EPA REGION VII IRC
069171 EPA 901/3-88-003
THE CAPE COD AQUIFER
MANAGEMENT PROJECT (CCAMP)
Executive Summary
Eastham
CCAMP WAS
UNDERTAKEN BY:
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION I
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MASSACHUSETTS DISTRICT OFFICE
MASSACHUSETTS DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
CAPE COD PLANNING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION
IN COOPERATION WITH:
THE TOWN OF BARNSTABLE AND THE TOWN OF EASTHAM
SEPTEMBER 1988
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This document was published with funds made available through the
Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Ground Water Protection
and Office of Drinking Water. The contents may not necessarily
reflect the policies or decisions of these two offices. The
document solely reflects the views of participants involved in the
Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project (CCAMP). Additional copies of
this report and others published by CCAMP are available from the
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
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THE CAPE COD AQUIFER
MANAGEMENT PROJECT (CCAMP)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Principle Author
and
Editor:
Bruce J. Rosinoff
Senior Staff Advisor
Cape Cod Planning and Economic Devlopment Commission
CCAMP WAS UNDERTAKEN BY:
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION I
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MASSACHUSETTS DISTRICT OFFICE
MASSACHUSETTS DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
CAPE COD PLANNING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION
SEPTEMBER 1988
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DATE:
November 22, 1988
SUBJECT- If,
Distribution of Cape Cod Aquifefc-fTanagement Project Reports
A
FROM
Robert E. Mendoza,j/(j££eE
Ground Water Mcmagehient and Water Supply Branch, Region 1
TO
Ground Water Office Directors
EPA Regions 2-10
Enclosed please find a full set of reports from the Cape Cod Aquifer
Management Project (CCAMP). This has been a two year cooperative project
between federal, state, regional and local agencies concerned with developing
a comprehensive, resource based approach to ground water protection.
Although the work took place in Massachusetts, I believe there are numerous
institutional issues and opportunities, as well as new techniques and
methods for evaluating ground water protection measures, which are applicable
throughout the Country.
The CCAMP project has provided us with many insights into wellhead protection
efforts which may be applicable in your region as well. The technical
reports, including the Guide to Contamination Sources in Wellhead Protection
Areas and the Mass Balance Nitrogen Loading Model were written to help
local governments specifically in their protection efforts. The GIS report
has certainly been of use within our office in helping to identify
opportunities and problems associated with the technology. I think it
will also be helpful to states and regional agencies considering such an
investment.
If you have any questions or would like to discuss this project further,
please give me a call.
EPA Form 1320-6 (Rev. 3-76)
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Executive Summary
The Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project (CCAMP) was initiated in
September, 1985 for the purpose of examining the effectiveness of
the way in which the groundwater resource was being protected.
Concerns surrounded the fact that since 1960, over 100 public
water supplies in Massachusetts were contaminated from a variety
of sources, and the trend was toward steadily increasing occur-
rences. CCAMP was designed as an intergovernmental project with
the participating agencies being: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Region I (EPA); Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Quality Engineering (DEQE); Cape Cod Planning and Economic
Development Commission (CCPEDC); and the U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS).
Cape Cod was chosen as the focus of the project because of its
regional attributes - common hydrological and geographical
characteristics, as well as its sole source aquifer. In
addition, an abundance of technical information on thegroundwater
resource existed for the Cape, and it was readily available.
CCAMP participants began their work with the following supposi-
tions :
(1) Prevention not correction is the proper
groundwater management approach
(2) The present institutional arrangement for
protecting groundwater was ineffective due to
a fragmented regulatory process
(3) A comprehensive resource - based approach to
groundwater management, rather than individ-
ual source by source controls, was the
preferred method
(4) Greater knowledge and improved data is
required at the local level for land use
decision-making
The Study Area
CCAMP chose the towns of Barnstable and Eastham to test and
advance these suppositions. They were selected as the specific
study area because they represent the spectrum of problems facing
Cape Cod communities. Barnstable, a large, highly developed town
with extensive public water supplies exemplifies the challenge
facing much of Cape Cod - balancing inappropriate land use
decisions of the past (and present) with existing and future
water supply needs. To a large degree, groundwater protection in
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Barnstable must become dependent on risk management analyses. An
approach that controls existing sources of contamination and
clearly identifies and provides special attention for the highest
risk activities should be adopted. With this in mind, CCAMP's
efforts in Barnstable focused on resolution of land use/water
supply conflicts.
Eastham is a rural community removed from population centers and
totally dependent on private wells and on-site wastewater dis-
posal systems. Small lot zoning in all residential sections of
town has caused attention to focus on a potential need for public
water. Although Eastham has completed no long range planning, it
does not approach the array and magnitude of groundwater protec-
tion issues confronting Barnstable, and has greater flexibility
in controlling and siting inappropriate land use activities.
Considering Eastham's situation, CCAMP concentrated on providing
technical assistance to help the town better comprehend its
environmental condition, so that practical groundwater protection
goals could be met.
Resource - Based Approach
A central theme of this project was that programs at the federal,
state and local levels of government designed to protect ground-
water tend to focus on individual sources of potential contamina-
tion without an awareness of all other possible sources. More-
over, work is often conducted without a full understanding of the
resource that requires protection. Controlling pollution at the
source is important, but environmental agencies must never lose
sight of the nature of the resource to be protected and then
designing proper programs to accommodate the need . CCAMP
strived for establishing new institutional arrangements among
levels of government, and producing unique management tools so
that a truly resource-based approach to groundwater protection
could be implemented. Using Barnstable and Eastham as the
laboratory, the project attempted to refine the way groundwater
is managed on Cape Cod.
Several years ago hydrogeologists searching for ways to stream-
line the areas in need of intensive protection, developed the
Zone of Contribution (ZOC) , or the aquifer area that directly
feeds the public supply well. DEQE refers to this area as Zone
II and EPA calls it the Wellhead Protection Area. CCPEDC was a
pioneer in this area delineating all the ZOCs for the Cape's
public supply wells in 1983. The protection of ZOCs is not
without hydrogeologic complexities and political and economic
liabilities however. One problem is that several hydrogeologic
assumptions must be made to delineate ZOC boundaries. As an
estimate, these boundaries are oprn to debate and revision. A
second problem is that the ZOC often contains sources of con-
tamination.
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Prevention techniques are still highly experimental, but they are
developing rapidly. Promising innovative measures are emerging
such as land use planning models that indicate if development
will result in an overload of certain contaminants. A realistic
prevention strategy is premised on determination of the level of
risk that is acceptable, i.e., the levels of contaminants that
will be tolerated and those that are considered excessive.
Different types of measures are appropriate for different poten-
tial sources. It may be sufficient to limit the density of
certain land uses, while prohibitions may be required for others.
In the same way, certain contaminants are highly mobile and
require other types of controls.
The resource-based approach is an attempt to both refine and
advance a prevention-oriented philosophy. It features the
following components:
(1) Thorough characterization of the aquifer
system so that the ZOC for the public well
can be delineated as accurately as possible.
(2) A comprehensive inventory of all potential
sources of contamination located within the
ZOC.
(3) Assessment of the federal, state and local
controls in place for the regulation of all
sources.
(4) A strategy for protecting the well based upon
relative risk from individual sources,
cumulative impacts from several sources, and
possible future problems from potential
sources.
The findings, recommendations and management tools that follow
describe CCAMP's attempt to facilitate implementation of the
resource-based approach to groundwater protection.
Resource Characterization
Because of the extreme importance of precisely portraying the
aquifer system so that accurate ZOCs could be delineated, CCAMP
concentrated much of its work in this highly technical area.
Project participants worked closely with Barnstable town planners
to help them understand their town's groundwater system and how
to protect it. CCAMP produced a detailed map showing the shape
and elevation of the water table for the eastern half of
Barnstable and part of the neighboring town of Yarmouth (which
contains areas of recharge to Barnstable wells). In addition to
portraying its ZOCs, this water table map will be invaluable to
the town as it investigates future contamination sites, decides
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where to locate various land uses and sites new public wells.
CCAMP emphasized the importance of understanding water levels and
flow direction in an aquifer - it is a prerequisite for any
groundwater study and the first step in resource-based
management. The project provided its approach to water table
mapping and detailed the methodology in its full report.
As mentioned previously, several hydrogeologic assumptions must
be made to delineate ZOC boundaries which makes them vulnerable
to debate and revision. Such a situation exists in Barnstable
where both CCPEDC and a consulting firm have mapped the town's
ZOCs. While the two maps present similar delineations they are
distinctly different. They are difficult to compare in detail
however, because different input data were used during modeling.
CCAMP concluded that either method can yield an approximate ZOC
delineation, but that the need for credibility demands the
development of standard criteria. Further, input data are
subject to judgmental variation, and perhaps manipulation, which
can seriously alter the resultant delineations. The most sen-
sitive of these factors are: recharge rate, withdrawal rate, and
initial water table conditions. There is a definite need to
establish standard criteria for assigning values to these factors
and for assigning aquifer transmissivity as well.
CCAMP also observed that analytical techniques such as those used
in Barnstable are useful for preparing initial, simplified
estimates of the impacts from pumping, however they are incapable
of simulating complex aquifer conditions. Analytical techniques
do not account for multiple withdrawal and recharge points,
boundary conditions, spatial and directional variation of aquifer
properties and recharge, multilayered aquifer systems, and par-
tially-penetrating wells. Numerical models, however, can in-
tegrate these variables yielding a higher level of confidence in
modeling predictions. A demonstration of three-dimensional
groundwater modeling was recommended by CCAMP to add critical
knowledge to the aquifer characterization process.
As a result, a three dimensional modeling project was approved
and cooperatively funded by USGS, DEQE, CCPEDC and the Massa-
chusetts Department of Environmental Management (Division of
Water Resources) . The project will be completed in 1989 and
contains the following objectives:
(1) Demonstrate the use of the USGS modular
three-dimensional groundwater flow model to
delineate recharge areas to wells under a
range of recharge and pumping conditions.
(2) Describe the data acquisition requirements
and costs for the demonstration models so
they can be used to compare the relative
benefits and costs of this approach with
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other analytical approaches.
(3) Prepare a plan for model verification with
future water level data to enable further
evaluation and refinement of the models.
(4) Apply the models to existing conditions in
Barnstable and planned future development
conditions in Eastham.
Land Use Inventory
Important relationships exist between the types of land uses that
occur within a Zone of Contribution to a public well and the
quality of water pumped from that well for public use and con-
sumption. Certain land uses, although conforming with local
zoning, have the potential to contaminate groundwater. Therefore,
local officials and water purveyors need a complete inventory of
information concerning land use characteristics in order to
achieve water resource management goals. CCAMP adopted the land
use inventory as a basic element of the resource-based approach,
and undertook an intensive land use study within one ZOC in
Barnstable. The inventory was comprehensive, including the
identification of underground storage tanks, toxic and hazardous
material storers and class V injection wells among others. Field
surveys were used to confirm information and identify potential
contaminant sources, such as the location of injection wells.
By characterizing all existing land uses and resulting risks to
the groundwater, it was possible to evaluate the effectiveness
of existing management programs and to design a more integrated
protection strategy that addresses those land uses posing the
greatest threats.
The ZOC that CCAMP studied surrounds nine public supply wells,
six future wells and presently provides 31% of the town's water.
It encompasses 3650 acres within two towns - Barnstable and
Yarmouth, and is the most highly developed commercial area on
Cape Cod. It was chosen because it presents a groundwater
management scenario representing the greatest threat of potential
contamination imaginable. The methodology used for the prototype
effort has been well documented and was recently implemented for
a ZOC in the town of Chatham. A townwide land use inventory and
management analysis is planned for Truro and it is hoped that
many more will be conducted both on and off Cape Cod.
Management Tools
Contamination from nitrates is one of the most widespread threats
to groundwater quality on Cape Cod. Nitrate acts as a conserva-
tive chemical species in groundwater because it is not sorbed by
aquifer materials. The principal mechanism by which nitrate is
attenuated is through dilution. It has also been demonstrated
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that nitrate is an indicator of the presence of other anthropoge-
nic contaminants.
CCAMP reviewed and found inadequate the current guideline of
limiting one house per acre as a protective measure against
exceeding the nitrate standard. As a result, the project develo-
ped an approach for evaluating the cumulative impacts of nitrog-
en-contributing land uses on drinking water quality. This
nitrogen loading methodology was created to allow town planners
and land managers an opportunity to recognize the level of
incremental development that will cause nitrate concentrations
in municipal wells to exceed planning goals or health-based
standards. If used properly this model provides a technical
basis for evaluating future development strategies and comparing
trade-offs between various land uses within ZOCs.
Another valuable tool developed by CCAMP to provide usable
technical information to assist in groundwater management, is a
guide to sources of contamination. This handbook contributes
background information on common land uses and their associated
contaminants for use in the development of sound wellhead protec-
tion strategies. Detailed information on 18 contaminant classes
and 35 common land use categories is provided. The guide covers:
the threat each land use may pose, key examples of products that
contain particular contaminants, common usages and the fate of
the contaminants in soils and groundwater. It also contains
information on best management practices that should be encour-
aged for each land use.
The guide will assist local officials as they attempt to site
land uses in sensitive areas including ZOCs. A handy accompany-
ing matrix will allow for immediate assessment of which land uses
provide the greatest threat to groundwater; the nature of that
threat, the contaminants involved, their toxicity and mobility in
groundwater. This will help determine those businesses that
should be prohibited or strictly controlled by aquifer protection
bylaws. The guide will also assist in the investigation of
sources of groundwater contamination.
Cape Cod is rich in hydrologic, geologic and environmental data,
particularly contamination-source data, in mapped and tabular
formats, and CCAMP added significantly to the wealth of available
information. The need to screen large amounts of these data
quickly and accurately for the purpose of determining potential
risks to water supplies from existing and potential contamination
sources became evident early in the project. It was agreed that
Geographic Information System CIS technology would provide the
advanced data handling, manipulation,and display capabilities
necessary to facilitate the required analysis.
As a result, a cooperatively funded project between USGS, DEQE
and CCPEDC using CIS technology was initiated with the major
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objectives being:
(1) To analyze and illustrate spatial relations
between land use, well sites, and existing
and potential contamination sources.
(2) To establish a comprehensive data base for
the study area and provide a template for a
potential Capewide geographic information
system.
The project concentrated on the development of a digital data
base for the same Barnstable ZOC that was examined through the
land use inventory, and for a portion of Eastham. However, the
heart of the GIS effort revolved around the development of a
series of risk assessment scenarios intended to demonstrate the
powerful application capabilities of the technology. The scenar-
ios that have been portrayed are:
(1) Identification of potential risk to public
supply wells from complete development
(2) Application of the nitrogen loading formula
(3) Ranking of risk from underground storage
tanks
(4) Ranking of landfills for clean up
(5) Screening for a potential stump dump site
(6) Management issues within an intertown ZOC
(7) Implication of a one-half mile radius around
a well versus a delineated ZOC
(8) Siting of a one million gallon per day public
well
GIS should provide the focal point for a truly inter-governmental
regulatory approach to groundwater management in the future. As
with the other management tools, GIS maps will be especially
useful to local officials as they make critical land use deci-
sions. The following figures illustrate examples of GIS products
produced as part of the demonstration project. First GIS was
employed to generate professional quality maps of pertinent
ground water related data as shown in Figure 1. Subsequently, it
was utilized to undertake, and display the results of the risk
asssessment scenarios described. Figure 2 illustrates one of the
factors considered in the ranking of risks posed by underground
storage tanks.
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GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
, AND ZONES OF CONTRIBUTION
*
A
LANDFILLS
SALT STORAGE
JUNK YARDS
HAZARDOUS WASTE
NES OF CONTRIBUTION
Figure 1
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UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS WITHN THE
BARNSTABLE ZONE OF CONTRBUTION
AGE OF UNDERGROUND
STORAGE TANKS
• < 20 YEARS
• > 20 YEARS
= ROADS
Figure 2
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Institutional Change
One of CCAMP's initial suppositions was that the present institu-
tional arrangement for protecting groundwater is ineffective due
to a fragmented regulatory process. An investigation of proced-
ures and regulations presently being implemented by agencies at
the federal, state and local level clearly supports this supposi-
tion. A leading problem concerns the common bureaucratic ap-
proach of managing groundwater on a program by program basis.
This tends to narrow the management focus and results in an
emphasis on individual sources of contamination rather than the
resource itself. Another major problem is the serious lack of
communication between levels of government that erodes the
necessary coordination which must continuously exist to insure
effective management.
CCAMP produced extensive sets of recommendations intended to
strengthen the protection afforded groundwater by existing
programs. These cover the following program areas:
o Landfills
o Groundwater Discharge Permits
o Groundwater Classification
o Construction Grants
o Septic Systems
o Septage and Sludge
o Water Supply Planning
o Toxic and Hazardous Materials
o Pesticides
o Underground Storage Tanks
o Private Wells
Several recommendations have already been implemented particular-
ly by the lead regulatory agency, DEQE. CCAMP participants hope
that all recommendations are seriously considered for implementa-
tion and phased into the operating programs of the relevant
local, regional, state and federal agencies. The most critical
programmatic issues that should receive immediate attention are
included here.
DEQE, working closely with regional and local agencies, should
strive for the delineation of Zone II areas (Zones of Contribu-
tion) for all the state's public water supplies. CCAMP's GIS
project graphically displayed the inadequacy of using a general-
ized half mile radius as an interim measure. Delineation of the
ZOC is the basic building block for the resource-based approach
to groundwater protection and a truly effective program demands
that it be done as accurately as possible. EPA should expand
this effort throughout New England.
Incorporation of the resource-based approach into all groundwater
related regulatory programs is a necessary goal for all levels of
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government. Major progress has been made in this area as both
EPA and DEQE have begun to order their priorities according to
whether a specific activity is inside or outside of a ZOC. Some
towns on Cape Cod have been particularly aggressive in regulating
land uses within ZOCs. However, much more needs to be
accomplished beginning with the adoption of an anti-degradation
policy by DEQE. The inclusion of such a provision within the
state's groundwater classification system and the banning of
certain categorical discharges in ZOCs should be immediately
pursued.
The control of all potential sources of contamination, especially
those within ZOCs, is a basic component of resource-based manage-
ment and an area that CCAMP has found deficient. Cape Cod is
replete with small discharges that receive no regulation by
federal or state agencies either because they are beyond the
agency's purview, below a threshold level, or due to resource
constraints, too low a priority to be addressed. It is of
paramount importance that local agencies fill the void and
regulate these smaller activities such as residential underground
storage tanks, car washes, machine shops, automotive garages,
etc. It is especially important to insure that small quantities
of hazardous waste are collected and disposed of properly. The
land use inventory is the management tool that local government
should use to comprehend the activities it needs to regulate.
A program area that must be upgraded is the state's requirements
for the subsurface disposal of sanitary waste, better know as
Title 5. Title 5 has not kept pace with other groundwater
programs administered by DEQE. Developers, skilled in recogniz-
ing the loopholes in the program, are placing a tremendous burden
on town governments, most of which are ill-equipped to deal
effectively in such matters. For example, the inability of Title
5 to regulate the cumulative pollution impact to public supply
wells created by dense development, may eventually force the
closure of many public wells. Moreover, the ability of Title 5
to deal effectively only with the threat of bacterial contamina-
tion, and not the dangers from nutrients and volatile organic
compounds, may have long-term negative effects on public and
private wells in addition to other valuable resources.
An area that has not received enough attention from any level of
government is the protection of private wells. Presently, there
are no state or federal laws or regulations in effect that
protect private wells as there are for public water supplies.
Although Title 5 requires a septic system's leaching facility to
be at least 100 feet from a well, there is no set back require-
ment for a well from a septic system. Theoretically, it could be
sited five feet away. Clearly, research into the siting of
private wells, as they relate to septic systems and other sources
of contamination, must be pursued. As with public wells, local
and regional groundwater flow conditions and the delineation of
Zones of Contribution should be the focus of attention.
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State and local agencies unquestionably have the largest roles in
groundwater protection, yet CCAMP discovered a serious lack of
communication and coordination between them. Policies are
misinterpreted, intentions are not understood, and the result is
usually confusion, delays and further distrust. Regional Plann-
ing Agencies (RPAs), who are familiar with both levels of govern-
ment, must assume a liaison role. The DEQE should utilize RPAs
as agents of the state in making the proper contacts with the
towns and insuring that the correct messages are being received.
This will result in a more comprehensive management process
devoid of many needless time delays.
In addition to a lack of coordination between state and local
levels, CCAMP found major coordination problems within town
government. A fragmented governmental process caused by
autonomous local boards and a critical absence of leadership has
caused groundwater management to suffer in several Cape towns.
CCAMP did observe one town in which the Board of Selectmen
appointed a water quality advisory committee, with the full
authority of the Selectmen, to coordinate all groundwater
activities in town. The committee has had superb results and
should serve as a model for other towns.
The present institutional framework that leaves local government
with the principal responsibility for making well-informed land
use decisions must be upgraded significantly, as it is not
working effectively. CCAMP has shown that transferring good
technical information from federal and state agencies to the
local level is very important, but it only represents a partial
solution. A truly comprehensive approach, that treats ground-
water as a regional resource not respectful of town boundaries,
is also required. The creation of a regional land use agency
with the necessary regulatory authority to help towns manage the
ongoing land use crisis on Cape Cod is a viable approach and
should receive serious consideration.
In conclusion, CCAMP was a successful prototype project because
it demonstrated:
(l)The importance of a resource-based approach to
groundwater protection.
(2)The effectiveness of administrative and scien-
tific personnel from each level of government
working together in a cooperative process.
(3)The value of developing creative management
tools to insure informed decision-making.
(4)The need to transfer technical information in a
usable form from federal and state agencies to
local groundwater managers.
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Now it is important for each of the participating agencies and
others to take the findings and recommendations developed by
CCAMP and implement them on a wider scale.
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CAPE COD AQUIFER MANAGMENT PROJECT (CCAMP)
DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE
(An asterisk indicates documents not included in the final
report.)
Except as otherwise noted, all CCAMP documents listed below will
be available from the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS) after October 1, 1988. Contact NTIS directly at the
following address:
National Technical Information Service
U. S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(703) 487-4650
General
*1 "Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Description". November
1985.
2 "Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project: Final Report". 1988.
(Final Report includes the following item numbers from this
CCAMP list of documents: 5-11; 15; 18-20)
*3 "The Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project: A Multi-Agency
Approach to Groundwater Protection" by T. Gallagher and S.
Nickerson. July 1986. In Proceedings of the Third Annual
Eastern Regional Ground Water Conference. NWWA, Springfield,
MA. pp. 116-135. Available from your technical library or
from the National Water Well Association, 6375 Riverside
Drive, Dublin, OH 43017.
*4 "A Resource-Based Approach to Groundwater Protection" by Lee
Steppacher and Tara Gallagher. May 1988. Environment.
Volume 30(4), pp.4,45. (Available from your technical
library).
Institutional Recommendations (Items 5-12 available from NTIS as
a package):
5 Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations,
Enhanced Groundwater Protection in Landfills. August 1986.
6 Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations,
Construction Grants, Groundwater Discharge Permit Program,
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and Groundwater Classification. December 1986.
7 Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations, Water
Supply Planning. December 1986.
8 Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations, Under-
ground Storage Tank. October 1987.
9 Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations,
Septage Management. December 1987.
10 Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations,
Hazardous Materials Use and Disposal. December 1987.
11 Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations, Private
Well Protection. October 1987.
12 Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project Recommendations,
Pesticide Recommendations. January 1988.
Technical Documents
*13 "Nitrate Loading in Municipal Wellhead Protection Areas" by
M. Frimpter, J. Donohue, and M. Rapacz. February 1988. 50
pp. (Provides managers with an easily understood method-
ology and the relevant associated data for application of
this formula.).
*14 "Guide to Contamination Sources for Wellhead Protection" by
K. Noake. 1988. 75 pp. (This handbook provides detailed
information on common land uses and associated contaminants
and their environmental fate.).
15 "Water-Table Elevations: Eastern Barnstable, Massachusetts,
May 11-13, 1987." by D. Heath and E. Mascoop. October
1987.
*16 "Locating Available Water-Table Observation Wells". October
1987. (Describes methodology to follow for developing a
water-table map utilizing existing observation wells.)
*17 "Demonstration of the Use of Three Dimensional Groundwater
Flow Modeling and Particle Tracking to Delineate Zones of
Contribution to Public Supply Wells, Cape Cod, MA" by USGS.
Available May 1, 1990. (Three-year study suggested by CCAMP
utilizing numerical modeling in Barnstable and Eastham.).
(Available in 1990 from the Books and Open-Files Reports
Section; Box 25425, Federal Center; Denver, Colorado 80225.)
Items 18-20 will be available as a package from National
Technical Information Service (NTIS) after October 1. 1988.
18 "Evaluation of Approaches to Determine Recharge Areas for
Public Supply Wells " CCAMP Aquifer Assessment Committee.
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April 1986. (Summarizes the group's evaluation of Zone II
delineations in the study area.)
19 Hydrogeologic Considerations of Zone of Contribution Methods
Used by Cape Cod Planning and Economic Development Commis-
sion and SEA Consultants, Inc. For Public Supply Wells in
Barnstable, Massachusetts". May 1986. (Detailed examination
of necessary data for Zone II delineation and discussion of
methods of data reduction.)
20 "Quality Assurance of Groundwater Models Through Documen-
tation" by John Donohue, IV. June 1986. (Discusses the
necessary documentation which should accompany all ground-
water modeling efforts.)
Zone II Inventory
*21 "Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project: Land Use Risks,
Impacts on Water Quality, and Methods of Analysis" by
Gabrielle Belfit. May 1987. Presented at the American
Water Resources Symposium on Monitoring, Modeling and
Mediating Water Quality, in Syracuse, N.Y., 14 pp. (Avail-
able from your technical library)
*22 "The Management of Toxic and Hazardous Materials in a Zone
of Contribution on Cape Cod" by Tara. Gallagher and Lee
Steppacher. July 1987. In Proceedings of the FOCUS on
Eastern Regional Ground Water Issues; A Conference. July
14-16, 1987, Burlington, Vt. pp. 13-41. (Available from
your technical library)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
*23 "Demonstration of a Geographic Information System for Ground
Water Protection" edited by Lee Steppacher. October, 1988.
*24 USGS Open File Report - "Assessing Risk to Water Quality at
Public Water Supply Sites, Cape Cod, Massachusetts" by Julio
Olimpio, Elizabeth Flynn, and Saiping Tso. In Preparation
(Available after October 1, 1988 from the USGS, Books and
Open-Files Reports Section, Box 25425, Federal Center,
Denver, Colorado 80225.)
Bibliography
*25 "CCAMP Bibliographies: Publications and Maps" compiled by
EPA Region 1 Library. May 1988. EPA 901/3-88-002.
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