
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.01
0
0
0
0.02
0.05
0.04
Cell C
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.26
0.39
0.25
0.18
0.07
0.04
0.08
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.05
8.3-26
-------
JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL
JUNE
JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER
0.6
0.5
0.2
0.1
© Top of Cell
Differential Marker
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 5W
ELAPSED TIME SINCE CELL COMPLETION (DAYS)
Figure 8.3.1
Surface and Mid-Depth Settlement of Cell A
8.
-------
AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
JUNE
AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER HOVEMBER
0.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510
ELAPSED TIME SINCE CELL COMPLETION (DAYS)
Figure 8.3.2
Surface and Mid-Depth Settlement of Cell B
ft
8.3-28
-------
Surface Settlement
Mid-depth Settlement
FIGURE 8.3.3
Surface and Mid-depth Settlement
of Aerobic Cell C Related to
Aeration Cycle
40
80 120
160
200 240 280 320
ELAPSED TIME SINCE CELL COMPLETION IN DATS
520
8.3-29
-------
Increased and/or as the settlement plate location is lowered.
8.4 Gas Production. In cell A, the chief component of the gas has been
carbon dioxide at top and bottom levels. This gas component decreased
rapidly at the start, and then tapered off to a fairly steady 60 percent over
the last year. Methane increased rapidly at the start, and then less
rapidly to a fairly steady 40 percent over the last year. Since cell A was
operated under anaerobic conditions with liberal application of water,
these quantities are not considered unusual. Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
were all present in varying minor amounts. Graphs of the tabulated data
are presented in Figures 8.4.1 and 8.4.2. Gas components which measured
less than 3 percent by volume were in general omitted from the graphs.
Also, seemingly inconsistent high or low spot values were not plotted.
Cell B was constructed also to operate under anaerobic conditions, and
it was separated from cell A by a 5-ft thick wall of undisturbed earth.
However, with the blower in operation, a slight billowing of the tarpaulin
covering the center access well could be seen, and later on the odor of de-
composing organic material was noticeable when one was standing on cell B.
It was thus evident that some of the air being sent into cell C was moving
through the earthen barrier into cell B. The analyses shown in Table 12.6
present no orderly pattern such as those of cell A; on the contrary, all
components fluctuated throughout the test period. Carbon dioxide, methane
and nitrogen were the major components. Because of the passage of air into
cell B, oxygen was always present and in significant quantities. Graphs of
the tabulated data are presented in Figures 8.4.3 and 8.4.4. Information
concerning the blower operation has been included on these two graphs for
explanatory purposes.
The gas composition data for cell C cannot be generalized. In this cell,
intermittent aeration and accompanying recirculation of the gas produced
8.3-30
within the cell was practiced. Also, fresh make-up was added at all
times, usually by positioning the flap valve in the intake line at 45 deg.
With the blower in operation for extended periods, the chief gas components
by volume at the upper level were carbon dioxide (10-20 percent) and nitro-
gen (70-80 percent), and at the lower level were carbon dioxide (8-15 percent),
nitrogen (70-75 percent) and oxygen (5-15 percent). These ranges were due to
the facts that the blower was operated on varying on-off cycles and the air
was admitted through the piping system underlying the cell. The blower tfas
off at timet, either by choice when oxidation would proceed too rapidly and
fire would break out, or by reason of breakdown of equipment. The heavy
rains of November, 1965, caused motor failure necessitating removal and re-
pair, and it was found that by December the methane was rising rapidly at the
lower level and to a lesser extent at the upper level, accompanied by a de-
crease in nitrogen. Oxygen almost disappeared at the upper level, but held
up at the lower level to a surprising degree. Graphs of the tabulated data
are presented in Figures 8.4.5 and 8.4.6. Information concerning the blow-
er operation has been included on these 2 graphs for explanatory purposes.
The maximum and minimum concentrations of all gas components at the 7-
ft and 13-ft depths appear in Table 8.4.1. For cells B and C, these figures
per se can be misleading since a low or high value of any constituent would
depend upon the blower being off or in operation. A summary of blower op-
eration appears in Table 8.4.2 and should be referred to when the gas
analysis tables are being studied.
The internal gas pressure of all cells was measured several times during
the test period, using a water manometer connected to the gas lines. This
was done under various conditions of temperature and blower operation, and
before and after gas sampling. The maximum pressure ever found was 0.80 in.
in cell A on August 24, 1965. Other maxima were 0.60 in. in cell B on June
8.3-31
-------
TABLE 8.4.1
Maximum and Minimum Gas Components by Volume In All Cells
7 Foot Depth
Gas
Component
N2
C02
CH4
H2
02
Tell A
Max
16.0
95.4
43.3
0.4
5.7
Min
0.1
55.2
1.0
0.0
0.1
Cell B
Max
75.9
4.4
43.6
0.2
5.3
Min
0.4
T
0.2
0.0
T
Cell C
Max
83.3
77.3
14.0
1.0
17.8
Min
0.9
3.6
0.2
0.0
0.3
13 Foot Depth
N2
C02
CH4
H2
°2
17.6
96.3
45.9
0.2
4.4
0.1
54.0
0.7
0.0
T
81.2
8.3
42.9
0.3
8.3
1.9
0.1
0.2
T
0.5
84.2
61.6
27.1
0.4
15.7
23.9
6.1
0.2
0.0
0.8
8.3-32
-------
100 -
90
80 •
70 • •
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 •
20- -
10 •
— — •"*'
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540
ELAPSED TIME AFTER CELL COMPLETION (DAYS)
Figure 8.4.1 - Variation in Gas Composition with Time in Cell A
From Inverted Collection Can at 7-Ft Depth
8.3-33
-------
100 -
90 -
80 •
70 •
60 -
2 50
l-t
30
Ef
20 •
20
40
60
80
100 120 140 160 180
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
ELAPSED TIME SINCE CELL COMPLETION (DAYS)
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540
Figure 8.4.2 - Variation in Gas Composition with Time in Cell A
From Inverted Collection Can at 13-Ft Depth
8.3-34
-------
Refer to Table 8.4.2 for Correlation
with Blower Operation
20 40 60
100 120 140 160 180
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540
ELAPSED TIME SINCE CELL COMPLETION (DAYS)
Fieure 8.4.3 - Variation in Gas Composition with Time in Cell B
From Inverted Collection Can at 7-Ft Depth
8.3-35
-------
Refer to Table 8.4.2 for Correlation
with Blower Operation
420 440 460
480
500 520 540
ELAPSED TIME SINCE CELL COMPLETION (DAYS)
Figure 8.4.4 - Variation in Gas Composition with Tine in Cell B
from Inverted Collection Can at 13-Ft Depth
8.3-36
-------
Refer to Table 8.4.2 for Correlation
with Blower Operation
100-
90-
80-
70-
CH4
°2
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520
ELAPSED TIME SINCE CELL COMPLETION (DAYS)
Figure 8.4.5 - Variation in Gas Composition with Time in Cell C
From Inverted Collection Can at 7-Ft Depth
8.3-37
-------
Refer to Table 8.4.2 for Correlation
with Blower Operation
520
ELAPSED TIME SINCE CELL COMPLETION (DAYS)
Figure 8.4.6 - Variation in Gas Composition with Time in Cell C
From Inverted Collection Can at 13-Ft Depth
8.3-38
-------
TABLE 8.4.2
Summary of Blower Operation, Cell C
Elapsed Tine
In, Days
Following
Completion of Cell
A and B
24
52
93
128
149
192
206
217
233
283
310
327
329
426
440
450
452
489
500
508
515
525
C
0
28
69
104
125
168
182
193
209
259
286
303
305
402
416
426
428
465
476
484
491
511
Blower
On
X
X
X
X
X
X
Off
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Blower Cycle
Hr on
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Hr off
.1.5
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
2.5
7.5
7.5
3.5
3.5
Remarks
First observation of effect
of blower on cell B.
Odor problem.
Fire in cell.
Replaced blower connections .
Short in motor.
Motor repaired.
Heavy Rains.
Cave-in in C because of fire.
Fissure filled.
Heavy rains. Motor damaged.
Cave-in in C because of rain.
22 in. water bottom cell B.
15 in. water bottom cell C.
Cave-in in C. Dec. 31, 1965.
8.3-39
17, 1965, with the cell C blower running, and 1.00 in. in cell C on August
24, 1965, with the blower running.
8.5 Cell Temperatures. In Tables 12.8, 12.9 and 12.10 are presented
the temperature data for all of the cells. For each cell are shown the
maximum, minimum and average temperatures for the air and the access well,
and the internal temperatures at depths of 4, 10 and 16 ft below the fin-
ished surface elevation. All of these readings are correlated with the
date on which they were taken and the total elapced time in days following
the completion of each cell.
Cell A, which was constructed with a moisture content of 97 percent, was
Initially cooler than cell B having a moisture content of 72 percent. The
10-ft depth temperature varied between 100 and 103 deg F for the first 5
months and then gradually decreased to 71 deg F. The 16-ft depth tempera-
ture, initially some 12 deg cooler, has been roughly equivalent to the 10-
ft depth temperature over the past 6 months. At the end of the test period,
cell B was maintaining a higher temperature by 6 to 10 deg at both top and
mid-depth (probably due to the blower effect).
Cell B, at the 4- and 10-ft depths, has gradually declined from a peak
of 120 to 70 deg F. The bottom thermistor failed after 233 days.
The highest temperatures, and the greatest range in temperatures, were
experienced in aerobic cell C, as was expected. A peak temperature at the
4-ft depth of 193 deg F was found, which gradually declined to 106 deg F.
At the 10- and 16-ft depths, the temperature climbed to heights exceeding
190 deg F after 193 days, resulting in the loss of the thermistors. With
fire being experienced in this cell, it is believed the slender teflon
leads were destroyed.
In Figures 8.5.1 and 8.5.2 are plotted the variations in temperatures
and access wells for cells A and B. Minor, day-to-day fluctuations were
8.3-40
-------
not plotted; hence the curves represent temperature trends. Similar curves
for cell C are plotted In Figure 8.5.3, plus the Information concerning the
blower operation. It will be seen that there was usually a temperature
rise following the starting up of the blower following a protracted shut
down.
8.3-41
-------
120..
100..
80 -.
60..
Access Well
4 Ft Depth
10 Ft Depth
16 Ft Depth
FIGURE 8.5.1
CELL A
Temperature Trends
in Access Well
and at Various Depths
40 -
20 -
0 .
I,, , i . i i i l i l l l 1 1 1 1 -1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' *
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
ELAPSED TIME SINCE CELL COMPLETION (DAYS)
360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540
8.3-42
-------
200
180-
160
140
I100
u
80
60
40
20
0
Access Well
4 Ft Depth
10 Ft Depth
16 Ft Depth
FIGURE R.5.2
CELL B
Temperature Trends
In Access Well
and at Various Depths
-t-
-t-
-t-
-t-
-t-
-1-
-f-
-t-
20
60
80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520
ELAPSED TIME SINCE CELL COMPLETION (DAYS)
540
8.3-43
-------
FIGURE 8.5.3
CELL C
Temperature Trends
in Access Well
and at Various Depths
< \-
-+-
H \-
H h
-4-
-+•
-4-
-+-
20 40
60 80 100 120 1 0 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520
ELAPSED TIME SINCE CELL COMPLETION (DAYS)
8.3-44
-------
10. APPENDIX
10.1 Intended Quantitative Study of Gas Production. As a part of this
study, a fourth cell was constructed for the purpose of making a quantita-
tive study of the gas produced during decomposition. The entire amount of
gas placed in this cell was to be encapsulated within an impervious mem-
brane. Black, 10-mill thick polyethylene was selected for this purpose.
Extreme care was taken to prevent puncturing of the membrane during place-
Bent of the refuse. The bottom sheet was laid on a 2-in. thick bed of
washed sand and was then covered by a 4-in. thick layer of sand, chuted
into place, followed by a 2-ft thick cover of earth. The inclined sides of
the cell were protected in a similar-manner. Suspended from ground surface
and resting against the near-vertical sides of the cell was the membrane
sandwiched between layers of 15 Ib. felt roofing paper. Plywood, 1/4-in.
thick, was laid against the felt roofing paper to protect the membrane
during placement of the refuse. All membrane joints were then sealed with
mastic and tape by the supplier's representatives. Refuse was then brought
and carefully placed, without normal compaction, until the full depth (6.5
ft) was reached. As the refuse was being placed, sufficient water was
added to bring the moisture content to 68.3 percent on a dry weight basis.
To bring the overall depth to 7.5 ft, a 6-in. thick top earth cover was
placed, followed by a 3-In. layer of sand. The covering membrane was then
placed on top of the sand and it, in turn, was protected by a second 3-in.
thick layer of sand, chuted in place. The covering membrane was joined to
the side pieces in the manner described above to complete the capsule. Gas
and electrical leads were taken out of the cell through a water-filled
U-tube. The leg Inside the cell, and the U-section, were made of 6-in. dia
8.3-46
galvanized pipe. The leg which was carried up through the top cover was
made of 2-in. dia galvanized pipe, and was also used as a manometer for
measuring cell pressure. To prevent debris from entering the system, the
leg inside the cell terminated in a reverse bend and the leg outside of the
cell was capped with membrane. A seal was provided where the 2-in. leg
passed through the top membrane.
The details are recorded here because, in spite of the care taken, the
cell was a failure. Gas was able to pass through the membrane, either due
to punctures or to the nature of the membrane itself, in sufficient quan-
tity so that no pressure ever built up within the fill nor was any gas ever
withdrawn from the fill that could be measured in the wet test cell.
10.2 Examination of Previous lest Site. The 5 cells remaining of the
previous Spadra investigation (see page ii) were cored on April 22, 1965,
using a power driven, 12-in. auger. The driller's log is reproduced in
Table 12.2.1, supplemented by moisture determinations performed on samples
sealed in the field and transported to the laboratory. It will be noted
that the moisture contents at the time of coring ranged from 5 to 43 per-
cent on a dry weight basis, and were far below those computed at the time
of construction.
On June 1, 1965, a bulldozer was used to cut into the side of some of
the cells to provide a visual inspection of the refuse in place. In all of
the cells so uncovered, newsprint was readable and only minor decomposition
had taken place after the initial entrapped oxygen was used up. In cells
2, 3 and 4 were found cuttings from an ivy plant whose leaves had the same
green color and whose stems still retained their toughness and strength,
indicating no appreciable decomposition. Tin cans were bright and shiny
and appeared not to have rusted any from the time they were placed in the
cells. Many bottles were found intact. The rubber tires were smashed flat
8.3-47
-------
and all life appeared to have gone out of the rubber.
The only noticeable difference between the opened cells was the degree
of odor. Cell 2, constructed with 4-ft thick layers of refuse separated
by 1-ft thick layers of earth and with water added, was the most odorous.
Cell 4, constructed entirely of refuse and with water added, was the least
odorous.
TABLE 12.2.1
Log of Core Samples Taken From First Spadra Cells
Moisture
Content
(Dry Wt)
Percent
16.5
19.7
18.1
30.6
27.8
17.4
18.6
15.0
24.6
14.8
Cell
No.
1
2
Elapsed
Time Since
Cell
Completion
(Days)
1634
1617
Below
Ground
Surface
Observation
Depth — Feet
3
6
9
12
15
17-17 1/2
2.3
2-1/2
6
9
10
12
Observation
2.8 ft earth cover
Partially decomposed - rotten odor
Decomposed - tin can clean
Clean tin cans - decomposed grass cut-
tings - damp odorous - read paper
Putrid - damn decomposed paper - some
garden trimmings, green
Bottom sample - wet saturated clay
1-1/2 ft dirt cover
No odor, decomoosed - metal not decom-
posed
Fill shakes under rig
First putrid odor - tin cans o.k. - paper
damp, plastic o.k. - trimmings and paper
Ran into earth cover at 4 ft
Decomposed
Moist, decomposed garden trim - decom-
posed paper - plastic o.k. - putrid
earthy odor
Earth cover - grey clay
Rags not decomposed - wire o.k., no decompo-
sition - trimmings and paper decomposed -
plastic clean - humus-like - putrid odor
not too strong
(Continued on Page 50)
8.3-48
8.3-49
-------
TABLE 12.2.1 (Continued)
TABLE 12.2.1 (Continued)
Log of Core Samples Taken From First Spadra Cells
Elapsed Be low
Moisture Time Since Ground
Content Cell Cell Surface
(Dry Wt) No. Completion Observation
Percent (Days) Depth—Feet
Observation
24.8
5.3
11.1
19.5
14.5
14-1/2 Dirt cover - odor humus - putrid -
not bad
16 Read some newspaper - some rags clean -
decomposed grass - clean tip cane
18 Clean tin cans - minor humus - putrid
odor - decomposed garden trimmings -
paper
19 Dirt - bottom of cell
7.4 3 1590
21.6
24.4
6
7
9
2.3 ft earth cover. No odor
5 ft Humus - putrid minor - moist -
Dry dirt cover - 1-1/2 ft thick
Clean newspapers - clean tin cans -
odor
decomposed leaves, moist wood - strong
putrid odor
10-1/2 Dirt dry - clean paper (dirt and paper
1-1/2 ft thick) - putrid odor - strong
12 Clean tin cans - some clean paper -
decomposed trimmings - clean wire -
least decomposed refuse
15 More humus-like (less odor) - minor clean
paper - clean tin cans - clean rags
15-1/2 Dirt cover (1 ft) - putrid odor - clean
plastic - some clean paper - clean tin
cans - fill shakes
16 Undeconposed rubber tire, cloth,
newspaper, and plastic
18 Refuse - hit dirt bottom
19 Sample of clay dirt - putrid odor
(Continued on Page 51)
8.3-50
Log of Core Samples Taken From First Spadra Cells
Moisture
Content
(Dry Wt)
Percent
10.4
16.6
24.3
18.8
28.8
42.9
21.9
26.6
23.2
28.6
Cell
No.
4
5
Elapsed
Time Since
Cell
Completion
(Days)
1590
1542
Below
Ground
Surface
Observat ion
Depth- -Feet
3
6
9
12
15
17
18
19
6
9
12
Observation
0.6 ft dirt cover - no odor
Odor - -appears well decomposed - some
paper well rotted
Some putrid odor - moist - some plastic -
clean tin cans - some nylon stockings -
newspaper well rotted
Well rotted - a little paper - some
partially decomposed rags - slightly
decomposed tin cans - electric wire-
plastic; no decomposition
Well rotted paper - dark - tin can
partially oxidized - some plastic -
nylon stocking greenish color - rubber
shoes o.k. - moist paper - sloppy nylon
rags - curtain
Humus-like - rubber inner tube o.k.
Some plastic - wet saturated slop
Gumbo - saturated - clay
To solid clay bottom (yellow)
2-1/2 ft dirt cover - no odor
Rotted paper - clean tin cans - plastic -
clean - putrid odor
Plastic partially decomposed - glass no
decomposition - shiney cans - minor
putrid odor - dry, rotted brown paper -
wire untouched
Hemp rope o.k. - plastic o.k. - rotted
newsprint - tin cans o.k. - milk cartons
partially decomposed - putrid odor
(Continued on Page 52)
8.3-51
-------
TABLE 12.2.1 (Continued)
Log of Core Samples Taken From First Spaora Cells
Moisture
Content
(Dry Wt)
Percent
21.2
34.0
Cell
No.
5
Elapsed
Time Since
Cell
Completion
(Days)
Below
Ground
Surface
Observation
Depth — Feet
15
18
18-1/2
Observation
Decomposed paper - some straw, brownish
grey
Dry - not moist
Wet, saturated clay
The computed moisture contents of these cells at the
time of construction were (dry weight basis):
Cell 1 167.1%
2 51.9%
Cell 3 32.5%
4 79.5%
Cell 5 41.7%
8.3-52
TABLE 12.3
External Climatic Factors
Month
1964
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Day
15
16
19
26
28
18
25
15
27
28
29
1
9
10
12
17
11
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
27
28
Inches of Rainfall
Daily
T
T
T
T
T
T
.01
T
T
.04
.19
T
.39
.38
.13
.87
T
.06
.03
.43
.06
.04
.03
T
1.25
0.23
1965 || ||
Jan.
Feb.
March
7
24
6
28
7
11
12
13.
15
31
0.45
0.50
0.28
0.02
0.39
0.04
0.08
0.40
0.30
0.69
Cumulative
T
T
T
.01
.24
2.01
4.14
5.09
5.39
7.29
Temperatures of
Ave. Max.
78.1
90.1
87.0
84.3
83.9
65.8
61.2
Ave. Min.
54.9
60.1
62.4
57.4
58.2
45.3
44.7
1
65.4
68.0
65.6
43.7
43.0
46.7
Mean
66.5
70.1
74.7
70.9
71.1
55.6
53.0
Humidity
Ave. (X)
48.4
35.0
43.0
41.0
41.1
40.6
60.3
il
54.6
55.4
56.0
41.9
40.4
50.5
(Continued on Page 54)
8.3-53
-------
TABLE 12.3 (Continued)
TABLE 12.4
External Climatic Factors
Month
1965
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Day
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
26
15
16
29
6
17
18
19
14
15
16
17
18
22
23
24
25
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
29
30
31
Inches of Rainfall
Daily
1.88
0.31
1.22
0.22
0.05
0.06
1.14
0.72
1.38
0
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.44
0
0.09
0.08
0.50
0.16
0
0.29
1.00
1.10
0.78
0.24
2.20
1.76
1.07
0.44
0.20
0.53
0.39
0.02
0.11
0.12
0.09
2.19
0.32
0.22
Cumulative
14.27
14.27
14.30
14.80
14.80
15.63
15.63
24.51
28.70
Temperatures of
Ave. Max.
70.2
73.1
72.3
85.8
89.5
80.4
84.5
67.2
62.9
Ave. Min.
48.8
51.9
54.5
58.5
62.9
55.9
56.4
50.2
42.8
Mean
59.5
62.5
63.4
72.2
76.2
68.2
70.5
58.7
52.9
Humidity
Ave. (%)
50.4
50.4
56.4
40.6
40.8
45.8
30.9
59.0
50.7
Cell Settlement Data
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
34
41
48
55
58
62
65
69
72
79
86
90
93
114
125
149
156
174
180
193
198
Total Settlement of
Cell Surface in Feet
Cell Number
A
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.14
0.15
0.18
0.24
0.28
0.29
B
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.14
0.17
0.18
C
0.09
0.13
0.15
0.19
0.22
0.26
0.36
0.67
1.09
1.24
1.33
Total Settlement of
Mid-Depth Surface
in Feet
Cell Number
A
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.15
0.19
0.20
B
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.14
0.16
0.16
C
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.19
0.24
0.61
1.07
1.21
1.27
(Continued on Page 56)
8.3-55
8.3-54
-------
TABLE 12.4 (Continued)
Cell Settlement Data
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
202
214
217
225
238
249
259
272
279
283
286
296
303
323
327
347
354
378
384
408
426
450
482
506
Total Settlement of
Cell Surface in Feet
Cell Number
A
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.38
0.38
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.50
B
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.28
0.29
0.29
0.31
0.40
C
1.37
1.47
1.48
1.53
1.55
1.57
1.58
1.63
1.62
1.66
1.68
1.74
1.85
Total Settlement of
Mid-Depth Surface
in Feet
Cell Number
A
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.29
0.29
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.30
0.35
0.40
B
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.33
C
1.30
1.41
1.40
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.52
1.59
8.3-56
g
u
u
0)
f-t
U 0)
TJ «
0) «M
B TJ
§0)
•H
M C
•3
5|
01
a; .n
% a
u 8*
O T3
B a
3 U
EC
O t)
•H 01
•H d
a,
a
B 3
u u
c
0)
t*
aj
IS flj
H >, c
T3 O
0) r-
a c -
n M
^1 [i
w
<
i
c
C
w
Q)
£
O
ID C
: o
Complet
u
j
0
3
CM
CM
g
CM
CM
U
sc
CM
O
8
SSSSSSSSSS3SS3SS3SSSS
SSS00"^00000'-""'-""'"''"1"-'0
f<
-------
TABLE 12.5 (Continued)
Gas Composition In Cell A
Date
6-05-65
6-09
6-24
7-13
7-20
7-27
8-05
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-12
9-21
9-30
10-07
10-14
11-04
11-11
12-09
12-18
12-27
Elapsed Time
In Days
Followins
Completion of
Cell
326
330
345
364
371
378
387
394
401
408
424
433
440
447
454
475
482
510
519
528
Percent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
co2
67.13
65.20
63.99
62.41
61.38
55.23
58.35
59.58
59.89
57.82
58.37
60.04
61.27
58.83
59.73
58.37
57.99
56.03
°2
0.39
0.31
0.41
0.45
0.56
0.74
0.47
0.32
0.35
0.30
0.30
0.19
0.05
0.10
0.13
0.78
0.26
0.15
CH4
31.17
32.72
33.99
35.08
35.85
41.10
39.42
38.51
38.21
40.74
40.40
39.09
38.49
40.71
39.71
39.46
41.01
43.28
H,
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N2
1.19
1.67
1.59
2.04
2.19
2.93
1.76
1.59
1.55
1.14
0.93
0.68
0.19
0.36
0.43
1.39
0.74
0.54
13 Feet
co2
59.07
59.24
60.44
60.84
60.80
61.64
57.44
60.42
59.82
59.42
56.34
57.07
56.56
58.60
63.12
53.97
54.13
53.92
°2
1.53
1.63
1.31
1.19
1.06
1.19
1.29
0.61
0.77
0.70
0.85
0.27
0.3
0.05
0.05
0.15
0.06
0.03
CH,
36.46
34.38
31.53
32.18
32.99
32.14
35.11
35.70
35.14
36.33
38.99
41.55
42.12
41.17
36.64
45.52
45.60
45.93
H,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N,
2.57
4.51
6.72
5.79
5.15
5.03
6.15
3.27
4.27
3.55
3.82
1.11
1.02
0.18
0.19
0.36
0.21
0.12
TABLE 12.6
Gas Composition in Cell B
Date
8-17-64
8-18
8-25
8-31
9-10
9-17
9-24
10-01
10-08
10-15
11-05
11-14
11-19
12-03
1-11-65
3-05
3-26
4-23
4-30
5-07
5-14
Elapsed Time
In Days
Following
Completion of
Cell
34
35
42
48
58
65
72
79
86
93
114
123
128
142
181
234
255
283
290
297
304
Percent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
C02
_
94.09
82.75
91.54
89.87
85.72
79.70
76.34
72.09
71.70
72.40
65.72
63.48
31.30
23.74
21.46
44.49
59.24
46.95
38.95
26.82
°2
_
0.12
0.02
0.10
0.03
0.11
0.14
0.26
0.36
0.33
0.29
0.35
0.54
0.74
0.95
1.08
0.58
2.19
4.41
3.12
4.92
CH4
_
0.54
1.18
0.87
1.26
1.66
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.87
2.63
2.73
2.53
0.43
0.24
1.49
7.03
12.60
10.36
7.84
1.81
«2
_
0.20
0.22
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.16
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
N2
^
5.05
15.82
7.31
8.67
12.36
18.27
21.51
25.60
26.00
24.59
31.10
33.39
67.49
75.05
75.88
47.84
25.93
38.25
50.06
66.41
13 Feet
C02
44.41
58.60
92.70
91.66
85.45
84.15
75.85
68.41
60.53
60.23
63.75
53.73
46.95
19.04
17.54
31.26
42.93
53.28
38.98
27.91
31.31
02
1.73
8.32
1.12
0.06
0.12
0.14
0.27
0.39
0.47
0.57
0.44
0.62
0.69
1.11
1.04
0.72
0.64
3.19
4.34
4.76
4.69
CH4
0.29
0.74
0.73
1.58
1.82
2.13
2.01
1.53
1.32
1.65
2.47
1.31
1.39
0.29
0.20
3.41
5.90
10.83
3.94
2.91
2.26
H2
0.06
0.18
0.13
0.25
0.26
0.22
0.17
0.15
0.20
0.20
0.14
0.11
0.12
0.04
0.02
0.30
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.07
N2
52.51
32.17
5.31
6.44
12.36
13.36
21.70
29.52
37.47
37.35
33.20
44.24
50.85
79.51
81.20
64.31
50.50
32.66
52.71
64.39
61.67
(Continued on Page 60)
-------
TABLE 12.6 (Continued)
Gas Composition in Cell B
Date
6-05-65
6-09
6-17
6-24
7-13
7-20
7-27
8-05
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-12
9-21
9-30
10-07
10-14
10-21
10-28
11-04
11-11
12-09
12-18
12-27
Elapsed Tine
In Days
Following
Completion of
Cell
326
330
338
345
364
371
378
387
394
401
408
424
433
440
447
454
461
468
475
482
510
519
528
Percent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
C02
42.75
44.67
46.83
47.24
46.16
46.97
47.07
41.74
52.98
53.17
52.02
26.10
58.87
53.57
43.64
54.52
44.70
38.58
40.28
39.05
56.79
55.61
55.93
°2
2.74
3.31
2.22
1.36
1.52
1.38
2.04
1.85
1.07
0.80
1.30
1..62
1.68
0.63
3.81
0.73
2.21
2.01
5.29
3.19
0.35
0.17
0.12
CH4
17.54
21.26
21.42
21.23
18.85
19.14
21.28
31.72
37.32
39.66
36.23
15.66
28.31
42.47
24.57
40.95
23.67
29.17
26.67
25.53
41.77
43.62
43.59
»2
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.03
0
0.09
0
0
0
0
0
0
HZ
36.87
30.72
29.51
30.14
33.42
32.48
29.57
24.69
8.63
6.37
10.45
56.62
11.14
3.33
27.95
3.80
29.33
30.24
27.76
32.23
1.09
0.60
0.36
13 Feet
C02
38.75
42.58
36.96
31.43
27.29
27.57
26.94
28.15
33.35
37.66
34.44
21.57
27.18
39.62
27.15
35.07
19.68
22.24
21.21
47.90
52.58
54.77
°?
2.03
3.39
4.14
1.86
2.34
2.19
3.53
3.02
1.42
1.70
1.91
2.76
1.95
2.43
4.08
2.97
5.39
3.74
6.07
3.37
1.49
0.52
CH4
9.39
15 .-55
8.38
6.17
5.08
5.29
5.45
15.13
20.11
21.35
15.93
3.15
20.81
25.63
4.78
21.30
3.27
2.89
2.89
33.40
39.57
42.86
«2
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.05
0
0
0.06
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N2
49.75
38.43
50.50
60.50
65.26
64.92
64.03
53.70
45.12
39.23
47.72
72.52
50.06
32.32
63.99
40.66
71.66
71.13
69.83
15.33
6.36
1.85
TABLE 12.7
Gas Composition in Cell C
Date
9-17-64
9-24
10-01
10-08
10-15
11-05
11-14
11-19
11-24
12-03
12-10
12-17
1-11-65
2-26
3-05
3-26
4-02
4-23
4-30
5-07
5-14
6-05
6-09
6-17
6-24
Elapsed Time
In Days
Completion of
Cell
41
48
55
62
69
90
99
104
109
118
125
132
157
203
210
231
238
259
266
273
280
302
306
314
321
Percent Composition by Volume of Gases Drawn from Inverted Collection
Can Placed at Indicated Depth Below Finished Surface
7 Feet
C02
45.68
-
34.55
37.84
41.15
39.35
27.82
29.77
24.34
17.58
14.96
14.90
11.65
16.11
3.61
60.40
72.93
77.28
26.57
14.47
13.29
24.51
29.94
20.04
19.68
°2
0.52
-
2.84
0.89
0.78
0.76
0.82
0.77
0.99
0.89
0.89
0.89
6.34
1.19
17.81
0.93
1.67
3.12
6.69
5.08
2.90
3.09
5.17
4.31
3.78
«2
1.03
-
0.84
1.29
1.82
2.79
1.76
1.47
0.73
0.42
0.33
0.39
0.11
0.30
0.17
3.24
5.01
8.24
3.14
0.75
0.48
5.44
7.52
3.36
2.66
0.11
_
0.12
0.14
0.21
0.18
0.09
0.09
0.11
0.05
0.03
0.03
0
0.07
0.01
0.78
0.67
1.01
0.04
0.08
0.05
0
0.30
0.13
0.14
N2
52.66
-
61.65
59.84
56.03
56.92
69.51
67.90
73.83
81.05
83.79
83.79
81.90
82.33
78'. 40
34.65
19.72
10.40
63.56
79.62
83.28
66.61
59.80
72.16
73.74
13 Feet
C02
34.76
21.26
19.00
17.32
28.70
21.6o
23.23
19.58
17.56
16.56
14.74
14.70
17.81
6.08
12.07
41.73
53.41
61.60
22.26
14.35
10.79
14.90
10.05
8.11
6 69
02
5.76
5.44
7.74
8.53
0.76
5.47
1.05
4.52
1.10
0.90
1.00
0.90
0.91
14.20
11.60
5.17
4.02
3.13
8.73
9.17
4.29
11.65
15.04
15.67
11.14
CH4
0.67
0.36
0.36
0.30
0.65
0.87
0.74
0.54
0.16
0.20
0.16
0.20
0.05
0.25
0.96
1.14
2.87
11.39
2.27
2.08
2.06
4.04
2.91
1.98
1.96
H2
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.09
0.27
0.44
0.02
0
0
0
0.02
0.03
0
0
"2
58.76
72.89
72.84
73.80
69.82
71.94
74.93
75.34
81.16
82.31
84.08
84.18
81.18
79.44
75.28
51.69
39.26
23.86
66.74
74.40
82.86
69.39
71.97
74.24
80.21
(Continued on Page 62)
-------
TABLE 12.8
(MfOTHi^l)CNr»-
-------
TABLE 12.8 (Continued)
Temperatures in Cell A
Date
1965
5-06
5-13
6-22
6-24
7-01
7-13
7-20
7-27
8-05
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-12
9-21
9-30
10-07
10-14
10-21
10-28
11-04
11-11
12-04
12-09
12-18
12-27
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
295
303
343
345
352
364
371
378
387
394
401
408
424
433
440
447
454
461
468
475
482
505
510
519
528
Percent
Humidity
Air
52
70
70
61
28
50
43
27
39
37
55
27
36
19
13
73
55
12
13
20
56
18
85
32
39
Access
Well
82
80
79
Buried
"
"
Temperatures, °F
Air
Max
78
70
80
80
97
87
91
94
97
102
90
97
94
90
93
76
74
99
95
*84
*70
64
*57
*61
67
Min
43
48
54
53
48
54
54
49
56
69
62
54
49
51
49
52
57
58
60
*52
*46
47
*53
*36
38
Avg
57
57
62
63
69
69
69
68
71
82
75
75
68
68
71
62
62
78
76
52
50
Access
Well
64
64
67
67
67
68
68
69
69
70
72
72
73
69
70
72
72
71
73
73
73
65
66
67
67
In Cell at Depths
Indicated Below
Finished Elevation
4 Ft
64
64
70
70
70
73
74
74
75
77
79
79
79
72
72
73
74
73
77
75
74
64
66
63
63
10 Ft
73
73
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
73
73
73
73
73
73
74
74
74
75
75
75
69
71
71
71
16 Ft
73
74
75
75
73
75
74
75
75
75
82
75
76
76
75
86
84
75
85
75
79
68
68
72
70
* Data From Pomona Weather Bureau
8.3-64
TABLE 12.9
Temperatures in Cell B
Date
1964
7-28
7-30
7-31
8-03
8-05
8-06
8-07
8-10
8-11
8-14
8-17
8-18
8-21
8-24
8-25
8-31
9-04
9-10
9-17
9-24
10-01
10-08
10-15
11-05
11-14
11-19
12-01
1965
1-10
1-28
2-16
3-04
3-25
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
14
16
17
20
22
23
24
27
28
31
34
35
38
41
42
48
52
58
65
72
79
86
93
114
123
128
140
180
198
217
233
254
Percent
Humidity
Air
34
45
4C
39
47
37
38
52
51
58
37
39
33
42
37
58
32
26
57
26
34
34
55
19
35
23
64
31
22
18
11
51
Access
Well
Temperatures, °F
Air
Max
100
93
94
94
94
98
98
90
90
97
94
94
94
97
96
78
*88
*93
*76
*93
*89
*90
*74
86
60
62
66
76
76
70
76
70
Min
59
57
55
58
61
67
59
62
64
63
52
54
57
59
58
52
*57
*59
*59
*64
*56
*65
*55
51
31
32
43
41
40
38
41
42
Avg
77
74
72
74
77
79
78
74
74
71
72
72
71
73
73
65
66
43
46
55
55
58
50
57
53
Access
Well
100
100
98
100
98
100
98
94
92
88
92
80
83
72
69
-
In Cell at Depths
Indicated Below
Finished Elevation
4 Ft
117
118
118
119
119
119
119
119
119
120
120
119
118
118
118
119
118
118
114
110
108
107
111
101
98
95
92
84
80
78
76
76
10 Ft
113
114
114
114
114
116
114
115
115
116
116
116
116
116
115
117
116
117
116
118
119
117
115
115
113
113
108
103
102
101
98
16 Ft
.107
106
106
107
106
infi
106
105
105
106
105
105
105
104
104
104
105
103
103
103
102
108
102
102
103
100
100
96
96
94
94
~
* Data from Pomona Weather Bureau
(Continued on Page 66)
8.3-65
-------
TABLE 12.9 (Continued)
Temperatures In Cell B
Date
1965
4-23
4-30
5-06
5-13
6-22
6-24
7-01
7-13
7-20
7-27
8-05
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-12
9-21
9-30
10-07
10-14
10-21
10-28
11-04
11-11
12-04
12-09
12-18
12-27
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
283
290
296
303
343
345
352
364
371
378
387
394
401
408
424
433
440
447
454
461
468
475
482
505
510
519
528
Percent
Humidity
Air
42
52
52
70
70
61
28
50
43
27
39
37
55
27
36
19
13
73
55
12
13
20
56
18
85
32
39
Access
Well
85
98
88
86
87
87
Temperatures, °F
Air
Max
85
84
78
70
80
80
90
87
91
94
97
102
90
97
94
90
93
76
74
99
95
*84
*70
64
*57
*61
67
Min
44
50
43
48
54
53
48
54
54
49
56
69
62
54
49
51
49
52
57
58
60
*52
*46
47
*53
*36
38
Avg
62
66
57
57
62
63
69
69
69
68
71
82
75
75
68
68
71
62
62
78
76
52
50
Access
Well
30
79
76
79
78
78
76
76
72
75
77
76
79
79
71
72
74
70
74
76
75
77
78
70
73
69
70
In Cell at Depths
Indicated Below
Finished Elevation
4 Ft
77
75
75
SO
76
76
75
76
76
77
77
77
73
78
79
80
77
78
78
75
76
75
75
72
72
70
69
10 Ft
98
S3
92
96
88
88
86
86
85
85
84
83
83
83
83
85
83
86
83
82
83
83
83
81
82
81
81
16 Ft
_
_
* Data from Pomona Weather Bureau
8.3-66
TABLE 12.10
Temperatures in Cell C
Date
1964
8-07
8-j.O
8-11
8-14
8-17
8-18
8-21
8-24
8-25
8-31
9-04
9-10
9-17
9-24
10-01
10-08
10-15
11-05
11-14
11-19
11-24
12-01
12-10
1965
1-10
1-28
2-16
2-25
3-04
3-09
3-25
4-23
4-30
Elapsed Time
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
0
3
4
7
10
11
14
17
18
24
28
34
41
48
55
62
69
90
99
104
109
116
125
156
174
193
202
209
214
230
259
266
Percent
Humidity
Air
38
52
51
58
37
39
33
42
37
58
32
26
57
26
34
34
55
19
35
23
28
64
37
31
22
18
27
11
57
51
42
52
Access
Well
Temperatures, °F
Air
Max
98
90
90
97
94
94
94
97
96
78
*88
*93
*76
*93
*89
*90
*74
86
60
62
78
66
68
76
76
70
82
76
71
70
85
84
Min
59
62
64
63
52
54
57
59
58
52
*57
*59
*59
*64
*56
*65
*55
51
31
32
47
43
41
41
40
38
46
41
42
42
44
50
Avg
78
74
74
71
72
72
71
73
73
65
66
43
46
59
55
53
55
58
50
61
57
55
53
62
66
Access
Well
104
104
104
113
114
120
122
118
120
118
113
115
116
113
116
113
112
113
130
96
107
107
In Cell at Depths
Indicated Below
Finished Elevation
4 Ft
130
129
129
130
128
127
126
124
124
123
122
120
119
117
118
117
114
109
108
107
106
108
106
157
163
157
-
163
167
111
111
108
10 Ft
113
114
114
116
116
115
116
116
117
118
117
118
119
119
120
119
121
120
125
124
123
128
173
193
193
-
-
16 Ft
111
111
111
112
112
110
111
110
111
112
110
114
112
112
116
120
124
127
134
134
137
150
177
188
187
187
-
* Data from Pomona Weather Bureau
(Continued on Page 68)
8.3-67
-------
TABLE 12.10 (Continued)
Temperatures in Cell C
Date
1965
5-Oo
i-13
o-22
6-24
;--oi
;-i3
7-20
7-27
B-05
5-12
S-19
3-26
9-12
9-16
9-21
9-30
;.o-o7
10-14
10-21
10-28
11-04
11-11
12-04
12-18
12-27
Elapsed Tine
Since Cell
Completion
(days)
272
279
319
321
328
340
347
354
363
370
377
384
400
404
409
416
423
430
437
444
451
458
481
495
504
Percent
Humidity
Access
Air Well
52
70
70
61
28
50
43 42
27 44
39
37 55
55
27
36
67
19
13 43
73 40
55
12
13 40
20
56
18 85
32
39
Temperatures, °F
Air
Max
78
70
80
80
97
87
91
94
97
102
90
97
94
72
90
93
76
74
99
95
*84
*70
64
*61
67
Min
43
48
54
53
48
54
54
49
56
69
62
54
49
60
51
49
52
57
58
60
*52
*46
47
*36
38
Avg
57
57
62
63
69
69
69
68
71
82
75
75
68
64
68
71
62
62
78
76
52
50
Access
Well
133
134
115
112
120
115
120
116
118
122
124
122
117
121
95
117
121
109
124
122
124
121
91
170
159
In Cell at Depths
Indicated Below
Finished Elevation
4 Ft
127
127
129
130
131
131
130
133
131
133
138
138
137
135
134
133
132
134
138
120
120
116
10 Ft
16 Ft
* Data from Pomona Weather Bureau
8.3-68
Photograph 1
Equipment Used For Cell
Construction.
Photograph 2
Excavation Of Cells
General View.
Photograph 3
Excavation Of Cell A.
Photograph 4
Cells B And C
Fully Excavated.
8.3-69
-------
Photograph 5
General View Of All Cells
Fully Excavated.
Photograph 6
Start Of Cell A.
Photograph 7
Watering Of Cell A During
Construction.
Photograph 8
Cell A At Mid-construction.
8.3-70
Photograph 9
Placing Upper Half Of
Cell A Access Well.
Photograph 10
Cells A And B Filled
Cell C Receiving First Load.
Photograph 1 1
Placing Earth Cover On
Cells A And B.
Photoe raph 1 2
Floor Of Cell C Showing
Aeration Trenches And
Inlet Pipe From Blower.
8.3-71
-------
Photograph 1 3
Setting Access Well In
Cell C.
Photograph 14
Underground Sprinkler,
Cell C.
Photograph 17
Covering of Top Membrane,
Cell C.
Photograph 18
Access Well Extension.
Photograph 1 ?
Laying Top Membrane,
Cell C.
Photograph 1 6
Top Membrane In Place,
Cell C.
Photograph 19
Access Well Extension
Corner Detail.
Photograph 20
General Instrumentation,
All Cells.
8.3-72
8.3-73
-------
Photograph 2 1
Gas Collection Drum.
Photograph 22
Collecting Gas Sample.
Photograph 25
Panel Board.
Photograph 26
Finished Cells, C In
Foreground.
Photograph 23
Blower Serving Cell C
Recirculation Line In
Foreground.
Photograph 24
Blower Serving Cell C
General View.
8.3-74
Photograph 27
Irrometers Used In Cell B.
8.3-75
Photograph 2S
Watering Cell B After
Seeding.
-------
Photograph 29
Cell C After Settlement,
Showing Modified Air Inlet
Pipe And Water Barrier
Constructed Around
Center Access Well.
Photograph 30
Subsurface Irrigation Supply
Line to Cell C.
Photograph 31
Settlement Crevices At
Cell And Natural Ground
Boundary.
Photograph 32
Cave-in In Cell C.
8.3-76
Photograph 33
Differential Settlement
Between Cells B And C As
Indicated By Car Position.
Photograph 34
Grass Cover On Cell B.
Photograph 35
Opening Of 5-Year Old
Test Site.
Photograph 36
Coring Of 5-Year Old
Test Site.
8.3-77
------- |