The U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:
Global Warming Potentials
(100 Year Time Horizon)
"^^^^^^^^fJH KS
over a specified time horizon resulting from the
Methane (CHJ" 21 emission of a unit mass of gas relative to a
Nitron 310 ii reference gas. The GWP-weighted emissions of
UK 12,000 direct greenhouse gases in the U.S. Inventory
3.400 are presented in terms of equivalent emissions
1,300 1300 of carbon dioxide (CO,), using units of teragrams
HFr 3800 4300 of carbon dioxide equivalents (Tg CO, Eq.).
,;: «
HFC 9400 Tg =W kg = 10° metric tons
,;300 1500 =1 million metric tons
6.500 5.700 The molecular weight of carbon is 12, and
n wo the molecular weight of oxygen is 16; there-
7.000 i fore, the molecular weight of CO^ is 44 (i.e.,
7.400 12 + [16x2]). as compared to 12 for carbon
23.900 22.200 alone. Thus, carbon comprises 12/44lte of
,sme/tfflepo//(i996) carbon dioxide by weight
1 IPCC Third Assessment Report (2QQ\)
Conversion from gigagrams of gas to teragrams
* The methane GWP includes the direct eltects
and those indirect eltects dne to the production ol of carbon dloxlde equivalents:
troposptieric ozone and stratospheric water vapor.
Tn TO fa 1 "" iY(fiWP!Yl " I
L°2Eq- lolgasJ* liODOGa/
Mote; GWP values Irom the IPCC Second
Assessment Report are used in accordance with
IMI r:f:C guidelines.
Guide to Metric Unit Prefixes
1 Prefix/Symbol Factor ^K
Alto (a) 10'' .000000000000000001
II! .000000000000001
11! .000000000001
II) .000000001
10' .000001
Milliiiin 10 .001
.01
HI 1t
Hi 10
1 0 1 00
1,000
111 1,000,000
lit 1,000,000,000
1,000.000,000.000
Hi 1,000,000,000,000,000
Hi 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
Unit Conversions
0 454 kilograms
I^B I k , i
^^1 hortton >'.mri;.
m^^^m
m^m^m
ii 37851'
1 liter - Q O06'i 0 OOd.- :
^B
^M
030'!.
^H
.idcre - 43, 560 square lee! = 04047 liedarcs 4,04)
Energy Conversions 2.388xio" calories
The common energy unit used in 23 88 metnc tons of mAe oH equivaien,
international reports of greenhouse g ^Q^ Q» gtu
gas emissions is the joule, A joule 277,800 kilowatt-hours
is the energy required to move an
object one meter with the force of Energy Units
one Newton. A terajoule (TJ) is one Btu British thermal unit 1 Btu
trillion (101-') joules A British thermal MB|U Thousand Btu ixio-;Btu
unit (Btu. the customary U.S. energy MMBlu Million Btu 1x10' Btu
unit) is the quantity of heat required BBtll Billion Btu 1x10-' Btu
to raise the temperature of one pound TB|y Trillion Btu 1x10" Bin
of water one degree Fahrenheit at or QBtu Quadrillion Btu ixiO'r'Biu
near 39,2 Fahrenheit.
-.vallrtato IIS lnvantofv nf GmfinhniisK Gas Fmissions and Sinks 1990-?nn3 (FPA ?nn.Sl
CO,, Emissions
from Fossil Fuel
Combustion
Fuel Combusted x Carbon Content Coefficient
x Fraction Oxidized x (44/12)
May include adjustments tor carbon stored in toss// fuel-based products.
emissions Irom international bunker tuels, or emissions from territories.
Carbon Intensity of Different Fuel Types
The amount of carbon in fossil fuels per unit of energy content varies significantly by fuel type
For example, coal contains the highest amount of carbon per unit of energy, while petroleum
has about 25 percent less carbon than coal, and natural gas about 45 percent less.
Converting Various Physical Units to Energy Units
The values in the following table provide conversion factors from physical units to energy
equivalent units and from energy units to carbon contents. These factors can be used as
default factors, if local data are not available.
Conversion Factors to Energy Units (Heat Equivalents)
Heat Contents and Carbon Content Coefficients of Various Fuel Types
^1 Fuel Type
Carbon Content Coefficients Fraction
Heat Content (Tg Carbon/QBtu) Oxidized
Solid Fuels (Million Btu/Short Ton)
Anthracite Coal 2257 28.26 099
Bituminous Coal 23.89 25.49
.luminous Coal 1714 26.48
hgnile 12.87 26.30 0.99
2480 31.00 0.99
Unspecified 2500 2534 0.99
Gas Fuels (Btu/Cubic Foot)
Natural Gas 1.028 14.47 0.995
Crude Oil 580 20.23 099
Nal Gas Liquids and LRGs 374 16.99 0.995
Motor Gasoline 5.21 19.34 0,99
Aviation Gasoline 5.05 1887 0.99
Keir: 1972 0.99
Jelku-l 567 19.33
Distillate Fuel 19.95 0.99
Residual Oil 6.29 21.49 099
Naptha lor Peiioleed 0,99
I'elroleurn Coke 6.02 27.85 0.99
Other Oil lor Pelroleed 5.83 19.95 0.99
Special Napthas I98b 0.99
Lubricanls 607 099
Waxes 554 19,81 0.99
Asphalt/Road Oil 6.64 20.62 099
Mill Gas fiOO 1751 0.99
Misc Products 5.80 20.23 0.99
Note For fuels with annually variable heat contents and carbon content coeflicir ; average values
are presented in gross calorific values (GCVi n e lm|hn heating valuesi
Density Conversions
Melhane (Naiuial Gas)
Carbon dioxide
Natural gas liquids
Unfinished oils
Alcohol
Liguelied peiroleum gas
Avialinn rja
Naphtha tei luel
Kerosene jet luel
Motor gasoline
Kerosene
Naphtha
Distillate
Residual oil
Lubricants
Bitumen
Waxes
Peiroleum coke
Petrochemical feedstocks
jal napliiha
Miscellaneous products
cubic i: 35.32 cubic leel 0676 kilograms
cubic meter 12 cubic feet .854 kilograms
metric ton 11. 60 barrels 844.20 liters
metric Ion 7 46 barrels .186,04 lilac,
metric ion 7.94 barrels .262 36 liters
meliicton 11. 60 barrels 844 2u liter
metric Ion 8.90 barrels 415,00liteis
metric ion 8.27 barrels .314.82 liters
metric ion 7.93 barrels .260,72 liters
melnclon 8.53 barrels .356 16 liters
metric ion 7. 73 barrels 228.97 liters
ion 8 2? barrels 1 306 87 liters
metric ton 7. 46 barrels i 186.04 liters
metric ton 6 66 barrels 1 058 85 liters
melnclon 7.06 barrels 1 1 22.45 liters
metric ton 6.06 h 16 liters
metric ton 7.87 barrels .251.23 liters
metric Ion 5.51 barrels 8/6.02 liters
nHiiclon 746 barrels 1.1860-1 liter.
melnclon 8.53 barrels 1,356,16 lileis
metric ton 8.00 barrels - 1,27 1,90 liters
Note das densities are at room temperature and pressure
For more information on calculating CO, .
emissions per kWh, download eGRID at: http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egnd
For other related information, see: http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming
http://unfccc.mt
Download the Inventory at: http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions
-------
The U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse
Gas Emissions and Sinks:
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
1 Gas/Source
CO;
Fossil Fuel Combustion
Non-Energy Use of Fuels
Iron and Steel Production
Cement Manutactuie
itjustion
Ammonia Production & Urea Application
Lime Manufacture
Natural Gas Flaring
Limestone & Dolomite Use
Aluminum Production
Soda Ash Manulacture & Consumption
Petrochemical Production
Titanium Dioxide Production
Phosphoric Acid Production
Ferroalloys
Carbon Dioxide Consumption
Land-Use Change & Forestry (Sinkr
Internal/oral Bunker Fuels''
Biomass Combustion
CH4
Landfills
Natural Gas Syslems
Enteric Fermentation
Coal Mining
Manure Management
Wastewater Treatment
Petioleum Syslems
Rice Cultivation
Stationary
Abandoned Coal Mines
Mobile Sources
Petrochemical Production
Iron and Steel Production
Agricultural Residue Burning
Silicon Carbide Production
International Bunker Fuels
N20
Agricultural Soil Management
Mobile Sources
Manure Management
Human Sewage
Nitric Acid
Stationary Sources
Settlements Remaining Settlements
Adipic Acni
N;0 Product Usage
Waste Combustion
Agricultural Residue Burning
Forest Land Remaining Foiesi Land
Iniernatiorul Bunker Fueix
MFCs, PFCs, and SF6
Substitution ot Ozone Depleting Substances
Electrical Transmission & Distribution
HCFC-22 Production
Semiconductor Manufacture
Aluminum Production
Magnesium Production & Processing
Total
Net Emission (Sources & Sinks)
1990
5,009.6
4,711.7
108.0
85.4
33.3
-
112
4.1
1.3
2.0
0.9
11.042.0)
113.5
216.7
605.3
172.2
1283
117.9
819
24.8
20.0
1 \
n
6.1
0.2
382.0
253.0
43.7
'
4.3
1.0
91.2
0.4
29.2
35.0
5.4
6,088.1
5.046.1
1991
4,969.3
4.681.1
108.3
76.2
19.2
0,9
(10513)
119.9
217.6
607.0
172,8
130.0
117.1
25,8
6,2
1.2
1.2
-+-
0.2
379.2
247.6
46,0
.
12.2
14,8
0,4
01
1.0
82.9
0.8
2.9
15.5
5.1
6,038.4
4,987.1
1992
5,062.0
4,776.6
104.9
75.0
32.8
127
20.0
11.4
2.4
1.5
1.8
0,8
(973.6)
109.7
228.1
608.1
172.6
1297
1194
77.1
32.0
26.9
19.6
66
4.7
1.3
1.2
-
0.2
366.6
233.2
489
16.5
13,6
18.3
124
13.1
84.8
2.1
25.2
34.9
2.9
14.3
5.4
6,121.5
5,147.9
1993
5,177.4
4.892,0
105.8
69.9
34.6
20.1
11.6
1.6
0.8
(1.035.7)
99.8
222.3
598.7
172.1
133.2
118.8
65.2
32.8
277
1.4
1,3
0.6
0.1
385.8
247.6
51.1
17.0
0.9
88.9
48
29.5
31.8
36
13.7
5.5
6,250.8
5,215.1
1994
5,268.0
4963.1
117.8
73.6
36.1
142
21.1
121
5.1
2.7
1.7
1.5
0.8
(940.2)
97.7
231.3
604.1
169 1
133.9
120.4
65 1
28.9
1.5
0.1
381.2
238.3
52.6
6.1
0.1
0.9
89.6
9.8
26.8
31 6
5.4
6,343.1
5,402.8
1995
5,319.4
5.009,2
115.5
744
15.7
12.8
7.4
1.7
1.5
0.8
(905.0)
100.7
241.9
601.3
1G2.4
133.3
123,0
18
76
.
1 :,
0.7
-
0.1
391.2
537
14.2
19 *
1.9
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.9
95.5
24.4
5.6
6,407.4
5,502.3
Sinks
1996
5,500.2
5.194,9
114.0
68,3
37 1
172
13,5
5.6
4.2
17
1,6
0.8
(912.7)
102.3
244.3
589.8
155.6
134.5
120.5
16
1,3
0.1
416.2
267,3
54,6
17,0
207
'
0.9
115.0
35,1
'
6,5
6,621.2
5,708.5
(Tg CO2 Equivalents)
1997
5,580.0
5,263 2
120.3
71.9
38.3
178
207
13.7
7.9
7.2
4.4
2.9
1.8
1.5
0.8
(930.0)
109.9
233.2
579.5
147.4
133.6
118.3
62.6
36.4
317
18.8
1.6
13
0.1
396.3
55.2
17.3
14.7
13.5
6.1
10.3
0,3
1.0
121.7
46.5
217
30.0
6.3
11.0
6.3
6,677.5
5,747.5
1998
5,607.2
5.278.7
135.4
39.2
171
21.9
13.9
74
1.6
2.0
0.9
(881.0)
114.6
217.2
569.1
138.5
131.8
116.7
62.8
38.8
32.6
18.5
l 2
0.2
407.8
267.7
55.3
20.9
1.0
135.7
566
7. 1
5.8
6,719.7
5,838.8
1999
5,678.0
5,345.9
141.6
64.4
40.0
13.5
6.9
8.1
4.2
3.1
1.9
2.0
0.8
(82fi. 1)
105.3
222.3
557.3
134.0
127.4
116.8
58,9
33.6
71
12
O.I
382.1
243.4
54.6
1 7.4
0.5
0.9
134.8
65.8
16.4
304
7.2
6.0
6,752.2
5,926.1
2000
5,858.2
5.545.1
124,7
19.6
4.2
3.0
1.0
(822.4)
101.4
226.8
554.2
1307
132.1
115.6
56.2
343
17.6
7.3
1.2
-
0.1
401.9
263.9
17,8
15,6
19,6
0.9
138.9
75.0
6,3
3,2
6,953.2
6,130.8
2001
5,744.8
5.448.0
120.1
58.9
41.4
188
167
12.8
4.1
1.9
1.3
0.8
(826.9)
97.9
200.5
546.8
126.2
131.8
114.5
38.9
347
17,4
7.6
6.9
1 1
0.1
385.8
257.1
49.0
15.6
15.9
13.5
4.9
0.4
0,9
129.5
833
15.4
19.8
2.6
6,806.9
5,980.1
2002
5,796.8
5.501.4
118.8
55.1
12.3
6.2
5 !l
1.3
10
(826.5)
89.5
207.2
542.5
126.8
130.6
114.6
52.4
6.8
6.4
1.5
1.0
0.7
-
0.1
380.5
252.6
45.6
17.9
15.7
17.2
13.5
0.8
138.3
91.5
14.7
.
2.6
6,858.1
6,031.6
2003 fl
5,841.5
5.551.6
118,0
53,8
43.0
18.8
15.6
13.0
4.2
4.1
2.0
1.4
1 4
1.3
(828.0)
84.2
216.8
545.0
131.2
125.9
115.0
53.8
36.8
17.1
1.5
1.0
-
0.1
376.7
253,5
17.5
15.9
158
13.8
6.0
0.8
137.0
99,5
14,1
12,3
3.0
6,900.2
6,072.2
Change from
1990
Absolute
832.0
839.8
10.0
(317)
7.9
(37)
1.7
(0.8)
(2.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.6)
04
214.0
(29.3)
0.1
(60.4)
(41.1)
(24)
(2.9)
(28.1)
8.0
11.9
(2.9)
(1.1)
(2.1)
(0.3)
(0. 1)
(5.2)
0.5
(1.7)
(2.0)
1.6
05
(9.2)
0.1
(0.2)
45.8
991
(15.1)
(22.6)
1,4
(145)
(2.4)
812.1
1026.1
to 2003
Percent |
16.6%
17.8%
9.3%
(37.1)%
29.3%
72.0%
(19.4)%
2.8%
(14,7)%
(33.2)%
53.9%
(9.6)%
(30.6)%
47.3%
(20.5)%
(25.8)%
0. /%
(10.0)%
(23.8)%
1 1.9)%
25.5%
48.0%
(14.3)%
(3.2)%
6.1%
(43,8)%
30,0%
(22.4)%
15.2%
(66.7)%
(48. 1>%
(1.4)%
0.2%
(3.8)%
7,8%
21.9%
(11.2)%
12,9%
8,7%
(60,5)%
10,8%
9,8%
18,4%
556.3%
(19.9)%
50.2%
24.888.8%
(517)%
(64.7)%
49.3%
(79.3)%
(44,8)%
13.3%
20.3%
Does not exceed 0
i'-t emissions total
. : in totals
Notes Totals may not sum due to independent rounding Emissio
using GWP values Irom IPCC Second Assessment Repot'
with UNFCCC reporting guidelines
1990-2003 Trends
Total GHG emissions rose 13 percent since 1990
(decreasing 0.8 percent since 2000)
Dominant gas emitted was C02, mostly from fossil fuel combustion
Methane emissions decreased by 10 percent
Nitrous oxide emissions decreased by 1 percent
HFC. RFC, and SF6 emissions have grown by 50 percent
U.S. GHG Emissions by Gas
Annual Percent Change in U.S. GHG Emissions
3% -
H, -
3% J
3.1%
1
lidt
-2 2%
8,000 -,
7,000 -
6,000 -
5.000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000 -
0 -I
MFCs, PFCs, &SF6
Nitrous Oxide
« Methane
Carbon Dioxide
6,088 6.038 6,121
6.407
'
6,678 6,720 6.752 ^
Emissions Allocated to Economic Sector
2.000 -
£ 1.500 -
o
o
^ 1.000 -
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
i if iin.iiv Generation
T r deportation
Industry
Agricullure
. Residential
Commercial
199(1 1991 1902 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
oEPA
Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J) April 2005
EPA 430-F-05-020
Recycled/Recyclable
i
i
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