EPA REGION VII IRC
                               069171       EPA 901/3-88-003
            THE CAPE COD AQUIFER
       MANAGEMENT PROJECT (CCAMP)

         Executive Summary
                                         Eastham
                    CCAMP WAS
                  UNDERTAKEN BY:
     U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION I
  U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MASSACHUSETTS DISTRICT OFFICE
MASSACHUSETTS DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
 CAPE COD PLANNING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION
                IN COOPERATION WITH:
    THE TOWN OF BARNSTABLE AND THE TOWN OF EASTHAM

               SEPTEMBER 1988

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This document was  published with funds made  available  through the
Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Ground Water Protection
and Office  of Drinking  Water.   The  contents may not  necessarily
reflect  the  policies  or  decisions  of  these  two  offices.    The
document solely reflects the views  of participants involved in the
Cape Cod Aquifer  Management Project  (CCAMP).  Additional  copies of
this report  and  others published by  CCAMP are available  from the
National Technical Information Service, Springfield,  Virginia.

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               THE CAPE COD AQUIFER
           MANAGEMENT PROJECT (CCAMP)
            EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
                    Principle Author
                         and
                        Editor:

                    Bruce J. Rosinoff

                  Senior Staff Advisor
Cape Cod Planning and Economic Devlopment Commission
                 CCAMP WAS UNDERTAKEN BY:

         U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION I
      U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MASSACHUSETTS DISTRICT OFFICE
    MASSACHUSETTS DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
    CAPE COD PLANNING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION
                   SEPTEMBER 1988

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                      UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
   DATE:
        November 22, 1988
SUBJECT-                              If,
        Distribution of Cape Cod Aquifefc-fTanagement Project Reports
                                        A
   FROM
        Robert E. Mendoza,j/(j££eE
        Ground Water Mcmagehient and Water Supply Branch, Region 1
     TO
        Ground Water Office Directors
        EPA Regions 2-10
        Enclosed please find a full set of reports from the Cape Cod Aquifer
        Management Project  (CCAMP).  This has been a two year cooperative project
        between federal, state, regional and local agencies concerned with developing
        a comprehensive, resource based approach to ground water protection.
        Although the work took place in Massachusetts, I believe there are numerous
        institutional issues and opportunities, as well as new techniques and
        methods for evaluating ground water protection measures, which are applicable
        throughout the Country.

        The CCAMP project has provided us with many insights into wellhead protection
        efforts which may be applicable in your region as well. The technical
        reports, including  the Guide to Contamination Sources in Wellhead Protection
        Areas and the Mass Balance Nitrogen Loading Model were written to help
        local governments specifically in their protection efforts.  The GIS report
        has certainly been of use within our office in helping to identify
        opportunities and problems associated with the technology.  I think it
        will also be helpful to states and regional agencies considering such an
        investment.

        If you have any questions or would like to discuss this project further,
        please give me a call.
EPA Form 1320-6 (Rev. 3-76)

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                  Executive Summary


The Cape Cod Aquifer  Management  Project  (CCAMP)  was initiated in
September,  1985 for the purpose of examining the effectiveness of
the way  in which the  groundwater resource was  being  protected.
Concerns surrounded  the  fact  that since  1960,  over  100  public
water supplies in Massachusetts  were  contaminated  from a variety
of sources, and  the  trend was toward steadily  increasing occur-
rences.  CCAMP was designed  as an intergovernmental project with
the participating agencies being:   U.S.  Environmental  Protection
Agency, Region I (EPA); Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Quality  Engineering  (DEQE);  Cape  Cod  Planning  and  Economic
Development Commission  (CCPEDC); and the  U.S.  Geological  Survey
(USGS).

Cape Cod was  chosen  as the  focus of  the project because  of its
regional  attributes  -   common   hydrological   and  geographical
characteristics,   as  well  as  its  sole  source  aquifer.    In
addition, an abundance of technical information on thegroundwater
resource existed for the Cape,  and it was readily available.

CCAMP participants began  their work with  the  following supposi-
tions :

         (1) Prevention  not  correction   is   the  proper
             groundwater management approach

         (2) The  present institutional  arrangement   for
             protecting groundwater was  ineffective due to
             a fragmented regulatory process

         (3) A comprehensive resource - based  approach to
             groundwater  management,  rather than  individ-
             ual  source  by  source controls,   was   the
             preferred method

         (4) Greater   knowledge  and  improved  data  is
             required  at  the  local   level  for  land  use
             decision-making

The Study Area

CCAMP  chose the  towns of  Barnstable and Eastham  to  test and
advance these  suppositions.   They were  selected as the specific
study area because they represent the spectrum of problems facing
Cape Cod communities.   Barnstable, a large, highly developed town
with  extensive public water  supplies exemplifies  the challenge
facing  much  of  Cape Cod  -  balancing  inappropriate  land use
decisions  of  the  past  (and  present) with  existing  and  future
water supply needs.  To a large degree, groundwater protection in

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Barnstable must become dependent on risk management analyses.  An
approach  that  controls  existing  sources  of  contamination  and
clearly identifies and provides special attention for the highest
risk activities  should be adopted.   With this  in  mind,  CCAMP's
efforts  in  Barnstable focused  on resolution  of land  use/water
supply conflicts.

Eastham is a  rural  community  removed from population centers and
totally dependent  on private wells  and on-site  wastewater dis-
posal systems.   Small lot zoning in  all  residential sections of
town has caused attention to focus on a potential need for public
water.  Although  Eastham  has completed no  long  range planning, it
does not approach the array and magnitude of groundwater protec-
tion issues confronting  Barnstable,  and  has greater flexibility
in  controlling  and  siting  inappropriate  land  use  activities.
Considering Eastham's  situation,  CCAMP concentrated on providing
technical  assistance  to help  the  town   better comprehend  its
environmental condition,  so that practical groundwater protection
goals could be met.

Resource - Based Approach

A central theme of this project was that programs at the federal,
state and local  levels of government designed  to protect ground-
water tend to focus on individual sources of potential contamina-
tion without  an awareness of  all other possible  sources.  More-
over, work is often conducted without a full understanding of the
resource that  requires protection.   Controlling  pollution at the
source is  important,  but environmental agencies  must  never lose
sight  of the  nature of  the  resource  to  be protected  and then
designing  proper  programs to   accommodate  the  need  .    CCAMP
strived  for  establishing  new  institutional arrangements  among
levels of  government, and  producing unique management  tools so
that a truly  resource-based  approach  to  groundwater  protection
could  be  implemented.   Using  Barnstable  and   Eastham as  the
laboratory, the  project  attempted to  refine the way groundwater
is managed on Cape Cod.

Several years  ago  hydrogeologists searching for  ways  to stream-
line the areas  in need  of  intensive  protection,  developed the
Zone of  Contribution  (ZOC) ,  or  the  aquifer area  that  directly
feeds the public supply  well.   DEQE  refers  to this area as Zone
II and EPA  calls it the Wellhead Protection Area.   CCPEDC was a
pioneer  in this  area delineating all the  ZOCs for  the Cape's
public  supply wells  in  1983.    The protection  of ZOCs  is not
without  hydrogeologic complexities   and  political  and  economic
liabilities however.   One problem is that several hydrogeologic
assumptions  must be  made to  delineate ZOC boundaries.    As an
estimate,  these boundaries are  oprn  to debate  and revision.   A
second problem is  that  the ZOC  often contains  sources  of con-
tamination.

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Prevention techniques are still highly experimental,  but they are
developing rapidly.   Promising innovative measures  are emerging
such  as  land use  planning models  that  indicate if development
will result in an  overload of   certain contaminants. A realistic
prevention strategy is premised on  determination  of  the level of
risk that  is  acceptable, i.e., the levels of contaminants  that
will  be  tolerated  and   those that  are  considered  excessive.
Different types of measures are appropriate  for  different poten-
tial  sources.    It may  be sufficient to limit  the density  of
certain land uses,  while prohibitions may be  required for others.
In  the same  way,  certain  contaminants  are highly mobile  and
require other types of controls.

The  resource-based approach  is  an  attempt  to  both refine  and
advance  a  prevention-oriented  philosophy.     It  features  the
following components:

         (1)  Thorough  characterization   of  the  aquifer
             system so  that the  ZOC  for  the public  well
             can be delineated as accurately  as  possible.

         (2)  A  comprehensive   inventory  of  all  potential
             sources  of  contamination located  within  the
             ZOC.

         (3)  Assessment  of  the  federal,   state  and  local
             controls in place for  the  regulation  of  all
             sources.

         (4)  A strategy  for protecting the well  based upon
             relative  risk   from  individual  sources,
             cumulative  impacts  from several sources,  and
             possible  future  problems  from   potential
             sources.

The  findings,  recommendations and  management  tools that follow
describe  CCAMP's  attempt  to  facilitate  implementation  of  the
resource-based approach to groundwater protection.

Resource Characterization

Because of  the  extreme  importance of precisely portraying  the
aquifer system so  that  accurate ZOCs  could be  delineated, CCAMP
concentrated much  of  its work  in this  highly technical area.
Project participants worked closely with  Barnstable town planners
to help them  understand  their town's  groundwater system and how
to protect it.   CCAMP produced a detailed map showing  the shape
and elevation of the water table for the  eastern half of
Barnstable and part  of  the neighboring  town of  Yarmouth (which
contains areas of  recharge to  Barnstable wells).   In addition to
portraying its ZOCs,  this water table map will be  invaluable to
the town  as  it  investigates future contamination sites,  decides

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where to  locate various  land uses and  sites new  public wells.
CCAMP emphasized the importance of understanding water levels and
flow  direction in  an aquifer  -  it  is a  prerequisite  for  any
groundwater study and the first step in resource-based
management.   The project provided its  approach to  water table
mapping and detailed the methodology in its full report.

As mentioned  previously,  several hydrogeologic  assumptions must
be made to delineate ZOC boundaries which  makes them vulnerable
to debate  and revision.    Such a situation exists  in Barnstable
where both CCPEDC and a  consulting firm have mapped the town's
ZOCs.  While  the two maps present  similar  delineations they are
distinctly  different.   They  are  difficult  to compare  in detail
however,  because  different input  data  were  used during modeling.
CCAMP concluded  that either  method can  yield an approximate ZOC
delineation,  but  that  the   need  for  credibility  demands  the
development  of  standard  criteria.   Further,   input  data  are
subject to judgmental  variation,  and  perhaps  manipulation, which
can  seriously alter the  resultant  delineations.  The  most sen-
sitive of  these  factors  are:  recharge  rate, withdrawal rate,  and
initial water table  conditions.    There is  a definite  need  to
establish  standard criteria for assigning values to these factors
and  for assigning aquifer transmissivity as well.

CCAMP also observed that analytical techniques such as those used
in   Barnstable  are  useful   for  preparing  initial,  simplified
estimates  of the  impacts from pumping,  however they are incapable
of simulating complex  aquifer conditions.   Analytical techniques
do  not account  for  multiple  withdrawal   and  recharge  points,
boundary conditions, spatial  and directional variation of aquifer
properties  and recharge,  multilayered aquifer  systems,  and par-
tially-penetrating  wells.    Numerical  models,  however,  can  in-
tegrate these variables  yielding  a higher  level of confidence in
modeling   predictions.    A   demonstration  of  three-dimensional
groundwater modeling was  recommended  by CCAMP to  add critical
knowledge  to  the  aquifer characterization process.

As a result,   a  three  dimensional modeling project  was approved
and  cooperatively funded by USGS, DEQE, CCPEDC and the Massa-
chusetts   Department  of  Environmental  Management   (Division  of
Water  Resources) .   The  project  will  be completed  in  1989  and
contains the  following objectives:

          (1)  Demonstrate  the  use of  the  USGS  modular
              three-dimensional  groundwater flow model  to
              delineate  recharge  areas  to  wells under  a
              range of  recharge and pumping conditions.

          (2)  Describe  the  data  acquisition  requirements
              and  costs  for  the  demonstration  models  so
              they can  be  used  to compare   the relative
              benefits  and  costs   of  this  approach with

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             other analytical approaches.

         (3) Prepare  a plan  for  model  verification  with
             future  water  level  data  to  enable  further
             evaluation and refinement of the models.

         (4) Apply  the models  to  existing conditions  in
             Barnstable   and   planned  future  development
             conditions in Eastham.

Land Use Inventory

Important relationships exist between the types of land uses that
occur within  a  Zone of  Contribution to a  public well  and the
quality of  water pumped  from  that well  for public  use  and con-
sumption.    Certain  land  uses,  although  conforming with  local
zoning,  have the potential to contaminate groundwater.  Therefore,
local officials  and  water purveyors need a  complete inventory of
information  concerning  land  use   characteristics   in  order  to
achieve water resource management  goals.  CCAMP adopted the land
use inventory as a  basic  element of the  resource-based approach,
and  undertook an intensive land  use study within  one ZOC  in
Barnstable.  The  inventory  was  comprehensive,   including  the
identification of underground storage tanks, toxic and hazardous
material storers and class V injection wells among others.  Field
surveys were used to confirm information and identify potential
contaminant sources, such  as the location of injection  wells.
By characterizing all  existing land uses and  resulting risks to
the groundwater,  it  was    possible  to evaluate the effectiveness
of existing management programs  and to design a  more  integrated
protection  strategy  that  addresses those  land uses posing the
greatest threats.

The ZOC that  CCAMP  studied  surrounds nine public  supply wells,
six future wells and presently provides  31% of the town's water.
It  encompasses   3650 acres within two  towns  -  Barnstable  and
Yarmouth,   and is the  most highly  developed commercial  area  on
Cape  Cod.     It  was  chosen because  it  presents a  groundwater
management scenario representing the greatest threat of potential
contamination imaginable.   The methodology used for the prototype
effort has been  well documented  and was  recently implemented for
a ZOC in the  town of Chatham.  A townwide land use inventory and
management  analysis  is planned  for Truro  and it is hoped that
many more will be conducted both on and off Cape Cod.

Management Tools

Contamination from nitrates is one of the most widespread threats
to groundwater quality on Cape Cod.   Nitrate acts as a conserva-
tive chemical species  in  groundwater  because it is not sorbed by
aquifer materials.   The  principal  mechanism by which  nitrate is
attenuated  is through  dilution.    It has also  been demonstrated

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that nitrate is an indicator of the presence of other anthropoge-
nic contaminants.

CCAMP  reviewed  and  found  inadequate  the  current guideline  of
limiting  one house  per  acre  as  a protective  measure  against
exceeding the nitrate standard.  As a result, the project develo-
ped an approach  for  evaluating the cumulative impacts of nitrog-
en-contributing  land  uses  on  drinking  water  quality.    This
nitrogen loading methodology was created to  allow town planners
and  land  managers  an  opportunity  to recognize   the  level  of
incremental  development  that  will  cause nitrate  concentrations
in  municipal wells  to  exceed  planning  goals  or  health-based
standards.   If  used properly this model  provides  a  technical
basis for  evaluating future development  strategies and comparing
trade-offs between various land uses within ZOCs.

Another  valuable  tool  developed  by  CCAMP to  provide  usable
technical  information to  assist  in groundwater management,  is a
guide  to sources  of contamination.   This  handbook  contributes
background information on common land uses  and  their associated
contaminants for use in the development of sound wellhead protec-
tion strategies.   Detailed information on 18 contaminant classes
and 35 common land use categories is provided.  The guide covers:
the threat each  land use  may pose,  key examples  of products that
contain   particular  contaminants,  common usages and  the fate of
the contaminants in soils   and  groundwater.   It also contains
information  on  best  management practices that should be encour-
aged for each land use.

The guide  will  assist  local  officials as  they attempt  to site
land uses  in sensitive areas including ZOCs.  A handy accompany-
ing matrix will allow for immediate assessment of which land uses
provide  the  greatest threat to  groundwater; the  nature  of that
threat, the  contaminants involved, their toxicity and mobility in
groundwater.    This  will  help  determine  those businesses that
should be prohibited or strictly controlled by aquifer protection
bylaws.    The  guide will  also  assist in  the  investigation  of
sources of groundwater contamination.

Cape Cod  is  rich in hydrologic,  geologic and environmental data,
particularly contamination-source  data,  in  mapped  and  tabular
formats, and CCAMP added significantly to the wealth of available
information.   The  need  to  screen large  amounts  of  these data
quickly  and  accurately for  the  purpose  of determining potential
risks to water supplies from existing and potential contamination
sources  became  evident early in  the project.  It was agreed that
Geographic  Information System CIS technology would  provide the
advanced  data  handling,   manipulation,and  display capabilities
necessary  to facilitate the required analysis.

As  a  result, a  cooperatively  funded project  between USGS, DEQE
and  CCPEDC  using  CIS technology was initiated  with  the major

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objectives being:

         (1) To  analyze and  illustrate spatial  relations
             between  land  use,  well  sites,  and  existing
             and potential contamination sources.

         (2) To  establish  a  comprehensive  data  base  for
             the study  area and  provide  a template  for a
             potential   Capewide  geographic  information
             system.

The project concentrated  on  the development  of  a digital  data
base for  the same  Barnstable  ZOC that was  examined  through the
land use  inventory,  and for a portion of Eastham.  However, the
heart of  the GIS  effort  revolved  around the  development  of  a
series of  risk  assessment  scenarios intended to  demonstrate the
powerful application capabilities of the technology.  The scenar-
ios that have been portrayed are:

         (1) Identification  of  potential  risk  to  public
             supply wells from complete development

         (2) Application of the nitrogen loading formula

         (3) Ranking  of   risk  from  underground  storage
             tanks

         (4) Ranking of landfills for clean up

         (5) Screening for a potential stump dump site

         (6) Management issues within an intertown ZOC

         (7) Implication of  a one-half mile  radius around
             a well versus a delineated ZOC

         (8) Siting of  a one  million gallon  per day public
             well

GIS should provide the focal point for a truly inter-governmental
regulatory  approach to  groundwater  management in  the  future.  As
with the  other  management tools,  GIS maps  will  be especially
useful to  local officials as  they  make critical  land  use deci-
sions.   The following figures illustrate examples of GIS products
produced as part of  the demonstration project.    First  GIS was
employed  to  generate  professional  quality maps  of  pertinent
ground water related data as shown in Figure 1.  Subsequently, it
was utilized  to undertake, and  display the results  of the risk
asssessment scenarios described.  Figure  2  illustrates one of the
factors considered  in the  ranking of  risks  posed by  underground
storage tanks.

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  GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
, AND  ZONES OF CONTRIBUTION
              *
              A
LANDFILLS
SALT  STORAGE
JUNK  YARDS
HAZARDOUS WASTE
  NES OF CONTRIBUTION
                                                Figure 1

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UNDERGROUND STORAGE  TANKS  WITHN THE
   BARNSTABLE  ZONE OF CONTRBUTION
                               AGE OF UNDERGROUND
                                 STORAGE TANKS

                                • < 20 YEARS

                                • > 20 YEARS


                               = ROADS
                                         Figure 2

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Institutional Change

One of CCAMP's initial suppositions was that the present institu-
tional arrangement for protecting  groundwater is ineffective due
to a  fragmented  regulatory  process.   An investigation of proced-
ures  and  regulations  presently being implemented by  agencies at
the federal, state and local level clearly supports this supposi-
tion.   A  leading  problem  concerns  the common  bureaucratic ap-
proach of managing groundwater  on a  program by program  basis.
This  tends to  narrow the  management  focus and  results   in an
emphasis  on  individual  sources of contamination rather  than the
resource  itself.   Another  major problem is the serious lack of
communication  between  levels  of  government  that  erodes  the
necessary  coordination  which must  continuously exist to  insure
effective management.

CCAMP  produced  extensive   sets  of  recommendations  intended to
strengthen  the  protection  afforded   groundwater   by  existing
programs.  These cover the following program areas:

         o  Landfills
         o  Groundwater Discharge Permits
         o  Groundwater Classification
         o  Construction Grants
         o  Septic Systems
         o  Septage and Sludge
         o  Water Supply Planning
         o  Toxic and Hazardous Materials
         o  Pesticides
         o  Underground Storage Tanks
         o  Private Wells

Several recommendations have already been implemented particular-
ly by the lead regulatory agency,  DEQE.   CCAMP participants hope
that all recommendations are seriously considered for implementa-
tion  and  phased into  the  operating  programs  of  the  relevant
local, regional, state  and  federal agencies.   The  most critical
programmatic  issues that should receive  immediate  attention are
included here.

DEQE, working closely with regional  and local  agencies,  should
strive for the  delineation  of Zone II  areas (Zones of Contribu-
tion)  for all the  state's  public water supplies.    CCAMP's GIS
project graphically displayed the  inadequacy of using a general-
ized  half  mile radius as an interim  measure.  Delineation  of the
ZOC  is the basic building  block for  the resource-based approach
to groundwater protection and a truly  effective program demands
that  it  be done as  accurately as  possible.  EPA  should  expand
this  effort throughout New England.

Incorporation of the resource-based approach into all groundwater
related regulatory programs is a necessary goal for all levels of

                                    8

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government.   Major progress has been  made in this area  as both
EPA and  DEQE have begun  to order their priorities according to
whether a specific activity is  inside or outside of a ZOC.  Some
towns on Cape Cod have been particularly aggressive in regulating
land  uses  within  ZOCs.    However,   much  more  needs   to  be
accomplished beginning  with the adoption  of  an anti-degradation
policy by  DEQE.    The inclusion of  such a provision  within the
state's   groundwater classification system  and  the  banning of
certain  categorical   discharges  in  ZOCs  should  be  immediately
pursued.
The control of all potential sources of contamination, especially
those within ZOCs, is a basic component of resource-based manage-
ment and  an area that  CCAMP has found  deficient.   Cape  Cod is
replete  with  small   discharges  that  receive  no regulation  by
federal  or state  agencies  either  because they  are  beyond the
agency's purview,  below  a threshold  level,  or due  to  resource
constraints,  too low a  priority  to  be  addressed.    It  is  of
paramount  importance  that  local   agencies  fill the  void  and
regulate these smaller activities such as residential underground
storage  tanks,  car  washes, machine shops,  automotive  garages,
etc.  It is  especially  important to insure that small quantities
of hazardous  waste  are  collected and  disposed  of properly.  The
land use  inventory  is the  management  tool that local government
should use to comprehend the activities it needs to regulate.

A program  area that must  be upgraded is the state's requirements
for the  subsurface disposal of sanitary  waste,  better  know as
Title  5.    Title  5   has  not  kept   pace  with  other  groundwater
programs administered by  DEQE.   Developers, skilled in recogniz-
ing the loopholes in  the program, are placing a tremendous burden
on  town  governments,  most  of which  are  ill-equipped  to deal
effectively in such matters.  For example, the inability of Title
5 to  regulate the cumulative  pollution impact to  public supply
wells  created by  dense  development,  may eventually force the
closure of many  public  wells.   Moreover,  the ability of  Title 5
to deal effectively  only  with  the  threat of bacterial contamina-
tion,  and  not the  dangers  from  nutrients and volatile  organic
compounds,  may  have  long-term  negative  effects  on  public and
private wells in addition to other valuable resources.

An area that  has not  received  enough attention from any level of
government  is  the  protection of private wells.  Presently, there
are  no  state or  federal  laws or regulations  in  effect that
protect  private  wells  as there are for  public  water supplies.
Although Title 5 requires a septic system's leaching facility to
be at  least 100  feet from  a well,  there is no set back require-
ment for a well  from  a septic system.  Theoretically, it could be
sited  five  feet  away.   Clearly,  research  into  the siting of
private wells, as they relate to septic  systems and other sources
of  contamination,  must  be  pursued.  As with public wells,  local
and regional  groundwater flow conditions  and the delineation of
Zones of Contribution should be the  focus  of  attention.

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State and local agencies unquestionably have the largest roles in
groundwater protection,  yet CCAMP  discovered a serious  lack of
communication  and  coordination  between  them.    Policies  are
misinterpreted, intentions are  not  understood,  and the result is
usually confusion, delays  and  further distrust.  Regional Plann-
ing Agencies (RPAs),  who are familiar with both levels of govern-
ment, must  assume a  liaison role.  The  DEQE  should utilize RPAs
as agents  of the  state in making  the proper  contacts  with the
towns and insuring that the  correct messages  are being received.
This  will   result in  a  more   comprehensive  management  process
devoid of many needless time delays.
In addition to a  lack of coordination  between state  and local
levels,   CCAMP  found  major coordination  problems within  town
government.    A  fragmented   governmental   process  caused  by
autonomous  local boards  and  a  critical absence  of leadership has
caused groundwater management  to suffer in  several  Cape towns.
CCAMP  did   observe  one  town  in which  the  Board of  Selectmen
appointed  a water  quality  advisory  committee,   with  the  full
authority   of  the  Selectmen,   to   coordinate   all  groundwater
activities  in  town.    The committee  has had  superb  results and
should serve as a model for other towns.

The present institutional  framework that leaves local government
with the principal  responsibility  for making well-informed land
use  decisions  must  be upgraded  significantly,  as it   is  not
working  effectively.    CCAMP  has  shown  that  transferring  good
technical  information   from  federal  and state  agencies  to the
local level  is very  important, but it only represents  a partial
solution.   A truly comprehensive approach,   that  treats ground-
water as a  regional  resource not respectful  of town boundaries,
is also  required.  The creation of  a regional land use agency
with the necessary regulatory  authority  to help towns manage the
ongoing  land  use crisis on Cape Cod is a  viable  approach and
should receive serious consideration.

In conclusion, CCAMP was a successful prototype  project because
it demonstrated:

         (l)The importance of  a  resource-based  approach to
         groundwater protection.

         (2)The effectiveness  of administrative and scien-
         tific  personnel  from  each   level  of  government
         working together in a cooperative process.

         (3)The  value   of developing creative  management
         tools to insure informed decision-making.

         (4)The need to transfer technical information in a
         usable  form  from  federal  and  state  agencies  to
         local groundwater managers.

                                    10

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Now it  is important for  each of the participating  agencies and
others  to take  the  findings and  recommendations  developed  by
CCAMP and implement them on a wider scale.
                                    11

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            CAPE  COD AQUIFER MANAGMENT  PROJECT  (CCAMP)

                        DOCUMENTS  AVAILABLE
    (An  asterisk indicates  documents  not  included  in the final
report.)

Except as otherwise noted,  all CCAMP documents listed below will
be available from the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS) after October 1, 1988.  Contact NTIS directly at the
following address:

     National Technical Information Service
     U.  S. Department of Commerce
     5285 Port Royal Road
     Springfield, Virginia 22161
      (703) 487-4650


General

 *1  "Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Description".  November
     1985.

  2  "Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project: Final Report".  1988.
      (Final Report includes the following item numbers from this
     CCAMP list of documents: 5-11; 15; 18-20)

 *3  "The Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project: A Multi-Agency
     Approach to Groundwater Protection" by T. Gallagher and S.
     Nickerson.  July 1986. In Proceedings of the Third Annual
     Eastern Regional Ground Water Conference. NWWA, Springfield,
     MA. pp. 116-135.  Available from your technical library or
     from the National Water Well Association, 6375 Riverside
     Drive, Dublin, OH 43017.

 *4  "A Resource-Based Approach to Groundwater Protection" by Lee
     Steppacher and Tara Gallagher.  May 1988.  Environment.
     Volume 30(4), pp.4,45. (Available from your technical
     library).

Institutional Recommendations (Items 5-12 available from NTIS as
a package):

  5  Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations,
     Enhanced Groundwater Protection in Landfills.  August 1986.

  6  Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations,
     Construction Grants, Groundwater Discharge Permit Program,

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     and Groundwater Classification.  December 1986.

  7  Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations, Water
     Supply Planning.  December 1986.

  8  Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations, Under-
     ground Storage Tank.  October 1987.

  9  Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations,
     Septage Management.  December 1987.

 10  Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations,
     Hazardous Materials Use and Disposal.  December 1987.

 11  Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations, Private
     Well Protection.  October 1987.

 12  Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations,
     Pesticide Recommendations.  January 1988.

Technical Documents

*13  "Nitrate Loading in Municipal Wellhead Protection Areas"  by
     M. Frimpter, J. Donohue, and M. Rapacz.   February 1988.  50
     pp.  (Provides managers with  an easily understood method-
     ology and the relevant associated data for application of
     this formula.).

*14  "Guide to Contamination Sources for Wellhead Protection" by
     K. Noake. 1988. 75 pp.  (This handbook provides detailed
     information on common land uses and associated contaminants
     and their environmental fate.).

 15  "Water-Table Elevations:  Eastern Barnstable, Massachusetts,
     May 11-13, 1987."  by D. Heath and E. Mascoop.  October
     1987.

*16  "Locating Available Water-Table Observation Wells".  October
     1987.  (Describes methodology to follow for developing a
     water-table map utilizing existing observation wells.)

*17  "Demonstration of the Use of Three Dimensional Groundwater
     Flow Modeling and Particle Tracking to Delineate Zones of
     Contribution to Public Supply Wells, Cape Cod, MA" by USGS.
     Available May 1, 1990.  (Three-year study suggested by CCAMP
     utilizing numerical modeling in Barnstable and Eastham.).
     (Available in 1990 from the Books and Open-Files Reports
     Section; Box 25425, Federal Center; Denver, Colorado 80225.)

Items 18-20 will be available as a package from National
Technical Information Service  (NTIS) after October 1. 1988.

 18  "Evaluation of Approaches to Determine Recharge Areas for
     Public Supply Wells " CCAMP Aquifer Assessment Committee.

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     April 1986.  (Summarizes the group's evaluation of Zone II
     delineations in the study area.)

 19  Hydrogeologic Considerations of Zone of Contribution Methods
     Used by Cape Cod Planning and Economic Development Commis-
     sion and SEA Consultants, Inc.  For Public Supply Wells in
     Barnstable, Massachusetts".  May 1986. (Detailed examination
     of necessary data for Zone II delineation and discussion of
     methods of data reduction.)

 20  "Quality Assurance of Groundwater Models Through Documen-
     tation" by John Donohue, IV. June 1986.  (Discusses the
     necessary documentation which should accompany all ground-
     water modeling efforts.)

Zone II Inventory

*21  "Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project:  Land Use Risks,
     Impacts on Water Quality, and Methods of Analysis" by
     Gabrielle Belfit.  May 1987.  Presented at the American
     Water Resources Symposium on Monitoring, Modeling and
     Mediating Water Quality, in Syracuse, N.Y.,  14 pp. (Avail-
     able from your technical library)

*22  "The Management of Toxic and Hazardous Materials in a Zone
     of Contribution on Cape Cod" by Tara. Gallagher and Lee
     Steppacher. July 1987.  In Proceedings of the FOCUS on
     Eastern Regional Ground Water Issues;  A Conference. July
     14-16, 1987, Burlington, Vt.  pp. 13-41. (Available from
     your technical library)

Geographic Information Systems  (GIS)

*23  "Demonstration of a Geographic Information System for Ground
     Water Protection" edited by Lee Steppacher. October, 1988.

*24  USGS Open File Report - "Assessing Risk to Water Quality at
     Public Water Supply Sites, Cape Cod, Massachusetts" by Julio
     Olimpio, Elizabeth Flynn, and Saiping Tso. In Preparation
     (Available after October 1, 1988 from the USGS, Books and
     Open-Files Reports Section, Box 25425, Federal Center,
     Denver, Colorado 80225.)

Bibliography

*25  "CCAMP Bibliographies: Publications and Maps" compiled by
     EPA Region 1 Library.  May 1988.   EPA 901/3-88-002.

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