United States
               Environmental Protection
               Agency	
     EPA   4844
                 10019962
         Office of
         Administration and
         Resources Management (2304)
EPA Manual 4844
   April 1996
Facility Safety,  Health
and Environmental
Management Manual
                                     U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
                                          Mail code 3201
                                     1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
                                       Washington DC 20460
EPA
100/
1996.2
       U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
           Mail code 3201
       1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
         Washington DC 20460
                                               Printed on Recycled Paper

-------

-------
 FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
                              CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS



 CHAPTER                                                                 CHAPTER
 TITLES                                                                  NUMBERS



 1   AUTHORITY,  POLICY AND RESPONSIBILITY 	    1

 2   BASIC FIRE  SAFETY STANDARDS  	    2

 3   SPECIFIC FIRE SAFETY CRITERIA	'  .  .  .    3

 4^  INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT  	    4

 5   MECHANICAL  SYSTEMS 	    5

 6   ELECTRICAL  SYSTEMS 	  6

 7   MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPANCY FEATURES 	.  .  7

 8   ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 	  8




APPENDICES



APPENDIX A  - LIST OF STANDARDS AND REFERENCES

APPENDIX B  - GLOSSARY

APPENDIX C  - ROOM DATA  SHEETS

APPENDIX D  - LIST OF STATE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTACTS

APPENDIX E  - LIST OF CLASS I  AND CLASS  II  (OZONE-DEPLETING)  SUBSTANCES

APPENDIX F  - LIST OF ACRONYMS

APPENDIX G  - MEMORANDUMS
                                                U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
                                                      Mail code 3201
                                                1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
                                                   Washington DC  20460

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA  4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
               CHAPTER 1 - AUTHORITY. POLICY AND RESPONSIBILITY


                               Table of  Contents


PARAGRAPH                                                            PARAGRAPH
 TITLES                                                               NUMBERS


Purpose	    1

Overview	    2

Scope . '	    3

Authority   	    4

References	    5

Policy  	  6

Objectives  	  7

Responsibilities  	  8

Requirements  	  9

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
               CHAPTER  1  - AUTHORITY.  POLICY AND  RESPONSIBILITY


1.    PURPOSE

      The purpose of this Manual is  to detail safety, health,  and
environmental management  considerations  for facilities  that  are owned,  leased,
or occupied by the Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA).


2.    OVERVIEW

      The considerations  or criteria in  this Manual describe the full  scope of
the facility features required in EPA-occupied facilities  to maintain  a safe
and healthful workplace,  and may exceed  local codes or  federal  standards,
which generally describe minimum requirements necessary to protect  against
injury, illness, and loss of life.


3.    SCOPE

      The facility safety, health and  environmental management  criteria
described in this Manual apply to facilities owned or leased by EPA, and
facilities assigned to EPA by the General Services Administration (GSA)  or
other government agencies.  In this Manual, owned and leased facilities shall
be referred to as "EPA facilities." The  criteria in this Manual  are mandatory
for new construction or new leased space.  Where it does not appear to  be
feasible to meet these criteria at existing facilities, consult  the
Architecture, Engineering and Real Estate Branch  (AEREB) for advice or  a
waiver.  Under special circumstances a waiver may be granted by  the Safety,
Health and Environmental Management Division (SHEMD).


4.    AUTHORITY

      Authority for the criteria set forth in this Manual  is based on the
latest approved editions of the following:

      a.    Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970

      b.    29 CFR 1910, General Industry Standards

      c.    GSA,  Facilities Standards  for the Public Buildings Service  (PBS-
            PQ100.1)

      d.    EPA manuals, executive orders, Agency orders and SHEMD program
            requirements

      e.    State and local building codes based on one of the model building
            codes,  such as the Building Officials and Code Administrators
            International, Inc.(BOCA),  Uniform Building Code (UBC) and
            Standard Building Code of the Southern Building  Code  Congress
            International (SBCCI)

      f.    Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS).



                                                           U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
                                                                 Mail code 3201
                                     1-1                 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
                                                             Washington DC  20460

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


      b.    Prevent fire exposure, public health hazards, and environmental
            damage to the community that surrounds EPA facilities

      c.    Prevent loss of government real and personal property

      d.    Prevent interruption of government operations

      e.    Promote the health, well being and productivity of occupants

      f.    Ensure that EPA facilities sustain compliance with applicable
            environmental regulatory standards to preserve environmental
            quality

      g.    Promote successful integration of environmental requirements into
            facility design processes to prevent pollution and support EPA's
            goal of environmental stewardship.


8.     RESPONSIBILITIES

      The following describes the responsibilities assigned to divisions or
departments within EPA for enforcing the criteria set forth in this Manual.

      a.    AEREB is responsible for ensuring that the design and construction
            of EPA facilities complies with local codes as well as the
            criteria described herein.

      b.    AEREB and SHEMD are jointly responsible for ensuring that EPA
            facilities provide safe, healthful, and environmentally sound work
            spaces for EPA personnel.

      c.    AEREB and SHEMD are jointly responsible for reviewing and
            approving requests for a waiver for variances or exceptions to the
            criteria set forth in this Manual when appropriate.  The following
            criteria apply to requests for variances:

                  Requests for variances to the criteria described in this
                  Manual must be submitted in writing to AEREB and SHEMD for
                  review
                  Documentation of variances that have been granted must be
                  maintained by the facility as long as applicable.

      d.    AEREB and SHEMD are jointly responsible for updating this Manual
            as necessary to reflect changes in technology and recognized
            standard practices in safety, health, and environmental management
            relative to EPA facilities.


9.     REQUIREMENTS

      To meet the policy and objectives set forth above:

      a.    AEREB, with SHEMD's assistance, will review the criteria set forth
            in Programs of Requirements  (POR) and Solicitations for Offers
            (SFO) for new EPA facilities, and for modifications to existing
            facilities, prior to awarding a design contract
                                      1-3

-------
 FACILITY  SAFETY,  HEALTH  AND                                           EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
                    CHAPTER 2 - BASIC FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS


                               Table of Contents


PARAGRAPH                                                             PARAGRAPH
 TITLES                                                                NUMBERS


Purpose  	    1

References   	    2

Fire-Resistance Ratings    	    3

Types of Construction    	    4

Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls    	    5

Vertical Openings and Shafts   	    6

Panel, Curtain, and Spandrel Walls   	    7

Ceilings  	    8

Fire-Stopping  	    9

Fire Doors	10

Utilities	11
                                     2-i

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA  4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
                    CHAPTER 2 - BASIC FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS


1.    PURPOSE

      This chapter provides  the basic structural fire safety criteria for  fire
walls, doors and partitions, shafts, ceilings, and utilities.


2 .    REFERENCES

      Unless otherwise specified herein, all building materials and structural
components and assemblies shall conform to the applicable requirements of  the
following American Society for Testing and Materials  (ASTM) test methods and
the NFPA Standards:

      a.    Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and
            Materials  (ASTM  E 119/NFPA 251)

      b.    Standard on Types of Building Construction (NFPA 220)

      c.    Standard for Fire Walls and Fire Barriers (NFPA 221)

      d.    Installation of  Sprinkler Systems (NFPA 13)

      e.    Fire Doors and Windows  (NFPA 80)

      f.    Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies (ASTM E 152/NFPA
            252) .


3.    FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS

      The fire-resistance hourly ratings shall be determined in accordance
with ASTM E 119/NFPA 251.  Floor-ceiling assemblies shall be in accordance
with paragraph 8 of this chapter.  The hourly ratings for various materials
and designs shall be obtained either by actual fire testing or by conformance
to designs listed by Underwriters Laboratories,  Inc., or Factory Mutual.


4.    TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

      The various types of construction are defined in NFPA 220 and the model
building codes (see Chapter  1, Authority, Policy, and Responsibility,
paragraph 4.e for a list of  the model building codes).  The construction
classifications using both the NFPA and local building code methods shall be
indicated on design documents as applicable.  Identification of construction
classifications is required  in order to implement both the local building code
criteria as well as the EPA, GSA, and NFPA standards criteria.  The type of
construction shall be selected based upon the classification of the occupancy
(e.g., NFPA 101, chapter 4), as well as the height and area of the building.


5.    FIRE WALLS AND FIRE BARRIER WALLS

      Fire walls shall be used as dictated by the local building codes.  Fire
walls must be structurally independent and have sufficient structural
stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either


                                      2-1

-------
 FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL  MANAGEMENT  MANUAL                                            4/96


             be separately enclosed  from  the atrium.  Access  to  exits  is
             permitted  to  be within  the atrium space.

      b.     Shafts.  When telephone rooms, electrical  closets,  and similar
             spaces are located one  above the other, the enclosure  walls  are
             considered to form a  shaft,  and protection shall be provided in
             accordance with the requirements of NFPA 101 and the local
             building code.  Shafts  shall not be installed between  a structural
             member and the fireproofing  for the member.  If allowed by the
             local building code,  all floor penetrations within  telephone and
             electric closets can  be sealed or otherwise grouted in lieu  of
             creating a shaft to maintain the fire resistance of the floor
             assembly.

             Structural members passing through a shaft shall be fireproofed
             separately from the shaft enclosure such that the entire
             structural member is  protected as required by the model building
             codes.  The fireproofing shall be of concrete, plaster, or other
             hard  material that is resistant to mechanical damage and  not
             subject to rusting or corrosion.

      c.     Monumental stairs.  Large, open stairs shall be protected by one
             of  three methods.  If the stairs are not involved in the  building
             exit  requirements, they may  extend one floor above  and one floor
             below the  main entrance lobby, provided that fire partitions and
             self-closing  fire doors  are  installed at the upper  and lower
             levels.  Alternatively,  they may be protected as a  vertical
             opening as per the requirements of chapter 6 of NFPA 101.  If  the
             stairs are part of the  exit  system,  they must be protected as
             outlined in chapter 5 of NFPA 101.

      d.     Escalators.   Escalators  shall be treated in the same manner  as
             monumental  stairs with  an additional option to provide curtain
             boards and sprinkler  protection as detailed in NFPA 13.

      e.     Penetrations.   Openings  around penetrations in vertical openings
             and shafts  shall be fire-stopped as described in this  chapter.


7.     PANEL. CURTAIN AND  SPANDREL WALLS

      Openings between  panel,  curtain, and spandrel walls,  and  the  building
structure or floor slabs  around them, shall be fire-stopped in  accordance with
provisions outlined in  this chapter.

      a.     Panel and  Curtain Walls.  All panel and curtain walls  shall
             conform to  the  requirements  for non-bearing walls in the  type of
             construction  and model  code  involved and shall be securely
             anchored to the building in  a manner which will prevent failure  of
             the anchors in a fire.

      b.     Windows.   Wherever windows extend to within 36 inches  from the
             floor and  the  space is at least four feet above grade,   a  suitable
            metal barrier  shall be provided on the interior window  opening
             approximately  42 inches above floor level.   If the  glass
             construction  can withstand a horizontal force of 200 pounds  or
            more and meet  the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.23, 16 CFR  1201, and
             the local building code, no  barriers are required.   (NOTE:
             Perimeter heating and cooling units may form this barrier.)  For


                                      2-3

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


a 1.5-hour fire protection rating which are used in locations with severe fire
exposure potential  (such as a flammable liquids storage room).   The maximum
area of glazing in a 1- or 1.5-hour door shall be 100 square inches  (0.065
square meters) unless the area has been tested and meets the requirements of
NFPA 80.  The area of glazing in fire doors having less than one-hour fire-
resistance ratings shall be limited to the maximum area tested.  All glazing
shall be wired glass or other approved glass for use in fire doors.

      Fire doors involved in exits or means of egress shall also conform to
the requirements contained in Chapter 4,  Interior Construction and
Arrangements, paragraph 6.  Fire doors involved in air-handling systems shall
also conform to the requirements outlined in Chapter 5, Mechanical Systems,
paragraph 8.


11.   UTILITIES

      Pipes,  wires, cables, ducts, or other utilities or services shall not be
embedded in or between the required fireproofing and structural members unless
the assembly has been tested and has achieved the required fire resistance.
(See paragraph 9 of this chapter for requirements relating to penetration of
utilities through fire-resistive assemblies.)

      One-inch or smaller steel conduit with wiring to clocks,  receptacles,
telephones, thermostats, or switches may be embedded in the fireproofing if
the necessary thickness of fireproofing is not reduced.  In such cases,
electrical boxes shall be steel, limited to 4-inch nominal size,  securely
anchored in place, and at least two feet apart or on opposite sides of the
structural member.
                                      2-5

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
                   CHAPTER 3 - SPECIFIC FIRE SAFETY CRITERIA


                               Table of Contents


PARAGRAPH                                                             PARAGRAPH
 TITLES                                                               NUMBERS


Purpose	    1

Classification of Occupancies    	    2

Automatic Sprinkler-Protected Occupancies    	    3

Open Plan Office Space	-  4

Types of Construction    	-	    5

Height and Area Limitations  	    6

Attachments and Additions 	    7

Fire Exposure Protection  	    8
                                     3-i

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
                   CHAPTER 3 - SPECIFIC FIRE SAFETY CRITERIA


1.    PURPOSE

      This chapter describes specific safety criteria for various groups of
occupancies, open plan office space and building attachments.


2.    CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES

      Occupancies are classified by a number of methods depending on the code
or standard used and the purpose of the classification.  Methods of
classification are included in chapter 4 of NFPA 101, chapter 2 of NFPA 45,
chapter 1 of NFPA 13, other NFPA codes and standards which may apply to
specific situations, and local building and fire prevention codes.  These
classifications are used in the application of the respective codes and
standards and should not be translated to other codes or standards unless
directed.  For example, Class B laboratory as defined in NFPA 45 has no
meaning in NFPA 101; however, NFPA 45 specifies that sprinklers in Class B
laboratories should be treated as an Ordinary Hazardous Group 2, which is
defined by NFPA 13.  The basis of these classifications varies with each code
or standard.  Some of the methods of classification are listed below.

      a.    NFPA 101 classification is based on use of the building or area
            considered.  Examples include business, assembly and industrial
            occupancies.

      b.    Model building code classification is based on use of the building
            or area considered.  Examples include Use Group B (Business), S-l
            (Moderate Hazard Storage),  .and F (Factory and Industrial) as
            defined by the BOCA National Building Code.

      c.    NFPA 13 classification is based on the fire hazard of the use of
            building or area to be protected by sprinklers.  Examples include
            Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard Group 2.

      d.    NFPA 45 classification is based on the amount of flammable liquids
            per floor area present in a laboratory unit.   Example include
            Class A, Class B and Class C.

      e.    NFPA 231 classification is based on the type of materials stored
            and their burning characteristics.

      GSA also has one special occupancy classification referred to as high
severity occupancies, which include storage areas larger than 1,000 square
feet with racks or shelves taller than 12 feet, libraries with stacks taller
than nine feet, and record or archive centers with open file shelves.  The
special design considerations outlined in PBS PQ100.1 must be followed for
these occupancies.  Further details regarding classification of occupancy can
be found in the standards referenced above.

      Each code or standard must use the classification designations contained
in that code or standard.  For example, a Class B laboratory as defined by
NFPA 45 may be either Use Group B (business) or H  (high hazard)  as defined by
the BOCA National Building Code, but could be either industrial or high hazard
as defined by NFPA 101.  The classification pf laboratory space by the three
codes would differ.  Therefore, the applicable codes and standards with their


                                     3-1

-------
 FACILITY  SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


 Interior  Construction and Arrangement, paragraph 7 of this Manual.  Where more
 than one  group classification of occupancy is housed, the higher group
 classification shall govern for determining area limitations in accordance
 with the  local building code.


 7.    ATTACHMENTS AND ADDITIONS

      Cornices, marquees, and skylights shall be of noncombustible
 construction.  Attachments and additions for the purpose of providing
 additional space shall conform to the same construction height and area
 limitations as the base building.


 8.    FIRE EXPOSURE PROTECTION

      A fire exposure is any building, structure,  yard storage, or industrial
 operation containing combustible substances which,  if involved in a fire,
would present a danger to the building being evaluated.  Classification of
 exposure severity and determination of minimum separation distance shall  be in
accordance with NFPA 80A, Recommended Practices for Protection of Buildings
 from Exterior Fire Exposures and the local building code.   Requirements for
explosion venting should comply with chapter 5 of NFPA 45 (for laboratories),
NFPA 68, and the local building code, whichever is more stringent.  The
methods for determining the more stringent requirements shall be documented in
the project submittals.
                                     3-3

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
 EPA 4844
     4/96
               CHAPTER 4 -  INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT
                               Table  of  Contents
PARAGRAPH
 TITLES
PARAGRAPH
 NUMBERS
Purpose 	

References  	

Interior Construction

Flooring  	

Partitions  	

Exit Facilities .  .  .

Hazard Segregation

Day Care Facilities  .

Safety of Disabled
     1

     2

     3

     4

     5

     6

     7

     8

     9
                                      4-i

-------
 FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96
               CHAPTER 4 - INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT


 1.     PURPOSE

       The  purpose  of  this  chapter  is  to  provide  the  safety requirements for
 interior construction (e.g.,  interior finish,  floors,  ceilings, partitions,
 facility attributes,  and exits).


 2.     REFERENCES

       All  interior construction and arrangements shall conform to the
 applicable requirements  of the following codes and standards  and  the  criteria
 set  forth  in  this  chapter:

       a.    Fire Doors and Windows  (NFPA 80)

       b.    Life Safety  Code  (NFPA 101)

       c.    Standard  Method of Fire Tests  for Flame Resistant Textiles  and
            Films  (NFPA  701)

       d.    Local  building codes

       e.    Uniform Federal Accessibility  Standards  (UFAS)

       f.    Americans with Disabilities  Act  (ADA) of 1990

       g.    Providing Accessibility and  Usability for  Physically  Handicapped
            People  (ANSI A117.1)

       h.    Facilities Standards for  the Public Building Service  (GSA PBS-
            PQ100.1)

       i.    Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering  Systems  Using  a
            Radiant Heat Source (NFPA 253).


3.     INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION

       Interior finish shall be in accordance with NFPA 101, chapter 6.  The
fire safety characteristics of interior  finish shall include  a flame  spread
rating not to exceed 25. and a smoke development rating not to exceed  50.   In
fully  sprinkler-protected buildings, the interior finish in areas not involved
in the means of egress of  the building may be of materials having a flame
spread rating of 200 or less and a smoke development rating of 200 or less.
In sprinkler-protected exit accesses or passageways,  the interior finish may
be composed of materials having a flame  spread rating of 75 or less and a
smoke development rating of 100 or less.   (See NFPA 101 and PBS PQ100.1 as  the
source for this requirement.)

      a.    Lead Paint.  Lead-based paints (LBPs) shall not be used in EPA
            facilities.  (See Chapter 8, Environmental Management, paragraph
            3.g for lead in water.)

            (1)   When the scope of a construction activity requires  sanding,
                  burning,  welding, or scraping painted surfaces,  the paint


                                      4-1

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


                  Place, A Building Owner's Guide to Operations and
                  Maintenance Programs for Asbestos-Containing Materials and
                  criteria contained in 29 CFR 1926.58.

            (4)   Ensure that a pre-alteration asbestos assessment is
                  performed,  supplementing available information as
                  appropriate,  for any activity that may disturb any ACM.
                  Conduct the asbestos assessment in accordance with the
                  guidelines  and requirements mentioned above.  (See
                  Chapter 8,  Environmental Management,  paragraph 2,  for
                  additional  information regarding removal of ACM).

      d.    Trim and Incidental Finishes.   Interior wall and ceiling finish
            not in excess of  10 percent of the aggregate wall and ceiling area
            involved shall be permitted to be Class C materials in accordance
            with NFPA 101, chapter 6.

      e.    Final Finishing Material.   Wallpaper,  paint, veneer,  and other
            thin finishing materials applied directly to the surface of walls
            and ceilings and  not over 0.035-inch (1/28-inch)  thick shall not
            be considered as  an interior finish as per NFPA 101,  chapter 6.

      f.    Airspace.   Whenever an airspace is located behind combustible
            material,  the space shall be blocked so that no void extends more
            than 10 feet in any direction.  For example, wood paneling applied
            to wood furring strips will meet the requirement if the distance
            between the furring strips is  no more than 10 feet in both a
            horizontal and vertical direction.

      g.    Combustible Substances.  Materials composed of basically
            combustible substances (e.g.,  wood,  fiberboard)  that  have been
            treated with fire-retardant chemicals throughout the  material,  as
            opposed to surface treatment (e.g.,  pressure impregnation),  may be
            used as interior  finish subject to the following conditions:
            (1) the treated material shall be installed in full accordance
            with the manufacturer's instructions,  and (2)  the treated material
            shall not be installed in any  location where conditions  exist that
            may reduce the effectiveness of the fire-retardant treatment
            (e.g.,  high humidity).  Surface treatments  shall be permitted to
            reduce the risks  associated with existing conditions  in accordance
            with chapter 6 of NFPA 101.

      h.    Restrictions.   No material shall be used as an interior  finish
            which will result in higher flame spread or smoke development
            ratings than those permitted herein.

      i.    Flooring Materials.  Interior  -floor finishes shall be in
            accordance with chapter 6 of NFPA 101 and tested in accordance
            with NFPA 253 » Flooring materials used as  wall sections or wall
            coverings shall comply with the fire safety characteristics
            described in paragraph 3 for flame spread and smoke development.
            The flame spread  and smoke development characteristics shall be
            determined through testing in  the orientation in which the
            material is to be installed (NFPA 253 results shall not  be used to
            evaluate flooring tested in the vertical position).

      j.    Draperies and Curtains.  All draperies,  curtains,  and similar
            hanging materials shall be of  a noncombustible or flame-resistant
            fabric (chemically treated).  Flame-resistant  means  that the


                                      4-3

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96
6.     EXIT FACILITIES

      Except as noted below or covered elsewhere in this Manual,  the
provisions of NFPA 101 shall be followed.

      a.    Number of Exits.  At least two separate exits shall be available
            on every floor.  Exits shall be as far away from each other as
            possible and shall be arranged to minimize the possibility that
            both may be blocked during an emergency.

      b.    Emergency Eoress.  Emergency egress from the building shall be
            maintained whenever the building is occupied.

      c.    Exit stairs.  'All exit stairs in new construction,  and all exit
            stairs added to existing buildings, shall conform to  the
            requirements for Class A stairs described in NFPA 101,  and shall
            have a minimum width of 44 inches.

      d.    Exit Merging.  In any instance where the arrangement  of stairs is
            such that persons exiting from upper floors may be required to
            merge with persons exiting from lower floors through  a common
            stair exit doorway,  the total width of the doorway shall be at
            least equal to three-fourths of the width of stairs from above,
            plus three-fourths of the width of the stairs from below.

      e.    Exit Doors.  All exit stair doors and all other doors opening onto
            exit routes,  except those opening directly to the outside,  shall
            be self-closing or shall be the kind that are controlled by a
            smoke detector.  Doors shall be located or recessed in a manner to
            ensure that they do not swing to impede pedestrian flow in
            corridors or other egress routes.  In new laboratories  and where
            required by NFPA 101,  45 or other codes or standards,  exit and
            exit access doors shall swing in the direction of egress.  Vision
            panels,  in accordance with NFPA 80, should always be  provided in
            stairway and horizontal exit doors and where necessary to
            alleviate potential personnel traffic hazards.

      f.    Distance Between Exits.  Where two exits or exit access doors are
            required,  they shall be as far away from each other as  possible  in
            accordance with the local building code or NFPA 101.   The more
            stringent requirement shall be met.

      g.    Latches.   Latches on stair doors shall be operable  from both the
            stairs and the occupied space side of the stairs.   For  security
            reasons,  ingress may be prohibited without impeding emergency
            egress as follows:

            (1)    Door may open directly to the exterior

            (2)    Door may open from a stair to an exit discharge  route

            (3)    An individual  stair door may be locked against  ingress from
                  the stair when fully justified in writing,  and  where no
                  other reasonable means can be developed to provide necessary
                  security.

            In no instance shall doors at the top and bottom stair  levels be
            secured.   Each secured door shall be clearly marked.  Directions


                                     4-5

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA  4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


      1.    Panic Hardware.  Panic hardware may be used anywhere, but it must
            be used for all exterior, exit doors and interior-latched exit
            doors from classrooms, theaters, and other places of assembly
            having a capacity in excess of 100 people.

      m.    Smoke-Proof Towers.  Smoke-proof towers conforming with the
            requirements of NFPA 101 are acceptable, but not required unless
            required by the local building code.

      n.    Timed Exit Calculation.  Egress from buildings or an area of
            refuge shall be in accordance with timed calculations.  Personnel
            in the fire area can travel toward the fire for no more than 15
            seconds.  They should be able to relocate from the fire area
            within 90 seconds.  Unimpeded horizontal movement is calculated at
            3.5 feet per second.  It should be no longer than eight minutes
            for individuals to exit downward to the outside of the building.

      o.    Fire Subdivisions.  Fire subdivisions may be developed to improve
            life-safety conditions where complete correction of existing stair
            and exit deficiencies is not feasible.  Fire subdivision may be
            used to develop horizontal exits where large numbers of
            handicapped occupants must be provided with safe exit facilities.
            Fire subdivisions may be used in conjunction with a smoke-control
            system.  Unless greater fire resistance is required for other
            purposes,  fire barrier walls installed to improve existing exit
            facilities or for smoke control shall be of one-hour fire-
            resistive construction.  Other uses of fire barrier walls that may
            require a greater fire resistance rating include horizontal exits
            and areas of refuge.

      p.    Fire Escape.  Fire escape stairs,  as defined in NFPA 101,  are not
            acceptable as a component in the means of egress.

      q.    Limited Access Areas.  Areas with limited or no ventilation (such
            as conditioned sample storage rooms)  shall be evaluated to ensure
            the reliability of the exits.  If blocking a single exit presents
            the potential of creating a hazardous atmosphere, provisions
            should be made to either prevent the exit from being blocked,
            provide a means of communication from inside the space,  provide
            adequate ventilation or otherwise prevent the space from becoming
            the equivalent to a confined space as defined by 29 CFR 1910.146.


7.     HAZARD SEGREGATION

      In general,  occupancies posing different levels of risk shall be
separated by fire-resistive construction.  Areas shall be segregated as noted
below and as required by local building codes and NFPA 101.

      a.    Parking Structures.   The construction, protection,  and control of
            hazards in parking structures shall comply with the requirements
            of NFPA 88A.  Parking garages located within buildings containing
            other occupancies shall be separated from the remainder of the
            building by construction having a fire resistance of at least two
            hours.   Entrances between garages and elevators shall be protected
            by a vestibule having 1-1/2-hour,  Class B or higher-classed fire
            door.   Doorways between garages and stairs,  building corridors, or
            other non-garage areas shall be protected by 1-1/2-hour, Class B
            or higher-classed fire doors.  The garage ventilation system must


                                      4-7

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


             (3)   The exhaust should be taken from within 12 inches of the
                  floor on the opposite wall of the room from the make-up air

             (4)   The flammable liquids storage room exhaust must not  be
                  vented into a fume hood or its associated exhaust system

             (5)   If ducts are used for the ventilation system, they shall
                  comply with NFPA 91.

            If a room is used for mixed waste chemical storage, proper
            segregation shall be provided to prevent mixing of incompatible
            chemicals.  This shall include, but not be limited to, diking
            provisions between incompatible storage areas.

      g.    Blind Stands and Self-Service.  Blind stands and self-service
            stores shall be separated from the remainder of the building  by
            one-hour fire-rated enclosures and doors.   If the entire floor is
            protected by automatic sprinklers,  fire-rated enclosures are  not
            needed.


8.     DAY CARE FACILITIES

      Day care centers must comply with NFPA 101,  Life Safety Code,  as well as
EPA's guidelines, GSA's Child Care Center Design Guide (PBS-PQ140),  and local
jurisdiction licensing requirements.   Minimum requirements are described
below.

      a.    Day care centers must be located along a grade-level exit
            discharge and along an outside wall with operable windows.   A door
            leading directly outside from a day care center is preferred.

      b.    All toys, articles of furniture,  equipment for play,  amusement,
            education,  physical fitness,  and other products used for care of
            children shall have non-toxic paints or coverings.   Additionally,
            potable  water distribution systems  shall be tested to ensure that
            excessive levels of lead do not exist.   (See Chapter 8,
            Environmental Management,  paragraph 3  of this Manual for
            requirements for drinking water.)

      c.    The day  care center shall not be located in an area  with asbestos-
            containing materials,  lead-based paints or polychlorinated
            biphenyls (PCBs).   Paint  and similar surface coating materials
            that contain mercury,  asbestos,  lead or lead compounds are
            prohibited.

      d.    The day  care center must  be separated  from the rest  of the
            building by at least  one-hour fire-resistive construction  with 45-
            minute  fire doors.

      e.    Smoke detectors must  be installed throughout the day care  center,
            including interior corridors,  sleeping  areas,  and lounges.

      f.    All higher hazard  areas such as laboratories shall not be  located
            in  the same fire area as  the day care  center and shall be
            separated by at least two-hour construction regardless of
            sprinkler protection.   Laboratories  or  other hazards shall  not be
            located  where they present  a hazard  or  expose the egress routes
            from the day care  center.


                                     4-9

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


standards shall be followed where those requirements are more strict than the
UFAS standards.  This policy is derived from GSA PBS PQ100.1 and shall remain
in effect until the UFAS requirements have been updated and reissued.  At
present, UFAS requirements were updated in 1989.

      a.    The criteria below address safety issues relating to general
            access to EPA facilities.  For specific design guidance and
            requirements related to the following issues, refer to UFAS, ADA
            and ANSI A117.1, Providing Accessibility and Usability for
            Physically Handicapped People.

            (1)   Fire Alarms.  Provide visual warning devices to alert the
                  hearing impaired.

            (2)   Ramps.  Examine the slope,  length, surface-friction
                  attributes, and exposure to weather of access ramps to
                  ensure that they meet the applicable UFAS, ADA and ANSI
                  requirements.

            (3)   Exit Paths.  Ensure that exit paths are wide enough to
                  permit access by wheelchairs and electrically powered carts.
                  Also ensure that items are not stored in exit paths which
                  would impede the exit of a person in a wheelchair or
                  electric cart.

            (4)   Elevator Controls.  Ensure that the controls and emergency
                  telephones of self-service elevators are within reach of a
                  person in a wheelchair.

            (5)   Fire Doors.  Ensure that the hardware on fire and exit
                  doors, particularly self-closing fire doors, can be operated
                  by a person in a wheelchair.

            (6)   Occupant Emergency Plans.   These plans shall specifically
                  address the needs of handicapped persons in general,  and the
                  specific needs of EPA employees assigned to the facility.

      b.    The above criteria do not address the occupational exposures of
            handicapped individuals.  When facility designs are modified to
            accommodate a handicapped person, the facility design attributes
            will require a careful analysis of the hazards associated with the
            work to be performed and the specific needs of individual
            employees.  The following is a list of the more common issues to
            be addressed from the perspective of an individual EPA employee:

            (!)   Accessibility of emergency equipment, such as emergency
                  showers, eyewashes, and alarms

            (2)   Appropriateness, accessibility, transportation,  and use of
                  hazardous materials within the facility

            (3)   Accessibility to fume hoods, height of work benches,  and
                  controls on test equipment.
                                     4-11

-------
 FACILITY  SAFETY,  HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
                        CHAPTER  5  - MECHANICAL SYSTEMS


                               Table of Contents


PARAGRAPH                                                             PARAGRAPH
 TITLES                                                               NUMBERS


Purpose  	    1

References	    2

Water Supplies	    3

Automatic Sprinkler Protection   	    4

Halon 1301 Fire-Extinguishing System   	    5

Gaseous Fire-Extinguishing System  	    6

Dry Chemical Systems   	    7

Air-Conditioning Systems  	    8

Ventilation Systems 	    9

Heating Equipment	10

HVAC System Performance 	  11

Laboratory Fume Hoods	12

Internal Combustion Engine  .  .  	  13

Elevators	14
                                     5-i

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96
                        CHAPTER 5 - MECHANICAL SYSTEMS


1.    PURPOSE

      This chapter establishes the safety requirements of mechanical systems
in buildings such as laboratory fume hoods, and other exhaust devices, water
supply systems, automatic sprinkler systems, fire main systems, fire
extinguishers, air-conditioning systems, heating equipment and elevators.


2.    REFERENCES

      Unless otherwise specified in this Manual or approved by AEREB and
SHEMD, all mechanical system installations shall conform to the applicable
requirements of the following NFPA and ASHRAE standards and ANSI safety codes:

      a.     Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems (NFPA 12)

      b.     Installation of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA 13)

      c.     Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems (NFPA 14)

      d.     Water Spray Fixed Systems (NFPA 15)

      e.     Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems (NFPA 17)

      f.     Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems (NFPA 17A)

      g.     Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances
            (NFPA 24)

      h.     Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (NFPA 25)

      i.     Automotive and Marine Service Station Code (NFPA 30A)

      j.     Installation of Oil Burning Equipment (NFPA 31)

      k.     Spray Application Using Flammable and Combustible Materials (NFPA
            33)

      1.     Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines (NFPA 37)

      m.     Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals (NFPA 45)

      n.     National Fuel Gas Code (NFPA 54)

      o.     Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases {NFPA 58)

      p.     Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas  (NFPA 59A)

      q.     Protection of Electronic Computer/Data Processing Equipment (NFPA
            75)

      r.     Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems  (NFPA
            90A)
                                      5-1

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


for each type of water use shall not be cumulative or additive and are
determined as described below.

      a.    Fire Department Hose Streams.  The hose stream required shall  be
            determined using the needed fire flow calculation method as
            outlined in Section 300 of the Fire Suppression Rating Schedule of
            the Insurance Service Office.  The needed fire flow shall  be based
            on the fire areas of the building, not the entire area of  the
            building.  The fire area requiring the largest water flow  shall be
            the needed fire flow for the building.

      b.    Standoipe Hose Stream.  When standpipe systems are provided or
            required, the minimum water supply shall be in accordance  with
            NFPA 14 and the local building code based on the number of
            standpipes risers provided in the building or in each fire area.

      c.    Automatic Sprinklers.  The minimum flow required to meet the
            automatic sprinkler system shall be determined by hydraulic
            calculations as required for sprinkler system designs.  The water
            supply requirements shall include all sprinkler flow and required
            hose stream allowances as outlined by NFPA 13.


4.     AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION

      Automatic sprinkler protection shall be provided in all new EPA
facilities.   In addition,  existing facilities shall also be provided with
sprinkler protection under the following circumstances:

      a.    In major modifications to existing laboratories that use
            chemicals,  flammable liquids,  or explosive materials

      b.    Throughout all floors of any building where  EPA occupancy is 75
            feet high or higher.   The height shall be  measured from the lowest
            point of fire department access to the floor level of the highest
            occupiable story

      c.    Throughout occupancies exceeding the  area  or height limitations
            allowed by the local  building  code

      d.    In all  areas below grade that  meet the definition of  "windowless*
            by local code

      e.    In all  areas that  contain a high severity  occupancy as  defined by
            GSA

      f.    Throughout  windowless  buildings,  windowless  floors of  buildings,
            or windowless  areas  exceeding  the allowable  limits of  the  local
            building code

      g.    In cooling towers  of  combustible construction under the  conditions
            described in the air-conditioning systems  section of  this  chapter

      h.    In any  location where  maximum  fire potential of  the occupancy
            exceeds the fire-resistance capabilities of  exposed live  load-
            bearing structural  elements (e.g.,  moving  a  flammable  liquids
            operation into a former  office area)
                                     5-3

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            or other device connected to initiate an alarm on the building
            fire alarm system.  Refer to Chapter 6, Electrical Systems,
            paragraph 12 of this Manual for fire alarm requirements.

      b.    Acceptance Tests.  After installation, all mechanical and
            electrical equipment shall be tested to ensure correct operation
            and function.  All approval or acceptance testing shall be
            performed in accordance with section 4-7 of NFPA 2001.


7.    DRY CHEMICAL SYSTEMS

      Dry chemical systems stop the chain reaction that occurs in combustion.
Dry chemical is difficult to remove from electrical contacts.   Use is
generally restricted to cafeteria exhaust hoods and plenums, deep fat fryers,
and grills.  Pre-engineered systems are satisfactory for this use.

      a.    Design Requirements.  Systems shall be designed in accordance with
            NFPA 17 and 96.  Discharge of dry chemical shall actuate a
            pressure switch connected to initiate an alarm on the building
            fire alarm system.  Refer to Chapter 6, Electrical Systems,
            paragraph 12 of this Manual for fire alarm requirements.

      b.    Acceptance Tests.  After installation, all mechanical and
            electrical equipment shall be tested to ensure correct operation
            and function.  When all necessary corrections have been made, a
            full discharge test shall be conducted.  Plastic or cotton bags
            shall be attached to each individual nozzle and the system
            activated.  Cooking appliance nozzles must discharge at least two
            pounds and duct or plenum nozzles must discharge at least five
            pounds of agent.  Pre-engineered systems that fail to discharge
            these amounts will be considered unsatisfactory.


8.     AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

      The refrigerant in air-conditioning systems should be recycled during
servicing as required under section 608 of the Clean Air Act.   Existing
chillers should be retrofitted or replaced with CFC-free refrigerant systems.

      Except as set forth herein, all air-conditioning and ventilating systems
for the handling of air not contaminated with flammables or explosive vapors
or dust shall conform to the requirements of NFPA 90A.

      a.    Air Distribution.  No vertical portion of the exit facilities or
            protected hallways leading from the vertical exit  to the outside
            of the building shall be used for the normal distribution or
            return of air.

      b.    Ducts.  Ducts shall conform to the requirements of NFPA 90A.  Any
            duct linings or coverings shall be of noncombustible construction.
            The total assembly of the duct lining, including adhesive and any
            coatings or additives involved, shall have a fire hazard rating
            not exceeding 25 for flame spread or 50 for fuel contribution or
            smoke development.  Use of porous duct liners that can collect
            dirt and moisture contribute to indoor air quality problems.  As
            such, the use of such liners should be avoided and not be
            considered for new construction.  Where liners exist, and
            particularly in areas close to humidification or dehumidification


                                      5-5

-------
 FACILITY  SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


             floor as stipulated in NFPA 90A, and the fans affecting  airflow
             for the fire floor shall be automatically shut down upon actuation
             of the sprinkler system or manual fire alarm pull stations.


 9.    VENTILATION SYSTEMS

      All processes, operations, or other situations which present the
 possibility  of hazardous accumulation of combustible or explosive vapors,
 dust, fumes, or other airborne substances shall be provided with ventilation
 facilities in accordance with NFPA 91, NFPA 45, and Chapter 4, Interior
 Construction and Arrangement, paragraph 7.f of this Manual.

      a.     Cooking Equipment.  Cooking equipment used in processes  producing
             smoke or grease shall be designed and protected in accordance with
             NFPA 96.  Any insulation shall be of nohcombustible materials.  If
             other utilities are included in a vertical shaft with the grease
             duct,  they shall not be insulated or lined with combustible
             materials.


 10.    HEATING EQUIPMENT

      Furnaces and boilers for central heating systems shall be located in a
room having  two-hour fire-resistive walls,  floors,  and ceilings with openings
protected by automatic or self-closing 1.5-hour fire doors.   For small units
consisting of a single furnace on a hot air system or a boiler not exceeding
15 psi pressure or a rating of 10 boiler horsepower,  one-hour fire resistance
is permissible.

      a.     Standards.  Heating equipment will be provided in accordance with
             the following standards except as noted otherwise:

             (1)    Oil-fired - NFPA 31

             (2)    Gas-fired - NFPA 54

             (3)    Liquefied petroleum gas-fired - NFPA 58

             (4)    Liquefied natural gas-fired - NFPA 59A.

      b.    Fuel  Storage.   Where liquid fuel is used,  a recessed floor or curb
            shall  be provided with ramps at the openings.   The height of the
            recess or curb shall be sufficient to contain all the fuel in case
            the  tank or container ruptures.

      c.    Shop  Operations.   Shop,  storage,  or other operations that involve
            flammable or combustible materials and are not directly related to
            the  operations in the furnace or boiler rooms shall  be located
            elsewhere unless the room is sprinkler protected.   Incidental
            operations which do not utilize significant amounts  of flammable
            materials are allowed in furnace or boiler rooms  if  proper
            separations are maintained between combustible materials  and other
            ignition sources (e.g.,  boiler  equipment).

      d.    Burners.   Regardless of size,  burners on  suspended oil-fired
            heaters  shall  be provided with  flame supervision  that will ensure
            shutdown in not more than four  seconds  if flame  failure occurs or
            trial  for ignition  does not establish a flame.


                                     5-7

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            (1)   Carbon Monoxide.  Values over several parts per million
                  (ppm) indicate inappropriate presence of combustion by-
                  products

            (2)   Carbon Dioxide.   Peak values exceeding 1,000 ppm are
                  indicators of underventilation

            (3)   Formaldehyde.  For all spaces,  peak values exceeding 0.1 ppm
                  may trigger irritational effects in the normal population.

      b.    Indoor space shall meet the EPA National Ambient Air Quality
            Standards.   As established in ASHRAE 62-1989,  HVAC systems will be
            designed and operated to provide:

            (1)   20 CFM of outdoor air per person in offices and 20 CFM of
                  outdoor air per person in laboratories.   (Note: laboratories
                  should exceed this using one-pass air.)

            (2)   60 CFM of outdoor air per person in smoking lounges, which
                  also  must have local mechanical exhaust with no air
                  recirculation

            (3)   Copy  rooms or rooms with similar stationary sources of
                  contaminants equipped with a local mechanical exhaust with
                  no air recirculation.

      c.    When installing new furniture,  rugs,  or drapery that may off-gas
            chemical contaminants  (particularly in a facility that minimally
            meets the HVAC performance criteria listed above),  consider
            performing  such installations with at least 48 hours of off-
            gassing time before occupancy.   Providing a high rate of fresh air
            ventilation during this time period will assist the off-gassing
            process. This procedure should apply to other activities such as
            painting and applying pesticides.

      d.    Locate HVAC intakes as far as possible from cooling towers,
            vehicle exhaust sources, and laboratory hood exhaust systems.  The
            position and design of the HVAC intakes should minimize the
            potential contamination from such sources,  both on-site and off-
            site.

      e.    EPA facilities shall institute and document a maintenance program
            to ensure that designed HVAC performance levels are maintained.
            This program,  at a minimum, shall address periodic:

            (1)   Filter cleaning/replacement

            (2)   Cleaning and maintenance of the HVAC duct,  coil, condensate
                  drip  pan and air handler room

            (3)   Biological testing or biocide monitoring of the water in
                  cooling towers and condensate drip pans

            (4)   Performance testing, including but not limited to fan
                  efficiency, air distribution and amount of outside air.

            Refer to the EPA document Building Air Quality (EPA/4001-91/033)
            for a model HVAC maintenance program.
                                      5-9

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            (3)   Face Velocity.  Air entering the open area of a fume hood
                  (face) should be uniform and perpendicular to the face.  Air
                  flow rates must be sufficient to provide protection from
                  operations performed in the hood.  Competing influences such
                  as supply air currents are aspects of the room which will
                  affect face-velocity.

            (4)   Hood Turbulence.  Upon entering the hood,  the air is drawn
                  past equipment and sources of contamination toward the
                  exhaust slots.  Much of the air within the hood is in a
                  turbulent state.  Increased turbulence will result at
                  greater airflows than needed to provide a good vector and
                  contain the contaminant.   When turbulence is excessive, it
                  creates the potential  for greater mixing of contaminated air
                  and room air at the hood face.   Face velocities should not
                  exceed 135 fpm.

      d.     Fume Hood Systems.   The laboratory fume hood is part of an overall
            system that includes the laboratory,  the laboratory HVAC system,
            an exhaust duct system,  an exhaust motor and fan,  a low-flow
            warning device,  and sometimes effluent cleaning devices.
            Laboratory workers  assume that,  if used and maintained properly,
            the hood system will provide them with the means to work with
            hazardous materials without  undue exposure to contaminants
            generated in the hood.  It is essential,  therefore,  that each
            portion of the system be chosen carefully.

            All laboratory fume hoods purchased by the Agency shall meet the
            construction and performance criteria contained in guidelines
            published by EPA's  SHEMD.   Prior to EPA purchasing any hood model,
            the laboratory fume hood manufacturer,  in a test facility provided
            by the manufacturer,  at no cost to the government,  shall  certify
            the proper performance of the fume hood in accordance with EPA's
            criteria.   In addition to complying with EPA's fume hood criteria,
            each hood shall  have an ASHRAE  110 standard performance rating  as
            manufactured (AM) of 4.0 AM  0.05.   After installing new hoods,  EPA
            requires the manufacturer to evaluate the installation and
            performance of the  hoods prior  to acceptance and use by EPA.

            It is the responsibility of  SHEMD to  approve the certification  of
            fume hoods.   SHEMD  should document the approval  of  all newly
            installed fume hoods for AEREB.   A list  of  approved or certified
            hoods is available  from SHEMD.

            Materials should meet corrosion resistance  standards,  blowers
            should be rated  or  otherwise approved for their  use and plumbing
            fixtures,  and electrical outlets should  meet existing codes.  EPA
            specification and testing procedures  for checking  the performance
            of fume  hoods are available  from AEREB and  SHEMD.

     e.     Fume Hood Types.  Selected fume hood  types  are listed and
            described below.

            (1)    Constant Volume Bypass Type.  The  laboratory  hood is often
                  an integral part of  the building exhaust system.  The  volume
                  of air exhausted should be constant,  which can be achieved
                  by having  an  airflow bypass  above  the sash through  which
                  room air can  pass  as the  sash is lowered.   The bypass  sizing
                  and design must meet the  following conditions:


                                     5-11

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


                  the exhaust flow is reduced (e.g.,  foreign matter in fan,
                  broken belt, normal wear and maintenance).   Features
                  described for the constant volume bypass-type hood are
                  applicable to the auxiliary hood, including the bypass
                  arrangement.  Note that auxiliary air supplies must be
                  turned off to test the face velocity of the hood, and a
                  readily accessible means to turn off auxiliary air
                  electrical power will facilitate such testing.

            (4)   Radioactive Isotope Hoods.  In addition to the features
                  described for constant volume bypass and auxiliary air-type
                  hoods, radioactive isotope hoods should have panels at the
                  sides, back, top,  and plenum enclosure of 18-gauge type 302
                  stainless steel with structural members,  reinforcements, and
                  brackets of 16-gauge type 302 stainless steel.  The work
                  surface should be 14-gauge type 302 stainless steel.  Joints
                  should be fully sealed by welding or fine-line solder.  The
                  base structure should have a heavy angle frame reinforced to
                  support one ton of lead brick shielding.

                  To minimize radioactive emissions to the atmosphere, high-
                  efficiency particulate aerosol (HEPA)  filters should be
                  considered as a best available control technology for
                  radioactive isotope hoods.  Guidance on the limitations,
                  selection, and design of radioactive air-cleaning devices
                  can be found in the Nuclear Air Cleaning Handbook,  ERDA 76-
                  21, and in .Nuclear Power Plants Air-Cleaning Units and
                  Components, ANSI/ASME N509.

            (5)   Perchloric Acid Hoods.  In addition to the  features
                  described for constant volume bypass and auxiliary air-type
                  hoods, perchloric acid hoods must use materials that are
                  non-reactive, acid resistant,  and relatively impervious.
                  Type 316 stainless steel with welded joints should be
                  specified, although certain other materials may be
                  acceptable.  Corners should be rounded to facilitate
                  cleaning.  Work surfaces should be water tight with a trough
                  at the rear for collection of wash-down water.

                  A wash-down system must be provided with spray nozzles to
                  adequately wash the entire assembly,  including the blower,
                  all ductwork, and the interior of the hood.  The system must
                  have an easily accessible strainer to filter particulates in
                  the water supply that might clog the nozzles.  The wash-down
                  system should be activated immediately after a hood has been
                  in use.  Ductwork should be installed with  minimal
                  horizontal runs, no sharp turns,  and must not be shared with
                  any other hood.

                  Exhaust fans must be of an acid-resistant,  non-sparking (Air
                  Movement and Control Association (AMCA) Standard Type A)
                  construction, and lubricated with a fluorocarbon grease
                  only.  Gaskets should be made of a tetrafluoroethylene
                  polymer.  Perchloric acid must never be used in hoods not
                  specifically designed for its use.   Organic materials,
                  strong dehydrating or desiccating agents, and oxidizing or
                  reducing materials must not be used in a hood used with
                  perchloric acid.
                                     5-13

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            control velocity be less than 80 FPM at any sash height.  The sash
            shall be equipped with a control device to maintain the sash at
            the operating height (e.g.,  releasable sash stops); the hood shall
            be equipped with a device to monitor the face velocity and provide
            a visible and audible alarm when the face velocity is less than
            100 FPM.

      i.    Annual Certification.  The performance of fume hoods shall be
            certified annually and after any significant maintenance has been
            performed on the exhaust system or room air supply system.  The
            performance certification shall be performed in accordance with
            EPA's guidelines and the procedures prescribed by the Scientific
            Equipment and Furniture Association (SEFA).

            All fume hoods purchased by EPA shall conform with the following
            EPA regulations:

            (1)   The fume hood shall be in accordance with the EPA fume hood
                  specifications for constant volume bypass type hood,
                  auxiliary air hood,  radioactive isotope hood and percholoric
                  acid hood

            (2)   The fume hood shall pass the pre-purchase tests outlined in
                  ASHRAE 110 with a performance rating of 4.0 AM 0.05.

            (3)   Following installation,  fume hoods shall pass EPA's
                  certification criteria outlined in ASHRAE 110.   The test
                  shall be performed by the manufacturer in accordance with
                  SHEMD's annual certification guidelines in the presence of
                  an EPA representative.

            The recommended flow rates will provide the  desired worker
            protection for any operation that should be  performed with this
            type of equipment.   Flows lower than those proposed do not ensure
            the protection factors  desired for normal conditions such as
            operator movement.   Higher flows than those  proposed are not
            required for a good laboratory arrangement and will not improve
            hood performance.   If the arrangement is unsatisfactory,  it should
            be improved rather than increasing hood face velocity.   Increased
            turbulence within the hood and around the operator results when
            higher velocities are used.

      j.     Exhaust System.   Individual  exhaust systems  should be provided for
            each fume hood when the mixing of effluents  is inadvisable or when
            the effluent must be filtered,  scrubbed,  washed-down or otherwise
            treated before discharge.  Manifolding of fume hood exhausts are
            allowed if a single discharge  point is advantageous and the air
            supply suitably controls comfort conditions  while maintaining
            proper laboratory pressure conditions.   Pressure in laboratories
            shall be maintained as  negative with respect to adjacent areas.
            Manifolded exhaust systems should incorporate staged multiple
            constant volume fans with control dampers to maintain a constant
            static pressure in the  manifold to ensure quick response to
            changing hood conditions.  Variable speed fans are permitted if
            they are advantageous.   Manifolding of fume  hoods shall meet the
            requirements of NFPA 45.
                                     5-15

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                -                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            exhaust system malfunction or as a continuous indication of proper
            hood operation.  The warning system must be connected to a power
            source that will sound an alarm even if electrical power to the
            hood is lost.


13.    INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

      Stationary internal combustion engines, such as gasoline- or diesel-
powered generators or fire pumps, shall conform to the requirements of NFPA
37.   Underground fuel tanks for such systems shall be in accordance with
Chapter 8,  Environmental Management, paragraph 5.c of this Manual.


14.    ELEVATORS

      Elevators, dumbwaiters,  escalators,  and moving walks shall be in
accordance with ANSI A17.1.  Other requirements are described below.

      a.    All automatic elevators having a travel distance of 25 feet or
            more shall be recalled when any fire alarm-initiating device is
            activated, such as elevator lobby smoke detectors, manual fire
            alarm stations, or sprinkler system waterflow switches.  All
            elevators must be recalled when the recall system is actuated.
            Smoke detectors other than those required by ANSI A17.1 shall not
            initiate automatic elevator recall.

      b.    Smoke detectors shall be provided for every elevator lobby
            including the main lobby.  -Smoke detectors that activate the
            automatic elevator recall are also required in the elevator
            machine rooms.

      c.    An alternate capture floor shall be provided in accordance with
            Rule 211.3b(2) of ANSI A17.1.   Activation of an alarm-initiating
            device on the main capture floor shall return the elevators to the
            alternate capture floor.

      d.    Elevator lobby smoke detectors should not initiate the building
            fire alarm system but shall send an alarm to the fire department
            or central station service and activate the elevator recall
            system.

      e.    Signs must be placed in the elevator lobbies next to all elevators
            to inform occupants not to use the elevators if there is a fire.

      f.    If elevators are used to transport chemicals,  provisions shall be
            made to ensure that non-laboratory personnel and space
            (administrative or business occupancies) are not exposed to or
            contaminated by chemical substances.  For example, chemicals must
            be packaged in accordance with DOT specifications, or an
            alternative route of transport must be provided.  This route may
            include an elevator opening into a vestibule separate from
            administrative or business occupancies, a multiple-door elevator
            entering into a laboratory, separate dumbwaiters, or alternate
            corridors or routes.  A combination of these options can be used
            to achieve this goal.
                                     5-17

-------
 FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96
                         CHAPTER  6  -  ELECTRICAL  SYSTEMS


                               Table of Contents


 PARAGRAPH                                                             PARAGRAPH
 TITLES                                                                NUMBERS


 Purpose  	    1

 References   	    2

 Electrical  Installation    	    3

 Plenums, Ducts and Other Air-Handling Spaces  	    4

 Transformers   	    5

 Outside Substations and Transformer  Installations  	  6

 Distribution Systems   	  7

 Fire Safety Requirements for Lighting Fixtures   	  8

 Location for the Storage, Handling and Transferring of Flammable
 Liquids, Gases, Vapors and Combustible Dusts  	  9

 Exit Lighting and Markings	10

 Fire Alarm Systems	11

 Emergency Lighting  	  12

 Emergency Power 	  13

 Ground Fault Protection of Equipment  	  14

 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters  	  15

Uninterruptible Power Supply   	  16

Electrical Safety Requirements   	  17

 Lightning Protection   	  18

Communication Equipment  	  19

Lighting	20
                                      6-i

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
                        CHAPTER 6 - ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS


1.    PURPOSE

      The purpose of this chapter is to provide the safety requirements  for
the installation of electrical systems to include fire alarm systems, exit and
emergency lighting, emergency shutdown of ventilation and cooling systems, and
emergency power for critical equipment.


2.    REFERENCES

      Unless otherwise specified herein, all electrical installations shall
conform to the applicable requirements of the following current national
association standards:

      a.    National Electrical Code (NEC)  (NFPA 70)

      b.    Life Safety Code (NFPA 101)

      c.    National Fire Alarm Code (NFPA 72)

      d.    Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems  (NFPA
            90A)

      e.    Factory Mutual Engineering Loss Prevention Data Sheet 5-4,
            Transformers

      f.    Emergency and Standby Power Systems (NFPA 110)

      g.    Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems  (NFPA
            111)

      h.    Lightning Protection Code  (NFPA 780)

      i.    29 CFR 1910.303-305.

      j.    Prudent Practices in the Laboratory:  Handling and Disposal of
            Chemicals, National Research Council

      k.    Title III Standards for the Americans with Disabilities Act  (ADA)


3.     ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

      Electrical installations shall be in accordance with the 'NEC,  local
codes and the requirements of this chapter,  whichever is more stringent.

      a.    Electrical Installations.  Electrical installations shall maintain
            the integrity of the fire-stopping, fire resistance, fire
            separation, smoke control,  zoning, and other structurally oriented
            fire safety features (NFPA 70, Article 300-21 and NFPA 101,
            chapter 6).

      b.    Electrical Loads.'  Sufficient electrical circuits and receptacles
            shall be provided to eliminate the need for long extension cords,
                                      6-1

-------
 FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


 7.     DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

       All electrical  wiring shall  be  installed in  conduit  or  otherwise
 physically protected  in accordance with  the  latest edition of the NEC.


 8.     FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS  FOR LIGHTING  FIXTURES

       Lighting fixtures shall meet NFPA  70 and the following  criteria.

       a.    Mounting.   All lamps shall be mounted  in a manner that prevents
            the possibility of  direct contact  between the  lamp and any
            combustible material.   Wherever  accidental contact is remotely
            possible,  the lamp  shall be  protected  by a guard,  globe,
            reflector,  fixture, or other means (NFPA 70, Article  410).

       b.    Fluorescent Fixtures.   All fluorescent fixtures installed  indoors
            shall be  provided with ballasts  that have integral thermal
            overload  protection (NFPA 70, Article  410).

       c.    Light Diffusers.  Light diffusers  shall be of  either
            noncombustible material or of a  design or material which will  drop
            from  the  fixture before ignition.  Where combustible  "drop-out"
            type  fixtures  are used, plastic  material shall not constitute  more
            than  30 percent of  the total ceiling area.  Where  luminous or
            diffuser  ceilings are  used,  these  restrictions also apply.

       d.    Location.   Lighting in locations where  dangerous  gases, liquids,
            dusts, or fibers potentially exist shall meet  the  requirements of
            NFPA  70, Article 500.


9.     LOCATION  FOR THE  STORAGE. HANDLING AND TRANSFERRING OF FLAMMABLE
       LIQUIDS.  GASES. VAPORS AND COMBUSTIBLE DUSTS

       In  rooms, spaces,  or  areas where the storage, handling,   or  transfer  of
flammable  liquids, gases or vapors, combustible dusts,  or ignitable fibers or
flyings occur shall meet the requirements established in latest edition of
NFPA 70, Article  500.   The  specific classifications are:

       Class I:    Flammable gases,   vapors and  liquids
       Class II:   Combustible dust
       Class III:  Ignitable fibers  or flyings.

       Of  these  classifications. Class I is most frequently encountered in  EPA
facilities.  Class I locations  are broken down into Division 1  and Division 2
locations.  Class I Division 1  locations are typically locations where
ignitable  concentrations of gases  or vapors can exist under normal conditions.
This would include areas used for  dispensing or transferring volatile liquids
from one container to another or spray operations that use volatile liquid.
Class  I Division  2 locations are locations where under normal   conditions
ignitable  concentrations of gases  or vapors would not exist either due to
sealed containers or provision  of mechanical ventilation.   It   should be noted
that Class I Division 2 locations  could develop ignitable concentrations under
unusual conditions such as  failure  of the ventilation system or accidental
rupture of storage containers.  Such unusual conditions are not a valid basis
for a Class I Division  2 location being considered a Class I Division 1
location.
                                      6-3

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            Storage occupancies equal to or larger than 100,000 square feet
            shall have fire alarm systems.

            All other occupancies shall follow the requirements in NFPA 101.

      b.     Manual Systems Input.  Each system shall provide manual input from
            manual fire alarm stations which shall be located in exit or
            public corridors adjacent to each stairway and each exit discharge
            from the building.   Additional  stations may be provided at any
            location where there is a special risk or where the travel
            distance to the nearest station exceeds 200 feet.  As a general
            principle,  the station shall be located in a position where a
            person using it will be between the fire and the exit.

            If necessary,  emergency telephone systems shall be provided in the
            exit stairs or other protected  location as indicated for manual
            fire alarm stations.  In addition,  telephones shall be provided at
            each elevator lobby at the ground and alternate elevator capture
            floors.

      c.     Automatic Systems Input.  Automatic fire detection shall be
            provided as described below.

            (1)    A waterflow switch shall  be provided for each floor or fire
                  area protected by wet pipe sprinkler systems.   Other types
                  of sprinkler systems will be activated by a pressure switch
                  at the dry or deluge valve only.

            (2)    Automatic heat or smoke detection shall not be installed in
                  lieu of automatic sprinkler protection unless otherwise
                  supported through recognized equivalency methodologies (NFPA
                  101M).   Detection shall be provided where a pre-action or
                  deluge sprinkler system exists.   Automatic sprinkler
                  protection requirements are described in Chapter 5,
                  Mechanical Systems,  paragraph 4.

            (3)    Smoke detectors shall be  provided for essential electronic
                  equipment (chapter 7 of NFPA 72),  air handling systems
                  (chapter 5 of NFPA 72), and elevator lobbies and machine
                  rooms (chapter 5 of NFPA  72).   All smoke detectors shall be
                  approved for their intended use and installation.   Smoke
                  detectors require periodic maintenance,  and arrangements for
                  this should be made at the time of installation to ensure
                  proper operation and to guard against false alarm or
                  unintended discharge.

            (4)    Detection in air handling systems shall comply with NFPA
                  90A.   Detectors when required shall be located in the main
                  supply duct downstream of a fan filter and in the return air
                  ducts for each individual floor or fire area.

            (5)    When heat and smoke detectors are installed,  they shall be
                  designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 72.

            (6)    Special hazard protection systems shall initiate an alarm.
                  These special systems include,  but are not limited to,  dry
                  chemical extinguishing systems,  elevator recall systems,  and
                  computer detection systems.
                                     6-5

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            (4)   If an entire building can be evacuated within five minutes,
                  the fire alarm shall sound either throughout the building or
                  on selected floors.   Where selective evacuation is used
                  based on local code requirements,  features such as smoke
                  control and automatic sprinklers shall be provided as
                  necessary to ensure the safety of occupants remaining in the
                  building.

            (5)   For voice communications systems,  only the occupants on the
                  fire floor and one floor above are expected to relocate or
                  evacuate.  They must automatically receive that message and
                  all occupants shall be notified of the emergency.  Where
                  automatic prerecorded voices are used, message arrangement
                  and content shall be designed to fit the needs of the
                  individual building (e.g.,  bilingual where appropriate).

            (6)   The use of visual signals to supplement the audible fire
                  alarm system shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 72
                  and Title III Standards for the Americans with Disabilities
                  Act(ADA).

            (7)   Every alarm reported on a building fire alarm system shall
                  automatically actuate one of the following:

                  (a)   A transmitter approved by UL connected to a privately
                        operated,  central station,  protective signaling system
                        conforming to  NFPA 72.   The  central station facility
                        shall be listed by UL,  and automatic telephone dialers
                        shall not be used

                  (b)   An auxiliary tripping device connected into a
                        municipal fire alarm box to  notify the local fire
                        department in  accordance with NFPA 72

                  (c)   A direct supervised circuit  between a building and the
                        local fire alarm headquarters or constantly manned
                        fire station in accordance with NFPA 72

                  (d)   As  a last resort,  an alternate method approved by
                        SHEMD.

            (8)   Notification of the  fire department shall not exceed 90
                  seconds after the initiation of an alarm.   The specific
                  location  of the alarm may be determined by the fire
                  department after they arrive.

            (9)   A  supervisory condition shall  transmit a separate signal to
                  a  central station, different from  an alarm signal.   No more
                  than one  supervisory signal shall  be provided for an entire
                  building.   Refer to  the automatic  systems input  information
                  in this chapter in paragraph 12.c.(7)  for required
                  supervisory conditions.

            (10)   Additional automatic actions shall also be performed for
                  smoke control,  elevator capture, and door closings.   Smoke
                  control and elevator capture shall be coordinated with the
                  evacuation plan for  a building.   (A summary of systems
                  actions is shown in  Table 6-1.)
                                     6-7

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA  4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


             (1)   Permanent record of alarm, supervisory, or trouble
                  conditions via a printer

             (2)   Initiation of an alert tone followed by a digitized voice
                  message.

            All power supply equipment and wiring shall be installed in
            accordance with requirements of the NEC and NFPA 72.

      h.    Reliability.  The maximum amount of time from actuation of a
            system input device until initiation of all system functions shall
            be 10 seconds.  Any system alarm input device shall be capable of
            initiating an alarm during a single break or a single ground fault
            condition on any system alarm-initiating circuit (Class A feature,
            Style D or E).  In addition, any signaling line circuit of a
            multiplex system (other than combination multiplex-point wired
            systems) shall also perform its intended service during a wire-to-
            wire short or a combination of a single break and a single ground
            of a circuit (Class A feature, Style D or E).


12.   EMERGENCY LIGHTING

      An emergency lighting system shall be provided in accordance with NFPA
70, Article 700 and arranged to provide a minimum of three foot-candle
illumination (measured at floor level) throughout the entire path of egress;
including exit access routes, exit stairways,  or other routes such as exit
passageways to the outside of the building.  Laboratories, large open areas
such as cafeterias, assembly areas, large mechanical, electrical, and storage
rooms, and open plan office spaces where exit access is normally through the
major portion of these areas, shall be provided with emergency lighting.
Additionally, emergency lighting systems shall be provided in any location
where chemicals are stored, handled, or used and in large computer rooms.  The
emergency lighting in laboratory rooms should provide at least three foot-
candles of illumination, measured at the exit access door.  The type of system
used shall be such that it will operate in the event of any failure of a
public utility or internal disruption of the normal power distribution system
in a building.   Buildings seven stories or less may be powered from
connections to two separate substations from a reliable public utility.
Automatic transfer switching shall be provided for the emergency power supply.

13.   EMERGENCY POWER

      Table 6-2 on page 6-10 outlines the requirements for emergency power
based on building height and particular fire safety systems.  Generators are
not required as part of these criteria unless an economic analysis of the cost
of installation and maintenance of acceptable emergency power sources shows a
generator to be the most cost effective.  Automatic switching schemes shall be
provided for all emergency power sources.  Where emergency generators are
used, their installation shall be in accordance with NFPA 110 and NFPA 70,
Article 700.
                                      6-9

-------
 FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


 14.    GROUND FAULT PROTECTION OF EQUIPMENT

       Systems carrying 150 volts or greater to ground,  except emergency
 systems,  and not  exceeding 600 volts phase to phase shall be provided with
 ground fault protection for each service disconnecting  means rated 1,000
 amperes or more.   Necessary precautions shall,  however,  be taken to minimize
 the  possibility of nuisance tripping.   In addition,  all buses or other
 conductors at motor control centers,  switchgear,  switchboards,  and busways
 shall be insulated or isolated.


 15.    GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS PROTECTION FOR  PERSONNEL

       As  a minimum requirement,  ground fault  circuit interrupter (GFCI)
 protection shall  be provided for all 125 volts,  single  phase,  15 and 20  ampere
 receptacles,  outdoors,  elevator  electrical systems as required by NFPA 70,
 Article 620 and Prudent Practices,  and receptacles installed on roofs.   GFCI
 protection shall  also be required under these circumstances:

       a.     In any other location where EPA personnel are operating electrical
             equipment in direct  contact with  water or other  liquids or where
             electric receptacles are installed within six feet  of a sink
             provided with a plumbed water supply  or  drain, tub,  or other water
             source

       b.     If such electrical equipment is prescribed  for GFCI  protection by
             the manufacturer

       c.     If previous experience  indicates  a need  for GFCI protection

       It  shall be  the responsibility of AEREB to  ensure these devices are
 installed as  required.   This protection shall be  provided in new and existing
 construction  by means of  interrupter devices  incorporated in receptacles or
 circuit breakers.   These  GFCI receptacles  may be  the  terminating type or the
 feed-through  type,  whichever will satisfy  the need.   GFCI receptacles shall  be
 color-coded or otherwise  indicate GFCI  protection.  Scheduled testing of the
 GFCI  is required in accordance with manufacturers  recommendations,  but not
 less  than semi-annually.

       Existing circuits with GFCI protection  shall remain unless  persistent
 problems  are  encountered  or when renovations  occur which would alter the use
 such  that  GFCI protection is not necessary.   An example of such  a  renovation
 would  be  converting an  aquatic lab  to office  space.   The electrical  ground
 system shall  be checked or  verified upon completion of the initial
 installation  for continuity to the  conduit  system, the equipment  housing, and
 the final  connection  to the receptacle  grounding  stud.  For aquatic
 laboratories  and other  required  areas,  the  receptacles shall be  connected to
 the grounded  system in  addition  to  the  installation of the GFCI-protective
 device in  the  receptacle.


 16.    UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY

       Battery  rooms  that  contain batteries  used with  uninterruptible power
 supply  (UPS)  systems  and  are within the  scope of NFPA 111 shall be
mechanically ventilated,  with air exhausted at a minimum rate of  six air
 changes per hour.    The  ventilation  system  shall be designed to limit hydrogen
accumulation  to less  than an explosive mixture.  An exhaust fan,  roof
ventilator, or ducted in-line  fan should be used.  The fan shall be connected


                                     6-11

-------
 FACILITY  SAFETY,  HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


 18.   LIGHTNING  PROTECTION SYSTEMS

      The requirements and installation criteria for lightning protection
 systems shall be in accordance with NFPA 780, UL 96A and the local building
 code.


 19.   COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT

      When equipment is essential to the continuity of operation of the
 building  or is otherwise essential, the communications room shall be protected
 by fire-rated enclosures conforming to the requirements for partitions
 contained in Chapter 4, Interior Construction and Arrangement, paragraph  5.
 Communications installations shall meet the requirements of the current
 edition of NFPA  70, Article 800-52.  The EPA telecommunications guidelines of
 January 1995 should be used as a guidance document for all new installations.


 20.   LIGHTING

      Illumination in EPA facilities shall be maintained as near as practical
 to the recommendations of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North
 America,  as described in the latest edition of its handbook entitled
 .Recommended Practices, as well as from the guidelines established in 41 CFR
 101-20,  GSA's PBS PQ100.1, Table 6-2 and other consensus documents including:

      a.    50/100 foot-candles in laboratory spaces,  measured at bench-level
           . as necessary

      b.    50 foot-candles at work stations in general office areas,  measured
            at a height of 30 inches above floor-level

      c.    30 foot-candles in other work areas,  measured at 30 inches above
            floor-level

      d.    5 to 10 foot-candles in corridors and stairways measured at the
            walking surface.

Where unshielded broad spectrum or ultraviolet lighting is installed,
accommodations must be made to protect photosensitive employees,  operations,
 or equipment.  Ultraviolet lights installed for scientific operations shall be
evaluated for safety on a case-by-case basis and shielding or interlocks  shall
be provided where appropriate.
                                     6-13

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA  4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
                 CHAPTER 7 - MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPANCY FEATURES


                               Table of Contents


PARAGRAPH                                                      PARAGRAPH
 TITLES                                                          NUMBERS


Purpose 	   1

References   	   2

Trash Rooms    	   3

Flammable Liquids   	   4

Hazardous Chemical Storage  	   5

Flammable and Oxidizing Gases  	 6

Gas Cylinders	   7

Electronic Equipment  	   8

Stages  	   9

Laboratories   	  10

Emergency Equipment and Showers 	  11
                                      7-i

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96
                 CHAPTER 7 - MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPANCY FEATURES


1.    PURPOSE

      This chapter establishes and references the criteria for fire protection
features of miscellaneous occupancies such as trash rooms to include recycling
space, flammable liquid storage, gas cylinders, electronic equipment,
communications equipment, and stages.


2.    REFERENCES

      Unless otherwise specified herein, the safety features of these
occupancies shall conform to the applicable requirements of the following NFPA
standards and other cited references:

      a.    Installation of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA 13)

      b.    Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code {NFPA 30)

      c.    Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals (NFPA 45)

      d.    National Fuel Gas Code (NFPA 54)

      e.    Compressed and Liquefied Gases in Portable Cylinders (NFPA 55)

      f.    Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (NFPA 58)

      g.    Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (NFPA 59A)

      h.    Protection of Electronic Computer/Data Processing Equipment (NFPA
            75)

      i.    Installation of Exhaust Systems for Air Conveyance of Materials
            (NFPA 91)

      j.    Life Safety Code (NFPA 101)

      k.    Handbook of Compressed Gases,  Compressed Gas Association, Inc.

      1.    Federal Property Management Regulations (FPMR),  41 CFR 101-20

      m.    Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service (GSA PBS-
            PQ100.1)

      n.    Criteria for Siting of Laboratory Facilities Based on Safety and
            Environmental Factors, prepared for U.S.  EPA by Johns Hopkins
            University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Peter S.J. Lees
            and Morton Corn, 1981

      o.    Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of
            Chemicals, National Research Council
                                      7-1

-------
 FACILITY  SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


      b.    Laboratory Cabinets.  Laboratory cabinets used  for  flammable
            liquids  storage must be of a type approved by a nationally
            recognized testing laboratory.  If testing  or evaluation  identify
            that a health hazard exists from the storage of chemicals  in  the
            cabinet  and administrative controls are ineffective, venting  to
            the outside atmosphere of the cabinets is mandated  in order to
            control  the risk.  When a cabinet is vented, it shall be vented
            using a  mechanical exhaust system that is in accordance with  NFPA
            91 and Appendix A of NFPA 30 as discussed below.

            (1)   The ventilation rate must be five to 20 CFM.

            (2)   Air should be supplied at the top of a cabinet, exhausted
                  from the bottom, and be swept across all the  shelves by
                  arranging the shelves as baffles or constructing the shelves
                  of perforated metal.

            (3)   The inlet fitting should incorporate a flame  arrestor.

            (4)   If a separate exhaust fan is used, it must be roof-mounted
                  and spark-proof, and it should be weatherproof.

            (5)   The cabinet exhaust must not be vented into a fume hood, but
                  may be connected and vented through a fume hood's associated
                  exhaust system if the operations served by that exhaust
                  system are not incompatible with the materials stored in the
                  cabinet.

            (6)   The vent systems (e.g.,  tubing or piping)  shall be rigid
                  steel unless other methods to protect the fire integrity of
                  the vent openings are provided.  Means to accomplish this
                  may include thermally actuated dampers and/or sufficiently
                  insulated vent tubing.


5.     HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL STORAGE

      Facilities conforming to the requirements contained in the local
building and fire prevention code shall be provided with storage arrangements
for hazardous chemicals other than flammable liquids which are necessary  for
the operation of the laboratory or facility and the operations conducted  in
it.  Whenever the site arrangements permit,  the storage of large quantities of
hazardous chemicals,  such as those required to support chemical laboratory
operations, should be separated in accordance with NFPA 30,  local codes or
segregated in accordance with NFPA 80A.  Provisions shall be made to separate
incompatible chemicals in storage and to prevent inadvertent intermingling of
such chemicals (such as in a drainage system).

      a.    Indoor Hazardous Chemical Storage Rooms.   The inside storage area
            for hazardous chemicals shall  be in accordance with the
            requirements for flammable liquid storage rooms  as noted in
            paragraph 4.a.   They shall also comply with the  local building and
            fire prevention codes.  Hazardous chemical storage shall be
            separated from flammable liquid storage by at least two-hour  fire-
            resistive construction.

      b-.    Laboratory Cabinets.  Laboratory cabinets used for hazardous
            chemical storage must be appropriate for their intended use.
            Cabinet venting is necessary when health hazard exposures warrant


                                     7-3

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA  4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


            is a permissible practice where gas cylinders are delivered and
            stored.

      c.    Supply Lines.  Supply lines leading from high-pressure cylinders
            shall be securely anchored every five feet to minimize "whipping"
            in the event of a line or fitting failure.  They shall also meet
            the pressure relief requirements of NFPA 45.

      d.    Cryogenics.  For purposes of this section, cryogenic fluid is
            defined as any substance that exists only in the vapor phase above
            -73.3 degrees Celsius (-100 degrees Fahrenheit) at one atmosphere
            and is handled, stored,  or used in the liquid state at
            temperatures at or below -73.3 degrees Celsius  (-100 degrees
            Fahrenheit).

            (1)   Ductility and chemical reactivity of materials must be
                  considered.  Accordingly, when selecting facility related
                  materials for cryogenic use,  refer to The American Society
                  of Mechanical Engineer's Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
                  Section VII.

            (2)   To reduce the probability of personnel exposure to extreme
                  temperatures, flasks of cryogenic materials shall not be
                  stored or used in corridors or other places of routine
                  access by non-involved personnel.

            (3)   Vent lines should be routed to the outside atmosphere at a
                  location which would preclude a hazardous accumulation of
                  flammable, toxic or inert gas in the work area.

      e.    Ventilation.  Ventilation rates in any room storing flammable gas
            cylinders shall be sufficient to prevent the achievement of the
            lower explosive limit resulting from minor leakage of a cylinder.
            See NFPA 55 for required ventilation rates.

      f.    Labeling.  To reduce the probability of inappropriate use,
            permanent piping and all piping that passes through a wall shall
            be labeled at the supply point and at each discharge point with
            the name of the material being transported.


8.     ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

      Except as noted below, or covered elsewhere in this Manual, the
provisions of NFPA 75, Standard for the Protection of Electronic Computer/Data
Processing Equipment, shall be followed.  The scope of NFPA 75 shall be used
to determine applicability of this section.

      a.    Housing.  All operations shall be housed in a building of fire-
            resistant or noncombustible construction.

      b.    Separation.  All operations shall be separated from other
            occupancies within the building by one-hour fire-rated
            construction.

      c.    Construction.  All materials used in construction shall have a
            flame spread rating of 25 or less and smoke development rating of
            50 or less.  Raised floors shall be of noncombustible
            construction.


                                      7-5

-------
 FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH  AND                         •                  EPA 4844
 ENVIRONMENTAL  MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


       h.     Smoke Detectors.   Smoke  detectors  shall be provided  at  ceilings
             and in raised floors  and for  data  storage areas  in accordance with
             NFPA 72.

       i.     vital Records.  Important  and vital records that have not  been
             duplicated and stored at a different location  shall  be  stored in a
             room with two-hour fire-rated enclosure.  Automatic  sprinkler
             protection shall be provided  for data storage  areas.  Class  150
             data storage equipment shall  be provided only  for vital data which
             has not been duplicated  and which  is being stored within the
             electronic equipment  operations area.

       j.     Air-Conditioning System.   A separate air-conditioning system
             should be provided for the electronic equipment operation  area.
             If  a system  serves other areas, dampers to protect against both
             smoke and fire  shall  be  provided for the duct  work at every
             penetration  of  the electronic equipment area fire separation.   No
             other ducts  shall  pass through the electronic  equipment area.

       k.     Shutoff Switches.  Emergency  shutoff switches  shall  be  provided at
             all exits from  the electronic equipment area which will allow for
             the disconnection  of  all power to the electronic equipment and
             air-conditioning systems.  The same shutoff switch shall be
             connected to a  sprinkler waterflow device so that the power  to the
             computer room,  including the  air handlers, will be shut off
             automatically when the sprinkler system operates.  The  waterflow
             device  used  to  disconnect  power to the equipment shall  be  equipped
             with a  supervised  bypass switch so that maintenance  testing  can  be
             conducted without  disconnecting power to the computer room
             equipment.

       1.     Emergency Lighting.   Emergency lighting shall be provided.


9.     STAGES

      All stages, platforms in auditoriums,  or similar arrangements, shall
conform to the  requirements for interior  finish contained in Chapter 4,
Interior Construction and Arrangement, paragraph 3.   All curtains and
draperies for stages and platforms shall be of a noncombustible material,  such
as fiberglass,   or shall be  of  material impregnated to be flame resistant  for
the life of  the  fabric (25 washings).

      Stages arranged or  intended  for  theatrical or operatic use that  involve
movable scenery,  rigging  loft,  and the like shall conform to the requirements
listed below.

      a.    Stages shall be separated  from all other parts of the building by
            the  fire partitions having at least a two-hour fire-resistive
            rating.  The proscenium walls shall also have at least  a two-hour
             fire-resistive  rating.

      b.    The entire stage and all dressing rooms,  storage rooms,  prop
            rooms, and other back  stage areas shall be protected by automatic
            sprinklers.

      c.    The rooms over  the stage shall have at least one-hour fire-
            resistive construction and shall be provided with emergency
            venting of not  less than one-eighth of the area of the  stage. ,


                                      7-7

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL            '                               4/96


            (1)   The laboratories meet NFPA 45

            (2)   Laboratory rooms shall not be used as office space by
                  laboratory personnel (refer to Chapter 4, Interior
                  Construction and Arrangement, paragraphs 7.d and 7.e, where
                  laboratories are approved as an accessory or ancillary use)

            (3)   Laboratories are sprinklered regardless of size.  Sprinkler
                  protection shall be hydraulically calculated to provide a
                  density of at least 0.17 gpm per square feet over a 3,000-
                  square-foot area

            (4)   Laboratory doors swing in the direction of egress

            (5)   Adjacent occupancies of lesser hazard are separated from
                  sprinklered laboratory spaces by at least one-hour fire-
                  rated construction, including Class C fire doors

            (6)   The laboratories are provided with a one-pass air system

            (7)   Laboratories have at least eight air changes per hour when
                  occupied

            (8)   Laboratories are maintained at negative air pressure
                  compared to the corridors and adjacent non-laboratory spaces

            (9)   A manual fire alarm system is installed in all laboratory
                  buildings and in any building housing laboratories

            (10)  Backflow preventers of the reduced pressure zone type are
                  parallel to all water lines serving buildings of a chemical
                  or biological laboratory nature

            (11)  All laboratories have a sufficient number of fume hoods,
                  which all meet the EPA ventilation requirements for hoods.
                  Laboratories that conduct experimental research and
                  laboratories that possess,  use, handle or store the
                  following substances are prohibited in buildings containing
                  office space, unless approved by AEREB and SHEMD:

                  (a)   Biosafety levels 3 or 4 etiological agents (as
                        classified in the Department of Health and Human
                        Services, Public Health Service, Biosafety in
                        Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories,  3rd
                        edition)

                  (b)   Explosive materials (as defined by NFPA 45)

                  (c)   Radioactive materials requiring a specific Nuclear
                        Regulatory Commission  (NRC) license

                  (d)   Other extremely toxic substances such as known human
                        carcinogens

                  (e)   Concentrated  (undiluted) pesticides.
                                      7-9

-------
 FACILITY  SAFETY,  HEALTH  AND
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
       EPA 4844
           4/96
                      CHAPTER  8  -  ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
                               Table of Contents
PARAGRAPH
 TITLES
PARAGRAPH
 NUMBERS
Purpose  	    1

References   	    2

Air Pollution Control  	    3

Water Pollution Control  	    4

Solid and Hazardous Waste	    5

Petroleum and Hazardous  Substance Storage  	    6

Pesticides   	    7

Radioactive Materials Management  	    8

Design for Environment	    9


TABLE                                                             TABLE
TITLES                                                           NUMBERS


Ozone Nonattainment Area Classifications   	   8-1

Examples of Acceptable Replacement HVAC Systems	  . 8-2

Existing CFC System Retrofit Options   	 8-3

CFC Equipment Servicing	 8-4

Required Levels of Vacuum  for Equipment Manufactured
On or After November 15, 1993	8-5

Required Levels of Vacuum  for Equipment Manufactured
Before November 15, 1993	8-6

Examples of Design for Environment Benefits  	 8-7


FIGURE                                                            FIGURE
TITLES                                                           NUMBERS


Overview of NEPA Process	8-1
                                      8-i

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96
                     CHAPTER 8 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT


1.    PURPOSE

      The purpose of this chapter is to establish environmental specifications
to be addressed by facilities and related building systems.  Specific areas
covered by this chapter include facility-related environmental requirements
for air pollution control, water pollution control, hazardous waste and toxic
substances management, fuel and hazardous substance storage, pesticide usage,
and radioactive materials management.  Considerations are also presented for
integrating design for environmental factors into the facility planning
process.  The EPA Safety, Health and Environmental Management Guidelines can
also be consulted for guidance on operational issues related to environmental
management.


2.    REFERENCES

      Interspersed throughout this chapter are many reference documents, parts
of the Code of Federal Regulations, and other resources that may enhance
understanding of a particular topical area or provide further guidance.  A
complete list of the references cited in this Manual is included in
Appendix A.


3.    AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

      a.    Design Considerations for New Emissions Sources.  In accordance
            with prevailing federal and/or state requirements,  potential
            sources of air pollution emissions at EPA facilities shall be
            identified in a documented inventory as an integral part of
            facility construction or modification planning.  Air pollution
            control inventories shall be established prior to facility and
            equipment construction, considering the following point source
            emissions, at a minimum:

            (1)   Fossil fuel-fired boilers used to produce hot water or steam
                  for heating purposes

            (2)   Internal combustion engines (e.g., emergency power
                  generators)

            (3)   Solid/biological waste incinerators

            (4)   Paint/mechanical shop exhausts

            (5)   Laboratory fume hoods

            (6)   Cooling towers

            (7)   Above ground storage tanks and gasoline dispensing
                  operations.

            The air emission inventories shall include a list of point sources
            such as those described above, as well as information on types of
            fuels  (for combustion equipment) and anticipated types of
            pollutants,•as information is available.  In addition, inventories


                                      8-1

-------
FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
EPA 4844
    4/96
                                            TABLE 8-1
                            OZONE NONATTAINMENT AREA CLASSIFICATIONS
Classification
Marginal
Moderate
Serious
Severe
Extreme
Emission Thresholds for Major
Sources (tons per year)
100
100
50
25
10
                  Facilities  with sources  identified  as  major  under the above
                  criteria must  be designed to  reduce emissions  by application
                  of Reasonably  Available  Control  Technology  (RACT)  or Best
                  Available Control Technology  (BACT)  as specified by state
                  regulations and applicable federal  Control Technical
                  Guidelines  adapted by state programs.   The EPA Air Pollution
                  Control  Technology Center located in Research  Triangle Park,
                  North Carolina,  is a  clearinghouse  for information on
                  approved control technologies for different  types of air
                  emissions sources.  The  Technology  Center can  be accessed
                  through  its hotline by calling (919) 551-0800.

      b.     Requirements for  Emissions  Regulated bv the  National Emission
            Standards for  Hazardous Air Pollutants  (NESHAPsl.  Special
            requirements apply to:

            (1)    Asbestos.   Activities involving  the demolition or removal of
                  asbestos-containing materials must  be  performed  in
                  accordance  with the design and operational specifications of
                  40 CFR Part 61,  Subpart  M,  29 CFR 1926.58 as well  as any
                  more  stringent state  and local regulations.  Requirements
                  for operation  and maintenance of facilities with asbestos-
                  containing  materials  are specified  in  the EPA  Policy and
                  Program  for the Management of Asbestos-Containing Building
                  Materials at EPA Facilities,  and accompanying  standard
                  operating practices and  standard methods.

            (2)    Hexavalent  Chromium (Cooling  Towers).   Facilities  shall  not
                  be designed or modified  to include  the use of  hexavalent
                  chromium-containing biocides  or  scale  inhibitors in cooling
                  and circulation towers.

            (3)    Other Hazardous Air Pollutants.  Facilities  that emit
                  hazardous air  pollutants (HAPs)  listed in Section  112  of the
                  Clean Air Act  in quantities that exceed 10 tons  per year for
                  a  single HAP or 25  tons  per year of  two or more  HAPs may be
                  subject  to  special  permit  and emission control requirements.
                  The construction or modification of  facilities that have the
                  potential to emit threshold quantities of these  HAPs should
                                     8-3

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
EPA 4844
    4/96
                                 TABLE 8-2
              EXAMPLES OF ACCEPTABLE REPLACEMENT HVAC SYSTEMS
System
Type
Centrifugal
Centrifugal
Reciprocating
Existing
System
R11
R12
R12
Acceptable
Substitute
• HCFC-123
• HCFC-22
• HFC-134a
• HFC-227a
• Ammonia Vapor Compression
• Evaporative Cooling
• Desiccant Cooling
• Ammonia/water Absorption
• Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption
• HFC-123
• HCFC-22
• HFC-134a
• Ammonia Vapor Compression
• Evaporative Cooling
• Desiccant Cooling
• Ammonia/water Absorption
• Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption
• HFC-134a
• R-401A
• R-401B
• Evaporative Cooling
• Desiccant Cooling
Unacceptable
Substitute
• HCFC-22/HFC
142b/CFC-12
• Hydrocarbon A •

• HCFC-22/HFC
142b/CFC-12
• Hydrocarbon A
The information in this chart should be periodically updated by calling the Stratospheric Ozone Hotline at
1-800-296-1996, or by accessing the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/docs/ozoneAitle6/snap/snap.html.
                                 TABLE 8-3
                    EXISTING CFC SYSTEM RETROFIT OPTIONS
System Type
Centrifugal
Centrifugal
Reciprocating
Existing System
R11
R12
R12
Acceptable Retrofit
HCFC-123
HFC-134a
R-406A
HFC-134a
R-401-A
R-401B
Unacceptable Retrofit
HCFC-141b
HCFC-22/HFC
142b/CFC-12
HCFC-22/HFC
142b/CFC-12
The information in this chart should be periodically updated by calling the Stratospheric Ozone Hotline at
1-800-296-1996, or by accessing the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/docs/ozone/title6/snap/snap.html.
                                    8-5

-------
FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
EPA 4844
    4/96
                  Equipment used in the recovery or  recycling of refrigerants
                  must meet the standards under 40 CFR  82.158 and be capable
                  of achieving the level "of evacuation  in the following
                  tables.  Systems equipped with a noncondensables purge
                  device must not release more  than  three percent of the
                  quantity of refrigerant being recycled through
                  noncondensables purging.  The required levels of vacuum for
                  equipment manufactured on or  after November 15, 1993, are
                  listed in Table 8-5.

                                  TABLE 8-5
                  REQUIRED LEVELS OF VACUUM FOR EQUIPMENT
                 MANUFACTURED ON OR AFTER NOVEMBER 15,1993
Type of appliance with which recovery or recycling machine is intended to be used
HCFC-22 - appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally
containing less than 200 pounds of refrigerant
HCFC-22 - appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally
containing 200 pounds or more of refrigerant
Very high-pressure appliances
Other high-pressure appliances, or isolated component of such appliances,
normally containing less than 200 pounds of refrigerant
Other high-pressure appliances, or isolated component of such appliances,
normally containing 200 pounds or more of refrigerant
Low-pressure appliances
Inches of
Hg vacuum
0
10
0
10
15
25
                 The required levels  of vacuum for equipment manufactured
                 before November 15,  1993, are listed in Table 8-6.
                                 TABLE 8-6
                  REQUIRED LEVELS OF VACUUM FOR EQUIPMENT
                   MANUFACTURED BEFORE NOVEMBER 15,1993
Type of appliance with which recovery or recycling machine is intended to be used
HCFC-22 - appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally
containing less than 200 pounds of refrigerant
HCFC-22 - appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally
containing 200 pounds or more of refrigerant
Very high-pressure appliances
Other high-pressure appliances, or isolated component of such appliances,
normally containing less than 200 pounds of refrigerant
Other high-pressure appliances, or isolated component of such appliances,
normally containing 200 pounds or more of refrigerant
Low-pressure appliances
Inches of
Hg vacuum
0
4
0
4
4
25
                                    8-7

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            (1)   Location of Building.   The location of a building can affect
                  the quality of air being introduced into the building
                  regardless of the design and operation of the HVAC system.
                  Some of the sources outside the building include pollen,
                  dust,  fungal spores,  industrial pollutants,  general vehicle
                  exhaust, contaminants  from previous uses of site or current
                  uses of adjoining site (e.g.  landfill,  tank farm),  and
                  radon.  The location of the building should consider outside
                  sources of contaminants as well as the siting criteria for
                  laboratories outlined  in Chapter 7,  Miscellaneous Occupancy
                  Features,  paragraph 10.a of this Manual.

            (2)   Building Design.   The  original design and intended use of
                  the building can  affect the quality of the air.   HVAC
                  systems shall be  evaluated to determine if the building HVAC
                  system is functioning  as designed and meets the requirements
                  established in ASHRAE  62,  ANSI/ASHRAE 55 and with the fume
                  hood information  in Chapter 5,  Mechanical Systems, paragraph
                  12 of this Manual.   HVAC systems shall also be retested
                  against the above stated criteria if the building has been
                  significantly renovated,  or if HVAC system equipment has
                  been replaced.

            (3)   Design of HVAC System.   The HVAC system shall be designed to
                  maintain temperature and humidity within acceptable ranges
                  (as outlined in ANSI-ASHRAE 55-1981 or most current
                  version),  supply  sufficient amounts of conditioned outside
                  fresh air (20 CFM per  person),  distribute appropriate
                  volumes of air and air movement (as outlined in ANSI/ASHRAE
                  55-1981 or most current version),  and facilitate the
                  cleaning and maintenance of the HVAC system components as
                  discussed in Chapter 5, Mechanical Systems,  paragraph 11 of
                  this Manual and as required by state and local building
                  codes.  The location of outdoor air intakes should be away
                  from contaminant  sources (e.g.,  plumbing vents,  cooling
                  towers,  local exhaust  stacks,  loading docks).   Where the
                  placement of air  intakes and pollution sources are in close
                  proximity,  modeling shall be used to confirm adequate
                  separation to prevent  entrainment of contamination into the
                  facility.   Additional  ventilation design parameters  (e.g.,
                  stack height,  exhaust  gas velocity,  exhaust and intake
                  placement)  can be found in the latest edition of the ACGIH
                  Ventilation Manual.

                  Mixed use buildings should have the HVAC system maintain
                  appropriate pressure relationships to isolate and control
                  odors and contaminants (e.g.,  laboratories,  attached parking
                  garages, print shops,  hazardous material storage areas,
                  smoking lounges,  kitchens).

            (4)   Interior Furnishings.  Materials and Equipment.  The purchase
                  of interior furnishings,  materials and equipment (e.g.,
                  carpet,  draperies,  furniture,  paint,  office equipment) where
                  practical shall be of  the low-VOC-emitting (e.g.,
                  formaldehyde)  or  low-ozone type.   Where impracticable,
                  sufficient time shall  be provided to allow initial off-
                  gassing of VOCs prior  to occupancy as discussed in Chapter
                  5,  Mechanical Systems,  paragraph 12,  and Chapter 4,  Interior
                  Construction and  Arrangement,  paragraph 3 of this Manual.


                                     8-9

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA  4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


            obligations for significant industrial users must be achieved  in
            design and installation.  The monitoring and sampling requirements
            shall be determined for all discharge points and include, at a
            minimum, flow rate, pH measurement, and representative
            influent/effluent sample collection.  Additionally, the facility
            shall have a plumbing design configuration to facilitate mapping
            of effluent discharge pathways, identification of representative
            sampling points,  and future plumbing system modifications.

      f.    Elementary Neutralization Systems.  Systems shall be provided  for
            facilities with corrosive effluents to neutralize and monitor
            wastewater discharges to ensure EPA facility conformance with
            Clean Water Act pretreatment standards in 40 CFR 403.5(b)(2) and
            standards imposed by local POTWs.   The system shall include flow
            rate measurement,  pH sensors,  pH adjustment capabilities, and
            engineering features to enable the collection of representative
            effluent samples.   Guidance on collecting representative
            wastewater samples for determining effluent quality can be
            obtained from the EPA publication. Industrial User Inspection and
            Sampling Manual for POTWs, EPA 831-B-94-001,  April 1994.  The
            system engineering controls shall  provide the capability to
            identify and mitigate unacceptable discharges such as pH excursion
            alarms,  automatic flow cut-off devices,  or other available
            controls.   System designs shall provide for the routine operation
            and maintenance of key components  such as agitators,  pumps,  and pH
            probes.

      g.    Drinking Water.  Facilities shall  adhere to the requirements
            listed below.

            (1)    Identification of Potable Water Supply.  Facility
                  construction planning should include a determination of the
                  source of potable water  supplies.   Facilities that obtain
                  drinking water from municipal sources have limited
                  responsibilities for monitoring drinking water,  except
                  initial  construction and leasing monitoring.   Where drinking
                  water is derived from on-site wells and is provided to an
                  average  of  25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the
                  year,  more  extensive monitoring is required for the
                  physical, chemical,  biological,  and radiological parameters
                  identified  in 40 CFR Parts 141 and 143.

            (2)    Applicable  Monitoring Requirements.  The potable water
                  quality  in  all newly leased  or constructed facilities  shall
                  be tested (optimally a sample drawn from the  main supply
                  line to  the  facility)  to ensure conformance with the
                  following levels:   aluminum  (0.2 milligrams per liter
                  (mg/L),  chloride (250 mg/L),  color (15  color  units),  copper
                  (1.3 mg/L),  iron (0.3 mg/L),  lead (0.015 mg/L),  manganese
                  (0.05 mg/L),  pH (6.5-8.5), silver (0.1  mg/L),  sulfate  (250
                  mg/L),  total dissolved solids (500 mg/L),  and zinc (5  mg/L).

                  In newly acquired facilities or newly plumbed systems,  lead
                  (action  level of 15 ug/L)  and copper (action level of  1.3
                  mg/L)  monitoring shall also  be performed to ensure
                  conformance  to the action levels specified above in response
                  to major facility modifications,  plumbing system
                  alterations,  or the addition of new water supply fixtures
                  (e.g., water coolers).  Potable water shall be tested  for

                                     8-11                  U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
                                                                Mail code 3201
                                                          1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
                                                             Washington DC 20460

-------
FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            (2)   More Stringent State Requirements.   State requirements may
                  be more stringent than federal regulations.   State agencies
                  and implementing regulations shall  be consulted to help
                  identify applicable standards and determine  if requirements
                  exceed federal regulations.   Appendix D provides a contact
                  list of state hazardous waste management agencies.

      c.    Facility Design Requirements for Containers.  Requirements for
            managing containers are listed below.

            (1)   Central Hazardous Waste Accumulation (per 40 CFR Part 264.
                  Suboart I).   Sufficient space must  be allowed or a
                  protective barrier installed so that incompatible wastes
                  (e.g.,  oxidizers and ignitables)  can be separated by a safe
                  distance or means.  Container management areas must have
                  sufficient capacity to contain at least 10 percent of the
                  volume of containers or the volume  of the largest container
                  to be accumulated, whichever is greater.  The base of the
                  containment system must be free of  cracks or gaps and be
                  sufficiently impervious to contain  leaks or  spills until the
                  collected material is detected and  removed.   If ignitable or
                  reactive wastes are generated,  the  accumulation facility or
                  area will need to be located at least 50 feet from the
                  facility's property line.

            (2)   Emergency Preparedness Ecmipment.   Aisle space in hazardous
                  waste accumulation areas shall be sufficient to allow for
                  container inspection and for the unobstructed movement of
                  personnel and emergency equipment.   State regulations may
                  indicate exact distances.

                  Fire extinguishers and other fire control equipment shall be
                  available at hazardous waste accumulation points.  Water
                  must be available in sufficient volume and pressure to
                  facilitate fire-fighting operations,  for example sprinklers
                  and hose streams.  In addition,  other safety equipment such
                  as eyewashes and safety showers shall be provided in
                  accordance with the provisions of Chapter 7,  Miscellaneous
                  Occupancy Features,  paragraph 11.

                  Two-way communications,  such as radios or telephones,  and
                  alarm systems to initiate emergency response shall be
                  immediately available to hazardous  waste accumulation areas
                  (see 40 CFR 265.32) .

                  Requirements imposed by more stringent state hazardous waste
                  management regulations shall be reviewed and addressed,  as
                  appropriate, to augment these specifications.

            (3)   OSHA/NFPA Egress Considerations.  Central hazardous waste
                  accumulation areas shall be designed in accordance with
                  applicable means of egress standards referenced in Chapter
                  4, Interior Construction and Arrangement, paragraph 6 of
                  this Manual.

      d.    Facility Design Reoiiirements for Tanks.   The installation of
            hazardous waste tanks shall provide for sufficient area for visual
            tank inspection and installation of secondary containment, such as
            a double-wall or berm.  Hazardous waste tanks must be installed in


                                     8-13

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


                  substances shall be documented.  A facility layout shall be
                  prepared identifying, the spill risk areas and probable
                  dispersion pathways,  topography,  facility boundaries, all
                  buildings and structures.  The preventive systems, sources
                  of water for fire fighting,  and service and emergency
                  facilities relative to the spill risk areas shall be clearly
                  represented in the layout.  Major community receptors
                  related to the spill  risk area shall be represented on the
                  layout or on a separate layout.

            (2)    Risk Assessment.  Spill prevention and control planning
                  requires performing a risk assessment of the type of
                  material storage,  quantity and type of material, and the
                  incompatible surrounding storage conditions.   It should be
                  evaluated whether multiple or single releases could occur
                  and the impact the release would have given the potential
                  exposure pathways, direction and rate of spill flow, and the
                  sensitive environmental areas and natural resources
                  surrounding the storage area and facility.  Sensitive
                  environmental areas may include waterways, wetlands,
                  recreational and park areas,  forests,  and wildlife
                  sanctuaries.  Natural resources,  such as fish and wildlife,
                  forest,  waterways, agriculture,  and groundwater critical to
                  the local community shall be assessed and the required
                  measures taken to mitigate risk.

      b.     ftt?V?Vf*Pround Storage Tanks

            (1)    Assessment of Aboveoround Storage Tank (AST)  Requirements.
                  Before determining the AST specifications and design,
                  several AST requirements shall be assessed and considered
                  including the material type,  volume,  throughput
                  requirements,  surrounding conditions,  and nature of AST
                  activity.  Each of these are discussed below.

                  (a)    Type of Material.   The type of material and the
                        composition of  the substance requiring  storage must be
                        assessed.   The  material may either be petroleum,  oil,
                        hazardous,  nonhazardous,  or acutely hazardous.  The
                        compatible and  non-compatible tank materials to this
                        substance shall be determined.

                  (b)    Volume and Throughput  Requirements.   The maximum
                        storage capacity and the rate of material usage must
                        be evaluated.   The maximum period of time the material
                        may be needed and the  rate  of material  usage during
                        emergency situations shall  also be known.

                  (c)    Surrounding Conditions.   The surrounding conditions of
                        the tank and associated piping shall be determined,
                        including maximum and  minimum operating and exposure
                        temperatures; soil type and background  levels of
                        contamination relative to the material  to be stored;
                        proximity to navigable waters,  adjacent property,  and
                        buildings;  and  location of  floodplain,  utility lines,
                        and service point.  If an AST system is to be
                        upgraded,  the age, current  as-built design
                        specifications,  current tank conditions and contents
                        shall be determined.


                                     8-15

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


                        other barriers; spill diversion ponds;  retention
                        ponds; and sorbent materials.   (See memorandum from
                        Don Clay on the Use of Alternative Secondary
                        Containment Measures at Facilities Regulated Under the
                        Oil Pollution Prevention Regulations [40 CFR Part 112
                        in Appendix GJ).

                  (b)    Drainage Systems.   Drainage for diked storage areas
                        must be restrained by manual open/close valves.
                        Drainage of undiked areas shall drain into ponds,
                        lagoons, or catchment basins for oil retention.  These
                        basins shall be designed to avoid flooding.  A
                        diversion system to retain uncontrolled spill shall be
                        used when there is final discharge of all in-plant
                        ditches.  Treatment units for drainage shall be
                        designed for gravity flow or back-up pumping systems.
                        Drainage areas  shall prevent oil from reaching
                        navigable waters in the event of equipment failure or
                        human error.

                  (c)    Security.  Security for tanks should be in accordance
                        with 40 CFR 112.7(e)(9)  including but not limited to
                        fencing, entrance  gates with locks,  locking valves and
                        pump controls,  capped and marked transfer points, and
                        adequate lighting  for visibility at night.

                  (d)    Onshore Bulk Storage Tank Systems.   These tanks shall
                        be compatible with the material stored and provide
                        secondary containment for the entire contents of the
                        largest tank plus  freeboard for precipitation.   These
                        tanks shall include drainage and alternative
                        containment, high-liquid level alarms and pump,
                        communication,  and liquid level sensors and gauges in
                        accordance with 40 CFR 112.7(e)(2).   Portable tanks
                        should be positioned to prevent spills  from reaching
                        navigable waters and should not be located in areas
                        prone to flooding.

                  (e)    Facility Transfer  Operations.   If a pipeline is
                        expected to be  out of service for an extended period
                        of time, the terminal connection design of the
                        transfer point  shall be capped and/or blank flanged,
                        and marked indicating the origin.  Pipe supports shall
                        avoid abrasion  and corrosion and allow for expansion
                        and contraction.   Aboveground pipelines shall be
                        properly located allowing for regular condition and
                        leak inspections.

      c.     Underground Storage Tanks

            (1)    Assessment of Underground Storage Tank (UST)  Requirements.
                  Prior to determining  the UST specifications and design,
                  several UST requirements shall be assessed and considered.

                  (a)    Type of Material.   The type of material and the
                        composition of  the substance requiring storage shall
                        be assessed.  Substances stord in USTs may be
                        petroleum, oil, or hazardous substances.  Tank
                        compatibility with substance(s)  to be stored shall be


                                     8-17

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


                  (b)   Spill and Overfill Control.   Spill prevention
                        equipment (e.g.,  spill catchment basin)  is required to
                        prevent the release of product when the transfer hose
                        is detached from the fill pipe.  In addition, overfill
                        prevention equipment shall be used to accomplish one
                        or more of the following:

                              Automatically shut off flow into the tank at 95
                              percent capacity
                              Alert the transfer operator at 90 percent
                              capacity with a high-level alarm or flow gauge
                              Restrict flow 30 minutes prior to overfilling
                              Alert the transfer operator with high level
                              alarm one minute before overfilling
                              Automatically shut off flow to prevent tank-top
                              fittings from product  exposure.

                        Spill and overfill prevention is not required if the
                        tank transfers or filling are restricted to 25 gallons
                        of product.

                  (c)   Secondary Containment.   Secondary containment must be
                        provided for new petroleum hazardous substance tanks
                        installed at EPA facilities  so that the  tank and
                        piping design requirements are to contain any released
                        product until detected and removed,  thereby preventing
                        the release of regulated substances to the
                        environment.  Double-walled  tanks should be provided
                        to contain a release from the inner tank and allow for
                        the detection of  the failure of the inner wall.

                  (d)   Release Detection.   All existing and new UST systems
                        must provide a method or combination of  methods  that
                        can detect a release from any portion of the tank and
                        associated underground piping.   The release detection
                        method must  be installed,  calibrated,  operated,  and
                        maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's
                        instructions and  should meet the requirements of 40
                        CFR 280.43 and 280.44.   All  release detection methods
                        must be capable of  detecting the leak rate with  a
                        probability of detection (Pd)  of 0.95 and a
                        probability  of false alarm (Pfa)  of 0.05.   Tanks with
                        a  volume capacity of 550 gallons or less may rely upon
                        manual tank  gauging for release detection.

                        By December  22, 1998,  all existing hazardous substance
                        UST systems  must  meet the release detection
                        requirement  for new hazardous substance  systems  in 40
                        CFR 280.42(b).  Release detection for petroleum  and
                        existing hazardous  substance USTs shall  be provided as
                        specified in 40 CFR 280.40 through 280.42.

                        Release detection for petroleum underground piping
                        must be in accordance with 40 CFR 280.41(b)  and  the
                        release detection methods requirements of  40 CFR
                        280.43 and 280.44.   Petroleum suction piping must be
                        capable of detecting a  0.2 gallon per hour or 150
                        gallon per month  leak rate with a 0.95 Pd or 0.05 Pfa.
                                     8-19

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


                        accordance with section 2-4.6 of NFPA 30,  including
                        but not limited to those described below.

                              Connections for all tank openings and manual
                              gauging openings should be liquid tight.

                              Fill and discharge lines shall enter on through
                              the top and fill lines shall be sloped toward
                              the tank.  Fill pipes that enter through the top
                              shall terminate within 6 inches of the tank
                              bottom.

                              For Class I liquid tanks having a capacity
                              greater than 1000 gallons shall be equipped with
                              a tight fill device for connecting the fill hose
                              to the tank.

                              Valve,  openings,  and connection requirements for
                              tanks equipped with vapor recovery shall  be
                              designed in accordance with Section 2-4.6 of
                              NFPA and any other applicable requirements.

                  (h)    Installation and Certification.   All tanks and  piping
                        must be properly installed and tested in accordance
                        with the manufacturers instructions.  The following
                        installation procedures may be used:

                              API Publication 1615,  Installation of
                              Underground Petroleum Storage System

                              PEI Publication RP100,  Recommended Practices for
                              Installation of Underground Liquid Storage
                              Systems

                              ANSI Standard B31.4,  Liquid Petroleum
                              Transportation Piping System

                        The following testing,  inspection,  or certification
                        methods as per 40 CFR 280.20(d)  and (e)  should  be used
                        to demonstrate the proper installation:

                              The installer shall be certified by the tank and
                              piping manufacturers or by the implementing
                              agency

                              The installation shall be inspected and
                              certified by a registered professional engineer
                              with education and experience in UST system
                              installation or inspected and approved by the
                              implementing agency

                              The manufacturer's installation instructions
                              (e.g.,  tank tightness tests,  verification of
                              fitting and tank integrity,  ventilation of tank
                              position and anchors,  validating cathodic
                              protection) has been performed and completed.
                              Additional guidance on UST installation includes
                              the following videos:  1) Underground Storage
                              Tanks: Rest in Peace (Publication No. EPA 501-V-


                                     8-21

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            (2)    Fluorescent Lipht Ballasts.   Light ballasts used within
                  fluorescent light assemblies may contain PCBs if
                  manufactured prior to 1978.   Such equipment must be reviewed
                  for PCB-content upon removal for routine maintenance or as a
                  part of formal energy conservation upgrades (e.g..  Green
                  Lights upgrade projects).   PCB concentration information can
                  generally be obtained by contacting the ballast manufacturer
                  and providing the equipment  lot and serial number.
                  Concurrently,  manufacturers  of fluorescent lights may also
                  be contacted to determine whether the mercury content
                  possibly triggers hazardous  waste regulatory requirements.
                  Ballasts found to contain PCBs shall be managed in
                  accordance with the joint AEREB/SHEMD Memorandum (June 15,
                  1995)  on managing light fixture wastes,  with preference on
                  the use of PCB ballast recycling and recovery facilities.
                  (See memorandum on Lighting  Fixture Disposal Guidance and
                  Strategy in Appendix G.)

            (3)    PCB Storage.  Areas used to  store PCBs prior to disposal or
                  reuse must meet the following criteria:

                        Located above the 100-year floodplain

                        Protected by roof and  walls to prevent the
                        infiltration of rainwater or runoff of PCB-
                        contaminated materials

                        Provided smooth,  impervious flooring that does not
                        have drains,  cracks, or expansion  joints

                        Continuous curbing of  a minimum six-inch height
                        sufficient to contain  at least 25  percent of  the
                        volume of containers being stored

                        Posted on the outside  entrance of  the facility or area
                        with the official PCB  mark in 40 CFR 761.45.

      e.     Lead.  New facility construction,  modification and renovation
            actions  shall not use lead-based paints.   Removal of lead-based
            paints shall be in accordance with the EPA Program for the
            Management of Lead-Based Paint  at  EPA Facilities.   See related
            discussion in paragraph 4-3 of  this Manual.

      f.     Radon.   Title II of  the Toxic Substances  Control Act,  as  amended
            by the Indoor Radon Abatement Act,  provides  for the monitoring of
            federal  facility occupancies  to  determine radon concentrations.
            Radon  concentrations identified  above the EPA  action level of 4
            pCi/L  should be addressed through  appropriate  engineering and
            administrative controls.   Radon  in drinking  water supplies,
            measured as  combined Radium-226  and Radium-228,  shall not exceed 5
            pCi/L.

      g.     Asbestos.   Asbestos  operations  and maintenance activities shall be
            performed in accordance with  the EPA Policy and Program for the
            Management of Asbestos-Containing  Building Materials at EPA
            Facilities.
                                     8-23

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            Paints certified for such use are Chugoku Marine Paints, A.S.
            Seaflo Z-100LE; Sigma Coatings,  7293 Pilot LL Antifouling; and
            International Paints, Intersmooth Hisol SPC-AF.   Updates and
            revisions to the list of certified paint manufacturers can be
            obtained by contacting the EPA Office of Pesticide Programs,
            Antimicrobial Program Branch at (703) 305-6661.   Further, paints
            containing mercury shall not be used for interior finishes as they
            are solely intended for exterior,  antifoulant applications.


8.     RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS MANAGEMENT

      a.    General Design Considerations.  Special considerations about where
            radioactive material will be used is addressed in the Health
            Physics Manual of Good Practices for Reducing Radiation Exposure
            to Levels that are As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA),
            Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL-6577).  In addition, regulations
            and associated guidance that will apply to the facility when it
            operates should be consulted.  Design information that will be
            required to be provided in license or permit applications should
            be reviewed to identify aspects of the design that are of
            particular interest to the NRC or Agreement State, as appropriate.
            Radioactive materials management activities on federal property
            are subject to primarily NRC oversight,  whereas  activities at
            nonfederal job sites are also subject to Agreement State
            standards.  Consideration should also be given to configuring
            sample receiving areas to accommodate the equipment to screen
            unknown samples for radiation contamination,  as  appropriate for
            the scope of facility operations.   For a typical EPA laboratory
            facility this information is available in NRC Regulatory Guide
            10.7,  Guide for the Preparation of Applications  for License for
            Laboratory and Industrial Use of Small Quantities of Byproduct
            Material.

      b.    Control and Monitoring of Airborne Radionuclides.   Extensive
            guidance on design of systems for controlling airborne radioactive
            material, both in the workplace and in emissions from a facility,
            is available in the Nuclear Air Cleaning Handbook, Energy Research
            and Development Administration (ERDA) 76-21,  and in Nuclear Power
            Plant Air-Cleaning Units and Components, ANSI/ASME N509.

      c.    Workplace Control and Monitoring.   NRC requires  the use of
            engineered controls (e.g.,  radioisotope fume hoods,  glove boxes)
            as the primary means for protecting workers from exposure to
            airborne contaminants, including radioactive materials.  Sealed
            sources generally require no special precautions.   For the low
            concentrations of radioactive materials in powder or liquid form
            typically used at EPA facilities,  the confinement afforded by a
            radioisotope laboratory fume hood will generally provide adequate
            control  (see also paragraph 5-13 of this Manual  for additional
            guidance).  In general, air flow should always be from clean to
            contaminated areas, and ductwork and other components should
            include design features that minimize the potential for internal
            accumulation of radioactive materials as well as to facilitate
            decontamination.  In some situations, the Radiation Safety Officer
            (RSO)  may determine that radioactive materials used by the
            facility are of low enough radioactivity to be used safely within
            a conventional laboratory fume hood.
                                     8-25

-------
FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            (3)   Access Control and Sicmaae.   NRC regulations contain
                  requirements for "restricted areas."  Restrictive areas are
                  defined as any area that the facility licensee limits access
                  to for purposes of protecting individuals against undue
                  risks from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials.
                  Such areas,  including waste  storage facilities, shall be
                  posted in accordance with the radiation caution signs
                  specified in 10 CFR Part 20.1901 through 20.1903.

                  Activities with radioactive  material shall be performed
                  within an area where physical access can be controlled.
                  Space may be required at the egress to the restricted area
                  to facilitate monitoring of  personnel or items for
                  radioactive contamination.   Additionally,  more stringent
                  regulatory requirements for  controlling access to smaller
                  areas within the restricted  area may apply depending on the
                  radiation levels and quantities  and form of radioactive
                  material.   High hazard facilities with containment provided
                  within the laboratory shall  consider special engineering
                  design considerations such as an airlock with interlocked
                  doors,  or special air monitoring and warning systems.
                  Lockable cabinets are necessary  for storing radioactive
                  materials that are not in use.   Design engineers must
                  consult with individuals familiar with both the intended use
                  of the facility and the applicable regulatory requirements
                  to ensure that appropriate physical access controls are
                  included in the design.

            (4)    Shielding.   Special shielding may be required to limit the
                  radiation dose rates within  the  restricted area to levels
                  consistent with EPA administrative limits  for occupational
                  radiation exposure,  and outside  of the restricted area to
                  levels specified in NRC regulations.   Proper shield design
                  requires knowledge of the maximum inventory of each isotope
                  of radioactive material  and  where and how  they will be used
                  or stored in the facility.   High-energy electronic radiation
                  generating devices may also  require shielding.   Detailed
                  guidance on  radiation shielding  design is  available in ANSI
                  N43.3,  American National Standard for General Radiation
                  Safety Installations Using Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed
                  Gamma Ray Sources for Energies up to 10 MeV.

            (5)    Contamination Control.   Facilities where unsealed
                  radioactive  sources or material  will  be used should include
                  design features to minimize  the  potential  for contamination
                  of surfaces  with radioactive material,  and to facilitate
                  decontamination.   Construction materials and methods should
                  be specified that minimize cracks,  crevices,  and porous
                  materials  that can readily accumulate contamination.   Work
                  surfaces should be sealed, and seamless flooring rather than
                  tiles should be considered.   The standards contained in ANSI
                  N512,  Protective Coatings for Nuclear Applications,  shall be
                  considered.

            (6)    Special Requirements for Mixed Wastes.   Mixed low-level
                  radioactive  waste is regulated under  both  the NRC
                  regulations  and hazardous waste  management standards
                  promulgated  pursuant to  the  Resource  Conservation and
                 .Recovery Act (RCRA).   Therefore,  the  storage and management


                                     8-27

-------
FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH  AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
                                                                EPA 4844
                                                                     4/96
                                               FIGURE 8-1
                                    OVERVIEW OF NEPA PROCESS
     TieM Analysis:
       Categorical  --
       Exclusion
          
-------
FACILITY SAFETY,  HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
                                                    EPA  4844
                                                         4/96
            Extending the useful life of a building,  equipment,  or system can
            reduce environmental impacts by saving resources and generating
            less waste over time.   Some of these attributes and their benefits
            are listed in Table 8-7.
                                   TABLE 8-7
               EXAMPLES OF DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT BENEFITS
Attribute
Durability
Adaptability
Reliability
Serviceability
Benefit
Increase building's, equipments, or system's ability to withstand
wear, stress, and environmental degradation.
Reduce potential for the facility, equipment, or system to become
obsolete by designing to facilitate updating or to perform multiple
services.
Maximize equipment and system reliability to extend lifetime and
preclude health and safety problems.
Increase maintainability and repairability of equipment and
systems to preclude early retirement and reduce environmental
impacts.
            According to Executive  Order  2873,  the above attributes  should be
            considered during all aspects of  facility management,  from design
            through its active life to  closure.  Accordingly,  facility design
            and construction actions shall consider  the following  pollution
            prevention opportunities, where practicable:

            (I)    Use of materials  such as fly  ash-containing  concrete and
                  cement (Section 401(b)  of Executive Order  12873)

            (2)    Uses of finishes  and  coatings with low volatile  organic
                  content

            (3)    Structural fiberboard and laminated paperboard containing
                  recovered  materials (Section  401(b) of Executive Order
                  12873)
            (4)
Modifications to paint spraying and thinning techniques
            (5)    Use  of  environmentally preferred insulations, including
                  those containing  recovered materials  (Section 401(b)  of
                  Executive  Order 12873).

            Sources  for other design and construction processes and materials
            include  the GSA  Environmental  Products Guide  (Internet address  is
            http://www.gsa.gov), Department of Defense  (DoD) Green Products
            Catalogue, and EPA Design  for  the Environment fact sheets.

            In addition,  repair  and maintenance activities encompass
            opportunities for pollution prevention, including:

            (1)    Substitution of hazardous cleaning solvents with aqueous  or
                  less hazardous products
                                    •8-31

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96
                APPENDIX A - LIST OF STANDARDS AND REFERENCES

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA  4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


                 APPENDIX A - LIST OF STANDARDS AND REFERENCES


      This appendix lists the standards and references used in this Manual.
Where possible, contact information is provided.

•  Standards of the American National Standards Institute  (ANSI)  (arranged
   alphabetically)

      Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators and Moving Walks  (ANSI A17.1)

      Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment (ANSI Z358.1)

      Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems
      (ANSI 29.2)

      General Radiation Safety Installations Using Non-Medical X-ray and
      Sealed Gamma Ray Sources for Energies up to 10 MeV  (ANSI N43.3) .

   -  Laboratory Ventilation (ANSI/AIHI Z9.5)

      Liquid Petroleum Transporation Piping System (ANSI B31.4)

      Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods  (ANSI/ASHRAE 110)

      Nuclear Power Plant Air Cleaning Units and Components (ANSI/ASME N509)

      Protective Coatings for Nuclear Applications (ANSI N512)

      Providing Accessibility and Usability for Physically Handicapped People
      (ANSI A117.1)

      Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration (ANSI/ASHRAE 15)

      Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (ANSI/ASHRAE 55)

   -  Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ANSI/ASHRAE 62)
 The above resources     ANSI
 can be obtained by      Attn:  Customer Service
 contacting:             11 West 42nd Street
                         New York,  NY  10036
                         (212) 642-4900    http://www.ansi.org/catalog.html

                         ASHRAE
                         1791 Tullie Circle,  NE
                         Atlanta,  GA  30329-2305
                         (404) 636-8400

                         NFPA
                         1 Battery March Park,
                         P.O. Box 9101
                         Quincy, MA  02269-9101
                         (617) 770-3000    http://www.wpt.edu/nfpe/nfpa.html
                                     A-l

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


      Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals (NFPA 45)

   -  National Fuel Gas Code (NFPA 54)

   -  Compressed and Liquefied Gases in Portable Cylinders (NFPA 55)

      Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (NFPA 58)

      Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (NFPA 59A)

   -  National Electrical Code (NEC) (NFPA 70)

   -  National Fire Alarm Code (NFPA 72)

   -  Protection of Electronic Computer/Data Processing Equipment (NFPA 75)

      Fire Doors and Windows (NFPA 80)

      Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems  (NFPA 90A)

      Installation of Exhaust Systems for Air Conveyance of Materials
      (NFPA 91)

      Smoke Control Systems (NFPA 92A)

      Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations
      (NFPA 96)

   -  Life Safety Code (NFPA 101)

      Emergency and Standby Power Systems (NFPA 110)

   -  Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems (NFPA 111)

   -  Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Firefighting (NFPA  123)

      Standard on Types of Building Construction (NFPA 220)

      Standard for Fire Walls and Fire Barriers (NFPA 221)

      Water Cooling Towers (NFPA  214)

      Standard for General Storage (NFPA 231)

      Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
      (ASTM E 119/NFPA 251)

   -  Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies (ASTM E 152/NFPA 252)

      Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems  Using a Radiant
      Heat Source (NFPA 253)

      Standard Method of Fire Tests for Flame Resistant Textiles and Films
      (NFPA 701)

   -  Lightning Protection Code (NFPA 780)

      Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems (NFPA 2001)
                                     A-3

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


   40 CFR Part 262, Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste

   40 CFR Part 263, Standards Applicable to Transporters of Hazardous  Waste

•  40 CFR Part 264, Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste
   Treatment

•  40 CFR Part 265, Interim Status Standards for Owners and Operators  of
   Hazardous Waste

•  40 CFR Part 266, Standards for the Management of Specific Hazardous Wastes
   and Specific Types of Hazardous Waste Management Facilities

•  40 CFR Part 267, Interim Standards for Owners and Operators of New
   Hazardous Waste Land Disposal Facilities

•  40 CFR Part 268, Land Disposal Restrictions

•  40 CFR Part 269, N/A

•  40 CFR Part 270, EPA Administered Permit Programs:  The Hazardous Waste
   Permit Program

•  40 CFR Part 271, Requirements for Authorization of State Hazardous Waste
   Programs

•  40 CFR Part 272, Approved State Hazardous Waste Management Programs

   40 CFR Part 273, Standards for Universal Waste Management

   40 CFR Part 279, Standards for the Management of Used Oil

•   40 CFR Part 280, Technical Standards and Corrective Action Requirements for
   Owners and Operators of Underground Storage Tanks

•   40 CFR 403.5(b)(2), National Pretreatment Standards: Prohibited Discharges.

   40 CFR Part 406, Grain Mills Point Source Category

•   40 CFR Part 407, Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables Processing
   Point Source Category

•   40 CFR Part 408, Canned and Preserved Seafood Processing Point Source
   Category

•   40 CFR Part 409, Sugar Processing Point Source Category

•   40 CFR Part 410, Textile Mills Point Source Category

•   40 CFR Part 411, Cement Manufacturing Point Source Category

•   40 CFR Part 412, Feedlots Point Source Category

•   40 CFR Part 413, Electroplating Point Source Category

•   40 CFR Part 414, Organic Chemicals,  Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers

•   40 CFR Part 415, Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category
                                     A-5

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


•  40 CFR Part 445, N/A

•  40 CFR Part 446, Paint Formulating Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 447, Ink Formulating Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Parts 448 - 453, N/A

•  40 CFR Part 454, Gum and Wood Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category

   40 CFR Part 455, Pesticide Chemicals

•  40 CFR Part 456, N/A

•  40 CFR Part 457, Explosives Manufacturing Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 458, Carbon Black Manufacturing Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 459, Photographic Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 460, Hospital Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 461, Battery Manufacturing Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 462, N/A

•  40 CFR Part 4,63, Plastics Molding and Forming Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 464, Metal Molding and Casting Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 465, Coil Coating Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 466, Porcelain Enameling Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 467, Aluminum Forming Point Source Category

   40 CFR Part 468, Copper Forming Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 469, Electrical and Electronic Components Point Source Category

•  40 CFR Part 470, N/A

•  40 CFR Part 471, Nonferrous Metals Forming and Metal Powders Point Source
   Category

   40 CFR Part 761, Polychlorinated Biphenyls Manufacturing,  Processing,
   Distribution in Commerce, and Use Prohibitions

   40 CFR Part 1500, Purpose, Policy, and Mandate

   40 CFR Part 1501, NEPA and Agency Planning

•  40 CFR Part 1502, Environmental Impact Statement

•  40 CFR Part 1503, Commenting

•  40 CFR Part 1504, Predecision Referrals to the Council of Proposed
   Federal Actions Determined to Be Environmentally Unsatisfactory
                                     A-7

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


•  Factory Mutual Engineering Loss Prevention Data Sheet 5-4, Transformers

•  Guide for the Preparation of Applications for License for Laboratory and
   Industrial Use of Small Quantities of Byproduct Material, NRC Regulatory
   Guide 10.7

•  Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings,  EPA
   Publication #560/5-85-024, 1985

•  Handbook of Compressed Gases, Compressed Gas Association, Inc.

•  Health Physics Manual of Good Practices for Reducing Radiation Exposure to
   Levels that Are As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA), Pacific Northwest
   Laboratory (PNL-6577)

•  Industrial C7ser Inspection and Sampling Manual for POTWs, EPA 831-B-94-001,
   April 1994

•  Industrial Ventilation,  A Manual of Recommended Practice, American
   Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

•  Installation of Underground Petroleum Storage System,  API Publication  1615

   Lead in School Drinking Water,  EPA 57019-89-001, January 1989

•  Managing Asbestos in Place,  A Building Owners Guide to Operations and
   Maintenance Programs for Asbestos Containing Materials,  EPA Publication
   #20T-2003,  1990

•  NEPA Review Procedures for EPA Facilities

•   Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)  Regulatory Guide 10.7,  Guide for the
   Preparation of Applications for License for Laboratory and Industrial  Use
   of Small Quantities of Byproduct Materials

•   Nuclear Air Cleaning Handbook,  Energy Research and Development
   Administration 76-21

•   Policy and Program for the Management of Asbestos-Containing Building
   Materials at EPA Facilities (July 1994)

•   Prudent Practices in the Laboratory:  Handling and Disposal  of Chemicals,
   National Research Council,  1995

•   .Recommended Practices for Installation of Underground Liquid Storage
   Systems,  PEI  Publication 'RP100
                                     A-9

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96
                            APPENDIX B - GLOSSARY

-------
FACILITY  SAFETY, HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
                                                  EPA 4844
                                                      4/96
                             APPENDIX B - GLOSSARY

Unless otherwise noted, the  following definitions were developed using
Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th edition, NFPA Codes, BOCA National
Building Code, or other miscellaneous sources.
Air  foil


Bus  Duct  or
Busway


Blind  Stand
Coded Alarm
System
Contaminant
Generation
Curtain Wall


Ductility




Eddies


Elevator Capture

Elevator
Recall
Etiological
Organisms

Exit
Exit Access


 Fire Area
A curved shape used at the sill corners to reduce  the
production of turbulence as air flows past the object.

A grounded metal enclosure containing factory mounted,
bare or insulated conductors, which are usually copper
or aluminum bars, rods, or tubes.

A convenience shop located in an office building which
retails snacks and beverages with no cooking or food
preparation.

A fire alarm system in which the alarm indicating
devices are sounded intermittently with a prescribed
pattern.  The intermittent pattern is associated with
an alarm device or area of the building.

A laboratory operation or other event which results in
the emission of potentially hazardous materials into
the laboratory environment.

A nonbearing enclosure wall not supported at each
story.  (BOCA)

Ability of a material to be flexible or shaped into a
new form.   As it related to cryogenics,  the ability of
a material under the expected operating temperatures to
resist fracturing.

A circular or contrary air current which contributes to
reduced capture efficiency of a laboratory fume hood.

See Elevator Recall.

The provision which automatically returns an elevator
or elevators to a predesignated floor,  typically the
ground floor,  thus taking them out of service,  or
permitting fire fighters to override the controls
manually and use the elevators as necessary.

An organism that potentially causes a disease or
abnormal condition.

That portion of a means of egress that is separated
from other spaces of a building to provide an
appropriate level of protection.

That portion of a means of egress that leads to an
exit.

The floor area enclosed and bounded by fire walls,  fire
separation assemblies or exterior walls of a building
to restrict the spread of fire.
                                     B-l

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
                                                  EPA 4844
                                                      4/96
Monumental Stairs
Noncombustible
Construction
Off-gassing



One-Pass Air




On/Off Sprinklers


Open Plan Office




Panel Wall


Phase to Phase




Proscenium


Sash



Set-back
Smoke Development
Rating

Spandrel Wall
Supervisory
Condition
Walking Surface
Wide, often unenclosed, stairs which are designed more
for architectural aesthetics than exit capacity.  These
are often found in assembly occupancies or historic
structures.

Construction which uses materials that will not ignite,
burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors,
when subjected to fire or heat.

The release of vapors  (typically volatile organic
compounds) to the environment from interior furnishing
or finishes.

Air from outside the building which is conditioned and
introduced into the work space, then exhausted back to
the outside of the building.  There is no re-
circulation of air within the building.

A sprinkler head which opens and closes automatically
as heat conditions dictate.

A large floor area which is subdivided into cubicles
using office furniture and partitions which do not
extend from floor to ceiling.  (Adapted from NFPA
Inspection Manual)

A nonbearing wall supported by each story on a skeleton
frame.  Also referred to as a skeleton wall.

A method to define the voltage when measured between
two different alternating current electrical lines
supplied by the same generation or supply source.  The
phases in a three-phase service are 120 degrees apart.

The wall that separates the stage from an auditorium or
the stage area in front of a curtain.

The glass and frame which can be raised opened and
closed installed on the front of a laboratory fume
hood.

The recjuired physical distance of a building with
respect to a property line or other building.

An index used to compare the density of smoke generated
by a material.

That portion of a panel wall above the head of an
exterior window or door.

A signal at the fire alarm panel which indicates the
need for corrective or preventive action with regards
to the fire or life safety features of the facility.

Any floor or other surface available for use (as in
walking on or over) by occupants during the normal
course of performing duties associated with their job.
                                      B-3

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
                        APPENDIX C - ROOM DATA SHEETS

-------
CMPSOrOOCDB
                                                                                                                 Ui;
                                          I
                                      6' FUME
                                      HOOD
              EMERGENCY  SHOWER/
              EYEWASH  «
                                                                                              Figure  1

                                                                                          ROOM  DATA  SHEET


                                                                                      1  MODULE  / 1  FUME HOOD
*  unit  to  be  consistently located
inside or immediately outside  the
door of  the laboratory work area.

-------
caws or ooems
                                                                                                                  III N«r
                          6' FUME
                          HOOD
6'  FUME
HOOD
                                 1
                       EMERGENCY SHOWER/
                       EYEWASH   •        —
                                                                                               Figure 3

                                                                                          ROOM DATA SHEET


                                                                                     2  MODULES / 2  FUME HOODS
                                   *  unit  to  be consistently located

                                   inside or immediately outside  the
                                   door of  the laboratory  work area.
                                                                                              I

-------
CBHP5 Or OCKD6
                                                                                                                 III Mwr
                          r
                         61  FUME
                         HOOD
6'  FUME
HOOD
                        EMERGENCY SHOWER/
                        EYEWASH   «
                                                                                              Figure 5

                                                                                          ROOM  DATA SHEET


                                                                                    2 MODULES  / 2 FUME  HOODS
                             *   unit  to  be consistently locoted

                             inside or immediotely outside  the
                             door of  the loborotory  work orea.

-------
CMPS V OOttB
             6' FUME
             HOOD
6'  FUME
HOOD
                                                              T  MIN
                                                                    J
6'  FUME
HOOD
                                  EMERGENCY SHOWER/
                                  EYEWASH  *
                                                                                            Figure  7

                                                                                        ROOM  DATA  SHEET


                                                                                   3  MODULES  / 3 FUME HOODS
                                            *  unit to be consistently located

                                            inside  or  immediately outside the
                                            door of the laboratory work  area.

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
              APPENDIX D - LIST OF STATE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTACTS

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
EPA 4844
    4/96
               APPENDIX_J3 - LIST OF STATE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTACTS
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
STATE AGENCIES
Air Management
(205)271-7861
(907)485-5100
(602) 207-2300
(501)562-7444
(916) 322-5840
(303) 893-6091
(203) 566-5524
(302) 739-4403
(202) 727-7395
(904)488-1344
(404) 363-7000
(808) 586-4400
(208) 334-5913
(217)782-7326
(317)232-8384
(913)296-1500
(502) 564-3382
(504)756-0219
(207) 289-2437
(410)631-3255
(617)292-5593
(517) 373-7023
(612) 296-7331
(601)961-5171
(314)751-4817
(406) 444-3454
(402)471-2189
(702) 687-4670
(603)271-1370
(609)292-6710
(505) 827-0070
Hazardous Waste
Management
(205) 271-7737
(907)465-5150
(602) 207-2300
(501)570-2858
(916)445-4171
(303) 427-6200
(203) 566-5712
(302) 739-3689
(202) 727-7395
(904) 488-0300
(404) 656-2833
(808) 586-4424
(208) 334-5879
(217) 333-8941
(317)232-4535
(913) 296-1590
(502) 564-6718
(504) 765-0355
(207) 289-2651
(410)631-3304
(617) 292-5961
(517)373-2730
(612) 297-8498
(801)961-5171
(314)751-3176
(406) 444-2821
(402)471-4217
(702) 687-4670
(603)271-2946
(609) 633-1408
(505) 827-4308
Underground
Storage Tanks
(205) 271-7700
(907) 465-5200
(602)542-1024
(501) 562-7444
(916)227-4303
(303) 427-6200
(203) 566-4630
(302) 323-4588
(202)404-1167
(904) 488-3935
(404) 362-2687
(808)586-4225
(208) 334-5845
(217)762-6760*
(217) 785-5878**
(317) 232-4535
(913) 296-1660
(502)564-3410
(504) 765-0223
(207) 289-2651
(410)631-3442
(617)566-4500
(517)373-8168
(612) 297-8679
(601)961-5171
(314)751-1300
(406) 444-2821
(402) 471-4230
(702) 687-5872
(603)271-2986
(609)984-3156
(505)827-0188
Water
Management
(205)271-7826
(907) 465-5301
(602) 207-2300
(501)562-7444
(916) 857-0687
(303) 296-5780
(203) 566-3245
(302) 739-4793
(202) 727-7395
(904) 488-3601
(404) 656-4708
(808) 637-5078
(208) 334-5855
(217)782-3397
(317)243-5012
(913)296-1535
(502)564-3410
(504) 765-0634
(207) 289-3901
(410)631-3587
(617)292-5673
(517)373-1949
(612) 296-7202
(601)961-5171
(314)751-1300
(406) 444-2406
(402)471-2541
(702) 687-4670
(603)271-3503
(609)984-3156
(505) 827-0187
* Underground Storage Tank Cleanups (EPA) " Underground Storage Tanks (Fire Marshall)
                                      D-l

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA  4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
             APPENDIX E - LIST OF CLASS I AND CLASS II SUBSTANCES

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                            EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96


             APPENDIX E - LIST OF CLASS I AND CLASS II SUBSTANCES


(a)   LIST OF CLASS I SUBSTANCES.

      Within 60 days after enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of  1990,
      the Administrator shall publish an initial list of Class I substances,
      which list shall contain the following substances:

      Group I     chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-113 (CFC-113)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-114 (CFC-114)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-115 (CFC-115)

      Group II    halon-1211
                  halon-1301
                  halon-2402

      Group III   chlorofluorocarbon-13 (CFC-13)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-111 (CFC-111)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-112 (CFC-112)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-211 (CFC-211)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-212 (CFC-212)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-213 (CFC-213)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-214 (CFC-214)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-215 (CFC-215)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-216 (CFC-216)
                  chlorofluorocarbon-217 (CFC-217)

      Group IV    carbon tetrachloride

      Group V     methyl chloroform

      The initial list under this subsection shall also include the isomers of
      the substances listed above,  other than 1,1,2-trichloroethane (an isomer
      of methyl chloroform).  Pursuant to subsection (c),  the Administrator
      shall add to the list of Class I substances any other substance that the
      Administrator finds causes or contributes significantly to harmful
      effects on the stratospheric ozone layer.  The Administrator shall,
      pursuant to subsection (c),  add to such list all substances that the
      Administrator determines have an ozone depletion potential of 0.2 or
      greater.


(b)    LIST OF CLASS II SUBSTANCES.

      Simultaneously with publication of the initial list of Class I
      substances,  the Administrator shall  publish an initial list of Class II
      substances,  which shall contain the  following substances:

      hydrochlorofluorocarbon-21 (HCFC-21)
      hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22)
      hydrochlorofluorocarbon-31 (HCFC-31)
      hydrochlorofluorocarbon-121 (HCFC-121)
      hydrochlorofluorocarbon-122 (HCFC-122)
      hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123 (HCFC-123)
      hydrochlorofluorocarbon-124 (HCFC-124)
      hydrochlorofluorocarbon-131 (HCFC-131)

                                     E-l

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96


            the Administrator shall add,  by rule,  (or make a final
            determination not to add)  such substance to such list within I
            year after receiving such petition.  Any petition under this
            paragraph shall include a showing by the petitioner that there are
            data on the substance adequate to support the petition. If the
            Administrator determines that information on the substance is not
            sufficient to make a determination under this paragraph, the
            Administrator shall use any authority available to the
            Administrator, under any law administered by the Administrator, to
            acquire such information.

      (4)   Only a Class II substance which is added to the list of Class I
            substances may be removed from the list of Class II substances. No
            substance referred to in subsection (a),  including methyl
            chloroform, may be removed from the list of Class I substances.


(d)    NEW LISTED SUBSTANCES.

      In the case of any substance added to the list of Class I or Class II
      substances after publication of  the initial  list of such substances
      under this section, the Administrator may extend any schedule or
      compliance deadline contained in section 604 or 605 to a later date than
      specified in such sections if such schedule  or deadline is unattainable,
      considering when such substance is added to  the list.   No extension
      under this subsection may extend the date for termination of production
      of any Class I substance to a date more than seven years after January 1
      of the year after the year in which the substance is added to the list
     •of Class I substances.  No extension under this subsection may extend
      the date for termination of production of  any Class II substance to a
      date more than 10 years after January 1 of the year after the year in
      which the substance is added to  the list of  Class II substances.


(e)    OZONE-DEPLETION AND GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL.

      Simultaneously with publication of the lists under this section and
      simultaneously with any addition to either of such lists,  the
      Administrator shall assign to each listed substance a numerical value
      representing the substance's ozone-depletion potential.  In addition,
      the Administrator shall publish the chlorine and bromine loading
      potential and the atmospheric lifetime of  each listed substance. One
      year after enactment of the Clean Air Act  Amendments of 1990 (one year
      after the addition of a substance to either  of such lists in the case of
      a  substance added after the publication of the initial lists of such
      substances), and after notice and opportunity for public comment,  the
      Administrator shall publish the global warming potential of each listed
      substance. The preceding sentence shall not  be construed to be the basis
      of any additional regulation under this Act. In the case of the
      substances referred to in table 1,  the ozone-depletion potential shall
      be as specified in table 1, unless the Administrator adjusts the
      substance's ozone-depletion potential based on criteria referred to in
      section 601 (10) :
                                     E-3

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA 4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                           4/96
                        APPENDIX F - LIST OF ACRONYMS

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
EPA 4844
    4/96
                         APPENDIX F - LIST OF ACRONYMS
ACGIH    American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists
ACM      Asbestos-Containing Materials
ADA      Americans with Disabilities Act
AEREB    Architecture Engineering and Real Estate Branch
AI       As Installed
AIHA     American Industrial Hygiene Association
ALARA    As Low As Reasonably Achievable
AM       As Manufactured
AMCA     Air Movement and Control Association
ANSI     American National Standards Institute
ARI      American Refrigeration Institute
ASHRAE   American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
         Engineers,  Inc.
AST      Aboveground Storage Tanks
ASTM     American Society for Testing and Materials
AU       As Used (Note: Not used in document when searched)
BACT     Best Available Control Technology
BAT      Best Available Technology
Btu      British Thermal Units
BOCA     Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc.
CEQ      Council on Environmental Quality
CF3Br    a halogenated hydrocarbon
CFCs     Chlorofluorocarbons
CFM      Cubic Feet Per Minute
CFR      Code of Federal Regulations
CPSC     Consumer Product Safety Commission
CX       Categorical Exclusion
DoD      Department of Defense
DOT      Department of Transportation
EA       Environmental Assessment
EIS      Environmental Impact Statement
EPA      Environmental Protection Agency
EPO      Emergency Power Off
ERDA     Energy Research and Development Administration
FC       Flow Control
FM       Factory Mutual
FMSD     Facilities Management and Services Division
FNSI     Finding of No Significant Impact

                                      F-l

-------
FACILITY  SAFETY, HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL
EPA 4844
    4/96
SF       Standard Form
SFO      Solicitation for Offers
SHEMD    Safety, Health, and Environmental Management Division
SHEMP    Safety, Health, and Environmental Management Program
SNAP     Significant New Alternatives Policy
SPCC     Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan
TBT      Tributyltin
UFAS     Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards
UL       Underwriters Laboratory, Incorporated
UBC      Uniform Building Code
UPS      Uninterruptible Power Supply
UST      Underground Storage Tank
VAV      Variable Air Volume
VOCs     Volatile Organic Compounds
                                     F-3

-------
FACILITY SAFETY, HEALTH AND                                           EPA  4844
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MANUAL                                            4/96
                           APPENDIX G - MEMORANDUMS

-------
              UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                         WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
                           JUN I 5 1995
                                                     —— OFFICE OF
                                                         ADMINISTRATION
                                                         AND RESOURCES
                                                         MANAGEMENT
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT:  Lighting Fixture Disposal Guidance and Strategy
                •gutt^
               jfr Mellen,
FROM:     Luthef Mellen, Chief
                     r,_Planning and Architecture Branch
          TechHical Assistance and Evaluation Branch

TO:       Distribution


     .As a participant in  the Green Lights Program,  EPA is
committed to conserving natural resources through the use of
energy-efficient lighting.   However,  light fixture  (i.e., lamps
and light ballasts) disposal during relamping operations and
routine maintenance poses unique challenges for EPA facilities
due to the potential environmental .impact from these fixtures and
potential liability under existing environmental statutes.  An
awareness and understanding of the disposal requirements for
light fixture components  containing mercury, lead,  or
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)  is critical as EPA facilities
upgrade their lighting; systems to new,  more energy-efficient
lighting systems.  To this  end,  FMSD  and SHEHD are  jointly
issuing guidance to assist  EPA facility managers with waste
resulting from lighting system upgrades.

     This guidance is intended to encourage energy-efficient
lighting upgrades while minimizing any  potential impacts on the
environment and upholding the Agency's, posit ion as  a leader in
developing environmental  management solutions..

Fluorescent and HID Lamps

     A relatively high percentage of  fluorescent' and HID lamps
contain hazardous constituents that are subject to
identification, storage,  treatment, and disposal requirements
under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The

-------
the ballasts were manufactured with  PCB-containing dielectric
fluid in small capacitors.  Light ballasts  containing PCBs in
small capacitors that are leaking have specified disposal
requirements under the Toxic Substances  Control  Act (TSCA).   EPA
generally considers light ballasts with  fluid filled capacitors
manufactured before .1979 as containing PCBs.   The TSCA .  •
regulations apply different disposal requirements for large
capacitors containing more than three pounds  of  dielectric fluid
and small capacitors with less than  three pounds of dielectric
fluid.  Small capacitors, such as light  ballasts,  may be disposed
in a RCRA Subtitle D solid waste landfill due to a regulatory
exemption for this type of equipment.1  However, light ballasts
with leaking capacitors containing any amount of PCBs are
regulated under TSCA and must be incinerated  in  a TSCA-approved
incinerator.l

     Other regulatory considerations for disposing of light
ballasts are reporting requirements  for  releases into the
environment under CERCLA.  Disposal  of more than one pound of
PCBs in a RCRA Subtitle D solid waste landfill or a TSCA-
permitted landfill requires release  reporting by the facility
owner or operator to the National Response  Center according to 40
CFR §302.6.
 Guidance.   When multiple PCS-containing capacitors are
 disposed of together and exceed the three-pound threshold, the
 capacitors  should be disposed of in a TSCA-regulated
 incinerator2 (February 19, 1986 memorandum  from Suzanne
 Rudzinski to Mark Fennel).3  Therefore, operations generating
 a significant quantity td^e.,. 15 or more) •of- light ballasts
 should recycle the  light ballasts,  which includes metals
 reclamation and disposal of  PCB materials in a TSCA-approved
 incinerator.  Any leaking light ballast containing PCBs also
 must be disposed  of in a TSCA-approved incinerator1.	
Management Strategy

     Based on the aforementioned guidance,  the  following
management strategy is recommended  for  any relamping project.

1.    Develop a relamping statement of work that holds the
     2The policy memorandum and 1994 TSCA question and answer recommendation are
based on a Federal Register preamble from 1978 (February 17, 1978; 44 FR 7150)
     3See Attachment B.

     4See Attachment C.

-------
2.    Require that the contractor's bid provide a description of
      proposed disposal and management options.  The invitation
      for bid should indicate that preference will be given to
      options that include recycling.

3.    Thoroughly evaluate the relamping contractor's proposed
      disposal options for conformance with this guidance and
      strategy.  All facilities should  ensure compliance-with- all
      state and federal regulations throughout the relamping and
      waste management process.

4.    Exercise management oversight of all contractor lighting-
      disposal practices to ensure conformance with the statement
      of work requirements.


Attachments:
A.   EPA Fact Sheet - Lighting Fixtures Management Options, Sept.
     1994
B.   PCB Q&A Manual, 1994 Edition, Small Capacitors  (pgs. 11-12
     to 11-15)
C.   PCB Disposal Companies - Commercially Permitted, February
     16, 1995

-------
                              United States             Office of_    ..4~-/;>:~^A^oVEFA/20^-94-008
                              Environmental Protection   Administration and      .   September J 994   <
                             Agency                   Resources Management   '•••
     &EPA          Lighting Fixture  Management
                             Options

 Safety, Health and Environmental Management
 Division 3207                                                                     Quick Reference Fact Sheet
 EPA is committed to becoming more energy efficient through the use of energy-efficient lighting. As facilities replace their current
 lighting systems with new. energy-efficient lighting, they need to be aware of the concerns regarding and options for safely disposing
 of these lights, which may contain mercury, lead, or PCBs. Thus, this fact sheet was created by EPA's Safety. Health and Environmen-
 tal Management Division as a guide for disposing of lamps containing mercury or lead, and ballasts containing PCBs. It is organized
' to provide infonnation on why facilities should consider using energy-effidemUghting, as weU as point out some of the concerns and
 regulations affecting the disposal of lamps and ballasts. Pages 2 through 6 provide specific infonnation on the regulations, manage-
 ment options, packing, labeling, transporting, storing, recordkeeping requirements, and management costs for lamps containing
 mercury or lead and ballasts containing PCBs. The fact sheet concludes with Specific State Requirements Matrices, which list
 specific state requirements for lighting containing PCBs and mercury (information on lamps ««n«r«ining lead has not yet been com-
 piled). This information, published by the Green Lights Program, is accurate as of January 1994 and, because some states are
 considering new regulations, should be confirmed with each state's environmental personnel
                         Why Should Facilities Switch To Energy-Efficient Lighting?
 Lighting accounts for 20-25% of the total energy used annually in the United States and 80-90% of the energy used for commercial
 purposes.  Energy-efficient lighting can reduce the jdemand by over 50%. decreasing significantly die amount of fuel burned by
 electricity-generating power plants.
The Federal government has launched a variety j)ftaergy conservation initiatives. EPA is a founding partner of the Green Lights
Program, a voluntary p'"g""r, established inxl991, mat emphasizes demand-side tn«niig»p»«K pf electricity to reduce air pollution. ~~
Another energy conservation initiative is Executive Order 12902 (signed March 8. 1994)^ This Order requires all Federal agencies to
develop and implement an energy conservation program that could reduce their gross square foot energy consumption by 30% by the
year 2005, based on 1985 levels.     ./
                                                                            \
 Fluorescent lamps may. contain mercury and/or lead and may be considered a hazardous waste subject to the Resource Conservation
 and Recovery Act (RCRA). Ballasts may contain PCBs and be subject to regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
 and subject to disposal requirements under the Comprehensive Environmental Response. Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).
 Upgrading to energy efficient lighting sources such as fluorescent lamps necessitates careful consideration of how these lighting
 systems are transported, stored, and disposed.                                        ;
                              \                                               t
                              :                                               I
 EPA has issued two regulatory proposals mat may impact the transport, storage, and disposal of fluorescent and mercury-containing
 lamps. A final EPA rule is expected at the close of 1995. These proposals are:

    •   The Universal Waste Proposal (February 11, 1993, 58 FR 8102). If expanded to include fluorescent lamps, this proposal
        would allow generators to ship thelamps without a manifest to a hazardous waste landfill, a recycler, or a consolidation point
        for temporary storage.
    •   The Proposal on HflTiaTdPU5 Waste Management of Mercury-CpntHniflf LjfllM ^"ty 27, 1994, 59 FR 38288).  This pro-
        posal contains two options. Under the first option, mercury-containing lamps would be exempt from regulation as hazard-
        ous waste under RCRA. provided that they are disposed of in EPa-permitted municipal solid waste landfills or managed in
        permitted, licensed, and registered mercury reclamation farilities. The second option would add mercury-containing lamps
        to the Universal Waste Proposal (see above).     - --  "             .                .

 In case of the promulgation of either proposed rule, states with programs more stringent than these proposals would not be bound to
 the new rule.                          .                              .

           -"             .         .'            ..1              '  •'    '          .   -

-------
                 "T'^j^MPS CONTAIMNG MEROTRfc
               LIGHTING MANAGEMENT OPTIONS  (cont'd)
Packing, Labeling, Transporting, Storing,
Recordkeeping

Crushing/breaking lamps.J"

    •   Crushing lamps is not recommended as it may be
        considered treatment and, therefore, nfCMritafftf a
        permit. In addition, when lamps are broken, mer-
        cury vapor, which is harmful to human health and
        the environment, is released.

    •   Accidentally broken lamps should be'stored in a
        covered plastic or plastic-lined container until they
        are sent to a recycler or RCRA Subtitle D disposal
        facility.
Packing lamps for transport:

    •   Pack lamps removed during relamping in the boxes
        in which they initially arrived. Do not tape lamps
        together.

    •   Place lamps in containers that comply with Sub-
        part I of 40 CFR {265.  These requirements in-
        clude using containers rt?*T are in good condition
        (if the container leaks, the lamps must be trans-
        ferred to another container); using containers made
        of or lined with materials compatible with the mer-
        cury-containing lamps; keeping containers closed
        during storage, except when adding or removing
        lamps; and storing containers in accumulation ar-
        eas where the owner or operator inspects  the con-
        tainers at least weekly (40 CFR §265.170-174).

Storing lamps for disposal:

    *   Accumulate lamps that are hazardous wastes in an
        accumulation area and comply with the  require-
        ments of 40 CFR §262 (particularly §26234). If
        lamps display the characteristic for mercury or lead,
        comply with §268.7.

    •   Pack lamps in original boxes or provide cushion-
        ing.

    •   Stack the boxes in a manner that prevents the crush-
        ing of the lamps.
    Labeling boxes containing lamps:
           P ctani
                               g h»»*««Tlffli? waste as such
           (40 CFR §262J4(aX2)).  Note the accumulation
           start date (40 CFR §262J34(aX3».
    Transporting lamps:
           Ship lamps with a registered solid or hazardous
           waste transporter, as appropriate. Lamps
           classified as hazardous wastes must be trans-
           ported in accordance with Department of
           Transportation hazardous materials regulations
           (49 CER I72J04) and RCRA regulations (40
           CFR262(b)).
   Recordkeeping far o
   lamps:
               •ting mercury-containing
       •   Irack all transported rnercury-containing lamps
           with a Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest.
           which can be obtained from the receiving state •
           agency or a disposal facility or recycler that
           accepts hazardous wastes.

   Management Costs
                   costs fiir fluorescent lamps are
           typically calculated by linear foot, while high
           intensity discharge (HID) lamps are quoted on a
          • pel iauj^TWis

           -  Fluorescent lamp recycling costs range fjuui
              ft-15* per toot

           -  HID recycling costs range from J1.25-J4.50
              per lamp.

           H«Mtdnii« waste landfill costs, for bom HID and
           fluorescent lamps, range from 25«-5Qf per 4-foot
           tube, excluding costs for packaging and transpor-
           tation.
Municial solid was
                                   costs for both HID
           and fluorescent lamps range from 2«-3# per 4-
           footlamp.
  1 As proposals (fax may tignifienitly impact the KfnUtofy requn
   should not purchase crashing equipment and should avoid using
for die prr if nt
       [the dispart of lamps «e i
                          . Afncy penoanel

-------
                        BALLASTS^ONTAINING PCBs:
                   LIGHTING MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Types of lighting equipment that may contain PCBs include
fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge (e.g.,.mercury
vapor, metal halide. high pressure sodium), and incidental
hardware.  J


Statutory Requirements 6           :

Non-leaking ballasts containing PCBs:

    •  TSCA:

           Rgqitfrae that ballasts enptffining OVTT 50 ppm
           PCBs be incinerated, disposed of in a chemi-
           cal landfill, or treated with an alternative tech-
           nology (40 CFR §761.60(e)).

           Allows non-leaking small capacitors to be dis-
           posed of in a municipal solid waste landfill
           (40 CFR 761.60(bX2)(ii)).

    •  Notify the NRC if releasing greater than an RQ.
       Under CERCLA, a release of one pound of PCBs
       may constitute an RQ requiring building owners
       and waste generators to notify the NRC at 1-800-
       424-8802.

    •  The 1979 PCB Land Ban Rule (44 FR 31514), and
       the final rule of August 25,1982 (47 FR 37342)
       . encourage high-temperature incineration or dis-
       posal in a chemical or a hazardous waste landfill.

Leaking ballasts containing PCBs:         \

    •  TSCA requires high-temperature incineration (40
       CFR §761).
Management Options (See Figure 3)

Determining whether ballasts contain PCBs:

    •   . Ballasts manufactured through 1979 contain PCBs;
       therefore assume all contain PCBs.
   .*   Ballasts manufactured after 1979 that have a "No
       PCBs" label do not contain PCBs.

    •   Ballasts manufactured after 1979 that do not have
       the "No PCBs" label should be managed as if they
       contain PCBs until properly characterized.
                               Evaluating whether ballasts containing PCBs an leaking:

                                                                          if thf V
                                                         d personnel should handle
                                                             are leaking. Only tr
                                                             leaking ballasts.

                                                      Disposing afnon-Jealdnf ballasts containing PCBs:

                                                          •   Dispose of intact ballasts bra municipal solid waste
                                                             landfill.* However, the EPA Green Lights Program
                                                           •  •recommends high-temperature incineration, dis-
                                                             posal in a hazardous waste landfill, or recycling.

                                                      Disposing of leaking ballasts containing PCBs:

                                                          •   Leaking ballasts must be irinnffatrff at a high-tem-
                                                           -  perature incinerator. See page 7 of this fact sheet
                                                             for a list of incinerators.
                                                                        FIGURE 3
                                                                  Management Options
   State requirements nuy.be
   ghffit IQ identily S **** '
  ' You may be liable in any cnbtequent Superfund ckaiMip at «
   (CERCLA J 107(i)).      .
                                                              i Matrix contained in the "Ufhliiii DispouT Options* fact
e (tringeni dun Federal regulations. See (he State Refiili

                      icipal. bazanh>us,orcheinkall«adfiUifyoucfaoieiodttpa(eofw«*teiDa UndHU

-------
 Additional information regarding disposal may also be obtained by calling the regulatory hotlines ortbe Green Lights Program.
 Contacts for each of these resources are listed below. Infonnadon regardingEPA'sodwrpoQation prevention initiatives can be
 obtained from EPA's Safety, Health and Environmental Management Division (see bottom of this page).
                                          Disposal Locations
 Commercially permitted PCS INCINERATORS operating as of June 1994:
 Aptus, Inc.
 P.O. Box 1328
 Cofleyville, KS 67337
 (3I6).251-6380
Chemical Waste Management*
P.O. Box 2563
Port Arthur, TX 77643
(409) 736-2821
Commercial!, permitted HAZARDOUS WASTF, J{ mmiX «{,*,«*,{** of June 1994?
Chem-Security Systems Inc.*
Star Route. Box 9-
Arlington, OR 98712
(503)454-5643
Envirosafe Services Inc.
  of Idaho
P.O. Box 16217
Boise. ID 83715-6217
(800)274-1516
                 US. Ecology. Inc.
                 Box 578
                 Beatty.NV .89003
                 (702)553-2203
   US. Pollution Control. Inc.
   Gnyback Mountain
   8960N Highway 40
  .LakePotnt.UT 84074
   (801)252-2000
  Note: Call 1-800-843-3604 for information on Chemical Waste Management disposal facilities nationwide.
                                          Recycling Services
     Lamp Recycling Services
     (as of January 1994):

     Advanced Environmental Recycling Corp.
     Allentown, PA .              .
     (215)797-7608

     Lighting Resources, Inc.
     Pomona, CA
     (909)923-7252
     Mercury Recovery Systems
     Monrovia, CA
     (818)301-1372

     Mercury Technologies Corporation
     Hayward, CA
     (800) 628-3675
      - .*
Ensquare, Inc.       •   -     '
SummervUle, MA
(617)776-7320                  »

Environmental Energy Group
Demon, TX
(817)898-1291

Ballast Recycling Services
(as of January 1994):

FulCtrcle Ballast Recyclers
•Cambridge, MA           '
(800) 775-1516 (National Sates Office)

Lighting Resources, Inc.
Pomona, CA
(909)923-7252
 SalescoU-S-A.:

        Phoenix, AZ
        '(800)368-9095

        San Diego. CA
        (619)793-3460

        Boston, MA
        (617) 344-4074

: Transformer Service, Inc.
 Concord. NH 03302
 (603)2244006
To obtain additional regulatory information, contact:                                                    '     •

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Hotline - (202) 554-1404
RCRA/UST, Superrund and EPCRA Hotline: (703) 412-9810 (in the Washington, D.C Metro Area). H800) 424-9346
CERGLA National Response Center (NRC) Hotline - (800) 424-8802
Department of Transportation Hotline-(202) 366-4488                              .

  To obtain additional information on implementing energy efficient lighting systems, contact:

                                         EPA's Green Lights Program
                                     U.S.- Environmental Protection Agency          x
                                        401 M Street. S.W. (ANR-445)
                                           Washington, DC  20460
                                     (202) 775-6650, (202) 775-6680 (fax)

  This fact sheet was prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency's Safety, Health and Environmental Management
  Division fSHEMD). Questions about this fact sheet or about EPA's internal pollution prevention efforts may be directed
  to SHEMD's Jeffrey Davidson at (202) 260-1650.
1 This it MX a <
  codoned by the I
              J recycling cervices tfaiaafht
i lined caapniet and cannot cnfinn the method
                     t the Uated Sate*. Canpnies lined ialhii feet steet we not

-------
                           ATTAC
                                *•"*"• *
          UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                    	PCS Q 4 A MANUAL
An EPA TSCA assistance document designed to provide the regulated
    community with Agency interpretations to frequently posed
                           questions.*       ;
                           Prepared by:

                         OPERATIONS BRANCH
                   CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
            OFFICE OF POLLUTION PREVENTION AND TOXICS
                           1994 EDITION
* This publication is an informal document, and persons are
directed to the PCB final rules at Title 40 of the Code of
Federal Regulations part* 761  (40 CFR part 761) except where
otherwise noted for specific  legal requirements.  This document
provides information on the regulatory requirements for
polychlorinated biphenyls that have been reflected in final
regulations published through December 31, 1990.  Any past
versions of this document either final or in draft form are now
obsolete.

-------
                           --FOREWORD--

The  PCB Q  & A Manual has been prepared to assist  the user in
answering  frequently asked questions on the PCB regulations.  -It
is a quick source of information that will be updated as new
rules and  policies become  final.   The looseleaf style and
pagination within chapters will  facilitate updating as needed'.
Each time  a new chapter is added,  a new table of  contents and a
new  alphabetical list of chapters will  also be generated.   All
persons to,, whom EPA has sent  the PCB Q & A Manual will
automatically receive updates with instructions to  add and/or
replace pages already in the  binder.   Please complete the
following  Update Request Form and mail  this entire  page to:
Environmental Assistance Division (7408),  Environmental
Protection Agency, 401 M St.  S.W.,  Washington, DC 20460,  or call
the  TSCA Assistance Information  Service at 202-554-1404 to
receive the PCB Q & A Manual  Updates and Revisions.
                       - PCS Q & A MANUAL -
                       T7nda.t:e Ramies ti Foxm
FACILITY;
STREET ADDRESS;
CITY;                      »    STATE:          ZIP:
ATTENTION:

-------
/"
PART B
                               CAPACITORS
            Small capacitors are.those which contain less than 3 Ibs. of
            dielectric fluids.   They commonly contain between 0.1 and
            0.6 pound of PCBs and are used in fluorescent light'
            ballasts, household appliances/ and industrial equipment.
            In most applications,  the equipment containing the—small
            capacitor in its circuitry cannot function without it.

            Since these capacitors contain small quantities of
            dielectric fluid and significant amounts of absorbent
            material such as paper,  and because many of these capacitors
            are encapsulated, large. amounts of PCBs are not, released
           'from these capacitors during their use in appliances or
            other equipment'containing small capacitors.  Therefore,
            exposure risks to humans,  food, feed, water,, or the
            environment from the use of these capacitors are generally
            low.  EPA has determined that the use of small capacitors
            containing PCBs is not unreasonable because of their .low
            risk compared with the benefits from the use of millions of
            pieces of electronic -equipment and consumer products;
            billions of dollars in replacement costs; and the lack of
            practical cost-effective risk reduction measures. .
            MANUFAC
            The manufacture of PCBs,  regardless of concentration,  for
            use in small capacitors is prohibited [761. 20 (b)].
            PROCESSING

            The processing of PCBs,  50 ppm or greater,  for use in small
            capacitors is prohibited without an EPA exemption
            [761. 20 (c)].  PCBs in any concentration may be processed
            (i.e.,  prepared and/or packaged for distribution in
            commerce)  for purposes of disposal in accordance with the
            requirements of 761.60 [761.20 (c) (2) and. (4)J .
                  BUTION  H COMMERCE (Sale of Small PCS Capaci
            The distribution in commerce of PCBs, 50 ppm or greater,  for
            use in small capacitors is prohibited without an EPA
            exemption [761 . 20 (c) ] .   PCBs at any concentration may be
            distributed in commerce for purposes of disposal in
            accordance with the requirements of .761.60 [761. 20 (c) (2)  and
            (4)] .   Disposal means the termination of the useful life of
            the PCB or PCB-Contaminated Capacitors.         .
                                     11-12

-------
      .....     .
 storage and disposed of within one year  [761. 65 (a)].  Also,
 any small PCS Capacitor owned by any person, who
-manufactures, or at any time manufactured, PCB Capacitors or
 PGB Equipment and acquired the PCB Capacitor in the course
 of such manufacturing, must be stored in accordance with
 761. 65 (b) ...
 DISPOSAL                                     -   ___  _

 Small PCB Capacitors and Equipment containing small PCB
 Capacitors may be disposed of as municipal solid waste.
 [761. 60 (b) (2) (ii)], except that any small PCB Capacitor
 owned by any person who manufactures or at any time
 manufactured PCB Capacitors or PCB Equipment and acquired
 the PCB Capacitors in the course of such manufacturing must
 be disposed of as follows [761 . 60 (b) (2) (iv)] :

      •    In an incinerator that complies with 40 CFR
           761.70.

      •    By an alternative EPA approved and permitted
           method.

 EPA recommends that where several small  PCB Capacitors are
 gathered together in drums or containers, that  the disposal
 method be determined by the combined amount of  PCBs in the
 several capacitors.  That is, if 3  Ibs.  or more of PCBs are
 contained in the several small capacitors,  the  Agency
 recommends that the several small capacitors be disposed of
 in accordance with the requirements for  large capacitors .
 Also,  EPA encourages users of large amounts of  small PCB
 Capacitors to institute voluntary collection programs to
 dispose of the small capacitors in PCB Incinerators.
 [Readers are advised to contact their PCB Regonal
 Coordinator for the policy on the disposal of large numbers
 of small capacitors.]
SPILLS

Spills,  leaks,  and other uncontrolled discharges where the
release  results in any quantity of PCBs  Tanning off of about
to run off  the  external surface of a small PCB Capacitor is
considered  improper disposal of PCBs .  The PCB Spill Cleanup
Policy provides specific cleanup measures which,  if followed
explicitly,  create a presumption against enforcement for
penalties or further cleanup.  See the chapter on "PCB Spill
Cleanup  Policy" for specific measures.
                          11-14
                                          U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
                                              . .Mail code 3201
                                          1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
                                             Washington DC  20460

-------
                               ATTACHMENT  C
                           PCS DISPOSAL COMPANIES
                           COMMERCIALLY PEPMTTTRD
                                                        FEB I 6 1995
^Permitted  to operate in all ten EPA Regions
COMPANY

INCINERATORS

Aptus, Inc.
Chemical Waste
 Management

Rollins


WESTON
      ADDRESS
P.O. Box 1328
Coffeyville, KS  67337

P.O. 27448
Salt Lake City, DT  84127

11600 N. Aptus Road
Aragonite, DT  84029

P.O. Box 2563
Port Arthur, TX 77643

P.O. Box 609
Deer Park, TX  77536

One Weston Way
West Chester, PA  19380
ALTERNATE THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
General Electric
100 Woodlawn Avenue
Pittsfield, MA  01201
  PHONE NO.



312-251 6380


801-531-4200  .


801-531-4200


409-736-2821


713-930-2300


215-692-3030 *
413-494-2700
CHEMICAL DECELORINATION

Chemical Waste
 Management

Exceltech, Inc.
  (ENSCO Subsidiary)

Aptus, Inc.
PPM, inc.
  (USPCI Subsidiary)

ENSR Operations
  (formerly Sunohio)
1550 Balmer Road
Model City, NY  14107

41638 Christy Street
Fremont, CA  94538

P.O. Box 1328
Coffeyville, KS  67337

1875 Forge Street
Tucker, GA  30084

1700 Gateway Blvd. S.E.
Canton, OH  44707
716-754-8231
415-659-040-4
316-251-6380
404-934-0902 *
216-452-0837 *

-------
                                     •"*•

 COMPANY                            ADDRESS

 FLUORESCENT LIGHT BALAST RECYCLING

 FulCircle Ballast Recyclers   186 Brattle  Street
                               Cambridge, MA  02138
S. D. Myers,  Inc.
 180 South Avenue
 Tallmadge, Ohio  44278
Salesco  Systems USA,  Inc.-AZ   5736 West Jefferson
                               Phoenix, AZ   85043
CHEMICAL HASTE LANDFILLS

Chemical Waste
 Management
Chem-Security Systems
 Incorporated

Envirosafe Services
 Inc. of Idaho

CWM Chemical Services
 Controlt Inc,

U.S. Ecology, Inc.
U.S. Pollution
 Control, Inc.
 Alabama Inc.  Box 55
 Emelle,  AL 35459

 Box 471
 Kettleman City,  CA  93239

 Star Route, Box  9
 Arlington, OR 98712

 P.O.  Box 16217
 Boise,  ID 83715-6217

 1550 Balmer Road
 Model City, NY   14107
\      '
 BOX 578
 Beatty,  NV 89003

 Grayback Mountain
 8960N Hwy 40
 Lake Point, UT   84074
  PHONE NO.




800-775-1516
       j


800-444-9580


800-368-9095





205-652-9721


209-386-9711


503-454-2643


800-274-1516


716-754-8231


702-553-2203


801-595-3900
BIOLOGICAL

Detox Industries, Inc.
 12919 Dairy Ashford
 Sugar Land, TX  77478
713-240-0892

-------
                              APR
                                                        OFF ICC OF
                                               SOLID WASTE AND EMEftOCNCV MESPONM
 SUBJECT:   Use of Alternative Secondary Containment Measures at
           Facilities Regulated under the Oil Pollution Prevention
           Regulation MJLCFR Part 117,)
 FROM:      Don R.  Cltf
           Assistant Adminis

 TO:        Director, Environmental Services Division
             Regions I, VI, VII
           Director, Emergency and Remedial Response Division
             Region II
           Director, Hazardous Haste Management Division
             Regions III, IX
           Director, Waste Management Division
             Regions IV, V, VIII
           Director, Hazardous Waste Division
             Region X

PURPOSE

    This memorandum addresses the U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA) interpretation of  the term  "secondary containment"
as it is used  in  section 112.7(c)  of the oil Pollution Prevention
regulation (40 CFR Part 112),  also known as the Spill Prevention,
Control and  Countermeasures (SPCC)  regulation.  It  also addresses
technologies that may  be used to  provide secondary  containment
for smaller, shop-fabricated aboveground storage tanks (ASTs)
consistent with 40 CFR Part 112.7(c).


BACKGROUND

    Since  1973, the SPCC regulation has included the following
provision  addressing secondary containment and  the  allowance for
equivalent preventive  systems.  Section 112.7(c) states:

    Appropriate containment and/or diversionary structures or
    equipment  to  prevent discharged oil from reaching a
    navigable  water course should be provided.  One of the
    following  preventive systems  or its equivalent  should be
                                                         Printed on Recycled Paper

-------
                               - 3 -         ...    .

     Consistent with station 112.l(e) of the SPCC regulation,
 this memorandum docs not supersede the authority of "existing
 lavs, regulations, rules, standards, policies and procedures
 pertaining to safety standards, fire prevention and pollution
 rules,• including fire vodes or other standards for good
 engineering practice that nay apply to alternative AST systems.

     On October 22, 1991, EPA proposed revisions to the SPCC
 regulation.  The proposed revisions do not affect the provisions
 of section 112.-7 (c)  that describe alternative systems that are
 substantially equivalent to those specifically  listed in
 paragraphs (c)(1)(i)  through (e)(1)(vii).

 OBJECTIVE                        :t  .  '

     This memorandum should allow EPA Regional personnel to
 provide consistent interpretation of the secondary. containment
 provisions of section 112.7(c)  of the SPCC regulation to
 facilities with  generally Smaller shop-fabricated ASTs.
 Alternative AST  systems,  including equipment and  procedures to
 prevent reasonably expected discharges,  should  satisfy the
 secondary containment provisions  of the  SPCC regulation under
 most site-specific conditions.

 DI8CDBS1OM

     As smaller shop-fabricated ASTs are  increasingly appearing
 in the market, we  have observed a  number of innovative
 technologies to  reduce the  risks of both leaks  and spills.
 Moreover,  these  smaller shop-fabricated tanks do not pose the
 same risk of large uncontrolled oil spills to navigable waters  as
 the  larger field-erected tanks.  Therefore, we believe that there
 should be many situations in which protection of navigable waters
 substantially equivalent to that provided by the secondary
 containment systems listed  in section 112.7(c) could be provided
 by alternative AST systems  that have capacities generally less
 than 12,000 gallons and are installed and operated with
 protective measures other than  secondary containment dikes.   For
 example,  some State programs provide an exemption from state
 spill prevention requirements for ASTs with similar capacities.
 However,  in certain situations, these alternative AST systems
might appropriately not be presumed to comply with the provisions
 of section 112.7(c).  An example of this type of situation is
 facilities containing four or more ASTs or ASTs with combined
capacity greater than 40,000 gallons, where a number of larger
tanks are  connected by manifolds or other piping arrangements

-------
                                 - 5 -          ' '     •'.

 or flow shut-off,2 and all product transfers are constantly
                                                             "
     When the only significant source of potential oil spills to
 navigable waters of the United states from a facility is from
 alternative  ASTs as described in this memorandum,  an SPCC Plan
 that is certified by a Registered Prof essional Engineer and  that
 requires equipment and operating practices in accordance with
 good engineering practice and the principle of substantial
 equivalence  as described  above should be presumed to achieve the
 protection of navigable waters substantially equivalent to that
 provided by  the preventive systems specified in 40 CFR Part
 112. 7 (c).


 cc:  Bowdoin  Train
     Henry Longest
     Bruce Diamond
     Deborah  Dietrich
     Walter Kovalick
     James Makris
     Charles  Openchovski
     David Ziegele
     Wendy Butler
     Removal  Managers, Regions I-X                               .
     2  Consistent with the performance standards for these devices ma
described in section 280.20(c) of EPA regulations for USTs at 40 CPU Part
280 and in an August 5, 1991, amendment, an automatic flow shut-off will
shut off flow so chat none of the fittings located on top of the tank are
exposed to product as a result of overfilling, an automatic flow restrictor
will restrict flow 30 minuces prior to overfill or when the tank is no more
than 90 percent full, and a high level alarm will alert the operator one
minute before overfilling or when the tank is no more than 90 percent full.



     s  Consistent with the performance standard for overfill control as
described in section 280.30(a) of EPA regulations for USTs at 40 CFR Part
280, an owner/operator of the facility will ensure that the transfer
operation is Bonitored constantly to prevent overfilling and spilling.
                                                                Trrrcx  O txrx:

-------

-------

-------