"7 : ,
P/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region 7
324 East Eleventh St.
Kansas City, Mo. 64106
Air and Waste Management Division
Area Source VOC
and NOX Emission
Inventory For The
Kansas City
Metropolitan Area
EPA 907/9-84-008
September 1984
EPA REGION VII IRC
069211
Hnai
-------
-------
FINAL REPORT
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3511
Task Order No. 55
and
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3887
Task Order No. 1
AREA SOURCE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC) AND
NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX) EMISSION INVENTORY FOR
THE KANSAS CITY METROPOLITAN AREA
EPA Project Officer - Mr. Dan Wheeler
Project Manager - Mr. Vinod Bhatia
September 1984
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VII
324 East llth Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
Prepared by
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc,
One Northbrook Place, St. 200
5 Revere Drive
Northbrook, Illinois 60062
(312) 564-5076
-------
DISCLAIMER
This Final Report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency by Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois 60062,
in fulfillment of Contract Number 68-02-3511. The opinions, findings,
and conclusions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily
those of the Environmental Protection Ajency or of cooperating agencies.
Mention of company or product names is not to be considered as an
endorsement by the Environmental Protection Agency.
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Vinod Bhatia and David Cole of Pacific Environmental Services,
Inc. acted as Project Manager and Principal Investigator, respectively,
of this contract, and are principally responsible for this document.
Additional authors contributing to this report were Kevin Eldridge,
Vishnu Katari, David Macias, Bruce Van Otteren, Lowell Wayne and Scott
Osbourn. Special acknowledgments are extended to Kevin Eldridge for data
processing and to the typing staff for their diligence in typing this
report.
The authors also wish to thank the following persons who assisted
in the preparation and review of this document and offered constructive
criticism:
Mr. Dan Wheeler, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VII
Mr, Robert Chanslor, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VII
Mr. Randy Raymond, Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Mr. Brad Reynolds, Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Mr. Harish Agarwal, Kansas Department of Health and Environment
Mr. Ray Buersin, Kansas Department of Health and Environment
Ms. Cindy Kemper, Mid-America Regional Council
Mr. Richard Michael, Kansas City-Wyandotte County Health Department
Mr. John R. Cotter, Kansas City-Wyandotte County Health Department
Mr. Don Steele, Kansas City-Missouri Air Quality Section
Mr. Paul Stablein, Kansas City-Missouri Air Quality Section
m
-------
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Section Page
Table of Contents . . . iv
List of Tables tx
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 Background 1-1
1.2 Report Organization 1-2
1.3 Basic Data Assumption 1-3
1.4 Reference 1-8
2.0 GASOLINE MARKETING AND SERVICE STATIONS 2-1
2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Methodology 2-2
2.3 Base Year Calculations 2-6
2.4 Projected Emissions 2-8
2.5 References 2-12
3.0 SHIP AND BARGE TRANSFER OF GASOLINE AND CRUDE OIL 3-1
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Methodology 3-1
3.3 Base Year Calculations 3-3
3.4 Projected Emissions 3-4
3.5 References 3-7
4.0 DECREASING 4-1
4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.2 Methodology 4-2
4.3 Base Year Calculations 4-3
4.4 Projected Emissions 4-5
4.5 References 4-9
5.0 DRY CLEANING 5-1
5.1 Introduction 5-1
5.2 Methodology 5-2
5.3 Base Year Calculations 5-8
5.4 Projected Emissions 5-10
5.5 References 5-14
iv
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Section Page
6.0 SURFACE COATING 6-1
6.1 Introduction 6-1
6.2 Methodology (Architectural Surface Coating) 6-1
6.3 Base Year Calculations 6-4
6.4 Projected Emissions 6-5
6.5 Methodology (Automobile Refinishing) 6-5
6.6 Base Year Calculations 6-7
6.7 Projected Emissions 6-8
6.8 References 6-10
7.0 GRAPHIC ARTS 7-1
7.1 Introduction 7-1
7.2 Methodology 7-1
7.3 Base Year Calculations 7-2
7.4 Projected Emissions 7-2
7.5 References 7-4
8.0 COMMERCIAL/CONSUMER SOLVENT USE 8-1
8.1 Introduction 8-1
8.2 Methodology. 8-1
8.3 Base Year Calculations 8-2
8.4 Projected Emissions 8-3
8.5 References 8-5
9.0 CUTBACK ASPHALT PAVING 9-1
9.1 Introduction 9-1
9.2 Methodology 9-1
9.3 Base Year Calculations 9-3
9.4 Projected Emissions 9-6
9.5 References 9-9
10.0 PESTICIDE APPLICATION 10-1
10.1 Introduction 10-1
10.2 Methodology 10-1
10.3 Base Year Calculations 10-8
10.4 Projected Emissions 10-9
10.5 References 10-14
v
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Section Page
11.0 RESIDENTIAL FOSSIL FUELS 11-1
11.1 Introduction 11-1
11.2 Methodology 11-1
11.3 Base Year Calculations 11-2
11.4 Projected Emissions 11-7
11.5 References 11-11
12.0 SMALL INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL FOSSIL FUELS 12-1
12.1 Introduction 12-1
12.2 Methodology 12-1
12.3 Base Year Calculations 12-4
12.4 Projected Emissions 12-7
12.5 References 12-11
13.0 AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT 13-1
13.1 Introduction 13-1
13.2 Methodology 13-1
13.3 Base Year Calculations 13-5
13.4 Projected Emissions 13-6
13.5 References 13-7
14.0 LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT 14-1
14.1 Introduction 14-1
14.2 Methodology 14-1
14.3 Base Year Calcualtions 14-4
14.4 Projected Emissions 14-5
14.5 References 14-8
15.0 INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT 15-1
15.1 Introduction 15-1
15.2 Methodology 15-1
15.3 Base Year Calculations 15-5
15.4 Projected Emissions 15-5
15.5 References 15-6
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Section Page
16.0 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT 16-1
16.1 Introduction 16-1
16.2 Methodology 16-1
16.3 Base Year Calculations 16-4
16.4 Projected Emissions 16-5
16.5 References 16-6
17.0 OFF-HIGHWAY MOTORCYCLES 17-1
17.1 Introduction 17-1
17.2 Methodology., 17-1
17.3 Base Year Calculations 17-4
17.4 Projected Emissions 17-5
17.5 References 17-9
18.0 LOCOMOTIVES 18-1
18.1 Introduction 18-1
18.2 Methodology. 18-1
18.3 Base Year Calculations 18-7
18.4 Projected Emissions 18-9
18.5 References 18-13
19.0 AIRCRAFT 19-1
19.1 Introduction 19-1
19.2 Methodology 19-1
19.3 Base Year Calculations 19-5
19.4 Projected Emissions 19-8
19.5 References 19-11
20.0 VESSELS 20-1
20.1 Introduction 20-1
20.2 Methodology 20-1
20.3 Base Year Calculations 20-5
20.4 Projected Emissions 20-7
20.5 References 20-10
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (concluded)
Section Page
21.0 SOLID WASTE INCINERATION 21-1
21.1 Introduction 21-1
21.2 Methodology 21-1
21.3 Base Year Calculations 21-2
21.4 Projected Emissions 21-3
21.5 References 21-7
22.0 OPEN BURNING 22-1
22.1 Introduction 22-1
22.2 Methodology 22-1
22.3 Base Year Calculations 22-4
22.4 Projected Emissions 22-6
22.5 References 22-9
23.0 SUMMARY 23-1
vm
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1-1 Report Outline Referenced by Section 1-3
1-2 County Population Projections and Growth Factors 1-4
1-3 County Household injections and Growth Factors 1-5
1-4 County Total Employment Projections 1-6
1-5 County Manufacturing Employment Projections 1-7
2-1 Uncontrolled Emissions from a Typical Service Station . . . 2-3
2-2 Emission Factors for Area Source Operations at
Service Station:; 2-5
2-3 Baseline VOC Emission Estimates from Service Stations
by County, 1983 2-7
2-4 Gasoline Consumption Projections Through the Year 2000. . . 2-10
2-5 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions from
Gasoline Marketing and Service Stations 2-11
3-1 Petroleum Product:; Transferred in KCMA Waterborne
Transfer, 1983 3-2
3-2 Percentage of Missouri River Shoreline by Missouri
County 3-2
3-3 1983 Emissions from Vessel Transfer of Petroleum
Products in Missouri 3-3
3-4 Typical Summer Day Emissions for Vessel Transfer of
Petroleum Products in Missouri, 1983 3-4
3-5 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions
from Ship and Barge Transfer of Gasoline and
Crude Oil in Missouri 3-6
4-1 1983 Cold Cleaning Degreaser Emissions 4-4
4-2 1983 Net Cold Cleaning Area Source Emissions 4-4
4-3 1983 Total Area Source Degreasing Emissions 4-6
4-4 1983 Typical Summer Day Degreasing Emissions 4-7
4-5 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions
from Degreasing Operations. ... 4-8
IX
-------
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Number Page
5-1 Number of Dry Cleaning Facilities Per County (1983) .... 5-4
5-2 Operating Parameters for the Dry Cleaning Industry 5-6
5-3 Baseline Emission Factors by Facility Type and
Solvent Type 5-7
5-4 Baseline Emission Estimates for the Dry Cleaning
Industry 5-9
5-5 Typical Summer Day (TSD) Baseline Emission Estimates
for the Dry Cleaning Industry (1983) 5-11
5-6 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions 5-13
6-1 Percentage of Total U.S. Households Accounted for
by Each County (1980) 6-2
6-2 Architectural (Gallons) Paint Sales by County (1982). ... 6-3
6-3 Typical Solvents Used in Architectural Surface
Coatings and their Densities 6-3
6-4 1983 Annual and Summer Day RVOC Emissions from
Architectural Surface Coating 6-5
6-5 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions from
Architectural Surface Coating 6-6
6-6 Employees in SIC 7531 and 7535 6-7
6-7 1983 Annual and Summer Day RVOC Emissions from
Automobile Refinishing 6-8
6-8 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions
from Automobile Refinishing 6-9
7-1 Estimated 1983 Annual and Summer Day RVOC Emissions
from Graphic Arts Processes 7-3
7-2 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions
from Graphic Arts Processes 7-5
8-1 1983 Reactive VOC Emission Calculations for Commercial/
Consumer Solvent Use 8-2
8-2 1983 Typical Summer Day Emissions from
Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use 8-3
8-3 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions from
Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use 8-4
x
-------
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Number Page
9-1 VOC Emission Factors for Cutback Asphalts 9-2
9-2 1983 Cutback Asphalt Consumption Data for KCMA 9-4
9-3 Estimated 1983 KCMA Annual and Summer Day VOC Emissions
from Cutback Asphalt Consumption 9-7
10-1 Crop-Specified Information for Missouri Counties
of KCMA 10-2
10-2 Recommended Usage of Certain Herbicides, by Crop 10-3
10-3 Estimated 1983 Herbicide Emissions and Emission
Factors for Johnson County, Kansas 10-5
10-4 Estimated Annual VOC Emissions and Emission Factors
for Herbicides Applied to Crops in Platte, Clay, and
Jackson Counties, Missouri (1983) 10-6
10-5 VOC Emission Factors for Pesticide Applications
by County 10-8
10-6 1983 VOC Emissions from Pesticide Applications
by County 10-9
10-7 Land-Use Acreages 1973 and 2000 10-10
10-8 Acreages in Three Subcategories by County from 1983
to 1995 and 2000 10-12
10-9 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions
from Pesticide Applications 10-13
11-1 Emission Factors for Residential Fuel Combustion 11-2
11-2 1983 Residential Fuel Consumption Data for KCMA 11-3
11-3 Estimated 1983 Total VOC and NOX Emissions from
Residential Fuel Combustion 11-5
11-4 Estimated 1983 Annual and Summer Day RVOC and NOX
Emissions from Residential Fuel Combustion 11-8
11-5 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions
from Residential Fossil Fuels 11-9
11-6 Projections of Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions
from Residential Fossil Fuels 11-10
-------
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Number Page
12-1 AP-42 Emission Factors for Industrial/Commercial
Fuel Combustion 12-3
12-2 1983 Fuel Consumption Data for Small Industrial/Commercial
Fossil Fuel Sources in the KCMA 12-5
12-3 1983 Total, Point, and Area Source Emissions from
Industrial/Commercial Fossil Fuel Sources by County. . . 12-6
12-4 Estimated 1983 Annual and Summer Day VOC and NOX
Emissions from Small Industrial/Commercial Fuel
Combustion Sources 12-8
12-5 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions
from Industrial/Commercial Fossil Fuels 12-9
12-6 Projections of Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions from
Industrial/Commercial Fossil Fuels 12-10
13-1 Annual Usage Rates 13-2
13-2 Agricultural Equipment Emission Factors 13-3
13-3 1983 Farm Equipment Units by Fuel Type 13-4
13-4 1983 Agricultural Equipment Emissions Summary 13-5
13-5 1983 Typical Summer Day Emissions from Agricultural
Equipment 13-6
14-1 Number of Housing Units by County 14-2
14-2 Lawn and Garden Equipment National Population Estimates. . 14-2
14-3 Lawn and Garden Equipment Population Estimates by
County and Engine Type 14-3
14-4 Emission Factors 14-3
14-5 1983 Annual and Summer Day Emissions from Lawn and
Garden Equipment 14-5
14-6 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions from
Lawn and Garden Equipment 14-6
14-7 Projections of Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions from
Lawn and Garden Equipment 14-7
xi i
-------
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Number Page
15-1 1983 Employment Estimates by County and SIC Category . . . 15-2
15-2 1983 Industrial Equipment Population by County 15-3
15-3 Industrial Equipment Emission Factors 15-4
15-4 1983 Annual and Summer Day Emissions from Industrial
Equipment 15-6
15-5 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions from
Industrial Equipment 15-7
15-6 Projections of Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions from
Industrial Equipment 15-8
16-1 Construction Employment Nationwide and by County 16-1
16-2 Construction Equipment Inventory by County 16-2
16-3 Heavy Construction Equipment Emission Factors and Hours
of Operation 16-3
16-4 1983 Annual and Typical Summer Day Emissions from
Construction Equipment 16-5
16-5 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions from
Construction Equipment 16-7
16-6 Projections of Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions from
Construction Equipment 16-8
17-1 State and County Off-Highway Motorcycle Populations .... 17-2
17-2 Off-Highway Motorcycle Populations by County and
Engine Type 17-3
17-3 Motorcycle Emission Factors 17-3
17-4 1983 Annual and Summer Day Emissions from Off-Highway
Motorcycles 17-6
17-5 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions from
Off-Highway Motorcycles 17-7
17-6 Projections of Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions from
Off-Highway Motorcycles 17-8
XI 11
-------
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Number . Page
18-1 Railroad Track Operated in U.S.A 18-2
18-2 National Railroad Fuel Consumption 18-3
18-3 Average Fuel Use 18-4
18-4 Miles of Track Operated in Counties 18-5
18-5 Fuel Use by County 18-6
18-6 Railroad Locomotive Emission Factors 18-8
18-7 1983 Emissions by Railroad Locomotives 18-10
18-8 1983 Typical Summer Day Emissions by Railroad
Locomotives 18-10
18-9 Projections of Typical Summer Day RYOC Emissions by
Railroad Locomotives 18-11
18-10 Projections of Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions by
Railroad Locomotives 18-12
19-1 Airports by State and County Included in Study 19-2
19-2 Landing and Takeoff (LTO) Cycles by Engine Type for each
County in the KCMA 19-3
19-3 Emission Factors 19-5
19-4 1983 Annual Emissions for All Aircraft Operation Types . . 19-6
19-5 1983 Summer Day Emissions for All Aircraft Operation
Types 19-7
19-6 Average Annual Growth Factors for Projecting Aircraft
Emissions 19-8
19-7 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions from
Aircraft Operations 19-9
19-8 Projections of Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions from
Aircraft Operations 19-10
20-1 Vessel Trips on Missouri River Section between
Kansas City and Mouth 20-1
20-2 Relative Percentage of Total Shoreline by County 20-2
20-3 Number of Boats Registered by County 20-3
20-4 Percentage of Total Boating Area by County 20-3
20-5 Fuel Consumption Rates for Recreational Vessels by
Engine Type 20-4
xiv
-------
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Number Page
20-6 Emission Factors for Recreational Vessels by Engine Type. . 20-4
20-7 1983 RVOC and NOX Emissions from Commercial Vessels by
County 20-5
20-8 1983 Typical Summer Day RVOC and NOX Emissions from
Commercial Vessels by County 20-5
20-9 Annual RVOC and NOX Emissions from Recreational Vessels
by County 20-6
20-10 Typical Summer Day RVOC and NOX Emissions from Recreational
Vessels 20-6
20-11 Projections of Typical Summer Day RVOC Emissions
from All Vessels 20-8
20-12 Projections of Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions from
All Vessels 20-9
21-1 Factors to Estimate Tons of Solid Waste Burned in
On-Site Incineration 21-1
21-2 Emission Factors for Incinerators 21-2
21-3 1983 Solid Waste Burned in Each County of the KCMA 21-3
21-4 1983 RVOC Emissions from Solid Waste Incineration
in the KCMA 21-4
21-5 1983 NOX Emissions from Solid Waste Incineration in
the KCMA 21-4
21-6 1983 Typical Summer Day VOC Emissions from Solid Waste
Incineration 21-5
21-7 1983 Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions from Solid Waste
Incineration 21-5
21-8 Projections of Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions
from On-Site Incineration 21-6
xv
-------
LIST OF TABLES (concluded)
Number Page
22-1 Existing and Projected Harvested Land Use in the KCMA . . 22-2
22-2 Emission Factors 22-3
22-3 1983 Annual Emissions from Agricultural Burning ..... 22-4
22-4 1983 Annual Emissions from Structural Fires 22-4
22-5 Total 1983 Annual Emissions from Open Burning 22-5
22-6 1983 Typical Summer Day Emissions 22-6
22-7 Projected Summer Day RVOC Emissions 22-7
22-8 Projected Summer Day NOX Emissions 22-8
23-1 Annual RVOC and NOX Emissions for the KCMA in 1983. . . . 23-2
23-2 Annual RVOC and NOX Emissions for Johnson County, Kansas,
by Source Category 23-3
23-3 Annual RVOC and NOX Emissions for Wyandotte County,
Kansas, by Source Category 23-4
23-4 Annual RVOC and NOX Emissions for Clay County, Missouri,
by Source Category 23-5
23-5 Annual RVOC and NOX Emissions for Jackson County, Missouri,
by Source Category 23-6
23-6 Annual RVOC and NOX Emissions for Platte County, Missouri,
by, Source Category 23-7
23-7 Typical Summer Day RVOC and NOX Emissions for Johnson
County, Kansas, by Source Category 23-8
23-8 Typical Summer Day RVOC and NOX Emissions for Wyandotte
County, Kansas, by Source Category 23-9
23-9 Typical Summer Day RVOC and NOX Emissions for Clay
County, Missouri, by Source Category 23-10
23-10 Typical Summer Day RVOC and NOX Emissions for Jackson
County, Missouri, by Source Category. 23-11
23-11 Typical Summer Day RVOC and NOX Emissions for Platte
County, Missouri, by Source Category 23-12
xvi
-------
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Clean Air Act Amendments require State and local governments
to develop revisions to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) for all
areas where the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) have not
been attained (nonattainment areas). The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has been mandated by Congress to enforce the attainment
and maintenance of these NAAQS. In accordance with the mandate, the
EPA is evaluating the adequacy of the existing SIP for the oxidant
nonattainment portion of the Kansas City Metropolitan area (KCMA). A
report on emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) was previously
prepared for the 1979 SIP revision. This area source inventory is
being developed to supplement the point source data in the event that
EPA determines the area to be nonattainment and mandates the evaluation
and implementation of control strategies.
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc. (PES) was contracted by the
EPA Region VII to compile an area source inventory of VOC in two counties
in Kansas (Johnson and Wyandotte) and three counties in Missouri (Clay,
Jackson, and Platte). Also included in the inventory were nitrogen
oxide (NOX) emissions. Base year data were gathered for calendar year
1983, and projections of emissions were made for each year from 1984 to
1995 and the year 2000. The inventory and projections will be used to
determine the reduction in emissions necessary to attain the photochemical
oxidant standard by 1987.
In this study, several agencies in each State were contacted to
solicit their cooperation in providing information on various emission
sources and in obtaining data needed for the successful completion of
this project. The following organizations were contacted during the
course of this study for the bulk of the information:
0 Mid-America Regional Council
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VII
• State Departments of Revenue
t State Departments of Transportation
• Kansas Department of Health and Environment
• Missouri Department of Natural Resources
1-1
-------
Other agencies, such as the Motorcycle Industry Council, Association
of American Railroads, State Departments of Agriculture, National
Painting and Coatings Association and other selected associations were
contacted for other pieces of information. Appropriate sources are
cited in the Reference sections following each chapter.
1.2 REPORT ORGANIZATION
A report outline referenced by each section is presented in
Table 1-1. Each section lists the methodology for that particular
category, source of data, base year calculations, typical summer day
emissions, and projected summer day emissions. Section 23 summarizes
the emissions by county and State.
There were several other categories that were also considered
but were not included in this report due to negligible emissions from
these sources. These categories include the following:
• Petroleum Refineries
• Gasoline and Oil Storage
t Textile Manufacturing
t Solvent Extraction
1.3 BASIC DATA ASSUMPTIONS
The basic data used during preparation of the inventory were
population, household, and employment data for the year 1983 and for the
projected years 1984 to 1995 and the year 2000. The data for 1980 were
obtained from the Bureau of Census. Projections for population, house-
hold, and employment were obtained from the Mid-America Regional Council
(MARC) for each county (Johnson, Wyandotte, Clay, Jackson, and Platte).
These data are summarized in Tables 1-2 through 1-5. Also included
in each table are the growth rates from 1980 to 1990 and 1990 to 2000,
summarized by county.
The following general assumptions were used in the preparation
of this report:
(a) Per capita and per employee emission rates were only used
when other more accurate data were not available;
(b) Interpolations of data between known points were made by
straight-line methods.
It needs to be pointed out that in the Sections that follow,
the numbers for the emissions estimates may not necessarily add up
across the board. This is attributable to rounding errors. However,
the totals are more accurate than, the individual countywide numbers.
1-2
-------
Table 1-1. REPORT OUTLINE REFERENCED BY SECTION
Category and Sub-Category Section
I. EVAPORATIVE SOURCES
A. Gasoline Marketing and Service Stations 2.0
B. Ship & Barge Transfer of Gasoline and
Crude Oil 3.0
C. Solvent Users
(1) Degreasing 4.0
(2) Dry Cleaning 5.0
(3) Surface Coatings 6.0
(4) Graphic Arts 7.0
(5) Commercial/Consumer Use 8.0
(6) Cutback Asphalt Paving 9.0
(7) Pesticides 10.0
II. COMBUSTION SOURCES
A. Fossil Fuels
(1) Residential 11.0
(2) Industrial/Commercial 12.0
B. Off-Highway Vehicles & Equipment
(1) Agricultural Equipment 13.0
(2) Lawn & Garden Equipment 14.0
(3) Industrial Equipment 15.0
(4) Construction Equipment 16.0
(5) Motorcycles 17.0
C. Non-Highway Mobile Vehicles
(1) Railroad Locomotives 18.0
(2) Aircraft 19.0
(3) Vessels 20.0
III. MISCELLANEOUS
A. Solid Waste Incineration 21.0
B. Open Burning 22.0
1-3
-------
TABLE 1-2. COUNTY POPULATION PROJECTIONS AND GROWTH FACTORS
(References 1-1 and K2)
Year
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
1987
1988 1989 1990 1991
1992 1993 1994 1995 2000
Johnson 270,269 273.878 277,534 281,240 284,995 288,000 292,656 296,564 300,523 304,536 308,602 309,392 310,184 310,978 311.774 312,572 316,594
Wyandotte 172,335 171,036 169,746 168,466 167,196 165,936 164,685 163,443 162,211 160,988 159,774 160,170 160,567 160,966 161,365 161,765 163,781
Clay 136,488 139,137 141,836 144,589 147,395 150,255 153.170 156,143 159,173 162,261 165,410 168,123 170,880 173,682 176,531 179,426 194,629
Jackson 629,180 627,640 626,103 624,571 623,042 621,516 619,995 618,477 616,963 615,453 613,946 612,405 610,868 609,335 607,805 606,280 598,709
Platte 46,341 48,579 50,926 53,386 55.964 58,667 61.501 64,471 67,585 70,850 74,272 74,481 74,691 74,902 75,113 75,325 76,393
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
POPULATION GROWTH FACTORS
1980-1990
0.01335
0.00754
0.01940
-0.00245
0.04830
1990-2000
0.00256
0.00248
O.OlcsO
-0.00?51
0.00282
-------
TABLE 1-3. COUNTY HOUSEHOLD PROJECTIONS AND GROWTH FACTORS
(Reference 1-2)
Year
1980 1981
1982 1983 1984 1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993 1994
1995
2000
Johnson 96,927 98,840 100,790 102,780 104.808 106,876 108,986 111,136 113,330 115,566 117.847 118,743 119,645 120.555 121,471 122.394127,117
Wyandotte 63,392 63,866 64,343 64,823 65,308 65,795 66,287 66,782 67,281 67,784 68,290 68,727 69.167 69,610 70,056 70,504 72.789
Clay 49.743 51,086 52,466 53,883 55,338 56,832 58.367 59,943 61,561 63,224 64.931 66,218 67.530 68.868 70.233 71,625 79,009
Jackson 242,053 243,224 244,401 245,584 246,773 247.967 249,167 250,373 251,584 252,802 254,025 254,479 254,933 255.388 255.844 256.301 258,597
Platte 16,403 17,339 18,329 19,376 20,482 21,651 22,887 24,194 25.575 27,035 28,578 28,801 29,036 29,253 29,482 29,712 30,891
County
Johnson
Uyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
HOUSEHOLD GROWTH FACTORS
1980-1990
0.01974
0.00747
0.02700
0.00484
0.05709
1990-2000
0.00760
0 .00640
0.01982
0.00179
0.00781
-------
TABLE 1-4. COUNTY TOTAL EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS
(Reference 1-2)
1980 1981
1982
Year
1983 1984 1985 1986
1987
1988 1989
1990
1991
1992 1993 1994
199S
2000
CT>
Johnson 126,674 128.790 130,942 133,129 135,353 137,615 139,914 142,251 144,627 147,043 149,500 151,133 152.783 154,451 156,138 157,843 166,652
Wyandotte 90,315 91,864 93,440 95,044 96,674 98,333 100,020 101.736 103,481 105,256 107,062 107,179 107.296 107,413 107,530 107,647 108,235
Clay 53,710 55,570 57,495 59,486 61,546 63,677 65,882 68,164 70,525 72.967 75,494 76,419 77,356 78,304 79.264 80,236 85,275
Jackson 396,806 400.294 403,812 407,362 410,942 414,555 418,198 421,874 425,583 429,323 433,097 432.431 431.767 431.103 430,441 429.779 426,487
Platte 14,998 15,960 16.983 18,072 19,231 20,464 21.776 23,172 24,658 26,239 27,921 28,942 30,000 31,096 32,233 33,411 39,981
TOTAL EMPLOYMENT GROWTH FACTORS
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
1980-1990
0.0167
0.0172
0.0346
0.00879
0.0641
1990-2000
0.0109
0.00109
0.0123
-0.00154
0.0366
-------
TABLE 1-5. COUNTY MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS
(Reference 1-2)
Year
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000
Johnson 17,151 17,581 18,022 18,474 18.937 19.412 19.898 20.397 20,908 21.433 21,970 22.299 22.634 22,973 23,318 23,667 25,496
Wyandotte 23,117 23,163 23,209 23,256 23,302 23,348 23,395 23,442 23,488 23.535 23,582 23,431 23,281 23,133 22,985 22,838 22,117
Clay 12,466 12,794 13,130 13,475 13,830 14,193 14,567 14,950 15.343 15.746 16.160 16,322 16,486 16,652 16,819 16,988 17,859
Jackson 78,400 78,757 79,117 79,477 79,840 80,204 80,569 80.937 81,306 81,677 82,049 81,871 81,694 81,516 81,340 81,163 '80,287
Platte 675 747 830 923 1,026 1,141 1,268 1,409 1.567 1,742 1,936 2,008 2.083 2.161 2.242 2,325 2,793
MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT GROWTH FACTORS
County 1980-1990 1990-2000
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay.
Jackson
Platte
0.0251
0.0020
0.0263
0.0046
0.1111
0.0150
-0.0064
0.0100
-0.0022
0.0373
-------
The major item of concern in this report was the reactive VOC.
For the purposes of this report, reactive VOC was defined as all VOC's
except methane, ethane, methylene chloride, trichlorotrifluoroethane
(CFC-113), dichlorotetrafluoroethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichloro-
difluoromethane, chloro-di fluoromethane, trifluoromethane, chloropenta-
fluoroethane, and 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane perchoroethylene.
This definition is consistent with EPA's definition of non-reactive
VOC.
1.4 REFERENCES
1-1. 1980 Census of Population, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
the Census, Washington, D.C., 1980.
1-2. Regional Forecast MARC 1 - Executive Summary, MARC Research Data
Center, Item $3-82-001, 1982.
1-8
-------
2.0 GASOLINE MARKETING AND SERVICE STATIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The gasoline marketing industry includes all elements and
facilities that move gasoline from its production to its end consumption.
Gasoline produced by refineries is distributed by a complex system
comprised of wholesale and retail outlets. The wholesale operations
of storing and transporting gasoline, including delivery and storage
in a service station underground tank, are commonly called Stage I
operations. Retail-level vehicle refueling operations are commonly
termed Stage II.
Emissions from gasoline marketing occur at all points in the
distribution process. Both point and area source methods have
historically been used to inventory various segments of the gasoline
marketing network. For purposes of-this inventory, sources in Missouri
and Kansas are considered as point sources if found to emit greater
than 40 tons per year and 25 tons per year, respectively. The
operations to be inventoried as area sources include: 1) tank truck
unloading into service station underground storage tanks, 2) vehicle
refueling, 3) underground storage tank breathing, and 4) gasoline
tank truck transit losses.
Emissions from underground tank filling operations at service
stations can be reduced significantly (by about 95 percent) by the
use of a vapor balance system, usually termed Stage I control.
Instead of being vented to the atmosphere, the vapors are transferred
into the tank truck loading at the service station and, ultimately,
to the bulk terminal vapor processor for recovery or destruction. A
second source of emissions from service station tankage is underground
tank breathing. Breathing losses occur daily and are attributed to
temperature changes, barometric pressure changes, and gasoline
evaporation.
In. addition to service station tank loading losses, vehicle
refueling operations are considered to be a major source of emissions.
Vehicle refueling emissions are attributable to vapor displaced from
2-1
-------
the automobile tank by dispensed gasoline and to spillage. Stage II
controls consist of either vapor balance systems (similar to the
Stage I vapor balance) or assisted systems. Assisted systems use a
variety of means to generate a more favorable (negative or zero)
pressure differential at the nozzle-vehicle interface so that a tight
seal is not necessary. No Stage II systems are in existence in the
KCMA nor are any planned for this area. Table 2-1 presents uncontrolled
emission estimates from a typical gasoline service station.
Gasoline tank trucks in transit have been demonstrated to be major
sources of vapor leakage. Leakage depends upon the extent of venting
from the tank truck during transit, which in turn depends upon
the tightness of the truck, the pressure relief valve settings, the
pressure in the tank at the start of the trip, the vapor pressure of
the fuel being transported, and the degree of saturation (with fuel
vapor) of the vapor space in the tank. This leakage has been estimated
to be as high as 100 percent of the vapors which should have been
captured and to average 30 percent (Reference 2-1).
2.2 METHODOLOGY
2.2.1 Compilation of Sources/Data
Estimates of VOC emissions originating from service station type
operations were based on determining the total throughput of gasoline
for all retail outlets in each county. Emissions were then computed
by applying emission factors that represent typical processes, such
as tank loading and spillage, to the throughput totals. NOX emission
estimates, required within the scope of this area source inventory,
are not applicable to operations of the gasoline marketing industry.
A problem encountered in determining service station throughputs
for the relevant counties was that a recording system quantifying
these totals could not be found; the lowest reporting level of reliable
data is the State. As such, the total amount of gasoline sold in Kansas
and Missouri were obtained from each states' Department of Revenue
(References 2-2 and 2-3). From these totals were subtracted the amounts
of "exempt-from-taxation" gasoline reported for each state. Non-taxed
gasoline includes that used for nonhighway, governmental, agricultural
2-2
-------
Table 2-1. UNCONTROLLED EMISSIONS FROM A TYPICAL SERVICE STATION3
Gasoline Vapor Gasoline Vapor
Emission Factors,b Emissions,
Emission Source mg/liter Mg/yr
Underground Storage
Tanks
- Tank fill ing losses0
• Submerged fill 880 1.8
• Splash fill 1,380 0.3
- Breathing losses 120 0.3
Automobile Refueling
- Displacement losses 1,080 2.5
- Spillage 84 0.2
TOTAL 5.1
aTypical service station has a gasoline throughput of 190,000 liters/month
(50,000 gallons/month).
bReference 2-6.
cAssumes that 90 percent of tank filling is performed by submerged fill and 10
percent by splash fill. Although this would typically not be the case at an
individual station, it is representative of the national average from all
stations.
2-3
-------
purposes, etc. The remaining gasoline was taken to be the throughput
for all retail outlets in each state.
Three approaches were considered that would allocate the state
totals to the counties in question: by population, by registered
vehicles, and by vehicle miles traveled (VMT). VMT was taken as
best reflecting the usage patterns of gasoline across the states.
These data were obtained from the Departments of Transportation within
each state (References 2-4 and 2-5).
Losses due to tank trucks in transit are a function of the total
gasoline hauled rather than county consumption rates. That is,
gasoline originating from a bulk terminal (or refinery) may first be
delivered to a bulk plant before going to the retail outlet, thereby
resulting in additional trips or an increase in the total gasoline
hauled. There are no bulk plants within the two-county study area of
Kansas therefore, the gasoline consumed is representative of total
gasoline hauled. It is known that bulk plants exist within the
three-county study area of Missouri; however, no data were available
to determine throughput or facility population, so the national
average throughput of 25 percent was assumed (Reference 2-1).
2.2.2 Emission Factors
The KCMA area source inventory requires that estimates be made
for both VOC and NOX emissions; however, only VOC emissions are applicable
to operations of the gasoline marketing industry.
The emission factors presented in Table 2-2 are from EPA's AP-42
document (Reference 2-6)., Truck transit losses are listed as "typical"
values and "extreme" values, which would occur in the unlikely event
that all determining factors (i.e., tightness of the truck, degree of
saturation, etc.) combined to cause maximum emissions. The "typical"
values represent a reduction of approximately 70 percent over the
"extreme" values listed. This corresponds to the 30 percent average
leakage rate mentioned earlier (Reference 2-1) and is more in line with
the 70 percent reduction figure obtained from Reference 2-11.
Recent data generated by the California Air Resources Board (ARB)
indicate that refueling emissions are approximately 1200 mg/liter
(Reference 2-7). Even though the ARB emission factor appears appropriate
2-4
-------
Table 2-2. EMISSION FACTORS FOR AREA SOURCE OPERATIONS
AT SERVICE STATIONS
Emission Source
VOC Emission
Factor*
(mg/1) (lb/103 gal)
Truck Transit
Loaded with Fuel
Return with Vapor
Stage I
(typical)
(extreme)
(typical)
(extreme)
Underground tank breathing
Submerged filling
Splash filling
Balanced submerged
Stage II
filling
Uncontrolled refueling
Controlled ref uel i
Spillage
"9
1
9
13
44
120
880
1,380
40
1,080
110
84
0.01
0.08
0.11
0.37
1.00
7.33
11.50
0.33
9.00
0.92
0.70
*Equals reactive VOC (RVOC) emissions.
2-5
-------
due to the trend of increasing Reid vapor pressure since development
of the AP-42 factors, as a matter of consistency the AP-42 factors
were used throughout this analysis.
2.2.3 Empirical Emission Calculation
Total annual emissions for each county were determined by apply-
ing the appropriate county throughput to the emission factors contained
within Table 2-2 as follows:
-E
5
i j.
where: E = county VOC emission estimate for 1983 (Mg/yr)
efi = emission factor for source i (mg/liter) from Table 2-2.
Qj = throughput for county j (MMliter/yr)
2.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
2.3.1 Determination of Base Year Emissions Estimates
For purposes of this emission inventory, the baseline year was
assumed to be 1983. Once the estimate of total gasoline sales per
county was obtained (see Section 2.2.1), gasoline dispensing emissions
were estimated in the manner of the empirical equation discussed in
Section 2.2.3. To facilitate the subsequent development of control
strategy estimates, separate subcategories were maintained for tank
truck unloading, vehicle refueling, underground tank breathing losses,
and tank truck transit losses.
Table 2-3 serves to illustrate the manner in which baseline VOC
emission estimates were obtained. The emission factors of Table 2-2,
when applied to the appropriate county throughput, produced the
emission total within Table 2-3. As mentioned in Table 2-1, a factor
for splash fill and submerged load of 10 percent and 90 percent of
each county's total throughput was used, respectively. There are
currently no existing regulations applicable to the five-county study
area that deal with the implementation of Stage I or Stage II type
controls. Further, truck transit losses are a function of total
gasoline hauled; thus the throughput for the Missouri study area was
increased by 25 percent to account for additional throughput at bulk
plants (see footnotes to Table 2-3).
2-6
-------
Table 2-3. BASELINE VOC EMISSION ESTIMATES FROM SERVICE STATIONS BY COUNTY, 1983
ro
i
— i
State/County
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
VMT
Gasol ine
Throughput
(x!06/yr) (MMliter/yr)
5.4
3.6
3.4
9.3
1.9
449
301
309
838
168
Total Annual RVOC
(Mg/yr)
Truck . Tank
Transit
Loaded Return Breathing
with with Losses
Fuel
0.4
0.3
0.4
1.0
0.2
Vapor
5.8
3.9
5.0
13.6
2.7
53.9
36.1
37.1
101
20.2
Emissions3
Stage ic Stage II
Splash Submerged Uncontrolled Spillage
Fill Fill Refueling
62.0
41.5
42.7
116
23.2
356
238
245
664
133
485
325
334
905
182
37.7
25.3
26.0
70.4
14.2
TOTALS
Total
( Mg/yr )(ton/yr)
1,001
671
690
1,870
376
4,608
1,102
739
760
2,060
414
5,074
Typical Summer D<
RVOC Emissions
(kg/day) (Ib/da;
2,936
1,969
2,250
6,099
1,226
14,480
6,468
4,336
4,955
13,421
2,700
31,894
aTo derive the reported emissions for each source category in each county, multiply the gasoline throughput
(MMliter/yr) by the appropriate emission factor (mg/liter) and divide by 103.
bTo determine truck transit losses for the Missouri study area, gasoline throughput was Increased by
25 percent to account for throughput at bulk plants.
cGasoline throughput was apportioned to represent 90 percent delivery via submerged fill and 10 percent
by top splash fill.
-------
The emissions from gasoline distribution losses were considered
to be 100 percent photochemical ly reactive; therefore, no further
adjustment is needed (i.e., total VOC = RVOC) (Reference 2-8).
2.3.2 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
In order to determine the RVOC emissions specific to the
ozone season, data were obtained concerning industry activity during
the months of June, July, and August (References 2-2 and 2-3). If
operations were uniform on an annual basis, a three-month period
would represent 25 percent of annual activity. Gasoline consumption
figures for this three-month period represent approximately 27 percent
and 30 percent of annual activity for Kansas and Missouri, respectively.
The same percentages were assumed to apply to each of the counties
specific to these states and the weekly business pattern was assumed
to be uniform Monday through Saturday.
Typical summer day RVOC emissions were estimated using the
following equation: -,
IP"3 kg
= Ey x F0 x 1/92* x Mg
where: EJSQ = typical summer day emissions per county (Kg/day)
Ey = annual emissions per county (Mg/yr) in each year
FQ = the percentage of business activity during
the ozone season (i.e., 27 percent for
Kansas etnd 30 percent for Missouri).
*Total number of days from the beginning of June to the end
of August.
County-wide typical summer day (TSD) emissions were estimated in
the base year and are summarized in Table 2-3.
2.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Estimates were made of projected emissions for each subsequent
year from 1983 through 1995 and for the year 2000. Two factors poten-
tially affect emissions in each subsequent year of the analysis:
(1) phase-in of control equipment installations, and (2) change in
gasoline consumption with time. Applicable emission controls are
discussed below in Section 2.4.1.
2-8
-------
Several sources were contacted to determine the extent of data
available on gasoline consumption projections. An EPA Federal Register
notice (47 FR 49329) (Reference 2-9), dealing with phasing down the
lead content in gasoline, contained projections of total gasoline
consumption and the decrease in leaded gasoline usage through the
year 1990. A graphical extrapolation of this data was performed to
obtain totals to the year 2000 and for all years in between. Table
2-4 presents national gasoline consumption projections and the
corresponding percentage of the 1983 baseline consumption that each
figure represents.
2.4.1 RACT Impact
All regulations pertaining to control of emissions from gasoline
marketing operations within the KCMA apply only to facilities with
the potential to emit equal to or greater than one hundred (100) tons
per year of VOC. Regulations impacting the area sources considered
herein currently do not exist within the KCMA and are not anticipated
in the near future (i.e., Stage I and Stage II control requirements)
(Reference 2-10).
2.4.2 Projected Emissions
Table 2-5 presents projected typical summer day RVOC emissions
for each county in the KCMA.
2-9
-------
Table 2-4. GASOLINE CONSUMPTION PROJECTIONS THROUGH
THE YEAR 2000a
Year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
2000
Gasoline Consumption
(x 109 gal/yr)
100.26
100.75
100.87
100.70
100.26
99.95
99.65
99.35
99.03
98.75b
98.50b
98.25b
98.00b
97.80b
97.05b
Percentage of 1983
Baseline Consumption
-
100
100.1
99.9
99.5
99.2
98.9
98.6
98.3
98.0
97.8
97.5
97.3
97.1
96.3
aBased on Reference 2-9.
^Estimated from given data points using graphical ineans.
2-10
-------
TABLE 2-5. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS FROM GASOLINE MARKETING AND SERVICE STATIONS,
kg/day (Ib/day)
County
Johnson
1983*
2,936
(6,468)
1984
2,939
(6,474)
1985
2,933
(6,461)
1986
2,922
(6,436)
1987
2,913
(6,416)
YE
1988
2,904
(6,397)
AR
1989
2,895
(6,377)
1990
2,886
(6,358)
1991
2,878
(6,338)
1992
2,872
(6,326)
1993
2,863
(6,306)
1994
2,857
(6,293)
1995
2,851
(6,286)
2000
2,828
(6,229)
Wyandotte 1,969
(4,336)
Clay
Jackson
Platte
1,971 1,967 1,959 1,953 1,947 1,941 1,935 1,930 1,925
(4,340) (4,332) (4,314) (4,301) (4,288) (4,275) (4,262) (4,249) (4,246)
1,919 1,915 1.911 1,896
(4,241) (4,228) (4,219) (4,176)
2,250 2,252 2,247 2,238 2,232 2,225 2,218 2,211 2,205 2,200 2,193 2,189 2,184 2,166
(4,955) (4,960) (4,950) (4,930) (4,915) (4,901) (4,886) (4,871) (4,856) (4,846) (4,831) (4,821) (4,811) (4,772)
6,099 6,105 6,093 6,069 6,051 6,032 6,014 5,996 5,977 5,965 5,947 5,935 5,923 5,874
(13,435) (13,448) (13,421) (13,368) (13,327) (13,287) (13,247) (13,206) (13,166)(13,139) (13,099) (13,072) (13,045 (12,938)
1,226 1,227 1,225 1,220 1,216 1,212 1,209 1,205 1,201 1,199
(2,700) (2,703) (2,697) (2,687) (2,678) (2,670) (2,662) (2,654) (2,646) (2,641)
1,195 1,193 1,190 1,180
(2,633) (2,627) (2,622) (2,600)
Total 14,480 14,494 14,465 14,407 14,364 14,320 14,277 14,234 14,190 14,161 14,118 14,089 14,060 13,944
(31,894) (31,926) (31,862) (31,734) (31,639) (31,543) (31,444) (31,352) (31,256)(31,192) (31,096) (31,033) (30,969) (30,714)
*From Table 2-3.
-------
2.5 REFERENCES
2-1. Bulk Gasoline Terminals - Background Information for Promulgated
Standards. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, N.C.
Publication No. EPA-450/3-80-038b. August 1983.
2-2. Telecon. Osbourn, Scott, Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.,
with Carruthers, Martha, Kansas Department of Revenue, Motor
Fuels Section. July 31, 1984.
2-3. Telecon. Osbourn, Scott, Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.,
with Pappas, Charles, Missouri Department of Revenue, Motor
Fuels Section. July 30, 1984.
2-4. Telecon. Osbourn, Scott, Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.,
with Rankin, John, Missouri Department of Transportation. July
31, 1984.
2-5. Telecon. Osbourn, Scott, Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.,
with Startz, Clarence, Kansas Bureau of Transportation Planning.
July 31, 1984.
2-6. Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Liquids. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC.
July 1979.
2-7. Memorandum from Norton, R.L., Pacific Environmental Services,
Inc., to Shedd, S.A., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
December 20, 1983. Trip Report to California Air Resources Board.
2-8. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual, Second Edition,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Report No. 450/4-80-015,
July 1980.
2-9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register, Vol. 47,
Number 210, October 19, 1982. p. 49329.
2-10. Telecon. Osbourn, Scott, Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.,
with Buergin, Ray, Kansas Air Pollution Control. July 31, 1984.
2-11. Meeting with Richard Michael, Kansas City-Wyandotte County Health
Department, Kansas City, Missouri. October 18, 1984.
2-12
-------
3.0 SHIP AND BARGE TRANSFER OF GASOLINE AND CRUDE OIL
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This category covers shipments of petroleum products by vessels on
the Missouri River in the KCMA. The emission losses specifically
considered here arise from (1) emissions due to loading and unloading,
(2) evaporative losses during transit, and (3) filling of empty cargo
tanks with water (ballasting) causing emissions. Loading and unloading
losses are affected by procedures used such as splash or submerged
fill. Another consideration involves the use of vapor recovery equipment
in filling operations. Since the amount of petroleum products shipped
by vessels is relatively small (less than 1 percent of all petroleum
shipped is by waterborne vessel) (Reference 3-1), evaporative losses
during transit are negligible. Ballasting is a common practice for
ships, but barges do not usually fill empty cargo tanks with water
(Reference 3-2).
Information obtained through Port Authority officials in Kansas
City, Kansas, indicates that no petroleum products are handled at Kansas
ports. Therefore, all emission losses for this cateogry have been assigned
to the Missouri counties under study. There are no NOX emissions
involved in this category (Reference 3-3).
3.2 METHODOLOGY
3.2.1 Compliance of Sources/Data
The Port Authorities in both Kansas and Missouri and the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers in Kansas City, Missouri, were contacted to provide
background information and some statistics. It was learned that very
little transfer of petroleum products by waterborne vessels occur at
the present time. Getty and Amoco Oil divisions in Kansas City report
that their products are transfered primarily by pipeline and tank
trucks.
The Port Authorities and Corps of Engineers stated that all
commercial shipping on the Missouri River occurs by barge. There are
3-1
-------
no ballasting procedures practiced with the barges, and filling is through
submerged pipe. Statistics concerning quantities of products shipped on
the Missouri River were obtained through U.S. Army Corps of Engineer
pubications (References 3-4 and 3-5). The latest product specific break-
down obtained was for the 1981 shipping year. The relative amounts of
specific petroleum products shipped for 1981 were then used to calculate
a breakdown of all petroleum products shipped. Data for 1983 are presented
in Table 3-1.
TABLE 3-1. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TRANSFERRED IN KCMA
WATERBORNE TRANSFER, 1983.
Density
Petroleum Product Tons (Ib/gal @ 60 °F) Gal Ions
Gasoline
Distillate Fuel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
68,024
13,605
54,419
5.6
7.1
7.9
24,494,285
3,832,394
13,776,962
The total emissions due to the transfer of petroleum products
between land and ship were calculated and allocated to specific counties
on the basis of shoreline. Shoreline measurements were taken from U.S.
Geological Survey map, and relative percentages were calculated and are
presented in Table 3-2.
TABLE 3-2. PERCENTAGE OF MISSOURI RIVER SHORELINE BY MISSOURI COUNTY
County
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Percent (%)
25
30
45
3.2.2 Emission Factors
The following reactive VOC (RVOC) emission factors were used,
(Reference 3-3):
3-2
-------
Gasoline Emission Factor: 4.0 Ibs RVOC
1,000 gal transferred
Distillate Oil Emission Factor: 0.012 1b RVOC
1,000 gal transferred
Residual Oil Emission Factor: 0.00009 Ib RVOC
1,000 gal transferred
There are no NOX emissions associated with transfer of petroleum
products (Reference 3-3).
3.2.3 Empirical Emissions Calculation
The following equation was used to calculate VOC emissions for any
county:
E = P x S x F,
where: E = total emissions for county
P = total petroleum transferred (Table 3-1)
S = percent of shoreline for county (Table 3-2)
F = emission factor (Section 3.2.2)
3.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
3.3.1 Determination of Base Year Emission Estimates
Utilizing the data presented previously, emissions were calculated
and are presented in Table 3-3.
TABLE 3-3. 1983 EMISSIONS FROM VESSEL TRANSFER OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
IN MISSOURI
REACTIVE VOC EMISSIONS
County Mg/yr Tons/yr
Clay
Jackson
Platte
11
13
20
12
14
22
Total 44 48_
3-3
-------
3.3.2 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
It is assumed that shipping activity is uniform throughout the
ozone season. Commercial shipping on the Missouri River occurs eight
months out of the year. Therefore, annual emissions were divided
by 240. Typical summer day emissions are shown in Table 3-4.
TABLE 3-4. TYPICAL SUMMER DAY EMISSIONS FOR
VESSEL TRANSFER OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN MISSOURI, 1983
Reactive VOC Emissions
County Kg/day Ibs/day
Clay 46 101
Jackson 55 121
Platte 83 183
Total 184 406
3.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Data concerning future vessel transport of petroleum products were
unavailable. The trend is towards pipeline and tank truck transport.
Pipelines are an extremely inexpensive means of transportation, but
initial costs for installation are prohibitive for smaller oil companies.
For various reasons shipping on the Missouri River has never been too
popular (Reference 3-1), and it is likely that there is no better way for
the petroleum products shipped by barge. Therefore, petroleum product
shipment by waterborne vessel is probably stable and will neither increase
nor decrease significantly over the projection period. (Reference 3-1
projects 6 percent increase nationally from 1969 to 2000).
3-4
-------
Vessel transportation of petroleum products was assumed to be
constant for the projections. However, emissions are likely to decrease
as a result of the installation of vapor recovery equipment. A 6
percent per year decrease until 1990 is predicted (approximately 50
percent decrease overall), with no change afterwards through the year
2000.
3.4.1 RACT Impact
There are no regulations proposed in the State of Missouri that
would impact this category. Thus, it is expected that the future
emissions would be consistent with the growth in this category.
3.4.2 Projected Emissions
Using the guidelines of Section 3.4, projections of typical summer
day RVOC emissions were calculated for 1983 through 1995 and the year
2000 for each county. Summer day emissions are l/240th of the baseline
annual emissions. The results are presented in Table 3-5.
3-5
-------
OJ
I
Ci
TABLE 3-5. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS FROM
SHIP AND BARGE TRANSFER OF GASOLINE AND CRUDE OIL IN MISSOURI, KG/DAY (LB/DAY)
County
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983*
46
(101)
55
(121)
83
(183)
184
(406)
1984
43
(95)
52
(114)
78
(172)
173
(381)
1985
41
(90)
49
(107)
73
(162)
163
(358)
1986
38
(84)
46
(101)
69
(152)
153
(337)
1987
36
(79)
43
(95)
65
(143)
144
(317)
1988
34
(74)
40
(89)
61
(134)
135
(296)
Year
1989
32
(70)
38
(84)
57
(126)
127
(280)
1990
30
(66)
36
(79)
54
(119)
119
(263)
1991
30
(66)
36
(79)
54
(119)
119
(264)
1992
30
(66)
36
(79)
54
(119)
119
(264)
1993
30
(66)
36
(79)
54
(119)
119
(264)
1994
30
(66)
36
(79)
54
(119)
119
(264)
1995
30
(66)
36
(79)
54
(119)
119
(264)
2000
30
(66)
36
(79)
54
(119)
119
(264)
-------
3.5 REFERENCES
3-1. MARC River Development Feasibility Study by A.T. Kearney, Inc. and
Lawrence-Leiter Co. for Mid-America Regional Council.
3-2. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventory for Volatile
Organic Compounds, Vol. 1, U.S. EPA, September 1980.
3-3. Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Third Edition, U.S.
EPA No. AP-42, Supplement 10, Research Triangle Park, N.C., February
1980.
3-4. Summary of 1983 Missouri River Navigation, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineer, Missouri River Division, Kansas City, MO, 1984.
3-5. Uaterborne Commerce of the U.S., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
New Orleans, LA, 1982.
3-7
-------
-------
4.0 DECREASING
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Degreasing refers to the use of non-aqueous solvents for the
removal of soils from articles in preparation for electroplating,
painting, repair, inspection, assembly or machining. Many different
classes of organic solvents are typically used, including petroleum
distillates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones and alcohols. Water or
detergent solutions are used when effective, and since these solutions
do not contain or emit volatile organic compounds (VOC), they are
excluded from this inventory.
Degreasing equipment is of three major types: small cold cleaners,
open top vapor degreasers, and conveyorized degreasers. In 1980,
approximately 1,300,000 small cold cleaners (CCD) were operating in the
U.S., each emitting about 0.3 megagrams of VOC per year. CCDs are
batch loaded, they are nonboiling, and they are often found to be the
least expensive, simplest method of degreasing. This type of degreaser
is used in repair shops (automotive, railroad), maintenance operations,
non-metal working facilities (printing, chemicals, plastics, rubber,
textiles, etc.) and metal working facilities (automotive, electronics,
appliance, aircraft, etc.).
The larger open top vapor degreasers (OTVD) and conveyorized
degreasing (CD) units are primarily used in the metal working industries
such as the automotive, electronics, appliances, furniture, jewelry,
and plumbing industries. Some nonmetal working industries use these
larger units too, including printing, chemicals, plastics, rubber,
textiles, glass, paper, and electric power. OTVDs are batch loaded
boiling degreasers which clean through the condensation of hot solvent
vapor on the cooler surface of articles being cleaned. CDs are almost
totally enclosed except at the entry and exit of the part carrying
conveyor. Approximately 85 percent use boiling solvent and 15 percent
use nonboiling solvent. On the average, OTVD and CD emissions amount
to 10 and 27 megagrams per year of VOC, respectively.
Emissions from degreasing units occur through: (1) waste solvent
evaporation; (2) solvent carry-out; (3) solvent bath evaporation; and
(4) spray evaporation. For CCDs, waste solvent evaporation results in
4-1
-------
the greatest amount of losses. These losses can be greatly reduced if,
in cases where the solvent has a density greater than one, a water
cover is maintained atop the solvent. With OTVDs, evaporation losses
are minimized through use of condenser coils. However, losses can
still be significant if improper operating methods are used, such as
spraying off parts outside the vapor condenser area, or leaving the
tank uncovered between uses. CDs usually emit less solvent than do
CCDs and OTVDs, but can nave significant vapor and liquid carryout
losses if not designed o^ maintained correctly.
4.2 AREA SOURCE INVENTORY METHODOLOGY
4.2.1 Compilation of Sources/Data
Several references were consulted in order to obtain the informa-
tion necessary for this inventory. A per capita emission factor for
CCD operations was used and was obtained from AP-42 (Reference 4-1).
Information from the Missouri Point Source Inventory was utilized
including: 1) OTVD and CD operations emitting at least 100 tons per
year; 2) inventoried yet unregulated OTVD and CD operations emitting
less than 100 tons per year; and 3) CD operations included on the point
source inventory (Reference 4-2). Adjustments to this inventory were
noted during a conversation with Don Steele of the Kansas City Health
Department (Reference 4-t>). •
Total county populations and total county SIC-specific
manufacturing employee figures were obtained from Bureaus of Census of
Missouri and Kansas (References 4-3 and 4-4). Projection data, based
on the growth of manufacturing industries, were drawn from Regional
Forecast documents of the Mid-America Regional Council (Reference
4-5).
4.2.2 Emission Factors
The per capita emission factor that was used to estimate emissions
from CCD operations, as mentioned in Section 4.2.1, was 3 pounds per
capita per year (Ib/cap/yr). This factor accounts for all photo-
chemically reactive organic compounds (RVOC). Its application can be
seen in Section 4.3.1.1.
Since OTVD and CD emissions are inventoried in the State of
Missouri but not Kansas, an emission factor was required to estimate
these emissions for Kansas. First it was determined which manufacturing
4-2
-------
operations utilize these types of degreasers. Only manufacturers in
SIC codes 25 and 33 through 39 were included for this purpose (Reference
4-1). The emission factor was then derived by dividing the total OTVD
and CD emissions of reactive solvents in Missouri (References 4-2 and
4-6) by the total number of employees for SIC codes 25 and 33 through
39 in all Missouri counties (Reference 4-3) as follows:
607 tons/yr / 44,076 employees = 0.013772 tons/yr per employee
4.2.3 Empirical Emission Calculation
The equation used to calculate the VOC emissions from degreasing
operations in each county was as follows:
Es = (Pt x Fc X Ft) - Ecc + Eoc,
where:
Es = County area source emissions (tons/year)
P^ = Total county population (Table 1-2)
Fc = Per capita emission factor for cold cleaning operations (Ib/cap/yr)
F£ = Conversion factor from pounds to tons (1/2000)
Ecc = Cold cleaning emissions, if included in a state's point
source inventory (Missouri)
Eoc = OTV° or CD emissions if not inventoried as point sources
by a state (Kansas).
4.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
4.3.1 Determination of Yearly Emission Estimates
4.3.1.1 Cold Cleaning Fraction. CCD operation emission rates are
a large fraction of total RVOC emission rates. These units are typically
small and numerous, and the activity is difficult to track in urban
areas. Since the extent of their use correlates with the size of the
urban population, a per capita emission factor is used for estimation
purposes. The factor of 3 Ib/cap/yr discussed above was multiplied by
county populations to obtain RVOC emission rate estimates for CCD
operations as seen in Table 4-1. Table (4-1) shows the estimated
emission rates of the CCD operations portion of the total area source
emi ssions.
4-3
-------
TABLE 4-1. 1983 COLD CLEANING DEGREASER EMISSIONS, MG/YR (TONS/YR)
County
Population Emission Factor
Kg/cap/yr (Ib/cap/yr)
Emission Rate
Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
TABLE
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
281,240
168,466
144,589
624,571
53,386
"
4-2 . 1983
NET COLD
Unadjusted Area
Source Enriss-ons*
Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
383
229
197
850
73
1,732
(422)
1253)
(217)
(937)
(80)
(1,909)
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.36
"
CLEANING AREA
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
"*
383
229
197
850
73
1,732
SOURCE EMISSIONS, MG/YR
Inventoried as
Point Source
Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
0
0
0
1
0
1
(0)
(0)
(0)
(1)
(0)
(1)
Net
Cleaning
Mg/yr
383
229
197
849
73
1,731
(422)
(253)
(217)
(937)
(80)
( 1 , 909 )
(TONS/YR)
Cold
Emissions
(Tons/yr)
(422)
(253)
(217)
(936)
(80)
(1,908)
*Data from Table 4-1.
4-4
-------
4.3.1.2 Doublecounting and Scaling Adjustments
4.3.1.2.1 Cold cleaners counted as point sources. An effort was
made to avoid double counting emissions by subtracting from the above
CCD area source emission estimates those CCD emissions included on
state point source inventories. This only applied to the State of
Missouri, since Kansas had no emission inventory (see Table 4-2).
4.3.1.2.2 Scaling up for non-inventoried degreasing emissions.
The scaling factor mentioned in Section 4.2.2 was used to account
for the fact that OTVD and CD emissions were not inventoried as point
sources in Kansas. The scaling factor was multiplied by the number of
employees in Kansas industries of select SIC codes. The resulting
estimate of Kansas' OTVD and CD emissions was added to the state's CCD
estimates to obtain a value for the total yearly emission rates (see
Table 4-3).
4.3.2 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
Emissions from degreasing operations are assumed to remain relatively
constant throughout the year as they closely relate to industrial
production. Therefore, the RVOC emission rate for the typical summer
day is equal to l/365th of the annual rate (see Table 4-4).
4.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
4.4.1 Projected Typical Summer Day Emissions
Emission projections were based on predictions of county employment
in the manufacturing industry obtained from Table 1-5. The yearly
county employment growth factor for each progression year was applied
directly to base year and subsequent emission rates for each county to
obtain projected yearly emissions.
The assumption was again made that no significant seasonal variations
exist, so that projected daily emissions during the ozone season are
l/365th of the projected yearly emissions. Table 4-5 presents projections
of typical summer day RVOC emissions through 1995 and the year 2000.
4.4.2 RACT Impact
There are no regulations proposed for these categories, thus, no
reductions are expected from new regulations.
4-5
-------
TABLE 4-3. 1983 TOTAL AREA SOURCE DECREASING EMISSIONS, MG/YR (TONS/YR)
-p.
I
en
Non-Point
OTVD + CD. Cold Cleaning Total Area
County Manufacturing
Employees8
Johnson 8,081
Wyandotte 8,808
Clay ---
Jackson --<*
Platte --d
Total
Emission Factor Em1ss1onsb Emissions0
Mg/yr/employee (Tons/yr/empl oyee) Mg/yr (Tons/yr) Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
0.0125 (0.0138) 101 (112) 383
0.0125 (0.0138) 110 (122) 229
d __d __d __d iqv
..d ..d ..d __d 849
..d _.d __d __d 73
211 (234) 1,731
(422)
(253)
(717)
(936)
(80)
(1,908)
Source
Mg/yr
484
339
197
849
73
1,942
Emissions
(Tons/yr)
(534)
(375)
(217)
(936)
(80)
(2,142)
Reference 4-4.
bflpen Top Vapor Degreasers and Conveyorized Degreasers.
°Data from Table 4-2.
dNot applicable.
-------
TABLE 4-4. 1983 TYPICAL SUMMER DAY DEGREASINIG EMISSIONS
County RVOC Emissions
Kg/day (Ib/day)
Johnson 1,326 (2,926)
Wyandotte 929 (2,055)
Clay 539 (1,188)
Jackson 2,326 (5,131)
Platte 199 (439)
Total 5,319 (11,739)
4-7
-------
i
co
TABLE 4-5. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS FROM DECREASING OPERATIONS
KG/DAY (LB/DAY)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
tlay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983*
1,326
(2,926)
929
(2,055)
539
(1,188)
2,326
(5.131)
199
(439)
1984
1,359
(2,999)
931
(2,059)
553
(1,219)
2,337
(5,154)
221
(488)
1985
1,393
(3,074)
933
(2,063)
568
(1,251)
2,347
(5,178)
246
(542)
Year
1986 1987 1988 1989
1,428 1,464 1,500 1,538
(3,151) (3,230) (3,311) (3,393)
935 936 938 940
(2,067) (2,071) (2,076) (2,080)
583 598 614 630
(1,284) (1,318) (1,352) (1,388)
2,358 2,369 2,379 2,390
(5,201) (5,225) (5,249) (5,273)
273 304 338 375
(603) (670) (745) (828)
1990
1,576
(3,478)
942
(2,064)
646
(1,424)
2,401
(5,297)
417
(921)
1991
1,600
(3,530)
936
(2,0/i)
653
(1,439)
2,396
(5,285)
433
(955)
1992
1,624
(3,583)
930
(2,057)
659
(1,454)
2,391
(5,274)
449
(990)
1993
1,648
(3,637)
924
(2,044)
666
(1,468)
2,385
(5,262)
465
(1,027)
1994
1,673
(3,692)
918
(2,031)
673
(1,483)
2,380
(5,251)
483
(1,066)
1995
1,698
(3,747)
912
(2,018)
680
(1,499)
2,375
(5,239)
501
(1,105)
2000
1,829
(4,036)
883
(1,954)
715
(1,577)
2,349
(5,183)
601
(1,327)
5,319 5,401 5,487 5,577 5,671 5,769 5,873 5,982 6,018 6,053 6,088 6,127 6,166 6,377
( 11, 739) ( 11, 919)( 12, 108) (12, 306) (12, 514) ( 12, 733)( 12, 962) (13, 186) (13, 280) (13, 358) (13, 438) (13, 523) (13, 608) (14, 077)
*From Table 4-4.
-------
4-5 REFERENCES
4-1. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds, Volume 1, 2nd ed., EPA-450/2-77-028, September,
1980.
4-2. Air Pollution Control Program, Missouri Department of Natural
Resources, 1983.
4-3. County Business Patterns - Missouri. Bureau of Census, 1981.
4-4. County Business Patterns - Kansas, Bureau of Census, 1980.
4-5. Regional Forecasts, Mid-America Regional Council - Executive Summary.
4-6. Telephone conversation with D. Steele, Air Quality Section Engineer,
Kansas City Health Department, September, 1984.
4-9
-------
-------
5.0 DRY CLEANING
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The drycleaning industry is basically composed of three categories
that are segregated by the type of service that they offer. These
categories are defined by SIC Codes 7215 (Coin-Operated Laundries
and Drycleaning), 7216 (Drycleaning Plants, Except Rug Cleaning),
and 7218 (Industrial Laundries). The coin-operated facilities are
usually but not necessarily part of a "laundromat" that allows for
self-service drycleaning. Commercial drycleaning plants include
the familiar neighborhood shops and specialty cleaners. The industrial
laundries are the large plants which supply rental services of uniforms
or other items to business, industrial, or institutional customers.
Drycleaning is essentially a nonaqueous process in which
fabrics are cleaned with an organic solvent. These solvents are of
two types - synthetic solvents and petroleum solvents. The synthetic
solvents are halogenated organic compounds, principally perch!oroethylene
(tetrachloroethylene or "perc" for short) and trichlorotrifluoroethane
(Freon-113 or "Valclene"). Petroleum solvents are essentially
blends of paraffinic, naphthanic, and aromatic compounds similar to
kerosene. Stoddard and 140-F are the more common petroleum solvent
blends.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions occur mainly from
the hot air tumble process of drying solvent-soaked garments. NOX
emission estimates, required within the scope of this area source
inventory, are not applicable to operations of the dry cleaning industry.
Essentially all of the drycleaning solvents consumed are evaporated
directly into the atmosphere. Therefore, determination of the
total solvent usage (or some indicator thereof) within a county
will yield the VOC emission estimate for this source category.
Both point and area source methods have historically been used
to inventory dry cleaning operations. Industrial drycleaning is
done at relatively large plants whose emissions will often exceed
5-1
-------
100 tons of VOC per year and are generally inventoried as point
sources. For purposes of this inventory, sources in Missouri and
Kansas are considered as point sources if found to emit greater than
40 tons per year and 25 tons per year, respectively. In the Kansas
City Metropolitan Area (KCMA), industrial facilities are generally
less than 25 tons per year (Ref. 5-1). Commercial and coin-operated
dry cleaning facilities typically emit less than 10 tons per year and
large numbers of these facilities may operate within an urban area.
In order to adequately estimate the emission contribution from
these smaller facilities, an area source methodology must be used.
5.2 METHODOLOGY
5.2.1 Compilation of Sources/Data
Emissions from dry cleaning operations are dependent on solvent
use by the industry. To acquire solvent consumption figures (or an
indicator of solvent consumption) on a county-by-county basis, three
approaches can be employed:
• Survey dry cleaning establishments directly;
• Use dry cleaning establishment information obtained from each
county's County Business Patterns; or
• Use per capita emission factors.
The per capita approach was deemed to lack the necessary
accuracy. Based on available resources, the indirect survey approach
was utilized. This approach was centered around determining
emissions per county by applying emission factors to the various
types of dry cleaning plants located in each county.
The first task was to determine the number of plants in SIC Codes
7215 "Coin-Operated Laundries and Dry Cleaning", 7216 - "Dry Cleaning
Plants, Except Rug Cleaning", and 7218 - "Industrial Launderers" for
5-2
-------
each county. The information was obtained from the U.S. Bureau of
the Census for 1983 (the most recent data available) (Reference 5-2).
A complete SIC breakdown was available only for Jackson County, Missouri.
For the remaining counties, the individual SIC breakdown was used
wherever information was available. For the unknown data, a percentage
breakdown by SIC category was calculated using statewide totals,
whereby the number of plants in the 7215, 7216, and 7218 codes was
computed as a percentage of the number of plants under the more
general 72 or 721 SIC Codes. These statewide percentage figures
were then applied to individual counties to arrive at representative
totals of the number of plants for the 7215, 7216, and 7218 SIC
Codes. Table 5-1 shows the number of dry cleaning plants, by facility
type, in each county as estimated for 1983.
After determining the number of dry cleaning facilities by category
type or SIC code, the next step was to determine the types of solvents
and percentage use by solvent type in the three dry cleaning categories.
As mentioned earlier, the three basic solvent types used in dry cleaning
are petroleum, perchloroethylene ("perc"), and trichlorotrifluoroethane
(F-113). According to information obtained from the International
Fabricare Institute (IFI) (Reference 5-3), approximately 99+ percent of
the coin-operated machines use "perc" solvent. Previous inventories,
based on nationwide averages, had suggested a solvent usage split of 98
percent perc and 2 percent petroleum. Approximately 75 percent of the
commercial plants use perc, 22 to 24 percent use petroleum, and one to
three percent use F-113. The industrial facilities are split approximately
equal in their usage of petroleum and perc solvents.
Coin-operated dry cleaning facilities usually have two or three
dry cleaning machines and an average annual throughput of 7500 kilograms
(16,500 pounds) of clothing per year per store on a national basis.
Commercial installations usually have one dry cleaning system and an
average annual throughput of 25,000 kilograms (55,000) pounds of clothing
per year per plant (Reference 5-3 and 5-4). The typical industrial dry
cleaning facility has one dry cleaning system processing an average of
450,000 kilograms (1,000,000 pounds) of clothing annually (Reference 5-4).
5-3
-------
TABLE 5-1. NUMBER OF DRY CLEANING FACILITIES
PER COUNTY (1983)a
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Coin-Operated
(SIC 7215)
17
7b
9
44
0
Commercial
(SIC 7216)
30
9
11
62
0
Industrial
(SIC 7218)
3b
lb
lb
2
0
Reference 5-2.
^Statewide distributions were employed to facilitate proper resolution.
Example calculation for Johnson County, SIC Code 7218:
Given the statewide total for Kansas, SIC Code 7218 represents approximately
5% of total facilities, therefore:
x = o.05 *• °-95 x = 2-35
(I/ + 30 + X)
5-4
-------
Some facilities, primarily the larger dry cleaning plants, are
currently using emission control devices for economic and air quality
reasons. The primary "perc" emissions control device, carbon adsorption,
is now being used by about 35 percent of the commercial systems and
about 60 percent of the industrial plants (Reference 5-4 and 5-5).
The operating parameters of the dry cleaning industry are summarized
in Table 5-2.
5.2.2 Emission Factors
The emission factors given for dry cleaning facilities in AP-
42 were last updated in Supplement No. 10 (Reference 5-6). Currently,
there appears to be no active effort on the part of the dry cleaning
industry or any related associations for further study toward
revision of dry cleaning emission factors. Therefore, emissions
estimates presented in the Background Information Document for perc
solvent (Reference 5-4) are deemed most recent, while factors for
facilities utilizing petroleum solvent are taken from the AP-42.
These emission factors (both controlled and uncontrolled) are
further characterized by the solvent type, facility type and the
percentage of facilities with controls. The resultant baseline
emission factors by facility type and solvent type are presented in
Table 5-3.
5.2.3 Empirical Emission Calculation
Based on the emission factors in Table 5-3 and other operating
data presented in Table 5-2, Equation 1 was constructed to calculate
estimates of annual emissions by county.
E = G £ £ (Ndt) (pf)i (1)
2
y £
where
Ey = county VOC emission estimate for 1983
G = county's growth rate by facility type between 1983
and the subject year (see Section 5.4).
Nl-j = total number of dry cleaning facilities in the county
classified as SIC Code i.
5-5
-------
TABLE 5-2. OPERATING PARAMETERS FOR THE DRY CLEANING INDUSTRY
Facility
(SIC Code)
Coin-Operated
(7215)
Commercial
(7216)
Industrial
(7218)
Percent of
Facilities with
Average Drycleaning
Throughput3 >b Capability5
7,500 45
25,000 100
450,000 45
Operating
Schedule
(days/yr)c
312
250
250
Solvent
Type
PERC
PETRO.
PERC
PETRO.
F-113
PERC
PETRO.
Distribution
Percent0
99+
<1
75
22-24
1-3
50
50
Annual
Growth Rate by
Facility Type*1
(Percent)
0.0
0.9
0.8
Expressed in units of kilograms of fabric cleaned per year.
^Based on References 5-3 and 5-4.
cBased on Reference 5-3.
on References 5-4 and 5-9.
-------
TABLE 5-3. BASELINE EMISSION FACTORS BY FACILITY TYPE AND
SOLVENT TYPE3
Facility
(SIC Code)
Coin-Operated
(7215)
Commercial
(7216)
Industrial
(7218)
Solvent
Type (%)
PERC (>99)
PETRO (
-------
d-j = fraction of facility type i that has dry cleaning
capability.
Tj = average annual throughput of fabric processed in
facility of type i
PJJ = fraction of solvent used in plant type i that is of
solvent type j.
fij = TVOC emission factor for plant type i using solvent
type j.
5.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
5.3.1 Determination of Base Year Emissions Estimates
For purposes of this emission inventory, the baseline year was
assumed to be 1983. Total VOC annual emission estimates per
county were estimated utilizing data contained in Tables 5-1 through
5-3 and the empirical equation discussed in Section 5.2.3. The results
are summarized in Table 5-4.
Reactive volatile organic compound (RVOC) emissions from the dry
cleaning industry have traditionally been assumed to result from usage
of both petroleum and perc solvents, excluding F-113 (Reference 5-7).
Perc solvent has been suspected of contributing significantly to photo-
chemical ozone/oxidant (03/0X) problems in urban atmospheres. Past
evidence, however, was neither complete nor consistent. Recent data have
become available indicating that perc solvent most probably should be
exempted from 63 related control by virtue of its negligibly low photo-
chemical reactivity (Reference 5-8). RVOC emissions, therefore, are
based on usage of petroleum solvent only. These emissions were estimated
by facility type for each county and are summarized along with total
VOC estimates in Table 5-4. Johnson County appears to represent the
largest emission source of the five-county study area, contributing to
almost half of the total VOCs and RVOCs (694.7 Mg/yr and 379.7 Mg/yr,
respectively).
5.3.2 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
In order to determine the total VOC emissions specific to the
ozone season, data were obtained concerning industry activity during
the months of June, July and August (Reference 5-9). If operations
were uniform on an annual basis, a three-month period would represent
5-8
-------
TABLE 5-4.
BASELINE EMISSION ESTIMATES FOR THE DRY CLEANING
INDUSTRY (1983)
Facility
Type
(SIC CODE)
County
Johnson 7215
7216
7218
Wyandotte 7215
7216
7218
Solvent
Type
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
F-113
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
F-113
PERC
PETRO
Number of
Facilities
Per County
17
30
3
7
9
1
Solvent Baseline Emissions
Usage
Distribution
(percent)
99
1
75
23
2
50
50
County Subtotal
99
1
75
23
2
50
50
(Total VOC)
Per County
(Mg/yr) (Tons/yr)
8.9 9.8
0.2 0.2
53.4 53.9
48.3 53.2
0.6 0.6
31.3 34.5
85.1 93.7
227 -8 251-°
3.7 4.1
0.1 0.1
16.0 17.7
14.5 16.0
0.2 0.2
10.4 11.5
28.4 31.2
Baseline Emissions
(RVOC)
Per County
(Mg/yr) (Tons/yr)
0.0 0.0
0.2 '0.2
0.0 0.0
48.3 53.2
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
85.1 93.7
133.5 147.1
0.0 0.0
0.1 0.1
0.0 0.0
14.5 16.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
28.4 31.2
Clay
cn
i
Jackson
Platte
7215
7216
7218
7215
7216
7218
7215
7216
7218
County Subtotal
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
F-113
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
F-113
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
F-113
PERC
PETRO
9
11
44
62
99
1
75
23
2
50
50
County Subtotal
99
1
75
23
2
50
50
County Subtotal
99
1
75
23
2
50
50
County Subtotal
4.7
0.1
19.6
17.7
0.2
10.4
28.4
23.1
0.4
110.4
99.8
1.2
20.9
56.7
312.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.2
0.1
21.6
19.5
0.2
11.5
31.2
89.4 "
25.4
0.5
121.7
110.0
1.3
23.0
62.5
344.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
17.7
0.0
0.0
28.4
46.2
0.0
0.4
0.0
99.8
0.0
0.0
56.7
156.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
19.5
0.0
0.0
31.2
50.6
0.0
0.5
0.0
110.0
0.0
0.0
62.5
172.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTALS
694.5 765.4
379.5 418.2
-------
25 percent of annual activity. The dry cleaning industry is
characteristically slow during this summer period, typically 10 to 20
percent below the uniform three month rate. Conservatively estimating
10 percent below normal operations yields 22.5 percent of annual activity
for this three-month period (i.e., 25 percent x 0.90). This percentage
was assumed to be independent of facility type. Typical summer day VOC
emissions were estimated using the following equation:
ETSD = E * FQ x 1/92 days*
where ETSD = typical summer day emissions per county
y = annual emissions per county for 1983
FO = the percentage of business activity during the ozone season
(i.e., 2?..5%)
*Total number of days from the beginning of June to the end
of August.
County-wide typical summer day (TSD) emissions were estimated for TYOCs
and RYOCs and are summarized in Table 5-5.
5.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Estimates of projected emissions for each subsequent year from
1983 through 1995 and for the year 2000 are dependent upon growth within
the dry cleaning industry. Available data indicate growth rates of
0.0, 0.9, and 0.8 percent annually for coin-operated, commercial and
industrial facilities, respectively.
5.4.1 RACT Impact
All regulations pertaining to control of emissions from dry cleaning
installations within the Kansas City Metropolitan Area (KCMA) apply
only to facilities which emit greater than or equal to one hundred
(100) tons per year of VOC from perchlorethylene dry cleaning operations.
Facilities of this magnitude would, of course, be inventoried as point
sources. It should be noted that growth within the industry could be
dependent upon the determination of the potential carcinogenicity of
perch!oroethylene, expected within the next one to two years
(Reference 5-9).
5-10
-------
TABLE 5-5.
TYPICAL SUMMER DAY (TSD) BASELINE EMISSION ESTIMATES FOR THE
DRY CLEANING INDUSTRY (1983)
c_n
I
Facility
Type
(SIC CODE)
County
Johnson 7215
7216
7218
Wyandotte 7215
7216
7218
Clay 7215
7216
7218
Jackson 7215
7216
7218
Platte 7215
7216
7218
Solvent
Type
Number of
Facilities
Per County
Solvent TSD Emissions
Usage (Total VOC)
Distribution Per County
(percent) (kg/day )(lb/day)
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
F-113
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
F-113
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
F-113
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
F-113
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
PERC
PETRO
F-113
PERC
PETRO
17
30
3
7
9
1
9
11
1
44
62
2
0
0
0
99
1
75
23
2
50
50
99
1
75
23
2
50
50
99
1
75
23
2
50
50
99
1
75
23
2
50
50
99
1
75
23
2
50
50
21.8
0.4
130.7
118.1
1.4
76.5
208.0
County Subtotal 556.9
8.9
0.2
39.2
35.4
0.4
25.5
69.3
County Subtotal 179.0
11.6
0.2
47.9
43.3
0.5
25.5
69.3
County Subtotal 198.3
56.5
1.0
270.1
244.1
2.9
51.0
138.7
County Subtotal 764.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
County Subtotal 0.0
TOTALS 1698
48.1
0.9
288.1
260.4
3.1
168.4
458.4
1227
19.8
0.4
86.4
78.1
0.9
56.2
152.8
394.6
25.5
0.5
105.6
95.5
1.1
56.2
152.8
437.1
124.4
2.2
595.3
538.1
6.4
112.4
305.6
TCR
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3744
TSD Emissions
(RVOC)
Per County
(kg/day)(lb/day)
0.0
0.4
0.0
118.1
0.0
0.0
208.0
326.5
0.0
0.2
0.0
35.4
0.0
0.0
69.3
104.9
0.0
0.2
0.0
43.3
0.0
0.0
69.3
112.9
0.0
1.0
0.0
244.1
0.0
0.0
138.7
383.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
928.1
0.0
0.9
0.0
260.4
0.0
0.0
458.4
719.7
0.0
0.4
0.0
78.1
0.0
0.0
152.8
231.3
0.0
0.5
0.0
95.5
0.0
0.0
152.8
248.7
0.0
2.2
0.0
538.1
0.0
0.0
305.6
845.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0-
2045
-------
5.4.2 Projected Emissions
Table 5-6 presents projected reactive VOC emissions for each county
in the KCMA.
5-12
-------
TABLE 5-6. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS
kg/day (Ib/day)
Ul
I
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983*
327
(720)
105
(231)
113
(249)
384
(846)
0
(0)
928
(2046)
1984 1985
329 332
(726) (732)
106 107
(233) (235)
114 115
(251) (253)
387 390
(854) (861)
0 0
(0) (0)
936 944
(2064) (2081)
1986
335
(738)
108
(237)
116
(255)
394
(868)
0
(0)
952
(2099)
1987
338
(744)
108
(239)
117
(257)
397
(876)
0
(0)
960
(2116)
1988
340
(751)
109
(241)
118
(259)
401
(883)
0
(0)
968
(2134)
YEAR
1989
343
(757)
110
(243)
119
(261)
404
(891)
0
(0)
976
(2152)
1990
346
(763)
111
(245)
120
(264)
408
(899)
0
(0)
984
(2171)
1991
349
(769)
112
(247)
121
(266)
411
(906)
0
(0)
993
(2189)
1992
352
(776)
113
(249)
122
(268)
415
(914)
0
(0)
1001
(2207)
1993
355
(782)
114
(251)
123
(270)
418
(922)
0
(0)
1010
(2226)
1994
358
(789)
115
(253)
124
(273)
422
(930)
0
(0)
1018
(2245)
1995 2000
361 364
(796) (802)
116 117
(255) (258)
125 126
(275) (277)
425 429
(938) (946)
0 0
(0) (0)
1027 1035
(2264M2283)
*From Table 5-5.
-------
5.5 REFERENCES
5-1. Telephone Conversation with R. Raymond, Missouri Air Pollution
Control Commission. July 31, 1984.
5-2. Telephone Conversation with J. Tintera, U.S. Bureau of Census,
Economic Survey Division. August 8, 1984.
5-3. Telephone Conversation with W. Fisher, International Fabricare
Institute. August 9, 1984.
5-4. Perch! oroethy'lene Pry Cleaners - Background Information for Proposed
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report No.
450/3-79-029a, August 1980.
5-5. Telephone Conversation with B. Sluicer, Institute of Industrial
Launderers. August 10, 1984.
5-6. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Supplement No. 10,
AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. April 1977.
5-7. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual , Second Edition,
U.S. Environmental 'Protection Agency Report No. 450/4-80-015,
July 1980.
5-8. APCA Journal, Photochemical Reactivity of Perch!oroethylene: A New
Appraisal . June 1983. Volume 33, No. 6. pp 575-587.
5-9. Telephone Conversation with W. Fisher, International Fabricare
Institute. August 14, 1984.
5-14
-------
6.0. SURFACE COATING
6.1 INTRODUCTION
This area source category includes both architectural surface
coatings and automobile refinishing. Paints, stains, varnishes, and
protective or decorative coatings sold through wholesale and retail
outlets are commonly referred to as architectural surface coatings or
trade paints. The major consumers of these items are painting contractors
and homeowners.
Automobile refinishing is the repainting of worn or damaged
automobiles, light duty trucks, and other vehicles. This is a separate
process from surface coating of automobiles during manufacture.
Automobile refinishing is usually done with lacquer or enamel sprays
applied in paint booths by professional auto repairmen.
Emissions from surface coating area sources result when the solvent
carrying the coating material evaporates and leaves the coating material
on the surface. Solvents used to thin surface coatings and in cleaning
up operations also contribute significantly to emissions.
6.2 METHODOLOGY (Architectural Surface Coatings)
6.2.1 Compilation of Sources/Data
Architectural surface coating may be classified as solvent-based
or water-based coatings. The Current Industry Report - 1982 (Reference
6-1) showed that of 414.8 million gallons of paint shipped (considered
to be sold) in the U.S. in 1982, 122.4 million gallons were solvent-based
and 292.426 million gallons were water-based. The National Paint Association
was contacted to verify a 1979 report (Reference 6-2), which showed that
water-based paints have 3.5 percent solvent by weight and that solvent-
based paints have 53.0 percent solvent by weight.
Since trade paint sales are primarily a function of the number of
households, it was assumed that a county which accounted for a given
percentage of the total U.S. household, also accounted for the same relative
percentage of the total paint sold in the U.S. The resultant figures for
the percentage of the total U.S. household (and paint sales) accounted for
by counties in the KCMA are shown in Table 6-1. These percentages are
based on 1980 households by county shown in Table 1-3 and the total
U.S. households in 1980 (88.627 million, Reference 6-3) and are assumed
6-1
-------
to remain constant with time. The amount of water-based and solvent-
based paint sales by county for 1982 are shown in Table 6-2.
Hydrocarbon emissions are a function of the solvent content of the
paint and total usage. In addition, there is an additional 35 percent
solvent loss (hydrocarbon emissions) associated with thinning and clean-
up of solvent-based paints only (Reference 6-4).
Reference 6-6 suggests that 75 percent of all architectural surface
coatings are used from the beginning of May until the end of September.
This higher use of architectural surface coatings during the summer
months is reasonable since exterior work can be done as well as interior
work.
6.2.2 Emission Factors
No emission factor for this category was utilized due to the
availability of data as noted above and the equations noted below.
There are no NOX emissions from surface coating operations. Table 6-3
gives the density of solvents in paints (Reference 6-5).
TABLE 6-1. PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL U.S. HOUSEHOLD
ACCOUNTED FOR BY EACH COUNTY (1980)a>b
Number of
County County Households Percentage of U.S. Households
Johnson 96,927 0.109
Wyandotte 93,392 0.071
Clay 49,743 0.056
Jackson 242,053 0.273
Platte 16,403 0.018
References 6-3 and Table 1-3.
^Assumed to remain constant with time.
cTotal U.S. households in 1980 is 88.627 million
(Reference 6-3)
6-2
-------
TABLE 6-2. ARCHITECTURAL (GALLONS) PAINT SALES BY COUNTY (1982)a
County Solvent-Based Paint Sales Water-Based Paint Sold
Johnson 133,767 319,650
Wyandotte 87,486 209,057
Clay 68,649 164,044
Jackson 334,051 798,252
Platte 22,637 54,094
Reference 6-1 and Table 6-1.
6.2.3 Empirical Emission Calculations
The equations utilized for VOC emissions for architectural coatings
were as follows:
Es = As x D x Sps x Tc x Ft,
where:
Es = total county emissions from use of solvent paints (tons/year),
TABLE 6-3. TYPICAL SOLVENTS USED IN ARCHITECTURAL
SURFACE COATINGS AND THEIR DENSITIES
(Reference 6-5)
Density
Solvent (Ib/gallon)
Butanol 6.73
Cellosolve 7.75
Ethylene Glycol 9.28
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 6.71
Mineral Spirits 6.50
Toluene 7.3
Turpentine 7.23
V M & P Naphtha 7.30
Xylol 7.30
Average 7.34
6-3
-------
As = consumption of solvent-based paints sold in each county
(Table 6-2)
D = density of solvents in paint (Table 6-3),
Sps = percent solvent in solvent-based paint, 53.0% (Reference 6-2),
Tc = factor to account for emissions due to thinning and cleanup =
1.35 (Reference 6-4),
Ft = conversion to tons (1 ton/2000 Ibs).
Similarly, for water-based paints:
Ew = Aw x D x Spw x Ft,
where:
Ew = total county emissions from water-based paints (ton/year)
Aw = consumption of water-based paints sold in each county
(Table 6-2)
D = density of solvent in paints (Reference 6-5),
Spw = percent solvent in water-based paint = 3.5% (Reference 6-2),
Ft = conversion to tons (1 ton/2000 Ibs).
Therefore, total emissions (Et) from surface coating operations are the
sum of the emissions from solvent-based paints and water-based paints, or
Et = Es + Ew.
6.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
6.3.1 Determination of Base Year Data
The base year for which emission estimates were required was 1983.
The national paint sales data were available for 1982. To update the
1982 data to 1983 data, county household data growth factors were used
(see Table 1-3) since most surface coatings are used for private residences.
The 1983 annual emissions were calculated by using the 1982 data and
county household growth factors data.
6.3.2 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
RVOC emissions for 1983 are shown by county in Table 6-4. The
typical summer day emissions are also presented in Table 6-4. Typical
summer day emissions were calculated by multiplying yearly emissions
for a county by 0.75 to account for the percentage of yearly paint
consumption during the period from May to September (Reference 6-6) and
dividing by 153 to account for the number of days in this period.
6-4
-------
TABLE 6-4. 1983 ANNUAL AND SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS
FROM ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTAL
RVOC Emissions,
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
361
234
187
889
63
1,735(
(397)
(258)
(206)
(980)
(69)
1,910)
RVOC
Emissions
1,772
1,145
916
4,360
311
8,503
Summer Day
kg/day (Ib/day)
(3,907)
(2,524)
(2,019)
(9,614)
(685)
(18,749)
6.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Most architectural surface coatings are used by private individuals
for private residences. Therefore, their use should follow household
trends. Household projections and growth factors are shown in Table 1-3.
Household growth rates were used with back-calculated 1980 county emis-
sions to predict future emissions.
6.4.1 RACT Impact
No regulatory constraints or significant technological improvements
will effect emissions from architectural surface coatings.
6.4.2 Projected Emissions
Projected emissions of VOC from architectural surface coatings are
presented in Table 6-5 for typical summer day for each subsequent year
.from 1983 to 1995 and for the year 2000.
6.5 METHODOLOGY (Automobile Refinishing)
6.5.1 Complilation of Sources/Data
Contacting all businesses that repaint automobiles was not con-
sidered a reasonable approach due to the large number of such businesses
and because shop owners most likely could not supply accurate figures
on consumption and solvent content of these surface coatings. Therefore,
an attempt was made to use solvent consumption emission factors per
employee for SIC Codes 7531 and 7535 (Reference 6-4). These SIC's are
6-5
-------
TABLE 6-5. PROJECTION OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS
FROM ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING, kg/day (Ib/day)
en
i
o>
County
Johnson
Myandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTAL
1983a
1.772
(3,907)
1,145
(2,524)
916
(2,019)
4,360
(9,614)
311
(685)
8,503
(18,749)
1984
1,807
(3,984)
1,153
(2.543)
940
(2.074)
4,381
(9,660)
329
(724)
8,610
(18.986)
1985
1.842
(4,062)
1.162
(2.562)
966
(2,130)
4,402
(9,707)
347
(766)
8.720
(19,227)
1986
1,879
(4,143)
1,171
(2,581)
992
(2,187)
4,424
(9.754)
367
(810)
8,832
(19.475)
YEAR
1987
1.916
(4.224)
1.179
(2,601)
1.019
(2,246)
4,445
(9.801)
388
(856)
8,947
(19,728)
1988
1,954
(4.308)
1,188
(2,620)
1.046
(Z.307)
4,466
(9.849)
410
(905)
9,065
(19,988)
1989
1,992
(4,393)
1,197
(2.640)
1.075
(2,369)
4,488
(9,896)
434
(956)
9,186
(20,254)
1990
2,032
(4,479)
1,206
(2,659)
1.104
(2,433)
4,510
(9.944)
458
(1,011)
9,309
(20,527)
1991
2,047
(4,514)
1,214
(2,676)
1,125
(2,481)
4,518
(9.962)
462
(1.019)
9.366
(20.652)
1992
2,063
(4,648)
1.222
(2.694)
1.148
(2.531)
4,526
(9.980)
466
(1,027)
9,423
(20,778)
1993
2,078
(4,582!
1,229
(2,711)
1.170
(2,581)
4,534
(9.997)
469
(1.035)
9.481
(20,906)
1994 1995
2,094 2.110
(4,617) {4,552!
1,237 1,245
(2,728) (2,746)
1,194 1.217
(2,632) (2,684)
4,542 4,550
(10.015) (10.033)
473 477
(1.043) (1,051)
9,540 9,599
(21,035) (21,166)
2000
2.191
(4,832)
1.286
(2.835)
1,343
(2,961)
4.591
(10,123)
496
(1.093)
9.906
(21.843)
aFrora Table 6-4.
-------
automotive repair shops that would include repainting damaged automobiles
as one of their services. SIC Code 7531 pertains to shops that are
only body repair shops, and SIC 7535 pertains to shops that are only
paint shops. The number of employees in each of these SIC Codes by
county are shown in Table 6-6. (Reference 6-7).
TABLE 6-6. EMPLOYEES IN SIC 7531 and 7535
(Reference 6-7)
Approximate No. of Employees Approximate No. of Employees
County SIC 7531 SIC 7535
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTAL
133
287
0
372
0
592
0
0
0
0
0
0
The lack of SIC Code 7535 employees in the study area is probably due
to shops trying to diversify their income sources.
6.5.2 Emission Factors
Due to the lack of the "per employee" data for SIC Code 7535, a per
capita emission factor of 1.9 Ib/person/year was utilized. (Reference
6-4). All VOC compounds in automobile refinishing paints are reactive.
No NOX emissions result from automobile refinishing.
6.5.3 Empirical Emission Calculations
The following equation was utilized for calculating VOC emissions
from automobile refinishing:
E = P x EF x 1 ton/2000 Ibs,
where:
E = annual emissions per county (ton/year)
P = county population in 1983 (see Table 1-2)
EF = per capita emission factor (Reference 6-4).
6.6 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
6.6.1 Emission Calculations
Emissions due to automobile refinishing were calculated utilizing
data from Table 1-2 and the equation in Section 6.5.3. The emissions
are summarized in Table 6-7.
6-7
-------
TABLE 6-7. 1983 ANNUAL AND SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS
FROM AUTOMOBILE REFINISHING
\
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTAL
6.6.2 Determination
RVOC annual emissions, RVOC
Mg/yr (tons/year)
242
145
125
538
46
(267)
(160)
(137)
(593)
(51)
1096 (1208)
of Typical
Summer Day Emissions
summer
kg/ day
929
556
477
2062
176
4200
day emissions,
(Ib/day)
(2047)
(1226)
(1053)
(4547)
(389)
(9262
Utilizing annual emissions typical summer day emissions were
calculated. These emissions are also shown in Table 6-7. Automobile
refinishing occurs year round, excluding weekends, therefore, to obtain
typical summer day emissions, the annual emissions were divided by 261.
6.7 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Automobile activity closely follows population growth. Therefore,
population trends were considered a reasonable parameter for predicting
automobile refinishing activities. Population growth for the counties
under consideration are shown in Table 1-2.
6.7.1 RACT Impact
The only regulations requiring emission reductions for automobile
painting are Law Section 28--19-63 of the Kansas City Air Quality Control
Act and 10 CRS 10-2.230 of the Missouri Air Pollution Laws, which have
a compliance date of December 31, 1987. These laws state that no more
than 4.8 pounds of volatile organic compounds can be present in one gallon
of final repair. However, these regulations only apply to automobile
or light-duty truck assembly plants. Therefore, automobile refinishing
operations are not expected to be affected by any RACT or other
requirements.
6.7.2 Projected Emissions
Table 6-8 presents projected summer day emissions from automobile
refinishing for the years 1983 to 2000.
6-8
-------
TABLE 6-8. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS
FROM AUTOMOBILE REFINISHING, kg/day (Ib/day)
cr>
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTAL
1983
929
(2,047)
556
(1,226)
477
(1,053)
2,062
(4,547)
176
(389)
4,200
(9,262)
1984
941
(2,075)
552
(1,217)
487
(1,073)
2,057
(4,536)
185
(407)
4,221
(9,308)
1985
953
(2,102)
548
(1,208)
496
(1,094)
2,052
(4,524)
194
(427)
4,243
(9,356)
YEAR
1986
966
(2,130)
544
(1,199)
506
(1,115)
2,047
(4,513)
203
(448)
4,266
(9,405)
1987
979
(2,159)
540
(1,190)
516
(1,137)
2,042
(4,502)
213
(469)
4,289
(9,457)
1988
992
(2,188)
536
(1,180)
526
(1,159)
2.037
(4,491)
223
(492)
4,313
(9,511)
1989
1,005
(2,217)
531
(1.172)
536
(1.181)
2,032
(4,480)
234
(516)
4,338
(9,566)
1990
1,018
(2.247)
527
(1,163)
546
(1,204)
2,027
(4.469)
245
(541)
4.365
(9,624)
1991
1,021
(2.252)
529
(1.166)
555
(1,224)
2.022
(4,458)
246
(542)
4.373
(9,642)
1992
1,024
(2.258)
530
(1,167)
564
(1.244)
2,017
(4.447)
247
(544)
4,382
(9,662)
1993 1994
1,027 1,029
(2,264) (2,270)
531 533
(1, 172)11,175)
573 583
(1,2641(1,285)
2.012 2.007
(4,4361(4,425)
247 248
(545) (547)
4.390 4,399
(9,681 (9,701)
1995 2000
1,032 1,045
(2,275) (2,305)
534 541
(1.178) (1,192)
592 643
(1.306) (1,417)
2,002 1,977
(4,414) (4,358)
249 252
(548) (556)
4,409 4,457
(9,721) (9,828)
-------
6.8 REFERENCES
6-1 Current Industry Report, 1983, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. 1982.
6-2 Telephone conversation with J. Benedicto, National Paint
and Coatings Association, Washington, D.C., August 8, 1984.
6-3 Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. 1984. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Census, Washington, D.C. page 748.
6-4 Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Volatile Organic Compounds, Volume I, Second Edition, U.S.
EPA Report No.450/2-27-028, U.S. EPA, Research Triang1e
Park, NC, September, 1980.
6-5 Industrial Solvents Handbook, Second Edition, Noyes Data
Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ 07656, 1977.
6-6 Area Source Volatile Organic Compound (VQC), Nitrogen Oxides
(NOX), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions Inventory for
Selected Counties in the Cincinnati Non-Attainment Are¥,
Pacific Environmental Services, Final Report.Prepared
for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 345 Courtlant Street,
Atlanta, GA 30365. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3511, November, 1981,
6-7 County Business Patterns, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C., 1981.
6-10
-------
7.0 GRAPHIC ARTS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
The graphic arts industry includes the particular processes of
flexography, lithography, letterpress, rotogravure, screen and spray
printing. All processes fall under SIC Code 27, "Printing and Publishing
and Allied Products." The graphics industry is of interest to this
study due to its significant use of solvents.
7.2 METHODOLOGY
Since the amount of solvent used by the graphic arts industry is
not available on a per county basis, a per capita emission factor was
used as discussed in Section 7.2.2. This emission factor includes all
emissions from graphic arts facilities which emit less than 100 tons/year
of VOC. Therefore, all those graphic arts facilities (SIC code 27)
contained on the state point source inventories needed to be subtracted
from the area source inventory to avoid double counting of emissions.
The point source data were obtained from NEDS for the counties which are
in Kansas (Reference 7-1) and from the Missouri Department of
Natural Resources for the Missouri counties (Reference 7-2).
7.2.2 Emission Factors
EPA recommends that an emission factor of 0.8 Ib/person/year be
used for estimating VOC emissions from small graphic arts facilities
which emit less than 100 tons per year (Reference 7-1).
7.2.3 Empirical Emission Calculations
County-by-county emissions were calculated from the following
E = P x EF x F
where:
E = emissions of reactive VOC (RVOC), by county
P = population of county
EF = emission factor = 0.8 Ib/person/year
F = appropriate conversion factor to convert to tons or
Mg
No NOX emissions result from the graphic arts industry.
7-1
-------
7.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
7.3.1 Determination of Base Year Emission Estimates
Table 7-1 summarizes the graphic arts industry RVOC emissions for
1983 on a county-by-county basis, as obtained from the equation above
and county populations displayed in Table 1-2. A review of the Missouri
and Kansas point source inventories (References 7-1 and 7-2) for the
KCMA showed that a few graphic arts facilities in Clay and Jackson
Counties emitted less than 100 tons/year YOC. Therefore, these emissions
had to be subtracted from the area source calculations. A total of 29
Mg/year (32 tons/year) in Clay County and 56 Mg/year (62 tons/year) in
Jackson County were subtracted from the area source base year emissions.
7.3.2 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
Since printing operations occur almost entirely on weekdays and
uniformly throughout the entire year, the typical summer day emissions
are assumed to be l/261th of the annual emission rates. The results of
the summer emissions calculations are also shown in Table 7-1. Again,
as in the annual emissions, those emissions already accounted for in the
point source inventory were subtracted from the area source category.
These include 111 kg/day (245 Ib/day) in Clay County and 215 kg/day
(475 Ib/day) in Jackson County.
7.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Projected graphic arts VOC emissions were extrapolated from 1983
data according to the projected growth of population within each county
shown in Table 1-2. It was assumed that no changes would occur due to
technology, which would modify either the use of solvent per capita or the
mixture/reactivity of the solvents utilized in the graphic arts industry.
7.4.1 RACT Impact
At this time, no regulations impacting the small graphic arts
facilities are projected by either Kansas or Missouri air pollution
control agencies. The State of Missouri currently has rule CSR 10-2-290,
which addresses emissions of volatile organic compounds from "flexo-
graphic, packaging rotogravure and publication rotogravure printing
lines." However, this emission limitation is not applicable to facilities
which emit less than 100 tons per year. Therefore, this regulation
will not affect emissions from this area source category.
7-2
-------
TABLE 7-1. ESTIMATED 1983 ANNUAL AND SUMMER
DAY RVOC EMISSIONS FROM GRAPHIC ARTS PROCESSES
Annual emissions Summer day emissions
Mg/Year (tons/year) kg/day (Ib/day)
Johnson 102 (112) 391 ( 862)
Wyandotte 61 ( 67) 234 ( 516)
Clay 0(0) 0(0)
Jackson 198 (218) 757 (1,669)
Platte 19 ( 21) 74 ( 164)
Total 380 (419) 1,456 (3,212)
7-3
-------
7.4.2 Projected Emissions
Table 7-2 presents projected RVOC emissions for each county in the
KCMA.
7.5 REFERENCES
7-1. NEDS Point Source Inventory for Johnson and Wyandotte Counties,
Kansas. September 6, 1984.
7-2. Letter with attachments from R.E. Raymond, Missouri Department
of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, MO. July 23, 1984.
7-3. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Compounds, Volume 1, Second Edition,
EPA-450/2-77-028. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ,
Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1980.
7-4
-------
TABLE 7-2. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS
.FROM GRAPHIC ARTS PROCESSES, kg/day (Ib/day)
I
en
County
Johnson
Uyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983
391
(862)
234
(516)
0
(0)
757
(1,669)
74
(164)
1,456
(3,212)
1984
396
(874)
232
(513)
0
(0)
755
(1,665)
78
(172)
1,462
(3,223)
1985
402
(885)
231
(509)
0
(0)
753
(1,661)
82
(180)
1,467
(3,236)
1986
407
(897)
229
(505)
0
(0)
752
(1,657)
86
(189)
1,473
(3,248)
1987
412
(909)
227
(501)
0
(0)
750
(1,653)
90
(198)
1,479
(3,261)
1988
418
(921)
226
(497)
0
(0)
748
(1,649)
94
(207)
1.485
(3,275)
YEAR
1989
423
(934)
224
(494)
0
(0)
746
(1,645)
99
(217)
1,492
(3,289)
1990
429
(946)
222
(490)
0
(0)
744
(1,641)
103
(228)
1,498
(3,305)
1991
430
(948)
223
(491)
0
(0)
742
(1,637)
104
(228)
1,499
(3,305)
1992
431
(951)
223
(492)
0
(0)
741
(1,633)
104
(229)
1,499
(3.305)
1993
432
(953)
224
(493)
0
(0)
739
(1,629)
104
(230)
1,499
(3,305)
1994
433
(956)
224
(495)
0
(0)
737
(1,625)
104
(230)
1.499
(3.305)
1995
435
(958)
225
(496)
0
(0)
735
(1.621)
105
(231)
1,500
(3,306)
2000
440
(971)
228
(502)
0
(0)
726
(1,600)
106
(234)
1,500
(3,307)
-------
-------
8.0 COMMERCIAL/CONSUMER SOLVENT USE
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Certain commercial/consumer products in common use contain VOC which,
when used, contribute to area source YOC emissions. Neither the products
themselves nor the volatile organic contents in those products are easy to
identify and quantify. Thus, EPA (Reference 8-1) recommends the use of a
per capita factor for estimating emissions from commercial/consumer solvent
use.
8.2 METHODOLOGY
The VOC emissions from commercial/consumer solvent use are determined
by multiplying the emission factor by the county population for each of
the five counties. The emissions are assumed to occur uniformly throughout
the entire year; therefore, no seasonal adjustment is necessary. The emission
factor represents the non-exempt compounds in the solvents, so no further
adjustment is needed. The 1983 estimated and projected county populations
were obtained from the Regional Forecasts prepared by the Mid-America Regional
Council (Reference 8-2)(see Table 1-2). During 1983, there were no air
pollution control regulations applicable to this category in either Missouri
or Kansas.
8.2.1 Compilation of Source/Data
The per capita emission factor utilized includes the following
commercial/consumer subcategories:
Category Reactive VOC
Household Products2.0 Ib/cap/yr
Toiletries 1.4 Ib/cap/yr
Aerosol Products 0.8 Ib/cap/yr
Rubbing Compounds 0.6 Ib/cap/yr
Windshield Washing 0.6 Ib/cap/yr
Polishes and Waxes 0.3 Ib/cap/yr
Non-Industrial Adhesives 0.3 Ib/cap/yr
Space Deodorant 0.2 Ib/cap/yr
Moth Control 0.1 Ib/cap/yr
Laundry Treatment less than 0.1 Ib/cap/yr
Total6.3 Ib/cap/yr
1-1
-------
The above factors are based on national estimates of solvent use in
each of these end use sectors. Local consumption estimations were not
available. Also, it is noted.that the emission factor, 6.3 Ib/cap/yr,
does not include emissions from such other sources as small cold cleaning
degreasing; dry cleaning plants; auto refurnishing shops; architectural
surface coating applications; graphic arts plant; cutback asphalt
paving applications; and pesticide applications. There are no NOX
emissions estimated from this category.
8.2.2 Empirical Emission Calculation
Emissions were obtained by multiplying the population data (Table 1-2)
by the per capita reactive VOC emission factor discussed above (see Section
8.2.1).
8.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
8.3.1 Determination of Base Year Emission Estimates
The calculation of the 1983 reactive VOC emissions from the commercial/
consumer solvent use category for each county is summarized in Table 8-1.
TABLE 8-1. 1983 REACTIVE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR
COMMERCIAL/CONSUMER SOLVENT USE
County Population RVOC Emission Factor RVOC Emissions
kg/cap/yr (Ib/cap/yr) Mg/yr (tons/yr)
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
281,240
168,466
144,589
624,571
53,386
2.86
2.86
2.86
2.86
2.86
(6.3)
(6.3)
(6.3)
(6.3)
(6.3)
804
482
413
1,786
153
(885)
(531)
(455)
(1,967)
(168)
Total VOC Emissions — -- -- 3,637 (4,006)
8-2
-------
8.3.2 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
Since commercial/consumer solvent use is assumed to occur uniformly
throughout the entire year, the VOC emissions rate for the typical
summer day is l/365th of the annual rate. Table 8-2 lists the typical
summer day emissions from the commercial/consumer solvent use category.
TABLE 8-2. 1983 TYPICAL SUMMER DAY EMISSIONS FROM
COMMERCIAL/CONSUMER SOLVENT USE
County Reactive VOC Emissions
kg/day (Ib/day)
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
2,204
1,320
1,133
4,894
418
9,969
(4,854)
(2,908)
(2,496)
(10,780)
(921)
(21,959)
8.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
There are no existing air pollution control regulations applicable
to the commercial/consumer solvent use in either Missouri or Kansas, nor
are any anticipated. It is assumed that the same emission factor (6.3
1b/capita/yr) will be applicable for determining the emissions during
each of the projection years. The same methodology as used in the 1983
base year was used to determine the VOC emission rates for each county.
8.4.1 RACT Impact
No regulations are expected to be proposed which will impact this
category.
8.4.2 Projections of Typical Summer Day Emissions
The same methodology and assumptions as in the 1983 base year
calculations were used to determine typical summer day RVOC emissions
for this category. The results are listed in Table 8-3.
3-3
-------
TABLE 8-3. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL/CONSUMER
SOLVENT USE, kg/day (Ib/day)
oo
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
Year
1983* 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
2,204 2,233 2,263 2,293 2,324 2,355 2,386 2,418 2
(4,854) (4,919) (4,985) (5,051) (5,119) (5,187) (5,256) (5,327) (5
1,320 1,310 1,300 1,290 1,281 1,271 1,261 1,252 1
(2,908) (2,886) (2,864) (2,843) (2,821) (2,800) (2,779) (2,758) (2
1,133 1,155 1,177 1,200 1.223 1,247 1,271 1,296 1
(2,496) (2,544) (2,593) (2,644) (2,695) (2,747) (2,801) (2,855) (2
4,894 4,882 4,870 4,858 4,846 4,834 4,822 4,811 4
(10, 780) (10, 754) (10,728) (10,701 )(10,675) (10, 649) (10, 623) (10, 597) (10
418 439 460 482 505 530 555 582
(921) (966) (1,013) (1,062) (1,113) (1,167) (1,223) (1,282) (1
9,969 10,019 10,070 10,124 10,179 10,237 10,297 10,359 10
(21,959X22,069) (22, 182 )(22,300 )(22,423) (22, 550) (22, 682) (22, 818) (22
1991
,424
,340)
,255
,765)
,317
,902)
2
(5
1
(2
1
(2
,799 4
,570)(10
584
,286)
(1
,379 10
,862)(22
1992
,430
,354)
,258
,771)
,339
,949)
2
(5
1
(2
1
(2
,787 4
,544)(10
585
,289)
(1
,399 10
,9081(22
1993
,437
,368)
,261
,778)
,361
,998)
2
(5
1
(2
1
(3
,775 4
,5171(10
587
,293)
(1
,420 10
,9541(23
1994
,443
,381)
,264
,785)
,383
,047)
2
(5
1
(2
1
(3
,763 4
,491)(10
589
,296)
(1
,442 10
,0011(23
1995
,449
,395)
,268
,792)
,406
,097)
2000
2,481
5,464)
1,283
(2,827)
1,525
(3,359)
,751 4,691
,4651(10,334)
590
,300)
599
(1,319)
,463 10,579
,0491(23,303)
*From Table 8-2.
-------
8.5 REFERENCES
8-1. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds. Volume I, EPA-45Q/2-77-028, September 1980.
8-2. Regional Forecast MARC - Executive Summary, Mid-America Regional
Council Research Data Center, Item #03-82-001, 1982.
8-5
-------
-------
9.0 CUTBACK ASPHALT PAVING
9.1 INTRODUCTION
Cutback asphalts are liquified asphalts prepared by thinning or
"cutting back" asphalt cement with volatile petroleum distillates.
Cutback asphalts fall into three categories: rapid cure (RC), medium
cure (MC), and slow cure (SC) road oils. RC, MC, and SC are prepared
by blending asphalt cement with naptha, kerosene, and heavy residual
oils, respectively. Cutback asphalts and emulsified asphalts, which
are prepared by blending asphalt cement with water, are used in nearly
all paving applications, tack and seal operations, and priming road
beds before applying heated asphalt cement. They are also used in
asphalt cold mix applied for road patchings during winter times.
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are emitted to the atmosphere as the
cutback cures and the petroleum distillate, used as the diluent,
evaporates. There are no VOC emissions from emulsified asphalts because
of no VOC compounds in them. Cutback asphalt emissions occur at both
asphalt mixing plants and job sites. At the mixing plants, VOCs are
released during mixing and stock piling. At the job site, VOCs
are emitted from the equipment used to apply the asphaltic product and
from the road surface.
9.2 METHODOLOGY
9.2.1 Compilation of Sources and Data
Cutback asphalts are used mainly by county, city, and State agencies
for public roads construction in each county. Small quantities are
also used for paving private roads and parking lots. Data on private
usage were impossible to obtain; therefore, the data compilation efforts
on county-wide cutback usage were focused only on the amounts used by
government agencies.
County-wide cutback asphalt usage data were obtained from the three
major asphalt consumers: (a) County Highway Department; (b) City Public
Works Department; and (c) State Department of Transportation. In a
given county, these county, city, and State agencies are responsible
9-1
-------
for maintenance of roads in unincorporated areas, roads in city incor-
porated areas, and State and Federal roads, respectively. There was no
single source which records information on roads and road maintenance
including cutback consumption by these agencies. Therefore, each of
these agencies was approached for data on its 1983 cutback consumption.
In case of cutback consumption data for cities, major cities in each
county were selected based on area and population; and the public works
departments in these cities were approached for data. The cutbacks
consumed by the cities not selected were assumed insignificant.
9.2.2 Emission Factors
The VOC emission estimation procedure presented for "Cutback
Asphalt, Emulsified Asphalt, and Asphalt Cement" in AP-42 was utilized
for the emission inventory in this chapter (Reference 9-1). The procedure
consists of calculating emissions as a function of cutback asphalt type
and amount and diluent content and density. Table 9-1 presents the
AP-42 VOC emission factors for rapid cure (RC), medium cure (MC), and
slow cure (SC) cutback asphalts at different diluent contents (Reference
9-1).
Table 9-1 VOC EMISSION FACTORS FOR CUTBACK ASPHALTS
kg/Mg (lb/ton)a,b
Diluent content, % volume
Type of cutback
Rapid Cure (RC)
Medium Cure (MC)
Slow Cure (SC)
25
170 (340)
140 (280)
50 (100)
35
240 (480)
200 (400)
80 (160)
45
320 (640)
260 (520)
100 (200)
a
kg(lb) of VOC emissions per Mg (ton) of cutback asphalt.
b
Reference 9-1.
9.2.3 Empirical Emission Calculation
County-wide emissions for each county were calculated using county
cutback asphalt consumption values and AP-42 emission information.
The basic equation used was:
9-2
-------
Et = Z(CB) x (FD) x (FDE) x (D)
where: Et = Total county YOC emissions from RC, MC, and SC cutback
asphalt consumptions, kg (Ib)
CB = Amount of a given type of cutback consumed, liters
(gallons)
FD = Fraction of diluent, % by volume of cutback
FDE = Fraction of diluent evaporated, % of total present
D = Density of diluent, kg/liter (Ib/gallon).
9.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
9.3.1 Determination of Base Year Emission Estimates
County-wide cutback consumption data for Kansas City Metropolitan
Area (KCMA) were obtained for the base year 1983. The 1983 consumption
amounts were very low due to the restrictions as of 1983 by the Missouri
and Kansas State regulations on the use of cutback asphalts. Table 9-2
presents the 1983 total and summer time MC and RC cutback asphalt
consumption data for each county. Mo SC cutbacks were used in KCMA.
The county-wide cutback consumptions were based on data obtained from
county, major city, and State agencies in each county (References 9-2
through 9-16). For each county, the data obtained from the various
agencies were summed and presented as the county total. The only adjust-
ment made to the data obtained from the agencies was as follows. When
total consumptions but no MC or RC breakdown were available from an
agency, the given total consumption data were broken down into MC and
RC based on available data for others in the county. The data in Table
9-2 contain slightly lower values than actual consumptions. This
discrepancy resulted from the unavailability of data for some major
cities and the exclusion from the inventory of consumptions by smaller
cities and nongovernment agencies. Typically, cutback asphalts were
consumed in priming new roads, tack coat in resurfacing, and cold mix
for patching holes during summer times and in crack filling materials
for pouring in cracks, mostly during winter times.
9.3.2 Emission Calculation
Total annual and summer day YOC emission estimates were made
utilizing the cutback consumption data from Table 9-2 and emission
9-3
-------
TABLE 9-2. 1983 CUTBACK ASPHALT CONSUMPTION DATA FOR KCMAa
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Medium Cure
Total
m^ (gallons)
242 (64,000)
0 (0)
73 (19,180)
76 (20,000)
45 (11,860)
(MC)
Summer
consumption, %
100
0
100
100
100
Rapid Cure
Total ,
m3 (gallons)
34 ( 9,000)
8 ( 2,000)
182 (48,100)
194 (51,200)
95 (25,055)
(RC)
Summer
consumption, %
100
100
0
0
4
aNo SC cutbacks consumed in KCMA.
9-4
-------
factor information from Section 9. 2,. 2. AT 1 of the VOC emitted from
petroleum-based diluents in cutbacks is considered photochemically
reactive (Reference 9-17). There are no NOX emissions from cutback
asphalts.
According to the equation for VOC emission estimates in Section
9.2.2, data on fraction and density of diluent and fraction of diluent
evaporated must be known in addition to the information on amounts of
different cutbacks consumed. Data on cutback diluent contents were
unavailable from the agencies which supplied the consumption data.
Reference 9-17 recommended default values of 35 and 45 percent diluent
contents for MC and RC, respectively. Also, Reference 9-1 and Reference
9-17 indicated the long term diluent evaporation rate to be approximately
70 percent and 95 percent from MC and RC cutbacks, respectively.
Typical densities given for diluents in MC and RC were 0.8 and 0.7
kg/liter (6.68 and 5.84 Ib/gallon), respectively (Reference 9-1). When
these values of diluent content and density and diluent evaporation
rate were substituted into the Section 9.2.2 equation, the resulting
equation for annual cutback emissions was:
Et = [(CB)MC x 0.35 x 0.70 x 0.8] + [(C8)RC x 0.45 x 0.95
x 0.7]
= 0.2 x (CB)MC + 0.3 x (CB)RC
where: E^ = Total county annual YOC emissions, kg (Ib)
= Total county annual MC consumption, liters (gallons),
from Table 9-2
= Total county annual RC consumption, liters (gallons),
from Table 9-2.
9.3.3 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
The typical summer day emissions were calculated as follows:
First emissions were estimated using the above equation for total
county annual emissions and the summer time cutback consumption percen-
tages indicated in Table 9-2. Thus the resulting equation for typical
summer day emissions was:
9-5
-------
Ets = [0.2 x (CB)MC x (SC)MC ] + [0.3 (CB)RC x (SC)RC]
where: Ets = Total county annual summer VOC emissions, kg (Ib)
= Countv summer MC consumption, % of total, from
Table 9-2
= County summer RC consumption, % of total, from
Table 9-2.
The temporal resolution recommended for cutback asphalts indicated
uniform seasonal consumption from spring through fall and daily consumption
from Monday through Friday (Reference 9-18). When this information was
used in the above equation, the resulting equation for typical summer
day emissions was:
Summer day emissions, kg/day
= (Ets) / (142 summer days)**
Countywide 1983 annual and summer day VOC emissions estimated are
presented in Table 9-3.
9.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Countywide cutback emission projections were made using information
from the county, city, and State agencies which supplied the 1983
consumption data and evaluating the impacts of State regulations on
cutback usage.
9.4.1 RACT Impact
Missouri State Regulation No. 10-2.220 "Liquified Cutback Asphalt
Paving Restricted" applies to the Jackson, Clay, and Platte counties of
KCMA (Reference 9-19). The regulation prohibited the use of liquified
cutback asphalts after December 31, 1982, in paving and maintenance
operations in highways, roads, parking lots, and driveways during the
months of May through September. Exceptions to the regulation are
permission to use liquified cutback asphalt in plant mix or road mix
used for filling potholes or for emergency repairs and permission to
use as an asphalt prime coat or an asphalt seal coat on absorbent
surfaces.
**Number of summer days was obtained by counting working days (i.e., 5
days of 7-day-week) from spring through fall, April through October.
9-6
-------
TABLE 9-3. ESTIMATED 1983 KCMA ANNUAL AND SUMMER DAY VOC EMISSIONS
FROM CUTBACK ASPHALT CONSUMPTION*
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
Annual
Mg/yr
59
2
69
73
38
241
emissions,
(tons/yr)
(65)
(3 )
(76)
(81)
(41)
(266)
Summer day
kg/day
413
17
103
107
71
711
emissions,
(Ib/day)
(910)
( 37)
(227)
(236)
(157)
(1,567)
*A11 VOC emissions are reactive.
9-7
-------
Kansas State Regulation No. 28-19-69 "Cutback Asphalt" applies
to Johnson and Wyandotte counties of the KCMA (Reference 9-20). The
regulation prohibited the use of liquified cutback asphalt after December
31, 1982, for paving operations during the months of April through
September. An exception to the regulation is permission to use liquified
cutback asphalt as a penetrating prime coat.
Under the impact of the Missouri and Kansas State regulations, the
cutback consumption in KCMA has been reduced drastically as of the
beginning of 1983. Emulsified asphalts have replaced liquified cutbacks
where possible.
9.4.2 Projected Emissions
Because of the State regulations on the use of liquified cutbacks
during the summer months, the future cutback consumptions will be only
as allowed under the exceptions to the regulations. The information
from various agencies indicated that the counties will continue to comply
with the State regulations and will use emulsified asphalts where
possible. Therefore, future cutback emissions are expected to remain
equal to the 1983 levels.
9-8
-------
9.5 REFERENCES
9-1. Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Third Edition and
Subsequent Supplements, AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. August 1977.
9-2. Letter from Don Hurlbert, Public Works Department Division of
Engineering, City of Kansas City, Missouri, to Pacific Environmental
Services, Inc. (PES). July 26, 1984.
9-3. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES, and Larry DeWitt,
Street Maintenance Division Works, City of Kansas City, Missouri.
August 10, 1984.
9-4. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Kenneth Townley,
Kansas City Highway Department, Missouri. July 12, 1984.
9-5. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Joe Davidson,
Clay County Highway Department, Missouri. July 10, 1984.
9-6. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Bob Hale,
Clay County Highway Department, Missouri. July 6, 1984.
9-7. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Crafford,
Royal Asphalt Company, Missouri. July 10, 1984.
9-8. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Ron Halloway,
City of Liberty, Missouri. July 11, 1984.
9-9. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Tom Christopher,
Jackson County, Missouri. August 17, 1984.
9-10. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Jim Kincaid,
Platte County, Missouri. August 13, 1984.
9-11. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Virgil
Holdridge, Johnson County, Kansas. July 9, 1984.
9-12. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Virgil
Holdridge, Johnson County, Kansas. July 16, 1984.
9-13. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Dennis Garrett,
Ovelin Park City, Johnson County, Kansas. July 10, 1984.
9-14. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Thomas
Corrigan, Kansas Construction Department, Kansas. July 12, 1984.
9-15. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Bob Wessel,
Wyandotte County, Kansas. July 11, 1984.
9-16. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES and Gary Stubbs,
City of Kansas City, Kansas. July 11, 1984.
9-9
-------
9-17. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Volatile Organic Compounds, Volume 1. Second Edition. EPA-45Q/
2-77-028, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. September 1980.
9-18. Procedures for the Preparation of Emissions Inventories for
Volatile Organic Compounds, Volume II: Emission Inventory
Requirements for Photochemical Air Quality Simulation Models,
EPA-450/4-79-018, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1979.
9-19. The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. 10 CSR 10-2.220 Liquified
Cutback Asphalt Paving Restricted, in: Missouri Air Conservation
Law, April 17, 1981. p. 426:0514.
9-20. The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. Environmental Reporter.
Kansas Air Pollution Emission Regulations, May 27, 1983.
p. 381:0522.
9-10
-------
10.0 PESTICIDE APPLICATION
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Many pesticides contain or consist of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) which evaporate into the atmosphere upon use. Emissions of VOC
and NOX from vehicles used to apply the pesticide materials are accounted
for separately in the Off-Highway Vehicles and Equipment (Sections 13.0-17.0)
The agricultural pesticide category consists of two major
subcategories: herbicides and insecticides. Herbicides are chemicals
used to control, suppress, or kill plants, especially weed plants which
retard the growth of agricultural crops. Insecticides are chemicals
used to kill or otherwise control insect pests capable of damaging crops.
Although many different compounds are employed as pesticides,
virtually all are organic compounds which evaporate almost completely
into the atmosphere after application. Inert ingredients in liquid
pesticide formulations are also principally VOC's, which are often
diluted and emulsified with water prior to application. Granular
pesticide formulations often incorporate inert, inorganic materials
such as clay which, of course, would not contribute any VOC emissions.
Application times for herbicides and insecticides vary throughout
the year. Herbicides are most often applied a few weeks before crop
planting, while insecticides are used later in the growing season.
Thus maximal, diurnal emissions occur in the spring and summer, and are
probably about twice the year-round average. A typical summer day's
emissions are, therefore, approximately 1/182 that of the annual emissions.
In non-cropland areas, the principle use of herbicides is for
weed control on roadsides, parking areas, rights of way, and, to a minor
extent, pastureland. The use of pesticides on non-cropland is certainly
less intensive than on cropland, but in the aggregate it may approach an
equivalent amount in some counties because of the predominance of
non-cropland area. Urban areas are excluded from non-cropland area.
10.2 METHODOLOGY
10.2.1 Compilation of Sources/Data
The information on pesticides usage in the KCMA was obtained by
contacting county farm agents and State University agronomy specialists
10-1
-------
associated with the States of Missouri and Kansas and particularly with
the five counties of the study area (References 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4,
10-8, 10-9). Information was also received from various reports which
specified the number of acres seeded and harvested for the important
agricultural crops and furnished up-to-date information on recommended
pesticide use for the crops grown commercially in Kansas (References
10-3, 10-6, 10-7).
Estimates were obtained of the total acreage planted in the main
crops in the three Missouri counties, Platte, Clay and Jackson (combined)
(Reference 10-1). Estimates also were obtained as to which pesticides
were predominantly used on each type of crop, and the quantities and
compositions of the common formulations (see Table 10-1).
Table 10-2 shows the recommended practice for each herbicide
application identified in Table 10-1 (Reference 10-6).
TABLE 10-1. CROP-SPECIFIED INFORMATION FOR MISSOURI COUNTIES OF KCMA
Soybean
Wheat
Corn
Sorghum Alfalfa Total
Total acres
in 3 counties
(hectares in
parentheses)
Herbicides
71,512
(29,000)
Treflan
La so
Dual
etc.
47,000 25,600
(19,100) (10,400)
2,4-D Atrazine
Laso
2,4-D
Banvel
10,100
(4,100)
Atrazine
Ramrod
Lasso
Banvel
2,4-D
10,000 164,000
(4,000) 66,000
(Others)
The particular herbicides cited are applied on probably 80 to 90
percent of all acreage devoted to soybeans, wheat, corn and sorghum.
The acreage devoted to alfalfa is less certain; other hay acreage is
probably greater than alfalfa acreage, but pesticide use on such other
acreage is uncommon (Reference 10-1).
Insecticides used are principally Furadan, Counter, Lorsban, and
Sevin (Reference 10-1). These are mainly applied as soil insecticides,
i.e., as granules or as spray broadcast close to the ground, then
10-2
-------
TABLE 10-2. RECOMMENDED USAGE OF CERTAIN HERBICIDES, BY CROP3
Soybeans
Herbicide'3
Treflan
Lasso
Dual
Active Ingredient
Per Acre0
0.5 to 1.0
2 to 4
1.5 to 3
To nnul a ted Production
. Per Acred
2 to 4 qt.
1.5 to 3 pt.
Wheat
Alfalfa
2,4-D (LVE)
Butyrac
0.5 to 1.5
0.5
1 to 3 pt. LVE
of 4 Ib/gal 2,4-D
Corn
Atrazine
Lasso
2,4-D (LVE)
1
2.
1
to
5
to
4
to
2
4
2
1
.5
to
gal .
Sorghum
Banvel
Atrazine
Ramrod
(+Atrazine)
Lasso
Banvel
(+ 2,4-D)
0.
2
2.
25
to
5
(+1
2.
0.
+1
5
25
to
3
to
to
to
0.5
4
1.6)
4
0
2
0
1
.5
.5
.5
qt
to
2
4 qt.
qt. of
41 b/
product
to
to
pt
•
1 pt.
4 qt.
. Banvel
amine or
+
LVE
0.5 to 1.5 Amine or
0.5 to 1.0 Ester
Extracted from "Chemical Weed Control in Field Crops and Non-cropland,
1984".
^Proprietary name for product predominantly used on crop indicated.
cPounds of active ingredient (recommended) per acre.
dVolume of the formulated product (recommended) per acre.
incorporated by tilling; some, however, is applied to foliage as an
aerial spray, and some as bait spread on the ground (Reference 10-1).
Most acreage receives only one insecticide application, averaging about
1 pound of active ingredient per acre. The formulations used are mainly
3-1 b or 4-1 b gallons, corresponding to 50 to 70 percent inert ingredients;
at 1 Ib (active ingredient) per acre, this implies total VOC application
of 2 to 3.3 pounds per treated acre (2.3 to 3.7 kg/hectare).
To allocate agricultural activities among the various counties
and estimate anticipated trends for projection purposes, land use
10-3
-------
information was obtained from the Mid-America Regional Council (MARC)
(Reference 10-10). This information included estimates of total acres
in each county of the KCMA, either vacant or in agricultural use, for
the years 1973 and 2000. Although a few errors in this tabulation were
evident, a plausible estimate was made for 1983 and subsequent years,
as explained in Section 10.3.2.
10.2.2 Emission Factors
For agricultural pesticide applications, EPA Procedures (Reference
10-11) cites VOC emission factors ranging from 2 to 5 Ib/yr/harvested acre
(2.3 to 5.6 kg/yr/harvested hectare) for use in making comparisons with
data from local sources. It was assumed that this factor applied to
cropland that included alfalfa and other hay, as this was the case in
the Johnson County report (Reference 10-5). An equivalent emission
factor for herbicides was estimated from the detailed Johnson County
data (Reference 10-5), using the herbicide information shown in Tables
10-1 and 10-2. This implied that herbicide practice in Johnson County
was essentially the same as that described in Reference 10-1 for
Platte, Clay, and Jackson counties in Missouri. Table 10-3 shows the
basic details of this estimate. It was assumed that herbicide use was
similar for all harvested acreage cited for each crop, and that all the
VOC ingredients applied to each acre subsequently evaporated. This led
to an empirical emission factor for each application, as shown in Table
10-3. A composite emission factor was obtained by averaging the VOC
emissions for all the acres treated. Another composite emission factor
was obtained by including the harvested but untreated acreage (mainly
hay other than alfalfa). These factors are shown in Table 10-3.
An equivalent emission factor for insecticides was also estimated
(Reference 10-1). A range of 2 to 3.3 pounds of VOC applied per treated
acre was suggested (see 10.2.1). Since this information is not crop-
specific, a mid-range (2.65 pounds per treated acre) value was assumed.
To obtain an emission factor for harvested acres, the ratio of harvested
acreage to treated acreage was assumed to be the same as that given for
Johnson County, viz., 88,000/72,800, or 1.2. Applying this factor
yields an insecticide VOC emission factor of 2.2 pounds per harvested
acre (2.5 kg/ha).
10-4
-------
For Johnson County, the overall pesticide emission factor for
harvested cropland is, thus, 4.7 pounds per harvested acre [5.3 kg/ha),
which is just within the range cited by EPA (Reference 10-11).
TABLE 10-3. ESTIMATED 1983 HERBICIDE EMISSIONS AND EMISSION
FACTORS FOR JOHNSON COUNTY, KANSAS
Crop
Soybeans
Wheat
Corn
Sorghum
Alfalfa
All
Per Acre
Per Acre
Acreage
32,300
20 ,000
11,000
8,000
1,500
72,300
Treated
Herbicide
Treflan
Lasso
Dual
2,4-0
Atrazine
Lasso
2,4-0
Banvel
Atrazine
Ramrod
Lasso
Banvel
2,4-0
2,4-0
(72,000)
Acreage3
12,300
10,000
10 ,000
20 ,000
3,000
3,000
2,500
2,500
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,500
A.I.b
Ib/acre
0.75
1.5
2.0
1.5
3.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
2.4
4.0
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1. 1C
Ib/acre
0.75
2.0
0.5
2.5
0.6
2.0
2.0
0.1
0.6
1.0d
2.0
0.1
0.5
1.0
Total VOC
pounds
18,400
35,000
25,000
80,000
10,000
10,500
7,500
3,000
6,000
10,000
7,000
600
1,000
2,300
217,000
Harvested (88,000)
Emission
Ib/acre
1.5
3.5
2.5
4.0
3.6
3.5
3.0
0.6
3.0
5.0
3.5
0.6
1.0
1.5
2.98
2.47
Factor
kg/ha
(1.7)
(3.9)
(2.8)
(4.5)
(4.0)
(3.9)
(3.4)
(0.7)
(3.4)
(5.6)
(3.9)
(0.7)
(1.1)
(1.7)
(3.34)
(2.77)
aNumber of acres assumed to be treated by each named herbicide.
^Amount of active ingredient applied per acre of crop treated.
cAmount of inert VOC ingredient applied per acre of crop treated.
^Atrazine used as adjuvant.
For Wyandotte County, no specific information existed on crop
distribution. Since the total harvested acreage is small, the same
emission factor was applied as for neighboring Johnson County.
For Platte, Clay, and Jackson counties the distribution of crops
was not available as a whole. It was assumed that the intensity of
10-5
-------
agricultural practice is uniform within those counties, thus the overall
distribution was applicable to each of the three counties. Table 10-4
shows the basic details of the estimate of herbicide VOC emission
factors for these counties. These emission factors turn out to be
slightly, but not appreciably, smaller than those found for Johnson County.
Since the insecticide YOC information was also not crop-specific,
the insecticide VOC emission factors given in Table 10-3 are also applied
to Platte, Clay, and Jackson Counties (i.e., 2.2 pounds per harvested
acre, and 2.5 kg per harvested hectare).
Combining herbicides and insecticides, the overall pesticide VOC
emission factor for the three Missouri counties is estimated at 4.6
pounds per harvested acre (5.2 kg/ha) (2.3 tons/1000 acre).
10.4 ESTIMATED ANNUAL VOC EMISSIONS AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR HERBICIDES
APPLIED TO CROPS IN PLATTE, CLAY, AND JACKSON COUNTIES, MISSOURI (1983)
Crop
Soybeans
Wheat
Corn
Sorghum
Alfalfa
All
Per Acre
Per Acre
Acreage
71,400
47 ,000
25,600
10,100
10 ,000
164,000
Treated
Harvested
Herbicide
Treflan
Lasso
Dual
2,4-D
Atrazine
Lasso
2, 4-0
Banvel
Atrazine
Ramrod
Lasso
Banvel
2,4-D
2,4-D
Acreage3
23,800
23,800
23,800
47,000
6,400
6,400
6,400
6,400
2,100
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
10 ,000
Emission
Ib/acre
1.5
3.5
2.5
4.0
3.6
3.5
3.0
0.6
3.0
5.0
3.5
0.6
1.0
1.5
2.90
2.40
Factor5
kg/ha
(1.7)
(3.9)
(2.8)
(4.5)
(4.0
(3.9)
(3.4)
(0.7)
(3.4)
(5.6)
(3.9)
(0.7)
(1.1)
(1.7)
(3.25)
(2.69)
Total VOC
pounds
35,700
83,300
59,500
188,000
23,000
22,400
19,200
3,800
6,300
10,000
7,000
1,200
2,000
15,000
476,000
aNumber of acres assumed to be treated by each named herbicide.
bHerbicide VOC emission factor from Table 10-4, Ib/acre (kg/ha).
10-6
-------
Emission factors for agricultural non-cropland was based on state-
specific information received from the State Boards of Agriculture of
Kansas (Reference 10-2) and Missouri (Reference 10-8).
For Johnson County, it is reported (Reference 10-2) that 2,4-D is
virtually the only herbicide applied to non-harvested farm land and
that the use of insecticides on such acreage is negligible. Further,
only about one-sixth of the 2,4-0 used by farmers is applied to crops,
while five times as much is used on non-cropland. Since, from Table 10-4,
the aggregate emissions from 2,4-D applied to crops in 1983 was
10,800 pounds (9,700 kg), the corresponding emission factor for 83,000
noncropland farm acres in Johnson County is 5 x 10,800/83,000 or
0.65 Ib/acre (0.72 kg/ha).
For Wyandotte County, the agricultural non-cropland VOC emission
factor was assumed to be the same as for Johnson County.
From a statewide survey of pesticide practices on Missouri farms
in 1978, it was reported (Reference 10-8) that only 3 percent of
nonharvested farmland was treated with herbicides in that year. Other
informants believe (Reference 10-1) that the practice has increased
since 1978. Since the VOC from this source will be relatively small in
any event, we assume that 10 percent (a generous allowance) of agricultural
non-cropland in the Missouri counties was herbicide treated, and that
the emission factor for such treated areas was the same as for cropland
in these counties, viz., 2.90 Ib/acre (3.25 kg/ha) (Table 10-5).
Specific estimates of pesticide use for the vacant nonagricultural
land in the KCMA were not obtained, but it is clear that such uses
exist. The use of pesticides in homes and gardens is appreciable, but
it is included as part of residential solvent use and, therefore, is
not incorporated in this pesticide inventory (which is, in effect, an
inventory of pesticide use on agricultural and vacant land). Appreciable
amounts are used on right-of-way clearance and possibly on mosquito
abatement, particularly in parks and residential areas. The Missouri
Division of Forestry (State Department of Conservation) reports (Reference
10-9) that, except for right-of-way clearance, no pesticides are routinely
used in state-forested areas (which, in any event, constitute a rather
small part of the vacant acreage in the KCMA).
10-7
-------
Accordingly, the emission factor assigned to vacant nonfarmland
in each county is taken as one-half the emission factor for nonharvested
farmland, discussed above.
A summary of these emission factors is given in Table 10-5.
TABLE 10-5. VOC EMISSION FACTORS FOR PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS
BY COUNTY, KG/HA (LB/ACRE)
COUNTY
Johnson Wyandotte Clay Jackson Platte
Harvested farmland 573ITT7T 573RTT)572TOT)572[TT61572TO")
Nonharvested farmland 0.73 (0.65) 0.73 (0.65) 0.36* (0.32) 0.36* (0.32) 0.36* (0.32)
Vacant farmland 0.36 (0.32) 0.36 (0.32) 0.18* (0.16) 0.18* (0.16) 0.18* (0.16)
*These emission factors incorporate an estimate that one-tenth of the listed area is
treated with herbicides each year.
10.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
10.3.1 Determination of Base Year Emission Estimates
The base year for this inventory is 1983. The information relating
to agricultural practices, cited in Section 10.2.1, is up to date in
this regard. The demographic information from MARC (Reference 10-10) is
somewhat older (1973), but since it also gives projected data up to the
year 2000, a straight line interpolation was assumed.
VOC emissions for cropland were calculated by estimating, for each
county, the number of acres (or hectares) harvested in 1983 and multiplying
that number by the county-specific pesticide emission factors reported
in Section 10.2.3.
For agricultural noncropland, YOC emissions were calculated by
estimating the county-specific, non-cropland acres (or hectares) in 1983
and multiplying by the county-specific herbicide emission factors
reported in Section 10.2.3.
For non-agricultura" vacant land, VOC emissions were calculated by
estimating county-specific non-farm vacant land and subtracting
farmland acres from total Vacant/Agricultural land as given by MARC
10-8
-------
(Reference 10-10), but interpolated to 1983. These numbers were then
multiplied by the county-specific pesticide emission factors for non-
agricultural vacant land, as reported in Section 10.2.3. Total annual
VOC emissions from pesticide applications were estimated as the totals
of the three subcategories for each county.
10.3.2 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
Total emissions for a typical summer day were estimated by dividing
annual emissions by 182, the number of days in the six-month preharvest
period. VOC's from pesticides application are assumed to be 100
percent reactive.
Annual and typical summer day emissions for 1983, derived using
the above procedures, are summarized in Table 10-6.
TABLE 10-6. 1983 VOC EMISSIONS FROM PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS BY COUNTY
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
Annual
Mg/yr
224
15
145
169
152
705
Emissions
(tons/yr)
(246)
(17)
(160)
(187)
(168)
(778)
Summer Day
kg/day
1,228
84
798
930
838
3,877
Emissions
Ob/day)
(2,708)
(185)
(1,759)
(2,051)
(1,847)
(8,550)
10.4 Projected Emissions
To estimate projected emissions for the individual Missouri
counties, PES assumed that the agricultural acreage in each county was
proportional to the total agricultural and non-agricultural land in
that county, as estimated by MARC (Reference 10-10). Table 10-7 shows
for each county the following data: (1) the total area, (2) the area
devoted to specific non-agricultural land uses in 1973 and 2000 as
estimated by MARC, and (3) the remaining agricultural and vacant acreage
calculated by PES, Other factors besides land use, e.g., composition of
pesticide formulations, the relative amounts of various formulations
10-9
-------
applied, and the practices used in applying them, have been assumed to
remain constant over the years. These projections indicate a slow
decline of such emissions due to retirement of land from agricultural
use, to a total reduction of about 6.3 percent by the year 2000.
Sources of uncertainty in estimating future pesticide emission factors
are, in general, those wnich attend all projections of human activities
to future years. Since farming is not a dominant factor in the economy
of the metropolitan area, the extent of farming activity may be subject
to unpredictable variations before the year 2000. Moreover, new
developments in pesticide technology might cause reduced VOC emissions
because of better pesticide efficiency, or the introduction of new
pests might cause increased use of pesticides, or shifts between
pesticidal agents, causing increased emissions in future years.
Since pesticide emissions appear to constitute only a very minor
fraction of year-round VOC emissions in the metropolitan area, there
would probably be little to gain by endeavoring to improve the accuracy
of projections beyond that obtained in this inventory.
TABLE 10-7. LAND-USE ACREAGES 1973 AND 2000
(in Thousands of Acres)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1973 & 2000
Totals
304.6
96.6
264.3
385.9
268.8
1,320
Sped fie
Uses, 1973
56.7
32.9
30.4
111.9
19.7
252
Agricultural
or Vacant, 1973
Z4/.9
63.7
233.9
274.0
249.1
1,069
Specific
Uses, 2000
82.4
40.2
51.3
140.9
34.9
350
Agricultural
or Vacant, 2000
2Z2.2
56.4
213.0
245.0
233.9
970
The totals given in Table 10-7 indicate that the acreage of agri-
cultural and vacant land in the 5-county area is expected to decline
by 98,000 acres, or 9.1 percent, between 1973 and 2000; this comes to a
uniform rate of decline of 0.36 percent per annum. Lacking any better
supported estimates, PES assumes that harvested acreage and VOC emissions
from harvested acreage can be assumed to decline at the same annual
percentage rate from 1983 until 2000. Furthermore, we assume that the
harvested acreages in Platte, Clay, and Jackson counties in 1983 were
10-10
-------
proportional to the agricultural-and-vacant acreages in those counties,
from estimates interpolated to 1983. Based on these assumptions,
Table 10-8 provides acreage estimated by county for the years 1983 to
1995 and 2000.
10.4.1 RACT Impacts
There are, at the present time, no RACT regulations affecting the
application of pesticides, and no such regulations appear to be in
prospect for the foreseeable future. Regulations affecting the permis-
sible uses of various insecticides are promulgated rather frequently,
and they may result in the removal of popular insecticides from the
market, because of toxicity or other problems. However, there is no
present indication that such regulations should be expected to have any
profound effect on pesticide application practices, or on VOC emissions
from those practices.
10.4.2 Projected Emissions
Emission estimates for each year in the progression were obtained
by multiplying the tabulated acreages (Table 10-8) by appropriate
emission factors as discussed above. Total projected county estimates
of typical summer day VOC emissions from pesticide applications are
provided in Table 10-9 for the years 1983 through 1995 and the year
2000. Projections are based on the annual emission estimates presented
in Table 10-6.
10-11
-------
TABLE 10-8. ACREAGES IN THREE SUBCATEGORIES BY COUNTY
FROM 1983 TO 1995 AND 2000, THOUSANDS OF ACRES
County
o
i
1983
1984
YEAR
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990
1991 1992 1993
1994
1995 2000
Johnson
Uyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Ha
Nb
vc
Ha
Nb
Vc
Ha
Nb
VC
Ha
Nb
Vc
Ha
Nb
Vc
88. 0
83.0
67.6
3.0
2.8
55.3
61.3
57.8
107.1
71.2
67.2
124.9
65.9
62.2
122.9
87,7
82.7
67.4
3.0
2.8
55.1
61.1
57.6
106.7
70.9
66.9
124.5
65.7
62.0
122.4
87,4
82.4
67.1
3.0
2.8
54.9
60.8'
57.4
106.3
70.7
66.7
124.0
65.4
61.7
122.0
87.1
82.1
66.9
3.0
2.8
54.7
60.6
57.2
105.9
70.4
66.5
123.6
65.2
61.5
121.6
86.7
81.8
66.6
3.0
2.8
54.5
60.4
57.0
105.6
70.2
66.2
123.1
65.0
61.3
121.1
86.4
81.5
66.4
2.9
2.7
54.3
60.2
56.8
105.2
69.9
66.0
122.7
64.7
61.1
120.7
86.1
81.2
66.2
2.9
2.7
54.1
60.0
56.6
104.8
69.7
65.8
122.2
64.5
60.9
120.3
85. a
80.9
65.9
2.9
2.7
53.9
59.8
56.3
104.4
69.4
65.5
121.8
64.2
60.6
119.9
85. S
80.6
65.7
2.9
2.7
53.7
59.6
56.2
104.1
69.2
65.3
121.3
64.0
60.4
119.4
85.2
80.3
65.4
2.9
2.7
53.5
59.3
56.0
103.7
68.9
65.1
120.9
63.8
60.2
119.0
85.0
80.0
65.2
2.9
2.7
53.3
59.1
55.8
103.3
68.7
64.8
120.5
63.6
60.0
118.5
84.6
79.7
65.0
2.9
2.7
53.1
58.9
55.6
102.9
68.4
64.6
120.0
63.3
59.8
118.1
84.3 82.6
79.4 78.1
64.7 61.3
2.9 2.8
2.7 2.6
52.9 51.1
58.7 57.7
55.4 54.4
102.6 100.9
68.2 67.0
64.3 63.2
119.6 114.8
63.1 62.0
59.5 58-5
117.7 113.4
aHarvested farmland.
bNonharvested farmland.
cVacant nonfarmland.
-------
TABLE 10-9. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS
FROM PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS, kg/day (Ib/day)
o
i
CO
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983*
1,228 1
(2,708)(2
84
(185)
1984
,224
,698)
84
(185)
798 706
(1,759) (1,557)
930
(2,051)(2
838
(1, 847)(1
3,877 3
(8,550) (8
927
,043)
836
,843)
,776
,326)
1985
1,219
(2,688)
83
(184)
704
(1,551)
923
(2,035)
834
(1,839)
3,763
(8,298)
1986
1.215
(2,678)
83
(183)
701
(1,546)
920
(2,028)
833
(1,836)
3,751
(8,270)
1987
1,210
(2,668)
83
(182)
699
(1,540)
916
(2,020)
831
(1,832)
3,738
(8,243)
YEAR
1988 1989 1990
1,205 1,201 1,196
(2,658)(2,648)(2,638)
82 82 82
(182) (181) (180)
696 694 691
(1,535)(1,530) (1,524)
913 909 906
(2,012)(2,005)(1,997)
829 827 826
(1,828)(1, 825)11,821)
3,726 3,713 3,701
(8, 215)(8, 188X8,160)
1991
1,192
(2,628)
81
(180)
1992 1993
1,187 1,183
(2,618X2,608)
81 81
(179) (178)
689 686 684
(1,519X1,513X1,508)
902
(1,989)
824
(1,817)
3,688
(8,133)
899 895
(1,982X1,974)
822 821
(1,813X1,810)
3,676 3,663
(8,105X8,078)
1994
1,178
(2,598)
80
(177)
681
(1,502)
892
(1,966)
819
(1,806)
3,651
(8,050)
1995 2000
1,174 1
(2,588X2
80
(177)
679
(1,497X1
888
(1,959X1
817
(1,802X1
3,638 3
(8,023X7
,151
,538)
78
(173)
667
,470)
871
,920)
809
,784)
,576
,885)
*From Table 10-6.
-------
10.5 REFERENCES
10-1. Telephone conversation with Eldon Ratcliffe, Area Agronomy
Specialist, University of Missouri Extension Service, Kansas
City, MO. September 1984.
10-2. Telephone conversation with Freeman Berry and John Flint,
Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Weed, and Pesticide Division,
Topeka, KS. September 1984.
10-3. Telephone conversation with Kenneth McGuinness, Farm Agent,
Johnson County, KS. September 1984.
10-4. Telephone conversation with Jimmy Kibby, Farm Agent, Wyandotte
County, KS. September 1984.
10-5. Johnson County Farm Facts, 1983-84. Kansas Crop and Livestock
Reporting Service.
10-6. Chemical Weed Control in Field Crops and Non-cropland, 1984*,
Report of Progress 446.February 1984.Agricultural Experiment
Station, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
10-7. 1984 Kansas Field Crop Insect Management Recommendations,
Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
KS.
10-8. Telephone conversation with Donald Bay, Missouri State Board of
Agriculture, Jefferson City, MO. September 1984.
10-9. Telephone conversation with Ramon Gass, Missouri Department of
Conservation, Forestry Division, Jefferson City, MO. September
1984.
10-10. 1973 Land Use File, Mid-America Regional Council.
10-11. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds. Volume I.Second Edition.September 1980.
EPA-450/2-77-028.
10-14
-------
11.0. RESIDENTIAL FOSSIL FUELS
11.1. INTRODUCTION
Natural gas and small quantities of oil, liquid petroleum gas (LPG),
kerosene, coal, and wood fossil fuels are combusted in residences
for space heating, water heating, and cooking. Volatile organic compounds
(VOC), NOX and other air pollutants are released from residential fossil
fuel combustion. They represent a significant portion of the total
emissions from all area sources of combustion.
11.2. METHODOLOGY
11.2.1 Compilation of Sources/Data
The residential fuel consumption data for 1982, obtained from a
report being prepared for an organization called "Metropolitan Energy
Assembly" by the Midwest Research Institute (MRI), was the main source
of fuel consumption information for the emission inventory in this
chapter. The report presented fuel consumption data by type, quantity,
and cost for each county in KCMA (Reference 11-1). In case of Jackson,
Clay, and Platte counties, the reported county fuel consumption data
excluded the Kansas City portion of each county. Separate data were
reported for Kansas City, which comprises areas in all three counties.
County fuel consumption totals were calculated by adding proportionate
amounts of the Kansas City fuel consumption to the reported fuel con-
sumption for the county excluding Kansas City. The Kansas City fuel
consumption amount was proportioned in 85 percent, 12 percent, and
3 percent to Jackson, Clay, and Platte, respectively. This proportion
was determined based on number of household units in each county's
Kansas City portion, obtained from the Housing Department of Kansas
City Census Bureau (Reference 11-2).
11.2.2 Emission Factors
Emission factors for "External Combustion Sources" from AP-42 were
utilized exclusively for this chapter. Table 11-1 presents the AP-42
emission factors for the fuels combusted in residences (Reference 11-3).
11-1
-------
TABLE 11-1. EMISSION FACTORS FOR RESIDENTIAL FUEL COMBUSTION
Emission Factor
Fuel Type
Natural gas, kg/Mm3 (lb/106ft3)
Distillate oil, kg/m3 (lb/103 gal)
LPG, kg/m3 (lb/103 gal)
Bituminous coal, kg/Mg (Ib/ton)
Wood, kg/Mg (Ib/ton)
VOC
128
0.12
0.09
10
13
(8)
(1)
(0.75)
(20)
(26)
1,280
2.3
0.9
1.5
1.7
NOX
(80)
(18)
(7.5)
(3)
(3.4)
11.2.3 Empirical Emission Calculation
County-wide emissions for each county were calculated using county
fuel consumption values and AP-42 emission factors. The basic equation
used was
Etp = (Fc) x (EF)fp
Where E^p = Total county emissions for given pollutant type
Fc = Amount of a given type of fuel consumed
EF = Emission factor for a given fuel and pollutant
fp
11.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
11.3.1 Determination of Base Year Data
The base year for which emission estimates were required was 1983.
The fuel consumption data available were for 1982. These 1982 data were
updated to 1983 by using the estimate that total energy consumption for
1983 will be approximately 12 percent higher than for 1982 (Reference 11-1)
The KCMA fuel consumption in 1982 was relatively lower due to
the recession which reduced the economic activity and, therefore, the
energy demand by 15 percent below normal. Table 11-2 presents the 1983
residential fuel energy consumption data for each county.
11-2
-------
TABLE 11-2. 1983 RESIDENTIAL FUEL CONSUMPTION DATA FOR KCMA
I
00
Fuel
Type
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
Natural gas
Mm3
(109ft3)
337
(11.9)
230
(8.1)
170
(5.9)
873
(31)
41
(1.5)
1,651
(58.4)
Fuel oil
Ml
(106 gal)
0.8
(0.2)
0.3
(0.1)
1.2
(0.3)
10.1
(2.7)
0.9
(0.3)
13.3
(3.6)
LPG
(106gal)
9.8
(2.6)
4.9
(1)
11.1
(2.9)
29.6
(7.8)
9.2
(2.5)
64.6
(16.8)
Coal
Mg
(Tons)
689
(760)
517
(570)
1,434
(1,580)
5,772
(6,363)
861
(950)
8,409
(9,270)
Wood
Gg
(103tons)
34
(38)
22
(25)
19
(21)
96
(106)
7
(7)
178
(197)
Kerosene
Ml
(106gal)
2.5
(0.6)
1.6
(0.4)
1.3
(0.3)
7
(1.8)
0.4
(0.1)
12.8
(3.2)
Charcoal
Mg
(Tons)
1.9
(2.1)
1.2
(1.4)
1.1
(1.2)
5.4
(5.8)
0.3
(0.4)
9.9
(10.9)
Units: Mm3 = Mega cubic meters, Ml = Megaliters, Mg = Megagrams, Gg = Gigagrams.
-------
11.3.2 Emission Calculation
Total annual emission estimates were made utilizing the fuel
consumption and emission factor data from Tables 11-1 and 11-2 in the
empirical equation discussed in Section 11.2.3. Table 11-3 presents 1983
county-wide total emissions of VOC and NOX from residential fuel
combustion.
Reference 11-4 presented VOC reactivity profiles for various emission
sources. The profiles were compiled using data mostly from the VOC
Species Data Manual (Reference 11-5) and other reports. According to
the profile for residential fuels combustion, RVOC constitutes 44 percent,
100 percent, 85 percent, and 80 percent of TVOC from natural gas,
distillate oil, bituminous coal, and wood combustion, respectively.
This profile and TVOC information from Table 11-3 were used to calculate
annual RVOC emissions.
11.3.3 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
Summer day emission estimates were calculated based on emissions
only during the ozone season, June through August. Therefore, VOC and
NOX emissions resulting from winter time fuel consumption were excluded
from the VOC and NOX emission area source inventory. Typically residen-
tial fuel is consumed uniformly throughout the year for water heating and
cooking and during winter times for space heating. No breakdown of the
KCMA fuel consumption data was available by space heating, water heating,
and cooking. Available national fuel consumption data indicated that
in 1980 about 75 percent of natural gas, 99 percent of fuel oil and
kerosene, and 80 percent of LPG consumed by the west north central area of
the United States was for space heating (Reference 11-6). For the
purpose of estimating typical summer day emissions, this fuel consumption
profile for the west north central area in which KCMA is located, was
assumed applicable to KCMA in 1983. An assumption was also made that
no coke, coal, and wood are used in KCMA during the 1983 ozone season.
The basis for this assumption was the information for 1980 that all
coke, coal, and wood consumed in KCMA was for space heating only
(Reference 11-7). Since the fuel for non-space heating purposes is
11-4
-------
TABLE 11-3. ESTIMATED 1983 TOTAL VOC AND NO EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL FUEL COMBUSTION
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
Fuel
Type Natural gas
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
VOC
43
(47)
29
(32)
22
(24)
112a
(123)
5
(6)
211
(232)
NOX
431
(475)
294
(324)
218
(240)
1,117
(1,231)
52
(57)
2,112
(2,327)
Fuel Oil 4
Kerosene
VOC
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
2
(2)
0
(0)
2
(2)
NOX
7
(8)
4
(5)
6
(6)
39
(43)
3
(3)
59
(65)
LPG
VOC
1
(1)
0
(0)
1
(1)
3
(3)
1
(1)
6
(6)
MOX
9
(10)
4
(5)
10
(11)
27
(29)
8
(9)
58
(64)
Coal
VOC
7
(8)
5
(6)
14
(16)
58
(64)
9
(10)
93
(104)
NOX
1
(1)
1
(1)
2
(2)
9
(10)
1
(1)
14
(15)
Wood
VOC
442
(487)
285
(315)
247
(272)
1,248
(1,376)
91
(100)
2,314
(2.550)
NOX
58
(64)
37
(41)
32
(36)
163
(180)
12
(13)
302
(334)
Total
VOC
493
(544)
320
(353)
284
(313)
1,423
(1,568)
106
(116)
2,626
(2,894)
NOX
506
(558)
340
(375)
268
(296)
1,355
(1,493)
76
(84)
2,545
(2,806)
a) Example calculation:
VOC emissions from natural gas (ng) consumption = (Amount of ng consumed) x (ng emission factor)
= (873 Mm3, from Table 2) x (128 kg/Mm,3 from Table 1) x (1 Mg/1,000 kg) = 112 Mg/yr.
-------
consumed uniformly throughout the year, the portion consumed during the
summer months, June through August, is 25 percent. Using the above
information, fuel consumed by each county during the 1983 ozone season
was calculated from the following equations.
1983 county fuel consumption, Tj_
= F"ng + Fok + Flpg + Fccw
Where Fng = 1983 natural gas consumption
Fok = 1983 fuel oil and kerosene consumption
F]pg = 1983 LPG consumption
FCCW = 1983 coal, coke, and wood consumption
Total fuel consumption for non-space heating purposes, T"2
= (1 - 0.75)xFng + (1 - 0.99)xFok + (1 - 0.80)xFlpg
+ (l-DxFccw
= 0.25xFng + 0.01xFok + 0.20xFipg
Total fuel consumption during ozone season, T3
= 0.25x(0.25xFng + 0.01xFok + 0.2 x Fpg)
= 0.0625xFng + 0.0025xFok + 0.05xF1pg
The above equation for T3 and the fuel consumption data from
Table 11-2 indicate that the contribution to ozone emissions by fuel
oil, kerosene, and LPG is negligible.* Thus the equation is reduced to
T3 = 0.0625 x Fng
Typical summer day emissions were calculated using summer time
fuel consumption data and emission factors as follows.
Daily TYOC emissions, kg/day
= (EF)voc x T3 f (92 summer days)**
where (EHvQC = V^C emission factor for natural gas
= 128 kg/Mm3 (from Table 11-1)
T3 = Natural gas consumption in summer, Nnr
= (0.0625 x Fng)
Daily TVOC emissions, kg/day
= (128 kg/Mm3) x (0.0625 x Fng Mm3) r (92 summer days)
= 0.087 x Fng
*For example, the 1983 consumption of Fok and F-|pg during the ozone
season in Jackson County
= 0.0025 x (10.1 + 7} Ml of Fok + 0.05 x 29.6 Ml of F]pg (using the
equation for T3 and data from Table 11-2)
= 0.04 Ml of Fok + 1.5 Ml of FlRg
Emissions during the ozone season = u.04 x 1.2 + 1.5 x 0.09 = 0.18 Mg/yr.
**Total number of days from the beginning of June to the end of August.
11-6
-------
where Fng = 1983 natural gas consumption from Table 11-2.
Daily RVOC emissions, kg/day
= (Reactive VOC content) x (Daily TVOC emissions, kg/day)
= 0.44 x 0.087 x Fng = 0.0383 x Fng
Daily NOX emissions, kg/day
= (EF^NOY x To - 92 summer days
where (EF'NOX = 1,280 kg/Mm3 (from Table 11-1)
Daily NOX emissions, kg/day
= (1,280 kg/Mm3) x (0.0625 x Fng Mm3) - (92 summer days)
= 0.87 x Fng
Countywide 1983 annual and summer day YOC and NOX emissions
estimated using the above equations are presented in Table 11-4.
11.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Countywide residential fuel combustion emission estimates were
projected for each subsequent year from 1983 through 1995 and for the
year 2000 using the 1983 base year emission data and population growth
projections for each county. Population growth was used as a way to
account for the varied growth rates of residences and therefore,
residential fuel consumption.
11.4.1 RACT Impact
No regulatory constraints or significant technological improvements
will effect emissions from residential fuel combustion sources.
11.4.2 Projected Emissions
Tables 11-5 and 11-6 present projected reactive VOC and NOX emissions
for each county in KCMA.
11-7
-------
TABLE 11-4. ESTIMATED 1983 ANNUAL AND SUMMER DAY RVOC AND NOX EMISSIONS
FROM RESIDENTIAL FUEL COMBUSTION
I
oo
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
Annual emissions3
RVOCb
380
(419)
247
(272)
221
(243)
1,099
(1,211)
83
(92)
2,030
(2,237)
, Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
NOX
508
(559)
341
(376)
268
(296)
1,355
(1,493)
77
(84)
2,549
(2,808)
Summer day emissions,
RVOC
17
(37)
11
(24)
7
(15)
33
(73) (1
2
(4)
70 1
(154) (3
kg/day (Ib/day)
NOX
374
(825)
255
(562)
150
(331)
760
,676)
36
(79)
,575
,473)
aFrom Table 11-3.
bRVOC = (Fc) x (EF)f x r where Fc and EFf are defined in Section 11.2.4,
and r denotes reactive VOC content. The values of 'r' given are 44 percent, 100 percent, 85 percent,
and 80 percent of TVOC from natural gas, distillate oil, coal, and wood combustion, respectively.
Table 11-3 lists the values of [(Fc) x (EF)fp].
-------
I
10
TABLE 11-5. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL FOSSIL FUELS
kg/day (Ib/day)
Year
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983a
17
(37)
11
(24)
7
(15)
33
(73)
2
(4)
70
(154)
1984
17
(38)
11
(24)
7
(16)
33
(73)
2
(5)
70
(155)
1985
17
(38)
11
(24)
7
(16)
33
(72)
2
(5)
70
(156)
1986
18
(39)
11
(24)
7
(16)
33
(72)
2
(5)
71
(156)
1987
18
(40)
11
(24)
8
(17)
33
(72)
2
(5)
72
(157)
1988
18
(40)
11
(23)
8
(17)
33
(72)
3
(6)
72
(158)
1989
18
(41)
11
(23)
8
(17)
33
(72)
3
(6)
72
(159)
1990
19
(41)
10
(23)
8
(18)
32
(72)
3
(6)
72
(159)
1991
19
(41)
10
(23)
8
(18)
32
(71)
3
(6)
72
(160)
1992
19
(41)
10
(23)
8
(18)
32
(71)
3
(6)
72
(160)
1993
19
(41)
11
(23)
8
(19)
32
(71)
3
(6)
73
(160)
1994
19
(42)
11
(23)
9
(19)
32
(71)
3
(6)
73
(161)
1995
19
(42)
11
(23)
9
(19)
32
(71)
3
(6)
73
(161)
2000
19
(42)
11
(24)
9
(21)
32
(70)
3
(6)
74
(163)
aFrom Table 11-4.
-------
TABLE 11-6. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY NO. EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL FOSSIL FUELS
kg/day (Ib/day)
Year
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
t-' Platte
i— «
i
0 Total
1983a
374
(825)
255
(562)
150
UJi)
760
(1,676)
36
(79)
1,575
(3,473)
1984
379
(836)
253
(558)
153
UJ/I
758
(1,672)
38
(83)
1,581
(3,486)
1985
384
(847)
251
(554)
156
l-W)
756
(1,668)
40
(87)
1,587
(3,499)
1986
389
(858)
249
(550)
159
(JbU)
754
(1,664)
41
(91)
1,593 '
(3,513)
1987
394
(870)
247
(546)
162
Ub/l
753
(1,659)
43
(96)
1,600
(3,528)
1988
400
(881)
246
(541)
165
UMI
751
(1,655)
46
(100)
1,607
(3,543)
1989
405
(893)
244
(537)
168
U/i)
749
(1,651)
48
(105)
1,614
(3,558)
1990
410
(905)
242
(533)
172
747
(1,647)
50
(110)
1,621
(3,574)
1991
411
(907)
242
(535)
174
745
(1,643)
50
(111)
1,624
(3,580)
1992
412
(910)
243
(536)
177
(391)
743
(1,639)
50
(111)
1,627
(3,586)
1993
414
(912)
244
(537)
180
(397)
741
(1,635)
51
(111)
1,629
(3,593)
1994
415
(914)
244
(539)
183
(404)
740
(1,631)
51
(112)
1,632
(3,599)
1995
416
(917)
245
(540)
186
738
(1,627)
51
(112)
1,635
(3,606)
2000
421
(928)
248
(547)
202
(445)
729
(1,606)
52
(114)
(1,651
(3,640)
-------
11.5 REFERENCES
11-1. Midwest Research Institute. Kansas City Energy: Economic
Analysis of Energy Use in the Kansas City Area, Prepared for
Metropolitan Kansas City Metropolitan Energy Assemb1y.
July 1984.
11-2. Telephone communication between V. Katari, PES, and
Bernedette Nyers, Housing Division, U.S. Census Bureau,
Maryland. July 27, 1984.
11-3. Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Third Edition
and Subsequent supplements, AP-42, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1977.
11-4. Pacific Environmental Services. Area Source VOC Emissions
in the St. Louis Area (Inventory for the 1982 Ozone
SIP), EPA-907/ 9-81-009.U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Kansas City, MO, December 1981.
11-5. Volatile Organic Compounds Species Data Manual, EPA-450/
3-78-119, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1978.
11-6. Telephone conversation between V. Katari, PES, and Robert
Latta, Energy Information Administration, Washington, D.C.,
July 30, 1984. 11.5.7 Telephone conversation between V.
Katari, PES, and Bernedette Nyers, Housing Division, U.S.
Census Bureau, Maryland, July 27, 1984.
11-11
-------
-------
12.0 SMALL INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL FOSSIL FUELS
12.1 INTRODUCTION
Small industrial/commercial fuel combustion sources are those
manufacturing industries, commercial establishments, and institutions
(retail and wholesale stores, schools, hospitals, churches, and
restaurants) that are too small to be included in the point source
inventory. This category includes small boilers, furnaces, heaters,
and other heating units. Bituminous coal, natural gas, residual
and distillate fuel oil, and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) are combusted
in these establishments for space heating, cooling, water heating,
cooking, and manufacturing. Both VOC and NOX are emitted when
these fuels are combusted. Since space heating would not occur
during the ozone season, commercial/institutional wood use was not
included in the area source inventory. Area source industrial
wood use is usually ignored.
12.2 METHODOLOGY
12.2.1 Compilation of Sources/Data
Commercial/industrial fuel consumption data for 1980 were
obtained from a report prepared by the U.S. Department of Energy
(Reference 12-1). Statewide fuel consumption was presented by fuel
type (coal, natural gas, fuel oil, LPG) and quantity. Statewide
consumption for each fuel type was apportioned to the county level
based on employment data in the industrial and commercial sectors
obtained from employment census data (Reference 12-3 through 12-6).
The apportioning method was based on the assumption that the number
of commercial and industrial establishments (determined from SIC
Codes) was proportional to fuel use. The numbers of establishments
in each applicable SIC category (e.g., manufacturing, wholesale and
retail trade, services, etc.) in each county were taken as a percentage
of the total number of establishments (by SIC category) in each
state to obtain county fuel consumption.
12-1
-------
12.2.2 Emission Factors
Emission factors for "External Combustion Sources" from AP-42
were utilized for determining emissions from commercial/industrial
fossil fuel sources (Reference 12-2). Table 12-1 presents the AP-42
emission factors for the fuels combusted from these sources.
12.2.3 Empirical Emission Calculation
Countywide emissions for each county were calculated using
county fuel consumption values (Table 12-2) and AP-42 emission factors.
The following equation was used.
Ei =-Qj Fij Hj
where Ei = total county emissions for a given pollutant (i)
Qj = amount of a given type of fuel (j) consumed
F-jj= emission factor for a given fuel (j) and pollutant (i).
i = VOC or NOX
j = natural gas, fuel oil, LPG, or coal.
r =1.00 if i = NOX
r = reactive fraction of fuel (j) if i = VOC determined
as follows:
1. Fuel Oil = 0.901 (Assume that 90 percent of fuel oil
consumed is used for industrial purposes, and is mostly
residual oil, that 10 percent of fuel oil is used for
commercial purposes, and is mostly distillate oil.
r(VOC) = (% distillate) (reactive fraction) for distillate oil
- Reference 12-3
+ (% residua" ) ( reactive fraction) for residual oil
- Reference 12-3
= (0.10) (1.00) + (0.90) (0.89)
= 0.901
2. Coal = 0.34 (Reference 12-4)
3. Natural Gas = 0.40 (Reference 12-5)
4. LPG = 0.40 (Reference 12-6) (LPG may be
reported as "equivalent natural gas").
12-2
-------
Table 12-1. AP-42 EMISSION FACTORS
FOR INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL FUEL COMBUSTION
Fuel Type
Emission Factor3
VOC
NO,
Natural gas, kg/Mm3 (lb/106 ft3)b
Fuel oil, kg/m3 (lb/103gal)c
LPG, kg/m3 (lb/103gal)d
Bituminous coal, kg/Mg (lb/ton)e
88 (5.5)
0.12 (1)
0.063 (0.53)
1 (2)
2,360 (148)
5.2 (41)
1.40 (11.6)
5.3 (10.5)
Reference 12-2.
VOC and NOX emission factors from natural gas combustion represent an average
of emission factors for industrial boilers and domestic/commercial heating.
*NOX emission factor from fuel oil combustion represents an average of residual
and distillate oil for industrial and commercial boilers.
YOC and NOX emission factors from LPG combustion represent an average of
emission factors for butane and propane industrial/furnaces and domestic/
commercial furnaces.
3
"VOC and NOX emission factors represent an average of emission factors for
furnace sizes 10 million - 100 million (large commercial and general industrial
boilers) and less than 10 million (commercial and domestic furnaces). It is
assumed that only bituminous coal is used in small commercial/industrial area
sources in the KCMA study area. Therefore, emissions from anthracite coal
(which is primarily found in Pennsylvania and shipped within short distances
from Pennsylvania) were not considered.
12-3
-------
12.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
12.3.1 Determination of Base Year Data
Table 12-2 presents the 1980 fuel consumption data for small
industrial/commercial fossil fuel sources in each county of the KCMA.
The base year for which emissions estimates were required was 1983.
Fuel consumption data, which were available for 1980, were updated to
1983 by calculating fuel use growth factors by type of fuel from 1970
to 1980 figures reported in Reference 12-1. This assumes that growth in
state fuel consumption approximates growth in county fuel consumption.
12.3.2 Emission Calculation
Total annual emissions from point and area sources in each
county were estimated by utilizing the fuel consumption and emission
factor data from Tables 12-1 and 12-2 and the empirical equation discussed
in Section 12.2.3. To subtract point source emissions from this total,
point source emission inventories were obtained (References 12-7 and
12-8). These inventories contained point source emissions of VOC (and
NOX) from industrial and commercial boilers, heaters, etc. Table 12-3
presents total, point, and area source emissions for the five counties in
the KCMA. References 12-9 through 12-12 present information to determine
VOC reactivity.
Summer day emissions for 1983 were calculated based on emission
estimates during the months of June, July, and August (92 days). It is
assumed that one-fourth of the total emissions per county occur in the
summer months. All industrial/commercial establishments in this category
are assumed to operate 6 days a week (Reference 12-13). Using the above
information, emissions were calculated for each county during the 1983
ozone season from the following equation:
= 0.25
0.86 (92)
= 0.25 ER
79
12-4
-------
TABLE 12-2. 1983 FUEL CONSUMPTION
DATA FOR SMALL INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL
FOSSIL FUEL SOURCES IN THE KCMA*
Fuel Type
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Natural Gas
106 m3
(106 ft3)
779
(27,500)
425
(15,000)
131
(4,620)
631
(22,300)
24.1
(850)
Fuel Oil
106 1
(106 gal)
84.4
(22.3)
46.2
(12.2)
33.4
(8.83)
159
(41.9)
5.83
(1.54)
LPG
106 1
(106 gal)
74.6
(19.7)
40.5
(10.7)
21.0
(5.56)
100.7
(26.6)
3.76
(0.994)
Coal
Mg
(tons)
33,930
(37,400)
18,500
(20,400)
45,500
(50,150)
212,000
(234,000)
7,600
(8,400)
*Reference 12-1. State totals were apportioned to county level on basis of
employment data (ratio of county to state establishments in the industrial
and commercial sectors) from References 12-3 through 12-6.
12-5
-------
TABLE 12-3. 1983 TOTAL, POINT, AND AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS FROM
INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL FOSSIL FUEL SOURCES BY COUNTY
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
Total Emissions
VOC NOX
58
(63)
32
(35)
23
(25)
108
.(119)
4
(4)
225
(246)
!!,723
(3,002)
1,486
(1,638)
697
(769)
•1,316
(3,656)
123
(136)
8,345
(9,201)
Point Source
Emissions3
VOC NOX
5
(5)
2
(2)
147
(36)c
42
(46)
1
(1)
197
(216)
234
(258)
672
(741)
124
(137)
530
(585)
26
(29)
1,586
(1,750)
Net Area Source
Emissions'5
VOC NOX
53
(58)
30
(33)
0
(0)
66
(73)
3
(3)
152
(167)
2,489
(2,744)
814
(897)
573
(632)
2,786
(3,071)
97
(107)
6,759
(7,451)
aFrom References 12-7 and 12-8.
Obtained by subtracting point source emissions of VOC and NOX from total VOC and
NOX emissions.
cThis estimate from the VOC point source inventory for Clay County, Missouri, appears
to be overestimated and may be attributed to differences in emissions estimation
procedures (e.g., emission factors) between point source inventory and total emission
calculations based on DOE data. Since the point source emission estimation procedures
were not given, it was not possible to determine the accuracy of the Clay County
estimate.
12-6
-------
where E$Q = summer day emissions (1983) in county j.
j
EB . = annual area source emissions (1983) from
J Table 12-4 in county j.
Table 12-4 presents total annual and summer day RVOC and NOX area source
emissions from small industrial/commercial fossil fuel sources in the
KCMA.
12.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Countywide fuel combustion emission estimates were projected for
each subsequent year from 1983 through 1995 and for the year 2000,
using the 1983 base year emission data and fuel use growth projections
for each county determined from Reference 12-1. Projections of fuel use
consumption were based on statewide fuel use patterns between 1970
and 1980 (Reference 12-1). Decline in fuel consumption for Missouri is
attributable to reported declines in usage of coal, natural gas, and fuel
oil between 1970 and 1980. It is assumed that county patterns of fuel
consumption followed state patterns for the purpose of projecting
emissions.
12.4.1 RACT Impact
No regulatory constraints or significant technological improvements
will affect emissions from small industrial/commercial fuel combustion
sources.
12.4.2 Projected Emissions
Tables 12-5 and 12-6 present projected typical summer day RVOC and NOX
emissions from small industrial/commercial fossil fuel sources for each
county in the KCMA.
12-7
-------
Table 12-4. ESTIMATED 1983 ANNUAL AND SUMMER DAY
VOC and NOX EMISSIONS FROM SMALL INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL
FUEL COMBUSTION SOURCES
County
Total
Annual Emissions
RVOC NOX
Mg/yr (Tons/yr) Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
Summer Day Emissions
RVOC NOX
Kg/day Ob/day) Kg/day (Ib/day)
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
53
30
0
66
3
(58)
(33)
( 0)
(73)
( 3)
2,489
814
573
2,786
97
(2,744)
(897)
(632)
(3,071)
(107)
167
93
0
210
10
(369)
(206)
( 0)
(463)
( 21)
7,877
2,575
1,814
8,814
306
(17,369)
( 5,678)
(3,999)
(19,435)
(674)
152
(167) 5,759 (7,451)
480 (1,059) 21,386 (47,155)
12-8
-------
TABLE 12-5. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS
FROM INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL FOSSIL FUELS,
kg/day (lb/day)a
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
— . Clayc
ro
i
UD
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983b
167
(369)
93
(206)
0
(0)
210
(463)
10
(21)
480
(1,059) I
1984
177
(390)
99
(217)
0
(0)
204
(450)
9
(21)
489
1985
188
(414)
105
(230)
0
(0)
198
(437)
9
(20)
500
1,101)
1986
200
(441)
111
(245)
0
(0)
193
(425)
9
(20)
513
(1,131)
1987
213
(470)
119
(261)
0
. (0)
187
(412)
9
(19)
528
(1,162)
1988
229
(504)
127
(280)
0
(0)
182
(401)
9
(19)
547
(1,204)
YEAR
1989
246
(542)
136
(300)
0
(0)
177
(389)
8
(18)
567
(1,249)
1990
265
(585)
147
(324)
0
(0)
172
(378)
8
(18)
592
(1,305)
1991
287
(633)
159
(350)
0
(0)
167
(367)
8
(18)
621
(1,368) I
1992
311
(687)
172
(379)
0
(0)
162
(357)
8
(17)
653
[1,440)(
1993
339
(748)
187
(413)
0
(0)
157
(347)
8
(17)
691
1,525)(1
1994
371
(817)
204
(450)
0
(0)
153
(337)
8
(17)
736
1995
406
(895H1
224
(493)
0
(0)
148
(327)
7
(16)
785 1
1.731H2
2000
669
,474)
367
(809)
0
(0)
129
(284)
7
(15)
,172
,582)
Projections from 1984 to 2000 based on fuel use growth factors for each county calculated from statewide data
presented In Reference 12-1.
From Table 12-4.
Area source emissions reported as zero because actual area source emissions were calculated to be negative based
on the difference between total emissions and point source emissions. It was not possible to determine accuracy of
emissions estimate from point source inventory for Clay County because estimation procedure was not available.
-------
TABLE 12-6. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY NO EMISSIONS
FROM INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL FOSSIL FUELS,
kg/day (1b/day)a
I
o
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jdckson
Platte
Total
1983b
7,877
(17,369)
2,575
(5.678)
1.814
(3,999)
8,814
(19.435)
306
(674)
21,386
(47,155)
1984
8.101
(17.862)
2,697
(5,947)
1.769
(3,901)
8.603
(18,970)
298
(657)
21.468
(47,337)
1985
8,344
(18,399)
2,830
(6,240)
1,727
(3.807)
8,399
(18,520)
290
(640)
21,590
(47,606)
1986
8,610
(18.986)
2,975
(6.560)
1,685
(3,716)
8,203
(18,086)
283
(624)
21,756
(47,972)
1987
8,901
(19,627)
3,134
(6,910)
1.645
(3,628)
8.013
(17.668)
276
(609)
21,969
(48.442)
1988
9.221
(20.331)
3,308
(7,294)
1,607
(3,543)
7.830
(17,264)
269
(594)
22,235
(49,026)
1989
9,572
(21.106)
3,500
(7.717)
1.570
(3.462)
7,654
(16,876)
263
(579)
22.559
(49,740)
YEAR
1990
9,959
(21.960)
3,711
(8,183)
1,534
(3,383)
7.484
(16,502)
256
(565)
22.944
(50.593)
1991
10,387
(22,904)
3.945
(8.698)
1,500
(3.308)
7.321
(16.143)
250
.(552)
23,403
(51,605)
1992
10,862
(23,950)
4,204
(9,269)
1,467
(3,235)
7,165
(15,798)
245
(539)
23,943
(52,791)
1993 1994 1995
11,388 11,974 12,626
(25.111) (26,402) (27,841)
4,491 4,810 5,166
(9,902) (10,606) (11,391)
1,436 1.406 1,377
(3,166) (3,099) (3,036)
7.015 6.871 6,734
(15,467) (15,150) (14,847)
239 234 229
(527) (515) (504)
24,569 25.295 26,132
(54, 173)(55, 773) (57,619)
2000
17,254
(38,046)
7,691
(16,958)
1.252
(2,761)
6,140
(13.539)
207
(455)
32,544
(71,759)
Projections from 1984 to 2000 based on fuel use growth factors for each county calculated from statewide data
presented in Reference 12-1.
From Table 12-4.
-------
12.5 REFERENCES
12-1. State Energy Data Report, 1960 through 1980. DOE/EIA-0214(80)
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Markets and End
Use. July 1982.
12-2. Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Third Edition
and subsequent supplements, AP-42.U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. August 1977.
12-3.
12-4.
12-5.
12-6.
12-7.
12-8.
County Business Patterns, 1976 - Kansas.
Commerce, Bureau of Census.
County Business Patterns, 1976 - Missouri.
Commerce, Bureau of Census.
County Business Patterns, 1981 - Kansas.
Commerce, Bureau of Census.
County Business Patterns, 1981 - Missouri.
Commerce, Bureau of Census.
U.S. Department of
U.S. Department of
U.S. Department of
U.S. Department of
Letter with attachments from R.E. Raymond, Missouri Department
of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, Missouri. July 23, 1984.
NEDS Point Source Inventory for Johnson County and Wyandotte County,
Kansas. September 6, 1984.
12-9. Example Emission Inventory Documentation for 1982 Ozone State
Implementation Plans (SIPs), EPA-450/4-8Q-033.Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1981.
12-10. Residential and Commercial Area Source Emission Inventory
Methodology for the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS),
EPA-450/3-75-078.Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protect!on
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1975.
12-11. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual, Second edition,
EPA-450/4-80-015.Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1980.
12-12. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
VOC Compounds, Volume 1.Second edition.U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1980.
12-13. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Volatile Organic Cpompounds, Volume II, EPA-45Q/4-79-Q18.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC.
September 1979.
12-11
-------
-------
13.0 AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT
13.1 INTRODUCTION
A potentially significant source of VOC and NOX emissions, particularly
in rural areas, is agricultural equipment. This category includes farm
tractors, self-propelled (S-P) combines, pickup (P-U) balers, and field
forage (FF) harvesters.
13.2 METHODOLOGY
13.2.1 Compilation of Sources and Data
Farm equipment populations by county were obtained from the 1982
Census of Agriculture (References 13-2 and 13-3). These populations
were then scaled up to 1983 values by calculating growth factors based
on growth in farm equipment populations between 1978 and 1982. Equipment
was apportioned between gasoline and diesel-powered engines and was then
assigned annual hours of operation per unit using References 13-4 through
13-8. Table 13-1 shows hours of operation and distribution between
engine types for each equipment category.
13.2.2 Emission Factors
Emission factors for the various types of agricultural equipment
(i.e., tractors, combines, balers, harvesters) were obtained from AP-42
(Reference 13-7). Emission factors from AP-42 are listed in Table 13-2.
13.2.3 Empirical Emissions Calculation
VOC and NOX emissions for each county were calculated by the following
equation:
Ei = cj Hj Fij ri
where E-j = emissions of pollutant i = (VOC or NOX)
Cj = number of farm equipment units of type j (Table 13-3)
Hj = average number of hours/year each unit operates (Table 13-1)
F-JJ = emission factor for pollutant i and unit j (Table 13-2)
r-j = 1.0 if i = NOX
= reactive fraction if i = VOC (0.98 if diesel fuel, 0.93
if gasoline) (Reference 13-1)
Table 13-3 lists the farm equipment populations by fuel type for
each county in the KCMA.
13-1
-------
TABLE' 13-1. ANNUAL USAGE RATES
Equipment
Category
Tractors
Diesel
Gasoline
Nontractors
S-P Combines
P-U Balers
FF Harvesters
Estimated
Annual Usage (hr)a
490
291
71
24
120
Percent
Diesel Powered
75C
—
50d
Od
25e
Percent
Gasoline
Powered
_..
25 c
50d
100 d
756
Percent
Motorized"
100
100
100
50
10
Reference 13-4.
bReference 13-6.
cReference 13-5.
dReference 13-7.
eReference 13-8.
13-2
-------
TABLE 13-2. AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT EMISSION FACTORS
Annual Emission Factors, Mg/yr (ton/yr)a
OJ
i
OJ
Pollutant
Exhaust VOC
Crankcase VOC
Evaporative VOC
NOV
Gasoline
Tractor
3.72 x lO-2
(4.10 x 10-2)
7.57 x ID'3
(8.29 x ID'3)
Combine
Baler
1.02 x 10-2 3.43
2.03 x 10-3 6-86
1.56 x IO-2 1.60 x 10-3
4.57 x ID"2
(5.03 x 10-2)
Diesel Fuel
ir Harvester
1 x
1 X
i X
i X
1 X
' X
! x
1 x
10-3
10-3)
10-4
io-4)
10-3
ID'3)
10-3
10-3)
1.72
(1.90
3.43
(3.78
1.60
(1.77
1.26
(1.39
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
10-2
10-2)
10-3
ID"3)
10-3
10-3)
10-2
10-2)
Tractor
3.81 x
(4.2 x
b
b
b
2.21 x
(2.44 x
Combi ne
10-2
10-2)
io-1
IO-1)
2
(3
1
(1
.74 x
.02 x
— b
b
b
.49 x
.65 x
Baler
10-3 __c
10-3) — c
„ b
"t
IO-2 -c
lO-2) _.c
Harvester
4.
(5.
2.
(2.
63 x IO-3
1 x lO-3)
b
_ b
_ b
52 x lO-2
78 x ID'2)
Reference 13-7. Annual emission factors were obtained by multiplying annual usage (hours/year) from Table 13-1
by hourly emission factors from AP-42.
bCrankcase and evaporative emissions from diesel engines are considered negligible.
C100 percent of balers are gasoline-powered.
-------
TABLE 13-3. 1983 FARM EQUIPMENT UNITS BY FUEL TYPE
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Equipment
Type
Tractor
Combine
Baler
Harvester
Tractor
Combine
Baler
Harvester
Tractor
Combine
Baler
Harvester
Tractor
Combine
Baler
Harvester
Tractor
Combine
Baler
Harvester
Equipment
Gas
328
94
373
32
83
6
32
18
230
45
379
38
387
131
343
15
428
134
354
27
Population*
Diesel
979
95
-
11
248
5
-
6
691
45
-
13
1159
131
-
5
1282
134
-
9
Total
1307
189
373
43
331
11
32
24
921
90
379
51
1546
262
343
20
1710
268
354
36
*References 13-2 and 13-3. Numbers have been updated to 1983 based on farm
equipment growth factors calculated from agricultural census numbers
reported in 1978 and 1982.
13-4
-------
13.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
13.3.1 Determination of Base Year Data
The base year for which emission estimates were required was 1983.
Emissions for agricultural equipment were calculated according to
the method described in Section 13.2.3. Farm equipment population from
1983 agricultural census data were updated to 1983 by calculating farm
equipment growth factors for each county using 1978 and 1982 equipment
population data.
13.3.2 Emission Calculations
Table 13-4 summarizes annual RVOC and NOX emissions for 1983
by county and equipment type.
TABLE 13-4. 1983 AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT EMISSIONS SUMMARY
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTAL
Equipment Type
Tractor
Non-Tractor*
Total
Tractor
Non-Tractor*
Total
Tractor
Non-Tractor*
Total
Tractor
Non-Tractor*
Total
Tractor
Non-Tractor*
Total
Mg/yr
55
3
58
14
0
14
39
2
41
65
3
68
72
3
75
256
RVOC
(tons/yr)
(61)
(3)
(64)
(15)
(0)
(15)
(43)
(2)
(45)
(72)
(3)
(75)
(79)
(3)
(82)
(281)
Mg/yr
231
3
234
59
0
59
164
1
165
274
3
277
303
4
307
1,042
NOX
(tons/yr)
(256)
(3)
(259)
(65)
(0)
(65)
(181)
(1)
(182)
(303)
(4)
(307)
(335)
(4)
(339)
(1,152)
*Includes combines, balers, and harvesters
13-5
-------
Seasonal usage of agricultural equipment was determined from the
Johnson county, Kansas, Agricultural Extension Service. Agricultural
equipment is used an average of 244 days per year for counties in the
KCMA (mid-March to Mid November) (Reference 13-9). Typical summer day
emissions were calculated for each county by dividing annual emissions
from Table 13-4 by 244 days. The results are presented in Table 13-5.
TABLE 13-5. 1983 TYPICAL SUMMER DAY EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT
RVOC NOX
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
kg/ day
238
57
168
279
307
1,049
(Ib/day)
(524)
(127)
(370)
(615)
(678)
(2,314)
kg/ day
959
242
676
1,135
1,258
4,270
(Ib/day)
(2,115)
(533)
(1,491)
(2,503)
(2,774)
(9,416)
13.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Agricultural equipment emissions projections through 1995 and 2000
were based on a "no growth" assumption. Contacts with State Departments
of Agriculture, Office of Economics, revealed that in rural counties
(such as Johnson County, Kansas) smaller farmers are expected to
consolidate with larger units so that a small increase in agricultural
equipment is expected (Reference 13-10). In growing, urban counties (i.e.,
Jackson county, Missouri), however, the number of farms are expected to
decrease because less land is expected to be used for farming as these areas
become more urbanized. These two trends, a decrease in farming in
urban areas and a small increase in farming in rural areas) balance each
other so that a net growth of zero is generally expected for emissions
from farm equipment in tne KCMA.
13-6
-------
13.4.1 RACT Impact
Since farm equipment is currently an unregulated category, RACT
and other regulatory impacts are expected to be negligible. Any
improvement in emission rates (i.e., reductions) from improved efficiencies
of design and operation of gasoline and diesel engines used in trucks
and automobiles may also impact agricultural equipment.
13.4.2 Projected Emissions
Annual and typical summer day emissions for each county through
1995 and 2000 are assumed to be the same as the 1983 emissions summarized
in Tables 13-4 and 13-5 because of the "no growth" assumption for
agricultural emissions as explained above.
13.5 REFERENCES
13-1. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual, Second
Edition, EPA-450/4-8U-015. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. July 1980.
13-2. 1982 Census of Agriculture, Volume 1, Geographic Area Series.
Part 16 (Kansas).U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census. 1982.
13-3. 1982 Census of Agriculture, Volume 1, Geographic Area Series.
Part 25 (Missouri).U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census. 1982.
13-4. Hare, C.T., and K.J. Springer. Exhaust Emissions from Uncon-
trolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion
"Engines - Part 5, Heavy-Duty Farm. Construction, and Industrial
Engines.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Contract No.
EHS 70-108. October 1973.
13-5. Shrope, A.L. and W.K. Duval . Emission Inventory for Enforcement
of New Source Review Policies, Pacific Environmental Services,
Inc., Santa Monica, CA.Prepared for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Seattle, WA. Contract No. 68-01-4140,
Task Order No. 19. April 1979.
13-6. NADB Internal Operations Manual, Volume IV, National Air Data
Branch.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC.
13-7. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Second Edition.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 1976.
13-8. Telephone conversation with C.D. Hodges, Durham County Agricul-
tural Extension Service. August 1, 1984.
13-7
-------
13-9. Telephone conversation with Frank Shumaker, Agricultural Extension
Service, Johnson County, Kansas. August 6, 1984.
13-10. Telephone conversation with C. Jennings, Kansas Department of
Agriculture, Office of Economics. August 21, 1984.
13-8
-------
14.0 LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT
14.1 INTRODUCTION
Lawn and garden motorized equipment included in this category are
riding and walking lawnmowers, garden tractors, and tillers. Equipment
of this type have either 2- or 4-stroke internal combustion engines
which emit VOC and NOX, among others. With the types of equipment
listed above, emissions are extremely seasonal and, in the case of
lawnmowers (etc.), can make significant contributions to summertime
ozone problems. Snowmobiles have been excluded from this section since
the primary goal of this inventory is the development of YOC emissions
for a typical summer day. Snowmobiles are operated during the non-ozone
season.
14.2 METHODOLOGY
14.2.1 Compilation of Sources and Data
A 1975 estimate of national lawn and garden equipment population,
the most recent inventory available, (Reference 14-1) was adjusted to
1983 using housing unit growth statistics as a measure of equipment
usage. This is based on the assumption that a direct relationship
exists between the number of lawn and garden engines in a given area
and the number of housing units in a given area. National equipment
population was apportioned by engine type (6.5 percent 2-stroke engines
and 93.5 percent 4-stroke engines) and was scaled down to the county
level by ratioing 1983 county housing units to 1983 national housing
units from housing census data. Household information by county is
listed in Table 14-1.
National population estimates by engine type, which were derived
from Reference 14-1 and adjusted to 1983 using housing growth statistics
from Table 14-1 are presented in Table 14-2.
Table 14-3 shows the breakdown of lawn and garden equipment by county
and engine type.
14.2.2 Emission Factors
Emission factors for small, general utility engines from AP-42
(Reference 14-2) were used. The emission factors, which are presented
in Table 14-4, show VOC and NOX emissions for 2-stroke and 4-stroke
engines. These factors assume an annual usage of 50 hours per unit.
14-1
-------
TABLE 14-1. NUMBER OF HOUSING UNITS BY COUNTY
County9
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
U.S.b
1970
65,719
60,298
38,113
224,369
9,644
64,033,000
1980
96,927
63,392
49,743
242,053
16,403
80,389,673
1983
102,780
64,823
53,883
245,584
19,376
86,090,358
Reference 14-3.
bReferences 14-4 and 14-5.
TABLE 14-2. LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT NATIONAL
POPULATION ESTIMATES
Engine Type 1975 Population 1983 Population
4-stroke 52,254,158 62,728,591
2-stroke 3,608,713 4,332,086
Total 55,862,871 67,060,677
14-2
-------
TABLE 14-3. LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT POPULATION ESTIMATES
BY COUNTY AND ENGINE TYPE
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
p 1983,1 = P1983N
where Pi983,i =
P1983N =
1983 county
Housing Units
102,780
64,823
53,883
245,584
19,376
(County 1983 housing
1983 Lawn and Garden
Population and Engine Type
2-stroke
5172
3262
2711
12,358
975
units)
National 1983 housing units
equipment population in county i
national equipment population (Tat
4- stroke
74,889
47,232
39,261
178,942
14,118
(Table 14-1)
)le 14-2)
Total
80,061
50,494
41,972
191,300
15,093
TABLE 14-4. EMISSION FACTORS, MG/YR (TONS/YR)*
Engine Type
Exhaust VOC
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
2-stroke 1.47 x 10'2 (1.62 x lO"2)
4-stroke 1.59 x 10~3 (1.75 x 10~3)
Evaporative VOC
Mg/yr ' (tons/yr)
1.13 x 10-4 (1.24 x lO'4)
1.13 x 10-4 (1.24 x 10-4)
NO.,
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
1.08 x 10-4 (1.19 x 10-4)
2.17 x 10-4 (2.39 x 10-4)
*Reference 14-2.
14-3
-------
14.2.3 Empirical Emissions Calculations
VOC and NOX emissions for each county were calculated by multiplying
the appropriate AP-42 emission factors by the county equipment populations
and the reactive fraction (for VOC). Approximately 92 percent of VOC
emissions from this category are designated reactive (Reference 14-1).
Also factored into the emission estimates were numbers of freeze-free
days per year (256) in the KCMA obtained from the National Climatic
Center (Reference 14-6) and the average number of operating days per
year nationwide (213) from Reference 14-1. The following equation was
used:
ET = pj FTJ /ffl\ r>
UoY
\ /
where E-j = emissions for pollutant i in each county
Pj = 1983 county population of equipment type j
(2-stroke or 4-stroke engine)
FJJ = emission factor for equipment j and pollutant i
FFD = number of freeze-free days per year (>^ 32°F) =
256 in KCMA
AOY = national average operating days per year = 213
i = VOC or NOX
r = 1.00 if i = NOX
r = 0.92 if i = VOC
14.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
14.3.1 Determination of Base Year Data
The base year for which emission estimates were required was 1983.
Emissions from lawn and garden equipment for counties in the KCMA were
calculated according to the method described in 14.2.3. A national
equipment inventory of lawn and garden equipment was apportioned by
engine type (2-stroke and 4-stroke engines) and scaled down to the
county level by ratioing 1983 county and national housing units.
14.3.2 Emission Calculations
Table 14-5 summarizes annual RVOC and NOX emissions for 1983 by
county. Typical summer day emissions are also presented in Table 14-5.
14-4
-------
Typical summer day emissions were calculated by dividing total annual
emissions for each county by 256, the number of freeze-free days in
which lawn and garden equipment are used (Reference 14-6).
TABLE 14-5. 1983 ANNUAL AND SUMMER DAY EMISSIONS
FROM LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT
Annual Emissions
Summer Day Emissions
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
RVOC
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
225
142
118
539
43
1,067
(250)
(156)
(131)
(593)
(48)
(1,178)
N0x
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
21
12
10
49
4
96
(23)
(13)
(11)
(54)
(4)
(105)
RVOC
kg/ day (Ib/day)
848
555
461
2,105
168
4,137
(1,870)
(1,224)
(1,017)
(4,642)
(370)
(9,123)
h
kg/ day
82
47
39
191
16
375
X
(Ib/day)
(181)
(104)
(86)
(421)
(35)
(827)
14.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Lawn and garden equipment emissions projections through 1995
and the year 2000 were based on the county growth factors for housing
units obtained from MARC.
14.4.1 RACT Impact
Lawn and garden quipment is currently an unregulated category;
therefore, RACT and other regulatory impacts are expected to be negligible.
14.4.2 Projected Emissions
Projected typical summer day RVOC and NOX emissions from lawn
and garden equipment for the years 1983 to 1995 and the year 2000 are
presented in Tables 14-6 and 14-7, respectively.
14-5
-------
TABLE 14-6. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS FROM
LAWN AMD GARDEN EQUIPMENT, KG/DAY (LB/DAY)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTAL
1983*
848
(1,870)
555
(1.224)
461
(1,017)
2,105
(4,642)
168
(370)
4,137
(9,123)
1984
865
(1.907)
559
(1,233)
473
(1,044)
2,115
(4,664)
178
(392)
4,190
(9,240)
1985
882
(1,944)
563
(1,242)
486
(1,072)
2,125
(4,687)
188
(414)
4,244
(9,359)
1986
899
(1,983)
568
(1,251)
499
(1,101)
2,136
(4,709)
198
(438)
4,300
(9,482)
1987
917
(2,022)
572
(1,261)
513
(1,131)
2,146
(4,732)
210
(463)
4,358
(9,609)
YEAR
1988
935
(2,062)
576
(1,270)
527
(1,161)
2,156
(4,755)
222
(489)
4,416
(9,737)
1989
954
(2,103)
580
(1,280)
541
(1,193)
2,167
(4,778)
234
(517)
4,476
(9,871)
1990
972
(2,144)
585
(1,289)
556
(1,225)
2,177
(4,801)
248
(546)
4,538
(10,005)
1991
980
(2,160)
588
(1,297)
567
(1,249)
2,181
(4,810)
250
(551)
4,566
(10,067)
1992
987
(2,177)
592
(1,306)
578
(1,274)
2,185
(4,818)
252
(555)
4,594
(10,130)
1993
995
(2.193)
596
(1.314))
589
(1,299)
2,189
(4,827)
254
(559)
4,623
(10,193)
1994
1,002
(2,210)
600
(1,323)
601
(1.325)
2,193
(4,835)
256
(564)
4,651
(10,256)
1995
1,010
(2,227)
604
(1,331)
613
(1,351)
2,197
(4,844)
258
(568)
4,681
(10,321)
2000
1,049
(2,313)
623
(1,374)
676
(1,491)
217
(4,887)
268
(591)
4,832
(10,655)
*From Table 14-5.
-------
TABLE 14-7. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY NO. EMISSIONS FROM
LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT, KG/DAY (LB/DAY)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTAL
1983*
82
(181)
47
(104)
39
(86)
191
(421)
16
(35)
375
(827)
1984
84
(184)
47
(104)
40
(88)
192
(423)
17
(37)
380
(838)
1985
85
(188)
48
(105)
41
(91)
193
(425)
18
(39)
385
(848)
1986
87
(192)
48
(106)
42
(93)
194
(427)
19
(42)
380
(860)
1987
89
(196)
48
(107)
43
(96)
195
(429)
20
(44)
395
(872)
YEAR
1988
90
(199) .
49
(108)
45
(98)
196
(431)
21
(47)
401
(883)
1989
92
(203)
49
(108)
46
(101)
197
(434)
22
(49)
406
(895)
1990
94
(207)
50
(109)
47
(104)
198
(436)
24
(52)
413
(908)
1991
95
(209)
50
(110)
48
(106)
198
(436)
24
(52)
414
(913)
1992
95
(210)
50
(111)
49
(108)
198
(437)
24
(53)
417
(919)
1993
96
(212)
50
(111)
50
(110)
199
(438)
24
(53)
419
(925)
1994
97
(214)
51
(112)
51
(112)
199
(439)
24
(54)
422
(930)
1995
98
(215)
51
(113)
52
(114)
199
(440)
25
(54)
424
(936)
2000
101
(224)
53
(116)
57
(126)
201
(443)
26
(56)
438
(966)
*From Table 14-5.
-------
14.5 REFERENCES
14-1. Trapasso, J.A. et. al . Forty-seven County Hydrocarbon Area
Source Emission Inventory. EPA - 905/4-78-001.Pacific
Environmental Services, Inc. Oak Brook, IT. Prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, IL. February 1978.
14-2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Second Edition.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 1976.
14-3. Regional Forecasts MARC I - Executive Summary, Mid-America
Regional Council, Research Data Center, Kansas City, Missouri
(8/1/82 data).
14-4. Characteristics of the Housing Inventory: 1970 and 1960. 1970
Census of Housing, Table 1.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
of the Census. 1970.
14-5. Detailed Housing Characteristics, U.S. Summary. 1980 Census of
Housing, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1980.
14-6. Telephone conversation with the National Climatic Data Center,
Asheville, NC. July 25, 1984.
14-8
-------
15.0 INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
15.1 INTRODUCTION
This category includes a wide variety of industrial applications of
both gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines, such as fork
lifts, mobile refrigeration units, generators, and pumps. Of the VOC
emitted by industrial equipment, 90.6 percent are photochemically
reactive for the present vehicle mix. (Reference 15-1).
15.2 METHODOLOGY
15.2.1 Compilation of Sources and Data
The latest national population estimate for industrial equipment
(compiled in 1975, Reference 15-2) was adjusted to 1983 levels.
Employment figures from SIC categories 10-14 (Mining), 20-39 (Manufacturing),
and 50-51 (Wholesale Trade) from County Business Patterns, U.S..
(References 15-3, 15-4) representative of overall industrial activity,
were used in the adjustment. National equipment estimates were
apportioned to the county level using county to national employment
ratios. County employment in the appropriate SIC categories for 1976
and 1981 was obtained from County Business Patterns for Kansas and
Missouri (References 15-5 through 15-8). These data were than updated
to 1983 using growth factors in employment calculated between 1976 and
1981. Employment estimates by county and SIC category are presented in
Table 15-1. The resulting industrial equipment populations for each
county updated to 1983 are shown in Table 15-2.
15.2.2 Emission Factors
AP-42 emission factors, as summarized in Table 15-3, were used in
conjunction with estimated usage factors for gasoline and diesel-powered
engines (References 15-2 and 15-10). The emission factors show VOC and
NOX emissions from heavy duty and light duty gasoline engines as well
as heavy duty diesel engines.
15.2.3 Empirical Emissions Calculations
VOC and NOX emissions for each county were calcualted by multiplying
the equipment population by the appropriate emission factor corresponding
to engine type and by the VOC reactivity factor (0.906, from Reference
15-1). The following equation was used:
15-1
-------
TABLE 15-1. 1983 EMPLOYMENT ESTIMATES BY COUNTY
AND SIC CATEGORY3
County
SIC
Category
Mining (10-14)
Manufacturing
(20-39)
Wholesale Trade
(Durables) (50)
Wholesale Trade
(Non-Durables)
(51)
Total
Johnson
127
25,348
8,676
3,579
37,730
Wyandotte
150b
16,994
3,087
2,644
22,875
Clay
76
15,408
2,974
2,542
21,000
Jackson
138
74,172
15,462
10,814
100,586
Platte
19
553
188
354
1,114
References 15-5 through 15-8. (Growth in employment between 1976
and 1981 was used to obtain 1983 estimates).
Reference 15-9.
15-2
-------
TABLE 15-2. 1983 INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT POPULATION BY COUNTY*
Engine Type
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Heavy Duty
Diesel
591
359
329
1,577
17
Heavy Duty
Gasoline
1,402
850
780
3,737
41
Light Duty
Gasoline
2,977
1,805
1,657
7,937
88
Total
4,970
3,014
2,766
13,251
146
where :
Cc
Cn
Ec
En
EC
county level equipment population.
1983 national equipment population from References 15-2, 15-3,
and 15-4.
County employment (SIC 10-14, 20-39, 50-51), References 15-5
through 15-8.
National employment (SIC 10-14, 20-39, 50-51), References 15-3
and 15-4.
15-3
-------
TABLE 15-3. INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT EMISSION FACTORS
Emissions, Mg/yr/unit (tons/yr/unit)
Engine Type
Heavy Duty Diesel0
Heavy Duty Gasoline^
Light Duty Gasoline6
voca
Mg/yr
0.044
0.087
0.0018
tons/yr
0.048
0.096
0.002
N0yb
Mg/yr
0.549
0.045
0.00091
tons/yr
0.603
0.049
0.001
Reference 15-2.
bReference 15-10.
cEmission factor based on estimated usage of 600 hours per year
(Reference 15-2).
^Emission factor baced on estimated usage of 300 hours per year
(Reference 15-2).
eEmission factor based on estimated usage of 6 hours per year
(Reference 15-2).
15-4
-------
Ei = CJ
where
Ej = emissions in each county of pollutant i
i = VOC or NOX
Cj = population of equipment type j (Table 15-2)
FJJ = emission factor for pollutant i and equipment j (Mg (tons)/unit/
year) .
rj = 1.0 if i = NOX
= 0.906 if i = VOC
j = heavy duty diesel equipment, or
heavy duty gasoline equipment, or
light duty gasoline equipment.
15.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
15.3.1 Determination of Base Year Data
Emissions from industrial equipment for counties in the KCMA were
calculated according to the method described in 15.2.3. A national
equipment inventory of industrial equipment was apportioned by engine
type (diesel or gasoline) and scaled down to the county level by using
county to national employment ratios.
15.3.2 Emission Calculations
Table 15-4 summarizes annual RVOC and NOX emissions for 1983 by
county. Typical summer day emissions were calculated by dividing total
annual emissions in each county by 365, assuming that industrial
equipment usage is relatively uniform throughout the entire year.
Summer day emissions are also presented in Table 15-4.
15.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Projected emissions from 1984 through 1995 and the year 2000 were
based on industrial growth in each county of the KCMA for the SIC codes
of interest (i.e., mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade). The
growth factors were derived from 1983 census data from County Business
Patterns for Kansas and Missouri (References 15-7 and 15-8) as well as
MARC forecast data for 1982 (Reference 15-11).
15-5
-------
TABLE 15-4. 1983 ANNUAL AND SUMMER DAY EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Mg/yr
139
84
77
370
4
Annual
RVOC
(tons/yr)
(153)
(92)
(85)
(408)
(5)
Emissions
Mg/yr
390
237
217
1,041
11
NOX
(tons/yr)
(428)
(260)
(238)
(1,144)
(12)
Summer Day Emissions
RVOC
kg/ day (1 b/day)
380
231
211
1,016
10
(837)
(509)
(465)
(2,240)
(22)
t
kg/ day
1,068
649
595
2,852
30
X
(1 b/day)
(2,355)
(1,431)
(1,312)
(6,289)
(66)
Total
674
(743) 1,896
(2,082)
1,848 (4,075) 5,194 (11,453)
15.4.1 RACT Impact
There is no predicted impact on emissions from RACT or new regulations
due to the limited number of emission sources and the fact that they
have not been targeted for national emission standards.
15.4.2 Projected Emissions
Projected typical summer day RVOC and NOX emissions from industrial
equipment through 1995 and the year 2000 are presented in Tables 15-5
and 15-6.
15.5 REFERENCES
15-1. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual, Second Edition,
EPA450/4-80-015~U".S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. July 1980.
15-2. Trapasso, J.A. et. al. Forty-seven County Hydrocarbon Area
Source Emission Inventory, EPA - 905/4-78-001.Pacific
Environmental Services, Inc. Oak Brook, II. Prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, IL. February 1978.
15-3. County Business Patterns, U.S., 1976. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of Census. !.976.
15-4. County Business Patterns, U.S., 1980. U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Census. 1980.
15-5. County Business Patterns, U.S.. 1976 - Kansas. U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Census.1976^
15-6
-------
TABLE 15-5. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS FROM
INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT, KG/DAY (LB/DAY)
en
i
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTAL
1983*
380
(838)
231
(509)
211
(465)
1,016
(2,240)
10
(22)
1,848
(4,075)
1984
387
(852)
232
(512)
217
(478)
1,020
(2,250)
11
(24)
1,867
(4,116)
1985
393
(867)
233
(514)
223
(491)
1,025
(2,260)
12
(26)
1,886
(4,158)
1986
400
(882)
234
(516)
229
(504)
1,029
(2,269)
13
(28)
1,905
(4,199)
1987
407
(897)
235
(518)
235
(518)
1,034
(2,279)
14
(30)
1,925
(4,242)
YEAR
1988
414
(913)
236
(521)
241
(532)
1,038
(2,289)
15
(32)
1,944
(4,287)
1989
421
(929)
237
(523)
248
(547)
1,042
(2,298)
16
(35)
1,964
(4,332)
1990
428
(945)
238
(525)
255
(562)
1,047
(2,308)
17
(38)
1,985
(4,378)
1991
434
(956)
237
(522)
257
(567)
1,045
(2,303)
18
(39)
1,990
(4,387)
1992
439
(968)
236
(519)
259
(572)
1,042
(2,298)
18
(40)
1,994
(4,397)
1993
444
(979)
234
(516)
262
(577)
1,040
(2,294)
19
(41)
1,999
(4,408)
1994
450
(991)
233
(574)
264
(583)
1,038
(2,289)
19
(43)
2,004
(4,419)
1995
455
(1,003)
232
(511)
267
(588)
1,036
(2,284)
20
(44)
2,009
(4,430)
2000
483
(1,066)
279
(497)
279
(616)
1,025
(2,260)
20
(51)
2,036
(4,489)
*From Table 15-4.
-------
TABLE 15 6.
PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY NOX EMISSIONS FROM
INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT, KG/DAY (LB/DAY)
t->
en
1
co
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTAL
1983
1,068
(2:355)
649
(1,431)
595
(1,312)
2,852
(6,289)
30
(66)
5,194
(11,453)
1984
1,086
(2:396>
652
(1,437)
611
(1,348)
2,864
(6,316)
32
(70)
5,245
(11,567)
1985
1,105
(2.437)
655
(1,443)
628
(1,384)
2,877
(6,343)
35
(77)
5,300
(11,684)
1986
1,124
-------
15-6. County Business Patterns, U.S., 1976 - Missouri. U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Census.1976.
15-7. County Business Patterns, U.S., 1981 - Kansas. U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Census.1981.
15-8. County Business Patterns, U.S., 1981 - Missouri. U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Census.1981.
15-9. Telephone conversation with Gib Dunn, Kansas Department of Human
Resources, Topeka, Kansas. July 31, 1984.
15-10. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Supplement No. 10,
AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NIC. February 1980.
15-11. Regional Forecasts MARC I - Executive Summary. Tables 5, 6, and 7.
MARC Research Data Center, Kansas City, Missouri, 1982.
15-9
-------
-------
16.0 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
16.1 INTRODUCTION
The heavy-duty construction equipment category consists of machinery
such as track!aying tractors, track!aying shovel loaders, motor graders,
scrapers, off-highway trucks, wheeled loaders, wheeled tractors, rollers,
and wheeled dozers. Miscellaneous equipment such as belt loaders, cranes,
pumps, mixers, and generators are also included. Most of the equipment is
diesel powered. Items in this category emit VOC and NOX. Ninety-eight
percent of the VOC emitted are photochemically reactive (Reference 16-1).
16.2 METHODOLOGY
16.2.1 Compilation of Sources and Data
The most recent national inventory of construction equipment
(compiled in 1975, Reference 16-2) was updated to 1983 by applying a
growth factor for the construction industry (SIC Code 16). National
equipment population was apportioned to the county level as a fraction
of national employment per county using County Business Patterns, U.S.
(References 16-3 and 16-4). County employment in the construction
industry was obtained from County Business Patterns for Kansas and
Missouri (References 16-5 through 16-8). These data were updated to
1983 using growth factors in employment calculated between 1976 and
1981. Construction employment estimates by county and nationwide tables
are presented in Table 16-1. The resulting construction equipment
populations for each county (updated to 1983) are shown in Table 16-2.
Table 16-1. CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT NATIONWIDE AND BY COUNTY
County3 1983 Employment (SIC Code 16)
Johnson 2,769
Wyandotte 1,176
Clay 377
Jackson 1,809
Platte 76
Nationwide13 964.014
a
References 16-5 through 16-8. 1983 employment derived from employment
growth factors calculated for each county between 1976 and 1981.
b
References 16-3 and 16-4. Growth factors in construction employment
between 1976 and 1980 were applied to obtain 1983 estimates.
16-1
-------
Table 16--2. Construction Equipment Inventory
by County*
Equipment
Tracklaying Tractor-D
Track! aying Shovel
Loader-D
Motor Grader-D
Motor Grader-G
Scraper-D
Off-Highway Truck-D
Wheel Loader-D
Wheel Loader-G
Wheel Tractor-D
Wheel Tractor-G
Roller-D
Roller-G
Wheel Dozer-D
Miscellaneous-D
Miscellaneous-G
Total
D = diesel powered; G =
* Determined as follows
c!983.Countv
Johnson
783
343
349
29
108
83
372
159
1,469
267
100
224
11
298
99
4,694'
gasoline
:
= C1983N
Wyandotte
332
146
149
12
46
35
158
68
624
114
42
95
5
126
42
1,994
powered
SIC 16 County
Clay
107
47
48
4
15
11
51
22
200
36
14
31
1
41
14
642
Empl oyment
Jackson
511
224
229
19
70
54
243
104
959
175
65
147
7
194
65
3,066
1983
Platte
21
9
10
1
3
2
10
4 .
40
7
3
6
0
8
3
127
SIC 16 National Employment 1983
where: Cl983,county = equipment population in each county
= equipment population nationwide.
16-2
-------
16.2.2 Emission Factors
Emission factors for each equipment type were obtained from AP-42
(Reference 16-9). Table 16-3 lists hourly emission rates (VOC and NOX)
and annual usage (hours per year) by engine type for each equipment category.
Table 16-3. HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT EMISSION FACTORS
AND HOURS OF OPERATION*
Equipment
Type
Track! aying Tractor
Tracklaying Shovel
Loader
Motor Grader
Motor Grader
Scraper
Off -Highway Truck
Wheel Loader
Wheel Loader
Wheel Tractor
Wheel Tractor
Roller
Roller
Wheel Dozer
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Annual
Engine Operation
Type Hours/Yr/Unit
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Gasoline
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Gasoline
Diesel
Gasoline
Diesel
Gasoline
Diesel
Diesel
Gasoline
1,050
1,100
330
830
2,000
2,000
1,140
1,140
740
740
740
740
2,000
1,000
1,000
Emission Rate,
VOC
5.01 x 10-5
(5.50 x lO-5)
1.46 x 10-5
(1.50 x lO-5)
2.46 x ID"5
(2.70 x 10-5)
2.54 x 10-4
(2.79 x 10-4)
2.85 x ID"4
(3.13 x 10-4)
1.99 x 10 -4
(2.19 x lO'4)
8.51 x lO-5
(9.35 x lO-5)
3.19 x 10-4
(3.50 x 10-4)
6.73 x 10-5
(7.40 x lO-5)
2.28 x ID'4
(2.51 x 10-4)
2.46 x lO-5
(2.70 x lO-5)
3.62 x 10-4
(3.98 x 10-4)
1.06 x 10 "4
(1.17 x ID'4)
7.14 x 10-5
(7.85 x lO-5)
3.31 x 10-4
(3.64 x 10-4)
Mg/hr (tons/hr)
NOX
6.69 x ID'4
(7.35 x ID"4)
2.66 x 10-4
(2.92 x 10-4)
4.78 x ID"4
(5.25 x 10-4)
1.46 x ID'4
(1.60 x ID'4)
2.83 x lO'3
(3.11 x ID'3)
3.48 x ID'3
(3.82 x lO-3)
1.09 x ID'3
(1.20 x lO-3)
2.37 x 10-4
(2.60 x ID'4)
4.52 x ID'4
(4.97 x 10-4)
1.96 x ID'4
(2.15 x ID'4)
4.73 x 10-4
(5.20 x 10-4)
1.65 x 10 ~4
(1.81 x 10-4)
2.30 x 10-3
(2.53 x ID'3)
1.04 x lO-3
(1.14 x 10-3)
1.87 x 10 -4
(2.06 x 10 ~4)
*Source:Reference 16-9.
16-3
-------
16.2.3 Empirical Emissions Calculations
Annual (1983) VOC and NOX emissions were calculated for each
county by multiplying construction equipment population of a particular
type (e.g., diesel tracklaying tractor) by the appropriate VOC or NOX
emission factor, annual equipment usage, and reactive fraction for VOC
(0.98, from Refereiipe 16-1). The following equation was used:
E1 = IT Cj FTJ Hj r
J
where:
EI = emissions of pollutant i
Cj = equipment population of a particular equipment
type j
FJJ = emission factor for pollutant i
Hj = annual usage factor for equipment type j (hr/yr)
r = 1.00 if i = NOX
= 0.98 if i = VOC
i = VOC or NOX
j = equipment type (Table 16-2)
16.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
16.3.1 Determination of Base Year Data
Emissions from construction equipment for counties in the KCMA
were calculated according to the method described in 16.2.3. A national
inventory of construction equipment was apportioned by counties using
county-to-national employment ratios derived from census data.
16.3.2 Emission Calculations
Table 16-4 summarizes annual RVOC and NOX emissions for 1983 by
county. Contacts with representatives of the construction industry
revealed that use of construction equipment is more cyclical (i.e.,
dependent on interest rates) than seasonal. Typical summer day emissions
were based on the estimate that 80 percent of a year's construction
work occurs from mid-March until mid-December (275 days). Therefore,
annual emissions were multiplied by 0.80 and divided by 275 to obtain
an estimate of emissions during the ozone season. Summer day emissions
are also presented in Table 16-4.
16-4
-------
TABLE 16-4. 1983 ANNUAL AND TYPICAL SUMMER DAY
EMISSIONS FROM CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Annual Emissions
Summer Day Emissions
RVOC NOv RVOC NOX
County Mg/yrTtons/yr) Mg/yr(tons/yr) kg/day (Ib/day) kg/day (Ib/day)
Johnson 415 (457) 3,458 (3,812) 1,209 (2,666) 10,059 (22,180)
Wyandotte 177 (195) 1,469 (1,619) 514 (1,133) 4,272 (9,420)
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
57
272
11
932
(63)
(300)
(12)
(1,027)
470
2,253
91
7,741
(518)
(2,484)
(100)
(8,533)
165
790
32
2,710
(364)
(1,742)
(71)
(5,976)
1
6
22
,367
,553
265
,516
(3
(14
(49
,014)
,449)
(584)
,647)
16.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Projected emissions through 1995 and the year 2000 were based on
growth in construction activity in each county of the KCMA. Although
the construction industry was depressed below normal levels several
years ago, construction activity has picked up recently and is expected
to increase in the long run. The market, however, is dependent upon
interest rates over the next few years. For that reason, the number of
households was used as an indicator of long-term growth. Therefore,
projected emissions were calculated on the basis of number of households
predicted through 1995 and 2000. Housing growth factors from Table 1-3
were used.
16.4.1 RACT Impact
No effect from RACT or other new regulations is expected to impact
this category.
16-5
-------
16.4.2 Projected Emissions
Projected typical summer day RVOC and NOX emissions from construction
equipment through 1995 and the year 2000 are presented in Tables 16-5
and 16-6.
16.5 REFERENCES
16-1. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual, Second
Edition, EPA-450/4-80-015. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. July 1980.
16-2. Trapasso, J.A. et. al . Forty-seven County Hydrocarbon Area
Source Emission Inventory, EPA - 905/4-78-001.Pacific
Environmental Services, Inc. Oak Brook, II. Prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, IL. February 1978.
16-3. County Business Patterns, U.S., 1976. U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Census.1976.
16-4. County Business Patterns, U.S.. 1980. U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Census.1980.
16-5. County Business Patterns, U.S., 1976 - Kansas. U.S. Department
of Commerce, Bureau of Census.1976.
16-6. County Business Patterns, U.S., 1976 - Missouri. U.S. Department
of Commerce, Bureau of Census.1976.
16-7. County Business Patterns, U.S., 1981 - Kansas. U.S. Department
of Commerce, Bureau of Census.1981.
16-8. County Business Patterns. U.S., 1981 - Missouri. U.S. Department
of Commerce, Bureau of Census.1981.
16-9. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Supplement No. 10,
AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. February 1980.
16-6
-------
C7l
I
TABLE 16-5. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS
FROM CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT, kg/day (Ib/day)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983*
1,209
(2,665)
514
(1,133)
165
(365)
790
(1,742)
32
(71)
2,710
(5,976)
1984
1,232
(2,718)
518
(1,141)
170
(374)
794
(1,751)
34
(75)
2,748
(6,059)
1985
1,257
(2,771)
521
(1,150)
174
(385)
798
(1,759)
36
(79)
2,786
(6,144)
1986
1,282
(2,826)
525
(1,158)
179
(395)
802
(1,768)
38
(84)
2,826
(6,231)
1987
1,307
(2,882)
529
(1,167)
184
(406)
806
(1,776)
40
(88)
2,866
(6,319)
Year
1988
1,333
(2,939)
533
(1,176)
189
(417)
809
(1,785)
42
(94)
2,906
(6,411)
1989
1,359
(2,997)
537
(1,185)
194
(428)
813
(1,793)
45
(99)
2,948
(6,502)
1990
1,386
(3,056)
541
(1,193)
199
(439)
817
(1,802)
47
(104)
2,990
(6,594)
1991
1,396
(3,079)
545
(1,201)
203
(448)
819
(1,805)
48
(105)
3,010
(6,638)
1992
1,407
(3,102)
548
(1,209)
207
(457)
820
(1,808)
48
(106)
3,031
(6,682)
1993
1,418
(3,126)
552
(1,216)
211
(466)
822
(1,812)
48
(107)
3,051
(6,727)
1994
1,428
(3,150)
555
(1,224)
216
(475)
823
(1,815)
49
(108)
3,071
(6,772)
1995
1,439
(3,174)
559
(1,232)
220
(485)
825
(1,818)
49
(109)
3,092
(6,817)
2000
1,495
(3,296)
577
(1,272)
242
(535)
832
(1,834)
51
(113)
3,197
(7,050)
*From Table 16-4.
-------
CTl
I
CO
TABLE 16-6. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY NOX EMISSIONS
FROM CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT, kg/day (Ib/day)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983*
10,059
(22,180)
4,272
(9,420)
1,367
(3,014)
6,553
(14,449)
265
(584)
22,516
(49,647)
1984
10,258
(22,618)
4,304
(9,491)
1,404
(3,095)
6,585
(14,520)
280
(616)
22,831
(50,340)
1985
10,460
(23,065)
4,336
(9,561)
1,442
(3,179)
6,617
(14,590)
296
(652)
23,151
(51,047)
1986
10,667
(23,520)
4,369
(9,633)
1,481
(3,265)
6,649
(14,660)
312
(689)
23,478
(51,767)
1987
10,877
(23,984)
4,401
(9,705)
1,521
(3,353)
6,681
(14,731)
330
(728)
23,810
(52,501)
Ye<
1988
11,092
(24,458)
4,434
(9,777)
1,562
(3,444)
6,713
(14,803)
349
(770)
24,150
(53,252)
jr
1989
11,311
(24,940)
4,467
(9,850)
' 1,604
(3,537)
6,746
(14,874)
369
(814)
24,497
(54,015)
1990
11,534
(25,432)
4,501
(9,924)
1,647
(3,632)
6,778
(14,946)
390
(860)
24,850
(54,794)
1991
11,622
(25,626)
4,529
(9.987)
1,680
(3,704)
6,790
(14,973)
393
(867)
25,015
(55,157)
1992 1993 1994 1995
11,710 11,799 11,889 11,979
(25,820) (26,017) (26,214) (26,414)
4,558 4,588 4,617 4,647
(10,051) (10,116) (10,180) (10,246)
1,713 1,747 1,782 1,817
(3,777) (3,852) (3,929) (4,006)
6,803 6,815 6,928 6,839
(15,000) (15,026) (15,053) (15,080)
396 399 403 406
(874) (881) (888) (894)
25,180 25,348 25,517 25,687
(55,523) (55,892) (56,264) (56,640)
2000
12,441
(27,433)
4,797
(10,578)
2,004
(4,419)
6,900
(15,215)
422
(930)
26,565
(58,575)
*From Table 16-4.
-------
17.0 OFF-HIGHWAY MOTORCYCLES
17.1 INTRODUCTION
Off-highway emissions from motorcycles are produced by three types of
motorcycles: off-highway, on-highway, and dual-purpose. These machines
are an uncontrolled source of YOC and NOX. Of the VOC emissions, 98
percent are classified as photochemically reactive (Reference 17-1).
For this report, only "off-road" emissions were considered to be "area
soruces." On-road emissions from motorcycles should be included in the
states' mobile source emission inventories.
17.2 METHODOLOGY
17.2.1 Compilation of Sources and Data
There are three basic types of motorcycles. On-highway motorcycles
(47.9 percent of all motorcycles) are certified by the manufacturer to be in
compliance with the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS). They are
meant for public road use, but are used off-highway about 10 percent of the
time. Dual-purpose cycles also comply with FMVSS but have an off-highway
recreational use design. They are used off-highway about 33 percent of the
time and comprise 26.2 percent of the total national motorcycle population.
Off-highway motorcycles do not comply with FMVSS. They are used exclusively
off-road, and represent 25.9 percent of all cycles. As stated earlier,
emissions from on-highway and dual purpose motorcycles are controlled by
FMVSS. Emissions generated by these motorcycles, while traveling on-road,
are accounted for in the mobile source inventory. Only the off-highway
emissions are included in this inventory.
The Motorcycle Industry Council (MIC) provided most of the
information necessary to calculate emissions from off-highway motorcycles.
Estimates of the number of motorcycles (nationwide and county) that
participate in off-road activities were derived from MIC data. State
motorcycle registration data were considered but were determined to be
unreliable because many motorcycles that participate in off-highway
activities may not be registered. The statewide numbers of off-
highway motorcycles in 1983 were obtained from MIC (Reference 17-2)
and were apportioned to the county level, using the ratio of county to
state population as the apportioning factor. Table 17-1 presents a
breakdown of state and county motorcycle populations that are classified
17-1
-------
Table 17-1. STATE AND COUNTY OFF-HIGHWAY MOTORCYCLE
POPULATIONS
MOTORCYCLE TYPE
State/County On-Highway
Kansas (Total )a
Johnson
Wyandotte
Missouri (Total)3
Clay
Jackson
Platte
7,100
800
500
8,900
200
1,100
100
Off-Highway
20,900
2,400
1,500
42,800
1,300
5,300
500
Dual
Purpose
17,300
2,100
1,200
22,600
700
2,900
220
Total
Off-Highway
Motorcycles
45,300
5,300
3,200
74,300
2,200
9,300
820
Reference 17-2, page 8. Numbers in this table represent portions of
total populations of on-highway, off-highway, and dual purpose
motorcycles used for off-road purposes only. These numbers were
calculated based on estimates from Reference 17-3, page 26, that 13
percent of on-highway motorcycles are used off-highway at some time,
that 89 percent of dual purpose motorcycles are used off-highway at
some time, and that 100 percent of off-highway mtorocycles are used
off-highway.
County populations of off-highway motorcycles were determined as
fol 1 ows:
Mc = Ms P
where:
PC
PC
= county off-highway motorcycle population
= state off-highway motorcycle population
= 45,300 (Kansas)
= 74,300 (Missouri)
= Countywide population (persons), Table 1-2
= Statewide population (persons)
= 2,399,187 (Kansas)
= 4,990,760 (Missouri)
17-2
-------
TABLE 17-2. OFF-HIGHWAY MOTORCYCLE POPULATIONS BY COUNTY
AND ENGINE TYPEa
Motorcycle Population^
County 2-strokec 4-stroked Total
Johnson 2,300 3,000 5,300
Wyandotte 1,400 1,800 3,200
Clay 900 1,300 2,200
Jackson 4,000 5,300 9,300
Platte 350 470 820
a
Reference 17-4; estimate based on 1983 annual unit sales data for Missouri
and Kansas.
b
Numbers include on-highway, off-highway, and dual purpose cycles that
contribute to off-highway emissions.
43% of total = 2-stroke (Reference 17-4).
d
57% of total = 4-stroke (Reference 17-4).
TABLE 17-3. MOTORCYCLE EMISSION FACTORS
Engine
Type
2-stroke
4-stroke
Total
VOC
Mg/km
1
2
1
.01 x
.39 x
.25 x
10-5
10-6
10-5
(ton /mi )
(1.80
(4.24
(2.22
x
x
X
10-5)
10-6)
10-5)
1
2
3
Mg/km
.2 x
.4 x
.60 x
NOX
(ton/mi )
10-7
10-7
10-7
(1.32 x
(2.64 x
(3.96 x
10-7)
10-7)
10-7)
17-3
-------
by motorcycle type. Off-highway motorcycle populations by county were
classified further into engine type (2-stroke versus 4-stroke) as shown
in Table 17-2. Off-highway mileage from motorcycles was also needed to
calculate emissions. MIC (Reference 17-2) estimated that motorcycles travel
about 819 kilometers per year (Km/yr) (509 miles per year) off-highway.
17.2.2 Emission Factors
VOC and NOX emission factors for 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines
were obtained from AP-42 (Reference 17-5). Estimates in megagrams per
kilometer (Mg/km) and tons per mile (ton/mi) are shown in Table 17-3.
emissions were determined by multiplying the number of motorcycles by
the appropriate emission factor, the annual mileage per cycle, and the
reactive fraction.
17.2.3 Empirical Emissions Calculations
VOC and NOX emissions from off-highway motorcycles were calculated
for each county by the following equation:
where: E-JJ = emissions of pollutant i from engine type j
N = number of motorcycles per county by engine type j
(from Table 17-2)
F-H = emission factor for pollutant i and engine type j
(from Table 17-3)
Mj = kilometers (miles) traveled per motorcycle, engine type
j , per year
r = 1.00 if i = NOX
= 0.88 if 1 = VOC (Reference 17-1)
17.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
17.3.1 Determination of Base Year Data
Off-highway motorcycle emissions for 1983 were calculated by the
method described in Section 17.2.3. For each county, RVOC and NOX
emissions were determined by multiplying the number of motorcycles by
the appropriate emission factor, the annual mileage per cycle, and the
reactive fraction.
17-4
-------
17.3.2 Emission Calculations
Table 17-4 summarizes annual and typical summer day RVOC and NOX
emissions for 1983 by county. Typical summer day emissions were
calculated based on the estimate that 47 percent of off-highway motorcycle
annual mileage occurs in the summer months (Reference 17-2). Annual
emissions were multiplied by 0.47 and divided by 92 days (total number
of days from June through August).
17.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Projections of motorcycle emissions were estimated by scaling up
the total number of motorcycles in use proportional to the predicted
county population growth (Table 1-2 ). These projections assume that
the relative numbers of motorcycles per person and miles per year
traveled remain constant.
17.4.1 RACT Impact
Motorcycles used entirely off-highway have not been and are not
expected to be regulated by EPA. Motorcycles used on highway will be
regulated, but the regulations may not affect off-highway use and
emission factors. Future regulations are being anticipated; however,
it is difficult to project the impact of these regulations on future
emissions because they are still under consideration. Therefore, it
has been assumed that little or no impact is expected on future emissions.
17.4.2 Projected Emissions
Projected typical summer day RVOC and NOX emissions from off-
highway motorcycles for the years 1983 to 1995 and the year 2000 are
presented in Tables 17-5 and 17-6, respectively.
17-5
-------
TABLE 17-4. 1983 ANNUAL AND SUMMER DAY EMISSIONS FROM
OFF-HIGHWAY MOTORCYCLES
County
Total
Annual Emissions
RVOC NOX
Mg/yr (Tons/yr) Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
Summer Day Emissions
RVOC NOX
Kg/day Ob/day) Kg/day (Ib/day)
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
22
13
9
38
3
(24)
(14)
(10)
(42)
(4)
1
1
0
1
0
(1)
(1)
(0)
(2)
(0)
112
68
45
195
17
(247)
(150)
( 99)
(429)
( 37)
4
3
2
7
1
(9)
(6)
(4)
(16)
(2)
85 (94)
(4)
437 (962)
17 (37)
17-6
-------
TABLE 17-5. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS
'FROM OFF-HIGHWAY MOTORCYCLES, kg/day (ib/day)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983*
112
(247)
68
(150)
45
(99)
195
(429)
17
(37)
437
(962)
1984
113
(250)
67
(149)
46
(101)
194
(428)
18
(39)
438
(967)
1985
115
(253)
67
(148)
47
(103)
194
(427)
18
(41)
441
(972)
1986
116
(257)
66
(147)
48
(105)
193
(426)
19
(42)
442
(977)
1987
118
(260)
66
(145)
48
(107)
193
(425)
20
(45)
445
(982)
Year
1988
120
(264)
65
(144)
49
(109)
192
(424)
21
(47)
448
(988)
1989
121
(267)
65
(143)
50
(111)
192
(423)
22
(49)
450
(993)
1990
123
(271)
64
(142)
51
(113)
191
(422)
23
(51)
452
(999)
1991
123
(271)
65
(142)
52
(115)
191
(421)
23
(51)
454
(1,001)
1992
123
(272)
65
(143)
53
(117)
190
(420)
23
(52)
455
(1,004)
1993
124
(273)
65
(143)
54
(119)
190
(419)
23
(52)
456
(1,006)
1994
124
(273)
65
(144)
55
(121)
190
(418)
23
(52)
457
(1,008)
1995
124
(274)
65
(144)
56
(123)
189
(417)
24
(52)
458
(1,010)
2000
126
(278)
66
(146)
60
(133)
187
(412)
24
(53)
463
(1,021)
*From Table 17-4.
-------
oo
TABLE 17-6. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY NOX EMISSIONS
FROM OFF-HIGHWAY MOTORCYCLES, kg/day (Ib/day)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Cl ay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983*
4
(9)
3
(6)
2
(4)
7
(16)
1
(2)
17
(37)
1984
4
(9)
3
(6)
O
(4)
7
(16)
1
(2)
17
(37)
1985
4
(9)
3
(6)
2
(4)
7
(16)
1
(2)
17
(37)
. 1986
4
(9)
3
(6)
O
t,
(4)
7
(16)
1
(2)
17
(37)
1987
4
(10)
3
(6)
0
i.
(4)
7
(16)
1
(2)
17
(38)
1988
4
(10)
3
(5)
f\
C_
(4)
7
(16)
1
(2)
17
(37)
1989
4
(10)
2
(5)
2
(4)
7
(16)
1
(2)
16
(37)
Year
1990
5
(10)
2
(5)
2
(4)
7
(15)
1
(2)
17
(36)
1991
4
(10)
2
(5)
2
(4)
7
(15)
1
(2)
17
(37)
1992
5
(10)
2
(5)
2
(4)
7
(15)
1
(2)
17
(37)
1993
5
(10)
2
(.5)
2
(5)
7
(15)
1
(2)
17
(37)
1994
5
(10)
2
(5)
2
(5)
7
(15)
1
(2)
17
(38)
1995
5
(10)
2
(5)
2
(5)
7
(15)
1
(2)
17
(38)
2000
5
(10)
2
(5)
2
(5)
7
(15)
1
(2)
17
(38)
*From Table 17-4.
-------
17.5 REFERENCES
17-1. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual, Second
Edition, EPA-4 50/4-80-015. U.S. Environmental Protect! o n
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. July 1980.
17-2. 1984 Motorcycle Statistical Annual. Motorcycle Industry Council,
Inc., Costa Mesa, California. IW4.
17-3. 1983 Motorcycle Statistical Annual. Motorcycle Industry Council,
Inc., Costa Mesa, California. T9B3. page 26.
17-4. Manufacturer's Shipment Reporting System - Annual Statistical Report,
1972 - 1983. Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc. Irvine, California.
17-5. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Supplement No. 10,
AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. February 1980.
17-9
-------
-------
18.0 LOCOMOTIVES
18.1 INTRODUCTION
Railroad locomotives are uncontrolled vehicles which emit both VOC
and NOX. Ninety-eight percent of the VOC emissions are photochemically
reactive (Reference 18-1). Railroad locomotives are used either for
roadhaul or railyard switching operations. There are basically five
types of engines based on engine type and use: 2- and 4-stroke switching
locomotives and 2-stroke super-charged, 2-stroke turbo-charged, and
4-stroke road service locomotives. Railyard switching activities are
characterized by short hauls with many starts, stops, and accelerations.
They have relatively more emissions per mile or per time than roadhaul
operations. Roadhauls involve long distance transport at relatively
steady speeds.
18.2 METHODOLOGY
18.2.1 Compilation of Sources/Data
For each railroad company operating in the KCMA, total U.S. track
mileage, mileage operated in each KCMA county, and total U.S. fuel
consumption data by roadhaul and switching operations were obtained and
are listed in Tables 18-1, 18-2, 18-3, and, 18-4.
Local track mileage was obtained by two methods. For Kansas, U.S.
Geological Survey maps were used to estimate mileage by railroad company
within each county. This method was used to calculate both switching
and roadhaul mileage. For Missouri, the Missouri Department of
Transportation (Reference 18-2) provided total-track mileage by company
for each county. U.S. Geological Survey maps were used to estimate
switch yard mileage by company, which was subtracted from the total
track mileage to get mileage by roadhaul and switching. Fuel use for
each railroad company by county is presented in Table 18-5. For those
companies for which no national data was available a national average
was used. This method was used for the Katy, Kansas City Terminal,
and Kansas City Public Services railroad companies and the U.S. Government
operations.
18-1
-------
TABLE 18-1. RAILROAD TRACK OPERATED IN USA (MILES)a'b
CO
I
ro
USE
Roadhaul
Switchyard
Total
^Reference
bATSF
BN
CNW
ICG
KCS
CMPSP4P -
HP
KCT
UP
SCSW
KCPS
NA
ATSF BN CNW ICG KCS
18,016 36.986 10.108 10.388 2.176
2,963 5.336 1,800 2.104 387
20,979 42,322 11,908 12.492 2.563
18-3
Atcheson, Topekd 4 Santa Fe
Burlington Northern
Chicago 4 Northwestern
Illinois Central Gulf
Kansas City Southern
Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul 4 Pacific
Missouri Pacific
Northfolk 4 Western
Kansas City Terminal
Union Pacific
St. Louis Southwestern
Kansas City Public Service
Data not available
COMPANY
CMSP4P MP W4W KCT UP SLSvi KAI« KCPS US GOV U.S. Total
4.810 14,790 11,959 NA 13,620 3,377 NA NA NA 244.121
1,144 1,852 3,056 NA 1,924 533 NA NA NA 47,785
5.954 16.642 15,015 NA 15.544 3,910 NA NA NA 292,506
-------
TABLE 18-2. NATIONAL RAILROAD FUEL CONSUMPTION (TO3 gal )a
00
I
OJ
USE
Roadhaul
Switchyard
Total
ATSF
309,574
11,603
321,177
BN
480,741
33,146
513,887
CNW
87,091
7,050
94,141
ICG
16,027
2,300
18,327
KCS
33,066
3,185
36,251
CMSP&P
33,486
6,055
39,541
COMPANY
HP N4W
174,377 14,135
20,381 9,362
194,758 23,497
KCT
NA
NA
NA
UP
231,251
10,512
241,763
SLSM
41,367
1,075
42,442
KATY
NA
NA
NA
KCPS
NA
NA
NA
US GOV
NA
NA
NA
U.S. Total
2,905,772
257.713
3,163,486
••Reference 18-2.
bNA = Not available.
-------
TABLE 18-3. AVERAGE FUEL USE (GALLONS/MILES OF TRACK)3
COMPANY
USE ATSF BN CNW ICG KCS CMSPSP HP NSW KCT UP SLSW KATVb KCPS& US GOVb U.S. Total
Roadhaul 17,183.3 12,997.9 8,616.0 1,542.8 15,195.8 6,961.7 11,790.2 1,182.0 11,873.8 16,978.8 12,249.6 11,873.8 11,873.8 11,873.8 11,873.8
Switchyard 3,916.0 6,211.8 3,916.7 1,093.2 8,230.0 5,292.8 11,004.9 3,063.5 5,393.2 5,463.6 2,016.9 5,393.2 5,393.2 5,393.2 5,393.2
Total 21,099.2 19,209.7 12,532.7 2,636.0 23,425.7 12,254.6 22,795.1 4,245.4 17,267.0 22,442.4 14,266.5 17,267.0 17,267.0 17,267.0 17,267.0
^Calculated from Table 18-1 and 18-2.
bEqual to U.S. average.
-------
TABLE 18-4. MILES OF TRACK OPERATED IN COUNTIES'
oo
i
en
STATE
Kansas
Missouri
COUNTY USE
Johnson LINE*
YARD*
Wyandottea LINE3
YARD*
Clay LINE&
YARD*
Jackson LIN£b
YARD3
Platte LIN£b
YARD3
ATSF
35.11
0
10.7
4.25
0
0
20.21
0
0
0
BN
0
0
0
0
27.28
2.2
17.6
0
3.45
0
CNW
0
0
0
0
25.13
0
1.53
0
18.07
0
ICG
0
0
0
0
0
0
23.68
1.8
0
0
COMPANY
KCS CMSPSP MP
0
0
7.8
0
0
0
28.31
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
39.37
0
0
0
10.65
0
17
0.3
0
0
62.05
5.9
0
0
N&U
0
0
0
0
21.61
1.8
0
0
0
0
KCT
0
0
0.4
2
0
0
7.39
0
0
0
UP
0
0
10.03
9.15
0
0
0.21
0.3
0
0
SLSU
23.55
0
2.4
1.35
0
0
21.11
0
0
0
KATY
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
KCPS US GOVERNMENT
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.7
0
0
0
6.75
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
^Estimated from U.S. Geological Survey maps.
^Obtained from the Missouri Department of Transportation.
-------
TABLE 18-5. FUEL USE BY COUNTY (GAL/YR)'
COMPANY
— i
I
CTl
STAIF COUNTY
Kansas Johnson
Wyandottea
Missouri Clay
Jackson
Platte
USE
LINE
YARD
LINE
YARD
LINE
YARD
LINE
YARD
LINE
YARD
ATSF
603,305
0
183,861
73,029
0
347,274
0
0
0
BN
0
0
0
0
0
28,595
228,763
0
44,843
0
CNW
0
0
0
0
354,583
0
13,182
0
155,692
0
ICG
0
0
0
0
216,521
0
36,534
2.777
0
0
sees
0
0
118,527
0
0
0
430,192
45,587
0
0
MKT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CMSFJF
0
0
0
0
0
0
274,084
0
0
0
N&M
0
0
0
0
25,542
2,127
0
0
0
0
KCT
0
0
4,749
23.747
0
0
87.747
0
0
0
UP
0
0
170,297
155.355
0
0
3.565
5.093
0
0
iLSW
288.478
0
29,399
16.537
0
0
258,589
0
0
0
KATY
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,374
0
0
0
KCPS
0
0
0
0
0
0
91,428
0
0
0
US GOVERNMENT
80.148
47.495
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TOTAL
1,097,497
47,495
707,267
272,206
829,750
50,139
2,665,846
135,223
200,535
0
aiable 18-4 x Table 18-3.
-------
18.2.2 Emission Factors
Composite emission factors for railroad locomotives were developed
on the basis of fuel usage by engine type and engine use. Two-stroke
engines comprise 75 percent of fuel composition by switching locomotives
and 4-stroke engines account for 25 percent. In like operations,
4-stroke engines consume 37 percent of fuel used for roadhauls; 2-stroke
turbo-charged engines, 37 percent; and 2-stroke supercharged engines,
26 percent (Reference 18-4). Percentage fuel use multiplied by the
appropriate AP-42 emission factors (Reference 18-5) for each engine type
were summed separately by engine use (roadhaul or switching) and
pollutant to yield the composite emission factors which are summarized
in Table 18-6.
18.2.3 Empirical Emission Calculations
Per county emissions were calculated using the following formula:
Ei = Gj x fi x r
where: E-j = emission of pollutant i
i = VOC or NOX
Gj = gallons of fuel used per year by train company j in
the county of concern
j = ATSF, BN, CNW, ICG, KCS, CMPIP, MP, NPW, KCT, UP, SLSW, KCPS,
Katy, and U.S. Government
f-j = emission factor for pollutant i (see Table 18-6).
r = reactivity factor
= 1 if i = NOX
= 0.98 if i = VOC
18.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
18.3.1 Emission Calculations
Fuel use in each county by the various railroad companies is shown
in Table 18-5. This data was combined with the emission factors in
Table 18.6 and the equation in Section 18.2.3 to yield 1982 air pollution
emissions by railroad locomotives. No changes in fuel use data or
18-7
-------
TABLE 18-6. RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE EMISSION FACTORS*
Emission Rate (tons/1,000 gallons of fuel)
Engine Use VOC NOX
Roadhaul 0.0428 0.1935
Switching 0.0895 0.1550
* References 18-4 and 18-5.
18-8
-------
emissions are anticipated in 1983, and, therefore, the 1983 emissions
were assumed to be the same as the 1982 emissions. The data are
summarized in Table 18-7 for both NOX and VOC emissions.
Since rail operations are generally uniform .throughout the year,
the typical summer day emissions are assumed to be l/365th of the annual
emission rates (Reference 18-6). Table 18-8 summarizes these typical
summer day emissions.
18.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
18.4.1 Data Needs and Sources
The only information available concerning future railroad use was
obtained from the Missouri Department of Transportation (Reference 18.2),
Burlington Northern is expected to abandon 10.2 miles of track in
Clay County and 2.16 miles of track in Platte County by 1987.
18.4.2 Projected Emissions
After careful consideration of the various influences upon future
rail traffic, it was determined not possible to predict future emissions.
Therefore, it was assumed that no change would be expected in locomotive
emissions except as noted in Section 18.4.1. The projected VOC and NOX
emissions are shown in Tables 18-9 and 18-10, respectively. Both tables
take into account the abandoned track in Platte and Clay counties
starting in 1987.
18-9
-------
TABLE 18-7. 1983 EMISSIONS BY RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
TABLE
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
RVOC
Mg/year (tons/year)
46 ( 51)
50 ( 55)
36 (40)
114 (126)
8 ( 9)
255 (281)
18-8. 1983 TYPICAL SUMMER DAY
BY RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES
RVOC
Kg/day (Ib/day)
127 ( 281)
136 ( 299)
99 ( 219)
314 ( 692)
21 ( 47)
698 (1,538)
NOX
Mg/year (tons/year)
199 ( 220)
162 ( 179)
153 ( 168)
487 ( 537)
35 ( 39)
1,037 (1,143)
EMISSIONS
NOX
kg/day (Ib/day)
546 (1,204)
445 ( 981)
418 ( 922)
1,334 (2,941)
96 ( 212)
2,839 (6,260)
18-10
-------
oo
TABLE 18-9. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS
BY RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES,
kg/day (Ib/day)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983
127
(281)
136
(299)
99
(219)
314
(692)
21
(47)
698
(1,538)
1984
127
(281)
136
(299)
99
(219)
314
(692)
21
(47)
698
(1,538)
1985
127
(281)
136
(299)
99
(219)
314
(692)
21
(47)
698
(1,538)
1986
127
(281)
136
(299)
99
(219)
314
(692)
21
(47)
698
(1,538)
1987
127
(281)
136
(299)
85«
(188)
314
(692)
18b
(40)
680
(1,500)
1988
127
(281)
136
(299)
85«
(188)
314
(692)
IBb
(40)
680
(1,500)
Year
1989
127
(281)
136
(299)
85a
(188)
314
(692)
18b
(40)
680
(1,500)
1990
127
(281)
136
(299)
85a
(188)
314
(692)
18b
(40)
680
(1,500)
1991
127
(281)
136
(299)
85«
(188)
314
(692)
18b
(40)
680
(1,500)
1992
127
(281)
136
(299)
853
(188)
314
(692)
18b
(40)
680
(1,500)
1993
127
(281)
136
(299)
85«
(188)
314
(692)
18b
(40)
680
(1,500)
1994
127
(281)
136
(299)
85«
(188)
314
(692)
18b
(40)
680
(1,500)
1995
127
(281)
136
(299)
85*
(188)
314
(692)
18b
(40)
680
(1,500)
2000
127
(281)
136
(299)
858
(188)
314
(692)
18b
(40)
680
(1,500)
The reduction in emissions Is due to the abandonment of 10.2 miles of track by Burlington Northern by 1987.
b
The reduction In emissions Is due to the abandonment of 2.16 miles of track by Burlington Northern by 1987.
-------
CO
I
TABLE 18-10. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY NOX EMISSIONS
BY RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES,
kg/day (Ib/day)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1983
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
418
\1t-C-l
1,334
(2,941)
96
(212)
2,839
(6,260)
1984
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
418
(922)
1,334
(2,941)
96
(212)
2,839
(6,260)
1985
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
418
(922)
1,334
(2,941)
96
(212)
2,839
(6,260)
1986
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
418
(922)
1,334
(2,941)
96
(212)
2,839
(6,260)
1987
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
355 «
(782)
1,334
(2,941)
83b
(183)
2,763
(6,091)
Year
1988
546
(1,204) (1
445
(981)
355 a
(782)
1,334 1
(2,941) (2
83b
(183)
2,763 2
(6,091) (6
1989
546
,204)
445
(981)
355a
(782)
,334
,941)
83b
(183)
,763
,091)
1990
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
355 a
(782)
1,334
(2,941)
83b
(183)
2,763
(6,091)
1991
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
355a
(782)
1,334
(2,941)
83b
(183)
2,763
(6,091)
1992
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
355 a
(782)
1,334
(2,941)
83b
(183)
2,763
(6,091)
1993
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
355a
(782)
1,334
(2,941)
83b
(183)
2,763
(6,091)
1994
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
355a
(782)
1,334
(2,941)
83b
(183)
2,763
(6,091)
1995
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
355a
(782)
1,334
(2,941)
83b
(183)
2,763
(6,091)
2000
546
(1,204)
445
(981)
355 a
(782)
1,334
(2,941)
83b
• (183)
2,763
(6,091)
The reduction 1n emissions is due to the abandonment of 10.2 miles of track by Burlington Northern
by 1987.
D
The reduction in emissions is due to the abandonment of 2.16 miles of track by Burlington Northern
by 1987.
-------
18.5 REFERENCES
18-1. Calculation of Cutback Asphalt and Non-Highway Area Source
Hydrocarbon Emissions In Selected Midwestern Counties, Pacific
Environmental Services, Inc., U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-02-2536,
Task No. 4. June 1979.
18-2. Telephone communication with J. Mitchel and B. Graham, Missouri
Department of Transportation. July 16, 1984.
18-3. Analysis of Qlass I Railroads, Series No. 5. 1982. Economics
and Finance Department, Association of American Railroads.
18-4. Locomotive Exhaust Emissions and Their Impacts, American Society
of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Publication No. 74DGP-3.
New York.
18-5. Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Third Edition,
Supplement No. 10, AP-42.U.S. EPA, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina. February 1980.
18-6. Area Source Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Nitrogen Oxides
(NOX), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions Inventory for
Selected Counties in the Cincinnati Nonattainment Area. Pacific
Environmental Services, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3511,
Task Order No. 11.
18-13
-------
-------
19.0 AIRCRAFT
19.1 INTRODUCTION
For this category aircraft activity at 36 airports in five counties
of the KCMA were examined (Table 19-1). Breakdown of general types of
air traffic included certificated air carriers, air taxi and commuter
services, general aviation and military aviation. Fleet mix data and
landing take-off cycles (LTO) were used to calculate emissions for each
county under study. Aircraft emissions for VOC and NOX are reported in
metric and english units on an annual, as well as, typical summer day
basis.
19.2 METHODOLOGY
19.2.1 Compilation of Sources/Data
Emissions data collection and sources for certificated air carriers,
air taxi and commuter services, general aviation and military aviation
are discussed separately below.
19.2.1.1 Certificated Air Carriers. Certificated Air Carriers are
strictly the major passenger carrier services. In Kansas City, only
one airport is handling all major passenger commercial traffic, that
is, Kansas City International (KCI) in Platte County, Missouri.
Emissions from air carrier activity are determined by each landing
and take-off cycle (LTO). Information on the number of LTO's by engine
type for each county in 1983 was obtained through Kansas City Department
of Aviation (Table 19-2). Combined emission factors by engine type
for air carriers were calculated using data in AP-42 (Reference 19-1).
Emissions were obtained by multiplying the LTO's by engine type
by appropriate emission factor.
19.2.1.2 Air Taxi and Commuter Services. Although this subcategory is
usually combined with certificated air carriers under commercial aviation,
the aircraft involved here are much smaller and used for commuter
passenger and cargo transport. This subcategory is especially important
in the latter part of this report concerning projections, since the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recognizes these services as
having the most growth potential (Reference 19-2). Emission factors
19-1
-------
TABLE 19-1. AIRPORTS BY STATE AND COUNTY INCLUDED IN STUDY
Kansas Johnson
Missouri Clay
State County Airport
Cedar Air Park
Flying V
Gardner Municipal
Hillside
Johnson Co. Executive
Johnson Co. Industrial
Konitz
Mission Road
W.B. Royse Farm
Wyandotte Fairfax Municipal
Kelly's Landing
Providence-St. Margaret
Univ. of KS Med. Center
Kansas City Downtown
Liberty City Downtown
Liberty Landing
Roosterville
Royal Wood
NKC Memorial Hosp.
Jackson Berry Field
East Kansas City
Heart
Independence Mem.
McComas/Lee's Summit
Richards - Gebaur
Stafford
Lee's Summit Heliport
North Patrol Div. Station
Pitman Mfg. Division
Police Dept. Heliport
Research Med. Center
St. Joseph Life Flight
UHS
Platte Elton Field
Kansas City International
Noah's Ark
North Platte Airpark
Air Traffic Type
General
General
General
General
Air Taxi
Air Taxi
General
General
General
Air Taxi
General
General
General
Air Taxi
General
General
General
General
General
General
General
General
General
General
Military
General
General
General
General
General
General
General
General
General
Cert. Air Carrier
General
General
19-2
-------
TABLE 19-2. LANDING AND TAKEOFF (LTD) CYCLES BY ENGINE TYPE
FOR EACH COUNTY IN THE KCMA
10
I
ENGINE TYPE
County/LOT Cycle
Johnson
General Aviation
Air Taxi
Wyandotte
General Aviation
Air Taxi
Clay
General Aviation
Air Taxi
Jackson
General" Aviation
Air Taxi
Platte
General Aviation
Air Taxi
1 Engine
Piston
12,681
2,998
57
1,491
43,884
330
50,935
0
4,997
1,014
2 Engine
Pi ston
2,917
13,354
13
6,642
10,096
1,472
11,718
0
1,150
4,570
2 Engine
Turboprop
958
57,267
5
28,482
3,316
6,326
3,849
0
378
19,417
2 Engine
Turbojet
634
1,243
3
618
2,032
137
2,359
0
232
421
Rotor
Piston
425
0
2
0
1,471
690
1,707
0
168
0
Rotor
Turbo
770
0
4
0
2,780
0
3,227
0
317
0
Other
255
6,255
1
3,111
929
0
1,078
0
106
2,118
Military
Aviation
0
0
0
0
580
0
17,456
0
350
0
Commercial
Aviation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
41,582
0
-------
and aircraft types are identical to those found in general aviation.
The only difference is that air taxi fleet mix is dominated by multi-
engine turboprop aircraft rather than single engine piston craft
dominating the general aviation fleet. Operations and fleet mix data
were again obtained through Kansas City Department of Aviation (and
Reference
19-3).
19.2.1.3 General Aviation. The general aviation category takes into
account all those aircraft intended for private use. Operations data
for all airports other than KCI, KC Downtown, Johnson Co. Executive,
Johnson Co. Industrial, Fairfax Municipal, and Richards-Gebaur (military)
were assumed to handle strictly general aviation.
To calculate emissions accurately in this subcategory, it was
assumed that the number of LTO's attributed to each aircraft type was
directly proportional to the percentage of hours flown by that aircraft
type on a national annual basis (Reference 19-4). The source for opera-
tions data by county and airport was obtained through MARC Airport
Systems Update report. Emission factors were found in AP-42 (Reference
19-1) and used to calculate VOC and NOX emissions.
19.2.1.4 Military Aviation. Of the five counties in this study there is
only one military airport, Richards-Gebaur. However, in the fleet mix
information for both KCI and KC Downtown airports, a small percentage
of operations were attributed to military aircraft and are included
here. Since no specific fleet mix data were available on military
activity, a combined emissions factor was used in emissions calculations.
19.2.2 Emission Factor;;
Table 19-3 presents AP-42 emission factors that were used to
calculate-base year emissions.
19-4
-------
TABLE 19-3. EMISSION FACTORS (Fj)
Factors (Ib/LTO)
Engine Type VOC (reactive) NOX
1 Eng. Piston (P) 0.22 0.02
2 Eng. Piston 1.28 0.08
2 Eng. Turboprop (TP) 5.78 0.02
2 Eng. Turbojet (TJ) 6.53 2.02
Rotor Piston (RP) 0.22 0.02
Rotor Turbo (RT) 5.78 0.92
Other 0.22 0.02
Military Aviation (Combined) 6.04 3.79
Commercial Aviation (Combined) 30.1 24.32
19.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
19.3.1 Determination of Base Year Emissions
Using the data found in Tables 19-2 and 19-3, and a further breakdown
of specific aircraft types, base year 1983 RVOC and NOX emissions were
calculated for each county using the following equation:
E1 =
where
E-j = emissions of species i.
LTD = landing and take-off cycles attributed to a specific aircraft
(Table 19-2).
F-j = emission factor for species i appropriate for a specific aircraft
(Table 19-3).
Note: Conversion factors to obtain appropriate units are not included here.
Table 19-4 presents RVOC and NOX emissions in megagrams per year
and tons per year for all aircraft operation types.
19.3.2 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
Since aviation activities occur uniformly throughout the year, it
is assumed that typical summer day emissions would be l/365th of the
annual emission rate. The calculated 1983 typical summer day emissions
for aviation activities are listed in Table 19-5.
19-5
-------
TABLE 19-4. 1983 ANNUAL EMISSIONS FOR ALL AIRCRAFT OPERATION TYPES
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTALS
VOC Emissions
Type Mg/yr ton/yr
Air Taxi 162
General Aviation 9
Total
Air Taxi
General Aviation
Total
Air Taxi
General Aviation
Military
Total
General Aviation
Mi 1 i tary
Total
Certificated Carrier
Air Taxi
General Aviation
Military
Total
1
171
81
0
81
18
32
2
52
38
46
84
568
55
4
1
628
,016
179
10
189
89
0
89
20
36
2
58
42
51
93
626
61
4
1
692
1,121
NOX Emissions
Mg/yr ton/yr
2 2
1 1
3
1
0
1
0
4
1
5
4
30
34
459
1
0
1
460
503
3
1
0
1
0
4
1
5
5
• 33
38
506
1
0
1
508
555
19-6
-------
TABLE 19-5. 1983 SUMMER DAY EMISSIONS FOR ALL AIRCRAFT OPERATION TYPES
TOTAL
YOC Emissions
2,786
6,143
NOX Emissions
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Type
Air Taxi
General
Total
Air Taxi
General
Total
Air Taxi
General
Military
Total
General
Mi 1 i tary
Total
Aviation
Aviation
Aviation
Aviation
Air Taxi
General Aviation
Military
Certificated Carrier
Total
kg/ day
445
25
470
221
0
221
50
90
4
144
104
127
231
152
10
3
1,555
1,720
Ib/day
981
55
1,036
487
0
487
111
197
10
318
230
279
509
335
22
6
3,430
3,793
kg/ day
6
3
9
3
0
3
1
10
3
14
12
82
94
2
0
2
1,257
1,261
Ib/day
13
7
20
7
0
7
2
22
7
31
27
180
207
4
0
5
2,772
2,781
1,381
3,046
19-7
-------
19.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Forecasts are based on the assumption that the current relationship
between Federal Government and aviation remains the same, i.e., Deregulation
remains intact. Average annual growth factors used are summarized in
Table 19-6. These factors were obtained from FAA Aviation Forecasts
1980-1992. After 1992 a growth factor of 3.0 percent for all aircraft,
except military, was used.
TABLE 19-6. AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH FACTORS FOR PROJECTING AIRCRAFT
EMISSIONS
Aircraft Operations Average Annual Growth (%)
Air Carrier 1.6
Air Taxi & Commuter 5.9
General Aviation 3.1
Military Aviation 0.0
19.4.1 RACT Impact
No new environmental laws are proposed at the present time for
this category and none are expected. It is expected that current noise
and pollution standards will continue to be enforced.
19.4.2 Projected Summer Day Emissions
Typical summer day emissions were calculated based on annual
emissions as explained in Section 19.3.2. Typical summer day emissions
of RVOC and NOX are presented in Tables 19-7 and 19-8, respectively.
19-8
-------
TABLE 19-7. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY
RVOC EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS
KG/DAY (LB/DAY)
Year
County _ 1983* 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000
Johnson 470 497 526 556 588 622 658 696 736 778 802 826 851 986
(1,036) (1,096) (1,159) (1,226) (1,296) (1,371) (1,450) (1,534) (1,623) (1,716) (1,768) (1,821) (1,875) (2,174)
Wyandotte 221 234 248 262 278 294 312 330 350 370 381 393 405 469
(487) (516) (547) (579) (613) (649) (687) (728) (771) (816) (841) (866) (892) (1,034)
Clay 144 150 156 162 169 175 183 190 198 206 212 218 225 261
(318) (330) (343) (357) (372) (387) (403) (419) (437) (455) (468) (482) (496) (575)
Jackson 231 234 238 241 245 248 252 256 260 264 268 272 277 321
(509) (516) (524) (531) (539) (547) (555) (564) (573) (582) (591) (600) (610) (707)
Platte 1,720 1,754 1,789 1,825 1,862 1,901 1,940 1,980 2,022 2,065 2,126 2,190 2,256 2,615
(3,793) (3,868) (3,945) (4,025) (4,170) (4,191) (4,277) (4,366) (4,458) (4,552) (4,689) (4,829) (4,979) (5,766)
Total 2,786 2,869 2,956 3,047 3,141 3,240 3,344 3,452 3,565 3,683 3,790 3,899 4,012 4,651
(6,143) (6,327) (6,518) (6,718) (6,927) (7,145) (7,373) (7,611) (7,861) (8,122) (8,356) (8,598) (8,847)(10,256)
*From Table 19-4.
-------
IO
I
TABLE 19-8. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY NOX EMISSIONS
FROM AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS, KG/DAY (LB/DAY)
Year
County 1983* 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
9
(20)
3
(7)
14
(31)
94
(207)
1,261
(2,781)
9
(21)
3
(7)
14
(32)
94
(208)
1,281
(2,825)
10
(22)
3
(7)
15
(33)
95
(209)
1,302
(2,870)
10
(23)
4
(8)
15
(33)
95
(210)
1,323
(2,917)
11
(24)
4
(8)
16
(34)
96
(211)
1,344
(2,963)
11
(25)
4
(9)
16
(35)
96
(212)
1,365
(3,011)
12
(27)
4
(9)
16
(36)
96
(213)
1,387
(3,059)
12
(28)
4
(10)
17
(37)
97
(214)
1,410
(3,108)
13
(29)
5
(10)
17
(38)
97
(215)
1,432
(3,158)
14
(31)
5
(11)
18
(39)
98
(216)
1,455
(3,209)
14
(32)
5
(11)
18
(40)
98
(217)
1,499
(3,305)
15
(33)
5
(12)
19
(41)
99
(218)
1,544
(3,404)
15
(33)
5
(12)
19
(42)
99
(210)
1,590
(3,506)
18
(39)
6
(14)
22
(48)
102
(225)
1,843
(4,064)
Total 1,381 1,403 1,425 1,447 1,470 1,493 1,517 1,541 1,565 1,590 1,635 1,682 1,729 1,991
(3,045) (3,093) (3,141) (3,191) (3,241) (3,292) (3,344) (3,397) (3,451) (3,506) (3,605) (3,703) (3,813) (4,390)
*From Table 19-4.
-------
19.5 REFEREMCES
19-1. Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Supplement 10,
U.S. EPA Report No. AP-42, February 1980.
19-2. FAA Aviation Forecasts, Fiscal Years 1981-1992, U.S. Department
of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, September 1980.
19-3. Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Route Air Carriers,
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,
1982.
19-4. Census of U.S. Civil Aircraft, Calendar Year 1982. U.S. Department
of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.
19-5. Airports/2000, Brochure from Mid-America Regional Council, August
T5HT
19-6. MARC Airports System Plan Update, Mid-America Regional Council,
_
19-7. Telephone Conversation with Sandy Camula, Kansas City Department
of Aviation, August 1984.
19-11
-------
-------
20.0 VESSELS
20.1 INTRODUCTION
This category involves emissions resulting from the combustion of
fuel necessary to power both commercial and recreational waterborne
vessels. Evaporative emissions from fuel storage are insignificant in
comparison and are considered negligible for the purposes of this report.
Emissions from vessel activity on the Missouri River and inland lakes
around Kansas City were apportioned to the counties under study according
to relative amounts of water surface available in each county.
20.2 METHODOLOGY
20.2.1 Commercial Vessels
20.2.1.1 Compilation of Sources/Data. The number of vessel trips
subcategorized by draft was obtained for the Missouri River through Corps
of Engineers publication (Reference 20-1). A summarization of the important
data found in Reference 20-1 is presented in Table 20-1. The channel
depth of the Missouri River is reported as 8 feet and is, in fact, 6.5 to
7 feet in places (Reference 20-2). This shallow channel depth limits
commercial vessel traffic to dry cargo and tanker barges. These barges
are pushed and maneuvered by towboats. It is assumed that towboats are
oil-powered and will only consume fuel while underway (Reference 20-3).
Dry cargo and tankers are dry good and liquid cargo holders such as barges.
To apportion the commercial shipping emissions to the five counties
under study, Missouri River shoreline bordering each county was measured.
Although some counties will border on either side of an identical section
of river, each county will have its own shoreline. Given that total
shoreline in the study area was 100 percent, each county was allocated a
portion of the total emissions based on its percentage of total shoreline,
as presented in Table 20-2.
TABLE 20-1. VESSEL TRIPS ON MISSOURI RIVER
SECTION BETWEEN KANSAS CITY AND MOUTH
Self Propelled Non-Self Propelled
Passengers/Dry Cargo Towboats Dry Cargo Tanker
Upbound 470 8,654 9,291 291
Downbound 149 8,184 9,839 192
Average number of powered trips = 8,729.
20-1
-------
TABLE 20-2. RELATIVE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SHORELINE BY COUNTY
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Percent of Shore!
0
14
22
25
39
ine (%}
n~otal 100
Total commercial shipping season for the Missouri River is 8 months.
20.2.1.2 Emission Factors. The VOC and NOX emission factors used
were as follows (Reference 20-4):
50 Ib VOC
1,000 gal fuel
280 Ib NOX
1,000 gal fuel
Non-reactive hydrocarbons (RVOC) were accounted to be 11.6 percent by
weight of methane and 2.8 percent by weight of ethane (Reference 20-5).
Therefore, the reactive VOC emission factor used was:
42.8 Ib RVOC
1,000 gal fuel
A fuel consumption factor of 19 gallons per nautical mile was assumed
(Reference 20-3).
20.2.1.3 Empirical Emissions Calculations. The equation utilized
to calculate VOC and NOX emissions is as follows:
E = TxSxFxEFxR
where:
E = total emissions for county
T = number of trips through four bordering counties (Table 20-1)
S = nautical miles of river bordered by four counties (total river
length from east border of Jackson to west border of Platte =
93 nautical miles).
F = fuel consumed per mile (19 gallons)
EF = appropriate emissions factor (Section 20.2.1.2)
R = relative fraction of river bordered by county and represented
by percentages in Table 20-2.
20-2
-------
20.2.2 Recreational Boating
20.2.2.1 Compilation of Sources/Data. For emission estimates,
the general procedure found in Reference 20-3 for recreational vessels
was used. Boat registration data were obtained through the motor vehicle
registration department in Missouri and appropriate county clerks in
Kansas. The numbers of inboard and outboard boats registered by county
are presented in Table 20-3.
TABLE 20-3. NUMBER OF BOATS REGISTERED BY COUNTY
County Inboard Outboard
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
54
169
914
1,656
297
706
2,214
6,384
11,585
6,847
For seven months out of the year, the average mean temperature is
above 48°F (Reference 20-6). Therefore, annual recreational boat usage
is approximately 70 hours per year.
To allocate fuel usage to specific counties, the surface area of
recreational parks that surround waterways and provide facilities
appropriate for boating was obtained by county (Reference 20-7). Table
20-4 summarizes these data, providing percentage of total recreational
boating area for each of the five counties in the KCMA.
TABLE 20-4. PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL BOATING AREA BY COUNTY
County Percent Boating Area (%)
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
27
4
22.6
45.2
1.2
100.0
20-3
-------
20.2.2.2 Emission Factors. The following data were obtained
from Reference 20-3 for use with the recreational boating category. Usage
rate was determined to be 70 hours per year for 7 months per year with
mean temperature above 48°F. Table 20-5 contains recreational boat fuel
consumption rates, and Table 20-6 lists emission factors for recreational
boats.
Non-reactive VOC's were estimated to total 10.4 percent by weight
(methane 7.6 percent, ethane 2.8 percent). Therefore, the actual VOC
factor used is listed as RVOC in Table 20-6.
TABLE 20-5. FUEL CONSUMPTION RATES FOR RECREATIONAL VESSELS BY ENGINE TYPE
Type Rate (gal/hr)
Inboard 3.0
Outboard 1.5
TABLE 20-6. EMISSION FACTORS FOR RECREATIONAL VESSELS BY ENGINE TYPE
(lbs/1000 gal fuel)
Type Total VOC RVOC NOX
Inboard 86 77 131
Outboard 1,100 986 1,000
20.2.2.3 Empirical Emission Calculations. The equation used to calculat
recreational vessel emissions is:
E = NxFxEFxUxR%
where
E = total emissions for a county
N = number of boats registered in a county (Table 20-3)
F = appropriate fuel consumption rate (Table 20-5)
EF = appropriate emission factor (Table 20-6)
U = usage factor (70 hrs/year)
R% = fraction of boating in county represented by percentage of
total available recreational area suitable for boating
(Table 20-4).
20-4
-------
20.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
20.3.1 Commercial Vessels
20.3.1.1 Base Year Emissions. Utilizing data and equations in
Section 20.2.1, total county emissions for 1983 were calculated. The
results are summarized in Table 20-7.
TABLE 20-7. 1983 RVOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL VESSELS BY COUNTY
RVOC Emissions NOX Emissions
County Mg/yr tons/yr Mg/yr tons/yr
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
0
42
66
75
117
300
0
46
73
83
129
331
0
274
431
490
764
1,959
0
302
475
540
842
2,159
20.3.1.2 Typical Summer Day Emissions (Commercial Vessels). Since
the shipping season is 8 months per year, assuming all activity occurs
during the week days, base year (1983) annual emissions were multiplied
by 1/176 to obtain typical summer week day emissions. The results are
listed in Table 20-8.
TABLE 20-8. 1983 TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL
VESSELS BY COUNTY, KG/DAY (LB/DAY)
RVOC Emissions
kg/day Ib/day
County
NOX Emissions
kg/day
Ib/day
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
0
237
376
428
665
1,706
(0)
(523)
(830)
(943)
(1,466)
(3,762)
0
1,556
2,448
2,783
4,339
11,126
0
3,432
5,398
6,136
9,568
24,534
20-5
-------
20.3.2 Recreational Vessels
20.3.2.1 Base Year Emissions. Utilizing data and equations in Section
20.2.2, total county emissions were calculated. The results are found in
Table 20-9.
TABLE 20-9. ANNUAL RVOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FROM RECREATIONAL VESSELS BY COUNTY
RVOC Emissions
County Mg/yr tons/yr
NOX Emissions
Mg/yr tons/yr
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
9
5
70
251
4
339
10
5
77
277
4
373
9
5
72
259
4
349
10
5
79
285
4
383
20.3.2.2 Typical Summer Day Emissions (Recreational Vessels).
Assuming that the recreation season is 7 months long and that 90 percent of
recreational boating occurs on weekends, typical summer weekday emissions
were calculated. Annual emissions were multiplied by 10 percent, divided
by 140 days, and converted to kilograms per day and pounds per day.
The results are presented in Table 20-10.
TABLE 20-10. TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FROM RECREATIONAL VESSELS
RVOC Emissions NOX Emissions
County kg/day Ib/day kg/day Ib/day
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
6
3
50
180
3
242
14
7
110
396
6
533
6
3
51
185
3
248
14
7
113
407
6
547
20-6
-------
20.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
20.4.1 Commercial Vessels
Reviewing the history of commercial tonnage transport on the Missouri
River generated no positive or negative trend for the future. Though
barge transportation is considered inexpensive, a short shipping season,
lack of sufficient channel depth, and competition with other modes of
transportation, among other problems, has caused a stagnation of growth in
the area of commercial vessel use. Therefore, commercial vessel emissions
will be assumed to remain constant.
20.4.2 Recreational Vessels
The rate of growth for use of recreational vessels has historically
been roughly equivalent to the rate of population growth. Projections
of population growth, obtained through Mid-America Regional Council, are
presented in Table 1-2. These growth factors along with data from Table
20-10 were used to project typical summer day emissions from recreational
vessels. Added to these projections were emissions from commercial
vessels based on data from Table 20-8. The resulting projections of RVOC
and NOX emissions are presented in Tables 20-11 and 20-12, respectively.
20-7
-------
o
i
CO
County
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
platte
TABLE 20-11. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC
EMISSIONS FROM ALL VESSELS, KG/DAY (LB/DAY)3
1983b 1984 1985
1986
1987
1988
Year
1989 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
2000
Johnson
6
(14)
6
(14)
6
(14)
6
(15)
6
(15)
6
(15)
6
(15)
7
(15)
7
(15)
7
(15)
7
(15)
7
(16)
7
(16)
7
(16)
240
(530)
426
(940)
608
238
(526)
434
(958)
607
236
(522)
443
(977)
605
235
(518)
233
(514)
231
(510)
229
(506)
229
(507)
230
(509)
231
(510)
231
(511)
232
(512)
232
(514)
233
(515)
451 460 469 478 486 494 502 510 513 527 536
(996) (1,015) (1,035) (1,055) (1,072) (1,090) (1,108) (1,126) (1,144) (1,163) (1,182)
604
602
601
599
597
595
593
591
589
587
585
(1,339) (1,336) (1,332) (1,329) (1,326) (1,323) (1,319) (1,315) (1,310) (1,306) (1,301) (1,296) (1,292) (1,287)
668 700 734 770 807 846 887 889 892 894 897 899 902 904
(1,472) (1,543) (1,618) (1,696) (1,778) (1,864) (1954) (1,959) (1,965) (1,970) (1,976) (1,981) (1,987) (1,992)
Total 1,948 1,985 2,024 2,066 2,108 2,153 2,199 2,208 2,218 2,227 2,236 2,246 2,255 2,265
(4,295) (4,377) (4,463) (4,554) (4,648) (4,747) (4,849) (4,868) (4,889) (4,909) (4,929) (4,949) (4,972) (4,992)
alncludes emissions from both commercial and recreational vessels.
bFrom Table 20-8 and 20-10.
-------
TABLE 20-12. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY NOX EMISSIONS FROM ALL VESSELS3
kg/day (Ib/day)
ro
o
i
vo
County
Johnson
1983b
6
(14)
1984
6
(14)
1985
6
(14)
1986
6
(14)
1987
6
(14)
1988
6
(14)
Year
1989 1990
6 7
(14) (15)
1991
7
(15)
1992
7
(15)
1993
7
(15)
1994
7
(15)
1995
7
(15)
2000
7
(15)
"Wyandotte 1,559 1,547 1,536 1,524 1,513 1,501 1,490 1,505 1,509 1,512 1,516 1,520 1,524 1,527
(3,439) (3,411) (3,387) (3,360) (3,336) (3,310) (3,285) (3,319) (3,327) (3,334) (3,343) (3,352) (3,360) (3,367)
Clay 2,499 2,547 2,597 2,647 2,699 2,751 2,796 2,842 2,889 2,936 2,984 3,033 3,083 3,133
(5,511) (5,616) (5,726) (5,837) (5,951) (6,066) (6,165) (6,267) (6,370) (6,474) (6,580) (6,688) (6,798) (6,908)
Jackson 2,968 2,961 2,953 2,946 2,939 2,932 2,925 2,914 2,904 2,894 2,884 2,874 2,864 2,854
(6,543) (6,529) (6,511) (6,496) (6,480) (6,465) (6,450) (6,425) (6,403) (6,381) (6,359) (6,337) (6,315) (6,293)
Platte 4,342 4,552 4,772 5,002 5,244 5,497 5,762 5,779 5,795 5,811 5,828 5,844 5,861 5,877
(9,574) (10,037)(10,522)(11,029)(11,563)(12,121)(12,705)(12,743)(12,778)(12,813)(12,851)(12,886)(12,923)(12,959)
Total 11,374 11,613 11,864 12,125 12,401 12,687 12,979 13,047 13,104 13,160 13,219 13,278 13,339 13,398
(25,081)(25,607)(26,160)(26,736)(27,344)(27,976)(28,619)(28,769)(28,893)(29,017)(29,148)(29,278) (29,411)(29,542)
alncludes emissions from both commercial and recreational vessels.
bFrom Tables 20-8 and 20-10.
-------
20.5 REFERENCES
20-1. Waterborne Commerce of the U.S., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New
Orleans, LA., 1982.
20-2. MARC River Development and Feasibility Study by A.T. Kearney, Inc.
and Lawrence-Leiter Co. for Mid-America Regional Council.
20-3. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories of Volatile
Organic Compounds, Vol. I, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC,
September i960.
20-4. Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Third Edition, U.S.
EPA No. AP-42, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1980.
20-5. Volatile Organic Compounds Species Manual, Second Edition, EPA-
450/4-80-Olb, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1980.
20-6. Kansas City Metropolitan Region Social and Environmental Inventory,
prepared tor Corps of Engineers, Department of U.S. Army, Missouri
River Division, 1976.
20-7. Kansas City Metropolitan Area Recreation Inventory, by Midwest
Research Institute for Kansas City District, Corps of Engineers,
1976.
20-10
-------
21.0 SOLID WASTE INCINERATION
21.1 INTRODUCTION
Solid waste may consist of any discarded solid material from
industrial, commercial, or residential soures. The materials may be
combustible or non-combustible and are often burned to reduce volume.
In some local areas, solid waste disposal by burning can be a significant
source of VOC and NOX emissions. The area source solid waste emissions
category includes refuse disposal via incineration by residential,
industrial, and commercial/ institutional sources. On-site incineration
is the small-scale, unconfined burning of waste leaves, landscape,
refuse, or other refuse or rubbish. Slash and agricultural open burning
are not included in this emission category (see Section 22). Large
municipal incinerators for solid waste or sludge incineration are
inventoried as point sources in the states of Missouri and Kansas.
21.2 METHODOLOGY
21.2.1 Compilation of Sources/Data and Emission Factors
For area source emissions inventory purposes, only solid waste
actually burned in small incinerators is of interest. Unfortunately,
very little quantitative infomation about on-site solid waste incineration
was available in the States of Kansas or Missouri. Therefore, the
waste generation factors given in Table 21-1 were used along with the
appropriate AP-42 emission factors shown in Table 21-2 to calculate the
on-site emissions of VOC and NOX from residential, commercial/institutional,
and industrial sources.
TABLE 21-1. FACTORS TO ESTIMATE TONS OF SOLID WASTE BURNED IN
ON-SITE INCINERATION*
Industrial
Residential Commercial/Institutional (tons/1000
(tons/1000 (tons/1000 mfg
population/year) population/year) employees/year)
75 37 325
^Reference 21-1
21-1
-------
TABLE 21-2. EMISSION FACTORS FOR INCINERATORS
(Reference 21-2)
VOC (Ib/ton) NOX (Ib/ton)
Industrial and
Commerci al/Insti tuti onal
Multiple Chamber
Residential Single Chamber
with Primary Burner
21.2.2 Empirical Emission Calculations
Area source emissions from solid waste incineration were calculated
for each county using the following equations:
Ei.j = £BFj x Pj x EFisj x C
where:
E-j sj = total county emissions of VOC and NOX resulting from
residential, commercial/institutional, and industrial solid waste
incineration,
BFj = factor to estimate tons of solid waste burned in on-site
incineration (reference 21-1, Table 21-1),
j = residential, commercial/institutions, or industrial,
PJ = population or number of manufacturing employees (from
Table 1-5)
EF-j j = emission factor for incinerators (refernce 21-2 and
Table 21-1)
i = NOX or VOC
C = conversion factor to appropriate units.
21.3 BASE YEAR CALCULATIONS
21.3.1 Emission Calculations
By applying the factors to estimate the amount of solid waste
burned (shown in Table 21-1) to the population and number of manufacturing
employees (see Table 1-2 and Table 1-5), the amount of solid waste burned
was calculated and is shown in Table 21-3 for each county of the KCMA.
21-2
-------
TABLE 21-3. 1983 SOLID WASTE BURNED INI EACH COUNTY OF THE KCMA.*
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
Residential
(tons)
21,093
12,635
10,844
46,843
4,004
95,419
Commercial /Institutional
(tons)
10,406
6,233
5,350
23,109
1,975
47,073
Industrial
(tons)
6,640
7,558
4,380
25,830
300
44,708
Total
(tons)
38,139
26,426
20,574
95,782
6,279
187,200
Calculated from Table 21-1, 1-2 and 1-5.
Table 21-2 and 21-3 were then used to calculate annual emissions of
both NOX and VOC for each county in the KCMA in 1983. These emissions are
shown in Tables 21-4 and 21-5.
Solid waste incineration is assumed to occur uniformly throughout the
entire year. Therefore, the VOC and NOX emissions for a typical summer
day are l/365th of the annual emissions. The results are shown in
Tables 21-6 and 21-7.
21.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
21.4.1 Data Needed
Since well-defined information for predicting on-site incineration
is not available for the KCMA, the projections of the 1984 to 1995 and
2000 emissions of VOC and NOX were calculated using the projections of
population and manufacturing employees detailed in Tables 1-2 and 1-5.
21.4.2 RACT Imapct
The existing on-site incineration air pollution control regulations
in the States of Kansas and Missouri are for particulates only.
Therefore, an assumption was made that RACT or State regulation would
affect projected emissions of VOC or NOX in the KCMA.
21.4.3 Projected Emissions
The projected emissions of VOC and NOX for the KCMA are shown in
Tables 21-8.
21-3
-------
TABLE 21-4. 1983 RVOC EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE INCINERATION IN THE KCMA*
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
Residential
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
19
11
10
42
4
86
Calculated
(19)
(13)
(11)
(47)
(4)
(96)
Commercial /Institutional
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
14
8
7
31
3
64
(16)
(9)
(8)
(35)
(3)
(71)
Industrial
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
9
10
6
35
0
61
(10)
(11)
(7)
(39)
(0)
(67)
Total
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
42
30
23
109
7
211
(47)
(33)
(25)
(120)
(7)
(233)
from Tables 21-3 and 21-2.
TABLE 21-5. 1983
County
Johnson
Wyandotte •
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
Residential
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
19
11
10
42
4
86
(21)
(13)
(11)
(47)
(4)
(96)
NOX EMISSIONS FROM SOLID
Commercial /Institutional
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
14
8
7
31
3
64
(16)
(9)
(8)
(35)
(3)
(71)
WASTE
INCINERATION
Industrial
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
9
10
6
35
0
61
(10)
(11)
(7)
(39)
(0)
(67)
IN THE
KCMA*
Total
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
42
29
23
109
7
211
(47)
(33)
(25)
(120)
(7)
(233)
Calculated from Tables 21-3 and 21-2.
L\ -it
-------
TABLE 21-6. 1983 TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE INCINERATION*
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Oackson
Platte
Total
Residential
kg/day (Ib/day)
52
31
27
116
10
237
Calculated
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
TABLE
(116)
(69)
(59)
(257)
(22)
(523)
as l/365th
21-7. 1983
Residential
kg/day (Ib/day)
52
31
27
116
10
237
(116)
(69)
(59)
(257)
(22)
(523)
Commerci al /I nsti tuti onal
kg/day (Ib/day)
39
23
20
86
7
175
of Table 21-4.
TYPICAL SUMMER
(86)
(51)
(44)
(190)
(16)
(387)
Industrial
kg/day (Ib/day)
25
28
16
96
1
167
DAY NOX EMISSIONS FROM
Commercial /Institutional
kg/day (Ib/day)
39
23
20
86
7
175
(86)
(51)
(44)
(190)
(16)
(387)
(55)
(62)
(36)
(212)
(2)
(368)
SOLID WASTE
Industrial
kg/day (Ib/day)
25
28
16
96
1
167
(55)
(62)
(36)
(212)
(2)
(368)
Total
kg/day (Ib/day)
116
83
63
299
18
579
(256)
(183)
(139)
(659)
(41)
(1,277)
INCINERATION*
Total
kg/day (Ib/day)
116
83
63
299
18
579
(256)
(183)
(139)
(659)
(41)
(1,277)
Calculated as l/365th of Table 21-4.
21-5
-------
TABLE 21-8. PROJECTIONS OF TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NO* EMISSIONS
FROM ON-SITE INCINERATION, KG/DAY (LB/OAY)a
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
TOTAL
1983b.c
116
(Pfifi)
83
(183)
63
(139)
299
(659)
18
(41)
579
(1,277)
1984
118
(?60)
82
(182)
65
(142)
299
(659)
19
(43)
583
(1,285)
1985
120
(264)
82
(181)
66
(145)
299
(659)
20
(45)
587
(1,294)
YEAR
1986
121
(268)
82
(180)
67
(148)
299
(658)
21
(47)
591
(1,302)
1987
123
(272)
81
(179)
69
(152)
299
(658)
23
(50)
595
(1,311)
1988
125
(276)
81
(179)
70
(155)
299
(658)
24
(53)
599
(1,320)
1989
127
(280)
81
(178)
72
(158)
299
(658)
25
(55)
603
(1,330)
1990
129
(286)
80
(177)
73
(161)
298
(658)
26
(58)
608
(1,340)
1991
130
(286)
80
(177)
74
(164)
298
(657)
27
(59)
609
(1,342)
1992
130
(288)
80
(177)
75
(166)
297
(655)
27
(59)
610
(1,345)
1993
131
(289)
80
(177)
76
(169)
296
(653)
27
(59)
611
(1,347)
1994
132
(291)
80
(177)
78
(171)
296
(652)
27
(60)
612
(1,350)
1995
132
(292)
80
(177)
79
(174)
295
(650)
27
(60)
614
(1,358)
2000
136
(300)
80
(176)
85
(187)
291
(643)
28
(62)
620
(1,368)
Calculated from Tables 1-2, 1-5, 21-3, and 21-4.
bFrom Table 21-6 and 21-7.
"-Emissions of VOC and NOX are the same because emission factors are identical (see Table 21-2).
-------
21.5 REFERENCES
21-1. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Volatile Organic Compounds, Volume 1, Second Edition,
EPA-450/2-77-028.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, N.C. September, 1980.
21-2. Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors,
Second Edition, Supplement No. 10, AP-42, U.S. EPA,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, February, 1980.
21-7
-------
-------
22.0 OPEN BURNING
22.1 INTRODUCTION
Open burning includes such activities as forest fires, agricultural
field burning, and structural fires. Although these activities are
intermittent in nature, many of these sources produce large quantities
of air pollution emissions. Each of the activities and the method for
estimating their emissions are discussed below.
22.2 METHODOLOGY
The methodology employed included quantification of the activities
which, when multiplied by the emission factor from AP-42, provided
the base and future year emissions.
22.2.1 Compilation of Sources and Data
22.2.1.1 Forest Fires. There are no U.S. Forest Service offices
in the Kansas City Area. In the absence of such offices, Missouri
Department of Conservation for the State of Missouri (Reference 22-1)
and Kansas Department of Health and Environment (Reference 22-2) were
contacted for information. According to both representatives, no large-
scale fires have taken place recently. The majority of the fires are
confined to grass areas and are quickly extinguished. Therefore, both
representatives felt that emissions from forest fires would be
negligible. Thus, emissions from this activity are estimated to be
zero.
22.2.1.2 Agricultural Field Burning. The Kansas Department of
Health and Environment was contacted once again for information on this
category. No open burning is permitted in the urbanized area. However,
agricultural field burning operations are permitted, but no records are
kept of the number or amount of materials burned. Lacking more accurate
data, a figure of 75 tons per acre of harvested land (Reference 22-3)
was used for the amount of slash and agricultural field burning. Data
in harvested land were obtained from Mid-America Regional Council
(Reference 22-4). These data are presented in Table 22-1.
22.2.1.3 Structural Fires. Building fires also produces short-term
emissions of organic compounds. No estimates could be obtained for the
Kansas City area. A national average of six fires per 1,000 people was
22-1
-------
TABLE 22-1. EXISTING AND PROJECTED HARVESTED LAND USE IN THE KCMA (Thousands of Acres)*
ro
ro
Year
County 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000
Johnson 88.2 87.9 87.6 87.2 86.9 86.6 86.3 86.0 85.6 85.3 85.0 84.7 84.4 82.8
Wyandotte 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 ?-9 2.9 2.8
Clay 61.3 61.1 60.8 60.6 60.4 60.2 60.0 59.8 59.6 59.4 59.1 58.9 58.7 57.7
Jackson 71.5 71.2 70.9 70.7 70.4 70.1 69.9 69.6 69.3 69.1 68.8 68.6 68.3 67.0
Platte 64.1 64.0 63.9 63.8 63.6 63.5 63.4 63.2 63.1 63.0 62.9 62.7 62.6 62.0
*Source: Mid-America Regional Council.
-------
assumed. A local contractor estimated that an average of 15,000 board
feet was utilized in building an average single-family home (Reference
22-5). In an ordinary fire, the damage could range from as low as 5
percent to as high as 100 percent for a total loss. For calculation
purposes, an average of 15 percent damage per fire was assumed.
22.2.2 Emission Factors
Emission factors were obtained from AP-42 (Reference 22-6). Since
the contents of agricultural open burning fires were not known, emissions
for the unspecified field crop categories were utilized. Emission
factors are presented in Table 22-2. It was estimated that the majority
of a single-family home is constructed using pine-type wood. Therefore,
ponderosa pine emission factors were used for structural fires. These
emission factors are also specified in Table 22-2.
TABLE 22-2. EMISSION FACTORS*
Emission Factors (Ib/ton)
Category VOC NOX
Agricultural Fire 23 4
Structural Fire 14 4
*Reference 22-6
22.2.3 Empirical Emission Calculation
Emissions for the agricultural and slash burning were obtained by
following formula:
Ea = La x 75 tons x EF
Acre
where
Ea = Agricultural emissions
La = Acres of land of harvested land (Table 22-1)
EF = Emission factor (Table 22-2)
Emissions for the structural fires were calculated as follows:
Es = PxDxLx 0.15 x EF
22-3
-------
where
Es = Structural fire emissions
P = Population
D = Default - 6 fires per 1,000 people
L = 15,000 board feet per house
EF = Emission factor.
22.3 BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
22.3.1 Agricultural Field Burning
Data presented in Section 22.2.1.2 were used as the basis for
emissions calculations. The results are presented in Table 22-3.
22.3.2 Structural Fires
Assuming an average of six fires per 1,000 people in the KCMA, the
numbers of fires and the amount of timber burned were calculated.
Applying the emission factors from Section 22.2.2, emissions were
calculated and are presented in Table 22-4. Total base year emissions
were calculated by adding structural fire emissions to agricultural open
burning emissions. The resulting figures are presented in Table 22-5.
TABLE 22-3. 1983 ANNUAL EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL BURNING,
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
Emissions
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
TABLE 22-4. 1983 ANNUAL
RVOC
68 (75)
2 (3)
47 (52)
55 (61)
49 (54)
221 (242)
EMISSIONS FROM
NOX
12 (13)
0 (0)
6 (8)
10 (11)
9 (10)
37 (42)
STRUCTUR,
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
Emissions
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
VOC
1
1
1
3
1
7
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(7)
NOX
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0
(0)
22-4
-------
TABLE 22-5. TOTAL 1983 ANNUAL EMISSIONS FROM OPEN BURNING
Mg/yr (tons/yr)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
68
2
47
55
49
RVOC
(76)
(2)
(53)
(64)
(55)
12
0
6
10
9
NOX
(13)
(0)
(8)
(11)
(10)
Total 221 (252) 37 (42)
22-5
-------
22.3.3 Determination of Typical Summer Day Emissions
Since structural fires occur at random, they could be considered
to occur uniformly throughout the year. Therefore, the typical summer
day emissions are assumed to be l/365th of the annual emission rates.
However, the majority of the agricultural fires occur during the harvest
season. Thus, agricultural emissions were multiplied by 1/60. Table 22-6
summarizes typical summer day emissions.
TABLE 22-6. 1983 TYPICAL SUMMER DAY EMISSIONS
RVOC NOX
County kg/day 1 b/day kg/day 1 b/day
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Total
1,150
39
799
932
836
3,756
2,536
86
1,762
2,054
1,844
8,282
200
7
139
162
145
653
441
15
306
357
321
1,440
22.4 PROJECTED EMISSIONS
Agricultural emissions are projected based on the harvested land.
Structural fires were projected using the population projections.
22.4.1 RACT Impact
No reasonably available control technology has been or is expected
to be proposed for this category.
22.4.2 1987 Typical Summer Day Emissions
Projected typical summer day emissions were calculated by dividing
the projected annual emissions and multiplying by 1/365. The results
are presented in Table 22-7 and 22-8.
22-6
-------
TABLE 22-7. PROJECTED SUMMER DAY RVOC EMISSIONS, KG/DAY (LB/DAY)
Year
County 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000
Johnson 1,150 1,146 1,142 1,138 1,133 1,129 1,125 1,121 1,117 1,113 1,108 1,104 1,100 1,099
(2,538) (2,527) (2,517) (2,508) (2,499) (2,490) (2,481) (2,472) (2,462) (2,453) (2,444) (2,535) (2,426) (2,300)
Wyandotte 39 39 39 39 39 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 37 37
(86) (86) (86) (85) (85) (85) (84) (84) (84) (83) (83) (83) (83) (81)
Clay 799 796 793 791 788 785 782 779 777 774 771 768 766 752
(1,762) (1,755) (1,749) (1,743) (1,737) (1,731) (1,725) (1,719) (1,713) (1,706) (1,700) (1,694) (1,688) (1,657)
Jackson 932 928 925 921 918 915 911 908 904 901 897 894 890 873
(2,054) (2,047) (2,039) (2,032) (2,024) (2,016) (2,009) (2,001) (1,994) (1,986) (1,979) (1,971) (1,963) (1,925)
Platte 836 835 833 831 830 828 826 825 823 821 820 818 816 808
(1,844) (1,840) (1,837) (1,833) (1,829) (1,826) (1,822) (1,818) (1,815) (1,811) (1,807) (1,804) (1,800) (1,782)
Total 3,756 3,744 3,732 3,719 3,707 3,695 3,683 3,671 3,659 3,646 3,634 3,622 3,610 3,598
(8,282) (8,255) (8,228) (8,201) (8,174) (8,148) (8,121) (8,094) (8,067) (8,040) (8,013) (7,987) (7,960) (7,825)
-------
ro
ro
i
co
TABLE 22-8. PROJECTED SUMMER DAY NOX EMISSIONS
KG/DAY (LB/DAY)
County
Johnson
Wyandotte
Clay
Jackson
Platte
1983
200
(441)
7
(15)
139
(306)
162
(357)
145
(321)
1984
199
(439)
7
(15)
138
(305)
161
(356)
145
(320)
1985
199
(438)
7
(15)
138
(304)
161
(355)
145
(319)
1986
198
(436)
7
mi
137
(303)
160
(353)
145
(319)
1987
197
(435)
7
MR)
137
(302)
160
(352)
144
(318)
1988
196
(433)
7
liz\
137
(301)
159
(351)
144
(318)
Year
1989
196
(431)
7
f 1C\
136
(300)
158
(349)
144
(317)
1990
195
(430)
7
MCI
136
(299)
158
(348)
143
(316)
1991
194
(428)
7
/ 1C *
135
(298)
157
(347)
143
(316)
1992
193
(427)
7
(15)
135
(297)
157
(345)
143
(315)
1993
193
(425)
7
(14)
134
(296)
156
(344)
143
(314)
1994
192
(423)
7
(14)
134
(295)
155
(343)
142
(314)
1995
191
(422)
7
( 14)
133
(294)
155
(341)
142
(313)
2000
188
(414)
6
(14)
131
(288)
152
(335)
141
(310)
Total 653 651 649 647 645 643 641 638 636 634 632 630 628 617
(1,440) (1,436) (1,431) (1,426) (1,422) (1,417) (1,412) (1,408) (1,403) (1,398) (1,394) (1,389) (1,384) (1,361)
-------
22.5 REFERENCES
22-1. Telephone conversation with Mr. Larry Lyles, Missouri Department
of Conv.
22-2. Tel phone conversation with Raymond Buergin, Kansas Department of
Health and Environment.
22-3. Procedures For the Preparation of Volatile Organic Compound
Inventors. EPA-450/2-77-028, September 1980.
22-4. Mid-America Regional Council, Land Use Data, September 1983.
22-5. Telephone conversation with Mr. James Alaszah, Edward Mines
Lumber Company.
22-6. Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, AP-42, U.S. EPA,
February 1980.
22-9
-------
-------
23.0 SUMMARY
This study has examined annual and typical summer day volatile
organic compound and nitrogen oxide emissions from a wide variety of
area source applications in the Kansas City Metropolitan area (KCMA),
including counties in Kansas and Missouri. Source categories included
all significant generators of these pollutant emissions that would not
already be inventoried in either existing point-source records or
mobile-source (on-road) emissions files.
Table 23-1 summarizes total area source RVOC and NOX emissions for
the KCMA in the base year 1983 for all categories. Tables 23-2 through
23-6 present annual RVOC and NOX emissions by category for each county
in the KCMA for 1983 and projections for 1987, 1990, and 1995. Tables
23-7 through 23-11 present typical summer day RVOC and NOX emissions by
category for each county in the KCMA for 1983 and projections for 1987,
1990, and 1995. The general trend indicated is an increase in emission
levels over time; however, emissions have decreased in certain areas
where population has decreased or where economic activity has stabilized
or is in decline.
23-1
-------
TABLE 23-1. ANNUAL RVOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR THE KCMA IN 1983
County
Kansas
Johnson
Wyandotte
Kansas Total
Missouri
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri Total
RVOC
Mg/yr
5,039
2 , 909
7,948
2,700
9,682
1,975
14,357
tons/yr
5,553
3,204
8,757
2,977
10,674
2,1/6
15,827
NOX
Mg/yr
7,366
3,405
10,771
2,393
9,151
1,866
13,410
tons/yr
8,119
3,751
11,870
2,637
10,086
2,056
14,779
KCMA Total 22,305 24,584 24,181 26,649
23-2
-------
TABLE 23-2. ANNUAL RVOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR
BY SOURCE CATEGORY
Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
JOHNSON COUNTY, KANSAS,
Source Category
I. EVAPORATIVE SOURCES
Gasol ine Marketing &
Service Stations
Ship & Barge Transfer
Solvent users
1. Degreasing
2. Dry Cleaning
3. Surface Coating
4. Graphic Arts
5. Commercial/
Consumer use
6. Cutback Asphalt Paving
7. Pesticides
II. COMBUSTION SOURCES
Residential Fossil Fuels
Industrial /Commercial
Fossil Fuels
1983
RVOC NO*
1001 0
(1102) (0)
0 0
(0) (0)
484 0
(534) (0)
134 0
(147) (0)
603 0
(664) . (0).
102 0
(112) (0)
804 0
(885) (0)
59 0
(65) (0)
224 0
(246) (0)
380 508
(419) (559)
53 2489
(58) (2744)
1987
RVOC NO,
993 0
(1094) (0)
0 0
(0) (0)
534 0
(589) (0)
137 0
(151) (0)
646 0
(712) (0)
108 0
(119) (0)
848 0
(935) (0)
59 0
(65) (0)
220 0
(243) (0)
402 535
(444) (590)
67 2813
(74) (3100)
1990
RVOC NO,,
984
(1085)
0
(0)
575
(634)
140
(154)
679
(749)
112
(123)
883
(973)
59
(65)
218
(240)
425
(468)
84
(92)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
557
(614)
3147
(3469)
1995
RVOC NO,
972
(1071)
0
(0)
620
(683)
146
(161)
698
(770)
114
(125)
894
(985)
59
(65)
214
(236)
425
(468)
128
(141)
0
10).
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
565
(623)
3990
(4398)
Off-highway Vehicles and Equipment
1. Agricultural
Equipment
2. Lawn & Garden
Equipment
3. Industrial
Equipment
4. Construction
Equipment
5. Motorcycles
Non-Highway Mobile Vehicles
1. Railroad Locomotives
2. Aircraft
3. Vessels
III. MISCELLANEOUS
Solid Waste Incineration
Open Burning
TOTAL
58 234
(64) (259)
225 21
(250) (23)
139 390
(153) (428)
415 3458
(457) (3812)
22 1
(24) (1)
46 199
(51) (220)
171 3
(189) (3)
9 9
(10) (10)
42 42
(47) (47)
68 12
(76) (13)
5039 7366
(5553) (8119)
58 234
(64) (259)
243 25
(268) (28)
149 417
(164) (460)
449 3739
(495) (4122)
23 1
(25) (1)
46 199
(51) (220)
215 4
(237) (4)
9 9
(10) (10)
45 45
(50) (50)
67 12
(74) (13)
5318 8033
(5864) (8857)
58
(64)
258
(284)
156
(172)
476
(525)
24
(26)
46
(51)
254
(280)
10
(ID
47
(52)
67
(74)
5555
(6122)
234
(259)
26
(29)
439
(485)
3965
(4371)
1
(1)
199
(220)
4
(5)
10
(11)
47
(52)
12
(13)
8642
(9529)
58
(64)
268
(295)
166
(183)
494
(545)
24
(26)
46
(51)
311
(342)
10
(11)
48
(53)
65
(72)
5760
(6347)
234
(259)
27
(30)
467
(515)
4118
(4539)
1
(1)
199
(220)
5
(6)
10
(11)
48
(53)
11
(13)
9675
(10668)
23-3
-------
TABLE 23-3. ANNUAL RVOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR WYANDOTTE COUNTY, KANSAS,
• BY SOURCE CATEGORY
Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
Source Category
I. EVAPORATIVE SOURCES
Gasoline Marketing &
Service Stations
Ship It Barge Transfer
Solvent Users
1. Degreasing
2. Dry Cleaning
3. Surface Coating
4. Graphic Arts
5. Commercial/
Consumer Use
6. Cutback Asphalt
Paving
7. Pesticides
II. COMBUSTION SOURCES
Residential Fossil Fuels
Indus trial /Commercial
Fossil Fuels
1983
RVOC NOX
671
(739)
0
(0)
339
(375)
43
(47)
379
(418)
61
(67)
482
(531)
2
(3)
15
(17)
247
(272)
30
(33)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
341
(376)
814
(897)
1987
RVOC NOX
666
(734)
0
(0)
342
(377)
44
(48)
381
(419)
59
(65)
468
(515)
2
(3)
15
(17)
247
(272)
38
(41)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
330
(364)
990
(1092)
1990
RVOC NOX
659
(726)
0
(0)
344
(379)
45
(50)
383
(423)
58
(64)
457
(504)
2
(3)
15
(16)
225
(248)
46
(51)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
324
(357)
1173
(1293)
1995
RVOC NOX
651
(718)
0
(0)
333
(367)
47
(52)
392
(433)
59
(65)
463
(510)
2
(3)
15
(16)
247
(272)
71
(78)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
328
(361)
1632
(1799)
Off-Highway Vehicles Si Equipment
1. Agricultural
Equipment
2. Lawn & Garden
Equipment
3. Industrial
Equipment
4. Construction
Equipment
5. Motorcycles
Non-highway Mobile Vehicles
1. Railroad Locomotives
2. Aircraft
3. Vessels
III. MISCELLANEOUS
Solid Waste Incineration
Open Burning
TOTAL
14
(15)
142
(156)
84
(92)
177
(195)
13
(14)
50
(55)
81
(89)
47
(51)
30
(33)
2
(2)
2909
•(3204)
59
(65)
12
(13)
237
(260)
1469
(1619)
1
• (1)
162
(179)
1
(1)
279
(307)
30
(33)
0
(0)
3405
(3751)
14
(15)
146
(161)
86
(95)
121
(133)
13
(14)
50
(55)
101
(112)
48
(53)
30
(33)
2
(2)
2873
(3164)
59
(65)
12
(13)
241
(266)
1513
(1668)
1
(1)
162
(179)
1
(1)
288
(317)
30
(33)
0
(0)
3627
(3999)
14
(15)
150
(165)
87
(96)
123
(136)
14
(15)
50 -
(55)
120
(133)
50
(55)
29
(32)
2
(2)
2873
(3168)
59
(65)
13
(14)
244
(269)
1548
(1706)
1
(1)
162
(179)
1
(2)
294
(324)
29
(32)
0
(0)
3848
(4242)
14
(15)
155
(171)
85
(93)
127
(140)
14
(15)
50
(55)
148
(163)
51
(56)
29
(32)
2
(2)
2955
(3256)
59
(65)
13
(14)
238
(262)
1598
(1762)
1
(1)
162
(179)
2
(2)
298
(328)
29
(32)
0
(0)
4360
(4805)
23-4
-------
TABLE 23-4. ANNUAL RVOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR CLAY COUNTY, MISSOURI,
BY SOURCE CATEGORY
Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
Source Category
I. EVAPORATIVE SOURCES
Gasoline Marketing &
Service Stations
Ship & Barge Transfer
Solvent Users
1. Oegreasing
2. Dry Cleaning
3. Surface Coating
4. Graphic Arts
5. Commercial/
Consumer use
6. Cutback Asphalt
Paving
7. Pesticides
II. COMBUSTION SOURCES
Residential Fossil Fuels
Indus trial /Commercial
Fossil Fuels
1983
RVOC NO,
690
(760)
11
(12)
197
(217)
46
(51)
312
(343)
0
(0)
413
(«5)
69
(76)
145
(160)
221
(243)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
268
(296)
573
(632)
1987
RVOC NO,
684
(754)
9
(10)
218
(241)
47
(52)
342
(377)
0
(0)
446
(492)
69
(76)
127
(140)
253
(278)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
289
(319)
520
(573)
1990
RVOC NOX
678
(747)
7
(8)
236
(260)
49
(54)
368
(405)
0
(0)
473
(521)
69
(76)
126
(139)
253
(278)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
307
(339)
485
(534)
1995
RVOC NO*
670
(739)
7
(8)
248
(274)
51
(56)
403
(443)
0
(0)
513
(566)
69
(76)
124
(136)
284
(313)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
332
(366)
435
(480)
Off-highway Vehicles & Equipment
1. Agricultural
Equipment
2. Lawn & Garden
Equipment
3. Industrial Equipment
4. Construction Equipment
5. Motorcycles
Non-highway Mobile Vehicles
1. Railroad Locomotives-
2. Aircraft
3. Vessels
III. MISCELLANEOUS
Solid Waste Incineration
Open Burning
TOTAL
41
(45)
118
(131)
77
(85)
57
(63)
9
(10)
36
(40)
52
(58)
136
(150)
23
(25)
47
(53)
2700
(2977)
165
(182)
10
(11)
217
(238)
470
(518)
0
(0)
153
(168)
5
(5)
503
(554)
23
(25)
6
(8)
2393
(2637)
41
(45)
131
(144)
86
(95)
63
(69)
10
(11)
31
(34)
62
(68)
147
(162)
25
(28)
46
(51)
2837
(3127)
165
(182)
11
(12)
242
(267)
523
(577)
0
(0)
130
(143)
6
(6)
543
(599)
25
(28)
6
(7)
2460
(2713)
41
(45)
142
(157)
93
(103)
69
(76)
10
(11)
31
(34)
69
(76)
156
(172)
27
(29)
46
(51)
2943
(3242)
165
(182)
12
(13)
262
(289)
566
(624)
0
(0)
130
(143)
6
(7)
575
(634)
27
(29)
5
(6)
2541
(2800)
41
(45)
157
(173)
97
(107)
76
(84)
11
(12)
31
(34)
82
(91)
169
(186)
29
(32)
45
(50)
3107
(3425)
165
(182)
13
(14)
274
(303)
624
(688)
0
(0)
130
(143)
7
(8)
624
(688)
29
(32)
6
(6)
2639
(2910)
23-5
-------
TABLE 23-5. ANNUAL RVOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR JACKSON COUNTY, MISSOURI,
BY SOURCE CATEGORY
Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
Source Category
I. EVAPORATIVE SOURCES
Gasoline Marketing &
Service Stations
Ship & Barge Transfer
Solvent Users
1. Degreasing
2. Dry Cleaning
3. Surface Coating
4. Graphic Arts
5. Commercial/
Consumer use
6. Cutback Asphalt
Paving
7. Pesticides
II. COMBUSTION SOURCES
Residential Fossil Fuels
Industrial /Commercial
Fossil Fuels
1983
RVOC NO,,
1870
(2060)
13
(14)
849
(936)
157
(173)
1427
(1573)
198
(218)
1786
(1967)
73
(31)
169
(187)
1099
(1211)
66
(73)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1355
(1493)
2786
(3071)
1987
RVOC NO*
1855
(2045)
10
(11)
865
(953)
161
(177)
1438
(1584)
196
(216)
1769
(1950)
73
(81)
167
(184)
1099
(1211)
59
(65)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1343
(1480)
2532
(2791)
1990
RVOC NO*
1838
(2026)
8
(9)
876
(967)
165
(182)
1447
(1595)
194
(214)
1756
(1936)
73
(81)
165
(182)
1066
(1175)
54
(60)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1332
(1468)
2365
(2607)
1995
RVOC NOX
1816
(2002)
8
(9)
867
(956)
172
(190)
1449
(1597)
192
(211)
1734
(1912)
73
(81)
162
(178)
1066
(1175)
47
(52)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1316
(1450)
2128
(2346)
Off-highway Vehicles 4 Equipment
1. Agricultural
Equipment
2. Lawn 4 Garden
Equipment
3. Industrial Equipment.
4. Construction Equipment
5. Motorcycles
Non-highway Mobile Vehicles
1. Railroad Locomotives
2. Aircraft
3. Vessels
III. MISCELLANEOUS
Solid Waste Incineration
Open Burning
68
(75)
539
(593)
370
(408)
272
(300)
38
(42)
114
(126)
84
(93)
326
(360)
109
U2
-------
TABLE 23-6. ANNUAL RVOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR PLATTE COUNTY, MISSOURI,
BY SOURCE CATEGORY
Mg/yr (Tons/yr)
Source Category
I. EVAPORATIVE SOURCES
Gasoline Marketing 4
Service Stations
Ship 1 Barge Transfer
Solvent Users
1. Degreasing
2. Dry Cleaning
3. Surface Coating
4. Graphic Arts
5. Commercial/
Consumer use
6. Cutback Asphalt
Paving
7. Pesticides
II. COMBUSTION SOURCES
Residential Fossil Fuels
Indus trial /Commercial
Fossil Fuels
1983
RVOC NO,,
376
(414)
20
(22)
73
(80)
0
(0)
109
(120)
19
(21)
153
(168)
38
(41)
152
(168)
83
(92)
3
(3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
77
(84)
97
(107)
1987
RVOC NOjL
373
(411)
16
(18)
111
(122)
0
(0)
135
(148)
23
(26)
184
(203)
38
(41)
151
(167)
83
(92)
3
(3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
92
(101)
87
(96)
1990
•RVOC NO*
370
(408)
13
(14)
152
(168)
0
(0)
157
(173)
27
(30)
212
(234)
38
(41)
150
(166)
125
(137)
3
(3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
107
(118)
81
(89)
1995
RVOC NO,
365
(402)
13
(14)
183
(202)
0
(0)
162
(179)
27
(30)
215
(237)
38
(41)
149
(164)
125
(137)
2
(2)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
109
(120)
72
(80)
Off-highway Vehicles 4 Equipment
1. Agricultural
Equipment
2. Lawn & Garden
Equipment
3. Industrial Equipment
4. Construction Equipment
5. Motorcycles
Non-highway Mobile Vehicles
1. Railroad Locomotives
2. Aircraft
3. Vessels
III. MISCELLANEOUS
Solid Waste Incineration
Open Burning
TOTAL
75
(82)
43
(48)
4
(5)
11
(12)
3
(4)
8
(9)
628
(692)
121
(133)
7
(7)
49
(55)
1975
(2176)
307
(339)
4
(4)
11
(12)
91
(100)
0
(0)
35
(39)
460
(508)
768
(846)
7
(7)
9
(10)
1866
(2056)
75
(82)
54
(60)
5
(6)
14
(15)
4
(4)
7
(7)
680
(750)
146
(161)
8
(9)
49
(54)
2159
(2379)
307
(339)
5
(6)
15
(16)
114
(126)
0
(0)
30
(33)
491
(541)
927
(1022)
8
(9)
9
(10)
2085
(2299)
75
(82)
63
(69)
6
(7)
16
(18)
4
(4)
7
(7)
723
(797)
168
(185)
9
(11)
48
(53)
2366
(2607)
307
(339)
6
(7)
19
(20)
134
(148)
0
(0)
30
(33)
515
(567)
1068
(1177)
9
(11)
9
(10)
2285
(2519)
75
(82)
65
(72)
7
(8)
17
(19)
4
(4)
7
(7)
823
(909)
170
(187)
10
(11)
48
(53)
2505
(2760)
307
(339)
6
(7)
22
(24)
139
(153)
0
(0)
30
(33)
580
(639)
1083
(1194)
10
(11)
9
(10)
2367
(2610)
23-7
-------
TABLE 23-7.
JOHNSON COUNTY, KANSAS, BY SOURCE CATEGORY
kg/day (Ib/day)
Source Category
I.
II.
EVAPORATIVE SOURCES
Gasol ine Marketing & 2
Service Stations (6
Ship & Barge Transfer
Solvent Users
1, Degreasing 1
(2
2. Dry Cleaning
3. Surface Coating 2
(5
4. Graphic Arts
5. Commercial/ 2
Consumer use (4
6. Cutback Asphalt
Paving
7. Pesticides 1
(2
COMBUSTION SOURCES
Residential Fossil Fuels
Indus trial /Commercial
Fossil Fuels
RVOC
,936
,468)
0
(0)
,326
,926)
327
(720)
,701
,954)
391
(862)
,204
,854)
413
(910)
,228
,708)
17
(37)
167
(369)
1983
"Ox
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
374
(825)
7,877
(17,369)
1987
RVOC
2,913
(6,416)
0
(0)
1,464
(3,230)
338
(744)
2,895
(6,383)
412
(909)
2,324
(5,119
413
(910)
1,210
(2,668)
18
(40)
213 8
(470) (19
NO*
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
394
(870)
,901
,627)
1990
RVOC
2,886
(6,358)
0
(0)
1,576
(3,478)
346
(763)
3,050
(6,726)
429
(946)
2,418
(5,327)
413
(910)
1,196
(2,638)
19
(41)
265 9
(585) (21
NOX
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
410
(905)
,959
,960)
1995
RVOC
2,851
(6,286)
0
(0)
1,698
(3,747)
361
(796)
3,142
(6,927)
435
(958)
2,449
(5,395)
413
(910)
1,174
(2,588)
19
(42)
406
(895)
NOX
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
416
(917)
12,626
(27,841)
Off-highway Vehicles & Equipment
III.
1. Agricultural
Equipment
2. Lawn & Garden
Equipment (1
3. Industrial Equipment
4. Construction Equipment 1
(2
5. Motorcycles
Non-highway Mobile Vehicles
1. Railroad Locomotives
2. Aircraft
(1
3. Vessels
MISCELLANEOUS
Solid Waste Incineration
Open Burning 1
(2
TOTAL 16
(36
238
(524)
848
,870)
380
(838)
,209
,665)
112
(247)
127
(281)
470
,036)
6
(14)
116
(256)
,150
,538)
,366
,077)
959
12,115)
82
(181)
1,068
(2,355)
10,059
(22,180)
4
(9)
546
(1,204)
9
(20)
6
(14)
116
(256)
200
(441)
21,300
(46,969)
238
(524) (2
917
(2,022)
407 1
(897) (2
1,307 10
(2,882) (23
118
(260)
127
(281) (1
588
(1,296)
6
(15)
123
(272)
1,133
(2,499)
17,164 23
(37,837) (51
959
,115)
89
(196)
,144
,522)
,877
,984)
4
(10)
546
,204)
11
(24)
6
(14)
123
(272)
197
(435)
,251
,273)
238
(524) (2
972
(2,144)
428 1
(945) (2
1,386 11
(3,056) (25
123
(271)
127
(281) (1
696
(1,534)
7
(15)
129
(286)
1,121
(2,472)
17,825 25
(39,300) (55
959
,115)
94
(207)
,204
,655)
,534
,432)
5
(10)
546
,204)
12
(28)
7
(15)
129
(286)
195
(430)
,054
,247)
238
(524)
1,010
(2,227)
455
(1,003)
1,439
(3,174)
124
(274)
127
(281)
851
(1,875)
7
(16)
132
(292)
1,100
(2,426)
18,431
(40,636)
959
(2,115)
98
(215)
1,279
(2,820)
11,979
(26,414)
5
(10)
546
(1,204)
15
(33)
7
(15)
132
(292)
191
(422)
28,253
(62,298)
23-8
-------
TABLE 23-8. TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC and NOX EMISSIONS FOR
WYANDOTTE COUNTY, KANSAS, BY SOURCE CATEGORY
kg/day (Ib/day)
Source Category
I. EVAPORATIVE SOURCE
Gasoline Marketing &
Service Stations
Ship & Barge Transfer
Solvent Users
1. Degreasing
2. Dry Cleaning
3. Surface Coating
4. Graphic Arts
5. Commercial/
Consumer Use
6. Cutback Asphalt
Paving
7. Pesticides
II. COMBUSTION SOURCES
Residential Fossil Fuels
Industrial /Commercial
Fossil Fuels
RVOC
1,969
(4,336)
0
(0)
929
(2,055)
105
(231)
1,701
(3,750)
234
(516)
1,320
(2,908)
17
(37)
84
(185)
11
(24)
93
(206)
1983
NO,
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
255
(562)
2,575
(5,678)
RVOC
1,953
(4,301)
0
(0)
936
(2,071)
108
(239)
1,719
(3,791)
227
(501)
1,281
(2,821)
17
(37)
83
(182)
11
(24)
119
(261)
1987
NO,,
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
247
(546)
3,134
(6,910)
RVOC
1,935
(4,262)
0
(0)
942
(2,084)
111
(245)
1,733
(3,822)
222
(490)
1,252
(2,758)
17
(37)
82
(180)
10
(23)
147
(324)
1990
NO*
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
242
(533)
3,711
(8,183)
RVOC
1,911
(4,219)
0
(0)
912
(2,018)
116
(255)
1,779
(3,924)
225
(496)
1,268
(2,792)
17
(37)
80
(177)
11
(23)
224
(493)
1995
NOY
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
• o
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
245
(540)
5,166
(11,391)
Off-highway Vehicles 4 Equipment
1. Agricultural
Equipment
2. Lawn i Garden
Equipment
3. Industrial Equipment
4. Construction
Equipment
5. Motorcycles
Non-highway Mobile Vehicles
1. Railroad Locomotives
2. Aircraft
3. Vessels
III. MISCELLANEOUS
Solid Waste Incineration
Open Burning
TOTAL
57
(127)
555
(1,224)
231
(509)
514
(1,133)
58
(150)
136
(299)
221
(487)
240
(530)
83
(183)
39
(86)
8,607
(18,976)
242
(533)
47
(104)
649
(1,431)
4,272
(9,420)
3
(6)
445
(981)
3
(7)
1,559
(3,439)
83
(183)
7
(15)
10,140
(22,359)
57
(127)
572
(1,261)
235
(518)
529
(1,167)
66
(145)
136
(299)
278
(613)
233
(514)
81
(179)
39
(85)
8,680
(19,139)
242
(533)
48
(107)
660
(1,456)
4,401
(9,705)
3
(6)
445
(981)
4
(8)
1,513
(3,336)
81
(179)
7
(15)
10,785
(23,781)
57
(127)
585
(1,289)
238
(525)
541
(1,193)
64
(142)
136
(299)
330
(728)
229
(507)
80
(177)
38
(84)
8,749
(19,292)
242
(533)
50
(109)
669
(1,475)
4,501
(9,924)
2
(5)
445
(981)
4
(10)
1,505
(3,319)
80
(177)
7
(15)
11,458
(25,265)
57
(127)
604
(1,331)
232
(511)
559
(1,232)
65
(144)
136
(299)
405
(892)
232
(514)
80
(177)
37
(83)
8,950
(19,735)
242
(533)
51
(113)
651
(1,435)
4,647
(10,246)
2
(5)
445
(981)
5
(12)
1,524
(3,360)
80
(177)
7
(14)
13,065
(28,808)
23-9
-------
TABLE 23-9.
CLAY
Source Category
I.
II.
EVAPORATIVE SOURCE
Gasoline Marketing & 2
Service Stations (4
Ship S Barge Transfer
Solvent Users
1. Degreasing
(1
2. Dry Cleaning
3. Surface Coating 1
(3
4. Graphic Arts
5. Commercial/ 1
Consumer use (2
6. Cutback Asphalt
Paving
7. Pesticides
(1
COMBUSTION SOURCES
Residential Fossil Fuels
Industrial /Commercial
Fossil Fuels
RVOC
,250
,955)
46
(101)
539
,188)
113
(249)
,393
,072)
0
(0)
,133
,496)
103
(227)
798
,759)
7
(15)
0
(0)
TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC and NOX EMISSIONS FOR
COUNTY, MISSOURI, BY SOURCE CATEGORY
kg/day (Ib/day)
1983
NO,
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
150
(331)
1,814
(3,999)
1987
RVOC NO,
2,232
(4,915)
36
(79)
598
(1,318)
117
(257)
1,535
(3,383)
0
(0)
1,223
(2,695)
103
(227)
699
(1,540)
8
(17)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
162
(357)
1,645
(3,628)
RVOC
2,211
(4,871)
30
(66)
646
(1,424)
120
(264)
1,650
(3.637)
0
(0)
1,296
(2,855)
103
(227)
691
(1,524)
8
(18)
0
(0)
1990
NO,
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
172
(378)
1,534
(3,383)
RVOC
2,184
(4,311)
30
(66)
680
(1,499)
125
(275)
1,809
(3,990)
0
(0)
1,406
(3,097)
103
(227)
679
(1,497)
9
(19)
0
(0)
1995
NO,
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
186
(410)
1,377
(3,036)
Off-highway Vehicles & Equipment
III.
1. Agricultural
Equipment
2. Lawn & Garden
Equipment (1
3. Industrial Equipment
4. Construction Equipment
5. Motorcycles
Non-highway Mobile Vehicles
1. Railroad Locomotives
2. Aircraft
3. Vessels
MISCELLANEOUS
Solid Waste Incineration
Open Burning
(1
168
(370)
461
,017)
211
(465)
165
(365)
45
(99)
99
(219)
144
(318)
426
(940)
63
(139)
799
,762)
TOTAL 8,963
(19,763)
676
(1,491)
39
(86)
595
(1,312)
1,367
(3,014)
2
(4)
418
(922)
14
(31)
2,499
(5,511)
63
(139)
139
(306)
7,776
(17,146)
168
(370)
513
(1.131)
235
(518)
184
(406)
48
(107)
85
(188)
169
(372)
460
(1,015)
69
(152)
788
(1,737)
9,270
(20,440)
676
(1,491)
43
(96)
663
(1,461)
1,521
(3,353)
2
(4)
355
(782)
16
(34)
2,699
(5,951)
69
(152)
137
(302)
7,988
(17,614)
168
(370)
556
(1,225)
255
(562)
199
(439)
51
(113)
85
(188)
190
(419)
486
(1,072)
73
(161)
779
(1,719)
9,597
(21,161)
676
(1,491)
47
(104)
718
(1,583)
1,647
(3,632)
2
(4).
355
(782)
17
(37)
2,842
(6,267)
73
(161)
136
(299)
8,219
(18,121)
168
(370)
613
(1,351)
267
(588)
220
(485)
56
(123)
85
(188)
225
(496)
527
(1,163)
79
(174)
766
(1,688)
10,031
(22,118)
676
(1,491)
52
(114)
752
(1,658)
1,817
(4,006)
2
(5)
355
(782)
19
(42)
3,083
(6,798)
79 .
(174)
133
(294)
8,531
(18,811)
23-10
-------
TABLE 23-10. TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC and NOX EMISSIONS FOR
JACKSON COUNTY, MISSOURI, BY SOURCE CATEGORY
kg/day (Ib/day)
Source Category
I. EVAPORATIVE SOURCE
Gasol ine Marketing 4
Service Stations
Ship & Barge Transfer
Solvent Users
1. Degreasing
2. Dry Cleaning
3. Surface Coating
4. Graphic Arts
5. Commercial/
Consumer use
6. Cutback Asphalt
Paving
7. Pesticides
II. COMBUSTION SOURCES
Residential Fossil Fuels
Industrial /Commercial
Fossil Fuels
1983
RVOC NO*
6,099
(13,435)
55
(121)
2,326
(5,131)
384
(846)
6,422
(14,161)
757
(1,669)
4,894
(10,780)
107
(236)
930
(2,051)
33
(73)
210
(463)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
760
(1,676)
8,814
(19,435)
1987
RVOC NO*
6,051
(13,327)
43
(95)
2,369
(5,225)
397
(876)
6,487
(14,303)
750
(1.653)
4,846
(10,675)
107
(236)
916
(2,020)
33
(72)
187
(412)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
753
(1,659)
8,013
(17,668)
1990
RVOC NOX
5,996
(13,206)
36
(79)
2,401
(5,297)
408
(899)
6,537
(14,413)
744
(1,641)
4,811
(10,597)
107
(236)
906
(1,997)
32
(72)
172
(378)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
747
(1,647)
7,484
(16,502)
1995
RVOC NO^
5,923
(13,045)
36
(79)
2,375
(5,239)
425
(938)
6,552
(14,447)
735
(1,621)
4,751
(10,465)
107
(236)
888
(1,959)
32
(71)
148
(327)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
378
(1,627)
6,734
(14,847)
Off-highway Vehicles & Equipment
1. Agricultural
Equipment
2. Lawn & Garden
Equipment
3. Industrial Equipment
279
(615)
2,105
(4,642)
1,016
(2,240)
4. Construction Equipment 790
(1,742)
5. Motorcycles
195
(429)
1,135
(2,503)
191
(421)
2,852
(6,289)
6,553
(14,449)
7
(16)
279
(615)
2.146
(4,732)
1,034
(2,279)
806
(1,776)
193
(425)
1,135
(2,503)
195
(429)
2,901
(6,397)
6,681
(14,731)
7
(16)
279
(615)
2,177
(4,801)
1,047
(2,308)
817
(1,802)
191
(422)
1,135
(2,503)
198
(436)
2,939
(6,480)
6,778
(14,946)
(15)
279
(615)
2,197
(4,844)
1,036
(2,284)
825
(1,818)
189
(417)
1,135
(2,503)
199
(440)
2,907
(6,411)
6,839
(15,080)
(15)
Non-highway Mobile Vehicles
1. Railroad Locomotives
2. Aircraft
3. Vessels
III. MISCELLANEOUS
Solid Waste Incineration
Open Burning
TOTAL
314
(692)
231
(509)
608
(1,339)
299
(659)
932
(2,054)
28,986
(63,914)
1,051
(2,318)
94
(207)
2,968
(6,543)
299
(658)
162
(357)
24,886
(54,872)
314
(692)
245
(539)
602
(1,326)
299
(658)
918
(2,024)
29,022
(63,994)
1,051
(2,318)
96
(211)
2,939
(6,480)
299
(658)
160
(352)
24,230
(53,427)
314
(692)
256
(564)
597
U.315)
298
(658)
908
(2,001)
29,034
(64,020)
1,051
(2,318)
97
(214)
2,914
(6,425)
298
(658)
158
(348)
23,806
(52,492)
314
(692)
277
(610)
587
(1,292)
295
(650)
890
(1,963)
28,861
(63,612)
1,051
(2,318)
99
(210)
2,864
(6,315)
295
(650)
155
(341)
22,663
(50,757)
23-11
-------
TABLE 23-11. TYPICAL SUMMER DAY RVOC and'NO. EMISSIONS FOR
PLATTE COUNTY, MISSOURI, 8Y SOURCE CATEGORY
kg/day (Ib/day)
Source Category
I. EVAPORATIVE SOURCE.
Gasoline Marketing & 1
Service Stations (2
Ship & Barge Transfer
Solvent Users
1. Degreasing
2. Dry Cleaning
3. Surface Coating
(1
4. Graphic Arts
5. Commercial/
Consumer use
6. Cutback Asphalt
Paving
7. Pesticides
(1
II. COMBUSTION SOURCES
Residential Fossil Fuels
Indus trial /Commercial
Fossil Fuels
RVOC
,226
,700)
83
(183)
199
(439)
0
(0)
487
,074)
74
(164)
418
(921)
71
(157)
838
,847)
2
(4)
10
(21)
1983
NO,
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
36
(79)
306
(674)
1987
RVOC NOX
1,216
(2,678)
65
(143)
304
(670)
0
(0)
601
(1,325)
90
(198)
505
(1,113)
71
(157)
831
(1,832)
2
(5)
9
(19)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
43
(96)
276
(609)
1990
RVOC NOX
1,205
(2,654)
54
(119)
417
(921)
0
(0)
703
(1,552)
103
(228)
582
(1,282)
71
(157)
826
(1,821)
3
(6)
8
(18)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
50
(no)
256
(565)
RVOC
1,190
(2,622)
54
(119)
501
(1,105)
0
(0)
726
(1,599)
105
(231)
590
(1,300)
71
(157)
817
(1,802)
3
(6)
7
(16)
1995
NO*
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
51
(112)
229
(504)
Off-highway Vehicles & Equipment
1. Agricultural
Equipment
2. Lawn & Garden
Equipment
3. Industrial Equipment
4. Construction Equipment
5. Motorcycles
Non-highway Mobile Vehicles
1. Railroad Locomotives
2. Aircraft 1
(3
3. Vessels
(1
III. MISCELLANEOUS
Solid Waste Incineration
Open Burning
(1
307
(678)
168
(370)
10
(22)
32
(71)
17
(37)
21
(47)
,720
,793)
668
,472)
18
(41)
836
,844)
TOTAL 7,212
(15,885)
1,258
(2,774)
16
(35)
14
(31)
265
(584)
1
(2)
96
'314)
1,261
(2,781)
4,342
(9,574)
18
(41)
145
(321)
7,758
(17,210)
307
(678)
210
(463)
14
(30)
40
(88)
20
(45)
18
(40)
1,862
(4,170)
807
(1,778)
23
(50)
830
(1,829)
7,825
(17,311)
1,258
(2,774)
20
(44)
19
(42)
330
(728)
1
(2)
83
(183)
1,344
(2,963)
5,244
(11,563)
23
(50)
144
(318)
8,785
(19,372)
307
•(678)
248
(546)
17
(38)
47
(104)
23
(51)
18
(40)
1,980
(4,366)
889
(1,959)
26
(58)
825
(1,818)
8,353
(18,416)
1,258
(2,774)
24
(52)
24
(53)
390
(860)
1
(2)
83
(183)
1,410
(3,108)
5,779
(12,743)
26
(58)
143
(316)
9,444
(20,824)
307
(678)
258
(568)
20
(44)
49
(109)
24
(52)
18
(40)
2,256
(4,979)
902
(1,987)
27
(60)
816
(1,800)
8,741
(19,274)
1,258
(2,774)
25
(54)
28
(61)
406
(894)
1
(2)
83
(183)
1,590
(3,506)
5,861
(12,923)
27
(60)
142
(313)
9,701
(21,386)
23-12
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA 907/9-84-008
13. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSI Of* NO.
i. TITLE ANDSUSTITLE
Area Source VOC and NOX Emission Inventory
for the Kansas City Metropolitan Area
5. REPORT DATE
September 1984
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)
Bhatia.V. et. al.
\8. PERFORMING ORGANISATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Pacific Environmental Services
One Northbrook Place, Suite 200
5 Revere Drive
Northbrook, Illinois 60062
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3511
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA - Region VII
Air Branch
324 East llth Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
i Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
EPA is evaluating the adequacy of the existing SIP for the ozone nonattainment
portion of the Kansas City-metropolitan area. This area source inventory was
developed to supplement the point source data in the event that EPA determines
the area to be nonattainment and mandates the evaluation and implementation of
control strategies. Included in the inventory were volatile organic compound
(VOC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Base year data were gathered for calen-
dar year 1983, and projections of emissions were made for each year from 1984 to
1995 and 2000. In this study, several agencies in each State were contacted to
solicit their cooperation in providing information on various emission sources
and in obtaining data needed for the successful completion of this project. Each
report section lists the methodology for that particular category, source of data,
base year calculations, typical summer day emissions, and projected summer day
emissions. The emissions are summarized by county and State. Emissions are
estimated for 21 categories of area sources.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
CCSATI
Air pollution
Volatile organic compounds
Nitrogen oxides
Kansas City
Area sources
Automobile emissions
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
• 19. SECURITY CLASS i This Report;
! Unclassified
. NO. OF
236
j 20. SECURITY CLASS (This pate I
Unclassified
I 22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
-------
-------
------- |