EPA REGION VII IRC
077930
PROPOSED
BEST DEMONSTRATED AND AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT FOR
F024
James R. Berlow, Acting Chief
Waste Treatment Branch
Jerry Vorbach
Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
December 1988
F024 BCD
11l4-01'.nrJ.1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1 .0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 INDUSTRY AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION 2-1
2.1 Industry Affected and Process Description 2-1
2.2 Waste Characterization 2-7
2.3 Determination of Waste Treatability Group 2-7
3.0 APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLXIES 3-1
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies 3-1
3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies 3-3
4 . 0 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA BASE 4-1
5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AND AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGY (BOAT) 5-1
5.1 Review of Performance Data 5-2
5.2 Accuracy Correction of Treatment Performance Data ... 5-3
5.2.1 Nonwastewater 5-4
5.2.2 Wastewater 5-5
5.3 Statistical Comparison of Treatment Performance Data. 5-8
5.4 Available Treatment Technologies 5-11
5.5 Proposed BOAT for F024 5-11
6.0 SELECTION OF REGULATED CONSTITUENTS 6-1
6.1 BOAT List Constituents Deleted from Consideration
for Regulation 6-3
6.2 BOAT List Constituents Selected for Regulation 6-5
6.2.1 Nonwastewater 6-5
6.2.2 Wastewater ..... 6-8
7.0 DEVELOPMENT OF BDAT TREATMENT STANDARDS . 7-1
7.1 Calculation of Treatment Standards for
Nonwastewater Forms of F024 7-3
7.2 Calculation of Treatment Standards for
Wastewater Forms of F024 7-11
8.0 REFERENCES 8-1
APPENDIX A - ANALYTICAL QA/QC A-1
APPENDIX B - PLANT CODES B-1
APPENDIX C - WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE . C-1
F024 BGD-2
1116-01.nrj.1
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
2-1 FACILITIES PRODUCING F024 BY STATE 2-3
2-2 FACILITIES PRODUCING F024 BY EPA REGION 2-4
2-3 SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE CHARACTERIZATION DATA FOR F024 2-8
4-1 WASTE CHARACTERIZATION DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FOR F024
FROM PLANTS A, B, C, AND D AND OTHER WASTES TREATED BY
ROTARY KILN INCINERATION 4-3
4-2 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FROM ROTARY
KILN INCINERATION OF F024 FROM PLANTS A, B, C, AND D
KILN ASH RESIDUAL 4-5
4-3 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FROM ROTARY
KILN INCINERATION OF F024 FROM PLANTS A, B, C, AND D
SCRUBBER WATER RESIDUAL 4-7
4-4 ' DESIGN AND OPERATING DATA FOR THE ROTARY KILN FOR
SAMPLE SETS 1 THROUGH 6 4-8
4-5 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FOR K048 AND
K051: PLANT Y - STABILIZATION OF INCINERATOR ASH 4-9
4-6 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FOR K062:
PLANT Z - CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY VACUUM
FILTRATION 4-10
5-1 BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS IN KILN ASH RESIDUE
CORRECTED FOR ACCURACY 5-6
5-2 BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS IN SCRUBBER WATER
CORRECTED FOR ACCURACY 5-9
6-1 STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS IN UNTREATED F024 6-12
6-2 BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS FURTHER CONSIDERED FOR REGULATION
IN F024 NONWASTEWATER AFTER INITIAL SCREENING 6-20
6-3 BDAT LIST CONSTITUENTS CONSIDERED FOR REGULATION IN'F024
WASTEWATER AFTER INITIAL SCREENING 6-22
6-4 BDAT LIST CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR PROPOSED REGULATION
IN F024 NONWASTEWATER 6-24
F024 BGD-2 ii
1116-01.nrj.2
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Table
6-5 CONTROL OF CONSTITUENTS DELETED FROM FURTHER CONSIDERA-
TION FOR PROPOSED REGULATION BY CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR
PROPOSED REGULATION IN F024 NONWASTEWATER 6-25
6-6 BDAT LIST CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR PROPOSED REGULATION
IN F024 WASTEWATER 6-27
6-7 CONTROL OF CONSTITUENTS DELETED FROM FURTHER CONSIDERA-
TION FOR PROPOSED REGULATION BY CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR
PROPOSED REGULATION IN F024 WASTEWATER 6-28
7-1 CORRECTED CONCENTRATION DATA FOR ORGANICS AND METALS
IN ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR ASH FROM TREATMENT OF F024 7-4
7-2 CALCULATION OF PROPOSED NONWASTEWATER TREATMENT STANDARDS
FOR F024 7-5
7-3 CORRECTED CONCENTRATION DATA FOR ORGANICS AND METALS
IN COMBUSTION GAS SCRUBBER WATER FROM TREATMENT OF F024 .. 7-12
7-4 CALCULATION OF PROPOSED WASTEWATER TREATMENT STANDARDS
FOR F024 7-16
A-1 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CONSTITUENTS PROPOSED FOR REGULATION
IN F024 A-2
A-2 DEVIATIONS FROM SW-846 A-4
A-3 SPECIFIC PROCEDURES USED IN EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
WHEN ALTERNATIVES TO SW-846 METHODS ARE ALLOWED BY APPROVAL
OF EPA'S CHARACTERIZATION AND ASSESSMENT DIVISION A-5
A-4 SPECIFIC PROCEDURES OR EQUIPMENT USED IN EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS WHEN ALTERNATIVES OR EQUIVALENTS ARE ALLOWED IN THE
SW-846 METHODS A-6
A-5 SPECIFIC PROCEDURES OR EQUIPMENT USED FOR ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS WHEN ALTERNATIVES OR EQUIVALENTS ARE ALLOWED IN
THE SW-846 METHODS A-8
A-6 SPECIFIC PROCEDURES OR EQUIPMENT USED IN PREPARATION AND
ANALYSIS OF METALS WHEN ALTERNATIVES OR EQUIVALENTS ARE
ALLOWED IN THE SW-846 METHODS A-10
F024 BGD-2 . iii
1116-01.nrj.2.1
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Table
A-7 SPECIFIC PROCEDURES OR EQUIPMENT USED FOR ANALYSIS OF
CYANIDE AND SULFIDE WHEN ALTERNATIVES OR EQUIVALENTS ARE
ALLOWED IN THE SW-846 METHODS A-11
A-8 MATRIX SPIKE RECOVERIES FOR KILN ASH RESIDUE A-12
A-9 MATRIX SPIKE RECOVERIES FOR COMBUSTION GAS SCRUBBER
WATER A-14
A-10 SUMMARY OF ACCURACY CORRECTION FACTORS A-16
C-1 CONSTITUENT BOILING POINTS C-2
C-2 CONSTITUENT BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGIES C-4
F024 BGD-2 iv
1116-01.nrj.2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES
GENERIC FLOW DIAGRAM FOR PROCESSES GENERATING F024
2-5
F024 BGD-2
1116-01.nrj.3
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
In accordance with the amendments to the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) enacted in the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)
of November 8, 1984, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to
establish best demonstrated available technology (BOAT) treatment standards
for the listed waste identified in 40 CFR 261.31 as F024, certain wastes from
the production of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Compliance with these
BDAT treatment standards is a prerequisite for placement of the waste in units
designated as land disposal units according to 40 CFR Part 268. The BDAT
treatment standards will be effective as of June 8, 1989.
This background document provides the Agency's rationale and techni-
cal support for selecting the proposed constituents to be regulated in F024
and for developing proposed treatment standards for these constituents. The
document also provides waste characterization information that serves as a
basis for determining whether variances from a treatment standard may be
warranted for a particular F024 waste that has characteristics such that the
particular waste is more difficult to treat than the wastes that were analyzed
in developing treatment standards for F024.
The Agency's legal authority and promulgated methodology for estab-
lishing treatment standards and the petition process necessary for requesting
a variance from the treatment standards is summarized in EPA's Methodology for
Developing BDAT Treatment Standards.
F024 BD 1-1
1103-01.nrj.1
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This background document presents waste-specific information on the
number and locations of facilities affected by the land disposal restrictions
for F024; the processes generating the waste; waste characterization data; the
technologies used to treat the waste (or similar wastes, if any); and treat-
ment performance data on which the proposed treatment standards are based.
This document also explains EPA's determination of BDAT, selection of constit-
uents to be regulated, and calculation of proposed treatment standards.
Under 40 CFR 261.31, wastes identified as F024 are listed as fol-
lows:
F024 - Wastes, including but not limited to, distillation residues,
heavy ends, tars, and reactor clean-out wastes from the production
of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, having carbon content from
one to five, utilizing free radical catalyzed processes. (This
listing does not include light ends, spent filters and filter aids,
spent dessicants, wastewater, wastewater treatment sludges, spent -
catalysts,.and wastes listed in 40 CFR 261.32.)
The Agency estimates that there are 29 facilities that generate F024.
The Agency is proposing to regulate 10 organic constituents, 2 metal
constituents, and 5 dioxins and furans in both F024 nonwastewater and F024
wastewater. Due to the wide variation in the types of F024 generated by
industry, a large number of constituents were selected for proposed regulation
to ensure that the different hazardous constituents which may be present in
F024 are controlled. For the purpose of determining the applicability of the
proposed treatment standards, wastewaters are wastes containing less than 1/t
F024 BD 1-2
1103-01.nrj.2
-------
(weight basis) total suspended solids and less than 1% (weight basis) total
organic carbon (TOC). Wastes not meeting this definition are classified as
nonwastewaters.
The proposed BDAT treatment standards for organic constituents in
both nonwastewater and wastewater forms of F02iJ are based on treatment perfor-
mance data from rotary kiln incineration of F02iJ.
The proposed BDAT treatment standards for two metal constituents in
F024 nonwastewater, chromium and nickel, are based on a transfer of treatment
performance data from stabilization of ash from the incineration of K048 and
K051. The Agency is currently performing BDAT testing using stabilization to
treat F024 incinerator ash. Depending on the results of this testing and the
levels of treatment performance achieved, the Agency may establish a treatment
standard for lead in F024 nonwastewater and may modify the nonwastewater
standards for chromium and nickel. The proposed BDAT treatment standards for
metal constituents in F024 wastewater are based on a.transfer of treatment
The term "total suspended solids" (TSS) clarifies EPA's previously
used terminology of "total solids" and "filterable solids." Specifically,
total suspended solids is measured by Method 209C (total suspended solids
dried at 103-105°C) in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, American Public Health Association, American Water Works
Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation, Sixteenth Edition
(Reference 36).
F02M BD 1-3
1103-01.nrj.3
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performance data from.treatment of K062 mixed with metal-bearing
characteristic wastes by chemical precipitation followed by vacuum filtration.
The proposed BDAT treatment standards for dioxin and furan constitu-
ents in both nonwastewater and wastewater forms of F024 are set at the
analytical limit of detection that can be routinely achieved for these
constituents, consistent with the dioxins rule promulgated by the Agency on
November 8, 1986 (51 Federal Register, 40572, 40638).
The following tables list the specific proposed BDAT treatment
standards for F024. The treatment standards reflect the total concentration
of each organic, dioxin and furan constituent being proposed for regulation in
F024 nonwastewater and the total concentration of each organic, metal, dioxin
and furan constituent being proposed for regulation in F024 wastewater. The
treatment standards for metal constituents in nonwastewater are based on
analysis of leachate obtained by use of the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) found in Appendix I of 40 CFR Part 268. The units for total
constituent concentration are in mg/kg (parts per million on a weight-by-
weight basis) for nonwastewater and in mg/1 (parts per million on a weight-
by-volume basis) for wastewater. The units for leachate analysis are in mg/1
(parts per million on a weight-by-volume basis). If the concentrations of the
proposed regulated constituents in F024, as generated, are lower than or equal
to the proposed treatment standards, then treatment of F024 is not required
prior to land disposal.
F024 BD 1-4
1103-01.nrj.4
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PROPOSED BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR F024
NONWASTEWATER
Maximum for Any Single Grab Sample
Total Composition
BDAT List Constituent (mg/kg)
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 0.014
16. 3-Chloropropene 0.014
22. 1,1-Dichloroethane 0.014
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.014
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane 0.014
27. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 0.014
28. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene - 0.014
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate' 1.8
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate 1.8
113. Hexachloroethane 1.8
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 0.001
208. Hexachlorodibenzofurans 0.001
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 0.001
210. Pentachlorodibenzofurans 0.001
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofurans 0.001
TCLP Leachate
Concentration (mg/1)
159. Chromium (total) 1.7
163. Nickel ' 0.048
F024 BD 1-5
1103-01.nrj.5
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PROPOSED BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR F024
WASTEWATER
Maximum for Any Single Grab Sample
Total Composition
BOAT List Constituent (mg/1)
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene • 0.28
16. 3-Chloropropene 0.28
22. 1,1-Dichloroethane 0.014
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.014
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane 0.014
27. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 0.014
28. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 0.014
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 0.036
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate 0.036
113. Hexachloroethane 0.036
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 0.001
208. Hexachlorodibenzofurans 0.001
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 0.001
210. Pentachlorodibenzofurans 0.001
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofurans 0.001
159. Chromium (total) 0.35
163. Nickel 0.47
F024 BD 1-6
1103-01.nrj.6
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2.0 INDUSTRY AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
The purpose of this section is to describe the industry affected by
the proposed land disposal restrictions for F024 and to present available
characterization data for this waste.
Under 40 CFR 261.31 (hazardous wastes from non-specific sources),
wastes identified as F024 are listed as follows:
Wastes, including but not limited to, distillation residues, heavy
ends, tars, and reactor clean-out wastes from the production of
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, having carbon content from one
to five, utilizing free radical catalyzed processes. (This listing
does not include light ends, spent filters and filter aids, spent
dessicants, wastewater, wastewater treatment sludges, spent cata-
lysts, and wastes listed in 40 CFR 261.32.)
2.1 Industry Affected and Process Description
By definition in 40 CFR 261.31, F024 is waste specifically generated
from the production of Ci-C5 aliphatic hydrocarbons by free radical catalyzed
processes. The Agency estimates that there are 29 domestic facilities that
may generate F024. Table 2-1 lists the number of facilities by state, while
Table 2-2 lists the number of facilities by EPA region. These facilities were
identified using both the 1987 Stanford Research Institute Directory of
Chemical Producers for major C-J-C5 chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons as well
as plant reports prepared for EPA's Characterization and Assessment Division.
F024 BCD 2-1
0727-02.mel.1
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The chemicals used in chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon manufacture
are chlorocarbon or hydrocarbon feedstocks and chlorine sources (Cl2 or HC1).
The majority of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon manufacturing is based on
five general chemical processes. They are:
(1) free radical initiated addition, substitution, and pyrolysis
reactions,
(2) Lewis acid catalyzed addition and substitution reactions,
(3) oxychlorination,
(4) base catalyzed dehydrochlorination, and
(5) zinc chloride catalyzed chlorination of alcohols.
Several of these processes may be integrated within a facility to convert the
feedstock into a variety of desirable products. F024 may be generated when
free radical catalyzed processes are either utilized solely or combined with
other reaction processes. A generalized process diagram of the production of
C-|-C5 chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons is presented in Figure 2-1.
As shown in Figure 2-1, an organic feedstock is fed, along with a
chlorine source, into a series of chlorination reactors. Desired chemical
conversions are catalyzed in the reactor by heat, a combination of heat and
ultraviolet radiation, or chemicals (such as FeCl3, CuCl2, ZnCl2, or NaOH); at
least one such conversion must be catalyzed by free radicals for a generated
waste to be considered F024. These reactions may be conducted in either the
gas or the liquid phase. F024 is generated by these processes as reactor
residues, tars, and periodic clean-out wastes.
F024 BCD 2-2
0727-02.mel.2
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Table 2-1
FACILITIES PRODUCING F024 BY STATE
State (EPA Region) Number of Facilities
Alabama (IV) 1
California (IX) 1
Illinois (V) 1
Kansas (VII) 1
Kentucky (IV) 2
Louisiana (VI) 10
Maryland (III) 1
Michigan (V) 1
South Carolina (IV) 1
Tennessee (IV) 1
Texas (VI) 7
West Virginia (III) _2
Total: 29
F024 BCD 2-3
0727-02.mel.3
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Table 2-2
FACILITIES PRODUCING F024 BY EPA REGION
EPA Region Number of Facilities
I 0
II 0
III • 3
IV 5
V 2
VI 17
VII 1
VIII 0
IX 1
X _0
Total: 29
F024 BCD . 2-4
0727-02.mel.4
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t\J
I
^
By-F
Water »•
R
Ve
C
Chlorocorbon ^-
or
Hydrocarbon
Feedstocks
Chlorine fc>
HCI Vent
roduct Gas
t t
HCI * Spent Scrubber Water
Recovery »». to Treatment
Unit
i i
eactor
nt Gos ., . „ Caustic. Ammonia.
Vent Gas . • . '
atolysl Unreocted Feedstock ' [ Acid Solutions
1 ' ' Crude |
t ' Prorlurl 1
e , , 1 1 „ . Streams Washing
Series of *J n\er ^. Product onrf y
Reactors steps Neutralization
(at least one
reactor must
have free 1
radical T T
conversions) * Spenl Catalyst * Spent Wash
Treatment to Recycle
or Treatment
i r
Reactor Residues,
Clean— out Wastes,
and Tars
(F024)
to Treatment
and/or
Disposal
Light Ends
t
Durificotion ^ Chlorinated Aliphatic
Steps Hydrocarbon Product(s)
i
Heavy Ends
(F024)
lo Recycle,
Treatment
and/or
Disposal
*
Not included in the F024 listing definition.
Figure 2-1. Generic Flow Diagram for Processes
Generating F024 Wastes
-------
The reaction product is then sent to a filtration unit where spent
catalysts, if any, are removed for recycle or treatment. Spent catalysts are
i
not included in the F024 listing definition.
The remaining product undergoes a separation step where it is
quenched or cooled with water and/or distilled. This separates the unreacted
feedstock from the crude product and helps prevent product decomposition. The
unreacted feedstock is then recycled back to the reactors. Hydrochloric acid
is usually a major co-product from the reactor and is typically recovered from
the vent gases generated by both the reactor and the quenching/cooling step.
The crude product streams are generally put through a series of
washing, neutralization, and drying steps, which aid in separating the organic
phase (the product) from the aqueous phase. The spent wash solutions gener-
ated in these steps, along with the wastewater generated by HC1 recovery, are
then recycled or treated. A treated wastewater and various wastewater treat-
ment sludges result. This wastewater and the wastewater treatment sludges are
not included in the F024 listing definition.
Finally, the product stream goes through a series of purification
and separation steps using fractional distillation and filtration techniques.
The distillation residues or heavy ends resulting from these steps are
included in the F024 listing definition.
F024 BCD 2-6
0727-02.mel.6
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2.2 Waste Characterization
Table 2-3 presents a summary of the available characterization data
for F024. Data are presented for all BOAT List constituents that were
detected in one or more F024 samples. The summary in Table 2-3 was compiled
from data submitted by industry and data collected by EPA for a wide range of
F024 waste matrices. These data include wastes generated from various C]-C$
manufacturing processes and include a wide range of physical forms, i.e.,
liquids, solids, and sludges. Specific data for 11 of the 16 facilities
represented in this table have been claimed RCRA Confidential Business Infor-
mation and can be found in the confidential portion of the rulemaking record
for F024.
As can be seen in Table 2-3, the variability among different types
of F024 is quite large. The wastes contains up to 95% organic constituents
(BDAT List organics and non-BDAT List organics), less than \% BDAT List metals
and up to 10? each, oil and grease, moisture, and ash. The wide variations in
both the detection limits and the analytical results are caused by the differ-
ences in the F024 waste matrices.
2.3 Determination of Waste Treatability Group
EPA bases its treatability group decisions primarily on whether
wastes were generated by the same or by similar industries from similar
processes. EPA believes that such groupings can be made because of the high
F024 BCD 2-7
0727-02.mel.7
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likelihood that the waste characteristics which affect treatment performance
will be similar of these different wastes and therefore, similar levels of
treatment performance can be achieved. Based on the similarities among the
processes generating F024, the various types of F024 were combined in one
waste treatability group.
F024 BCD 2-8
0727-02.mel.8
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Table 2-3
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE CHARACTERIZATION DATA FOR F024
Concentration 1n F024 (ppm)
BOAT List Constituent (a)
222
4
5
7
9
10
14
16
20
22
23
26
27
ND
NR
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
m
(9)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(D
. Acetone NR
. Benzene 33-1,900
. Bromodi chl oro- 7,260
methane
. Carbon tetra- ND-50.400
chloride
. Chl orobenzene 1.7-3,200
. 2-Chloro-1 ,3- NR
but ad 1 ene
. Chloroform ND-136
. 3-Chl oropropene ND
. trans-1 ,4-D1- NR
chl oro-2-butene
(b)
NR
NR
NR
100-1 ,000
NR
NR
100-1 ,000
ND
NR
. 1 , 1-D1chloro- 1.7-440,000 NR
ethane
. 1 ,2-D1chloro- ND-950,000
ethane
. 1 ,2-D1chloropro- 54-191
pane
. trans-1 ,3-DI- 540
chl oropropene
- Not detected; detection 1 1m1
- Not reported.
(c)
NR
20
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
ND
NR
NR
10,000-500,000 NR
NR
NR
t not aval labl e .
CBI EPA Listing Reports (References 3-8, 10,
Response to 3007 Questionnaire from plant L
Listing Background Document
Co lected by EPA at plant A
Co lected by EPA at plant B
Co lected by EPA at plant C
Co lected by EPA at plant D
Co lected by EPA at plant E
Plant A (Reference 32)
Plant B (Reference 32)
Plant C (Reference 32)
Plant D (Reference 32)
for F024, p. 34
(Reference 27)
(Reference 28)
(Reference 29)
(Reference 30)
(Reference 31)
NR
NR
12-14)
(d) (e) (f)
<200 <20,000 <200
<100 <10,000 <100
<100 <10,000 <100
<100 <10,000 <100
<100 <10,000 174
5,462 <200,000 <2,000
<100 <10,000 <100
<2.000 <200,000 <2,000
4,691 <200,000 <2,000
<100 <1 0,000 <100
<100 <10.000 2,708
<100 177,024 <100
<100 260,036 <100
(g) (h) (1) (j) (k) (1)
<10 4.6 21,000 <20,000 <0.05 <500
<5 <1 <1,000 <10,000 <0.025 <250
<5 <1 <1,000 <10.000 <0.025 <250
<5 9.0 <1,000 <10.000 <0.025 <250
<5 <1 <1.000 <10,000 <0.025 <250
<100 <20 139,721 <200,000 <0.5 <5,000
<5 <1 <1,000 <10.000 <0.025 <250
<100 <20 <20,000 285.486 <0.5 <5,000
<100 <20 2,112 <200.000 <0.5 <5,000
, <5 <1 <1,000 <10,000 <0.025 <250
<5 <1 <1,000 <10,000 <0.025 11,000
<5 <1 <1.000 230,000 <0.025 <250
<5 <1 <1,000 290.000 <0.025 <250
Range (ppm)
<0. 05-21 ,000
<0. 025-1 ,900
<0. 025-7 , 260
<0. 025-50, 400
<0. 025-3, 200
<0. 5-139 ,721
<0. 025-1 ,000
<0. 5-285, 486
<0.5-4.69 1
<0. 025-440, 000
<0. 025-950. 000
<0. 025-230, 000
<0. 025-290. 000
(Reference 9)
(Reference 11)
F024 BGD - 2
1
105-01 .mlm. 1
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Table 2-3 (Continued)
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE CHARACTERIZATION DATA FOR F024
Concentration 1n F024 (ppm)
BOAT
28.
226.
34.
38.
40.
41 .
42.
43:
45.
^ 46.
0 47.
49.
50.
59.
List Constituent
cis-1 ,3-Dichlo-
ropropene
Ethyl benzene
Methyl ethyl
ket one
Methylene chlor-
ide
1,1,1 ,2-Tetra-
ch 1 oroethane
1,1, 2,2-Tetra-
ch 1 oroethane
Tet rach 1 oro-
ethene
To 1 uene
1.1, 1-TM-
ch 1 oroethane
1.1, 2-Tr ichlor-o-
et hane
Trlchloroethene
1 , 2,3-Trlchloro-
propane
Vinyl chloride
Benz(a)anthra-
(a)
570
1 . 1-230
ND
5-1 ,900
58,000
16.000
1 .5-47,200
31-34,000
1. 1-620
260-92,000
ND-81 ,800
ND
ND
ND
(b)
NR
NR
ND
NR
NR
ND
1 .000-10,000
NR
NR
NR
1 .000-10,000
ND
100-1 ,000
ND
(C)
NR
NR
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NR
ND
. (d)
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<200
<200
(e)
139,760
<10,000
<10,000
<10,000
<10,000
<1 0,000
<1 0.000
<1 0,000
<1 0,000
<1 0,000
<1 0,000
<1 0.000
<20.000
<50
(f )
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
891
<100
<100
<200
<24
(g) (h)
<5 <1
<5 <1
<5 <1
<5 <1
<5 <1
<5 <1
<5 <1
<5 <1
<5 <1
<5 < 1
<5 <1
<5 <1
< 10 <2
<340 <900
( 1 )
<1 ,000
<1 ,000
2, 200
<1 ,000
<1 ,000
<1 ,000
<1 .000
<1 ,000
< 1 ,000
<1 .000
< 1 .000
<1 .000
<2,000
<172
( j )
160,000
<1 0,000
<20,000
<10,000
<1 0.000
<1 0,000
<1 0,000
< 10,000
<10,000
<1 0.000
<1 0,000
9,712
<20.000
<189
(k)
<0.025
<0.025
<0.05
ND
<0.025
<0.025
0.330
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.05
0.888
(1)
<250
<250
<500
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
860
<250
<250
<500
ND
Range (ppm)
<0. 025-160, 000
<0. 025-230
<0.05-2, 200
< 1-1 ,900
<0. 025-58 ,000
<0. 025-16, 000
<1-47 ,200
<0. 025-34 .000
<0. 025-620
<0. 025-92. 000
<0. 025-81 .800
<0. 025-9. 712
<0.05- 1 ,000
<24-0.888
ND - Not detected; detection limit not available.
NR - Not reported.
(a) CBI EPA Listing Reports (References 3-8, 10, 12-14)
(b) Response to 3007 Questionnaire from plant L (Reference 9)
(c) Listing Background Document for F024, p. 34 (Reference 11)
(d) Collected by EPA at plant A (Reference 27)
(e) Collected by EPA at plant B (Reference 28)
(f) Collected by EPA at plant C (Reference 29)
(g) Collected by EPA at plant D (Reference 30)
(h) Collected by EPA at plant E (Reference 31)
(i) Plant A (Reference 32)
(j) Plant B (Reference 32)
(k) Plant C (Reference 32)
(1) Plant D (Reference 32)
F024 BCD - 2
1 105-01 .mlm.2
-------
Table 2-3 (Continued)
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE CHARACTERIZATION DATA FOR F02H
Concentration 1n F024 (ppm)
to
1
M
I — '
BOAT
62.
63.
64.
65.
68.
70.
77 .
80.
86.
87.
88.
List Constituent
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b) f 1 uor-
ant hene
Benzo(gh1 )pery-
1 ene
Benzo(k)fluor-
ant hene
B1 s ( 2-chl oro-
ethy 1 )ether
B1s(2-ethy 1-
hexy 1 )phthal ate
2-Chloro-
naphtha 1 ene
Chrysene
1 , 3-Dichloro-
benzene
1 , 2-D1 ch 1 oro-
benzene
1 ,4-D1 chl oro-
benzene
(a)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND-9,800
7.9-480
ND-260
ND
ND-1 ,300
ND-24,000
ND-8,006
(b)
ND
ND
ND
ND
NR
NR
NR
ND
NR
NR
NR
(c)
ND
ND
ND
ND
NR
NR
NR
ND
NR
NR
NR
(d)
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
(e)
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
(f )
<24
<24
<24
<24
64
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
(g)
<340
<340
<340
<340
<340
5.9
<340
<340
<340
<340
<340
(h)
<900
<900
<900
<900
<900
<900
<900
<900
<900
<900
<900
( 1 )
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
( J )
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
(k)
0.600
0.716
0.421
0.874
<0.351
7.63
<0.351
1 .06
<0.351
<0.351
<0.351
( | )
<0.351
ND
<0.351
ND
32.4
ND
ND
0.407
<0.351
<0.351
2.08
Range (ppm)
<0. 351-0. 600
<24-0.7 16
<0. 351-0. 421
<24-0 . 874
<0. 351-9, 800
<24-480
<0. 351-260
<24-1 .06
<0. 351-1 ,300
<0. 35 1 -24 .000
<0. 351-8, 000
ND - Not detected; detection limit not available.
NR - Not reported.
(a) CBI EPA Listing Reports (References 3-8, 10, 12-14)
(b) Response to 3007 Questionnaire from plant L (Reference 9)
(c) Listing Background Document for F024, p. 34 (Reference 11)
(d) Collected by EPA at plant A (Reference 27)
(e) Collected by EPA at plant B (Reference 28)
(f) Collected by EPA at plant C (Reference 29)
(g) Collected by EPA at plant D (Reference 30)
(h) Collected by EPA at plant E (Reference 31)
(i) Plant A (Reference 32)
(j) Plant B (Reference 32)
(k) Plant C (Reference 32)
(1) Plant D (Reference 32)
F024 BCD - 2
1 105-01 .mlm.3.1
-------
Table 2-3 (Continued)
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE CHARACTERIZATION DATA FOR F021
Concentration In F024 (ppm)
BOAT
92.
104.
110.
111.
112.
113.
116.
121 .
126.
136.
137.
141.
150.
154.
155 .
NO -
NR -
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f )
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
( 1 )
List Constituent (a) (b)
Diethyl 1 . 2-120 NR
pht ha late
Di-n-octyl 34 NR
phtha late
Hexachloro- ND-3,198 NR
benzene
Hexachloro- ND-4.074 100-1,000
but ad1 ene
Hexachloro- 1.3 NR
eye 1 opentadl ene
Hexachloroethane ND-460,000 1.000-10.000
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd) ND ND
py rene
Naphthalene 3.4-330 NR
Nitrobenzene 1.4 NR
Pen-tachl oro- 500 NR
benzene
Pentachloroethane ND-26,000 100-1,000
Phenanthrene ND ND
1 ,2,4-Tr1chloro- 160-1,400 NR
benzene
Antimony NR NR
Arsenic NR NR
Not detected; detection limit not available.
Not reported .
CBI EPA Listing Reports (References 3-8, 10,
Response to 3007 Questionnaire from plant L
Listing Background Document for F024, p. 34
Collected by EPA at plant A (Reference 27)
Collected by EPA at plant B (Reference 28)
Collected by EPA at plant C (Reference 29)
Collected by EPA at plant D (Reference 30)
Collected by EPA at plant E (Reference 31)
Plant A (Reference 32)
Plant B (Reference 32)
Plant .C (Reference 32)
Plant D (Reference 32)
(c)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
ND
NR
NR
NR
NR
ND
NR
NR
NR
12-14)
(d)
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
ND
ND
<200
<200
<1 .8
<0.86
(e)
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
ND
ND
<50
<50
<1 .8
<0.86
(f) (g) (h) (i)
<24 <340 <900 <172
<24 5.5 <900 <172
.
<24 4.7 18,018 <172
<24 <340 16,470 <172
<24 <340 <900 <172
<24 <340 <900 <172
<24 <340 <900 <172
<24 <340 <900 <172
<24 <340 <900 <172
ND 0.53 1,290 <860
ND ND ND <172
<24 <340 <900 <172
<24 <340 <900 <172
<2. 1 2.2 <2. 1 <2.9
7.B <1 .0 <1.0 <1.0
( j )
<189
<189
< 189
<189
<189
<189
< 189
<189
<189
<945
<189
<189
<189
<2.9
<1 .0
(k) (1) Range (ppm)
ND <0.351 <0. 351-120
ND <0.351 <0. 351-34
2.06 0.628 <24-18.0l8
<172 <0.351 <0. 35 1- 16,470
<0.351 <0.351 <0.351'1.3
0.442 <0.351 <0 . 351 -460,000
0.411 <0.351 <0. 351-0. 41 1
ND ND <24-330
<0.351 <0.351 <0.351 -1 .4
<1 . 76 <1 . 76 < 1 . 76- 1 . 290
<0.351 <0.351 <0. 351-26,000
1 . 27 0.892 <24-1 . 27
<0.351 ND <0. 351-1, 400
<2.9 <2.9 < 1 .8-2. 2
<1 .0 2
-------
Table 2-3 (Continued)
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE CHARACTERIZATION DATA FOR F02U
Concentration In F024 (ppm)
BOAT List Constituent
156. Barium
1 58 . Cadmi um
159. Chromium (total)
160. Copper
161 . Lead
162. Mercury
163. Nickel
167. Vanadium
168. Zinc
169. Cyanide
170. Fluoride
171. Sul f 1de
1
LO
207. Hexachloro-
d i benzo-p-d 1 ox 1 ns
208. Hexachl orodlbenzo-
f urans
209. Pentachl orodibenzo-
p-diox ins
210. Pentachlorodibenzo-
f urans
212. Tet rachl orodlbenzq-
furans
(a)
NR
NR
NR
108-1 10
<50-5
NR
240
NR
7.9-90
NR
NR
NR
(b)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
(c)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
(d)
0.3
<0.26
<0.43
4.9
1 .36
0. 24
<2. 2
<0. 17
0. 74
<0.50
NR
153
( e )
0. 22
<0.26
<0.46
2.2
<0.43
<0. 1
<2.2
<0. 17
1 .9
<0.51
NR
349
Concentrat
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
..._( f )
26
<0.3
88
638
3.6
0.13
256
10
104
4.57
NR
<6.4
1on in
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
(g)
1 .4
<0.3
3.5
406
2.5
<0. 1
71
<0.2
15
<0.52
NR
<5. 1
(h)
0.26
<0.3
2.8
1
<1 .0
<0. 1
8
<0. 2
0.82
NR
NR
NR ,
( 1 )
0. 27
<0. 4
<0. 4
<0.4
<0.5
<0. 1
<0.9
<0.3
1 .6
<0.43
<0.99
9. 1
( J )
0.30
<0.4
<0.4
<0. 4
<0.5
<0. 1
<0.9
<0.3
0.73
<0.44
<1 .00
7.8
(k)
34
3. 1
285
45
9.0
0.19
318
1
443
<0.49
1 .08
<4.8
(1)
6.8
<0.4
57
800
3.8
<0. 1
636
1 . 3
92
2.92
10.5
<4.6
F024 (ppb)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
<0.0014
<0.0007
<0.0014
<0.0005
<0.0002
<0.0005
<0.0003
<0.0005
<0.0002
<0.0002
10.4
3. 1
2.3
1 .6
0.63
2. 2
50.5
0.31
28. 7
12
Range (ppm)
0. 22-34
<0. 26-3. 1
<0. 4-285
<0. 4-800
<0. 43-9.0
<0. 1-0 . 24
<0. 9-636
<0. 17- 10
0. 73-443
<0. 43-4. 57
<0. 99-10. 5
<4. 6-349
Range (ppb)
<0.005- 10.4
<0. 0003-50. 5
<0. 0005-2. 3
<0. 0002-28 . 7
<0.0002- 1 2
NR - Not reported.
(a) CBI EPA Listing Reports (References 3-8, 10, 12-14)
(b) Response to 3007 Questionnaire from plant L (Reference 9)
(c) Listing Background Document for F024. p. 34 (Reference 11)
(d) Collected by EPA at plant A (Reference 27)
(e) Collected by EPA at plant B (Reference 28)
(f) Collected by EPA at plant C (Reference 29)
(g) Collected by EPA at plant 0 (Reference 30)
(h) Collected by EPA at plant E (Reference 31)
(i) Plant A (Reference 32)
(j) Plant B (Reference 32)
(k) Plant C (Reference 32)
(I) Plant 0 (Reference 32)
F024 BGD - 2
1 1 nc;-n 1 m I m 4 1
-------
3.0 APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
This section identifies the treatment technologies that are applica-
ble to F024 and determines which, if any, of the applicable technologies can
be considered demonstrated for the purpose of establishing BDAT.
To be applicable, a technology must theoretically be usable to treat
the waste in question or to treat a waste that is similar in terms of para-
meters that affect treatment selection. (For detailed descriptions of the
technologies applicable for these wastes, or for wastes judged to be similar,
see EPA's Treatment Technology Background Document.) To be demonstrated, the
technology must be employed in full-scale operation for treatment of the waste
in question or a similar waste. Technologies available only at pilot- and
bench-scale operations are not considered in identifying demonstrated
technologies.
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies
Since F024 contains high concentrations of organic compounds (as
shown in Section 2.0), applicable treatment technologies include those that
recover, destroy, or reduce the total amount of various organic compounds in
the waste. The Agency has identified.the following treatment technologies as
applicable for F024: incineration (fluidized bed, rotary kiln, and liquid
injection) followed by stabilization of incinerator ash and chemical precipi-
tation followed by sludge filtration of scrubber water; solvent extraction
F024 BGD-2 3-1
1114-01.nrj.1
-------
followed by incineration or recycle of the extract and stabilization and/or
chemical precipitation followed by sludge filtration of the raffinate; and
total recycle or reuse. These treatment technologies were identified based on
current literature sources, field testing, and current waste treatment prac-
tices.
Incineration is a destruction technology in which energy, in the
form of heat, is transferred to the waste to destabilize chemical bonds and
eventually destroy hazardous constituents. In general, two residuals are
generated by incineration processes: ash and scrubber water. Incinerator ash
may require stabilization to reduce the leachability of metals in the waste.
Scrubber water may require treatment using chemical precipitation followed by
sludge filtration to remove dissolved metals from the wastewater.
Solvent extraction is a separation technology in which organics are
removed from the waste due to greater constituent solubility in the solvent
phase than in the waste phase. This technology results in the formation of
two treatment residuals: the treated waste residual and the extract. The
treated waste residual may be further treated by stabilization and/or chemical
precipitation followed by sludge filtration. The extract may be recycled or
treated further by incineration.
Total recycle or reuse processes are processes that do not generate
a residual. The applicability of these processes is dependent on the type of
F024 BGD-2 3-2
1114-01.nrj.2
-------
F024 generated. For example, heavy ends or distillation bottoms are recycled
in other production processes at some facilities; however, reactor cleanout
wastes are generally not suitable for recycle or reuse.
The Agency recognizes that wastewater forms of F024 may also be
generated from the treatment of this waste. Since wastewater forms of F024
may contain hazardous organic constituents at treatable-levels, applicable
technologies include those that destroy or reduce the total amount of various
organic compounds in the waste. Therefore, the Agency has identified the
following treatment technologies as potentially applicable for treatment of
wastewater forms of F024 with treatable organic constituent concentrations:
biological treatment and carbon adsorption.
3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies
The demonstrated technologies that the Agency has identified for
treatment of F024 nonwastewater other than ash are total recycle or reuse,
stabilization, and incineration (including rotary kiln, liquid injection, and
fluidized bed incineration). The Agency is not aware of any facilities that
treat, on a full-scale operational basis, F024 or wastes judged to be similar
using solvent extraction; therefore, EPA believes that solvent extraction is
not currently demonstrated for F024.
The Agency has identified chemical precipitation followed by sludge
filtration as demonstrated for treatment of metals in F024 wastewater.
Although the Agency is not aware of any facilities that treat wastewater forms
F024 BGD-2 3-3
1114-01.nrj.3
-------
of F024, chemical precipitation followed by sludge filtration is demonstrated
for wastewaters judged to be similar to scrubber water generated from the
incineration of F024. Therefore, this technology is also demonstrated for
F024 wastewater.
Total Recycle or Reuse. EPA is aware of four plants that recycle or
reuse F024 on a full-scale basis in manufacturing processes. Specific infor-
mation regarding the recycle or reuse of these wastes has been claimed confi-
dential business information by the facilities.
Incineration. Incineration provides for destruction of the organics
in the waste. Incineration generally results in the formation of two treat-
ment residuals: ash and scrubber water. Rotary kiln incineration is demon-
strated on a full-scale operational basis for treatment of F024 at five
facilities. Liquid injection incineration is demonstrated on a full-scale
operational basis for treatment of F024 at four facilities. In addition,
fluidized bed incineration is demonstrated on a full-scale basis for treatment
of F024 at one facility.
The treatment process that the Agency tested was a rotary kiln
incinerator with a secondary combustor and combustion gas scrubber system.
Stabilization. Stabilization reduces the leachability of metals in
the waste. This technology results in the formation of a chemically- or
physically-stabilized treatment residual. The Agency evaluated the
F024 BGD-2 3-4
1114-01.nrj.4
-------
performance of a pilot-scale stabilization process on incinerator ash similar
to rotary kiln incinerator ash from treatment of F024 as shown in Section 4.0
of this document.
Chemical Precipitation followed by Sludge Filtration. Chemical
precipitation removes dissolved metals from the wastewater by forming an
insoluble metal precipitate sludge. Sludge filtration separates the precipi-
tated sludge from the wastewater. The Agency tested chemical precipitation
followed by sludge filtration for a waste mixture similar to F024 at one
facility, as shown in Section 4.0 of this document.
F024 BGD-2 3-5
1114-01.nrj.5
-------
4.0 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA BASE
This section presents the data available to EPA on the performance
of demonstrated technologies in treating the listed waste F024. These data
are used elsewhere in this document for determining which technologies repre-
sent proposed BDAT (Section 5.0), for selecting constituents being proposed
for regulation (Section 6.0), and for developing proposed treatment standards
(Section 7.0). In addition to using full-scale treatment performance data,
eligible data may include that developed at research facilities or obtained
at less than full-scale operations, provided that the technology is
demonstrated in full-scale operation for a similar waste or wastes as
described in Section 3.0.
Treatment performance data, to the extent that they are available to
EPA, include the concentrations for a given constituent in the untreated and
treated waste, values of operating parameters that were measured at the time
the waste was being treated, values of relevant design parameters for the
treatment technology, and data on waste characteristics that affect perfor-
mance of the treatment technology.
Where data are not available on the treatment of the specific waste
of concern, the Agency may elect to transfer performance data on the treatment
of a similar waste or wastes, using a demonstrated technology. To transfer
data from another waste treatability group, EPA must find that the waste
covered by this background document is no more difficult to treat (based on
F024 BD 4-1
1104-01.nrj.1
-------
the waste characteristics that affect performance of the demonstrated
treatment technology) than the treated wastes from which treatment performance
data are being transferred.
Treatment performance data were not available for BDAT List metals
in F024 nonwastewater and wastewater. Treatment performance data from stabi-
lization of ash from the incineration of K048 and K051 were transferred to
F024 nonwastewater. Treatment performance data from lime and sulfide
precipitation followed by vacuum filtration of K062 mixed with metal-bearing
characteristic wastes were transferred to F024 wastewater.
Table 4-1 presents the BDAT List constituents that were detected in
the untreated waste streams during the rotary kiln incineration of F024 from
plants A, B, C, and D, as well as a biological sludge and an organic liquid
that were burned with the F024. Table 4-2 presents the BDAT List constituents
detected in the kiln ash residual and Table 4-3 presents the BDAT List con-
stituents detected in the scrubber water residual. Table 4-4 presents design
and operating data for the rotary kiln and the secondary combustor. Table 4-5
presents treatment performance data and operating data for stabilization of
ash from fluidized bed incineration of K048 and K051. Table 4-6 presents
treatment performance data for lime and sulfide precipitation followed by
vacuum filtration of K062 mixed with other metal-bearing characteristic
wastes. Testing procedures used to analyze the BDAT List constituents are
identified in the analytical quality assurance/quality control discussion in
Appendix A of this background document.
F024 BD 4-2
1104-01.nrj.2
-------
Table 4-1
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FOR F024 FROM
PLANTS* A, B, C, AND D AND OTHER WASTES TREATED BY
ROTARY KILN INCINERATION
Concentration in Untreated
Wastes** Fed to the Rotary Kiln
Concentration in Untreated Wastes**
Fed to the Secondary Combustor
BOAT
222.
10.
14.
16.
20.
23.
26.
27.
28.
34.
38.
42.
43.
45.
46.
49.
59.
62.
63.
64.
List Constituent
Acetone
2-Chloro-1 ,3-butadiene
Chloroform
3-Chloropropene
trans- 1 , 4-Dichloro-2-butene
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloropropane
trans- 1 , 3-Dichloropropene
cis- 1 , 3-Dichloropropene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethane
1 , 2,3-Trichloropropane
Benz(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo( b) f luoranthene
Benzo( ghi ) pery lene
Plant C
(ppm)
<0.05
<0.5
<0.025
<0.5
<0.5
<0.25
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.05
<0.025
0.3
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
0.89
0.6
0.72
0.42
Plant D
(ppm)
<500
<5,000
<250
<5,000
<5,000
11,000
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
860
<250
<0.351
<0.351
<0.351
<0.351
Sludge
(ppm)
<500
<5,000
<250
<5,000
<5,000
<250
<250
<250
<250
<500
<250
<500
<250
<250
<250
<2,500
<134
<134
<134
<134
Plant A
(ppm)
21,000
139,721
< 1,000
<20,000
2,112
<1 ,000
< 1,000
< 1,000
< 1,000
2,200
<1 ,000
< 1,000
< 1,000
< 1,000
< 1,000
< 1,000
<172
<172
<172
<172
Plant B Organic Liquid
(ppm)
<20,000
< 200, 000
<10,000
285,486
< 200, 000
<10,000
230,000
290,000
160,000
<20,000
<10,000
<10,000
<10,000
<10,000
< 1 0 , 000
9,712
<189
<189
<189
<189
(ppm)
<2,000
< 20, 000
< 1,000
< 20, 000
<20,000
26,068
< 1,000
< 1,000
< 1,000
<2,000
1,884
1,838
25,930
1,214
< 1,000
<1 ,000
<196
<196
<196
<196
Note: The variation in detection limits for the same constituent was caused by the variation in the waste
matrices.
*Plant codes are listed in Appendix B.
**F024 from Plants A and B were liquids; F024 from Plants C and D were sludges.
-------
Table 4-1 (Continued)
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FOR F024 FROM
PLANTS* A, B, C, AND D AND OTHER WASTES TREATED BY
ROTARY KILN INCINERATION
Concentration in Untreated
Wastes** Fed to the Rotary Kiln
Concentration in Untreated Wastes"*
Fed to the Secondary Combustor
BOAT
65.
68.
70.
80.
87.
88.
89.
92.
110.
113.
116.
121.
141.
142.
150.
155.
156.
158.
159.
160.
List Constituent
Benzo( k) f luoranthene
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
Bis( 2-ethy Ihexyl )phthalate
Chrysene
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
3,3" -Dichlorobenzidine
Diethyl phthalate
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachloroethane
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
1 , 2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (total)
Copper
Plant C
(ppm)
0.87
<0.351
7.6
1.1
<0.351
<0.351
<1.76
0.05
2.1
0.44
0.41
<0.351
1.27
<0.351
<0.351
<1.0
34
3.1
285
45
Plant D
(ppm)
<0.351
32.4
0.58
0.41
<0.351 '
2.08
<1.76
<0.351
0.63
<0.351
<0.351
<0.351
0.90
<0.351
<0.351
2.0
6.8
<0.4
57
800
Sludge
(ppm)
<134
<134
<134
<134
<134
<134
<266
15.45
<134
<134
<134
1,500
<134
<134
<134
<1.0
35
3.1
294
46
Plant A
(ppm)
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<860
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<172
<1.0
0.27
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
Plant B
(ppm)
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<945
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<189
<1.0
0.30
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
Organic Liquid
(ppm)
<196
<196
<196
<196
302
<196
915
<196
<196
<196
<196
<196
<196
1,842
279
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA - Not analyzed.
Note: The variation in detection limits for the same constituent was caused by the variation in the waste
matrices.
*Plant codes are listed in Appendix B.
**F024 from Plants A and B were liquids; F024 from Plants C and D were sludges.
-------
Table 4-1 (Continued)
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FOR F024 FROM
PLANTS* A, B, C, AND D AND OTHER WASTES TREATED BY
ROTARY KILN INCINERATION
Concentration in Untreated
Wastes** Fed to the Rotary Kiln
BOAT
161.
162.
163.
165.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
207.
208;
209.
210.
212.
List Constituent
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Vanadium
Zinc
Cyanide
Fluoride
Sulfide
Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Hexachlorod ibenzofurans
Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Pentachlorod ibenzofurans
Tetrachlorod ibenzofurans
Plant C
(ppm)
9.0
0.19
318
-------
Table 4-2
TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FROM
ROTARY KILN INCINERATION OF F024 FROM PLANTS A, B, C, AND D
KILN ASH RESIDUAL
Concentration in Kiln Ash - Total Composition (mg/kg)
BOAT List
Constituent
21.
92.
170.
Dichlorodi-
fluorome thane*
Diethyl
phthalate**
Fluoride
Sample Set
11
0.71
0.67
NA
Sample Set
#2
1.40
0.67
NA
Sample Set Sample Set
#3 #4
1.50
0.67
2. 11
Concentration
151.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
167.
168.
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
0.062
0.079
1.64
<0.001
<0.004
<0.004
0.026
<0.032
0.0002
0.24
0.005
0.060
<0.029
<0.01
1.67
0.002
0.037
0.28
6.48
1.2
< 0.0002
3.08
0.004
1.84
<0.029
<0.01
1.94
0.001
0.033
0.29
5.37
29.3
< 0.0002
3.68
<0.003
1.90
1.60
0.60
NA
in Kiln Ash
<0.029
<0.01
1.78
0.002
0.028
0.31
4.57
22.0
0 . 0003
4.45
0.008
1.61
Sample Set Sample Set Range
15 //6 (mg/kg)
1.70
0.45
NA
- TCLP (mg/1)
0.042
<0.01
1.64
0.002
0.016
0.32
4.54
21.6
<0.0002
4.78
<0.003
1.56
1.40
1.14
NA
0.030
<0.01
1.56
0.001
0.027
0.13
4.80
1.25
<0.0002
5.32
0.005
2.78
0.71-1.70
0.45-1.14
2.11
Range (mg/1)
<0. 029-0. 062
<0. 01-0. 079
1.56-1.94
<0. 001-0. 002
<0. 004-0. 037
<0. 004-0. 32
0.026-6.48
<0. 032-29. 3
< 0.0002-0. 0003
0.24-5.32
<0. 003-0. 008
<0. 060-2. 78
NA - Not analyzed.
HThis constituent was also detected in the laboratory blank at 0.27 mg/kg.
**This constituent was also detected in the laboratory blank at 0.51 mg/kg.
-------
Table 4-3
TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FROM
ROTARY KILN INCINERATION OF F024 FROM PLANTS A, B, C, AND D
SCRUBBER WATER RESIDUAL
Concenbrabion in Scrubber Water - Total Composition (mg/1)
BOAT
List Sample Set
Sample Set
Constituent #1 //2
6.
12.
15.
21.
50.
92.
154.
155.
156.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
167.
168.
170.
207.
208.
209.
210.
212.
Bromomethane
Chloroethane
Chloromethane
Dichlorodifluorome thane
Vinyl chloride
Diethyl phthalate
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Vanadium
Zinc
Fluoride
Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Hexachlorodibenzofurans
Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Pentachlorod ibenzofurans
Tetrachlorodibenzofurans
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.0116
11.3
0.48
33.5
6.62
27.6
175
361
0.31
13.7
3.08
10.9
1.05
160
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.0121
12.3
<0.2
18.3
6.47
32.1
190
401
0.20
16.5
1.09
10.7
1.72
162
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Sample Set
#3
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.29*
<0.01
<0.0108
9.27
0.58
24.7
6.95
15.1
107
433
0.45
14.2
<2.5
10.1
0.37
174
153
<7.2x10~6
0.0003
<5.6x10~b
0.0001
9.6x10~b
Sample Set
//4
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.36*
<0.01
<0.0104
10.8
0.51
38.4
6.63
33.1
209
358
0.29
17.3
<2.5
9.45
1.84
179
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Sample Set
#5
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.40*
<0.01
0.057
7.94
<0. 1
27.0
2.90
24.4
144
386
0.42
14.2
<5.0
7.12
1.52
128
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Sample Set
//6
0.032
.0.031
0.020
0.44*
0.026
<0.0107
8.72
<0.5
26.8
4.81
24.8
158
371
0,34
13.4
<0.5
5.38
0.97
137
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA - Not analyzed.
*This constituent was also detected in the laboratory blank at 0.23 mg/1.
-------
Table 4-4
DESIGN AND OPERATING DATA FOR THE ROTARY KILN AND SECONDARY COMBUSTOR FOR SAMPLE SETS 1 THROUGH 6
Operating Value
I
00
Parameter (units)
Kiln Outlet Temperature
Rotary Kiln
Solid Waste3 Feed Rate
(Ibs/minute)
Kiln Rotational Speedb
(RPM)
BTU Loading - Rotary
Kiln (MMBTU/hour)
Secondary Combustor
Temperature (°F)
Secondary Combustor
Liquid WasteC Feed Rate
(Ibs/minute)
BTU Loading-Secondary
Combustor
(MMBTU/hour)
Design
Value
1,000-1,700
NS
0.2-0.6
11
1,800-2,200
NS
19
Sample Set
#1
(11:20 am)*
(11:45 am)*
1,391
1,255
32
32
0.45
0.45
16
17
2,025
2,021
18.2
27.7
10
Sample Set
02
(12:15 pm)*
(12:45 pm)*
1,393
1,405
32
32
0.45
0.45
17
16
2,056
2,142
29.2
27.7
15
14
Sample Set
tf 3
(1:15 pm)*
(1:45 pm)*
1,360
1,604
32
32
0.45
0.45
16
16
2,132
1,990
29.4
32.3
15
17
Sample Set
M
(2:15 pm)*
(2:45 pm)*
1,425
1,413
32
32
0.25
0.45
16
16
2,093
2,119
25.9
25.6
14
13
Sample Set
#5
(3:15 pm)»
(3:45 pm)*
1,452
1,450
32
32
0.23
0.27
16
16
2,123
2,126
29.6
25.4
15
15
Sample Set
#6
(4:15 pm)*
(4:45 pm)*
1,207
1,551
32
32
0.27
0.1
16
15
2,006
1,877
13.4
1.2
11
7
a This represents F024 from plants C and D and the sludge that were treated by the rotary kiln incineration system.
The kiln rotational speed was decreased during the run to allow for a longer residence time of the kiln solids
and to lower the temperature of the waste heat boiler.
c This represents F024 from plants A and B and the organic liquid that were treated by the rotary kiln incineration
system.
NS - Not specified.
* This time corresponds to the time of data collection.
Note: Kiln solids residence time is estimated to be 30-60 minutes. Secondary combustor residence time is
approximately 3 seconds. Both estimates are based on discussions with plant personnel.
-------
Table 4-5
TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FOR K048 AND K051
PLANT Y - STABILIZATION OF INCINERATOR ASH
Treated Waste
Untreated Waste
Concentration in
Detected TCLP Extract
BOAT List Metal of K048 and K051
Constituent Incinerator Ash
154.
155.
156.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
167.
168.
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
0.06-0.09
0.008-0.025
0.17-0.25
<0.003
2.1-2.6
0.02
<0.05
0.0002-0.0003
0.02-0.03
2.5-3.6
0.055-0.11
Concentration in
TCLP Extract of Stabilized
Fluidized Bed Incinerator Ash
Lime
Run 1
mg/L
(ppm)
<0.163
<0.004
0.558
<0.003
1.13
<0.003
<0.006
NA
<0.018
0.148
0.02
and Fly Ash
Run 2
mg/L
(ppm)
<0.163
<0.004
0.524
<0.003
1.21
<0.003
<0.006-
NA
<0.018
0.149
0.022
Binder
Run 3
mg/L
(ppm)
<0.163
0.006
0.599
<0.003
1.08
0.006
<0.006
• NA
<0.018
0.156
0.052
Design and Operating Parameters
Binder to Ash Ratio
Lime to Ash Ratio
Fly Ash to Ash Ratio
Water to Ash Ratio
Ambient Temperature (°C)
Mixture pH
Cure Time (days)
Unconfined Compressive Strength
Stabilization Process
Lime and Fly Ash Binder
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
NP
0.2
0.2
0.5
19
12.0
28
565.8
NP
0.2
0.2
0.5
19
12.1
28
512.6
NP
0.2
0.2
0.5
19
12.1
28
578.8
NA - Not analyzed.
NP - Not applicable.
Source: Waterways Onsite Engineering Report (Reference 21).
F024 BCD - 2
1205-02.mlm.1
4-9
-------
I
M
O
Table 4-6
TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTED BY EPA FOR K062
PLANT Z - LIME AND SULFIDE PRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY VACUUM FILTRATION*
Sample Set »B
Detected BOAT
List Metal
Const 1tuent
151.
155.
156.
157.
158 .
221 .
159.
160.
161 .
162.
163 .
164.
165.
166.
168 .
Ant imony
Arsen 1 c
Bar1 um
Bery 1 1 \ um
Cadmi um
Chromium
Chromi um
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Se 1 en 1 um
Si 1 ver
Tha 1 1 i um
Zinc
(hexava 1 ent )
(total )
Untreated K062
Concentrat 1 on
_ (ppm)
<2
<5
0. 13
831
217
212
<1
669
<10
<2
<10
151
Treated K062
Was t ewater
Concentrat 1 on
(ppm)
<0. 1
<1
<0.2
<0.5
<0.01
0.15
0. 16
<0.01
<0. 1
0.36
<1
<0.2
<1
0. 130
Samp Ie Set »11
Untreated K062
Concentrat Ion
_ (ppm)
<2
<5
0.08
395
191
712
<10
<2
<10
5
Treated K062
Was t ewa t er
Concentrat Ion
_ (ppm) _
<0. 1
<1
<0.2
<0.5
0. 106
0.12
0.14
<0.01
<0. 1
0.33
<1
<0.2
< 1
0.070
Sample Set »\2
Untreated K062
Concent rat i on
(ppm)
< 10
< 1
1 2
<2
23
0.30
617
137
136
<1
382
<10
<2
<10
135
Treated K062
Was t ewat er
Concent rat 1 on
(ppm)
.00
10
.00
.20
<5
.01
18
. 24
.01
10
.39
< 1 .00
<0. 20
< 1 .00
0. 100
< 1
<0.
< 1
<0.
<0.
0.
0.
<0.
<0.
0.
*0nly three of the 12 data sets analyzed at Plant Z represented treatment by this treatment train. The other data sets included
pretreatment technologies such as chromium reduction and treatment for cyanide. These data are not included since these
pretreatment technologies are not applicable to F024.
Source: Envirite Onsite Engineering Report (Reference 33).
F024 BGD - 2
TBL4-7.LAN.1
-------
5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AND AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
This section presents the Agency's rationale behind the proposed
determination of the best demonstrated and available technology (BOAT) for
F024. BOAT for F024 has been determined to be rotary kiln incineration
followed by stabilization of the incinerator ash and chemical precipitation
followed by filtration of the scrubber water. However, the Agency believes
that well-designed and well-operated liquid injection and fluidized bed
incineration systems can meet the BOAT treatment standards established for
F024.
To determine BDAT, the Agency examines all available treatment
performance data on technologies that are identified as demonstrated to
determine whether one or more of the technologies performs significantly
better than the others. All treatment performance data used for determination
of the best technology must first be corrected for accuracy, as discussed in
EPA's Methodology for Developing BDAT Treatment Standards. (The data are
corrected for accuracy in order to account for the ability of an analytical
technique to recover a particular constituent from the waste in a particular
test.) The "best" performing treatment technology is evaluated to determine
whether the resulting treatment is substantial, as determined by the analysis
of variance (ANOVA) test. (The ANOVA test is discussed in EPA's Methodology
for Developing BDAT Treatment Standards.) The technology that performs "best"
must be specified for all streams associated with the management of the listed
waste.
F024 BD 5-1
1101-02.-nrj.1 - :
-------
The technology that is found to perform best on a particular waste
is then evaluated to determine whether it is "available." To be available,
the technology must (1) be commercially available and (2) provide "substan-
tial" treatment of the waste, as determined through evaluation of treatment
performance data corrected for accuracy. In determining whether treatment is
substantial, EPA may consider data on a treatment technology's performance on
a waste similar to the waste in question, provided that the similar waste is
at least as difficult to treat. If it is determined that the best technology
is not available, then the next best technology is evaluated, and so on.
5.1 Review of Performance Data
The available treatment performance data presented in Section 4.0
were reviewed and assessed to determine whether they represent operation of a
well-designed and well-operated system, whether sufficient quality assur-
ance/quality control measures were employed to ensure the accuracy of the
data, and whether the appropriate measures of performance were used to assess
the performance of the treatment technology.
The treatment performance data and the design and operating data
collected during the test on the rotary kiln incineration of F024 at plant X,
stabilization of K048 and K051 incinerator ash at plant Y, and lime and
sulfide precipitation followed by vacuum filtration of K062 mixed with other
metal-bearing characteristic wastes at plant Z were reviewed for the points
described above. The appropriate measures of performance (total constituent
F024 BD 5-2
1101-02.nrj.2
-------
concentration for incineration and lime and sulfide precipitation followed by
vacuum filtration, and TCLP for stabilization) were used to assess the
treatment systems. Additionally, the Agency had no reason to believe that the
treatment systems were not well-designed and well-operated or that
insufficient analytical quality assurance/quality control measures were
employed. (Design and operating data and quality assurance/quality control
information are presented in References 32, 21, and 33 for samples collected
at plants X, Y, and Z, respectively.) Therefore, these data were considered
in the determination of BOAT for F024.
F024 treatment performance data are not available for liquid injec-
tion and fluidized bed incineration. Therefore, in the absence of treatment
performance data for this waste, liquid injection and fluidized bed incinera-
tion were not selected as BDAT for F024. However, the Agency believes that
well-designed and well-operated liquid injection and fluidized bed incinera-
tion systems can meet the BDAT treatment standards established for F024.
5.2 Accuracy Correction of Treatment Performance Data
As part of the review of treatment performance data for rotary kiln
incineration, the data were adjusted to take into account any analytical
interferences associated with the chemical make-up of the samples. Generally,
performance data were corrected for accuracy as follows: (1) a matrix spike
recovery was determined, as explained below, for each BDAT List constituent
detected in the untreated or treated waste; (2) an accuracy correction factor
F024 BD 5-3
1101-02.nrj.3
-------
was determined for each of the above constituents by dividing 100 by the
matrix spike recovery (expressed as a percentage) for that constituent; and
(3) the reported concentration of each BDAT List constituent detected in the
untreated or treated waste was corrected by multiplying the concentration by
the corresponding accuracy correction factor.
Matrix spike recoveries are developed by analyzing a sample of a
treated waste for a constituent and then re-analyzing the sample after the
addition of a known amount of the same constituent (i.e., spike) to the
sample. The matrix spike recovery represents the total amount of constituent
recovered after spiking minus the initial concentration of the constituent in
the sample, and the result divided by the known amount of constituent added.
5.2.1 Nonwastewater
Matrix spike recoveries used in adjustment of the treatment perfor-
mance-data for the kiln ash residue are presented in Table A-8 of Appendix A
of this background document. Duplicate matrix spikes were performed for some
BDAT List constituents in kiln ash. If duplicate matrix spikes were performed
for a constituent, the matrix spike recovery used for that constituent was the
lower of the two values from the first matrix spike and the duplicate spike.
Where a matrix spike was not performed for a constituent, the matrix
spike recovery for the constituent was derived from the average matrix spike
recoveries of the appropriate group of constituents (for example, volatile
F024 BD 5-4
1101-02.nrj.4
-------
organics) for which recovery data were available. In these cases, the matrix
spike recoveries for all volatile organics, semivolatile organics, or dioxins/
furans from the first matrix spike were averaged. Similarly, an average
matrix spike recovery was calculated for the duplicate matrix spike recover-
ies. The lower of the two average matrix spike recoveries of the volatile,
semivolatile, or dioxin/furan group was used for any volatile, semivolatile,
or dioxin/furan constituent for which no matrix spike was performed.
The accuracy correction factors for nonwastewater (rotary kiln ash)
data calculated using this method are presented in Table A-10 of Appendix A of
this document. The corrected concentrations for each BOAT List constituent in
the rotary kiln ash, that was detected in either the untreated F02il or rotary
kiln ash, are presented in Table 5-1. Note that constituent concentrations in
the kiln ash residue were not adjusted to values below the detection limit for
that constituent. If accuracy correction resulted in a value less than the
detection limit, the accuracy-corrected concentration was set equal to the
detection limit.
5.2.2 Wastewater
Matrix spike recoveries used to calculate accuracy correction
factors for adjustment of the treatment performance data are presented in
Table A-9 of Appendix A. As shown in Table A-9, if duplicate matrix spikes
were performed for a constituent, the matrix spike recovery used for that
constituent was the lower of the two values from the first matrix spike and
the duplicate spike.
F024 BD 5-5
1101-02.nrj.5
-------
Table 5-1
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT
CONCENTRATIONS IN KILN ASH RESIDUE CORRECTED FOR ACCURACY*
Corrected Total Concentration in
the F024 Rotary Kiln Incinerator Ash (ppm)
Sample
BOAT List Constituent Set: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volatiles
222. Acetone 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100
16. 3-Chloropropene 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100
20. trans-1,4-Dichloro-2- 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100
butene
21. Dichlorodifluoromethane 0.710 1.400 1.500 1.600 1.700 1.400
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
27. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
28. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
34. Methyl ethyl ketone 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
42. Tetrachloroethene 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
46. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
Semivolatiles
59.
62.
63.
64.
65.
68.
70.
80.
88.
92.
110.
113.
Benz ( a ) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo ( b ) f luoranthene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Benzo ( k ) f luoranthene
B is (2-chloroethyl) ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthal-
ate
Chrysene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Diethyl phthalate
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachloroe thane
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
.632
.632
.632
.632
.632
.632
.632
.632
.462
.264
.632
.632
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
.632
.632
.632
.632
.632
.632
.632
.632
.462
.264
..632
.632
0
0
0
0
0
0
•o
0
0
1
0
0
.666
.666
.666
.666
.666
.666
.666
.666
.488
.280
.666
.666
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1 .
0.
0.
632
632
632
632
632
632
632
632
462
145
632
632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.462
0.854
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.632
0.462
2.164
0.632
0.632
*This table presents data for the BOAT List constituents detected in either
the untreated F024 from plants A, B, C, and D or the rotary kiln ash.
Calculations are shown in Appendix A.
F024 BD 5-6
1101-02.nrj.6
-------
Table 5-1 (Continued)
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT
CONCENTRATIONS IN KILN ASH RESIDUE CORRECTED FOR ACCURACY*
Corrected Total Concentration in
the F024 Rotary Kiln Incinerator Ash (ppm)
BOAT List Constituent
Semivolatiles (Cont.)
Sample
Set:
116. Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
141. Phenanthrene
Inorganics
170. Fluoride
Dioxins and furans
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p-
•dioxins
208. Hexachlorodlbenzofurans
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-p-
dioxins
210. Pentachlorodibenzofurans
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofurans
Sample
Metals Set:
154. Antimony
155. Arsenic
156. Barium
158. Cadmium
159. Chromium (total)
160. Copper.
161. Lead
163. Nickel
167. Vanadium
168. Zinc
1
0.632 0.632
0.632 0.632
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.666
0.666
2.11
0.0001
0.00004
0.0001
0.00003
0.00003
6
0.632 0.632 0.632
0.632 0.632 0.632
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Corrected TCLP Concentration in the Stabi-
lized K048 and K051 Incinerator Ash (ppm)
1
0.22
0.004
0.58
0.004
1.47
0.004
0.008
0.026
0.16
0.029
0.22
0.004
0.54
0.004
1.58
0.004
0.008
0.026
0.16
0.032
0.22
0.004
0.62
0.004
1.41
0.008
0.008
0.026
0.17
0.076
*This table presents data for the BDAT List constituents detected in either
the untreated F024 from plants A, B, C, and D or the rotary kiln ash.
Calculations are shown in Appendix A.
NA - Not analyzed.
F024 BD
1101-02.nrj.7
5-7
-------
Where a matrix spike was not performed for a constituent, the matrix
spike recovery for the constituent was derived from the average matrix spike
recoveries of the appropriate group of constituents (for example, volatile
organics) for which recovery data were available. In these cases, the matrix
spike recoveries for all volatile organics, semivolatile organics, or
dioxins/furans from the first matrix spike were averaged. Similarly, an
average matrix spike recovery was calculated for the duplicate matrix spike
recoveries. The lower of the two average matrix spike recoveries of the
volatile, semivolatile, or dioxin/furan group was used for any volatile,
semivolatile, or dioxin/furan constituent for which no matrix spike was
performed.
The accuracy correction factors for wastewater (scrubber water) data
calculated using this method are presented in Table A-10 of Appendix A of this
document. The corrected concentration for each BDAT List constituent in the
scrubber water, that was detected in either the untreated F024 or scrubber
water, are presented in Table 5-2. Note that constituent concentrations'in
the scrubber water residual were not adjusted to values below the detection
limit for that constituent. If accuracy correction resulted in a value less
than the detection limit, the accuracy-corrected value was set equal to the
detection limit.
5.3 Statistical Comparison of Treatment Performance Data
In cases where the Agency has treatment performance data from more
than one technology, EPA uses the statistical method known as analysis of
F024 BD 5-8
1101-02.nrj.8
-------
Table 5-2
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT
CONCENTRATIONS IN SCRUBBER WATER CORRECTED FOR ACCURACY*
BOAT "List Constituent
Volatiles
Sample
Set:
222. Acetone
6. Bromomethane
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene
12. Chloroethane
15. Chloromethane
16. 3-Chloropropene
20. trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-
butene
21. Dichlorodifluoromethane
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane
27. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
28. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
34. Methyl ethyl ketone
42. Tetrachloroethene
46. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
Semivolatiles
59. Benz(a)anthracene
62. Benzo(a)pyrene
63. Benzo(b)fluoranthene
64. Benzo(ghi)perylene
65. Benzo(k)fluoranthene
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthal-
ate
80. Chrysene
Corrected Total Concentration in the
F024 Combustion Gas Scrubber Water (ppm)
1
0.010
0.010
0.101
0.010
0.010
0.101
0.101
0.010
0.010
0.101
0.010
0.010
0.101
0.101
0.010
0.010
0.101
0.010
0.010
0.101
0.101
0.010
0.010
0.101
0.010
0.010
0.101
0.101
0.010
0.010
0.101
0.010
0.010
0.10T
0.101
0.010
0.032
0.101
0.031
0.020
0.101
0.101
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.292
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.363
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.403
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.444
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013.
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.013
*This table presents data for the BDAT List constituents detected in either
the untreated F024 from plants A, B, C, and D or the scrubber water.
Calculations are shown in Appendix A.
NA - Not analyzed.
F024 BD
1101-02.nrj.9
5-9
-------
Table 5-2 (Continued)
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT
CONCENTRATIONS IN SCRUBBER WATER CORRECTED FOR ACCURACY*
BOAT List Constituent
Semivolatiles (Continued)
Sample
Set:
88. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
92. Diethyl phthalate
110. Hexachlorobenzene
113. Hexachloroethane
116. Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
141. Phenanthrene
Inorganics
170. Fluoride
Dioxins and furans
Corrected Total Concentration in the
F024 Combustion Gas Scrubber Water (ppm)
1
NA
NA
153
NA
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p- NA NA
dioxins
208. Hexachlorodibenzofurans NA NA
209- Pentachlorodibenzo-p- NA NA
dioxins
210. Pentachlorodlbenzofurans NA NA
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofurans NA NA
0.00001 NA
0.0003
0.00001
0.0001
0.00001
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.021
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.021
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.019
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.017
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.019
0.066
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.019
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Corrected Total Concentration
in the Treated K062 Wastewater (ppm)
Metals
159. Chromium (total)
162. Lead
163. Nickel
Sample
Set:
1
0.221 0.176 0.265
0.013 0.013 0.013
0.387 0.355 0.419
*This table presents data for the BDAT List constituents detected in either
the untreated F024 from plants A, B, C, and D or the scrubber water.
Calculations are shown in Appendix A.
NA - Not analyzed.
•F024 BD
1101-02.nrj.10
5-10
-------
variance, ANOVA (discussed in EPA's Methodology for Developing BOAT Treatment
Standards), to determine if one technology performs significantly better than
the rest. For F024, the Agency has treatment performance data for only one
treatment system and, therefore, an ANOVA comparison is not appropriate.
5.4 Available Treatment Technologies
The demonstrated technologies for treatment of F024, rotary kiln
incineration, stabilization, and chemical precipitation followed by sludge
filtration, are considered to be commercially available. Furthermore, the
Agency has determined that these technologies will provide substantial treat-
ment of F024. Therefore, these technologies are available for treatment of
F024.
Methods of total recycle or reuse are not considered to be commer-
cially available for F024 as they are proprietary or patented processes and
cannot be purchased or licensed from the proprietor. In addition, a process
used successfully by one facility may not work for another, due to the wide
variations in the waste. Therefore, total recycle or reuse cannot be further
considered for BOAT purposes, as it is not an available treatment technology.
5.5 Proposed BOAT for F024
As discussed above, rotary kiln incineration followed by stabiliza-
tion of the incinerator ash and chemical precipitation followed by filtration
F024 BD 5-11
1101-02.nrj.11
-------
of the scrubber water.have been determined to be demonstrated and available.
Since the Agency does not have treatment performance data for any other
technologies treating F024 or similar wastes, this treatment train is "best".
Therefore, the best demonstrated and available technology (BDAT) for F024 has
been determined to be rotary kiln incineration followed by stabilization of
the incinerator ash and chemical precipitation followed by filtration of the
scrubber water. However, the Agency believes that well-designed and
well-operated liquid injection and fluidized bed incineration systems can meet
the BDAT treatment standards established for organic constituents in F024.
F024 BD . 5-12
1101-02.nrj.12
-------
6.0 SELECTION OF REGULATED CONSTITUENTS
The Agency has developed a list of hazardous constituents (the BOAT
Constituent List, presented in EPA's Methodology for Developing BDAT Treatment
Standards) from which the constituents to be regulated are selected. EPA may
revise this list as additional data and information become available. The
list is divided into the following categories: volatile organics, semivola-
tile organics, metals, inorganics other than metals, organochlorine pesti-
cides, phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, organophosphorus insecticides, PCBs, and
dioxins and furans. This section presents the rationale for the selection of
constituents being proposed for regulation from the BDAT List of constituents
in wastewater and nonwastewater forms of F024.
Generally, constituents selected for proposed regulation must
satisfy the following criteria:
1) They must be on the BDAT List of regulated constituents.
(Presence on the BDAT List implies the existence of approved
methods for analyzing the constituent in treated waste matri-
ces. )
2) They must be present in, or be suspected of being present in,
the untreated waste. For example, in some cases, analytical
difficulties (such as masking) may prevent a constituent from
being identified in the untreated waste, but its identification
in a treatment residual may lead the Agency to conclude, that it
is present in the untreated waste.
3) Where treatment performance data are transferred, the constitu-
ents selected for proposed regulation must be easier to treat
than the constituent(s) from which performance data are trans-
ferred. Waste characteristics affecting the performance
(WCAPs) of treatment vary according to the technology of
concern. For instance, for incineration, the WCAPs include
bond dissociation energy, thermal conductivity, and boiling
point.
F024 BCD 6-1
cn.nr i. 1
-------
From a group of constituents that are eligible for regulation
because they meet the above criteria, EPA may select a subset of constituents
that represents the broader group. For example, from a group of constituents
that react similarly to treatment, the Agency might select only those that are
the most difficult to treat as constituents to regulate, to facilitate
implementation of the compliance and enforcement program.
The Agency initially considered all constituents on the BDAT List
for proposed regulation. Summarized in Table 6-1, at the end of this section,
are available F024 characterization data for all BDAT List constituents. For
constituents known to be present in the untreated F024, the range of detected
concentrations is shown in the table. Constituents that were not detected in
the untreated waste but were detected in the treated waste are identified by
"*." Constituents for which the Agency does not have analytical
characterization data are identified by "NA" (not analyzed).
The Agency is not proposing to regulate all of the BDAT List
constituents considered for regulation. A BDAT List constituent was deleted
from further consideration for proposed regulation if (1) the constituent was
not detected in the untreated and/or treated wastes, (2) the constituent was
not analyzed for in the untreated waste, or (3) other reasons, as discussed in
Section 6.1. Constituents that were selected for proposed regulation are
discussed in Section 6.2.
F024 BCD .6-2
1031-03.nrj.2
-------
6.1 BDAT List Constituents Deleted from Consideration for Regulation
A BDAT List constituent that was detected in untreated F024 was
deleted from consideration for regulation if (1) available treatment perfor-
mance data for the constituent did not show effective treatment by BDAT, (2)
the constituent was not present at treatable concentrations in the waste, or
(3) other reasons, as described below. BDAT List constituents that remained,
following the deletions described in this subsection, were further considered
for regulation. These constituents are listed in Table 6-2 for nonwastewater
and Table 6-3 for wastewater. All tables are included at the end of this
section.
Sulfide was not further considered for regulation in F024 wastewater
and nonwastewater because the technology determined to be BDAT for F024
(rotary kiln incineration followed by stabilization of nonwastewater and
chemical precipitation followed by filtration of wastewater) does not provide
.effective treatment for this BDAT List constituent. Moreover, the Agency is
unaware of any demonstrated technology for treatment of sulfide in F024 or
similar wastes.
Similarly, barium, cadmium, lead, mercury, and silver were deleted
from further consideration for regulation in F024 nonwastewater because the
Agency's data on BDAT for stabilization of nonwastewater (fluidized bed
incinerator ash) did not show effective treatment for these BDAT List constit-
uents.
F024 BCD . 6-3
1031-03.nrj.3
-------
In addition, barium was deleted from further consideration for
regulation in wastewater because it is not effectively treated by BDAT for
wastewater (chemical precipitation followed by filtration).
Arsenic was deleted from further consideration for regulation in
nonwastewater because it was not present in the untreated waste at treatable
concentrations.
Similarly, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(ghi)-
perylene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, and indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene were
deleted from further consideration for regulation in F024 because they were
not present in the untreated waste at treatable concentrations.
Copper, vanadium, and zinc were considered for regulation in F024
wastewater and nonwastewater but were not selected as proposed regulated
constituents. Although the metal compounds, copper cyanide, vanadium pentox-
ide, and zinc cyanide are listed on Appendix VIII of 40 CFR Part 261, the
individual metals, copper, vanadium, and zinc, are not listed. In this Second
Thirds rulemaking, the Agency is only proposing to regulate copper, vanadium,
and/or zinc when they cannot be controlled by regulation of other metal
constituents. For F024, copper, vanadium, and zinc are believed to be
controlled by the regulation of total chromium and nickel and are therefore
not being proposed for regulation.
F024 BCD 6-4
1031-03.nrj.4
-------
6.2 BOAT List Constituents Selected for Regulation
The selection of constituents proposed for regulation in nonwaste-
water and wastewater is discussed in Sections 6.2.1 and 6.2.2, respectively.
6.2.1 Nonwastewater
Constituents proposed for regulation in F024 nonwastewater were
selected from those BDAT List constituents detected in the untreated waste,
unless they were deleted from consideration as discussed in Section 6.1.
Table 6-4 presents each constituent selected for proposed regulation
in F024 after consideration of (1) the constituent concentration in the
untreated waste, (2) whether the constituent is adequately controlled by
regulation of another constituent, and (3) the relative difficulty associated'
with achieving effective treatment of the constituent by BDAT for nonwaste-
water (rotary kiln incineration followed by stabilization).
The Agency's determination of adequate control for organic constitu-
ents was based on an evaluation of the characteristics of the constituents
that would affect the performance of rotary kiln incineration relative to the
kiln ash residual, specifically, the boiling points of the constituents. In
general, a constituent is believed to be controlled by regulation of another
constituent that has a higher boiling point. Boiling points for the BDAT List
F024 BCD 6-5
1031-03.nrj.5
-------
organic constituents further considered for regulation, as shown in Table 6-2,
are listed in Appendix C.
The BDAT List organic constituents selected for proposed regulation,
based on the above discussion, are 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, 3-chloropropene,
1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, trans-
1,3-dichloropropene, cis-1,3-dichloropropene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,
di-n-octyl phthalate, and hexachloroethane.
The constituents controlled by regulating other constituents are
discussed below.
The remaining 35 BDAT List organic constituents that were further
considered for proposed regulation in F024 nonwastewater due to their presence
in the untreated waste (see Table 6-2) are not being proposed for regulation.
These 35 constituents were found at lower concentrations in the untreated
waste than the organic constituents selected for proposed regulation. Hence,
they were deleted from consideration for proposed regulation because they are
believed to be adequately controlled by incineration of other organic
constituents that have been selected for proposed regulation in F024.
Deletion of constituents from consideration for proposed regulation in F024
was based on a comparison of the boiling points of those remaining 35 organic
constituents with the boiling points of those constituents selected for
proposed regulation. The control of constituents deleted from consideration
for proposed regulation by constituents selected for proposed regulation is
presented in Table 6-5.
F024 BCD 6-6
1031-03.nrj.:6
-------
Cyanide was detected in untreated F024 but was not selected for
proposed regulation because this constituent was found at low concentrations
in the untreated waste and is believed to be adequately controlled by treat-
ment standards proposed for the BDAT List organic constituents.
Two metals, total chromium and nickel, were selected for proposed
regulation in F024 nonwastewater.
Five dioxins and furans, hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, hexachlorodi-
benzofurans, pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, pentachlorodibenzofurans, and
tetrachlorodibenzofurans, were selected for proposed regulation in F024
nonwastewater based on the difficulty in treating these constituents,
reflected by their high boiling points along with their inherent toxicity.
Dichlorodifluoromethane, diethyl phthalate, antimony, and beryllium
were not detected in untreated F02M but were detected in the rotary kiln ash
residual. These constituents were not selected for proposed regulation in
F024 nonwastewater. Dichlorodifluoromethane and diethyl phthalate are not
being proposed for regulation because they were detected in the laboratory
blank at 0.27 ppm and 0.51 ppm, respectively, and are believed to be labora-
tory contaminants. The Agency believes antimony and beryllium concentrations
detected in the kiln ash are attributable to their presence in the sludge and
organic liquid wastes incinerated with F024. These constituents were not
typically found in untreated F024 (see Table 2-3). Therefore, these
constituents were not selected for proposed regulation in F024 nonwastewater.
F024 BCD ' 6-7
1031-03.nrj.7
-------
6.2.2 Wastewater
Constituents proposed for regulation in F024 wastewater were chosen
using the same constituent selection method used for nonwastewater; that is,
constituents proposed for regulation in wastewater were selected from the BDAT
List constituents that were detected in the untreated waste, unless they were
deleted from consideration as discussed in Section 6.1.
Table 6-6 presents each constituent selected for proposed regulation
in F024 after consideration of (1) the constituent concentration in the
untreated waste, (2) whether the constituent is adequately controlled by
regulation of another constituent, and (3) the relative difficulty associated
with achieving effective treatment of the constituent by BDAT for wastewater
(rotary kiln incineration followed by chemical precipitation and filtration).
The Agency's determination of adequate control for organic constitu-
ents was based on an evaluation of the characteristics of the constituents
that would affect performance of incineration relative to the scrubber water
residual, specifically, the estimated bond dissociation energies for the
constituents. In general, a constituent is believed to be controlled by
regulation of another constituent that has a higher bond dissociation energy.
Estimated bond dissociation energies for the BDAT List organic constituents
further considered for regulation, as shown in Table 6-3, are listed in
Appendix C.
F02M BCD 6-8
1031-03'.nrj.8
-------
The BOAT List organic constituents selected for proposed regulation
based on the above discussion are 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, 3-chloropropene,
1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, trans-
1,3-dichloropropene, cis-1,3-dichloropropene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,
di-n-octyl phthalate, and hexachloroethane.
The constituents controlled by regulating other constituents are
discussed below.
The remaining 38 BOAT List organic constituents that were further
considered for proposed regulation in F024 wastewater due to their presence in
the untreated waste (see Table 6-3) are not being proposed for regulation.
These 38 constituents were found at lower concentrations in the untreated
waste than the organic constituents selected for proposed regulation and were
deleted from consideration for proposed regulation because they are believed
to be adequately controlled by incineration of the organic constituents
proposed for regulation in F024. Deletion of constituents from consideration
for proposed regulation in F024 was based on a comparison of the bond
dissociation energies (BDEs) of those remaining .38 organic constituents with
the BDEs of those constituents selected for proposed regulation. The control
of constituents deleted from consideration for proposed regulation by
constituents selected for proposed regulation is presented in Table 6-7.
Cyanide was detected in untreated F024 but was not selected for
proposed regulation because this constituent was found at low concentrations
F024 BCD 6-9.
1031-03.nrj.9
-------
in the untreated waste and is believed to be adequately controlled by treat-
ment standards proposed for the BOAT List organic constituents.
Two metals, total chromium and nickel, were selected for proposed
regulation in F024 wastewater. All other BDAT List metal constituents ini-
tially considered for regulation were not selected because these constituents
were found at low concentrations in the untreated waste and are believed to be
adequately controlled by treatment standards proposed for total chromium and
nickel. Control of metal constituents is provided by the use of chemical
precipitation followed by sludge filtration. By removing the metals present
at the highest concentrations in the untreated waste, adequate treatment will
be provided for other metals present at lower treatable concentrations.
Five dioxins and furans, hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, hexachlorodi-
benzofurans, pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, pentachlorodibenzofurans, and
tetrachlorodibenzofurans, were selected for proposed regulation in F024
wastewater based on the detected presence of these BDAT List constituents in
the scrubber water residual, along with their inherent toxicity.
Bromomethane, chloroethane, chloromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane,
diethyl phthalate, antimony, and selenium were not detected in untreated F02M
but were detected in the scrubber water residual from rotary kiln
incineration. These constituents were not selected for proposed regulation in
F024 wastewater. Dichlorodifluoromethane is not being proposed for regulation
because it was detected in the laboratory blank at 0.23 ppra and is believed
F024 BCD 6-10
1031-03.nrj.10
-------
to be a laboratory contaminant. Diethyl phthalate is not being proposed for
regulation because it was detected in only one scrubber water sample at a low
concentration (0.057 ppm). In addition, diethyl phthalate, (BDE 3,145
kcal/mole) is controlled by regulation of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BDE
6,464 kcal/mole) and di-n-octyl phthalate (BDE 6,565 kcal/mole). The Agency
believes the concentrations of the five remaining constituents detected in the
scrubber water, bromomethane, chloroethane, chloromethane, antimony, and
selenium, are attributable to their presence in the sludge and organic liquid
wastes incinerated with F024. These constituents were not typically found in
F024 (see Table 2-3). Therefore, these constituents were not selected for
proposed regulation in F024 wastewater.
F024 BCD 6-11
1031-03.nrj.11
-------
Table 6-1
STATUS OF BDAT LIST CONSTITUENTS
IN UNTREATED F024
BDAT
List
Constituent
Detection
Status
Concentration
in Untreated F024
(mg/kg)
Volatiles
222.
1 .
2.
3-
4.
5.
6.
223.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Benzene
Bromodichlorome thane
Bromomethane
n-Butyl alcohol
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon disulfide
Chlorobenzene
2-Chloro-1 ,3-butadiene
Chlorodibromome thane
Chloroethane
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether
Chloroform
Chloromethane
3-Chloropropene
1 ,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1 ,2-Dibromoethane
Dibromomethane
trans- 1 ,4-Dichloro-2-butene
Dichlorod if luorome thane
1 , 1-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1-Dichloroethylene
trans- 1 , 2-Dichloroethene
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
trans- 1 ,3-Dichloropropene
cis-1 ,3-Dichloropropene
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
<0. 05-2 1,000
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0. 025-1, 900
<0. 025-7, 260
<0.05*
NA
<0. 025-50, 400
X0.025
<0. 025-3, 200
<0. 5-139, 721
<0.025
<0.05*
NA
<0. 025- 1,000
<0.05*
<0. 5-285, 486
<0.05
<0.025
<0.025
<0. 5-4, 691
<0.05*
<0. 025-440, 000
<0. 025-950, 000
<0.025
NA
<0. 025-230, 000
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BDAT LIST CONSTITUENTS
IN UNTREATED F024
BDAT
List Detection
Constituent Status
Concentration
in Untreated F024
(mg/kg)
Volatiles (Continued)
29.
224.
225.
226.
30.
227.
31.
214.
32.
33.
228.
34.
229.
35.
37.
38.
230.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
231.
50.
1 ,4-Dioxane
2-Ethoxyethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl cyanide
Ethyl ether
Ethyl methacrylate
Ethylene oxide
lodomethane
Isobutyl alcohol
Methanol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Methacrylonitrile
Methylene chloride
2-Nitropropane
Pyridine
1,1,1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
Tribromorae thane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethene
Trichloromonofluorome thane
1 ,2,3-Trichloropropane
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloro-1 ,2,2-trifluoroethane
Vinyl chloride
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
<1
NA
NA
<0. 025-230
<20
NA
<0.5
<2
<0.25
<1
NA
<0. 05-2, 200
<0.05
<0.5
<0.5
< 1-1, 900
NA
<2
<0. 025-58, 000
<0. 025- 16, 000
< 1-47, 200
<0. 025-34, 000
<0.025
<0. 025-620
<0. 025-92, 000
<0. 025-81, 800
<1
<0. 025-9, 712
NA
<0. 05- 1,000
NA - Not analyzed.
X - Indicates that a constituent was quantified above its detection limit in
one or more untreated F024 samples.
F024 BCD
1028-06.aha:2
6-13
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BDftT LIST CONSTITUENTS
IN UNTREATED F024
BOAT Concentration
List Detection in Untreated F024
Constituent Status (mg/kg)
Volatiles (Continued)
215. 1,2-Xylene <0.025
216. 1,3-Xylene <0.025
217. 1,4-Xylene <0.025
Semivolatiles
51. Acenaphthalene <0.351
52. Acenaphthene <0.351
53. Acetophenone <1.76
54. 2-Acetylaminofluorene <0.702
55. 4-Aminobiphenyl . ' <0.702
56. Aniline <0.351
57. Anthracene <172
58. Aramite <1.76
59. Benz(a)anthracene X <24-0.888
218. Benzal chloride NA
60. Benzenethiol <0.702
62. Benzo(a)pyrene X <0.351-0.60
63. Benzo(b)fluoranthene X <24-0.7l6
64. Benzo(ghi)perylene X <0.351-0.421
65. Benzo(k)fluoranthene X <24-0.874
66. p-Benzoquinone <0.351
67. Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane <0.351
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether X <0.351-9,800
69. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether <0.351
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate X <24-480
71. 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether <0.351
72. Butyl benzyl phthalate <0.351
73. 2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol <1.76
74. p-Chloroaniline <0.351
75. Chlorobenzilate <0.702
NA - Not analyzed.
X - Indicates that a constituent was quantified above its detection limit in
one or more untreated F024 samples.
F024 BCD • 6-14
1028-06.aha.3
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS
IN UNTREATED F024
BDAT Concentration
List Detection in Untreated F024
Constituent Status (mg/kg)
Semivolatiles (Continued)
76. p-Chloro-m-cresol <0.351
77. 2-Chloronaphthalene X <0.351-260
78. 2-Chlorophenol <0.351
79. 3-Chloropropionitrile <0.702
80. Chrysene X <24-1.06
81. ortho-Cresol <0.351
82. para-Cresol <0.351
232. Cyclohexanone NA
83. Dibenz(a,h)anthracene <0.351
84. Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene NA
85. Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene • NA
86. ra-Dichlorobenzene X <0.351-1,300
87. o-Dichlorobenzene X <0.351-24,000
88. p-Dichlorobenzene X <0.351-8,000
89. 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine <1.76
90. 2,4-Dichlorophenol <0.351
91. 2,6-Dichlorophenol <0.702
92. Diethyl phthalate X <0.351-120
93. 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine <0.702
94. p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene <0.702
95. 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine <0.702
96. 2,4-Dimethylphenol <0.351
97. Dimethyl phthalate <0.351
98. Di-n-butyl phthalate <0.351
99. 1,4-Dinitrobenzene <0.351
100. 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol <1.76
101. 2,4-Dinitrophenol <1.76
102. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene <0.351
.103. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene <0.351 -
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate X <0.351-34
NA - Not analyzed.
X - Indicates that a constituent was quantified above its detection limit in
one or more untreated F024 samples.
F024 BCD - 6-15
1028-06.aha.4
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS
IN UNTREATED F024
BOAT Concentration
List Detection in Untreated F024
Constituent Status (mg/kg)
Semivolatiles (Continued)
105. Di-n-propylnitrosamine <0.351
106. Diphenylamine <0.702
219. Diphenylnitrosamine NA
107. 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine <1.76
108. Fluoranthene <0.351
109. Fluorene <0.351
110. Hexachlorobenzene X <24-l8,Ol8
111. Hexachlorobutadiene X <0.351-16,4-70
112. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene X <0.351-1.3
113. Hexachloroethane X <0.351-460,000
114. Hexachlorophene NA
115. Hexachloropropene <0.702
116. Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene X <0.351-0.411
117. Isosafrole <0.702
118. Methapyrilene <0.702
119. 3-Methylcholanthrene <0.702
120. 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) . <0.702
36. Methyl methanesulfonate NA
121. Naphthalene X <24-330
122. 1,4-Naphthoquinone • <0.702
123. 1-Naphthylamine <1.76
124. 2-Naphthylamine <1.76
125. p-Nitroaniline <1.76
126. Nitrobenzene X <0.351-1.4
127. 4-Nitrophenol <1.76
128. n-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine <0.702
129. n-Nitrosodiethylamine <0.351
130. n-Nitrosodimethylamine <0.351
131. n-Nitrosomethylethylamine <0.351
132. n-Nitrosoraorpholine <0.702
NA - Not analyzed.
X - Indicates that a constituent was quantified above its detection limit in
one or more untreated F024 samples.
F024 BCD 6-16
1028-06.aha.5
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS
IN UNTREATED F024
BOAT Concentration
List Detection in Untreated F024
Constituent Status
Semivolatiles (Continued)
133. n-Nitrosopiperidine <0.351
134. n-Nitrosopyrrolidine <1.76
135. 5-Nitro-o-toluidine <1.76
136. Pentachlorobenzene X <1.76-1,290
137. Pentachloroethane X <0.351-26,000
138. Pentachloronitrobenzene <3-51
139. Pentachlorophenol <1.76
140. Phenacetin <0.702
141. Phenanthrene X <24-1.27
142. Phenol <0.351
220. Phthalic anhydride <0.351
143. 2-Picoline NA
144. Pronamide <0.351
145. Pyrene <0.702
146. Resorcinol <0.351
147. Safrole <0.351
148. 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene - <1.76
149. 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol <0.702
150. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene X <0.351-1,400
151. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol <1.76
152. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol <0.351
153. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate <1.76
Metals
154. Antimony X <1.8-2.2
155. Arsenic X <0.86-7.8
156. Barium X 0.22-34
157. Beryllium <0.1*
158. Cadmium . X <0.26-3.1
NA - Not analyzed.
* - Not detected in the untreated waste, but detected in the treatment
residual.
X - Indicates that a constituent was quantified above its detection limit in
one or more untreated F024 samples.
F024 BCD 6-17
1028-06.aha.6
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS
IN UNTREATED F024
BOAT Concentration
List Detection in Untreated F024
Constituent Status (mg/kg)
Metals (Continued)
159. Chromium (total) - X <0.4-285
221. Chromium (hexavalent) <10
160. Copper X <0.4-800
161. Lead X <0.43-9.0
162. Mercury X <0.1-0.24
163. Nickel X <0.9-636
164. Selenium <0.5*
165. Silver <0.4
166. Thallium <10
167. Vanadium X <0.17-10
168. Zinc X -0.73-443
Inorganics
169. Cyanide X <0.43-4.57
170. Fluoride X <0.99-10.5
171. Sulfide X <4.6-349
Organochlorine pesticides NA
Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides NA
Organophosphorous insecticides NA
PCBs
200. Aroclor 1016 <10
201. Aroclor 1221 <10
202. Aroclor 1232 <10
203. Aroclor 1242 <10
204. Aroclor 1248 <10
205. Aroclor 1254 <10
206. Aroclor 1260 <10
NOTE: The BOAT List pesticides were not expected to be seen in the F024
samples or treatment residuals and were not analyzed for.
NA - Not analyzed.
X - Indicates that a constituent was quantified above its detection limit in
one or more untreated F024 samples.
F024 BCD 6-18
1028-06.aha.7
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS
IN UNTREATED F024
BOAT
List
Constituent
Detection
Status
Concentration
in Untreated F024
(mg/kg)
Dioxins and furans
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
208. Hexachlorodibenzofurans
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
210. Pentachlorodibenzofurans
211. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofurans
213. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
X
X
X
X
(ug/kg)
<0.0005-10
<0.0007-50
<0.0005-2
<0.0005-30
<0.03
<0.0002-10
<0.03
X - Indicates that a constituent was quantified above its detection limit in
one or more untreated F024 samples.
F024 BCD
1028-06.aha.8
6-19
-------
Table 6-2
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS CONSIDERED FOR REGULATION*
IN F024 NONWASTEWATER AFTER INITIAL SCREENING
222. Acetone
4. Benzene
5. Bromodichloromethane
7. Carbon tetrachloride
9. Chlorobenzene
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene
14. Chloroform
16. 3-Chloropropene
20. trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene
21. Dichlorodifluoromethane
22. 1,1-Dichloroethane
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane
27. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
28. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
226. Ethyl benzene
34. Methyl ethyl ketone
38. Methylene chloride
40. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
41. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
42. Tetrachloroethene
43. Toluene
45. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
46. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
47. Trichloroethene
^9. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
50. Vinyl chloride
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
77. 2-Chloronaphthalene
86. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene
87. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
88. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
92.' Diethyl phthalate
*A11 constituents on. this list were detected in F024 and were either selected
for proposed regulation (as shown in Table 6-4) or are believed to be
controlled by regulation of another consitituent.
F024 BGD-2 . 6-20
1028-06.aha.9
-------
Table 6-2 (Continued)
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS CONSIDERED FOR REGULATION*
IN F024 NONWASTEWATER AFTER INITIAL SCREENING
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate
110. Hexachlorobenzene
111. Hexachlorobutadiene
112. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
113. Hexachloroethane
121. Naphthalene
126. Nitrobenzene
136. Pentachlorobenzene
137. Pentachloroethane
141. Phenanthrene
150. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
154. Antimony
157. Beryllium
159. Chromium (total)
163. Nickel
169. Cyanide
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
208. Hexachlorodibenzofurans
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
210. Pentachlorodibenzofurans
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofurans
*A11 constituents on this list were detected in F024 and were either selected
for proposed regulation (as shown in Table 6-4) or are believed to be
controlled by regulation of another consitituent.
F024 BGD-2 6-21
1028-06.aha.9-1
-------
Table 6-3
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS CONSIDERED FOR REGULATION*
IN F024 WASTEWATER AFTER INITIAL SCREENING
222. Acetone
4. Benzene
5. Bromodichloromethane
6. Bromomethane
7. Carbon tetrachloride
9. . Chlorobenzene
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene
12. Chloroethane
14. Chloroform
15. Chloromethane
16. 3-Chloropropene
20. trans-1,4-Diehloro-2-butene
21. Dichlorodifluoromethane
22. 1,1-Dichloroethane
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane
27. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
28. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
226. Ethyl benzene
34. Methyl ethyl ketone
38. Methylene chloride
40. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
41. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
42. Tetrachloroethene
43. Toluene
45. 1,1,1-Tr ichloroethane
46. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
47. Trichloroethene
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
50. Vinyl chloride
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
77. 2-Chloronaphthalene
*A11 constituents on this list were detected in F024 and were either selected
for proposed regulation (as shown in Table 6-5) or are believed to be
controlled by regulation of another constituent.
F024 BGD-2 : 6-22
1028-06.aha.10
-------
Table 6-3 (Continued)
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS CONSIDERED FOR REGULATION*
IN F024 WASTEWATER AFTER INITIAL SCREENING
86. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene
87. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
88. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
92. Diethyl phthalate
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate
110. Hexachlorobenzene
111. Hexachlorobutadiene
112. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
113. Hexachloroethane
121. Naphthalene
126. Nitrobenzene
136. Pentachlorobenzene
137. Pentachloroethane
141. Phenanthrene
150. 1,2,4-Triehlorobenzene
154. Antimony
155. Arsenic
158. Cadmium
159. Chromium (total)
161. Lead
162. Mercury
163. Nickel
164. Selenium'
165. Silver
169. Cyanide
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
208. Hexachlorodibenzofurans
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
210. Pentachlorodibenzofurans
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofurans
*A11 constituents on this list were detected in F024 and were either selected
for proposed regulation (as shown in Table 6-5) or are believed to be
controlled by regulation of another constituent.
F024 BGD-2 6-23
1028-06.aha.10.1
-------
Table 6-4
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR PROPOSED REGULATION
IN F024 NONWASTEWATER
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene
16. 3-Chloropropene
22. 1,1-Dichloroethane
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane
27. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
28. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate
113. Hexachloroethane
159. Chromium (total)
163. Nickel
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
208. Hexachlorodibenzofurans
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
210. Pentachlorodibenzofurans
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofurans
F024 BCD 6-24
1028-06.aha.11
-------
Table 6-5
CONTROL OF CONSTITUENTS DELETED FROM FURTHER CONSIDERATION FOR PROPOSED REGULATION
BY CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR PROPOSED REGULATION IN F02H NONWASTEWATER
cr-
I
to
Ul
50.
38.
222.
14.
45.
7.
34.
4 .
47 .
5.
43.
46.
42.
9.
226.
40.
41 .
20.
49.
137.
86.
88.
68.
87.
BOAT List Constituent Deleted from
Further Consideration for Proposed
Regulation (Boiling Point)
Vinyl chloride (-13.37°C)
Methylene chloride (39.75°C)
Acetone (56.5°C)
Chloroform (61-62°C)
1,1,1-Tr1chloroethane (74-74.1°C)
Carbon tetrach1or1de (76.7-77°C)
Methyl ethyl ketone (79.6°C)
Benzene (80°C)
TMchloroethene (86.7-87°C)
Bromodlchloromethane (90°C)
Toluene (110.6°C)
1,1,2-Tr1ch1oroethane (113-1 14°C)
Tetrachloroethene (121°C)
Chlorobenzene (131-132°C)
Ethyl benzene (136.3°C)
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane ( 146.5°C)
1,1,2 2-Tetrachloroethane (146.5-
1476C)
trans-1,4-D1ch1oro-2-butone ( 155.5°C)
1,2,3-Tr1chIoropropane (156.8°C)
Pentachloroethane (161-162°C)
1,3-D1chlorobenzene (173°C)
1 ,4-D1chlorobenzene ( 1 74-174.1°C)
Bts(2-chloroethy1)ether (17B°C)
1,2-D1chlorobenzene ( 1 BO.5-IB 1°C)
BOAT List Constituent Proposed for Regulation (Boil
A
X
X
BCD
XXX
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
E
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
F
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
G
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
H
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
I
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
J
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
K
X
X
X
X
X
.X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1 1 ng Po 1 nt )
L
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N
X
X
X
X
X
X ,
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
KEY:
A - 16. 3-Chloropropene (44-45°C)
B - 22. 1,1-D1chloroethane (57-57.3°C) I - 70.
C - 10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butad1ene (59.4°C) J - 104.
D - 23. 1,2-D1chloroethane (83-84°C) K - 207.
E - 26. 1,2-D1ch1oropropane (96.4°C) L - 20B.
F - 28. cls-1,3-D1chloropropene (108°C) M - 209.
G - 27. trans-1 ,3-D1ch 1 oropropene (112°C) N - 210.
H - 113. Hexachloroethane (186.8-187°C) 0 - 212.
B1s(2-ethyIhexy 1 )phthalate (385°C)
D1-n-octyl phthalate (385°C)
Hexachlorod1benzo-p-d1ox1ns (400-500°C)
Hexachlorodlbenzofurans (400-500°C)
Pentachlor-od1benzo-p-d1ox1ns (400-500°C)
Pentachlorodlbenzofurans (400-500°C)
Tetrachlorodlbenzofurans (400-500°C)
X - Indicates EPA's belief that the constituent deleted from further consideration for proposed regulation will be adequately
controlled by regulation of the Indicated constituent proposed for regulation.
F024 BGD-2
1 1 15-01.nrj. 1
-------
Table 6-5 (Continued)
CONTROL OF CONSTITUENTS DELETED FROM FURTHER CONSIDERATION FOR PROPOSED REGULATION
BY CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR PROPOSED REGULATION IN F024 NONWASTEWATER
126.
111.
150.
112.
77 .
136.
92.
1 10.
141 .
BOAT List Constituent Deleted from
Further Consideration for Proposed
Regulation (Boiling Point)
Nitrobenzene (210-211°C)
Hexachlorobutadlene (210-220°C)
1 . 2,4-TMchlorobenzene (213°C)
Naphthalene (2 1 7.9-218°C)
Hexachlorocyclopentadlene (234°C)
2-Chloronaphthalene (256°C)
Pentachlorobenzene (275-277°C)
Dlethyl phthalate (298°C)
Hexachlorobenzene (323-326°C)
Phenanthrene (340°C)
BOAT List Constituent Proposed for Regulation (Boiling Point)
ABCDEFGHI
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X .
X
X
J
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
K
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
L
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
KEY:
A -
B -
C -
D -
E -
F -
G -
H —
16.
22.
10.
23.
26.
28.
27.
113.
3-Chloropropene (44-45°C)
1,1-D1chloroethane (57-57.3°C)
2-Ch1oro-1 ,3-butad1ene (59.4°C)
1,2-D1ch1oroethane (B3-84°C)
1,2-D1ch1oropropane (96.4°C)
c1s-l,3-D1chloropropene (108°C)
trans-1,3-D1chtoropropene ( 1 12°C)
Hexachloroethane ( 186.8-187°C)
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
70.
104.
207 .
208.
209.
210.
212.
B1s(2-ethyIhexy1)phthalate (385°C)
D1-n-octy1 phthalate (385°C)
Hexachlorod1benzo-p-d1ox1ns (400-500°C)
Hexachlorodlbenzofurans (400-500°C)
Pentach1orod1benzo-p-d1ox1ns (400-500°C
Pentachlorodlbenzofurans (400-500°C)
Tetrachlorodlbenzofurans (400-500°C)
X - Indicates EPA' s belief that the constituent deleted from further consideration for proposed regulation will be adequately
controlled by regulation of the Indicated constituent proposed for regulation.
F024 BGD-2
1 115-01 .nrj.2
-------
Table 6-6
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR PROPOSED REGULATION
IN F024 WASTEWATER
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene
16. 3-Chloropropene
22. 1,1-Dichloroethane
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane
27. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
28. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate
113. Hexachloroethane
159. Chromium (total)
163. Nickel
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
208. Hexachlorodibenzofurans
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
210. Pentachlorodibenzofurans
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofurans
F024 BCD 6-27
1028-06.aha.12
-------
Table 6-7
CONTROL OF CONSTITUENTS DELETED FROM FURTHER CONSIDERATION FOR PROPOSED REGULATION
BY CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR PROPOSED REGULATION IN F024 WASTEWATER
7.
5.
14.
38.
42.
47.
50.
137.
40.
41 .
CJx
rl 45.
m 46.
111.
49.
222..
112.
20.
34.
68.
86.
KEY:
A -
B -
c -
D -
E -
F -
G -
H -
Further Consideration for Proposed
Regulation (BDE) A
Carbon tet rachl or i de (320 kcal/mole) X.
Bromodl ch 1 oromethane (330 kcal/mole) X
Chloroform (340 kcal/mole) X
Methylene chloride (360 kcal/mole) X
Tet rachl oroethene (465 kcal/mole) X
Trichl oroethene (485 kcal/mole) X
Vinyl chloride (525 kcal/mole) X
Pentach 1 oroethane (585 kcal/mole)
1 , 1 , 1 , 2-Tetrachloroethane (605 kcal/
mo 1 e )
1 , 1 ,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane (605 kcal/
mo 1 e )
1 , 1 , 1 -Tr1 chl oroethane (625 kcal/mole)
1 , 1 , 2-Tri chl oroethane (625 kcal/mole)
Hexach 1 orobutadl ene (855 kcal/mole)
1 , 2 , 3-Tr 1 ch 1 oropropane (910 kcal/mole)
Acetone (945 kcal/mole)
Hexachl orocycl opentad! ene (1,025 kcal/
mo 1 e)
trans- 1 ,4-D1chloro-2-butene ( 1 ,075
kca 1 /mo 1 e)
Methyl ethyl ketone (1,230 kcat/mole)
B1s(2-chloroethy 1 )ether (1,290 kcal/
mo 1 e )
1 ,3-D1chlorobenzene (1,295 kcal/mole)
113. Hexachl oroethane (565 kcal/mole)
22. 1 , 1 -Dlchloroethane (645 kcal/mole)
23. 1 , 2-D1chl oroethane (645 kcal/mole)
27. trans- 1 , 3-Dichl oropropene (790 kcal/mole)
28. c 1 s- 1 , 3-D1 chl oropropene (790 kcal/mole)
16. 3-Chl oropropene (810 kcal/mole)
26. . 1 , 2-D1ch 1 oropropane (930 kcal/mole)
10. 2-Chloro-1 ,3-butadiene (955 kcal/mole)
BOAT
B C
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
I - 208.
J - 210.
K - 212.
L - 207.
M - 209.
N - 70.
0 - 104.
List Const
D E
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
Ituent Proposed for
F G
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
Hexachlorodibenzofurans
Pentach lorodlbenzofurans
Tetrachlorodlbenzofurans
Hexach lorodlbenzo-p-di ox
Pentachlorod1benzo-p~d1o
B1s(2-ethy
D1 -n-octy 1
H
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(960
(980
Regulation (Bond Dissociation Energ
I
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
kca 1 /mo 1 e )
kca 1 /mo 1 e
( 1 ,000 kca 1 /mo
1ns (
x i ns
1 hexy 1 Jphtha 1 ate (6
phthalate (6,
2,470 kcal
J
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
)
le)
/mo 1 e )
K
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
L
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(2,490 kcal/mole)
, 465 kca 1 /mo 1 e )
565 kcal/mole)
X - Indicates EPA's belief that the constituent deleted from further
controlled by regulation of the Indicated constituent proposed
F024 BGD-2
1 1 15-01 .nrj.3
cons 1derat1 on
for regulat 1 on.
for proposed regulation will be adequately
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 6-7 (Continued)
CONTROL OF CONSTITUENTS DELETED FROM FURTHER CONSIDERATION FOR PROPOSED REGULATION
BY CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR PROPOSED REGULATION IN F024 WASTEWATER
BOAT List Constituent Deleted from
Further Consideration for Proposed
Regulation '(BDE)
87. 1,2-D1chlorobenzene (1,295 kcal/mole)
88. 1,4-D1ch1orobenzene (1,295 kcal/mole)
110. Hexach1orobenzene (1,305 kcal/mole)
136. Pentach1orobenzene (1,310 kcal/mole)
150. 1,2,4-Tr1ch!orobenzene (1,320 kcal/
mo 1 e)
9. Chlorobenzene (1,330 kcal/mole)
4. Benzene (1,340 kcal/mole)
126. Nitrobenzene (1,435 kcal/mole)
43. Toluene (1,620 kcal/mole)
226. Ethyl benzene (1,905 kcal/mole)
77. 2-Chloronaphtha1ene (2,115 kcal/mole)
121. Naphthalene (2,120 kcal/mole)
141. Phenanthrene (2,900 kcal/mole)
92. Dlethyl phthalate (3,145 kcal/mole)
BOAT List Constituent Proposed for Regulation (Bond Dissocial
ABCDEFGHIJKL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1 on
M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Energy )
N
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
KEY:
A - 113. Hexachloroethane (565 kcal/mole) I - 208.
B - 22. 1,l-D1chloroethane (645 kcal/mole) J - 210.
C - 23. 1,2-D1chloroethane (645 kcal/mole) K - 212.
D - 27. trans-1,3-D1chloropropene (790 kcal/mole) L - 207.
E - 28. c1s-1,3-D1chloropropene (790 kcal/mole) M - 209.
F - 16. 3-Chloropropene (810 kcal/mole) N - 70.
G - 26. 1 ,2-D1chloropropane (930 kcal/mole) 0 - 104.
H - 10. 2-Chloro-l,3-butad1ene (955 kcal/mole)
Hexachlorodlbenzofurans (960 kcal/mole)
Pentach1orod1benzofurans (980 kcal/mole)
Tetrachiorodlbenzofurans (1,000 kcal/mole)
Hexach1orod1benzo-p-d1 ox 1ns (2,470 kcal/mole)
Pentach)orod1benzo-p-d1 ox 1ns (2,490 kcal/mole)
B1s(2-ethyIhexyI)phtha1ate (6,465 kcal/mole)
Dl-n-octy] phthalate (6.565 kcal/mole)
X - Indicates EPA's belief that the constituent deleted from further consideration for proposed regulation will be adequately
controlled by regulation of the Indicated constituent proposed for regulation.
F024
1115
BGD-2
•01 .nr j . 4
-------
7.0 DEVELOPMENT.OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS
The Agency bases treatment standards for constituents on the per-
formance of well-designed and well-operated BOAT treatment systems. These
standards must account for analytical limitations in available treatment
performance data and the data must be adjusted for variabilities related to
treatment, sampling, and analytical techniques and procedures.
BOAT treatment standards are determined for each constituent by
multiplying the arithmetic mean of accuracy-adjusted constituent concentra-
tions detected in treated waste by a "variability factor" specific to each
constituent in a treatment performance data set. Accuracy adjustment of
treatment performance data was discussed in Section 5.0 in relation to
defining "substantial treatment." Variability factors correct for normal
variations in the performance of a particular technology over time and are
designed to reflect the 99th percentile level of performance that the
technology achieves in commercial operation. (For more information on the
principles of calculating variability factors, see EPA's Methodology for
Developing BDAT Treatment Standards.)
Where EPA has identified BDAT for a particular waste, but because of
data limitations or for some other compelling reason cannot define specific
concentration-based treatment standards for that waste, the Agency can require
the use of that treatment technology as a treatment standard. Similarly,
where there are no known generators of a waste, or where EPA believes that the
F024 BGD-1 7-1
1111-01.ver.1
-------
waste can be totally recycled or reused as a raw material, the Agency may
specify a "no land disposal" standard, which effectively amounts to establish-
ing a treatment performance standard at zero for all waste constituents.
In Section 5.0 of this document, the best demonstrated and available
technology for treatment of F024 was chosen based on available treatment
performance data. In Section 6.0, the constituents proposed for regulation
were selected in order to ensure effective treatment of the waste. The
purpose of Section 7.0 is to calculate proposed treatment standards for each
of these constituents using the available treatment performance data from the
BDAT treatment technologies. Included in this section is a step-by-step
discussion of the calculation of proposed treatment standards for the non-
wastewater and wastewater forms of F024.
Rotary kiln incineration followed by stabilization of incinerator
ash and chemical precipitation followed by filtration of scrubber water was
determined to be BDAT for F024 (see Section 5.0). Rotary kiln incineration
generally results in the generation of two treatment residuals: ash (a
nonwastewater form of F024) and combustion gas scrubber water (a wastewater
form of F024). The best measure of performance for a destruction technology,
such as rotary kiln incineration, is the total amount of constituent remaining
after treatment. Therefore, proposed BDAT treatment standards for organic
constituents were calculated based on total constituent concentration data.
Proposed BDAT treatment standards for metal constituents were based on treat-
ment performance data transferred from K048 and K051 for nonwastewater
BGD-1 7-2
1111-01.ver.2
-------
residuals and K062 mixed with other metal-bearing characteristic wastes for
wastewater residuals. Proposed BOAT treatment standards for dioxin and furan
constituents are set at the analytical limit of detection that can be
routinely achieved for these constituents, consistent with the dioxins rule
promulgated by the Agency on November 8, 1986 (51 Federal Register, 40572,
40638).
7.1 Calculation of Treatment Standards for Nonwastewater Forms of F024
BOAT List Organics
The proposed treatment standards for nonwastewater forms of F024
were calculated using treatment performance data from rotary kiln incineration
of F024. Table 7-1 presents the concentrations of organic constituents in the
treatment residual (ash) resulting from rotary kiln incineration of F024.
Concentrations are presented for constituents that were used to develop
proposed treatment standards for constituents in F024 nonwastewater, as
discussed further in this subsection. The concentration data presented in
Table 7-1 have been corrected for accuracy to account for analytical recovery
as described in Section 5.0.
The proposed nonwastewater treatment standards were calculated for
organic constituents being proposed for regulation in F024 as shown in Table
7-2. The following three steps were used to calculate the proposed treatment
standards:
F024 BGD-1 - 7-3
1111-01.ver.3 ,
-------
Table 7-1
CORRECTED CONCENTRATION DATA FOR ORGANICS AND
METALS IN ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR ASH FROM TREATMENT OF F024
Corrected Concentration*
in the Treated Waste
BOAT List
Constituent
Volatiles
Sample Set:
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane
46. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Semivolatiles
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
113- Hexachloroethane
Metals**
159. Chromium (total)
163. Nickel
1
0.005
0.005
0.632
0.632
1.47
0.026
Total
2
0.005
0.005
0.632
0.632
1.58
0.026
Composition (rag/kg)
3
0.005
0.005
0.666
0.666
TCLP
1.41
0.026
4
0.005
0.005
0.632
0.632
(mg/1)
5 6
0.005 0.005
0.005 0.005
0.632 0.632
0.632 0.632
Constituent concentrations have been adjusted for accuracy to account for
analytical recoveries ("corrected"), as discussed in Section 5.0.
**These data are from the stabilization of K048 and K051 incinerator ash.
F024 BGD-1
1111-01.ver.4
7-4
-------
Table 7-2
CALCULATION OF PROPOSED NONWASTEWATER TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR F024
Regulated Constituent
Organlcs
(Total Composition)
10. 2-Ch)oro-1,3-butad1ene*«
16. 3-Chloropropene**
22. 1,1-D1chloroethane
23. 1,2-D1chloroethane
26. 1,2-01ch1oropropane**
27. trans-1 ,3-D1chloropropene**
28. c 1 s- 1 ,3-D1chloropropene**
70. Bis(2-ethyIhexy1)phthal-
ate
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate
113. Hexach1oroethane
F024 Constituent
From Which
Treatment Performance
Data Were
Transferred
1,2-01chloroethane
1,2-D1chloroethane
1,2-D1chloroethane
NA
1 , 2-Tr1chloroethane
1 , 2-Tr1chloroethane
1 ,2-Tr1chloroethane
NA
B1s(2-ethy1 hexyl)phthalate
NA
Ar1thmet1c
Average of
Corrected
Treatment Values
(ppm)
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.63
0.63
0.63
Variabl11ty
Fac tor
(VF)
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2 .8
2.8
Proposed
Treatment
Standard*
(Average x VF)
(ppm)
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
1 .8
1 .8
1 .8
Regulated Constituent
Metals
(TCLP)
159.
163.
Chromium (total)
Nickel
K048/K051 Constituent
From Which
Treatment Performance
Data Were
Transferred
Chromium (total)
Nickel
AM thmet 1 c
Average of
Corrected
Treatment Values
(ppm)
1 .48
0.027
Varlabl11ty
Factor
(VF)
1.14
1 .79
Proposed
Treatment
Standard*
(Average x VF)
(ppm)
1 .7
0.048
*The values shown on this table for treatment standards have been rounded off to show significant figures only.
**Th1s constituent was found 1n a liquid form of F024, which was Incinerated 1n a secondary combustor and so, did not
contribute to a kiln ash residual.
NA - Not applIcable.
Note: The treatment standard being proposed for BOAT List dloxlns and furans 1n F024 1s 1 ppb. This represents the analytical
limit of detection that can be routinely achieved for these constituents by laboratories In the United States, consistent
with the dloxlns rule promulgated by the Agency on November 8, 1986 (51 Federal Register, 40572, 40638).
F024 BGD-2
1 1 14-02.nrj . 1
-------
(1) The arithmetic average of the accuracy-corrected concentrations
for each regulated constituent in the untreated waste was
calculated using the data presented in Table 7-1;
(2) Using these same data, a variability factor (discussed in EPA's
Methodology for Developing BOAT Treatment Standards) was
calculated that represents the variability inherent in the
performance of the treatment system, collection of treated
samples, and analysis of samples. Where concentrations in the
treated waste were reported as less than or equal to the
detection limit for all the data points in the data set,
variability is still expected since the actual concentrations
could range from 0 to the detection limit. In these cases, the
Agency assumed a lognormal distribution of data points between
the detection limit and a value 1/10 of the detection limit and
calculated a variability factor of 2.8; and
(3) The treatment standard for each constituent being proposed for
regulation was calculated by multiplying the arithmetic average
of the accuracy-corrected concentrations (from (1) above) by
the variability factor (from (2) above).
As explained in Section 6.0, constituents being proposed for regula-
tion were selected based on all available F024 characterization data. How-
ever, performance data were not available from treatment of F024 for some
organic constituents that were proposed for regulation because not all
constituents proposed for regulation were detected in the F024 that was
treated by rotary kiln incineration and sampled by EPA. Where treatment
performance data were not available for an organic constituent proposed for
regulation, treatment performance data were transferred to the organic con-
stituent from another organic constituent that was detected in the untreated
F024 sampled by EPA, based on the boiling points of the constituents.
(Boiling point is a waste characteristic that affects the performance of
rotary kiln incineration, and is discussed in EPA's Treatment Technology
Background Document. Appendix C of this document presents information on
this waste characteristic. The constituent with the same or the closest
F024 BGD-1 7-6
1111-01.ver.6
-------
higher boiling point for which the Agency had treatment performance data from
rotary kiln incineration of F024 was selected for transfer of treatment
performance data to the constituent for which there was no treatment
performance data. Cases where such a transfer of data occurred are summarized
below and appear in Table 7-2, which shows the calculations of the proposed
treatment standards for F024.
Five of the constituents listed below, 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene,
3-chloropropene, 1,2-dichloropropane, trans-1,3-dichloropropene, and cis-1,3-
dichloropropene, were detected in a liquid form of untreated F024. Liquid
wastes were incinerated in a secondary combustor, and as such, did not
contribute to a kiln ash residual. Thus, treatment standards for these
constituents had to be calculated based on treatment performance data trans-
ferred from constituents that were detected in a solid form of untreated F024,
since solid wastes were incinerated in the rotary kiln and contributed to the
kiln ash residual. These five constituents are being proposed for regulation
in F024 nonwastewater, despite only being found in liquid forms of untreated
F024, because of the wide variation in the types of F024 generated by
industry. It is likely that each of these constituents is present in a solid
form of F024 for which the Agency does not have data. Therefore, establishing
nonwastewater treatment performance standards for these constituents ensures
that they will be controlled for all types of F024 generated.
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene. The proposed treatment standard for
2-chloro-1,3-butadiene (bp 59.4°C) is based on data transferred from treatment
of 1,2-dichloroethane (bp 83-84°C). The Agency expects that 2-chloro-1,3-
F024 BGD-1 7-7
1111-01 .ver.7
-------
butadiene can be treated to concentrations as low or lower than 1 ,2-dichloro-
ethane.
16. 3-Chloropropene. The proposed treatment standard for 3-chloro-
propene (bp 44-i|5°C) is based on data transferred from treatment of 1,2-
dichloroethane (bp 83-84°C). The Agency expects that 3-chloropropene can be
treated to concentrations as low or lower than 1,2-dichloroethane.
22. 1,1-Dichloroethane. 1,1-Dichloroethane was not found in the
F024 that was treated by rotary kiln incineration and sampled by EPA. The
proposed treatment standard for 1,1-dichloroethane (bp 57-57.3°C) is based on
data transferred from treatment of 1,2-dichloroethane (bp 83-84°C). The
Agency expects that 1,1-dichloroethane can be treated to concentrations as low
or lower than 1,2-dichloroethane.
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane. The proposed treatment standard for
1,2-dichloropropane (bp 96.4°C) is based on data transferred from treatment of
1,1,2-trichloroethane (bp 113-114°C). The Agency expects that 1,2-dichloro-
propane can be treated to concentrations as low or lower than 1,1,2-trichloro-
ethane.
27. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene. The proposed treatment standard for
trans-1,3-dichloropropene (bp 112°C) is based on data transferred from treat-
ment of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (bp 113-114°C). The Agency expects that trans-
1,3-dichloropropene can be treated to concentrations as low or lower than
1,1,2-trichloroethane.
F024 BGD-1 7-8
1111-01.ver.8
-------
28. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene. The proposed treatment standard for
cis-1,3-dichloropropene (bp 108°C) is based on data transferred from treatment
of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (bp 113-114°C). The Agency expects that cis-1,3-
dichloropropene can be treated to concentrations as low or lower than
1,1,2-trichloroethane.
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate. Di-n-octyl phthalate was not found in
the F024 that was treated by rotary kiln incineration and sampled by EPA. The
proposed treatment standard for di-n-octyl phthalate (bp 385°C) is based on
data transferred from treatment of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (bp 385°C).
The Agency expects that di-n-octyl phthalate can be treated to concentrations
as low or lower than bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.
BOAT List Metals
The Agency has no treatment performance data for metals in F024
nonwastewater. Proposed treatment standards for metal constituents in F024
were based on treatment performance data transferred from the stabilization of
K048 and K051 incinerator ash. The Agency believes that K048 and K051 non-
wastewater residuals are sufficiently similar to F024 nonwastewater residuals
such that treatment performance data can be transferred. Treatment perfor-
mance data for each metal constituent being proposed for regulation in F024
nonwastewater were transferred from K048 and K051 to F024.
Included in Table 7-1 are the concentrations of metal constituents
in the stabilized kiln ash residual resulting from rotary kiln incineration of
F024 BGD-1 7-9
1111-01.ver.9
-------
K048 and K051. These concentration data have been corrected for accuracy to
account for analytical recovery, as described in Section 5.0.
The proposed nonwastewater treatment standards were calculated for
metal constituents being proposed for regulation in F024 as shown in Table
7-2. These calculations are consistent with the methodology previously
described in this section for BDAT List organic constituents.
The Agency is currently performing BDAT testing using stabilization
to treat F024 incinerator ash. Depending on the results of this testing and
the levels of treatment performance achieved, the Agency may establish a
treatment standard for lead in F024 nonwastewater and may modify the
nonwastewater standards for chromium and nickel.
BDAT List Dioxins and Furans
The treatment standard being proposed for dioxins and furans in F024
nonwastewater is 1 ppb. This standard represents the analytical limit of
detection that can be routinely achieved by laboratories in the United States,
consistent with the dioxins rule promulgated on November 8, 1986 (51 Federal
Register, 40572, 40638).
F024 BGD-1 7-10
1111-01.ver.10
-------
7.2 Calculation.of Treatment Standards for Wastewater Forms of F024
t
BOAT List Organics
The proposed treatment standards for wastewater forms of F024 were
calculated using treatment performance data from rotary kiln incineration of
F024. Table 7-3 presents the concentrations of organic constituents in the
treatment residual (scrubber water) resulting from rotary kiln incineration of
F024. Concentrations are presented for constituents that were used to develop
proposed treatment standards for constituents in F024 wastewater, as discussed
further in this subsection. The concentration data presented in Table 7-3
have been corrected for accuracy to account for analytical recovery as
described in Section 5.0.
The proposed wastewater treatment standards were calculated for
organic constituents being proposed for regulation in F024 as shown in Table
7-4. The following three steps were used to calculate the proposed treatment
standards:
(1) The arithmetic average of the accuracy-corrected concentrations
for each regulated constituent in the untreated waste was
calculated using the data presented in Table 7-3;
(2) Using these same data, a variability factor (discussed in
Appendix A of this document) was calculated that represents the
variability inherent in the performance of the treatment
system, collection of treated samples, and analysis of samples.
Where concentrations in the treated waste were reported as less
than or equal to the detection limit for all the data points in
the data set, variability is still expected since the actual
concentrations could range from 0 to the detection limit. ' In
these cases, the Agency assumed a lognormal distribution of
F024 BGD-1 7-11
1111-01.ver:11
-------
Table 7-3
CORRECTED CONCENTRATION DATA FOR ORGANICS AND
METALS IN COMBUSTION GAS SCRUBBER WATER FROM TREATMENT OF F024
BOAT List
Constituent
Volatiles
Sample Set:
10. 2-Chloro-1-3-butadiene
16. 3-Chloropropene
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane
27. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
28. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
Semivolatiles
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
113. Hexachloroethane
Metals**
159. 'Chromium (total)
163. Nickel
0.014
0.014
0.22
0.39
Corrected Concentration*
in the Treated Waste
Total Composition (mg/1)
0.014
0.014
0.18
0.36
0.013
0.013
0.26
0.42
0.012
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.101
0.101
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.101
0.101
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.101
0.101
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.101
0.101
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.101
0.101
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.101
0.101
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.013
0.013
Constituent concentrations have been adjusted for accuracy to account for
analytical recoveries ("corrected"), as discussed in Section 5.0.
**These data are from the lime and sulfide precipitation followed by vacuum
filtration treatment of K062 mixed with other metal-bearing characteristic
wastes.
F024 BGD-1
1111-01.ver.12
7-12
-------
Table 7-4
CALCULATION OF PROPOSED WASTEWATER TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR F02M
Regulated Constituent
Organl cs
(Total Composition)
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butad1ene
16. 3-Ch1oropropene
22. 1,1-D1ch1oroethane
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane
26. 1,2-D1chloropropane
27. trans-1 , 3-D1ch1oropropene
28. c 1 s-1 , 3-D 1ch1oropropene
70. Bl s(2-ethyIhexy1)phthal -
ate
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate
113. Hexach1oroethane
F024 Constituent
From Which
Treatment Performance
Data Were
Transferred
NA
NA
1,2-D1chloroethane
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
B1s(2-ethy1 hexyl)phthalate
NA
Ar1thmet1c
Average of
Corrected
Treatment Values
(ppm)
0.101
0.101
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.013
0.013
0.013
Varlabi11ty
Fac tor
(VF)
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
Proposed
Treatment
Standard*
(Average x VF)
(ppm)
0. 28
0. 28
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.036
0.036
0.036
Regulated Constituent
Metal s
(Total Composition)
159.
163.
Chrom!urn (total)
Nickel
K062 Constituent
From Which
Treatment Performance
Data Were
Transferred
Chromium (total)
Nickel
Ar1thmet1c
Average of
Corrected
Treatment Values
0.221
0.387
Varlabi11ty
Factor
(VF)
1 .58
1.21
Proposed
Treatment
Standard*
(Average x VF)
(ppm)
0.35
0 .47
*The values shown on this table for treatment standards have been rounded off to show significant figures only.
NA - Not applicable.
Note: The treatment standard being proposed for BOAT List dloxlns and furans In F024 1s 1 ppb. This represents the analytical
limit of detection that can be routinely achieved for these constituents by laboratories 1n the United States, consistent
with the dloxlns rule promulgated by the Agency on November B, 1986 (51 Federal Register, 40572, 40638).
F024 BGD-2
1114-02.nrj.2
-------
data points between the detection limit and a value 1/10 of the
detection limit and calculated a variability factor of 2.8; and
(3) The treatment standard for each constituent being proposed for
regulation was calculated by multiplying the arithmetic average
of the accuracy-corrected concentrations (from (1) above) by
the variability factor (from (2) above).
As discussed in Section 6.0, constituents being proposed for regula-
tion were selected based on all available F024 characterization data. How-
ever, performance data were not available from treatment of F024 for some
organic constituents that were proposed for regulation, because not all
constituents proposed for regulation were detected in the F024 that was
-treated by rotary kiln incineration and sampled by EPA. Where treatment
performance data were not available for an organic constituent proposed for
regulation, treatment performance data were transferred to the organic con-
stituent from another organic constituent that was detected in the untreated
F024 sampled by EPA, based on the bond dissociation energy of the
constituents. (Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is a waste characteristic that
affects the performance of rotary kiln incineration, and is discussed in EPA's
Treatment Technology Background Document. Appendix C of this document
presents information on this waste characteristic. The constituent with the
same or the closest bond dissociation energy for which the Agency had treat-
ment data from rotary kiln incineration of F024 was selected for transfer of
treatment performance data to the constituent for which there was no treatment
performance data. Cases where such a transfer of data occurred are summarized
below and appear in Table 7-4, which shows the calculations of the proposed
treatment standards for F024.
F024 BGD-1 7-14
1111-01.ver.14
-------
22. 1,1-Dichloroethane. 1,1-Dichloroethane was not found in the
F024 that was treated by rotary kiln incineration and sampled by EPA. The
proposed treatment standard for 1,1-dichloroethane (BDE 645 kcal/mole) is
based on data transferred from treatment of 1,2-dichloroethane (BDE 645
kcal/mole). The Agency expects that 1,1-dichloroethane can be treated to
concentrations as low or lower than 1,2-dichloroethane.
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate. Di-n-octyl phthalate was not found in
the F024 that was treated by rotary kiln incineration and sampled by EPA. The
proposed treatment standard for di-n-octyl phthalate (BDE 6,565 kcal/mole) is
based on data transferred from treatment of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BDE
6,465 kcal/mole). The 100 kcal/mole difference between these BDEs is believed
to be within the accuracy of the BDE calculation; therefore, the Agency
expects that di-n-octyl phthalate can be treated to concentrations as low or
lower than bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.
BOAT List Metals
The Agency has no treatment performance data for metals in F024
wastewater. . Proposed treatment standards for metal constituents in F024 were
based on treatment performance data transferred from the lime and sulfide
precipitation followed by vacuum filtration of K062 mixed with other metal-
bearing characteristic wastes. The Agency believes that wastewater residuals
of K062 mixed with other metal-bearing characteristic wastes are sufficiently
F024 BGD-1 . 7-15
1111-01.ver.15
-------
similar to F024 wastewater residuals such that treatment performance data can
be transferred. Treatment performance data for each metal constituent being
proposed for regulation in F024 wastewater were transferred from K062 mixed
with other metal-bearing characteristic wastes to F024.
Included in Table 7-3 are the concentrations of metal constituents
in the wastewater residual following the lime and sulfide precipitation and
vacuum filtration of K062 mixed with other metal-bearing characteristic
wastes. These concentration data have been corrected for accuracy to account
for analytical recovery, as described in Section 5.0.
The proposed wastewater treatment standards were calculated for
metal constituents being proposed for regulation in F024 as shown in Table
7-4. These calculations are consistent with the methodology previously
described in this section for BDAT List organic constituents.
BDftT List Dioxins and Furans
The treatment standard being proposed for dioxins and furans in F024
wastewater is 1 ppb. This standard represents the analytical limit of
detection that can be routinely achieved by laboratories in the United States,
consistent with the dioxins rule promulgated on November 8, 1986 (51 Federal
Register, 40572, 40638).
F024 BGD-1 7-16
1111-01.ver.16
-------
8.0 REFERENCES
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methodology for Developing BOAT
Treatment Standards. January, 1989.
2. SRI International. 1987 Directory of Chemical Producers-United States of
America, SRI International, Menlo Park, California. 1987.
3. U.S. EPA. Final Plant Report - LCP Chemicals, West Virginia, Inc., •
Moundsville, West Virginia. October 4, 1982.
4. U.S. EPA. Analytical Data Report - Dow Chemical USA, Texas Division.
January 11, 1988.
5. U.S. EPA. Analytical Data Report - PPG Industries, Inc., Lake Charles,
Louisiana. April 20, 1988.
6. U.S. EPA. Analytical Data Report - Formosa Plastics, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana. April 20, 1988.
7. U.S. EPA. Analytical Data Report - Borden Chemical, Geismar, Louisiana.
April 20, 1988.
8. U.S. EPA. Final Plant Report - Vulcan Materials Company, Geismar,
Louisiana. November 19, 1981.
9. PPG Industries, Inc. PPG's response to RCRA Section 3007 Questionnaire.
February 18, 1983.
10. U.S. EPA. Final Plant Report - Dow Chemical USA, Louisiana Division,
Plaquemine, Louisiana. September 10, 1982.
11. U.S. EPA. Draft Listing Background Document for C1-C5 Chlorinated
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Production Utilizing Free Radical Catalyzed Pro-
cesses. February 10, 1984.
12. U.S. EPA. Final Plant Report - FMC Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland.
September 10, 1982.
13. U.S. EPA. Final Plant Report - Denka Chemical Corporation, Houston,
Texas. May 27, 1982.
14. U.S. EPA. Final Plant Report - DuPont Chemical Company, LaPlace,
Louisiana. April 10, 1982.
15. U.S. EPA. Treatment Technology Background Document. January, 1989.
F024 BGD-2 8-1
1114-03.nrj.3
-------
16. U.S. EPA. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846 Third Edition,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C., November
1986.
17. U.S. EPA. Sampling and Analysis Plan for F024 Incineration Test at ENSCO
in El Dorado, Arkansas. November 1988.
18. Windholz, Martha, editor. 1983. The Merck Index, 10th edition. Rahway,
NJ: Merck and Company.
19. Weast, R.C., editor. 1984. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 65th
edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
20. Verschueren, Karel. 1983. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic
Chemicals, 2nd edition. NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc.
21. U.S. EPA. Onsite Engineering Report of Stabilization of K048 and K051
Fluidized Bed Incineration Ash at Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, Mississippi for Amoco Oil Company. February 19, 1988.
22. Hawley, Gessner G. 1971. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 8th
edition. NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc.
23. Sanderson, R.T., Chemical Bonds and Bond Energy, Arizona State Uni-
versity, Academic Press, New York and London, 1971.
24. Dean, J.A. (ed.), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill,
1979, pp. 8-11.
25. Weast, R.C., editor. 1980. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and- Physics, 61st
edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
26. Rordorf, Berchtold F. 1986. Thermal Properties of Dioxins, Furans, and
Related Compounds. Chemosphere. 15:1325-1332.
27. U.S. EPA. Draft F024 Characterization Report for DuPont Chemical
Company, LaPlace, Louisiana. October 24, 1988.
28. U.S. EPA. Draft F024 Characterization Report for Shell Chemical Company,
Norco, Louisiana. October 24, 1988.
29. U.S. EPA. Draft F024 Characterization Report for Vista Chemical Company,
Lake Charles, Louisiana. October 21, 1988.
30. U.S. EPA. Draft F024 Characterization Report for Vulcan Chemical
Company, Wichita, Kansas. October 24, 1988.
31. U.S. EPA. Draft F024 Characterization Report for Velsicol Chemical
Company, Memphis, Tennessee. October 24, 1988.
F024 BGD-2 8-2
1114-03.nrj.4
-------
32. U.S. EPA. Draft.Onsite Engineering Report of Treatment Technology .
Performance and Operation for ENSCO, El Dorado, Arkansas. December,
1988.
33. U.S. EPA. Onsite Engineering Report of Treatment Technology Performance
and Operation for Envirite Corporation, York, Pennsylvania. December 19>
1986.
34. U.S. EPA. Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background
Document for K048. K049, K050, K051, K052. August 8, 1988.
35. U.S. EPA. Draft Onsite Engineering Report for Horsehead Resource
Development Company for K061. March, 1988.
36. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and
and Water Pollution Control Federation. Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Watewater, Sixteenth Edition. 1985.
F024 BGD-2 8-3
1114-03.nrj.5
-------
APPENDIX A
ANALYTICAL QA/QC
The analytical methods used for analysis of the constituents being
proposed for regulation and identified in Section 6.0 are presented in Table
A-1 of this Appendix. SW-846 Methods (EPA's Test Methods for Evaluating Solid
Waste: Physical/Chemical Methods, SW-846) are used in most cases for
determining total constituent concentration.
In some instances, it was necessary to deviate from the SW-846
Methods. Deviations from SW-846 Methods required to analyze the sample matrix
are listed in Table A-2. SW-846 allows for the use of alternative or equiva-
lent procedures or equipment; these are noted in Tables A-3 through A-7.
The accuracy determination for a constituent is based on the matrix
spike recovery values. Tables A-8 and A-9 present the matrix spike recovery
data for BOAT List constituents in the kiln ash and scrubber water residuals,
respectively.
The accuracy correction factors for BOAT List constituents detected
in untreated F024 and in the kiln ash and scrubber water residuals are
summarized in Table A-10. The accuracy correction factors were determined for
each constituent by dividing 100 by the matrix spike recovery (expressed in
percentage) for that constituent.
F024 Background A-1
1110-01.mlm.1
-------
Table A-1
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CONSTITUENTS PROPOSED FOR REGULATION IN F02M
Constituent Concentration
In Kiln Ash
Regulated Constituent
VOLATILES
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadlene
16. 3~Ch1oropropene
22. 1,1-D1chloroethane
23. 1,2-D1chloroethane
26. 1,2-D1ch1oropropane
27. trans-1 , 3-D1chloropro-
pene
28. c 1 s-1 , 3~D1ch1oropropene
SEMIVOLATILES
Preparat1 on
Method
Purge and Trap
(Method 5030)
70.
104 .
113.
METALS
159.
163.
B1s(2-ethylhexy1)-
phtha1 ate
Dl-n-octyl phthalate
Hexachloroethane
Chromlurn
Nickel
(total )
Ac 1d D1gest1 on
of Sediments,
S1udges . and
Soils (Method
3050)
Reference :
Constituent Concentration
In Scrubber Water
Ana 1yt1ca1
Method
Gas Chromatography/
Mass Spectrometry for
Volatile Organlcs
(Method 8240)
Reference
Preparat1 on
Method
Purge and Trap
(Method 5030)
Column Technique
(Method 8270)
Inductively Coupled
Plasma Atomic
Emission Spectroscopy
(Method 6010)
Acid D1gest1 on
of L1qu1ds
(Method
3010/3020)
Ana Iyt1ca1
Method
Gas Chromatography/
Mass Spectrometry for
Vo 1 at i Ie Organlcs
(Method 8240)
Reference
Column Technique
(Method 8270)
Inductively Coupled
P1asma Atomlc
Emission Spectroscopy
(Method 6010)
U.S. EPA. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846 Third Edition, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response,
Washington, D.C., November 1986.
F024 BGD-2
1 1 14-05.nrj. 1
-------
Table A-1 (Continued)
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CONSTITUENTS PROPOSED FOR REGULATION IN F02t
Regulated Constituent
DIOXIN5/FURANS
207. Hexach1orod1benzo-p-
d1 ox 1ns
208. Hexach1orod1benzofurans
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-
p-d1 ox i ns
210. Pentach1orodlbenzofurans
212. Tetrach1orodlbenzofurans
Preparat1 on
Method
Constituent Concentration
In K1In Ash
NA
Ana 1yt1caI
Method
Analysis of Poly-
chlorinated Dlbenzo-
p-d1ox1ns and Poly-
chlorinated Dlbenzo-
furans (Method 8280)
Constituent Concentration
1n Scrubber Water
Reference
Preparat ion
Method
NA
Ana 1yt 1 ca1
Method
Analysis of Poly-
chlorinated Dibenxo-
p-dioxins and Poly-
chlorinated Dibenzo-
furans (Method 8280)
Reference
NA - Not applIcable.
Reference:
1. U.S. EPA. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846 Third Edition, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response,
Washington, D.C., November 1986.
F024 BGD-2
1 1 14-05.nrj.2
-------
Table A-2
DEVIATIONS FROM SW-8H6
Analysis Method SW-8H6 Specifications Deviation from SW-8^6 Rationale for Deviation
Acid digestion for 3010 Digest 100 ml of sample Initial sample volume of Sample volume and
metals analyzed 3020 in a conical beaker. 50 ml was digested in reagents were reduced in
Griffin straight-side half; therefore, time
beakers. All acids and required to reduce sample
peroxides were halved: to near dryness was
reduced. However, this
procedure produced no
impact on the precision
and accuracy of the date.
F024 BGD-2
1230-01.mlm.1
-------
Table A-3
SPECIFIC PROCEDURES USED IN EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WHEN ALTERNATIVES TO
SW-846 METHODS ARE ALLOWED BY APPROVAL OF EPA CHARACTERIZATION AND ASSESSMENT DIVISION
Analysis
SU-B46 method Sample aliquot
SW-B46 specification
Specific procedures allowed by
approval of EPA-CAD
Continuous liquid-
1 iquid extract ion
3520
1 liter
Ln
The internal standards are
prepared by dissolution in
carbon disulfide and then
dilution to such volume that
the final solvent is 20%
carbon disulfide and 80%
methylene chloride.
The preparation of the internal
standards is changed to eliminate
the use of carbon disulfide. The
internal standards are prepared
in methylene chloride only.
Soxhlet extraction
3540
1 gram
The internal standards are
prepared by dissolution in
carbon disulfide and then
dilution to such volume that
the final solvent is 20%
carbon disulfide and 80%
methylene chloride.
The preparation of the internal
standards is changed to eliminate
the use of carbon disulfide. The
internal standards are prepared
in methylene chloride only.
-------
Table A-4
SPECIFIC PROCEDURES OR EQUIPMENT USED IN EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WHEN
ALTERNATIVES OR EQUIVALENTS ARE ALLOWED IN THE SW-846 METHODS
Ana lysis
SV-846 method
Sample aliquot
Alternatives or equivalents allowed
by SW-846 methods
Specific procedures or
equipment used
Purge-and-trap
5030
5 milliliters of liquid;
1 gram of sol id
I
cr.
The purge-and-trap device to be
used is specified in Figure 1 of
the method. The desorber to be
used is described in Figures 2 and 3,
and the packing materials are
described in Section 4.10 2 of SW-846
The method allows equivalents of this
equipment or materials to be used.
The purge-and-trap equipment and
the desorber used are as specified
in SU-846. The purge-and-trap
equipment is a Teckmar LSC-2 with
standard purging chambers'(Supelco
cat. 2-0293). The packing materials
for the traps are 1/3 silica gel
and 2/3 2,6-diphenylene.
The method specifies that the
trap must be at least 25 cm long
and have an inside diameter of at
least 0.105 cm.
The length of the trap is 30 cm
and the diameter is 0.105 cm
The surrogates recommended are
toluene-d8,4-bromofluorobenzene,
and 1,2-dichloroet^iane-d4. The
reconrnended concentration level is
50 ,ig/l.
The surrogates are added as
specified in SU-846.
Soxhlet extraction
3540
1 gram of sol id
The recommended surrogates
and their concentrations are
the same as for Method 3520
The surrogates used and their
concentration levels are the same
as for Method 3S20
Sample grinding may be required
for sample not passing through a
1-mm standard sieve or a 1-mm
opening.
Sample grinding is not required.
-------
Table A-4 (Continued)
SPECIFIC PROCEDURES OR EQUIPMENT USED IN EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WHEN
ALTERNATIVES OR EQUIVALENTS ARE ALLOWED IN THE SW-8H6 METHODS
Analysis
SW-846 nwthod
Sample aliquot
Alternatives or equivalents allowed
by SW-846 methods
Specific procedures or
equipment used
Continuous liquid-
1 iquid extract ion
3520
1 liter of liquid
Acid and base/neutral extracts
are usually combined before
analysis by GC/MS. Under some
situations, however, they may
be extracted and analyzed
separately.
Acid and base/neutral extracts
are combined
The base/neutral surrogates
reconmended are 2-f luorobipheny 1 ,
nitrobenzene-d5, and terpheny l-d!4 .
The acid surrogates recommended
are 2-f luorophenol ,
2,4 . 6- t r ibromophenol . and
phenol-d6. Additional compounds
may be used for surrogates. The
recommended concentrations for
low-medium concentration level
samples are 100 ppm for acid
surrogates and 200 ppm for base/
neutral surrogates. Volume of
surrogate may be adjusted.
Surrogates are the same as those
recommended by SW-846, with the
exception that phenol-d5 is
substituted for phenol-d6 The'
concentrations used are the
concentrations recommended in SW-846.
-------
Table A-5
SPECIFIC PROCEDURES OR EQUIPMENT USED FOR ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WHEN
ALTERNATIVES OR EQUIVALENTS ARE ALLOWED IN THE SW-846 METHODS
Analysis
SW-846
method
Sample
preparation
method
Alternatives or equivalents
allowed in SW-846 for
equipment or in procedure
Specific equipment or procedures used
Gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry
for volati le
organics
I
CD
8240 5030
Recommended GC/HS operating conditions:
Electron energy:
Mass range:
Scan t ime:
Initial column temperature:
Initial column holding time
Column temperature program:
Final column temperature:
Final column holding time:
Injector temperature:
Source temperature:
Transfer line temperature:
Carrier gas:
70 ev (nominal)
35-260 amu
To give 5 scans/peak but
not to exceed 7 sec/scan
45'C
3 min
8'C/min
200'C
15 min
200-225'C
According to manufacturer's
specif icat ion
250-300'C
Hydrogen at 50 cm/sec.or
helium at 30 cm/sec
The column should be 6 ft x 0.1 in I.D. glass,-
packed with 1% SP-1000 on Carbopack B (60/80 mesh) or
an equivalent.
Actual GC/MS operating conditions:
E lectron energy:
Mass range:
Scan time:
70 ev :
35-26d amu
25 sec/scan
Initial column temperature: 38"C
Initial column holding time: 2 min
Column temperature program
Final column temperature:
Final column holding time:
Injector temperature:
Source temperature:
Transfer line temperature:
Carrier gas:
iO'C/min
225'C
30 mm or xylene elutes
225'C
manufacturer's reconroended
value of 100'C
275'C
Hel ium at 30 ml/min
The column used is an 8 ft x 0.1 in ID glass, packed
with 1% SP-1000 on Carbopack B (60/80 mesh).
Samples may be analyzed by purge-and-trap technique
or by direct injection.
The samples are analyzed using the purge-and-trap
technique.
Additional information on actual system used:
Equipment: f innegan model 5100 GC/HS/DS system
Data system SUPERINCOS Autoquan
Mode F led ron impact
NRS I itirary ava i lal> le
Interface to MS Jet separator
-------
Table A-5 (Continued)
SPECIFIC PROCEDURES OR EQUIPMENT USED FOR ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WHEN
ALTERNATIVES OR EQUIVALENTS ARE ALLOWED IN THE SW-846 METHODS
Analysis
SW-846
method
Sample
preparation
method
Alternatives or equivalents
allowed in SU-846 for
equipment or in procedure
Specific equipment or procedures used
Recommended GC/HS operating conditions:
Actual GC/MS operating conditions:
>
Gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry
for semivolatile
organics: capillary
column technique
8270 3520-liquids Mass range:
3540-sollds Scan time:
Initial column temperature:
Initial column holding time:
Column temperature program:
Final column temperature hold:
Injector temperature:
Transfer line temperature:
Source temperature:
Injector:
Sample volume:
Carrier gas:
35-500 amu
1 sec/scan
40'C
4 min
40-270'C at
10'C/min
270'C (until
benzo[g,h. i ,]perylene has
eluted)
250-300'C
250-300'C
According to
manufacturer's
specification
Grob-type, splitless
1-2 /il
Hydrogen at 50 cm/sec or
helium at 30 cm/sec
Mass range:
Scan time:
Initial column temperature:
Initial column holding time:
Column temperature program:
Final column temperature hold:
Injector temperature:
Transfer line temperature:
Source temperature:
Injector:
Sample volume:
Carrier gas:
35-500 amu
1 sec/scan
3CTC ,
4 mir/
B'C/min to 275"
and 10'C/min unt i 1
305'C
305'C
240-Z60-C
300'C
Manufacturer's
recommendation
(nonheated)
Grob-type. splitless
1 /jl of sample extract
Helium at 40 cm/sec
The column should be 30 m by 0.25 mm I.O.. 1-nm film
thickness silicon-coated fused silica capillary column
(J&U Scientific DB-5 or equivalent).
The column used is a 30 m x 0 32 mm 1.0.
RT -5 (5% phenyl methyl silicone) FSCC. '
Additional information on actual system used:
Equipment: Finnegan model 5100 GC/HS/OS system
Software Package SUPfRINCOS Autoquan
-------
Table A-6
SPECIFIC PROCEDURES OR EQUIPMENT USED IN PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS
OF METALS WHEN ALTERNATIVES OR EQUIVALENTS ARE ALLOWED IN THE SW-846 METHODS
Ana lys is
SW-84B
method Equipment
Alternative or equivalent
allowed by SV-846 methods
Specific procedures or
equipment used
inductively coupled
plasma atomic
emission
spectroscopy
6010 Jarrell Ash 1140
Operate equipment following
instructions provided by
instrument's manufacturer.
For operation with organic
solvents, auxiliary argon gas
inlet is recommended.
Equipment is operated using
procedures specified in the
Jarre 11 Ash (JA) 1140
Operator's Manual.
Auxiliary argon gas is not
required for sample matrix
F024 BGD-2
1229-01.ver.1
A-10
-------
Table A-7
SPECIFIC PROCEDURES OR EQUIPMENT USED FOR ANALYSIS OF CYANIDE AND SULFIDE
WHEN ALTERNATIVES OR EQUIVALENTS ARE ALLOWED IN THE SW-846 METHODS
Ana lysis
Total and
amenable
cyanide
SU-846 Sample
method aliquot
9012 500 ml
Alternatives or equivalent
allowed by SW-846 methods
• Hydrogen sulfide treatment
may be required.
Specif ic
procedures used
• Hydrogen sulfide
treatment 1s not
requ i red .
A Fisher-Mulligan absorber
or equivalent should be used.
A Wheaton Dist 111 ing
Apparatus absorber is
used.
Sulfide
9030 200 ml • An aqueous starch solution
or a soluble starch powder
may be used.
An aqueous starch
solution is used.
The titrant used may be
either sodium thiosulfate or
pnenylarsine oxide.
The titrant used is
sodium thiosulfate.
Sample pretreatment may be
required.
For pretreatment of
an aqueous sample, zinc
acetate is added to
precipitate the sulfide.
and the zinc sulfide
precipitate is filtered
and analyzed.
F024 BGD-2
1229-01.ver.2
A-11
-------
Table A-8
MATRIX SPIKE RECOVERIES FOR KILN ASH RESIDUE
Spike Constituent
VOLATILES
4. Benzene
9. Ch1orobenzene
24. 1 , 1 -D1chloroethene
43. To 1uene
47. Tr1ch1oroethene
AVERAGE RECOVERY FOR VOLATILES
SEMIVOLATILES (BASE/NEUTRAL FRACTION)
52. Acenaphthene
88. 1,4-01chlorobenzene
102. 2 , 4-D1n1troto1uene
105. N-N1troso-d1~n-propy1 amine
1 45. Pyrene
150. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
AVERAGE RECOVERY FOR SEMIVOLATILES
(BASE/NEUTRAL FRACTION)
METALS®
154. Ant1mony
155. Arsen 1 c
156. Barium
158. Cadmlurn
159. Chromium (total)
160. Copper
161. Lead
163. NickeI
167. Vanadium
168. Zinc
AVERAGE RECOVERY FOR METALS
Original Amount
Amount Found* Spiked
(ppm)
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
(ppm)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0
0,
0.
0.
0.
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
Samp 1
e Resu 1 t
Amount
Recovered
Percent
Recovery* *
(ppm) (%)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.063
.045
.040
.085
.089
.015
.036
.019
.055
.003
.030
126
90
80
170
178
128.8
30
72
38
1 10
6
60
Duplicate Sample Result
DL
0.006
0.599
DL
1 .08
0.006
DL
DL
0. 156
0.052
1 .0
0. 1
1 .0
1 .0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.751
0. 146
1 .568
0.722
1 .846
0.749
0.72
0.698
1 .092
0.734
52. 7
75
140
97
72
77
74
72
70
94
68
76. 7
Amount
Spiked
(ppm)
0.
0.
0
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0
0
0.
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
Amount
Recovered
Percent
Recovery* *
(ppm) (%)
0 .
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0
0.
0
0
0.
.065
.054
.061
,111
, 108
.044
.045
.050
.059
.04 1
.045
130
108
1 22
222
2 16
159.6
88
90
100
1 18
82
90
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
94. 7
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
*For constituents not detected above the detection limit (DL), the original amount found is considered as zero In calculating percent
recovery .
**Percent recovery = 100 x (C\~CO)/C^, where C\ = amount recovered, Co = original amount found, and C^ = amount spiked.
NA - Not analyzed.
® - Source: Waterways Onsite Engineering Report for K048 and K051 (Reference 21).
F024 BGD-1
1110-02.mlm.1
-------
Table A-8 (Continued)
MATRIX SPIKE RECOVERIES FOR KILN ASH RESIDUE
I
M
LO
Spike Constituent
INORGANICS
169. Cyan 1de
170. F1uor ide
171. SulfIde
AVERAGE RECOVERY FOR INORGANICS
DIOXINS/FURANS
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodlbenzo-
p-d1 ox 1 n
1,2,3.4,7,8-Hexachlorodlbenzo-
f uran
1,2,3.7,8-Pentachlorod1benzo-
p-d1 ox 1 n
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorod1benzo-
f uran
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodlbenzo-
p-d i ox i n
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodlbenzofuran
AVERAGE RECOVERY FOR DIOXINS/FURANS
Ori g \ na 1
Amount Found*
(ppm)
DL
2.11
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
Samp 1 e Resu 1 t
Amount Amount,
Spiked Recovered
(ppm) (ppm)
4.97 3.93
4.91 7.04
25 27.4
0.010
0.0096
0.010
0.0086
0.0099
0.011
Percent
Recovery* *
(%)
79
100
1 10
96.3
101
97
102
87
100
107
99
Amount
Spiked
(ppm)
5.00-
4.99
24.6
Duplicate Sample Result
Amount
Recovered
(ppm)
6.25
7 . 44
26. 1
0.010
0.0098
0.010
0.0086
0.0097
0.011
Percent
Recovery*'
1 25
107
106
112.7
104
98
102
86
97
108
99
*For constituents not detected above the detection limit (DL), the original amount found Is considered as zero 1n calculating percent
recovery.
**Percent recovery = 100 x (C(-Co)/Ct where C1 amount recovered, Co = original amount found, and C^ = amount spiked.
NA - Not analyzed.
F024 8GD-1
1110-02.mlm.1.1
-------
Table A-9
MATRIX SPIKE RECOVERIES FOR COMBUSTION GAS SCRUBBER WATER
Samp 1e Resu1t
Spike Constituent
VOLATILES
4. Benzene
9. Ch1orobenzene
24. 1,1-D1chloroethene
43. Toluene
47. Tr1chloroethene
AVERAGE RECOVERY FOR VOLATILES
SEMIVOLATILES (BASE/NEUTRAL FRACTION)
52. Acenaphthene
88. 1 , 4-01chlorobenzene
102. 2,4-D1n1trotoluene
105. N-N1troso-dl-n-propy1amlne
145. Pyrene
150. 1 , 2 ,4-TMchl orobenzene
AVERAGE RECOVERY FOR SEMIVOLATILES
(BASE/NEUTRAL FRACTION)
METALS®
159. Chromium (total )
161. Lead
168. Zinc
AVERAGE RECOVERY FOR METALS
INORGANICS
169. Cyanide
170. Fluoride
1 7 1 . SulfIde
AVERAGE RECOVERY FOR INORGANICS
Original Amount
Amount Found* Spiked
(ppm)
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
(ppm)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
Amount
Recovered
Percent
Recovery* *
(ppm) (%)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
043
055
040
057
053
039
032
057
066
044
031
86
1 10
80
1 14
106
99. 2
78
64
1 14
132
88
62
Duplicate Sample Result
DL
DL
2.64
DL
153
DL
0.050
0.025
10
0. 100
160
5.0
0.035
0.022
12.6
0.014
330
4.0
68.3
89. 7
70
88
100
86
14
1 1 1
80
Amount
Spiked
(ppm)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
Amoun t
Recovered
(ppm)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0
0
0.
0
.045
.056
.040
.057
.054
.032
.029
.057
.058
.041
.032
Percent
Recovery* *
(X)
90
1 12
80
1 14
108
100.8
64
58
114
1 16
82
64
0.050
0.025
10
0. 100
160
5.0
0.034
0.019
12.4
0.022
336
3.2
85.7
68
76
98
80. 7
22
1 14
64
66.7
*For constituents not detected above the detection limit (DL), the original amount found 1s considered as zero in calculating percent
recovery .
**Percent recovery = 100 x (Cj-Co)/Ct, where C\ = amount recovered, Co = original amount found, and
<& - Source: Onsite Engineering Report for Horsehead (Reference 35).
NA - Not ana 1 yzed .
F024 BGD-1
1 1 10-02 .mlm. 2
= amount spiked.
-------
Table A-9 (Continued)
MATRIX SPIKE RECOVERIES FOR COMBUSTION GAS SCRUBBER WATER
Spike Constituent
DIOXINS/FURANS
l,2,3,4,7.8-Hexachlorod1benzo-p-d1ox1n
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorod1benzo-p-d1ox1n
1.2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodlbanzofuran
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorod1benzo-p-d1ox1n
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodlbenzofuran
AVERAGE RECOVERY FOR DIOXINS/FURANS
Original
Amount Found*
(ppm)
DL
0.0003
DL
0.0001
DL
DL
Sample Resu1t
Duplicate Sample Result
Amount
Recovered
(ppm)
0.0001
0.0010
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.0010
Percent
Recovery* *
99
101
104
89
94
104
99
Amount
Recovered
(ppm)
0.0001
0.0010
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.001 1
Percent
Recovery* *
101
105
102
87
95
106
99
M
Ln
*For constituents not detected above the detection limit (DL), the original amount found 1s considered as zero in calculating percent
recovery.
**Percent recovery = 100 x (C)-Co)/Ct, where C\ = amount recovered, Co = original amount found, and C^ = amount spiked.
NA - Not analyzed.
F024 BGD-1
1110-02.mlm.3
-------
Table A-10
SUMMARY OF ACCURACY CORRECTION FACTORS
Accuracy Correction Factor*
Kiln Ash Scrubber Water
BOAT List Constituent Total Composition Total Composition
222. Acetone 1.000 1.008
6. Bromomethane NA 1.008
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 1.000 1.008
12. Chloroethane NA 1.008
15. Chloromethane NA 1.008
16. 3-Chloropropene 1.000 1.008
20. trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene 1.000 1.008
21. Dichlorodifluoromethane 1.000 1.008
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane 1.000 1.008
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane 1.000 1.008
27. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 1.000 1.008
28. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 1.000 1.008
34. Methyl ethyl ketone 1.000 1.008
42. Tetrachloroethene 1.000 1.008
46. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1.000 1.008
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1.000 1.008
59. Benz(a)anthracene 1.899 1.167
62. Benzo(a)pyrene 1.899 1.167
63. Benzo(b)fluoranthene 1.899 1.167
64. Benzo(ghi)perylene 1.899 1.167
65. Benzo(k)fluoranthene 1.899 1.167
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether 1.899 1.167
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 1.899 1.167
80. Chrysene 1.899 1.167
88. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 1.389 1.724
92. Diethyl phthalate 1.899 1.167
110. Hexachlorobenzene 1.899 1.167
113. Hexachloroethane 1.899 1.167
116. Indeno(1,2,3-ed)pyrene 1.899 1.167
141. Phenanthrene 1.899 1.167
169. Cyanide 1.266 7.143
170. Fluoride 1.000 1.000
171. Sulfide 1.000 1.562
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 1.000 1.010
*The accuracy correction factor is equal to 1 divided by the percent recovery
correction factor.
NA - Not applicable; this constituent was not detected in either the untreated
F024 or the kiln ash residual.
F024 Background A-16
1110-01.mlm.5
-------
Table A-10 (Continued)
SUMMARY OF ACCURACY CORRECTION FACTORS
Accuracy Correction Factor*
Kiln Ash ' Scrubber Water
BOAT List Constituent Total Composition Total Composition
208. Hexachlorodibenzofurans 1.031 1.000
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 1.000 1.000
210. Pentachlorodibenzofurans 1.163 1.149
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofurans 1.000 1.000
Lime and Fly Ash Scrubber Water
Stabilization Total Composition
154. Antimony 1.33 1.09
155. Arsenic 0.71 1.00
156. Barium 1.03 1.11
158. Cadmium 1.39 1.15
159. Chromium (total) 1.31 1.4?
160. Copper 1.35 1.20
161. Lead 1.39 1.32
163. Nickel 1.43 - 1.08
167. Vanadium 1.07 1.19
168. Zinc 1.47 1.02
*The accuracy correction factor is equal to 1 divided by the percent recovery
correction factor.
F024 Background A-17
1110-01.mlm.6
-------
Appendix B
PLANT CODES
Code Plant
A DuPont Chemical Company
B Shell Chemical Company
C Vista Chemical Company
D Vulcan Chemical Company
E Velsicol Chemical Company
F LCP Chemicals
G Dow Chemical Company
H PPG Industries
I Formosa Plastics
J Borden Chemical
K Vulcan Materials Company
L PPG Industries
M Dow Chemical Company
N Shell Oil Company
0 FMC Corporation
P Denka Chemical Corporation
X ENSCO
Y Waterways Experiment Station
Z Envirite Corporation
Location
LaPlace, LA
Norco, LA
Lake Charles, LA
Wichita, KS
Memphis, TN
Moundsville, WV
Freeport, TX
Lake Charles, LA
Baton Rouge, LA
Geismar, LA
Geismar, LA
Pittsburgh, PA
-Plaquemine, LA
Not Specified
Baltimore, MD
Houston, TX
El Dorado, AR
Vicksburg, MS
York, PA
References
27, 32
28, 32
29, 32
30, 32
31
3
1]
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
32
21
33
F024 BCD - 1
1206-01.mlm.1
B-1
-------
Appendix C
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE
List of boiling points for constituents of interest .. C-1
List of bond dissociation energies for constituents
of interest C-3
F02M Background - 1 C-1
1028-07.aha.1
-------
Table C-1
CONSTITUENT BOILING POINTS
4.
5.
7.
9.
10.
16.
14.
20.
22.
23.
26.
27.
28.
34.
38.
40.
41.
42.
43.
45.
46.
47.
49.
50.
62.
68.
70.
77.
86.
87.
88.
92.
104.
110.
111.
112.
113.
121.
126.
Constituent
Benzene
Bromodichlorome thane
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
2-Chloro-1 , 3-butadiene
3-Chloropropene
Chloroform
trans- 1 ,4-Dichloro-2-butene
1 , 1-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloropropane
trans- 1 , 3-Dichloropropene
cis-1 , 3-Dichloropropene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methylene chloride
1,1,1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
.1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethene
1 ,2,3-Trichloropropane
Vinyl chloride
Benzo(a)pyrene
Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate
2-Chloronaphthalene
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Diethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroe thane
Naphthalene
Nitrobenzene
Boiling Point (°C)
80.1
90
76.7-77
131-132
59.4
44-45
61-62
155.5
57-57.3
83-84
96.4
112
108
79.6
39.75
146.5
146.5-147
121
110.6
74-74.1
113-114
86.7-87
156.8
-13.37
310-312
178
385
256
173
180.5-181
174-174.1
298
385
323-326
210-220
234
186.8-187
217.9-218
210-211
Reference
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
F024 Background
1028-07.aha.2
C-2
-------
Table C-1 (Continued)
CONSTITUENT BOILING POINTS
Constituent
Boiling Point (°C)
Reference
136.
137.
141.
150.
222.
226.
207.
208.
209.
210.
212.
Pentachlorobenzene
Pen tachloroe thane
Phenanthrene
1 , 2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Acetone
Ethyl benzene
Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Hexachlorodibenzofurans
Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Pentachlorodibenzofurans
Tetrachlorodibenzofurans -
275-277
161-162
340
213
56.5
136.3
400-500
400-500
400-500
400-500
400-500
3
1
1
1
1
1
5
5
5
5
5
References
1. Windholz, Martha, editor. 1983. The Merck Index, 10th edition. Rahway,
NJ: Merck and Company.
2. Weast, R.C., editor. 1984. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 65th
edition, pp. C-184, -195, -371, -465. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
3. Verschueren, Karel. 1983. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic
Chemicals, 2nd edition, pp. 575-576. NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold "
Company, Inc.
4. Hawley, Gessner G. 1971. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 8th
edition. NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc.
5. Rordorf, Berchtold F. 1986. Thermal Properties of Dioxins, Furans, and
Related Compounds. Chemosphere. 15:1325-1332.
F024 Background
1028-07.aha.3
C-3
-------
Table C-2
CONSTITUENT BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGIES
4.
5.
7.
9.
10.
14.
16.
20.
22.
23.
26.
27.
28.
34.
38.
40.
41.
42.
43.
45.
46.
47.
49.
50.
68.
70.
77.
86.
87.
88.
92.
104.
110.
111.
112.
113.
121.
126.
Constituent
Benzene
Bromodichlorome thane
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
2-Chloro-1 , 3-butadiene
Chloroform
3-Chloropropene
trans-1 ,4-Dichloro-2-butene
1 , 1-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloropropane
trans-1 ,3-Dichloropropene
cis-1 ,3-Dichloropropene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methylene chloride
1,1,1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethene
1 ,2,3-Trichloropropane
Vinyl chloride
Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
2-Chloronaphthalene
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Diethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroe thane
Naphthalene
Nitrobenzene
Bond Dissociation Energy (kcal/mole)
1,340
330
320
1,330
955
340
810
1,075
645
645
930
790
790
1,230
360
605
605
465
1,620
625
625
485
910
525
1,290
6,465
2,115
1,295
1,295
1,295
3,145
6,565
1,305
855
1,025
565
2,120
1,435
F024 Background
1028-07.aha.4
C-4
-------
Table C-2 (Continued)
CONSTITUENT BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGIES
136.
137.
141.
150.
222.
226.
207.
208.
209.
210.
212.
Constituent
Pentachlorobenzene
Pen tachloroe thane
Phenanthrene
1 , 2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Acetone
Ethyl benzene
Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Hexachlorodibenzofurans
Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Pentachlorodibenzofurans
Tetrachlorodibenzofurans
Bond Dissociation Energy (kcal/mole)
1,310
585
2,900
1,320
945
1,905
2,470
960
2,490
980
1,000
Sources:
1. Sanderson, R.T., Chemical Bonds and Bond Energy, Arizona State
University, Academic Press, New York and London, 1971.
2. Dean, J.A. (ed.), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill,
1979. pp. 8-11.
3. Weast, R.C., editor. 1980. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 61st
edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
F024 Background C-5
1028-07.aha.5
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