The U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: Global Warming Potentials (100 Year Time Horizon) "^^^^^^^^fJH KS over a specified time horizon resulting from the Methane (CHJ" 21 emission of a unit mass of gas relative to a Nitron 310 ii reference gas. The GWP-weighted emissions of UK 12,000 direct greenhouse gases in the U.S. Inventory 3.400 are presented in terms of equivalent emissions 1,300 1300 of carbon dioxide (CO,), using units of teragrams HFr 3800 4300 of carbon dioxide equivalents (Tg CO, Eq.). ,;: « HFC 9400 Tg =W kg = 10° metric tons ,;300 1500 =1 million metric tons 6.500 5.700 The molecular weight of carbon is 12, and n wo the molecular weight of oxygen is 16; there- 7.000 i fore, the molecular weight of CO^ is 44 (i.e., 7.400 12 + [16x2]). as compared to 12 for carbon 23.900 22.200 alone. Thus, carbon comprises 12/44lte of ,sme/tfflepo//(i996) carbon dioxide by weight 1 IPCC Third Assessment Report (2QQ\) Conversion from gigagrams of gas to teragrams * The methane GWP includes the direct eltects and those indirect eltects dne to the production ol of carbon dloxlde equivalents: troposptieric ozone and stratospheric water vapor. Tn TO fa 1 "" iY(fiWP!Yl " I L°2Eq- lolgasJ* liODOGa/ Mote; GWP values Irom the IPCC Second Assessment Report are used in accordance with IMI r:f:C guidelines. Guide to Metric Unit Prefixes 1 Prefix/Symbol Factor ^K Alto (a) 10'' .000000000000000001 II! .000000000000001 11! .000000000001 II) .000000001 10' .000001 Milliiiin 10 .001 .01 HI 1t Hi 10 1 0 1 00 1,000 111 1,000,000 lit 1,000,000,000 1,000.000,000.000 Hi 1,000,000,000,000,000 Hi 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 Unit Conversions 0 454 kilograms I^B I k , i ^^1 hortton >'.mri;. m^^^m m^m^m ii 37851' 1 liter - Q O06'i 0 OOd.- : ^B ^M 030'!. ^H .idcre - 43, 560 square lee! = 04047 liedarcs 4,04) Energy Conversions 2.388xio" calories The common energy unit used in 23 88 metnc tons of mAe oH equivaien, international reports of greenhouse g ^Q^ Q» gtu gas emissions is the joule, A joule 277,800 kilowatt-hours is the energy required to move an object one meter with the force of Energy Units one Newton. A terajoule (TJ) is one Btu British thermal unit 1 Btu trillion (101-') joules A British thermal MB|U Thousand Btu ixio-;Btu unit (Btu. the customary U.S. energy MMBlu Million Btu 1x10' Btu unit) is the quantity of heat required BBtll Billion Btu 1x10-' Btu to raise the temperature of one pound TB|y Trillion Btu 1x10" Bin of water one degree Fahrenheit at or QBtu Quadrillion Btu ixiO'r'Biu near 39,2 Fahrenheit. -.vallrtato IIS lnvantofv nf GmfinhniisK Gas Fmissions and Sinks 1990-?nn3 (FPA ?nn.Sl CO,, Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion Fuel Combusted x Carbon Content Coefficient x Fraction Oxidized x (44/12) May include adjustments tor carbon stored in toss// fuel-based products. emissions Irom international bunker tuels, or emissions from territories. Carbon Intensity of Different Fuel Types The amount of carbon in fossil fuels per unit of energy content varies significantly by fuel type For example, coal contains the highest amount of carbon per unit of energy, while petroleum has about 25 percent less carbon than coal, and natural gas about 45 percent less. Converting Various Physical Units to Energy Units The values in the following table provide conversion factors from physical units to energy equivalent units and from energy units to carbon contents. These factors can be used as default factors, if local data are not available. Conversion Factors to Energy Units (Heat Equivalents) Heat Contents and Carbon Content Coefficients of Various Fuel Types ^1 Fuel Type Carbon Content Coefficients Fraction Heat Content (Tg Carbon/QBtu) Oxidized Solid Fuels (Million Btu/Short Ton) Anthracite Coal 2257 28.26 099 Bituminous Coal 23.89 25.49 .luminous Coal 1714 26.48 hgnile 12.87 26.30 0.99 2480 31.00 0.99 Unspecified 2500 2534 0.99 Gas Fuels (Btu/Cubic Foot) Natural Gas 1.028 14.47 0.995 Crude Oil 580 20.23 099 Nal Gas Liquids and LRGs 374 16.99 0.995 Motor Gasoline 5.21 19.34 0,99 Aviation Gasoline 5.05 1887 0.99 Keir: 1972 0.99 Jelku-l 567 19.33 Distillate Fuel 19.95 0.99 Residual Oil 6.29 21.49 099 Naptha lor Peiioleed 0,99 I'elroleurn Coke 6.02 27.85 0.99 Other Oil lor Pelroleed 5.83 19.95 0.99 Special Napthas I98b 0.99 Lubricanls 607 099 Waxes 554 19,81 0.99 Asphalt/Road Oil 6.64 20.62 099 Mill Gas fiOO 1751 0.99 Misc Products 5.80 20.23 0.99 Note For fuels with annually variable heat contents and carbon content coeflicir ; average values are presented in gross calorific values (GCVi n e lm|hn heating valuesi Density Conversions Melhane (Naiuial Gas) Carbon dioxide Natural gas liquids Unfinished oils Alcohol Liguelied peiroleum gas Avialinn rja Naphtha tei luel Kerosene jet luel Motor gasoline Kerosene Naphtha Distillate Residual oil Lubricants Bitumen Waxes Peiroleum coke Petrochemical feedstocks jal napliiha Miscellaneous products cubic i: 35.32 cubic leel 0676 kilograms cubic meter 12 cubic feet .854 kilograms metric ton 11. 60 barrels 844.20 liters metric Ion 7 46 barrels .186,04 lilac, metric ion 7.94 barrels .262 36 liters meliicton 11. 60 barrels 844 2u liter metric Ion 8.90 barrels 415,00liteis metric ion 8.27 barrels .314.82 liters metric ion 7.93 barrels .260,72 liters melnclon 8.53 barrels .356 16 liters metric ion 7. 73 barrels 228.97 liters ion 8 2? barrels 1 306 87 liters metric ton 7. 46 barrels i 186.04 liters metric ton 6 66 barrels 1 058 85 liters melnclon 7.06 barrels 1 1 22.45 liters metric ton 6.06 h 16 liters metric ton 7.87 barrels .251.23 liters metric Ion 5.51 barrels 8/6.02 liters nHiiclon 746 barrels 1.1860-1 liter. melnclon 8.53 barrels 1,356,16 lileis metric ton 8.00 barrels - 1,27 1,90 liters Note das densities are at room temperature and pressure For more information on calculating CO, . emissions per kWh, download eGRID at: http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egnd For other related information, see: http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming http://unfccc.mt Download the Inventory at: http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions ------- The U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and 1 Gas/Source CO; Fossil Fuel Combustion Non-Energy Use of Fuels Iron and Steel Production Cement Manutactuie itjustion Ammonia Production & Urea Application Lime Manufacture Natural Gas Flaring Limestone & Dolomite Use Aluminum Production Soda Ash Manulacture & Consumption Petrochemical Production Titanium Dioxide Production Phosphoric Acid Production Ferroalloys Carbon Dioxide Consumption Land-Use Change & Forestry (Sinkr Internal/oral Bunker Fuels'' Biomass Combustion CH4 Landfills Natural Gas Syslems Enteric Fermentation Coal Mining Manure Management Wastewater Treatment Petioleum Syslems Rice Cultivation Stationary Abandoned Coal Mines Mobile Sources Petrochemical Production Iron and Steel Production Agricultural Residue Burning Silicon Carbide Production International Bunker Fuels N20 Agricultural Soil Management Mobile Sources Manure Management Human Sewage Nitric Acid Stationary Sources Settlements Remaining Settlements Adipic Acni N;0 Product Usage Waste Combustion Agricultural Residue Burning Forest Land Remaining Foiesi Land Iniernatiorul Bunker Fueix MFCs, PFCs, and SF6 Substitution ot Ozone Depleting Substances Electrical Transmission & Distribution HCFC-22 Production Semiconductor Manufacture Aluminum Production Magnesium Production & Processing Total Net Emission (Sources & Sinks) 1990 5,009.6 4,711.7 108.0 85.4 33.3 - 112 4.1 1.3 2.0 0.9 11.042.0) 113.5 216.7 605.3 172.2 1283 117.9 819 24.8 20.0 1 \ n 6.1 0.2 382.0 253.0 43.7 ' 4.3 1.0 91.2 0.4 29.2 35.0 5.4 6,088.1 5.046.1 1991 4,969.3 4.681.1 108.3 76.2 19.2 0,9 (10513) 119.9 217.6 607.0 172,8 130.0 117.1 25,8 6,2 1.2 1.2 -+- 0.2 379.2 247.6 46,0 . 12.2 14,8 0,4 01 1.0 82.9 0.8 2.9 15.5 5.1 6,038.4 4,987.1 1992 5,062.0 4,776.6 104.9 75.0 32.8 127 20.0 11.4 2.4 1.5 1.8 0,8 (973.6) 109.7 228.1 608.1 172.6 1297 1194 77.1 32.0 26.9 19.6 66 4.7 1.3 1.2 - 0.2 366.6 233.2 489 16.5 13,6 18.3 124 13.1 84.8 2.1 25.2 34.9 2.9 14.3 5.4 6,121.5 5,147.9 1993 5,177.4 4.892,0 105.8 69.9 34.6 20.1 11.6 1.6 0.8 (1.035.7) 99.8 222.3 598.7 172.1 133.2 118.8 65.2 32.8 277 1.4 1,3 0.6 0.1 385.8 247.6 51.1 17.0 0.9 88.9 48 29.5 31.8 36 13.7 5.5 6,250.8 5,215.1 1994 5,268.0 4963.1 117.8 73.6 36.1 142 21.1 121 5.1 2.7 1.7 1.5 0.8 (940.2) 97.7 231.3 604.1 169 1 133.9 120.4 65 1 28.9 1.5 0.1 381.2 238.3 52.6 6.1 0.1 0.9 89.6 9.8 26.8 31 6 5.4 6,343.1 5,402.8 1995 5,319.4 5.009,2 115.5 744 15.7 12.8 7.4 1.7 1.5 0.8 (905.0) 100.7 241.9 601.3 1G2.4 133.3 123,0 18 76 . 1 :, 0.7 - 0.1 391.2 537 14.2 19 * 1.9 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.9 95.5 24.4 5.6 6,407.4 5,502.3 Sinks 1996 5,500.2 5.194,9 114.0 68,3 37 1 172 13,5 5.6 4.2 17 1,6 0.8 (912.7) 102.3 244.3 589.8 155.6 134.5 120.5 16 1,3 0.1 416.2 267,3 54,6 17,0 207 ' 0.9 115.0 35,1 ' 6,5 6,621.2 5,708.5 (Tg CO2 Equivalents) 1997 5,580.0 5,263 2 120.3 71.9 38.3 178 207 13.7 7.9 7.2 4.4 2.9 1.8 1.5 0.8 (930.0) 109.9 233.2 579.5 147.4 133.6 118.3 62.6 36.4 317 18.8 1.6 13 0.1 396.3 55.2 17.3 14.7 13.5 6.1 10.3 0,3 1.0 121.7 46.5 217 30.0 6.3 11.0 6.3 6,677.5 5,747.5 1998 5,607.2 5.278.7 135.4 39.2 171 21.9 13.9 74 1.6 2.0 0.9 (881.0) 114.6 217.2 569.1 138.5 131.8 116.7 62.8 38.8 32.6 18.5 l 2 0.2 407.8 267.7 55.3 20.9 1.0 135.7 566 7. 1 5.8 6,719.7 5,838.8 1999 5,678.0 5,345.9 141.6 64.4 40.0 13.5 6.9 8.1 4.2 3.1 1.9 2.0 0.8 (82fi. 1) 105.3 222.3 557.3 134.0 127.4 116.8 58,9 33.6 71 12 O.I 382.1 243.4 54.6 1 7.4 0.5 0.9 134.8 65.8 16.4 304 7.2 6.0 6,752.2 5,926.1 2000 5,858.2 5.545.1 124,7 19.6 4.2 3.0 1.0 (822.4) 101.4 226.8 554.2 1307 132.1 115.6 56.2 343 17.6 7.3 1.2 - 0.1 401.9 263.9 17,8 15,6 19,6 0.9 138.9 75.0 6,3 3,2 6,953.2 6,130.8 2001 5,744.8 5.448.0 120.1 58.9 41.4 188 167 12.8 4.1 1.9 1.3 0.8 (826.9) 97.9 200.5 546.8 126.2 131.8 114.5 38.9 347 17,4 7.6 6.9 1 1 0.1 385.8 257.1 49.0 15.6 15.9 13.5 4.9 0.4 0,9 129.5 833 15.4 19.8 2.6 6,806.9 5,980.1 2002 5,796.8 5.501.4 118.8 55.1 12.3 6.2 5 !l 1.3 10 (826.5) 89.5 207.2 542.5 126.8 130.6 114.6 52.4 6.8 6.4 1.5 1.0 0.7 - 0.1 380.5 252.6 45.6 17.9 15.7 17.2 13.5 0.8 138.3 91.5 14.7 . 2.6 6,858.1 6,031.6 2003 fl 5,841.5 5.551.6 118,0 53,8 43.0 18.8 15.6 13.0 4.2 4.1 2.0 1.4 1 4 1.3 (828.0) 84.2 216.8 545.0 131.2 125.9 115.0 53.8 36.8 17.1 1.5 1.0 - 0.1 376.7 253,5 17.5 15.9 158 13.8 6.0 0.8 137.0 99,5 14,1 12,3 3.0 6,900.2 6,072.2 Change from 1990 Absolute 832.0 839.8 10.0 (317) 7.9 (37) 1.7 (0.8) (2.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.6) 04 214.0 (29.3) 0.1 (60.4) (41.1) (24) (2.9) (28.1) 8.0 11.9 (2.9) (1.1) (2.1) (0.3) (0. 1) (5.2) 0.5 (1.7) (2.0) 1.6 05 (9.2) 0.1 (0.2) 45.8 991 (15.1) (22.6) 1,4 (145) (2.4) 812.1 1026.1 to 2003 Percent | 16.6% 17.8% 9.3% (37.1)% 29.3% 72.0% (19.4)% 2.8% (14,7)% (33.2)% 53.9% (9.6)% (30.6)% 47.3% (20.5)% (25.8)% 0. /% (10.0)% (23.8)% 1 1.9)% 25.5% 48.0% (14.3)% (3.2)% 6.1% (43,8)% 30,0% (22.4)% 15.2% (66.7)% (48. 1>% (1.4)% 0.2% (3.8)% 7,8% 21.9% (11.2)% 12,9% 8,7% (60,5)% 10,8% 9,8% 18,4% 556.3% (19.9)% 50.2% 24.888.8% (517)% (64.7)% 49.3% (79.3)% (44,8)% 13.3% 20.3% Does not exceed 0 i'-t emissions total . : in totals Notes Totals may not sum due to independent rounding Emissio using GWP values Irom IPCC Second Assessment Repot' with UNFCCC reporting guidelines 1990-2003 Trends Total GHG emissions rose 13 percent since 1990 (decreasing 0.8 percent since 2000) Dominant gas emitted was C02, mostly from fossil fuel combustion Methane emissions decreased by 10 percent Nitrous oxide emissions decreased by 1 percent HFC. RFC, and SF6 emissions have grown by 50 percent U.S. GHG Emissions by Gas Annual Percent Change in U.S. GHG Emissions 3% - H, - 3% J 3.1% 1 lidt -2 2% 8,000 -, 7,000 - 6,000 - 5.000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 - 0 -I MFCs, PFCs, &SF6 Nitrous Oxide « Methane Carbon Dioxide 6,088 6.038 6,121 6.407 ' 6,678 6,720 6.752 ^ Emissions Allocated to Economic Sector 2.000 - £ 1.500 - o o ^ 1.000 - 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 i if iin.iiv Generation T r deportation Industry Agricullure . Residential Commercial 199(1 1991 1902 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 oEPA Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J) April 2005 EPA 430-F-05-020 Recycled/Recyclable i i ------- |