EPA REGION VII IRC
160956
xvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Radiation
(6202J)
EPA 430-B-97-028
September 1997
Manual on
Environmental Issues Related to
Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Reviewed and
approved by
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Contents
Introduction i
Background i
Regulatory Overview iii
Organization of This Document iv
Section I
Vertical Closed Loop Systems
and Related Environmental Issues Page I - 1
Introduction Page I - 1
System Description Page I - 1
Key Environmental Concerns Page I 1
Overview of Regulatory Approaches Page I - 1
Installation Issues Page 1 3
1. Sediment and Storm Water Runoff From the Site Page 1-3
2. Surface Contaminant Infiltration Along the Borehole Page 1-4
3. Inter-aquifer Flow Page 1 5
4. Loop Placement Page 1-6
5. Grouting Page 1-7
Operation Issues Page I - 10
1. Antifreeze Solutions Page I - 10
Decommissioning Issues Page 1-13
Section II
Horizontal Closed Loop Systems
and Related Environmental Issues Page II 1
Introduction Page II - 1
System Description Page II 1
Key Environmental Issues Page II 1
Overview of Regulatory Approaches Page II 1
Installation Issues Page II 3
1. Sediment and Storm Water Runoff From the Site Page II 3
2. Backfilling the Horizontal Loop Trench Page II 4
3. Loop Placement Page II 5
Operation Issues Page II - 6
Decommissioning Issues Page II - 7
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Table of Contents
Section III
Open Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues Page III - 1
Introduction Page III - 1
System Description Page III 1
Key Environmental Concerns Page III - 1
Overview of Regulatory Approaches Page III - 1
Installation Issues Page III 4
1. Sediment and Storm Water Runoff From the Site Page III - 4
2. Surface Contaminant Infiltration Along the Borehole Page III 5
3. Inter-aquifer Flow Page III - 6
4. Borehole Placement Page III 7
Operation Issues Page III 9
1. Water Withdrawal Page III - 9
2. Water Disposal Page III - 10
3. Thermally Altered Water Discharge Page III - 13
Decommissioning Issues Page III 15
References Page R - 1
Appendix A
Introduction to Geothermal Heat Pumps Page A - 1
Appendix B
State Contacts Page B - 1
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Introduction
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Introduction
This document highlights the environmental issues which are relevant to three broad categories of geot-
hermal heat pump (GHP) systems: vertical closed loop systems; horizontal closed loop systems; and
open loop systems. Based on available information, the document suggests regulatory options and best
management practices for addressing those environmental issues. This Manual is intended to provide
regulators and GHP professionals with a greater understanding of the key environmental issues as they
relate to GHP system type and life cycle phase. It will assist these parties by providing a common lan-
guage about GHP systems and an awareness of best practices for installing, operating, and decommis-
sioning in an environmentally responsible manner.
This document was developed by the EPA because regulators and GHP professionals requested EPA to
provide guidance on some of these issues. It has been reviewed and accepted by the National Ground
Water Association (NGWA) as well. This manual is not intended to be the last word in GHP system reg-
ulation or best management practices. EPA expects that as regulators and GHP system professionals
gain further experience, certain recommendations may be modified to reflect that experience. In that
sense, this is a living document.
Background
Geothermal heat pump systems are often referred to as geothermal, earth-coupled, water coupled,
groundwater, ground-coupled, closed-loop, coiled, Slinky, GeoExchangeMI, open, and water-source
heat pump systems. Regardless of what they are called, GHP systems all rely on energy stored in the
ground (or groundwater) to provide heating and cooling to buildings. A more comprehensive discussion
on GHPs can be found in Appendix A.
GHP systems are an important alternative to conventional heating and cooling systems. GHP systems
can significantly reduce the consumption of fossil fuels by using existing energy within the ground.
Hence, GHP systems can be a source of clean energy, with only minimal risk of environmental conta-
mination resulting from their use.
The United States General Accounting Office report, Geothermal Energy: Outlook Limited for Some Uses
but Promising for Geothermal Heat Pumps states that "Geothermal heat pumps are the most energy-effi-
cient means of heating and cooling buildings in most areas of the United States." Use of GHP systems
in place of traditional systems will result in significant reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases, as
well as reductions in emissions of SOX and NOX. Accordingly, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 contains
provisions to encourage the use of geothermal systems as alternative energy sources.
In a 1993 EPA report, Space Conditioning: The Next Frontier, a comparison of energy efficient technol-
ogy for residential dwellings was performed. In this study, geothermal heat pumps were identified as
one of the most energy efficient technologies available. Based on this study, EPA initiated activities to
aggressively promote this technology. In 1995, EPA established the ENERGY STARฎ HVAC Equipment
Labeling Program. This program is designed to identify and promote energy efficient residential HVAC
technologies including geothermal heat pump systems.
Page i
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Introduction
Although the potential for energy savings and greenhouse gas reduction with GHP systems is great, their
use in homes is not widespread in the United States. Two key, interrelated factors have influenced I his
situation:
Lack of awareness of the benefits of GHP systems on the part of home builders and home
buyers; and
Lack of knowledge about the technology on the part of regulatoiy officials coupled with the
lack of clear and consistent regulations on the technology.
Many home builders and home buyers are unfamiliar with the GHP systems, how they work, and their
benefits. Hence, home buyers generally do not ask for a GHP system on their own, and home builders
do not specify GHP systems for installation. This lack of information about GHP systems is beginning
to be addressed through various marketing efforts by local utilities and associations promoting use of
GHP systems. Information provided through these efforts typically includes a discussion about the
potential environmental and economic benefits compared to traditional systems, and descriptions of how
GHP systems work.
While there is a growing awareness of GHP systems on the part of state and local regulators and per-
mitting agencies, this technology is not well understood in most of the regulatory arena. Consequently,
regulatory officials often times avoid addressing GHP specific regulations. Since many GHP systems
require drilling holes in the ground that are similar to water wells, state and local environmental regu-
lators have tended to regulate GHP systems using the same tools and rationales as for water wells. In
part, this approach is justified. However, these regulatory approaches can be improved to better address
the unique needs of GHP systems.
It is important to note that the lack of regulation in many states should not be interpreted as a lack of risk.
On the contrary, most states have been slow to react unless and until a significant contamination issue
has come to their attention. In addition, legislators are often slow to draft legislation to deal with prob-
lems they do not fully understand. Conversely, the number of concerns highlighted in this document
should not suggest that this method of space conditioning is necessarily environmentally risky. As shown
in this document, relatively simple precautions will ensure that any environmental impact is negligible.
There are three basic types of GHP systems:
1. Vertical Closed Loop Systems;
2. Horizontal Closed Loop Systems; and
3. Open Loop Systems.
EPA has identified a number of environmental concerns that may affect GHP systems. Each of these
concerns is addressed in this document to the extent that information about them exists and is available.
The environmental concerns identified are:
1. Near surface disturbances, including sediment and storm water runoff, and surface contami-
nant infiltration along the borehole;
2. Inter-aquifer water flow;
3. Placement of ground loops;
Page ii
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
4. Backfilling trenches;
5. Antifree/e solutions;
6. Water withdrawal;
7. Thermally altered discharge water; and
8. Decommissioning procedures, including sealing ground loops to eliminate physical hazards
and potential migration of surface contaminants.
The relevant environmental issues vary by GHP system type. For example, water withdrawal is only an
issue with open loop GHP systems.
From a regulatory perspective, each type of GHP system has a life cycle consisting of three phases:
1. Installation;
2. Operation; and
3. Decommissioning.
The relevant environmental issues also vary by GHP life cycle phase. For example, near surface phys-
ical disturbances are only an issue during the installation phase of the system life cycle.
Regulatory Overview
States and local jurisdictions generally rely on one of three different regulatory approaches to address
GHP systems:
1) Regulate GHP systems specifically;
2) Apply existing regulations (e.g., drinking water well regs) to GHP systems; or
3) Apply no regulations, so that GHP systems are essentially unregulated.
In addition, the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) and the National
Ground Water Association (NGWA) have developed installation standards for GHP systems. These
standards are designed to ensure that all new GHP systems are installed in ways that minimize the
potential (or environmental harm. ICSHPA also has a contractor certification program that is intended
to guarantee that personnel involved in the installation of GHP systems are aware of proper procedures
and capable of performing the work correctly. In states without GHP-specific regulations, the IGSHPA
standards ensure that each system is properly installed by a qualified individual. Generally, the IGSH-
PA standards are consistent with the GHP-specific regulations of those states that have developed them,
as well as the best management practices identified throughout this document. Training programs are
also available through the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC). These programs include best
management practices for GHP installations.
Table 1 below was created to provide a rough summary assessment of state regulatory approaches for
GHP systems. It represents the authors' subjective assessment of data collected by the National Rural
Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA). FPA recognizes that regulations are changing and being
revised constantly and that the information presented in this table may become outdated.
Page iii
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Introduction
Organization of This Document
This document is divided into three sections that correspond to the three GHP system types. Each sec-
tion is further subdivided into a description of the GHP system and the three GHP system life cycle
phases (i.e., installation, operation, and decommissioning). Relevant environmental issues are dis-
cussed under the appropriate life cycle phase.
Three states, Delaware, New Jersey and Missouri, were used as examples throughout the document to help
clarify particular points. These three states were selected because they represent a range of different
approaches for addressing GHP management and regulation. While the approaches used by these three
states to regulate and manage GHPs is illustrative, other states are likely to develop their own unique
approaches to managing GHPs based on the specifics of their regulatory and geologic circumstances.
This document focuses primarily on the environmental issues and requirements associated with resi-
dential GHP systems, and does not attempt to address commercial systems in detail. The concept and
technology behind the two types of systems are similar, although commercial systems are usually much
larger in scale. A draft report1 that addresses the thermal effects of a large commercial GHP system on
aquifer microbiota and surface biota is available through EPA's Atmospheric Pollution Prevention
Division distribution center at (202) 775-6650.
In addition to the body of the text, there are two appendices:
Appendix A Introduction to Geothermal Heat Pumps; and
Appendix B State Contacts.
Appendix A provides an overview on the fundamentals of geothermal heat pumps. Appendix B provides
a list of state contacts where more information on geothermal heat pumps may be obtained.
1 Preliminary Studies on the Thermal Effects of the Stockton College Geothermal Heat Pump Installation on Aquifer Microbiota
and Surface Biota, EPA Project ID Number X824245-01-1, August 1996.
Page iv
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Table 1
Summary of Federal and State Regulations for Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massacllusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Closed Systems
Installation
Horiz. Trench Vertical Specific to Heat Xchngr
Systems Systems Grouting Construction
Operation
Heat Transfer DX
Fluids Systems
O
o o
o o o o
O
0
0 0
O 0
0
0
o
o o o
o
o o
o o
o
o o
O 0 0
0
o o
o
o
0
o o
Open (t Closed Systems
Installation
Well Driller Pump Inst'lr
Licensing Licensing
O
o
o o
0
0 0
o o
o o
0
o
o o
o
o o
o
o
o
0
o
0 O
o
o
O 0
O 0
o
Open Systems
Installation
Water Well Inject. Well
Construction Construction
0 0
Operation
Surface Water
Discharge
0
o o
o
o o
O 0
o
O 0
o o
o o
0 O
O 0
o o
o o
O 0
o o
0 0
o o
o o
O 0
O 0
0 O
o o
0
o o
o
o
o
o
o
0
o
o
o
0
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
TJ
Q)
CD
December 1996
Symbol Legend:
O Existing water well regulations are applied
Specific GHP regulations are applied
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Table 1 (cont.)
Summary of Federal and State Regulations for Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
State
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Closed Systems
Installation j Operation
Horiz. Trench Vertical Specific to Heat Xchngr Heat Transfer DX
Systems Systems Grouting Construction Fluids Systems
o
0
o o
0 0
0 0 0
o
o
0 0
0 0
0 0
o o
o o o
o
o o o o
o
Open & Closed Systems
Installation
Well Driller Pump Inst'lr
Licensing Licensing
O
0 0
0
0 0
o o
o
0 0
o
0 0
o
O 0
O 0
o
o
O 0
o
o
O 0
O 0
o
o
o o
Open Systems
Installation
Water Well Inject. Well
Construction Construction
0 0
Operation
Surface Water
Discharge
O
o
0 0
o
o
o o
o
o
0
0
o
0
o
o
o
o
o
0 O
o o
o
0
o
o
o
o o
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
o o
o o
o o
0 0
0 0
o
o
0
0
o
o
o
TJ
HI
CD
(D
December 1996
Symbol Legend:
O Existing water well regulations are applied
Specific CHP regulations are applied
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
I
Vertical Closed Loop Systems
and Related Environmental Issues
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Section I
Vertical Closed Loop Systems and
Related Environmental Issues
Introduction
System Description
Closed loop GHP systems rely on the contained circulation of fluids through an underground loop of
pipes, which act as a heat exchanger by transporting heat to or from the ground. Vertical loops are most
often installed in boreholes drilled into the ground. The pipes in which the heat exchange fluid circu-
lates are typically installed to depths up to 400 feet. The horizontal spacing between boreholes typi-
cally is between 10 and 25 feet. The distance between boreholes is selected to optimize system effi-
ciency and the long and short term ability of the ground to retain or give off heat. The heat exchange
fluid used in such systems is water. In many cases, antifreeze is added to the water to protect the fluid
from freezing conditions, and to extend the operating range of the GHP system. [PA GSHP Manual,
pp 2-4, 3-7, 3.6.2]
Key Environmental Concerns
The key environmental concern associated with vertical closed loop GHP systems is groundwater con-
tamination resulting from:
Antifreeze leaks that could migrate to the groundwater; or
Improperly constructed boreholes that could potentially serve as channels of contamination
from the surface to the subsurface, or from one aquifer to another.
Because of these potential problems, care should be taken during installation, operation and decom-
missioning of GHP systems to avoid unnecessary environmental risks. [PA GSHP Manual, pg 5-1]
Exhibit 1-1 provides an overview of the regulations and best management practices associated with the
environmental issues relevant to each life cycle phase.
Overview of Regulatory Approaches
There are differing views on how to regulate vertical closed loop GHP systems. State regulatory approach-
es for vertical closed loop GHP systems range from specific GHP regulations, to treating the GHP systems
as drinking water wells, to having no regulations at all. Some opinions liken the installation of vertical
closed loop GHP systems to decommissioning an abandoned well: they both have holes in the ground
which are sealed to prevent any environmental contamination. The various opinions on regulations and
best management practices for vertical closed loop GHP systems are presented in this section. It is also
highly recommended that one refer to the NGWA's Guidelines for the Construction of Vertical Boreholes for
Closed Loop Heat Pump Systems for more detailed best practices.
Page 1-1
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Section I Vertical Closed Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
Exhibit 1-1
Overview of Environmental Concerns, Corresponding Regulations and Best
Management Practices That Apply to Vertical Closed Loop GHP Systems
Environmental Issue
Regulations
Best Management Practices
Installation
Sediment and storm
water runoff
Surface contaminant
infiltration along the
borehole
Inter-aquifer flow
Loop placement
Grouting
Generally exempt from regulations.
Most state regulations address grout-
ing and precautions to prevent cont-
amination at the surface from enter-
ing the borehole.
Regulations apply to borehole diam-
eter and length, and grout materials
and methods.
Installers may also be responsible
for the integrity of the annular seal
for a specified period of time.
Regulations generally do not specify
distances necessary between heat
pump loop and existing or potential
pollution sources.
State regulations generally exist for
the grouting material and method.
Ensure that disturbed soil is seeded to reduce
risk of runoff.
During construction, the area surrounding the well
should be maintained in a clean condition and sur-
face drainage should be diverted away from the well.
The top of the borehole should be sealed with suit-
able grout. [Refer to IGSHPA's Grouting Procedures
Jor Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems.}
* There are differing views from full length grouting ol
the borehole using the grout pipe (tremie) method to
grouting at least 10 feet above and below the affect-
ed aquifers. [Refer to IGSHPA's Grouting
Procedures for Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems for
grouting methods, and also NGWA's Guidelines for
the Construction of Vertical Boreholes for Closed
Loop Heat Pump Systems.]
* In addition, refer to your state and local require-
ments that apply to drinking water wells or specifi-
cally to GHP systems.
Follow drinking water well placement requirements.
There are differing views on the best grouting mate-
rials and placement methods. In general, full length
grouting of the borehole using the tremie method and
a proper grout can help maximize thermal perfor-
mance and environmental safety. [Refer to
IGSHPA's Grouting Procedures for Ground-Source
Heat Pump Systems for more information.]
Operation
Antifreeze solutions
Regulations range from very specific
listings of acceptable antifreezes and
the properties they must possess, to
no regulations at all.
Choose antifreeze for low toxicity, high heat trans-
fer, and low viscosity. The greatest risk of exposure
comes from handling antifreeze solutionsuse
masks and protective clothes during installation or
maintenance.
To reduce potential for leaks in the system,
follow the pipe manufacturer's installation and
testing procedures.
Decommissioning
Physical hazard of
the well and pathway
for migration of cont-
aminants
Regulations generally require all
abandoned wells to be decommis-
sioned so that they will not produce
water or act as a conduit for mixing
poor quality waters with good quality
water, or present a hazard to the safety
and well being of people and animals.
Pump out the heat transfer fluid. Clear the borehole
of any obstructions. Seal the borehole with grout.
Page 1-2
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Installation Issues
There are five environmental issues related to installation of vertical closed loop GHP systems:
1. Sediment and storm water runoff from the site;
2. Surface contaminant infiltration along the borehole;
3. Inter-aquifer flow;
4. Loop placement; and
5. Grouting.
1. Sediment and Storm Water Runoff From the Site
Installation of vertical closed loop GHP systems requires that boreholes be drilled, resulting in removal
of soil and rock chips from the boreholes. This soil may be left adjacent to the borehole and regraded,
or removed from the site. If the soil is left on-site, use care to ensure that the soil doesn't migrate to near-
by surface waters or sewers.
Why should I be concerned about sediment and storm water runoff from the site during vertical
closed loop GHP system installation?
Eroded soil migrating offsite can temporarily foul streams, and clog sewers. Proper soil containment
can minimize soil erosion and potential impacts on streams and sewers, reduce potential for citizen or
government complaints, as well as improve project aesthetics before, during and after development.
\VA Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook, pg 1-1]
What are the best practices to minimize the potential for sediment and storm water runoff from
the site during vertical closed loop GHP system installation?
There are two basic requirements that a best practice must satisfy. First, it must meet state and local
regulatory and permit requirements. Second, it must prevent erosion, especially water erosion, of
exposed soil. Typically construction sites require that exposed soil be covered or that a runoff control
barrier be erected. However, most residential GHP installations result in little soil disturbance and the
soil that is disturbed is usually exposed for only a very short period of time (i.e., one or two days).
Hence, the best management practice under these circumstances is to seed the disturbed soil upon com-
pletion of the installation. If the disturbed soil will be exposed for a lengthy period of time, then anoth-
er measure may need to be implemented. For example, at Fort Polk, where over 8,000 vertical loops
were recently installed, the Louisiana environmental agency had the drillers use large holding tanks for
the drilling mud in order to avoid problems associated with erosion and runoff.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to sediment and storm water runoff from the site
during vertical closed loop GHP system installation?
In general, existing single family residences are exempt from sediment and storm water regulations
when small areas of land are disturbed. The State of Missouri, for example, excludes single family res-
idences and heat pump wells from the State's storm water operating permit program under the Missouri
Clean Water Law; and in addition, exempts from sediment and storm water controls all projects dis-
Page 1-3
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Section I Vertical Closed Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
turbing less than five acres and trenches two feet in width or less. The States of New Jersey and
Delaware have similar regulatory exemptions for storm water runoff from residential property.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to sediment and storm water runoff from the site
during vertical closed loop GHP system installation?
State laws and regulations are evolving constantly. You should, therefore, contact appropriate officials
in your state, as identified in Appendix B. The National Ground Water Association (NGWA) or the
National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) can also provide a list of state officials that
oversee implementation of relevant laws and regulations in each state.
2. Surface Contaminant Infiltration Along the Borehole
Aquifer contamination can occur when vertical GHP heat exchanger boreholes are drilled in an uncon-
fined water table aquifer. Downward leakage from the surface can occur along ungrouted or uncased
boreholes, polluting the water table aquifer with surface contaminants. [Grouting Procedures for Ground-
Source Heat Pump Systems, pg 2]
Why should I be concerned about infiltration of surface contaminants along the borehole?
Infiltration of surface contaminants can directly or indirectly contaminate the groundwater, depending
on the depth of the water and local hydrogeological conditions. Groundwater is often a source for drink-
ing water and, if contaminated, may be rendered unfit to drink. Further, in some states you may be legal-
ly and economically liable for potential damage to the aquifer.
What are the best practices to prevent infiltration of surface contaminants along the borehole?
To minimize the risks of infiltration along the borehole, care should be taken to maintain a clean site
while drilling the hole, and afterwards, the well should be completed according to local regulations, or
following IGSHPA or NGWA practices.2 In general, the well water community and many states consid-
er sealing the top of the borehole to be the preferential method of segregating surface contamination from
groundwater.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to infiltration of surface contaminants along
the borehole?
It is very important that contamination from the surface be prevented from polluting groundwater
resources. Many states require that boreholes be drilled only by licensed water well drillers.
Regulations addressing methods for preventing surface contamination of boreholes vary significantly by
state and even local jurisdiction. In general, the preferred method in states with regulations is to seal
the top of the borehole so that surface contamination will not reach groundwater via the borehole.
Because many types of grouts and placement methods exist, it is best to determine the specific require-
ments for acceptable types of grout and application methods in your state. If there are no GHP specific
2 Detailed information on proper grouting procedures can be found in IGSHPA's Grouting Procedures for Ground-Source Heat
Pump Systems and NGWA's Manual for Water Well Construction Practices (EPA 570/9/75/001).
Page 1-4
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
regulations that address this issue, follow state regulations that apply to water well construction. Although
Missouri, New Jersey and Delaware do not address requirements for preventing infiltration along the
borehole in the context of GHP systems, they do recommend highly, and in some cases require, that bore-
holes be grouted. [Refer to IGSHPA's Grouting Procedures for Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems.]
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to infiltration of surface contaminants along
the borehole?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
3. Inter-aquifer Flow
While drilling boreholes for the installation of vertical loop geothermal heat exchangers, it is possible
to penetrate one or more aquifers. When two aquifers are penetrated, a potential path exists for the
waters of the two to mix. If one of the aquifers is contaminated or contains non-potable water, the other
aquifer could also potentially become contaminated.
Why should I be concerned about inter-aquifer flow?
Uncontaminated groundwater is one of our most precious natural resources. Preventing inter-aquifer flow
is essential to preserving the purity of uncontaminated aquifers and sealing off formations that are known
to be contaminated. Moreover, most states have regulations that apply to this issue; thus owners and oper-
ators of boreholes may be liable for civil or criminal penalties if they ignore regulatory requirements.
What are the best practices to prevent inter-aquifer flow?
There are differing views on the preferred method of preventing inter-aquifer flow. One perspective is
that full length grouting of the borehole using the grout pipe (tremie) method is best.:i Another is that
grouting at least 10 feet above and below the affected aquifers is sufficient. Other methods, such as
sleeves, packers, and other devices, are also employed to prevent inter-aquifer flow. In any case, the
formations which yield polluted water or water of an undesirable quality must be adequately sealed off
to prevent pollution or contamination of the overlying or underlying water-bearing zones.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to inter-aquifer flow?
With regard to the issue of inter-aquifer flow, GHP system boreholes are no different than water wells,
hence most states apply their water well drilling regulations to GHP system boreholes. Regulations
addressing methods for preventing inter-aquifer flows vary by state and even local jurisdiction. GHP
system installers should follow state and local regulations that apply to grouting water wells (or those
regulations that pertain specifically to GHP systems).
For example, the State of Missouri addresses inter-aquifer flow through both GHP and non-GHP spe-
cific regulations. It is aggressive in developing GHP-specific regulations, but also relies on water well
regulations on this issue. Missouri requires that all wells be watertight to the depth necessary to exclude
Detailed information on proper grouting procedures can be found in IGSHPA's Grouting Procedures for Ground-Source Heat
Pump Systems and NGWA's Manual for Water Well Construction Practices (EPA 570/9/75/001).
Page 1-5
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Section I Vertical Closed Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
contaminants. For GHP systems, Missouri requires full-length grout in some cases, while only recom-
mending it in other cases. Only three types of grout are permitted for use in vertical heat pump wells
in Missouri: 1) bentonite slurry, 2) non-slurry bentonite, and 3) other grout if advance approval is grant-
ed. Further information on these grouts and grouting procedures can be found in Section 3 of Grouting
Procedures for Ground-Source. Heat Pump Systems, International Ground Source Heat Pump
Association, 1991. GHP system installers are specifically held responsible for proper system con-
struction and installation.
The States of Delaware and New Jersey apply existing water well construction regulations to GHP sys-
tem installations. These regulations address well construction methods and require specific types of
grouts for different geologic formations, and prescribe grouting methods that depend on whether or not
the well penetrates an aquifer. New Jersey requires cement grout in consolidated geologic formations
and bentonite in non-consolidated formations. In Delaware, the only approved grouting materials are
also cement and bentonite clay, although there is no indication of specific requirements to use one or
the other in different geologic formations.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to inter-aquifer flow?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
4. Loop Placement
Boreholes should not be sited near (next to, on top of, or underneath) sources of pollution or contami-
nation, and the site selected should have good surface drainage.
Why should I be concerned about loop placement?
As indicated in the discussions on infiltration and inter-aquifer flow, boreholes in vertical loop systems
could act as potential conduits for contaminant migration into groundwater. Potential sources of conta-
mination include commercial fertilizers or chemicals, landfills, lagoons, underground storage tanks, and
septic systems. In addition, other opinions suggest that if the borehole is not situated on a site with good
surface drainage, contaminated standing water could seep down along the borehole and affect the under-
lying groundwater.
What are best practices for siting the loop system?
Boreholes should not be located near sources of pollution or contamination. The appropriate distances
vaiy depending on the hydrogeology of the site and the potential pollutants or contaminants. It may be
beneficial, however, to locate the loop system upgradient from the pollution source if installation of the sys-
tem near such an area is unavoidable. Other opinions also recommend that the borehole be sited at a loca-
tion with good surface drainage, away from low-lying areas where water may pool. [Missouri Code of State
Regulations, 10 GSR 23-5.040] In general, if GHP specific regulations do not exist, the best solution to
siting the loop system is to follow the same guidance and requirements as for drinking water wells.
It is very important to note that the horizontal portion of a vertical loop requires the same degree of care
as the placement of a horizontal loop. For more information on practices for placing horizontal loops,
see Section II of this document.
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
What are the regulations that I need to know that affect siting of the loop system?
Regulations to address the siting of closed loop GHP systems (or any GHP system) vaiy significantly by
state. In addition, local regulations and permit conditions may also apply. Some states, such as
Missouri, require that GHP system loops be located a specified minimum distance from certain sources
of potential contaminants. Other states have no regulatory requirements that apply to GHP system sit-
ing. States without requirements that apply specifically to GHP system siting may default to the siting
requirements for drinking water wells.
The State of Missouri very specifically defines the minimum distance requirements between GHP bore-
holes and sources of pollution. These distances vary depending on contaminant. For example, GHP
systems must be sited at least 300 feet from storage areas for fertilizers or chemicals, landfills, lagoons,
and underground storage tanks; at least 100 feet from below-grade manure storage areas and cesspools;
and at least 50 feet from an existing operating well or buried sewer.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to siting a closed loop GHP system?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
5. Grouting
Grouting of the borehole simply refers to the refilling of the hole which surrounds the well pipe after it
is inserted into the vertical hole. The grout can be the cuttings which were removed from the borehole
during drilling, or it can be another material such as sand, cement or bentonite. Depending on the mate-
rial, the grout can be placed back into the hole in one of two basic methods: top-down, or bottom-up.
Each method and grouting material has its own advantages and disadvantages, including degree of envi-
ronmental protection, effect on system's thermal performance, and cost.
Why should I be concerned about grouting?
In addition to eliminating the physical hazard of the boreholes, there are two reasons to grout boreholes.
First, grouting can provide environmental protection. Grouting can prevent surface contamination from
infiltrating the aquifer, and also prevent cross-aquifer contamination. Cross-aquifer contamination
could result if the borehole penetrates more than one aquifer, and contaminated water from one aquifer
flows along the borehole and mixes with clean water from another. Second, grouting can affect the GHP
system's thermal efficiency. Certain grouting methods can be more prone to creating air voids around
the piping and the grout itself could create voids due to shrinkage as it dries. These pockets of air can
decrease the thermal connection between the ground and the heat exchanger. In addition, the thermal
conductivity of the grout itself has an effect on the system's efficiency.
Is full-length grouting always necessary?
Several grouts and methods of grouting exist, and they all have tradeoffs in terms of environmental pro-
tection, system performance and cost. The decision of which grout to use and how to grout a borehole
will be based primarily on local conditions. Because the cost of full-length (top-to-bottom) grouting may
affect the overall cost-effectiveness of the decision to install a GHP, it makes sense to know when it is
and is not necessary.
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Section I Vertical Closed Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
From an environmental viewpoint, full length grouting will most likely be necessary when more than one
aquifer is penetrated by the borehole, so that both surface and cross-aquifer contamination will be pre-
vented. In contrast, if only one aquifer is penetrated it may only be necessary to grout the top of the
borehole to exclude surface contamination. In general, grouting should be performed to the extent dic-
tated by local geologic conditions.
From a technical heat transfer viewpoint, full length grouting using proper grouting materials and placed
with the tremie method (bottom-up) will ensure optimal thermal performance of the GHP system. Other
methods may be environmentally sound, but could leave air voids around the piping, thus reducing the
effectiveness of the ground heat exchanger.
In addition, the thermal conductivity of the grout will have important effects on the overall performance
of the system. Some grouts have been found to be insulators, which can negatively affect the perfor-
mance of the heat pump by preventing an efficient exchange of heat between the ground loop and the
soil. A condition called "hot loops" can occur when the ground loop is unable to dissipate heat fast
enough to satisfy the cooling load. As a result, grout manufacturers have been working to develop grouts
with higher rates of thermal conductivity than the standard bentonite clay grout frequently used. One
brand, Thermal Grout 85, is a mixture of bentonite clay and sand that has twice the thermal conductiv-
ity of conventional grout, and can reduce the required loop length by 20 to 30 percent and save approx-
imately $200 per ton in installation cost [Energy Design Update, pp. 8-9, November 1996]. Other
developments with regard to more conductive grouts are also ongoing.
In essence, the decision of full-length grouting will be based primarily on local conditions. Where full-
length grouting is unnecessary for environmental reasons, it may make sense to grout only the top of the
borehole. However, the system's thermal performance may improve by full-length grouting using a
proper grout. The bottom line is that the cost and performance issues discussed above should be
weighed relative to other factors on a site-specific basis.
What are the best practices for grouting?
The practice of shoveling (top-down) drill cuttings, sand, or pea gravel into the borehole has been con-
sidered by some to be adequate grouting. However, cuttings replaced in the borehole could function as
proper grout only if they have been compacted to their original density and placed at the same level and
over the same interval from which they had been removed. That is, sand cuttings would have to be
returned to the interval in the borehole where the sand originally was drilled, clay returned to the clay
layers, etc. Even if this exact replacement of cuttings could be achieved, it would be difficult to ensure
that bridging of the cuttings does not occur somewhere in the borehole. Bridging occurs when the cut-
tings wedge together and form a horizontal layer, or bridge, in the borehole before the space below it is
completely filled. This results in potentially large air voids around the piping, and can significantly
reduce the effectiveness of the heat transfer.
Another method of grouting is that of placing or leaving drilling mud in the borehole. This method has
also been practiced under the mistaken impression that it was a proper grouting technique. Drilling mud
is a low solids mixture. It has been shown that the small amount of solids in the mixture will settle to
the bottom of the borehole, leaving only water and mud in the upper part of the hole. This water can even-
tually be lost to the permeable zones of the borehole, resulting in air voids around the piping. Therefore,
this method also has the potential to significantly reduce the effectiveness of the heat transfer.
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
A third method of grouting involves the placement of proper grouting materials using the grout pipe or
tremie method (bottom-up). The grout can be made of low permeability cement, bentonite or other mix-
ture. A proper grout for vertical closed loop systems will have the following properties:
high thermal conductivity to allow heat transfer;
low viscosity to allow the grout to wrap around the pipe, leaving no voids; and
low shrinkage volume to ensure that the grout will not pull away from the pipe.
[PA GSHP Manual, p 3-8]
Using this method will ensure environmental protection as well as maximize the thermal connection
between the ground and the heat exchanger. More information on grouting can be found from the
International Ground Source Heat Pump Association's (IGSHPA) manual Grouting Procedures for
Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems and NGWA's Guidelines for the Construction of Vertical Boreholes for
Closed Loop Heat Pump Systems.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to grouting?
Most states will likely have some sort of regulations regarding grouting. Thermal performance and cost
effectiveness issues are usually not addressed in these regulations.
The State of Missouri, for example, has a list of approved grout materials which are permitted for use.
The State also recommends full length grouting, and may require it in certain circumstances. The State
of Minnesota also has a list of approved grout materials and requires all boreholes to be sealed with the
tremie pipe (bottom-up) method.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to siting a closed loop GHP system?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
Page 1-9
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Section I Vertical Closed Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
Operation Issues
Closed loop systems use water as the heat exchanging circulating fluid in the outside loop. Antifreeze
is sometimes added to protect the fluid from freezing conditions and to extend the operating range of the
GHP system. The primary environmental concern related to operation of vertical closed loop GHP sys-
tems is potential groundwater contamination resulting from an antifreeze leak in the loop.
1. Antifreeze Solutions
The types of heat exchange solutions used in closed loops vaiy with designer and contractor preference,
local climate conditions, and state and local regulation, but are typically composed of one of the following:
water;
potassium acetate and water;
sodium chloride and water;
calcium chloride and water;
ethanol and water;
methanol and water;
ethylene glycol and water; or
propylene glycol and water.
Should I be concerned about the antifreeze used in GHP systems?
The potential environmental impact resulting from a leak in the outside GHP loop is primarily depen-
dent on the toxicity and volume of antifreeze released into the environment. Exhibit 1-2 presents a sum-
mary comparison of commonly used GHP antifreeze solutions. The comparison covers the following four
characteristics of antifreeze solutions:
Toxicity. The relative ranking of the antifreezes is based on their environmental fate and
transport characteristics and (oxicity;
Heat transfer. The relative ranking is based on the effectiveness of the antifreeze solution in
transferring a given unit of heat;
Pump energy. The relative ranking is based on the energy required to maintain system cir-
culation, based on the viscosity of the antifreeze solution; and
Cost. The relative ranking is based on the cost of the solutions.
Using this exhibit, it is possible to assess the relative trade offs among toxicity, performance and cost. The
comparisons are expressed as a percentage of the highest value in each categoiy. Thus, the lower the num-
ber, the better. For example, propylene glycol is the least toxic, while methanol is the most toxic. Similarly,
calcium chloride has the best heat transfer characteristics, while propylene glycol has the worst.
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Exhibit 1-2
Relative Comparison of GHP Antifreeze Solutions
Antifreeze Solution
Organic Compounds
Propvlene Glycol
Ethanol
Methanol
Ethylene Glycol
Inorganic Compounds
Potassium Acetate
(KOAc)
Potassium Carbonate
(K2CO,)
Sodium Chloride
(NaCl)
Calcium Chloride
(Cacy
Toxicity "
0.1
(least toxic)
0.8
1.0
(most toxic)
0.9
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.6
Heat Transfer
1.0
(worst)
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
(hest)
Pump Energy
1.0
0.8
0.7
(least energy)
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
(most energy)
Cost
1.0
(highest cost)
0.4
0.1
(lowest cost)
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.2
0.3
Sources: Fogg, [1997J and Caneta Research Inc. [1995].
While Exhibit 1-2 presents a relative comparison of CHP antifreeze solutions, the reader should remem-
ber that not all GHP systems use antifreeze. In addition, some of the organic antifree/es biodegrade in
a matter of days. Even in a worst case scenario, the risk of antifreeze used in GHPs is not likely to be
greater than that posed by a septic tank. [Fogg, pg 41] More information on the risks of GHP antifreezes
and their properties, including corrosivity and flammability, can be found in the following three docu-
ments: Fogg [1997], Heinonen, Tapscott, Wildin and Beall [1997], and Caneta Research Inc. [1995].
How much ant/freeze will be lost if a leak occurs and how much damage will it cause?
After assembly, the heat exchange loop is normally tested for leaks. This is typically done hydrostati-
cally at a pressure of 100 psi, for four hours system pressure under normal operating conditions is
usually 20 to 30 psi. If a leak is detected, the defect should be removed and replaced. This ensures
the integrity of the loop before being placed into the ground. Once the system is properly installed and
operating, the chance of a leak is small to none.
If, however, a leak did occur, the amount of antifreeze lost would be minimal. For example, a GHP sys-
tem with a cooling capacity of 5 tons has approximately 60 gallons of fluid in the loop heat exchanger.
If ethanol were used as the antifreeze, 15 gallons (25%) would be required to produce a 14 F freeze pro-
tection. Leakage will typically cause a drop in pressure in the loop, cavitation at the circulating pump,
4 Based on Fogg [19971.
Page 1-1 1
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Section I Vertical Closed Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
and system shutdown, resulting in reduced circulation of the fluid. In this circumstance, very little
fluid would leak out of the system (e.g., less than 10%).
In a more unlikely scenario, a rupture to the pipe (e.g., due to being hit by a backhoe) could result in a
moderate to major loss of fluid. The amount of fluid lost would be dependent on where the cut occurs,
and whether the loop is horizontal or vertical. The environmental and human health risks associated
with these scenarios are dependent on a variety of factors and are evaluated in Fogg [1997].
What are the best practices to minimize potential exposure to antifreeze and minimize potential
groundwater contamination?
Many antifreeze agents are harmful to people in vaiying degrees. However, with proper handling meth-
ods, the risks of exposure can be reduced or eliminated. Factors affecting the risks associated with expo-
sure to antifreeze include degree of toxicity, nature of toxic effects, and likelihood and duration of expo-
sure. The most common pathway for exposure to antifreeze solution is during the installation or main-
tenance of the system. Workers may inhale antifreeze-contaminated dust or vapors, or the antifreeze
may come into contact with a worker's skin or eyes. Using protective measures such as masks and pro-
tective clothing will virtually eliminate these dangers.
A leak in the heat exchanger piping will allow the antifreeze to escape into the ground. Human expo-
sure may result if the antifreeze enters the groundwater and migrates to wells and lakes. Following the
pipe manufacturer's installation and testing procedures will minimize the possibility of leaks. In the
unlikely event that a leak develops, use of an approved antifreeze will limit toxicity concerns. More
detailed information on the immediate, long-term, and environmental concerns of exposure to antifreeze
solutions can be found in the Commercial/Institutional Ground-Source Heat Pump Engineering Manual,
Appendix B, Assessment of Anti-Freeze Solutions for Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems, and Fogg [1997].
In general, the safest approach for the environment and from a liability perspective is to use the least
toxic antifreeze available that will do the job.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to use of antifreeze in vertical closed loop GHP systems?
Regulations on use of antifreezes in GHP systems range from very specific listings of acceptable
antifreezes and their required properties to no regulations at all. Performance and toxicity trade-offs are
not addressed in these regulations.
For example, the State of Missouri allows only pure glycerin solution, food grade propylene glycol,
dipotassium phosphate, sodium chloride, potassium acetate, methanol or ethanol to be used. The State
of New Jersey regulates antifreeze use through its permit program, and has approved six types of
antifreezes. The State of Minnesota, however, does not generally regulate residential GHP systems,
although for commercial systems, the only acceptable antifreeze solution is food grade propylene gly-
col. On the other end of the spectrum, some states do not regulate antifreezes in GHP systems, except
implicitly through penalties for groundwater contamination.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to use of antifreeze in vertical closed loop
GHP systems?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Decommissioning Issues
Unsealed or improperly sealed boreholes may threaten public health and safety, and the quality of
groundwater resources. Therefore, the proper abandonment (decommissioning) of boreholes is a criti-
cal final step in their service life. [PA, 7.1\
Proper GHP abandonment accomplishes the following: 1) eliminates the physical hazard of the well (the
hole in the ground), 2) eliminates a pathway for migration of contamination, and 3) prevents hydrolog-
ic changes in the aquifer system, such as the changes in hydraulic head and the mixing of water between
aquifers. The proper decommissioning method will depend on both the reason for abandonment and the
condition and construction details of the borehole or well.
Why should I be concerned about decommissioning vertical closed loop GHP systems?
Most states regulate procedures for abandoning wells. In addition, many states make it the respon-
sibility of a well owner to properly seal an abandoned well. Improperly decommissioned or aban-
doned wells may result in future groundwater contamination and create physical hazards. Most
states do not specifically regulate the decommissioning of GHP systems, instead applying water
well regulations.
What are best practices for decommissioning vertical closed loop GHP systems?
Based on Missouri well construction rules [Miscellaneous Publication No. 50], the basic decommis-
sioning procedure of GHP wells involves two steps:
1) Pump out the heat transfer fluid (antifreeze); and
2) Seal the borehole with grout, or other approved material.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to decommissioning vertical closed loop
GHP systems?
Most states regulate the decommissioning of drinking water and other wells. Hence, most states have
applied the requirements for water well decommissioning to GHP decommissioning when they have
addressed the GHP issue.
The State of Delaware requires that all abandoned wells be fitted so that they will not produce water, act
as a conduit for the interchange of good and poor quality water, or present a hazard to the safety and
well being of people and animals. Delaware does not specifically address decommissioning GHP sys-
tems, and it is unclear whether they would be affected by existing statutes and regulations. The State
of New Jersey is very specific and aggressive in addressing decommissioning of wells. New Jersey is
also in the process of promulgating new regulations that specifically address GHP systems, so it is like-
ly that decommissioning of GHP systems will be addressed after the proposed rule becomes final. The
State of Missouri regulates decommissioning of GHP systems and requires that heat transfer fluid be
pumped out of the system and the borehole be sealed. It is important to note that the tops of boreholes
will not be dug up as part of decommissioning; rather, the bores are properly sealed when originally
Page 1-13
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Section I Vertical Closed Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
installed. In addition, the process of "pumping out" antifreeze actually is accomplished by water dis-
placement. Because this is a rapidly evolving field, however, state authorities should be consulted on
the proper regulatory requirements for decommissioning.
How do I find out what the laws in my state apply to decommissioning vertical closed loop GHP systems?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Section II
Horizontal Closed Loop Systems
and Related Environmental Issues
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Section II
Horizontal Closed Loop Systems
and Related Environmental Issues
Introduction
System Description
Closed loop GHP systems rely on the contained circulation oi fluids through an underground loop of
pipes, which act as a heat exchanger by transporting heat to or from the ground. Horizontal loops are
typically installed in narrow trenches, about 5 feet deep, and up to several thousand feet long. Trenches
should be located sufficiently far away from the house so that any freezing surrounding the pipe does
not affect the foundation. The heat exchange fluid used is water. Antifreeze is often added to the water
to enable the system to function at temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. [PA GSHP Manual,
pp 2-4 & 3-3]
Key Environmental Issues
The primary environmental concern associated with horizontal closed loop systems is groundwater con-
tamination resulting from antifreeze leaks that could migrate to the groundwater. Because of the poten-
tial for groundwater contamination, care should be taken at each stage of the GHP system life cycle
installation, operation and decommissioning to avoid unnecessary environmental risks. Exhibit 2-1
provides an overview of the regulations and best management practices associated with the environ-
mental issues relevant to each life cycle phase.
Overview of Regulatory Approaches
There are very few regulations that apply to horizontal closed loop GHP systems. The various opinions
on regulations and best management practices for horizontal closed loop GHP systems are presented in
this section.
Page 11-1
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Section II Horizontal Closed Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
Exhibit 2-1
Overview of Environmental Concerns, Corresponding Regulations and Best
Management Practices That Apply to Horizontal Closed Loop GHP Systems
Environmental Issue
Regulations
Best Management Practices
Installation
Sediment and storm
water runoff from the
site
Backfilling the trench
Loop placement
Generally exempt from regulations.
No regulations exist currently.
Regulations generally specify dis-
tances necessary between heat
pump loop and areas of existing and
potential pollution including septic
fields. In addition, distances are
specified when loop intersects other
underground piping.
Ensure that disturbed soil is seeded to reduce risk
of runoff.
Ensure that no sharp rocks are in contact with the
pipe, and ensure that the backfill is compacted so
that it contains no air voids.
Refer to your state and local requirements for
placement of drinking water wells. In addition,
locate loop at least 2 feet from any other intersect-
ing underground piping. See page II-5 for further
explanation of loop placement concerns.
Operation
Antifreeze solutions
Regulations range from very specific
listings of acceptable antifreezes and
the properties they must possess, to
no regulations at all.
Choose antifreeze for low toxicity, high heat transfer,
and low viscosity. By far, the greatest risk of expo-
sure comes from handling antifreeze solutions
use masks and protective clothes during installation
or maintenance of the system.
To reduce potential for leaks in the system, follow
the pipe manufacturer's installation and testing
procedures.
Decommissioning
Potential for ground
contamination
While regulations exist for the
decommissioning of vertical closed
loop heat pump wells, no regulations
currently exist for horizontal closed
loop heat pump systems.
Pump out the heat transfer fluid and ensure loop
location is labeled.
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Installation Issues
There are three environmental issues that are related to the installation of horizontal closed loop sys-
tems. They are:
1. Sediment and storm water runoff from the site;
2. Backfilling the trench; and
3. Loop placement.
1. Sediment and Storm Water Runoff From the Site
Installation of horizontal closed loop GHP systems requires that temporary trenches be dug, resulting in
temporary removal of soil from the trenches. This soil may be left adjacent to the trench and regraded,
or removed from the site. If the soil is left on-site, use care to ensure that the soil doesn't migrate to near-
by surface waters or sewers.
Why should I be concerned about sediment and storm water runoff from the site during hori-
zontal closed loop GHP system installation?
Eroded soil migrating offsite can temporarily foul streams, and clog storm sewers. Proper soil contain-
ment can minimize soil erosion and potential impacts on streams and sewers, reduce potential for citi-
zen or government complaints, as well as improve project aesthetics during and after development.
[VA Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook, pg 1-1]
What are the best management practices to minimize the potential for sediment and storm
water runoff during horizontal closed loop GHP system installation?
There are two basic requirements that a best practice must satisfy. First, it must meet state and local
regulatory and permit requirements. Second, it must prevent erosion, especially water erosion, of
exposed soil. Typically construction sites require that exposed soil be covered or that a runoff control
barrier be erected. However, most residential GHP installations result in little soil disturbance and the
soil that is disturbed is usually exposed for only a very short period of time (i.e., less than 24 hours).
Hence, the best management practice under these circumstances is to seed the disturbed soil upon com-
pletion of the installation.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to sediment and storm water runoff from the site
during horizontal closed loop GHP system installation?
In general, single family residences are exempt from sediment and storm water regulations when small
areas of land are disturbed. It is prudent, however, to check state and local permit conditions. The State
of Missouri, for example, excludes single family residences and heat pump wells from the State's storm
water operating permit program under the Missouri Clean Water Law, and also exempts from sediment
and storm water controls all projects disturbing less than five acres and trenches two feet in width or
less. The States of New Jersey and Delaware have similar regulatory exemptions for storm water runoff
from residential property.
Page 11-3
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Section II Horizontal Closed Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to sediment and storm water runoff during hori-
zontal closed loop GHP system installation?
State laws and regulations are evolving constantly. You should, therefore, contact appropriate officials
in your state, as identified in Appendix B. The National Ground Water Association (NGWA) or the
National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) can also provide a list of state officials that
oversee implementation of relevant laws and regulations in each state.
2. Backfilling the Horizontal Loop Trench
After the horizontal ground loop system has been installed, tested, and charged, the trench is backfilled
(filled in), usually with the soil that was removed from the trench originally. If the soil is not replaced
properly, heat transfer may be poor (thus reducing the efficiency of the system), or the pipe could be
broken or otherwise damaged, thereby creating the potential for environmental contamination due to
leaking antifreeze.
Why should I be concerned about backfilling the horizontal loop trench?
The soil must be backfilled into the trench carefully so that it has good contact with the loop system to
ensure effective heat transfer. However, if sharp rocks are present in the soil, they may puncture or oth-
erwise damage the pipe. Ensuring that the trench is backfilled carefully and effectively is a critical step
in horizontal GHP system installation, and must be done properly to ensure that the GHP system real-
izes the technical and economic efficiency for which it was designed.
What are best practices for backfilling the horizontal loop trench?
When backfilling a horizontal loop, the installer should ensure that no sharp rocks come into contact
with the pipe. The contractor may need to place a bed of sand or limestone "crackerdust" at the bot-
tom of the trench to insulate the pipe from rocky soil while providing a conductive medium. Sand also
may be required to surround the entire pipe before the native soil is returned to the trench. Compaction
machinery may be necessary to develop good contact between the soil and the pipe. [PA, pg 3.8.1]
A new approach in some states (e.g., Pennsylvania) is to use flowable backfill that surrounds the pipe in
the trench. Flowable backfill has the advantage of complete contact of a highly conductive material with
the pipe. The backfill material typically consists of water, sand, and cement. Virginia Power has been
using this approach for the past few years, incorporating the accumulated fly ash from its facilities.
In addition, a tracer wire should be buried at a 6 inch depth for easy location of the horizontal loop with
a metal detector. The end of the wire should be brought through the foundation wall and terminated.
The tracer wire also serves as a warning to future backhoe digging which can help prevent catastroph-
ic leaks from the system. [Manual of Acceptable Practices for Installation of Residential Earth-Coupled
Heat Pump Systems, pg 18]
What regulations do I need to know that apply to backfilling a horizontal loop trench?
There are currently no Federal regulations addressing the issue of acceptable backfilling approaches. State
and local laws, regulations and permit conditions may vary, and should be reviewed prior to backfilling.
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to backfilling the horizontal loop trench?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
3. Loop Placement
Horizontal loop systems need enough uninterrupted horizontal space to enable effective heat transfer to
take place. Beyond this generic requirement, the most important factor in horizontal loop placement is
to avoid locating it near (next to, on top of, or underneath) sources of pollution or contamination, or other
underground pipes. In addition, the loop system should be located a sufficient distance from houses so
that any freezing surrounding the pipe does not affect their foundations.
Why should I be concerned about placement of horizontal closed loops?
Horizontal trenches with gravel bases could act as potential conduits for contamination migration.
Potential sources of contamination include commercial fertilizers or chemicals, landfills, lagoons, under-
ground storage tanks, and septic systems. In addition to acting as a potential conduit for sewage, disturb-
ing the soil underneath a septic bed can lead to inadequate treatment of sewage. Also, heat from the pipes
can increase biological growth in the septic tanks, which could lead to costly septic system repairs.
Moreover, repair of sewer pipes or the septic system would require excavation of the horizontal loop sys-
tem; alternatively, repair of the horizontal loop system would require excavation of the sewer or septic sys-
tem, thus increasing dramatically the cost of repairs for either system. [PA, pg 3.10.1] Finally, a horizon-
tal GHP loop located too close to another underground pipe could result in the freezing and potentially
bursting of that pipe. What are best practices for placement of a horizontal closed loop GHP system?
While the potential for a trench to act as a conduit for contamination is typically not a major concern, it
could be if the trench intersects groundwater or leads to a sensitive area. It is best to avoid bringing
potential sources of contamination into the installation area and locate the trenches far enough away from
potential sources of contamination so as to avoid this threat. Horizontal GHP loops should never be locat-
ed underneath a septic bed and should be at least two feet above or below any other intersecting under-
ground piping or wiring (except for a soaker pipe which may be used in conjunction with the system to
keep the soil moisture constant.) If placement of a horizontal loop GHP near a source of pollution is
unavoidable, it should be located a certain distance away upgradient from the contamination source.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to placement of a horizontal closed loop GHP system?
While some states regulate the distances GHP loops need to be from potential areas of contamination,
others do not. In addition, local regulations and permit conditions may apply.
For example, the State of Missouri regulates the distance between a horizontal GHP loop and any other
intersecting pipes. While the State of Pennsylvania does not generally regulate residential GHP sys-
tems, they do produce a guidance document which recommends keeping GHP loops away from septic
fields and other sources of potential contamination. The State of Delaware has no regulations that apply
to placement of horizontal GHP systems. The State of New Jersey is considering comprehensive GHP
regulations that may regulate placement of horizontal GHP systems when the rule becomes final.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to placement of a horizontal closed loop GHP system?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
Page 11-5
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Section II Horizontal Closed Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
Operation Issues
Horizontal and vertical closed loop systems are virtually identical with respect to their operations. They
therefore share the same primary environmental concern, namely the potential for groundwater conta-
mination resulting from an antifreeze leak in the loop. See Operation Issues in Section I, for a full dis-
cussion of antifreeze related issues.
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Decommissioning Issues
An unused and undrained horizontal loop may deteriorate and eventually leak antifreeze and ultimate-
ly contaminate grounclwater. Even more importantly, the loop location may be lost over time and future
construction could rupture the loop, resulting in a total leak of antifreeze solution. This potential for
leakage poses a threat to the environment, especially the quality of grounclwater resources, that is at
worst comparable to that of a "lost" septic system. More detailed information on the immediate, long-
term, and environmental concerns of exposure to antifreeze solutions can be found in the Commercial/
Institution Ground-Source Heat Pump Engineering Manual, Appendix 5, Assessment of Anti-Freeze
Solutions for Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems, and Fogg [1997]. Therefore, the proper abandonment
(decommissioning) of a horizontal system is a critical final step in its service life. [PA, pg 7.1]
Why should I be concerned about decommissioning horizontal closed loop GHP systems?
While little is written about the decommissioning of horizontal loop systems, it is prudent to remove all
loop fluid when shutting down the system. Even in a system not in use, the potential exists for a leak
or rupture to occur that would allow the antifreeze to escape. If pollution occurs, the system owner may
be liable for cleanup of the soil and/or aquifer.
What are best practices for decommissioning a horizontal closed loop GHP systems?
Pump out the antifreeze solution from the system and either reuse it in a different system, recycle it, or
dispose of it properly.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to decommissioning a horizontal closed loop
GHP systems?
Most states and local jurisdictions do not appear to regulate decommissioning of horizontal closed loop
GHP systems. Check with state and local authorities to determine whether any requirements apply. The
State of Missouri regulates decommissioning of GHP systems and requires that antifreeze solutions be
removed from the system. New Jersey and Delaware currently do not regulate decommissioning of hor-
izontal GHP systems.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to decommissioning a horizontal closed loop
GHP systems?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection f)
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Section III
Open Loop Systems
and Related Environmental Issues
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Section III
Open Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
Introduction
System Description
Open loop GHP systems, also known as groundwater heat pump systems, typically depend upon ground-
water as a source or sink of heat. Unlike closed loop systems, open systems do not confine the heat
exchange fluid to a loop of pipes. Rather, open systems pump water from a well, pass it through the heat
pump, and then discharge it. Although surface water can be used, most open systems rely on ground-
water. The used water is discharged to surface waters, discharged to a buried drain field, or reinjected
into the aquifer. The water supply well must yield enough water to transport the required amount of
heat, and the discharge medium must be of sufficient size to accept the discharged water. [PA GSHP
Manual, pg 4-1]
Because the boreholes for open loop systems function like wells, the term "well" is used interchange-
ably with "borehole" in this section.
Key Environmental Concerns
The key environmental concerns associated with vertical open loop systems are:
Improperly constructed wells or boreholes could serve as channels of contamination from the
surface to the subsurface, or from one aquifer to another;
The rate at which water is pulled from the aquifer may affect a groundwater supply; and
Environmental problems resulting from the rate at which water is discharged (e.g., runoff, ero-
sion, thermal impacts).
Because of these potential problems, care should be taken at each stage of the GHP system life cycle
installation, operation and decommissioning to avoid unnecessary environmental risks. [PA GSHP
Manual, pg 5-1]
Overview of Regulatory Approaches
While there are differing views on how to regulate vertical open loop GHP systems, the prevalent view
is to treat GHP systems as drinking water wells. When water is reinjected into the aquifer, most states
require that the injection wells be inventoried through their UIC regulations. Therefore, the appropri-
ate state UIC representative should be contacted. A list of state UIC representatives can be found in
Appendix B. The various opinions on regulations and best management practices for vertical open loop
GHP systems are presented in this section.
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Section III Open Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
Exhibit 3-1
Overview of Environmental Concerns, Corresponding Regulations and Best
Management Practices That Apply to Open Loop Systems
Environmental Issue
Regulations
Best Management Practices
Installation
Sediment and storm
water runoff from
the site
Surface contaminant
infiltration along the
borehole
Inter-aquifer flow
Borehole placement
Generally exempt from regulations.
Sealing the top of the borehole and
other precautions to prevent contam-
ination on the surface from entering
the borehole are usually regulated.
Regulations apply to borehole diam-
eter and length, and grout materials
and methods.
Installers may also be responsible
for the integrity of the annular seal
for a specified period of time.
Regulations generally specify
distances necessary between water
well location and areas of existing
and potential pollution including
septic fields.
Ensure that disturbed soil is seeded to reduce risk
of runoff.
During construction, the area surrounding the well
should be maintained in a clean condition and sur-
face drainage should be diverted away from the well.
The top of the well casing should be sealed. [For
more information, see Manual of Water Well
Construction Practices, EPA 570/9-75-001, pg 77.]
Refer to your state and local requirements that
apply to drinking water wells or specifically to
GHP systems.
Refer to your state and local requirements for
placement of drinking water wells.
Operation
Water withdrawal
Water disposal
Regulations vary in dealing with
water withdrawal, but generally do
not regulate the small volumes that
are associated with residential GHP
systems.
Surface disposal may be regulated if
the drainage leaves the landowner's
property, and may require a NPDES
permit if discharge enters surface
waters. Disposal to sanitary sewers
may be prohibited by local ordi-
nances.
Subsurface disposal may be regulat-
ed under the UIC program, though
GHPs are considered a very small
risk and usually not regulated. Most
states, however, do require that
injection wells be inventoried
through their UIC regulations.
Therefore, the appropriate state UIC
representative should be contacted
(see Appendix B).
The yield of the aquifer should be assessed and an
assessment of use should be made to avoid prob-
lems associated with aquifer draw down.
For surface disposal, ensure drainage occurs in a
manner that does not result in soil erosion. Also,
the disposal method must be compatible with the
volume of water that will be discharged and be able
to handle extreme weather conditions (i.e., freezing).
For vertical and horizontal subsurface disposal,
ensure the well/drain is of sufficient diameter and
depth to accept the maximum discharge from a sys-
tem. In addition, horizontal subsurface drains must
be deep enough to avoid freezing in the winter.
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Environmental Issue
Operation (cont.)
Thermally altered
discharge water
Regulations
For surface disposal, heat is catego-
rized as a pollutant under NPDES.
However, states either do not regu-
late GHP systems or the volumes
and temperatures generated by resi-
dential systems are less than what is
regulated.
Best Management Practices
Well must be of sufficient diameter and depth to
accept the maximum discharge from a system (pre-
vents eventual clogging due to the precipitation of
minerals resulting from the temperature change).
For subsurface disposal, large GHP systems could
introduce a thermal plume that could affect another
well. The potential for this should be assessed dur-
ing the design of a large system.
Decommissioning
Physical hazard of
the well and pathway
for migration of cont-
amination
Regulations generally state that all
abandoned wells shall be fitted in
such a way that they will not pro-
duce water or act as a conduit for
the interchange of waters of undesir-
able quality with those whose quali-
ty is desirable, or present a hazard
to the safety and well being of peo-
ple and animals. Often, it is the
responsibility of the well owner to
properly seal an abandoned well.
Follow state and local regulations for decommis-
sioning drinking water wells, but generally clear
the borehole of any obstructions. Seal the borehole
with grout.
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Section III Open Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
Installation Issues
Much of this section parallels information from Section I. It is repeated here for the reader's conve-
nience. There are four environmental issues related to the installation of a open loop GHP systems:
1. Sediment and storm water runoff from the site;
2. Surface contaminant infiltration along the borehole;
3. Inter-aquifer flow; and
4. Borehole placement.
1. Sediment and Storm Water Runoff From the Site
Installation of open loop GHP systems requires that a well be drilled, resulting in removal of soil or rock
from the hole. This soil may be left adjacent to the borehole and regraded, or removed from the site. If
the soil is left on-site, use care to ensure that the soil doesn't migrate to nearby surface waters or sewers.
Why should I be concerned about sediment and storm water runoff from the site during installa-
tion of open loop GHP systems?
Eroded soil migrating offsite can temporarily foul streams, and clog sewers. Proper soil containment
can minimize soil erosion and potential impacts on streams and sewers, reduce potential for citizen or
government complaints, as well as improve project aesthetics before, during, and after development.
[VA Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook, pg I-f ]
What are the best practices to minimize the potential for sediment and storm water runoff from
the site during installation of open loop GHP systems?
There are two basic requirements that a best practice must satisfy. First, it must meet state and local
regulatory and permit requirements. Second, it must prevent erosion, especially water erosion, of
exposed soil. Typically construction sites require that exposed soil be covered or that a runoff control
barrier be erected. However, most residential GHP installations result in little soil disturbance and the
soil that is disturbed is usually exposed for only a veiy short period of time (i.e., one or two days).
Hence, the best management practice under these circumstances is to seed the disturbed soil upon com-
pletion of the installation. If the disturbed soil will be exposed for a lengthy period of time, then anoth-
er measure may need to be implemented. For example, at Fort Polk, where over 8,000 bore holes were
recently installed, the Louisiana environmental agency had the drillers use large holding tanks for the
drilling mud in order to avoid problems associated with erosion and runoff.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to sediment and storm water runoff from the site
during installation of open loop GHP systems?
In general, existing single family residences are exempt from sediment and storm water regulations
when small areas of land are disturbed. The State of Missouri, for example, excludes single family res-
idences and heat pump wells from the State's storm water operating permit program under the Missouri
Clean Water Law, and also exempts from sediment and storm water controls all projects disturbing less
than five acres and trenches two feet in width or less. The States of New Jersey and Delaware have sim-
ilar regulatory exemptions for storm water runoff from residential property.
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How do I find out what laws in my state apply to sediment and storm water runoff from the site
during installation of open loop GHP systems?
State laws and regulations are evolving constantly. You should, therefore, contact appropriate officials
in your state, as identified in Appendix B. The National Ground Water Association (NGWA) or the
National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) can also provide a list of state officials that
oversee implementation of relevant laws and regulations in each state.
2. Surface Contaminant Infiltration Along the Borehole
Aquifer contamination can occur when boreholes are drilled in an unconfined water table aquifer. As
with any well, downward leakage from the surface can occur along ungrouted or uncased boreholes, pol-
luting the water table aquifer with surface contaminants. [Grouting Procedures for Ground-Source Heat
Pump Systems, pg 2]
Why should I be concerned about infiltration of surface contaminants along the borehole?
Infiltration of surface contaminants can directly or indirectly contaminate the groundwater, depending
on the depth of the water and local hydrogeologic conditions. Groundwater is often a source for drink-
ing water and, if contaminated, may be rendered unfit to drink. Further, in some states owners of wells
or other boreholes may be legally and economically liable for potential damage to the aquifer.
What are the best practices to prevent infiltration of surface contaminants along the borehole?
To minimize the risks of infiltration along the borehole, care should be taken to maintain a clean site while
drilling the hole, and afterwards, the well should be completed according to local regulations, or following
IGSHPA or NGWA practices.5 In general, the well water community and many states consider sealing the
top ol the borehole to be the preferential method of segregating surface contamination from groundwater.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to infiltration of surface contaminants along
the borehole?
Many states require that drinking water wells be drilled only by licensed water well drillers. Because
open loop GHP systems are veiy similar to drinking water wells, they are often regulated under the same
rules. Regulations addressing methods for preventing surface contamination of boreholes vary signifi-
cantly by state and even local jurisdiction. In general, the preferred method in states with regulations
is to seal the top oi the borehole.
Because many types of grouts and placement methods exist, it is best to determine the specific require-
ments for acceptable types of grout and application methods in your state. If there are no GHP specif-
ic regulations that address this, follow state regulations that apply to water well construction. Although
Missouri, New Jersey and Delaware do not address requirements for preventing infiltration along the
borehole in the context of GHP systems, they do recommend highly, and in some cases require, that
boreholes be grouted.
Detailed information on proper grouting procedures can be found in ICSHPA's Grouting Procedures for Ground-Source Heat
Pump Systems and NGWA's Manual for Water Well Construction Practices (EPA 570/9/75/001).
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Section III Open Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to infiltration of surface contaminants along
the borehole?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
3. Inter-aquifer Flow
While drilling boreholes for the installation of open loop geothermal heat exchangers, it is possible to
penetrate one or more aquifers. When two aquifers are penetrated, a path exists for the waters of the
two to mix. If one of the aquifers is contaminated or contains non-potable water, the other aquifer will
also become contaminated.
Why should I be concerned about inter-aquifer flow?
Uncontaminated groundwater is one of our most precious natural resources. Preventing inter-aquifer flow
is essential to preserving the purity of uncontaminated aquifers and sealing off formations that are known
to be contaminated. Moreover, in most states there are regulations that apply to this issue; thus owners and
operators of boreholes may be liable for civil or criminal penalties if they ignore regulatory requirements.
What are the best practices to prevent inter-aquifer flow?
The formations which yield polluted water or water of an undesirable quality must be adequately sealed
off to prevent pollution or contamination of the overlying or underlying water-bearing zones. There are
several ways to prevent inter-aquifer flow, and practices vary regionally. One practice is to grouting the
full length of the borehole using the grout pipe (tremie) method6. Another is that grouting at least 10
feet above and below the affected aquifers is sufficient. Other methods, such as sleeves, packers, and
other devices, are also employed to prevent inter-aquifer flow.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to inter-aquifer flow?
Open loop GHP system boreholes are essentially the same as potable water wells, hence most states
apply their water well drilling regulations to GHP system boreholes. Regulations addressing methods
for preventing inter-aquifer flow vary by state and even local jurisdiction. GHP system installers should
follow state and local regulations that apply to grouting water wells (or those regulations that pertain
specifically to GHP systems).
For example, the State of Missouri addresses inter-aquifer flow through its domestic water well stan-
dards. The standards require casing for permanent wells and states that all wells be watertight to the
depth necessaiy to exclude contaminants. This protection is achieved through grouting and four types
of grout are permitted for use: 1) neat cement grout, 2) bentonite grout, 3) bentonite slurry grout, and
4) other grout if advance approval is granted. GHP system installers are specifically held responsible
for proper system construction and installation.
The States of Delaware and New Jersey also apply existing water well construction regulations to GHP
system installations. These regulations address well construction methods and require specific types of
Detailed information on proper grouting procedures can be found in IGSHPA's "Grouting Procedures for Ground-Source Heat
Pump Systems and NGWA's Manual for Water Well Construction Practices " (EPA 570/9/75/001).
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
grouts for different geologic formations, and prescribe grouting methods that depend on whether or not
the well penetrates an aquifer. New Jersey requires cement grout in consolidated geologic formations
and bentonite in non-consolidated formations. In Delaware, the only approved grouting materials are
also cement and bentonite clay, although there is no indication of specific requirements to use one or
the other in different geologic formations.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to inter-aquifer flow?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
4. Borehole Placement
Boreholes should not be sited near (next to, on top of, or underneath) sources of pollution or contami-
nation, and the site selected should have good surface drainage.
Why should I be concerned about borehole placement in open loop GHP systems?
As indicated in the discussions on infiltration and inter-aquifer flow, boreholes in vertical open loop sys-
tems could act as potential conduits for contaminant migration into groundwater. Potential sources of con-
tamination include commercial fertilizers or chemicals, landfills, lagoons, underground storage tanks,
and septic systems. In addition, if the borehole is not situated on a site with good surface drainage, con-
taminated standing water could seep down along the borehole and affect the underlying groundwater.
What are best practices for siting the borehole in an open loop GHP system?
A borehole should be sited at a location with good surface drainage, away from low-lying areas where
water may pool. In addition, wells should not be located near sources of pollution or contamination. The
appropriate distances vaiy depending on the hydrogeology of the site and the type of potential pollutants
or contaminants. It may be beneficial, however, to locate the loop system upgradient from the pollution
source if installation of the system near such an area is unavoidable. In general, the best solution to sit-
ing an open loop system is to follow the same guidance and requirements as for drinking water wells.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to borehole placement in an open loop GHP system?
Open loop GHP system supply boreholes are no different from drinking water wells, hence most states
apply their water well drilling regulations to the placement of GHP system boreholes. Note that dis-
charge wells are different from water wells, but similar. The regulations vary significantly by state. In
addition, local regulations and permit conditions may also apply. Some states, such as Missouri, have
regulations that apply to GHP system siting that provide for minimum distances from specific sources
of potential contaminants. Other states have no regulatory requirements that apply to GHP system sit-
ing. States that do not have requirements that apply specifically to GHP system siting usually default
to the siting requirements for drinking water wells.
The State of Missouri veiy specifically defines the minimum distance requirements between GHP wells
and sources of pollution. These distances vary depending on contaminant. For example, GHP systems
must be sited at least 300 feet from storage areas for fertilizers or chemicals, landfills, lagoons, and
underground storage tanks; at least 1.00 feet from below-grade manure storage areas and cesspools; and
at least 50 feet from an existing operating well or buried sewer. The Stale of Delaware requires that
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Section III Open Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
water withdrawn from an aquifer for an open loop GHP system be reinjected back into the same aquifer,
and that reinjection (recharge) wells be constructed at least 50 feet from any source of pollution, includ-
ing septic tanks, tile fields, and manure piles.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to borehole placement in an open loop GHP system?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
How do I know when grouting of the borehole is necessary?
The primary reason to grout boreholes is to provide environmental protection. Grouting prevents sur-
face contamination from infiltrating the aquifer, and also prevents cross-aquifer contamination. This
could result if the borehole penetrates more than one aquifer, and contaminated water from one aquifer
flows along the borehole and mixes with clean water from another.
Site-specific factors will determine when and what type of grouting will be most appropriate. Because
the cost of full-length (top-to-bottom) grouting may affect the overall cost-effectiveness of the decision
to install a heat pump, it makes sense to know when it is and is not necessary. Full length grouting will
most likely be necessary when more than one aquifer is penetrated by the borehole, so that both surface
and cross-aquifer contamination will be prevented. In contrast, if only one aquifer is penetrated, it may
only be necessary to grout the top of the borehole to exclude surface contamination. In general, grout-
ing should be performed to the extent dictated by local geologic conditions.
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Operation Issues
There are three environmental issues related to the operation of vertical open loop GHP systems.
They are:
1. Water withdrawal;
2. Water disposal; and
3. Thermally altered discharge water.
1. Water Withdrawal
Open loop GHP systems usually withdraw water from underground aquifers to use as a heat transfer
fluid. This water is then either reinjected into the aquifer or discharged to the surface.
Why should I be concerned about water withdrawal?
Legal and environmental considerations on water withdrawal may have an effect on homeowners using
open loop GHP systems. Legally, homeowner rights to withdraw groundwater differ considerably among
states and local jurisdictions. Perhaps the most significant difference is between jurisdictions in the rel-
atively wet eastern half of the United States and jurisdictions in the relatively arid western half of the
United States. Even within the wet portion of the country, homeowner water withdrawal rights may dif-
fer significantly between states and local jurisdictions.
In addition to legal considerations, there are environmental considerations related to the issue of the
recharge capacity of the local aquifer. If water is withdrawn from the aquifer at a faster rate than it can
be replenished, the level of water in the aquifer will begin to diminish. Should this occur, some wells
may experience reduced water flows, which, if severe enough may render the open loop GHP system
much less efficient or inoperable.
What are best practices for water withdrawal?
A hydrogeological investigation of the site should be performed by a qualified professional, such as a
hydrogeologist, to assess the groundwater resource. \Caneta Research Inc., pp 2-3] Depending on the
climate and hydrogeology of the region, aquifer recharge rates may be very slow or quite rapid. Common
sense dictates that in areas with relatively slow recharge rates, water should be withdrawn at a slower
rate; and in areas with more rapid recharge rates, water may be withdrawn at a faster rate. For more
information please refer to Caneta Research Inc.'s Commercial/Institutional Ground-Source Heat Pump
Engineering Manual.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to water withdrawn for open loop GHP systems?
Most states do not regulate the small volumes of water withdrawn in residential open loop GHP systems.
Western states may be more likely to regulate water withdrawal because of generally arid conditions.
Because open loop GHP systems operate like drinking water wells, the same state and local regulations
will most likely be applied.
The State of Missouri does not regulate water withdrawal for residential GHP systems. New Jersey does
not require water withdrawal permits unless the well owner exceeds, has permitted capacity to exceed,
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Section III Open Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
or claims a right to exceed withdrawal of 100,000 gallons or more per day. The State of Delaware does
not regulate water withdrawal for GHP systems that use less than 50,000 gallons per day. By compar-
ison, it is unlikely that any residential GHP system would withdraw more than 20,000 gallons per day,
even under the most extreme circumstances.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to water withdrawn for open loop GHP systems?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
2. Water Disposal
Water withdrawn for circulation through open loop GHP systems is disposed of through one of two methods:
I) Surface Disposal; or
II) Subsurface Disposal.
Because of the expense involved in the construction of a second (return) well, the installer may prefer sur-
face or near surface disposal methods. However, many situations will not allow these methods. [PA, 4.4]
I. Surface Disposal
Surface disposal (or discharge) is generally the easiest method for disposing of the groundwater that has
passed through an open loop GHP system. The disposal locations typically include on-site or off-site
ponds, streams, or other bodies of water. Each disposal method poses its own environmental and oper-
ational advantages and disadvantages. [PA, 4.4.1]
Why should I be concerned about surface disposal of water from open loop GHP systems?
Water from open loop GHP systems may be discharged to a public surface water body, such as a lake
or stream; depending on state requirements, however, this action may require a permit under the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) for the discharge. The method of con-
veyance from point of discharge to the receiving body of water must be secure to avoid problems with
erosion and sedimentation, which can impact the stream or lake. Additional problems may occur in the
winter because of freezing conditions. For example, if the lake or stream is frozen over, discharge water
may flood nearby areas. Further, as discussed above, long-term impacts to groundwater levels are pos-
sible if the rate of water withdrawal from an aquifer exceeds its rate of recharge.
Water may be channeled to a private, on-site collection basin where it infiltrates into the ground. This
type of disposal is generally successful only where the basin bottom is composed of highly permeable
sands and gravels. Otherwise, infiltration tends to be too slow. Along with silting, microbial and bac-
terial plugging are the chief causes of permeability reduction, and periodic maintenance must be done
to clean the basin. Basins also require large areas of property, although disposal to a private basin would
not require a permit. [PA, 4.4.1]
Disposal to sanitaiy sewers is often prohibited by local ordinances. Such discharges can lower a sewage
treatment plant's efficiency, thereby raising operating costs. [PA, 4.4.1]
It is very important to understand that surface disposal may not be advisable in areas where groundwa-
ter depletion may occur. In such situations, aquifer recharge should be seriously considered. Local
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
knowledgeable professionals, such as hydrogeologists, should be consulted on the advisability of water
withdrawal and discharge.
What are best practices for surface disposal of water from open loop GHP systems?
Discharge to surface waters in a manner that does not cause erosion is perhaps the best method for off-
site surface disposal of water from open loop GHP systems. However, it is very important to understand
that surface disposal may not be advisable in areas where groundwater depletion may occur.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to surface disposal of water from open loop
GHP systems?
For systems that discharge to surface waters, discharge water temperatures must be consistent with
existing regulations, and a NPDES permit may be required. Other state and local regulations and per-
mit conditions may also apply.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to surface disposal of water from open loop
GHP systems?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
II. Subsurface Disposal
Some GHP systems dispose of water through subsurface methods. [PA, 4.4.2] These methods include:
Vertical injection wells (a two-well system). Most subsurface water disposal methods return
water to the aquifer using a vertical injection well. One well is used to withdraw water from the
aquifer, while another well is used to reinject the warmed or cooled water back into the aquifer.
This method conserves groundwater and tends to limit environmental problems. When water is
returned to the same aquifer, groundwater quality and quantity are generally maintained.
Standing column well (a one-well system for both supply and discharge). A well used for
both supply and discharge is known as a standing column system. For this technique, a pipe
with the bottom portion screened is placed down the well. Groundwater is pulled through the
screen using a submersible pump, located near the bottom of the well. After the water circu-
lates past the heat pump, it is then returned to the well using a drop pipe at the top of the
well, below the standing water level. The water flows down the outside of the pipe and cools
or warms, depending on how the water had been used. [PA, 4.4.2.1] There are many varia-
tions on this method; various regions have used similar methods to achieve similar results.
Horizontal drains or a subsurface drain field. This method is similar to a drain field
that accompanies a septic system.
Why should I be concerned about subsurface water disposal from open loop GHP systems?
Horizontal drains or subsurface drain fields must have the capacity to accept the volume of flow from
an open loop GHP system; and they must also be constructed deep enough to avoid freezing during the
winter. [PA, 4.4.2]
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Section III Open Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
Vertical injection wells must have enough capacity to accept the volume of flow from the open loop GHP
system. Experience has shown that few contractors test the return capacity of their subsurface dispos-
al system. The relative capacity of a drain field and the ability of a well to accept water in a discharge
mode should be thoroughly established prior to system installation. Failure to do so has been the most
frequent failing of system installations to date.
With both vertical injection wells and turbulent wells, some chemical changes can occur when the
groundwater is injected because of changes in water temperature and pressure. These changes can lead
to eventual clogging of the return well. For example, return wells can be clogged because of changes in
pressure and carbon dioxide concentrations which lead to precipitation of minerals, development of iron
oxides caused by aeration of the water, or precipitation of iron as a result of bacterial growth. Suspended
sediment can also block openings in the well. [PA, 4.4.2]
What are best practices for subsurface disposal of water from open loop GHP systems?
The return well must have adequate capacity to accommodate the volume of water that passes through
the open loop GHP system. Aquifer characteristics such as the permeability of the area surrounding the
well should be considered. Hydrogeological characteristics can be estimated based on the geology of
the well area. [PA, 4.4.2.2]
In choosing whether or not to install a subsurface water disposal system or in choosing between the var-
ious subsurface water disposal systems, installers should consider a number of additional factors,
including: 1) distance from existing wells, 2) volume of discharge water, 3) length of the well available
for injection of the water, 4) design of the well screen (if used), 5) local water quality, and 6) local and
state well construction codes. [PA, 4.4.2.2]
Return well siting. The return well must be adequately isolated to allow the discharge water to reach
the ambient temperature of the aquifer before being withdrawn again. The wells typically should be iso-
lated at distances greater than 100 feet (horizontal distances). Larger capacity wells or wells in thin or
poorly transmissive aquifers should have greater isolation distances. [PA, 4.4.2.2]
Return well construction. The construction of the return well is critical to the effectiveness of this type
of water disposal. A well that is not constructed properly can at some point cause the entire system to fail.
The most common problem is well clogging or slowing because of poor construction or development of
mineral precipitate. [PA, 4.4.2.2] It is veiy important to properly seal the return well with grout. Water
in the return well is forced back into the aquifer by the pressure created by the column of water in the
well. If the pressure resisting flow back into the aquifer is significant, there is a chance that rapid flow
into the return well could cause a rupture of the casing seal. Grouting the borehole will help prevent such
ruptures. Water injection tests should be performed prior to installation to see how the well reacts.
Preventing mineral precipitation. Several actions can help prevent mineral precipitation, although
results cannot be guaranteed. First, most precipitation can be avoided by ensuring that the waters do not
free fall back into a return well (e.g., through the use of a simple dip tube). Second, wells must be of suf-
ficient diameter and depth to accept the maximum discharge from an open loop GHP system. The
screened or open rock portion should be greater than that of the supply well. A return well constructed
in rock typically requires twice the capacity of the supply well. Third, aeration of the water to be returned
should be avoided, as aeration accelerates mineral precipitation, particularly precipitation of iron. In
particular, if a storage tank is used, it should be a diaphragm type, and the discharge should be below
standing water level. Fourth, the use of a backvalve can help to prevent pressure differences that could
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
result in precipitation of minerals. An extended pumping test (12-24 hours) is recommended to help
determine hydraulic characteristics of the return well. [PA, 4.4.2.2] Fifth, and finally, all wells or bore-
holes should be disinfected to prevent the proliferation of bacteria (most commonly iron bacteria).
Proper return well development. Return wells should be properly developed to remove fines and
stabilize the borehole so that they do not collapse (e.g., install a borehole casing) or clog. Mechanical
surging and some types of chemical treatment can promote a stable well, or successfully treat a clogged
well. [PA, 4.4.2.2]
What regulations do I need to know that apply to subsurface disposal of water from open loop
GHP systems?
Return wells for GHP systems are classified as Class V injection wells by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). Such wells have been determined not to pose a significant threat to the envi-
ronment. However, EPA requires that owners and operators of injection wells, including those for GHPs,
report at least the following (40 CFR Section 144.26):
facility name and location
name and address of legal contact
ownership of the facility
nature and type of injection well
operating status of injection well
This information is requested by EPA on the national form, Inventory of Injection Wells, OMB No. 158-
R0170. [PA, 1.3.l\ The appropriate state UIC representative, found in Appendix B, should be con-
tacted for further assistance on this reporting.
While most states require that injection wells be inventoried through their UIC regulations, other GHP
subsurface discharge regulations vary by state. The State of Missouri exempts all residential GHP sys-
tems from permit regulations with regard to thermally altered water discharges. In New Jersey reinjec-
tion wells for residential GHP systems are regulated as Class V wells and are permitted by rule. The
State of Delaware does not address thermally altered water discharges in the context of GHP systems.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to subsurface discharge of water from open loop
GHP systems?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
3. Thermally Altered Water Discharge
Water used in open loop GHP systems and returned to the ground (reinjected or percolating from a drain
field) or surface waters will either be warmer or cooler than when it was originally withdrawn. For open
loop GHP systems, the temperature change is usually less than ten degrees Fahrenheit. Whether or not
the temperature difference of the discharged water will have an impact on the aquifer or surface water
depends on various factors such as the volume discharged, or the temperature and flow of the receiving
water. If water used in GHP systems is returned to the same aquifer throughout the year, temperature
contrasts may be neutralized. For surface disposal, heat is categorized as a pollutant under NPDES.
[PA, 4.6.1]
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Section III Open Loop Systems and Related Environmental Issues
Why should I be concerned about thermally altered water discharged from open loop GHP systems?
Temperature changes in water may cause subsequent chemical changes that affect not only equipment
like reinjection wells, but also the local ecology that receives the discharged water. For example, as dis-
cussed earlier, changes in pressure and carbon dioxide concentrations could lead to the precipitation of
minerals and the eventual clogging of return wells. Temperature changes can affect microorganisms and
minerals in the groundwater and surface waters, as well as surface water vegetation, algae, and fish. In
addition, open loop systems should not be exposed to air to aid cooling, because aeration can lead to
mineral precipitation and clogging. EPA supported research work at The Richard Stockton College of
NJ that investigated the thermal effects on microbiota resulting from the use of underground geothermal
heat pump systems. A draft report from this research was completed in the fall of 1996 and is available
from EPA's Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Division distribution center at (202) 775-6650.
What are best practices for minimizing the effect of thermally altered water discharges from
open loop GHP systems?
Preventing mineral precipitation. See Preventing mineral precipitation in Subsection 2.ii of
Section III, Operation Issues.
Proper return well development. Return wells should be properly developed to remove fines and
stabilize the borehole. Mechanical surging and some types of chemical treatment can promote a stable
well, or successfully treat a clogged well. [PA, 4.4.2.2]
No long term thermal imbalance occurs when the heating and cooling loads to the heat exchanger are
about the same. Depending on the building type, the regional climate, and whether the cooling or heat-
ing cycle will dominate, a GHP system will either cool or warm the subsurface until an equilibrium is
reached. Consequences (thermal, chemical, or biological) of this long-term heat gain or loss may need
to be considered when nearby users could be affected. [PA, 5.2.1.2]
What regulations do I need to know that apply to thermally altered water discharged from open
loop GHP systems?
Federal law and regulation requires every state to have an approved Underground Injection Control
(UIC) program. Currently there are few if any criteria or standards for Class V injection wells. This
class of wells generally presents a much smaller risk to drinking water as compared to Class IIV wells.
As a result, residential GHPs usually are not regulated under the UIC program. Every state is also
required to enforce the minimum standards set forth in the NPDES program.
Most states do not regulate residential GHP injection wells. Missouri sets forth temperature criteria, but
the small volumes and small temperature gradations generated by residential systems should not pose
a problem and will likely go unregulated.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to thermally altered water discharged from open
loop GHP systems?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Decommissioning Issues
Unsealed or improperly sealed wells may threaten public health and safety, and the quality of ground-
water resources. Therefore, proper abandonment (decommissioning) of a well is a critical final step in
its service life. [PA, 7.1]
Why should I be concerned about decommissioning open loop GHP systems?
Many states regulate procedures for abandoning wells. In addition, many states make it the responsi-
bility of a well owner to properly seal an abandoned well. Open loop GHP systems are very similar to
wells and are, therefore, likely to be regulated like wells with the same decommissioning requirements.
Further, improperly decommissioned wells may result in future groundwater contamination and create
physical hazards (e.g., falling into holes).
What are best practices for decommissioning open loop GHP systems?
Proper well abandonment accomplishes the following: 1) eliminates the physical hazard of the well (the
hole in the ground), 2) eliminates a pathway for migration of contamination, and 3) prevents hydrolog-
ic changes in the aquifer system, such as the changes in hydraulic head and the mixing of water between
aquifers. Although the basic decommissioning procedure involves sealing the borehole with cement or
approved grout, the proper decommissioning method will depend on both the reason for abandonment
and the condition and construction details of the borehole or well.
What regulations do I need to know that apply to decommissioning open loop GHP systems?
Open loop GHP systems are nearly identical to drinking water wells. Hence, most states apply the
requirements for water well decommissioning to GHP system decommissioning.
How do I find out what laws in my state apply to decommissioning open loop GHP systems?
(see response Installation Issues, subsection 1)
Page 111-15
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
References
Caneta Research Inc. Commercial/Institutional Ground-Source Heat Pump Engineering Manual.
ASHRAE, 1995.
Electric Power Research Institute. State and Federal Vertical Borehole Grouting Regulations. EPRI RP
3881-01, July 1996.
Fogg, Thomas. Semi-Quantitative Evaluation of Consequences of Antifreeze Spills from Geothermal Heat
Pumps. Unpublished, 1997. Available from EPA's Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Division dis-
tribution center, Washington, DC (202) 775-6650.
Gaber, Michael S. and Fisher, Brant 0. Michigan Water Well Grouting Manual: A Guide for the Contractor.
Lansing: Michigan Department of Public Health, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health,
Division of Water Supply, Groundwater Quality Control Section, January 1988. 83 pp.
Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC) regulations home page, http://www.uidaho.edu/ghpc/
Heinonen, Everett W, Tapscott, Robert E., Wildin, Maurice W, and Beall, Andrew N. Assessment of
Anti-Freeze Solutions for Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems. ASHRAE Report 908RP February
1997. 203 pp. Available from GHPC at (202) 508-5500, document #RP-010.
International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Closed-Loop/Ground Source Heat Pump Systems
Installation Guide. Oklahoma State University, 1988. 236 pp.
International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Ground Source Systems Design and Installation
Standards. Oklahoma State University, [n.d.]. 9 pp.
International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Grouting Procedures for Ground-Source Heat
Pump Systems. Oklahoma State University, 1991. 45 pp.
International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Soil and Rock Classification for the Design of
Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems. Oklahoma State University, 1988. 55 pp.
Missouri Department of Natural Resources' Division of Geology and Land Survey. Miscellaneous
Publications No. 50, Missouri Private Water Well, Heat Pump System, Pump Installation and
Monitoring Well Construction Rules. Division of Geology and Land Survey, Department of Natural
Resources, March 1995.
National Ground Water Association. Manual of Water Well Construction Practices. EPA, 1975.
Document Number 570/9-75-001.
National Ground Water Association. Guidelines for the Construction of Vertical Boreholes for Closed Loop
Heat Pump Systems. NGWA, 1997.
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority; and Empire State Electric Energy
Research Corporation. A Technical Guide to Ground-Source Heat Pumps, [n.p.], [n.d.]. 21 pp.
Page R-1
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References
Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority,
Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation. Manual of Acceptable Practices for Installation of
Residential Earth-Coupled Heat Pump Systems. Prepared by W.S. Flemming and Associates, Inc.,
Syracuse: [n.p.], 1986. 33 pp.
Ontario Provincial Standard Specification. OPSS 514, Construction Specification for Trenching, Backfilling
and Compacting. Ottawa. ON: Ontario Provincial Standard Specification, October 1989. 4 pp.
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection; Bureau of Water Supply Management; Division
of Drinking Water Management. Ground Source Heat Pump Manual, [n.p.], Revised January, 1996.
Publication Number: 3610-BK-DEP1562
Division of Drinking Water Management
Bureau of Water Supply Management
Department of Environmental Protection
RO. Box 8467
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8467
(717) 787-1421 (Central Office)
http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/DEPUTATE/Watermgt/WC/WC_WQAS/GENERA
L/SOURCE/gshpttoc.htm
Richard Stockton College of New Jersey. Preliminary Studies on the Thermal Effects of the Stockton
College Geothermal Heat Pump Installation on Aquifer Microbiota and Surface Biota. EPA Project ID
Number X824245-01-1, August 1996.
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Soil and Water Conservation.
Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook, [n.p.], 1992, Third Edition.
203 Governor St., Suite 206
Richmond, VA 23219-2094
(804) 786-2064
Page R-2
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Appendix A
Introduction to
Geothermal Heat Pumps
from Ground-Source Heat Pump Manual by the
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection,
Bureau of Water Supply Management
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Appendix A
Introduction to Geothermal Heat Pumps
from Ground Source Heat Pump Manual by the
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection,
Bureau of Water Supply Management
The technique of applying a heat pump to a subsurface energy source has existed for over 50 years, and
the technology of the heat pump has existed for over a hundred years. Before the 1970s, geothermal heat
pump (GHP) systems were few in number. However, many types of energy systems grew in popularity and
prominence as a result of the oil shortages in the 1970s. Contractors and homebuilders developed sub-
stantial interest in the heat pump. Although the promotion of energy alternatives slowed in the 1980s, the
development of GHP systems expanded.
Closed-loop systems emerged in the early 1980s. Even in regions of abundant groundwater, these sys-
tems are now being installed. Significant improvements in technology such as fused joints, polyethyl-
ene pipe, and more efficient heat pumps have made these systems competitive with conventional heat-
ing and cooling systems. A wide variety of GHP systems are now available for the consumer. Continued
improvements in technology and efficiency have increased energy savings and lowered installation and
maintenance costs.
The United States General Accounting Office report Geothermal Energy: Outlook Limited for Some Uses
but Promising for Geothermal Heat Pumps states that "Geothermal heat pumps are the most energy-effi-
cient means of heating and cooling buildings in most areas of the United States." The Energy Policy
Act of 1992 contained provisions to encourage the use of geothermal systems as alternative energy
sources. In response to the President's Climate Change Action Plan, the Geothermal Heat Pump
Consortium in cooperation with the U.S. EPA and the Department of Energy is working to reduce green-
house gases and increase GHP unit sales to 400,000 annually by the year 2000.
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
GHPs take advantage of the natural heat stored underground. Using the same technology as does a
refrigerator, a heat pump can move heat taken from the ground and apply it to a building. The process
can also be reversed and the subsurface can be used as a drain for a building's excess heat.
The basic working principle of the heat pump (Figure 1) is that evaporation is a cooling process. When
a substance evaporates (changes from a liquid to a gas), heat is absorbed into the gas. A common exam-
ple is the evaporation of moisture from your skin. Heat is absorbed into the air which cools your body.
Page A-1
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Appendix A Introduction to Geothermal Heat Pumps from the Pennsylvania Ground Source Heat Pump Manual
blower
compressor
heat exchanger
(condenser)
warm or cool air to
the air distribution loop
expansion device
reversing valve
heat exchanger
(evaporator)
to ground
from ground
Figure 1: Basic components of a heat pump
The main heat pump components are the refrigerant, evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion
valve. To heat or cool a building, a heat pump uses a liquid refrigerant such as R-22, which has a very
low evaporation point: -40 degrees E When heating a home, for example, the cold liquid refrigerant
absorbs heat and evaporates as it passes next to warmer antifreeze solution or groundwater in the evap-
orator (heat exchanger). The refrigerant gas travels through a compressor where it is squeezed and heat-
ed further to about 180 degrees E The refrigerant then moves to the condenser where heat is released
to surrounding cooler air (forced air system) or to circulating water (hydronic system).
In forced air systems, a blower transports the warmed air around the building through a duct network.
The venting is usually composed of insulated metal pipes, diffusers and grilles. The ducts carry the
heated air, which usually has a temperature between 85-110 degrees E This is much lower than tem-
peratures produced by conventional furnaces. Therefore, the volume of air that must be moved to sup-
ply the same amount of heat is much greater the duct system and blower must be larger than those
for conventional heating and cooling. A hydronic system uses a pump to circulate the heated or cooled
water through a series of radiators in the building.
As the refrigerant loses heat to the air or water, it condenses back to a liquid under high pressure. It
then passes through an expansion device where the pressure is lowered and the refrigerant cools fur-
ther. Finally, the refrigerant returns to the evaporator to repeat the cycle.
To provide cooling to a home in the summer, the process would be reversed by changing the direction
of the reversing valve on the refrigerant loop. The roles of the condenser and the evaporator are reversed
during the cooling cycle. Heat from the home would be absorbed by the refrigerant (at the air distrib-
ution loop) and then transferred to the water or antifreeze at the ground loop, which in turn carries the
heat to the subsuriace.
An additional device known as a desuperheater can be used in either the heating or cooling mode to apply
existing compressor heat to heat water. The desuperheater is attached directly after the compressor.
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
There are two main types of GHP systems: 1) closed-loop systems, and 2) open systems. Variations of
closed-loop systems are based on the configuration of the pipe, the type of antifreeze solution, and the
amount of heating and cooling required. Open systems vary according to the use and disposal of
groundwater.
The selection of the type of system (closed-loop or open) will depend on many factors. They include
availability of groundwater, soil type, energy requirements, size of lot, and the experience of the local
contractor. For example, a rocky soil may prevent trenching. In that case, the contractor could use bore-
holes to install a vertical loop system. A small lot may allow only a vertical loop system. Some home-
owners could take advantage of a pond or lake, or a well that has a sufficient supply of groundwater.
Closed Loop Systems
The typical closed-loop GHP system consists of three types of loops: a subsurface loop, a refrigerant
loop, and the cooling/heating distribution loop. The subsurface loop typically consists of polyethylene
or polybutylene pipe, which is placed horizontally in a trench or vertically
in a borehole or well. This thin-walled pipe acts as a heat exchanger, which transfers heat from or to
the ground. Antifreeze fluids inside the pipe are circulated to the heat exchanger of an indoor heat
pump where it releases heat to the refrigerant. The refrigerant loop typically consists of copper pipes
that contain a refrigerant. The last loop of the system consists of the forced air or hydronic system to
distribute the heated or cooled air throughout the building.
Configuration of the subsurface loops can be almost any shape (Figure 2). Typical patterns include long
trenches, parallel shorter trenches, radiating, coiled or slinky, and vertical boreholes. The loop can cir-
cle the building or be placed in a nearby water body, such as a pond.
The pipe can be placed in either series or in parallel if more than one trench or borehole is used. In
series form, only one flow path is made; in parallel form more than one flow path is maintained using
headers that branch off from the main supply or return pipe. Headers can be placed in a common area
to allow individual flow paths to be checked for leaks without excavating a large area. Series setups usu-
ally require less fused joints, but larger diameter pipes than parallel configurations.
Another type of closed-loop system is the direct exchange (DX) heat pump system. In a DX system, the
underground loop contains the refrigerant. This loop combines the refrigerant and underground loops.
Although this method can be very efficient, the disadvantages are potentially significant. A DX system
requires several times the amount of refrigerant normally used, and any holes in the copper tubing
would cause a loss of the refrigerant. Typically 10 to 20 pounds of refrigerant are used for domestic sys-
tems. The copper pipes can be susceptible to corrosion in acidic soils. This type of system therefore
poses a greater threat to the environment than other closed-loop GHP systems.
Heat from the pipes can bake fine-grained soils that surround a horizontal underground loop. This can
reduce the efficiency of heat transfer and thus the performance of the system. Moist sandy soils are
more suitable for the operation of DX systems.
Page A-3
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Appendix A Introduction to Geothermal Heat Pumps from the Pennsylvania Ground Source Heat Pump Manual
r
1. Slinky coil horizontal loop. 1 |
V1
2. Pond loop
3. Horizontal loop in trench.
4. Vertical loop
Figure 2. Series loop configurations
Open Loop Systems
Open GHP systems, also known as groundwater heat pump (GWHP) systems, typically depend upon
groundwater to supply or accept heat. Open systems do not confine fluid to a loop of pipes; they use a
pumping well to move water through the heat pump. Although surface water could possibly be used,
most open systems rely on groundwater. The water is disposed of by a surface or subsurface method.
The water supply well must yield enough water to transport the required amount of heat.
During the winter heating cycle, the GWHP system operates by extracting heat from the groundwater
and transferring it to the building. During the summer cooling cycle, heat is transferred away from the
building by the groundwater. A typical GWHP system is shown in Figure 3.
Groundwater is piped from the ground to the tubes of a heat exchanger (evaporator). The refrigerant,
contained in tubing, surrounds the water pipes. The exchange of heat then occurs by the same process
as described above with closed loop systems. Meanwhile, the groundwater exits the heat exchanger and
proceeds to the disposal area. The selection of the size of the groundwater pump is an important deci-
sion. The pump must be large enough to overcome the friction in the piping and to supply enough water
for the heat pump and other uses. On the other hand, the pump must be small enough to be efficient in
energy usage and water supply.
Variations of GWHP systems are generally based on the arrangement of wells and the disposal method.
Typically homeowners and commercial systems use a two-well system one for supply and one for dis-
charge. A supply well can also be used for discharge; this is known as a turbulent system. Several other
disposal methods are possible including surface disposal (e.g., to a body of water), and subsurface dis-
posal through horizontal drains. GWHP systems also may need different sized wells based on the
amount of groundwater required.
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
water table
supply
weH
return
well
Figure 3. Groundwater heat pump system
Page A-5
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Appendix B
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Appendix B
State Contacts
This list of state contacts was compiled in 1996 and was obtained from the Geothermal Heat Pump
Consortium's home page at http://www.uidaho.edu/ghpc/. Readers should be aware that some of the
information presented here may be out of date. EPA recommends that you check the GHPC website
for the most current information if you find any of the information here to be inaccurate.
Alabama
Alaska
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
R.C. Mills
Department of Revenue
PO Box 327550
Montgomery, AL 36132-7550
334-242-9610, fax 334-242-0770
Water Well Construction Standards
Doug Cook
Department of Environmental Management
PO Box 301463
Montgomery, AL 36130-1463
334-271-7773, fax 334-279-3051
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Lynn Ford
Department of Environmental Management
PO Box 301463
Montgomeiy, AL 36130-1463
334-271-7862, fax 334-279-3051
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Jimmy Coles
Department of Environmental Management
PO Box 301463
Montgomery, AL 36130-1463
334-271-7936, fax 334-279-3051
Closed System Boreholes
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
No state regulations were found although there
may be local ordinances at the regional, county
and/or city level.
Water Well Construction Standards
Stan Justice
Potable Water Program of
Environmental Conservation
610 University Ave.
Fairbanks, AK 99709-3643
907-451-2138, fax 907-451-2187
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Jonathan Williams
U.S. EPA Region 5
1200 6th Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101
206-553-1369, fax 206-553-0165
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Pete McGee
Industrial Operations Sec. Environ. Conservation
610 University Ave.
Fairbanks, AK 99709-3643
907-451-2101, fax 907-451-2187
Closed System Boreholes
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
Page B-1
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Appendix B State Contacts
Arizona
Arkansas
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Mike Ball
Op. Division/Tech Support Unit,
Water Resources
500 N 3rd St.
Phoenix, AZ 85004
602-417-2470, fax 602-417-2401
Water Well Construction Standards
Mike Ball see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Chou Chein
Aquifer Protection Program
Environmental Quality
3033 N Central ADEG
Phoenix, AZ 85012
602-207-4573, fax 602-207-4674
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Joe Stewart
Surface Water,
Water Resources
500 N 3rd St.
Phoenix, AZ 85004
602-417-2470, fax 602-407-2401
Closed System boreholes
Mike Ball see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Kenneth Acklin
Arkansas Water Well Construction Commission
One Capital Mall, Suite 2C
Little Rock, AR 72201
501-682-1025
Water Well Construction Standards
Kenneth Acklin see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Kenneth Acklin see above
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Kenneth Acklin see above
Closed System Boreholes
Kenneth Acklin see above
Page B-2
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
California
Colorado
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Ken Harris
CA Environmental Protection Agency
Division of Water Quality
PO Box 844213-2130
Sacramento, CA 84244-2130
916-657-0876, fax 916-657-1011
Water Well Construction Standards
Karl Hauge
Department of Natural Resources
RO. Box 942836
Sacramento, CA 94236-0001
916-327-8861
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Doris Betuel
US EPA Region 9
UIC Section DWB (w-6-2)
25 Hawthorne St.
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-744.1835, fax 415-744-1235
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Archie Matthews
Division of Water Quality
PO Box 844213
Sacramento CA 84244-2130
916-657-0523, fax 916-657-2388
Closed System Boreholes
Jay Guettler
CA Energy Commission
Energy Technology Development Division
1516 9th St., MS-43
Sacramento, CA 95814-5512
916-654-4663, fax 916-653-6010
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Office of the State Engineer
1313 Sherman St., Rm 818
Denver, CO 80203
Water Well Construction Standards
Division of Water Resources: Records
1313 Sherman St., Rm 821
Denver, CO 80203
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Office of the State Engineer
1313 Sherman St., Rm 818
Denver, CO 80203
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Colorado Health Department
Water Quality Control
4300 Cherry Creek Dr., South
Denver, CO 80222
303-692-3500, fax 303-782-0390
Closed System Boreholes
Office of the State Engineer
1313 Sherman St., Rm 818
Denver, CO 80203
Page B-3
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Appendix B State Contacts
Connecticut
Delaware
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Richard Hurlburt
Department of Consumer Protection
165 Capital Ave.
Hartford, CT 06106
203-566-3290, fax 203-566-7630
Water Well Construction Standards
James Okrongly
Department of Public Health, Water Supply Sec.
150 Washington St.
Hartford, CT 06106
203-240-0962, fax 203-566-1710
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Oswald Inglese
Department of Environmental Protection
Water Management Bureau
79 Elm St.
Hartford, CT 06106-5127
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Don Gonyea
Department of Environmental Protection
Water Management Bureau
79 Elm St.
Hartford, CT 06106-5127
203-424-3827, fax 203-566-8650
Closed System Boreholes
James Okrongly
Department of Public Health,
Water Supply Section
150 Washington St.
Hartford, CT 06106
203-240-0962, fax 203-566-1710
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Harry Hudson
Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control
Division of Water Resources
PO. Box 1401, 89 Kings Hwy.
Dover, DE 19903
302-739-3665, fax 302-739-2296
Water Well Construction Standards
Rick Rios
Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control
Division of Water Resources, Water Supply
Section
RO. Box 1401, 89 Kings Hwy.
Dover, DE 19903
302-739-4403, fax 302-739-2296
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Rick Rios see above
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Chuck Schadel
Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control
Division of Water Resources,
Surface Water Discharge Section
RO. Box 1401, 89 Kings Hwy.
Dover, DE 19903
Closed System Boreholes
Rick Rios see Water Well Construction
Standards above
Page B-4
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Florida
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
Water Well Construction Standards
Peter Wilkens
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Drinking Water and
Groundwater Resources
Water Management Section
2600 Blair Stone Rd.
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
904-487-1762, fax 904-921-5655
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Rich Deuerling
Department of Environmental Protection
Water Facilities Division, UIC Sec
2600 Blair Stone Rd.
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
904-921-9430, fax 904-921-5655
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Richard Drew
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Water Facilities, NPDES
2600 Blair Stone Rd.
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
904-487-0563, fax 904-921-5655
Closed System Boreholes
Jim Frazee
Department of Environmental Protection
St. John's River Water Management District
618 East South St.
Orlando, FL 32801
407-897-4349, fax 407-897-4354
Georgia
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Tony McCook
Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
19 Martin Luther King Dr. SW, Rm 400
Atlanta, GA 30334
404-656-3214, fax 404-657-8379
Water Well Construction Standards
Tony McCook see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Bruce O'Connor
Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
19 Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. SW
4th Floor
Atlanta, GA 30334
404-656-3214, fax 404-657-8379
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Joe Kane
Department of Natural Resources
Water Protection Branch
205 Butler St. SE Floyd Towers East
Atlanta, GA 30334
404-656-4887, fax 404-657-7379
Closed System Boreholes
Tony McCook see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Page B-5
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Appendix B State Contacts
Hawaii
Idaho
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Noe Noe Tom
Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs
Licensing Branch
HO. Box 3469
Honolulu, HI 96801
808-586-2690
Water Well Construction Standards
Edwin Sakota
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Resource Management Commission
P.O. Box 621
Honolulu, HI 96809
808-587-0225
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Chauncy Hew
Department of Health
Safe Drinking Water Branch
919 Ala Moana Blvd Rm. 308
Honolulu, HI 96814
808-586-4258, fax 808-586-4370
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Chauncy Hew see above
Closed System Boreholes
Chauncy Hew see above
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Mark Slifka
Department of Water Resources
Division of Water Management
PO Box 83720
Boise, ID 83720
208-327-7887, fax 208-327-7866
Water Well Construction Standards
Mark Slifka see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Helen Thornton
Department of Water Resources
Division of Water Management
PO Box 83720
Boise, ID 83720
208-327-7887, fax 208-327-7866
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Dick Rogers
Department of Health and Welfare
Division of Environmental Quality
1410 N.Hilton
Boise, ID 83706
208-334-5898, fax 208-334-0417
Closed System Boreholes
Mark Slifka see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Page B-6
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Illinois
Indiana
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Jerry Dalsin
Department of Health
Division of Engineering and Sanitation
525 West Jefferson St.
Springfield, IL 62761
217-782-5830, fax 217-785-0253
Water Well Construction Standards
Jerry Dalsin see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Ron Stewart
Illinois EPA
Bureau of Land
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
217-782-6762, fax 217-524-3291
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Jerry Dalsin see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Closed System Boreholes
Rick Pinneo
Illinois EPA
Water Permit Section
RO. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
217-782-0610, fax 217-524-3291
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Mark Basch
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Water, Groundwater Section
402 W. Washington St. Rm W264
Indianapolis, IN 46204-2212
317-232-1106, fax 317-233-4579
Water Well Construction Standards
Bill Herring
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Water, Groundwater Sec
402 W. Washington St. Rm W264
Indianapolis, IN 46204-2212
317-232-1106, fax 317-233-4579
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Nathan Wiser
U.S. EPA, Region V
UIC Section
77 W. Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604
312-353-9569, fax 312-886-1502
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Kathern Hess
Department of Environmental Management
Office of Water Management,
Municipal Permit Section
RO. Box 6015
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
317-232-8704, fax 317-232-8406
Closed System Boreholes
Bill Herring see Water Well Construction
Standards above
Page B-7
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Appendix B State Contacts
Iowa
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Irene Ray
Department of Natural Resources
Licensing Bureau
900 E. Grand Ave.
Des Moines, IA 50319-0034
515-281-5972, fax 515-281-8895
Water Well Construction Standards
Mike Anderson
Department of Natural Resources
Water Quality Bureau, Water Supply Sec
900 E. Grand Ave.
Des Moines, IA 50319-0034
515-281-6599, fax 515-281-8895
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Kurt Hildebrandt
U.S. EPA, Region 7, UIC Sec
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
913-551-7413, fax 913-551-7765
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Steve Williams
Department of Natural Resources
Water Quality Bureau, Waste Water Sec.
900 E. Grande Ave.
Des Moines, IA 50319-0034
515-281-8884, fax 515-281-8895
Closed System Boreholes
Mike Anderson see Water Well Construction
Standards above
Kansas
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Don Taylor
Department of Health and Environment
Bureau of Water
Forbes Field Bldg. 283
Topeka, KS 66620-0001
913-296-5522, fax 913-296-5509
Water Well Construction Standards
Don Taylor see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Susan Lidel
Department of Health and Environment
Bureau of Water
Forbes Field Bldg. 283
Topeka, KS 66620-0001
913-296-5554, fax 913-296-5509
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Ed Dillingham
Department of Health and Environment
Bureau of Water
Forbes Field Bldg. 283
Topeka, KS 66620-0001
913-296-5522, fax 913-296-5509
Closed System Boreholes
Don Taylor see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Page B-8
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Kentucky
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Chester Bojanowski
Department for Environmental Protection
Division of Water
14 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
502-564-3410, fax 502-564-4245
Water Well Construction Standards
Chester Bojanowski see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Scott Hoskins
US EPA Region IV
UIC Sec
345 Courtland St. NE
Atlanta GA 30365
Louisiana
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Zahir "Bo" Bolourchi
Department of Transportation and Development
Water Resources Section
PO Box 94245
Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9245
504-379-1434
Water Well Construction Standards
Zahir "Bo" Bolourchi see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Bill Waller
Department of Natural Resources
Office of Conservation
PO Box 94275
Baton Rouge, LA 70804-4275
504-342-5562
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Doug Allgeier
Department for Environmental Protection
KPDES Branch
14 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
502-564-6716, fax 502-564-4245
Closed System Boreholes
Beverly Oliver
Department for Environmental Protection
KPDES Branch
14 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
502-564-3410, fax 502-564-4245
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Suzanne Gardner
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Water Resources
PO Box 82215
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2215
504-765-0634
Closed System Boreholes
Zahir "Bo" Bolourchi see Well Driller and
Pump Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Page B-9
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Appendix B State Contacts
Maine
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Sandy Welton
Department of Human Services
Water Well Drilling Commission
10 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0110
207-287-5699
Water Well Construction Standards
Mark Loiselle
Department of Conservation
Geological Survey
22 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0022
207-287-2801, fax 207-287-2353
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Kim Sargeant
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Water Resource Regulation
Bureau of Land and Water Quality
17 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0022
207-287-6108, fax 207-287-7826
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Dennis Merrill
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Water Resource Regulation
Bureau of Land and Water Quality
17 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0022
207-287-7788, fax 207-287-7826
Closed System Boreholes
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
Maryland
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Willie Everett
Department of the Environment
Maryland Board of Well Drillers
2500 Broening Hwy.
Baltimore, MD 21224
410-631-3000, fax 410-631-3168
Water Well Construction Standards
Eric Dougherty
Department of the Environment
Groundwater Protection Division
Individual Septic and Wells Program
2500 Broening Hwy.
Baltimore, MD 21224
410-631-3000, fax 410-631-3093
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Roger Simon
Department of the Environment
Groundwater Permits Division, Water
Management Administration
2500 Broening Hwy.
Baltimore, MD 21224
410-631-3323, fax 410-631-4894
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Eric Dougherty see Water Well Construction
Standards above
Closed System Boreholes
Eric Dougherty see Water Well Construction
Standards above
Page B-10
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Massachusetts
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Tom Klock
Department of Environmental Management
Office of Water Resources
100 Cambridge St.
Boston, MA 02202
617-727-3267, fax 617-727-9402
Water Well Construction Standards
Local Health Boards
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Jacob Moss
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Water Supply
1 Winter St.
Boston, MA 02108
617-556-1165, fax 617-556-1049
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Paul Hogan
Department of Environmental Protection
Office of Watershed Management
Surface Water Permits Program
40 Institute Rd.
North Grafton, MA 01536
508-792-7470, fax 508-839-3469
Closed System Boreholes
Local Health Boards
Michigan
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Mike Gaber
Department of Public Health
Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health
Division of Water Supply
PO Box 30195
Lansing, MI 48909
517-335-8304, fax 517-335-9434
Water Well Construction Standards
Ronald Holben
Department of Public Health
Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health
Division of Water
PO Box 30195
Lansing, MI 48909
517-335-8329, fax 517-335-9434
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Ross Micham
U.S. EPA, Region 5
UIC Sec
77 West Jackson Boulevard,
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
312-886-4237, fax 312-886-4235
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Bill Shaw
Department of Natural Resources
Water Quality Division
PO Box 30273
Lansing, MI 48909
517-335-4118, fax 517-378-9958
Closed System Boreholes
Rodger Whitener
Department of Natural Resources
Geological Survey
PO Box 30256
Lansing, MI 48909
517-334-6976, fax 517-334-6038
Page B-1 1
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Appendix B State Contacts
Minnesota
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Mike Convery
Department of Health
Division of Environmental Health,
Well Management Unit
PO Box 64975
St. Paul, MN 55164-0975
612-215-0827, fax 612-215-0978
Water Well Construction Standards
Ed Schneider
Department of Health
Division of Environmental Health,
Well Management Unit
PO Box 64975
St. Paul, MN 55164-0975
612-215-0827, fax 612-215-0978
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Gretchen Sabel
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Water Quality Division
520 Lafayette Rd.
St. Paul, MN 55155-4198
612-697-7574, fax 612-282-66247
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Douglas Hall
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Division of Water Quality
520 Lafayette Rd.
St. Paul, MN 55155
612-297-1832, fax 612-297-8683
Closed System Boreholes
Ed Schneider see Water Well Construction
Standards above
Mississippi
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Johnnie Biggert
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Land and Water Resources
PO Box 10631
Jackson, MS 39289
601-961-5210, fax 601-354-6938
Water Well Construction Standards
Johnnie Biggert see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Jamie Crawford
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Pollution Control, Groundwater Division
PO Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
601-961-5354
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
David Bailey
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Pollution Control, Groundwater Division
PO Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
601-961-5208
Closed System Boreholes
Charlie Smith
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Pollution Control, Groundwater Division
PO Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
601-961-5395
Page B-12
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Missouri
Montana
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Michelle Widener
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Geology and Land Survey
PO Box 250
Rolla, MO 65402
314-268-2165, fax 314-368-2317
Water Well Construction Standards
Bruce W. Netzler
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Geology and Land Survey
PO Box 250
Rolla, MO 65402
314-268-2165, fax 314-368-2317
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Evan Kifer
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Geology and Land Survey
PO Box 250
Rolla, MO 65402
314-368-2170, fax 314-368-2317
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Tim Stallman
Department of Environmental Quality
Water Pollution Control Program
Permit Section, NPDES Permit Unit
PO Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
314-751-7625
Closed System Boreholes
Michael Gawedzinski
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Geology and Land Survey
PO Box 250
Rolla, MO 65402
314-268-2165, fax 314-368-2317
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Bob Rudio
Department of Natural Resources and Conservation
Board of Water Well Contractors
1520 East 6th Avenue
Helena, MT 59620
406-444-6643
Water Well Construction Standards
Bob Rudio see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Ron Zdyb, UIC Coordinator
EPA Region 8
Drinking Water Branch
999 18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303-293-1429, fax 303-293-1234
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Joe Strasko
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences
Water Quality Division
PO Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-1374
406-444-2783, fax 406-444-1374
Closed System Boreholes
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
Page B-13
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Appendix B State Contacts
Nebraska
Nevada
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Rod Tremblay
Department of Health
Division of Drinking Water and
Environmental Sanitation
PO Box 95007
Lincoln, NE 68509-5007
402-471-2541
Water Well Construction Standards
Rod Tremblay see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Rod Tremblay see above
Surface Water Discharge National
Pollution Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES)
Steve Walker
Department of Environmental Quality
Surface Water Sec
PO Box 98922
Lincoln, NE 68509
402-471-4227
Closed System Boreholes
Rod Tremblay see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Diana Lefler
Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources
Division of Water Resources
Office of the State Engineer
Capitol Complex, 333 W Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89710
702-687-4381
Water Well Construction Standards
Diana Lefler see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Marcia Greybeck
Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Water Pollution Control
Capitol Complex 333 W Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89710
702-687-4670 ext 3146, fax 702-687-5856
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
John Nelson
Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Protection
Capitol Complex, 333 W Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89710
702-687-4670 ext 3145, fax 702-687-5856
Closed System Boreholes
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
Page B-14
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
New Hampshire
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Rick Schofield
Department of Environmental Services
New Hampshire Water Well Board
64 N. Main St., PO Box 2008
Concord, NH 03301-2008
603-271-3406, fax 603-271-7894
Water Well Construction Standards
Rick Schofield see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Micheal Walker
Department of Environmental Services
Water Supply & Pollution Control Division
6 Hazen Drive, PO Box 95
Concord, NH 03302-0095
603-271-3644, fax 603-271-2181
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Jeff Andrews
Department of Environmental Services
Water Supply and Pollution Control Division
6 Hazen Drive, PO Box 95
Concord, NH 03302-0095
603-271-2457, fax 603-271-7894
Closed System Boreholes
Rick Schofield see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
New Jersey
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Dennis Schwab
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Water Allocation
CN-426
Trenton, NJ 08625
609-292-2957
Water Well Construction Standards
Mike Miller
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Water Allocation
CN-426
Trenton, NJ 08625
609-292-2957
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Ennice Szkoda
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Operation Ground Permits
CN-029
Trenton, NJ 08625
609-292-0407, fax 609-984-7938
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Ben Manhas
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Water Quality
CN-029
Trenton, NJ 08625
609-292-4860, fax 609-984-7938
Closed System Boreholes
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
Page B-1 5
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Appendix B State Contacts
New Mexico
New York
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Tom Morrison
State Engineer's Office
Special Projects Division
PO Box 25102
Santa Fe, NM 87504-5102
505-827-6135, fax 505-827-6188
Water Well Construction Standards
Tom Morrison see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Eric Rounds
Ground Water Protection and Remediation Bureau
PO Box 26110
Santa Fe, NM 87502
505-827-0652, fax 505-827-2965
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Eric Rounds see above
Closed System Boreholes
Eric Rounds see above
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
Water Well Construction Standards
Paul Kolakowski
Department of Environmental Conservation
Bureau of Water Facilities Design
50 WolfRd. Rm. 318
Albany, NY 12233-3505
518-457-1632, fax 518-485-7786
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Paul Kolakowski see above
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Paul Kolakowski see above
Closed System Boreholes
Paul Kolakowski see above
Page B-16
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
North Carolina
North Dakota
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Karen Harmon
Department of Environment, Health, and
Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Management
PO Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
919-733-3221 ext 431, iax 919-715-0588
Water Well Construction Standards
Karen Harmon see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Karen Harmon see above
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Michael Allen
Department of Environment, Health, and
Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Management,
Groundwater Section
PO Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
919-733-3221 ext 547, fax 919-715-0588
Closed System Boreholes
Karen Harmon see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Milton Lindvig
State Water Commission
Board of Well Water Contractors
900 E. Boulevard Ave.
Bismarck, ND 58501
701-328-2750, fax 701-328-3696
Water Well Construction Standards
Robert Biek
North Dakota Geological Survey
600 E. Boulevard Ave.
Bismarck, ND 58505-0840
701-328-4109, fax 701-328-3682
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Ed Murphy
North Dakota Geological Survey
600 E. Boulevard Ave.
Bismarck, ND 58505-0840
701-328-4109, fax 701-328-3682
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Robert Biek
North Dakota Geological Survey
600 E. Boulevard Ave.
Bismarck, ND 58505-0840
701-328-4109, fax 701-328-3682
Closed System Boreholes
Robert Biek see above
Page B-17
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Appendix B State Contacts
Ohio
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Russel Smith
Department of Health
Division of Environment
POBox 118
Columbus, OH 43266-0118
614-466-1390, fax 614-644-1909
Water Well Construction Standards
James M. Raab
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Water
1939 Fountain Square Court
Columbus, OH 43224-9971
614-265-6747, fax 614-447-9503
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Valerie Orr
Ohio EPA
Division of Drinking and Groundwater
UIC Program, PO Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43216-1049
614-644-3125, fax 614-664-2909
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Mark Enoch
Ohio EPA, Division of Surface Water
NPDES Program, PO Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43216-1049
614-644-2032, fax 614-644-2329
Closed System Boreholes
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
Oklahoma
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Gary Glove
Water Resources Board
Water Management Division
PO Box 150
Oklahoma City, OK 73101-0150
405-525-4736
Water Well Construction Standards
Gary Glove see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Rod Harden
Department of Environmental Quality
Waste Management Division
1000 NE 10th
Oklahoma City, OK 73117
405-281-1342
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Gaiy Glove see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Closed System Boreholes
Gaiy Glove see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Page B-18
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Oregon
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Juno Trump
Water Resources Department
Field Operations Division
158 12th St. NE
Salem, OR 97310
503-378-8455 ext 218, fax 503-378-8130
Water Well Construction Standards
Rob Cartel-
Water Resources Department
Field Operations Division
290 N. Central St.
Coquille, OR 97423
503-396-3121 ext 254, fax 503-396-6233
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
811 SW6th
Portland, OR 97204
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Rob Carter see Water Well Construction
Standards above
Pennsylvania
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Stuart Reese
Department of Environmental Resources
Bureau of Water Quality Management
PO Box 8465
Harrisburg, PA 17105
717-787-9633, fax 717-772-5156
Water Well Construction Standards
Stuart Reese see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Stuart Reese see above
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Stuart Reese see above
Closed System Boreholes
Stuart Reese see above
Closed System Boreholes
Rob Carter see Water Well Construction
Standards above
Page B-19
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Appendix B State Contacts
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Susan Kiernan
Department of Environmental Management
Division of Ground Water
291 Promenade
Providence, RI 02908
401-277-2234, fax 401-521-4230
Water Well Construction Standards
Susan Kiernan see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Terry Simpson
Department of Environmental Management
Division of Ground Water
291 Promenade
Providence, RI 02908
401-277-2234, fax 401-521-4230
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Alisa Richardson
Department of Environmental Management
Division of Water Resources
291 Promenade
Providence, RI 02908
401-277-6519, fax 401-521-4230
Closed System Boreholes
Susan Kiernan see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Bill Moore
Department of Labor and Licensing
Environmental Certification Board
2221 Divine St. Suite 320
Columbia, SC 29205
803-734-9140, fax 803-734-9137
Water Well Construction Standards
Jim Hesf
Department of Health and Environmental Control
Bureau of Drinking Water Program
2600 Bull St.
Columbia, SC 29201
803-734-5329, fax 803-734-3604
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Rob Devlin
Department of Health and Environmental Control
Bureau of Drinking Water Program
2600 Bull St.
Columbia, SC 29201
803-734-4672, fax 803-734-3604
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Jason Gillespie
Department of Health and Environmental Control
Bureau of Water Pollution Control
2600 Bull St.
Columbia, SC 29201
803-734-5239, fax 803-734-5593
Closed System Boreholes
Jim Hesf see Water Well Construction
Standards above
Page B-20
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
South Dakota
Tennessee
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Ken Buhler
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources
Division of Water Rights
Joe Foss Bldg. 523 E. Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501
605-773-3352, fax 605-773-6035
Water Well Construction Standards
Ken Buhler see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Sheldon Hamann
Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
Division of Water Rights
Joe Foss Bldg. 523 E. Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501
605-773-3296, fax 605-773-6035
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Kent Woodmansey
Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
Division of Water Rights
Joe Foss Bldg. 523 E. Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501
605-773-3351, fax 605-773-6035
Closed System Boreholes
Ken Buhler see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Luke Ewing
Department of Environment and Conservation
Division of Water Supply
401 Church St. L&C Tower 6th Floor
Nashville, TN 37243-1549
615-532-0176, fax 615-532-0503
Water Well Construction Standards
Robert Hall
Department of Environment and Conservation
Division of Water Supply
401 Church St. L&C Tower 6th Floor
Nashville, TN 37243-1549
615-532-7198, fax 615-532-0503
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Robin Bell
Department of Environment and Conservation
Division of Water Control
401 Church St. L&C Tower 6th Floor
Nashville, TN 37243-1549
615-532-0169, fax 615-532-0503
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Robby Baker
Department of Environment and Conservation
Division of Water Pollution Control
401 Church St. L&C Tower 6th Floor
Nashville, TN 37243-1549
615-532-0625, fax 615-532-0046
Closed System Boreholes
Scotty Sorrells
Division of Water Control,
Environment & Conservation
401 Church St, 6th floor L&C Tower
Nashville, TN 37243
615-532-0671, fax 615-532-0120
Page B-21
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Appendix B State Contacts
Texas
Utah
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Texas Water Commission
Texas Water Well Drillers Board
PO Box 13087, Capitol Station
Austin, TX 78711
Water Well Construction Standards
Rick Wilder
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission
PO Box 13087
Austin, TX 78711-3087
512-239-0503, fax 512-239-0533
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Bob Traylor
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission
PO Box 13087
Austin, TX 78711-3087
512-239-0520, fax 512-239-1003
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Lewis Heerin
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission
PO Box 13087
Austin, TX 78711-3087
512-239-4552, fax 512-239-4430
Closed System Boreholes
Bob Traylor see Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control Program (UIC)
above
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Jerry Bronicel
Department of Natural Resources
1636 W N. Temple Suite 220
Salt Lake, UT 84116-3156
801-538-7382, fax 801-538-7467
Water Well Construction Standards
Jerry Bronicel see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Jerry Jackson
Department of Environmental Quality
Division of Water Quality
PO Box 144870 288
N 1460 W
Salt Lake, UT 84114-4870
801-538-6023, fax 801-538-6016
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Donald Hilden
Department of Environmental Quality
Division of Water Quality
PO Box 144870 288
N.1460 W
Salt Lake, UT 84114-4870
801-538-4870, fax 801-538-6016
Closed System Boreholes
Jerry Bronicel see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Page B-22
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Vermont
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Jim Ashley
Department of Environmental Conservation
Water Supply Division
103 S. Main The Old Pantry
Waterbury, VT 05671-0403
802-241-3400, fax 802-241-3284
Water Well Construction Standards
Jim Ashley see above
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Elizabeth Hansberger
Department of Environmental Conservation
Water Supply Division
103 S. Main The Old Pantry
Waterbury, VT 05671-0403
802-241-3409, fax 802-241-3284
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Brian Kooiker
Department of Environmental Conservation
Waste Water Management
103S. Main The Old Pantry
Waterbuiy, VT 05671-0403
802-241-3822, fax 802-244-5141
Closed System Boreholes
Jim Ashley see Well Driller and Pump
Installer Licensing (Registration) above
Virginia
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Patricia Mealy
Department of Professional and
Occupational Regulation
Boards of Contractors
3600 W Broad St.
Richmond, VA 23230
804-367-8511, fax 804-367-2474
Water Well Construction Standards
Gary Hagy
Department of Health
Division of Onsite Sewage and Water Services
PO Box 2448 Suite 117
Richmond, VA 23218
804-786-1750, fax 804-225-4003
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Mark Nelson
U.S. EPA, Region 3
UIC Sec
841 Chestnut St.
Philadelphia, PA 19107
215-257-2783, fax 215-597-8541
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
David Mashaw
Department of Environmental Quality
Division of Water Permits
287 Pembroke Office Park
Suite 310 Bldg. #2
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
804-552-1125
Closed System Boreholes
Don Alexander
Department of Health
Division of Onsite Sewage and Water Services
PO Box 2448 Suite 117
Richmond, VA 23218
804-786-1750, fax 804-225-4003
Page B-23
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Appendix B State Contacts
Washington
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Department of Ecology
PO Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504
206-407-6420, fax 206-407-6426
Water Well Construction Standards
Richard Zmarek
Department of Ecology
Division of Water Resources
PO Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504
206-407-6648
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Michael Hepp
Department of Ecology
Water Quality Program
PO Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
206-407-6420, fax 206-407-6426
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Gary Bailey
Department of Ecology
Water Quality Program
PO Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
206-407-6433, fax 206-407-6426
Closed System Boreholes
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
West Virginia
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Gary Viola
Department of Health
Office of Environmental Engineering
815 Quarrier St. Suite 418
Charleston, WV 25301
304-558-2981
Water Well Construction Standards
Secretary of State
Bldg. 1, Suite 157K
1900 Kanawha Blvd. E
Charleston, WV 25305-0770
304-558-6000, fax 304-558-0900
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Secretary of State see above
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Jerry Ray
Department of Commerce
Office of Water Resources
1201 Green Brier St.
Charleston, WV 25311
304-558-0375, fax 304-558-5903
Closed System Boreholes
David R Watkins
Department of Commerce, Labor, and
Environmental Resources
Office of Water Resources
1201 Green Brier St.
Charleston, WV 25311
304-558-2108, fax 304-558-5905
Page B-24
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Manual on Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Wisconsin
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
Bill Rock
Department of Natural Resources
Bureau of Water Supply
PO Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
608-267-7649, fax 608-267-7650
Water Well Construction Standards
James E Scarce
Department of Natural Resources
Bureau of Water Supply
PO Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
608-267-7652, fax 608-267-7650
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Larry Benson
Department of Natural Resources
State Waste Water Bureau
PO Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
608-266-8229, fax 608-267-7664
Closed System Boreholes
James E Scarce see Water Well Construction
Standards
Wyoming
Well Driller and Pump Installer
Licensing (Registration)
No state regulations were found although
there may be local ordinances at the regional,
county and/or city level.
Water Well Construction Standards
Ray Murphy
Department of Environmental Quality
Water Quality Division
Herschler Bldg. 122 West 25th St.
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307-777-6150, fax 307-777-5451
Injection (Recharge) Wells
Underground Injection Control
Program (UIC)
Robert Lucht
Department of Environmental Quality
Water Quality Division
Herschler Bldg. 122 West 25th St.
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307-777-7095, fax 307-777-5973
Surface Water Discharge
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
John Wagoneer
Department of Environmental Quality
Water Quality Division
Herschler Bldg. 122 West 25th St.
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307-777-7082, fax 307-777-5973
Closed System Boreholes
Robert Lucht see Injection (Recharge)
Wells Underground Injection Control Program
(UIC) above
Page B-25
U.S. Government Printing Office: 1997 - 514-003/60605
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