U.S.
Region VII
Information
901 N. 5th Stre.
Kansas City, KS
907R92003
'EPA REGIONI VIII IRC
069310
Everything You Wanted
To Know About
Environmental
Regulations . , .
But Were Afraid To Ask
Environmental Protection Agency
Refjurce Center
66101
A Guide For Small Communities
.,-, T.,..V. e^-Vlon Agency
iat! on Resources &S*fer, 1992
726
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Everything You Wanted To Know
About Environmental Regulations
But Were Afraid To Ask
A Guide For Small Communities
October, 1992
This handbook was produced through a joint effort of the Region VII office of
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Missouri Department of Natural
Resources (Missouri DNR).
* I 9 9 2 *
THE YEAR OF
CLEAN WATEK
«irvh-il
The Year 1992 has been designated the Year of Clean Water to commemmorate
the 20th anniversary of the signing of the Clean Water Act. October has been
designated the Clean Water Month. This year is also the 75th anniversary of the
Missouri State Parks.
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Preface
This handbook was prepared for use by officials of small communities as
a quick reference to the environmental issues facing their constituencies. If
you are an official of a larger community, you will need, as a minimum, to
comply with the enclosed requirements. It is likely you may need to meet
additional requirements.
This handbook provides only a summary of basic environmental infor-
mation. It is not a definitive statement to the specific ways in which a
community may assure environmental compliance; it is a quick guide to the
environmental programs that typically apply to most small communities.
The requirements and guidance presented in this handbook are based
on federal regulations and/or guidance in place in mid-1992. It should be
expected that some of these requirements/guidance will change in the future.
The handbook is organized according to key program areas. After
highlighting services available to you from Region 7 and Missouri, the hand-
book explores Cross Media, Air, Land, and Water programs. Cross media
programs are those that can reach across any of the other program areas.
Definitions and acronyms are provided at the end.
This document was initially prepared in 1990 by the Midwest Assistance
Program (MAP) under contract to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region 8. It was expanded by the Region 8 Small Community Work Group
in early 1991.
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,_,... Table of Contents
IQIui
CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
Pollution Prevention 1
Public - Private Partnerships 3
SARA Tide m Emergency Planning and Community Right-to 5
Know Act
Asbestos 7
Indoor Radon 11
Pesticides 13
Toxics - PCB's 15
AIR PROGRAM
Clean Air Act Amendments 16
LAND PROGRAMS
Superfund 18
RCRA Hazardous Waste 19
Subtide D Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Criteria 22
Underground Storage Tanks 24
WATER PROGRAMS
Water and Wetlands Protection 27
Drinking Water 30
Inorganic Chemicals 31
Asbestos 34
Fluorides 36
Lead Material Ban 38
Lead and Copper 40
Synthetic Organic Chemicals (Non-Volatile) 43
Volatile Organic Chemicals 46
Coliform Monitoring 50
Surface Water Treatment Rule 52
Radionuclides 55
Disinfection and Disinfection By-Products 57
Public Notification 59
Underground Injection Control 66
Wellhead Protection 68
(Cont'd)
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Wastewater
State Revolving Fund Loan Program
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Secondary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
Sewage Sludge Use and Disposal
Pretreatment Requirements'
Stormwater
70|
71
73
75
77
79
£
DEFINITIONS-ACRONYMS
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IV
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EPA REGION 7 SERVICES
Toil-Free Access
Residents of Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska can call the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Region 7 Environmental Action Line by dialing 1-800-
223-0425. During the week, operators can connect you to appropriate contact persons
or programs. After hours, and on the weekend, you will be able to leave a message.
EPA Regional Library
A number of services are available to residents of Region 7 from EPA's regional
library in Kansas City, Kansas (726 Minnesota Ave.; KC, KS 66101). The library
is available for use from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday-Friday. The regional library
provides interlibrary loans through OCLC, or by using a standard ALA form available
through your public library.
The public can also access the library via the Online Library System (OLS), a
computer catalog of EPA's library network. An information handout about OLS and
howto use it is available from the library. To contact the library, call (913)551-7241.
or (913) 551-7358.
Speaker's Bureau
A number of EPA employees have volunteered to be available to speak on
environmental topics. If you are interested in having someone speak to your group on
a particular environmental issue, call 913-551-7003.
Missouri Toil-Free Access
All services of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources can be accessed
by calling 1-800-334-6946.
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CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
POLLUTION PREVENTION
EPA's Pollution Prevention approach
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 establishes pollution prevention as
national policy-EPA's preferred approach for protecting human health and the
environment. The primary goal of pollution prevention is preventing or reducing
the generation of wastes and pollutants at the source. Pollution that cannot be
prevented should be recycled whenever possible. Pollution that cannot be pre-
vented or recycled should be treated in an environmentally safe manner. Disposal
or other release into the environment should be used only as a last resort and should
be conducted in an environmentally safe manner. Instead of using traditional
pollution treatment and control methods to stop existing pollutants from reaching
the environment, pollution prevention aims to anticipate and avoid the generation
of pollutants in the first place.
Actions for communities
Rulings by courts, pronouncements by EPA, or wishing alone cannot clean up
the environment or keep it from becoming more polluted. What we need is a unified
effort. Community leaders can develop policies that encourage environmental
awareness and provide mechanisms to help build the ethic of preventing pollution.
Small communities are in a unique position to make things happen and to win the battle
against pollution. Local governments can encourage and stimulate the practice of
pollution prevention at all levels: by industry and manufacturing, by private and public
business (including agriculture, transportation, energy generators, hospitals and schools),
by communities and individuals.
Here are suggestions on how community leaders can fight pollution and preserve
environmental quality, human health and natural resources:
-Set pollution prevention as a major goal and integrate the concept into
governmental activities. Publicly recognize pollution prevention as a
priority. Practice what you preach~set an example.
-Educate the public as well as business and industry about pollution
prevention. Create an awareness of the profitability and benefits of
pollution prevention through greater efficiency and utilization of natural
resources.
-Develop programs that provide environmental alternatives:
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-Recycle paper, glass, plastic, aluminum, scrap metal, motor oil, and yard
wastes.
-Use less energy. Set back thermostats, insulate, buy energy-efficient
lighting and appliances, and make creative use of daylight.
-Use less water. Be conservative. Use ultra-low flush toilets, install water
meters, repair leaks, review maintenance schedules, use water conserving
landscaping.
-Transportation. Buy energy efficient automobiles and other fleet vehicles
and, keep them tuned. Carpool, bike, walk, or use mass transit when
possible.
-Sustainable agriculture. Take advantage of natural methods of protec-
tion. Apply pesticides such as insecticides and herbicides carefully if they
must be used.
-Reduce smoke, radon, asbestos and other indoor-air pollutants.
-Hazardous waste. Reduce toxic use, encourage product substitution and
operation modification to environmentally sound practices. Recycle used
motor oil.
-Buy recycled or recyclable products. Seek out reusable, recyclable or
returnable packages.
-Lead. Be careful around surfaces covered with lead-based paint, and be
cautious when children are nearby during renovation or rehabilitation of
old buildings. Be sure drinking water does not contain harmful levels of
lead or other contaminants.
-Plant trees, shrubs, and indoor plants. They replenish the earth's oxygen
supply and clean the air by removing pollution.
Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Pollution Prevention Program:
Waste Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7050
State Contact:
Missouri Pollution Prevention Unit
Hazardous Waste Program
Missouri DNR
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-3176
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CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
As a community leader, you face the prospect of building or upgrading
facilities to meet environmental needs. You already may be feeling the squeeze of
growing environmental protection needs and expectations coupled with decreased
funding for infrastructure projects. As the pressure grows to minimize rate shock
for facility users, local community leaders must find new ways for their communities
to hold down costs and build public support for necessary additional expenses.
Public-private partnerships offer one solution.
"The Self-Help Guide for Local Governments" has been written to acquaint
local officials with the concept of public-private partnerships, their benefits, and the
steps a community must take to build relationships with the private sector. This
information will be conveyed in the following sections:
Public-Private Parternships: What and Why
A public-private partnership is a contractual relationship between a public
and private partner that commits both to providing an environmental service. The
private sector can be involved in a variety of ways, from the initial design of a facility
to its daily operation and maintenance.
Although each arrangement is unique, most public-private partnerships fall
into one of five categories. These types are contract services, turnkey facilities,
developer financing, privatizations, and merchant facilities. There are different
benefits associated with each of these categories.
Communities enter into partnerships for various reasons. These include:
access to more sophisticated technology; cost-effective design, construction and/or
operation; flexible financing; delegation of responsibility and risk; and guaranteed
cost.
Building a Public-Private Partnership: An Action Checklist
No two communities build a partnership in exactly the same way, but all must
take roughly the same steps. This document presents an action checklist of these
steps that will help a community make many decisions necessary to enter into a
contract with a private firm.
A community initiates the public-private partnership process by evaluating its
service needs, reviewing available technology, and identifying resources that may be
able to assist in the development of the contract It is also important for community
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leaders to generate public support while they are evaluating financing prospects and
studying laws and regulations.
Reviewing a potential private partner's track record is also an important part of
the process. Another option a municipality may consider is regionalizing services with
surrounding communities. Eventually, local officials must narrow partnership options,
select and conduct its procurement process and finally, develop the service agreement.
Financing, Procurement, and the Service Agreement
Three of the most difficult steps in building a public-private partnership are
financing, procurement, and the service agreement.
In choosing a financing method, a community should estimate the capital
required and identify various financing options. These financing strategies should
then be assessed against the financial condition of the municipality, the project's
costs and any risks. The community must select the option which is most appropriate
by comparing benefits and costs.
A local government starts to implement its choice by initiating the procure-
ment process. The three types of procurement most communities select are
advertised procurement, competitive negotiation, and two-step advertising. While
advertised procurement allows the community to dictate the terms of the solicita-
tion, competitive negotiation offers greater flexibility. Two-step advertising is a
mixture of the other two.
Finally, a partnership arrangement must be defined in a service agreement.
Each contract must include a number of elements. The contract must define: the
project and performance criteria; compensation method and timing; changing
situations and risk allocations; and contract termination and step-in-rights. Insur-
ance and bonding should also be considered since they may affect the terms of the
contract.
Additional In formation
Public-Private Partnership Program:
Office of Policy and Management
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913- 551-7045
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CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
SARA TITLE HI - THE EMERGENCY
PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW
ACT
SARA Tide HI has two purposes: to encourage and support emergency
planning for responding to chemical incidents, and to provide local governments and
the public with timely and comprehensive information about possible chemical
hazards in communities.
Does the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-
Know Act apply to my community?
Yes, the chemicals in your community may pose a threat to citizens and to
those individuals being asked to respond to emergencies involving hazardous
substances. All facilities, including government facilities, in your community storing
certain hazardous chemicals (exceeding specified quantities) must provide informa-
tion to government agencies and local communities. Also, if there is a chemical
incident which results in the release of any one of a large number of hazardous
substances, immediate notification must be made to governmental agencies.
The law provides stiff penalties for facilities that do not comply, and it allows
citizens to file lawsuits against companies and government agencies to force them
to obey the law.
What are the requirements under this law?
The law, passed in October 1986, had many requirements and deadlines
associated with its passage. For example, governors were required to establish State
Emergency Response Commissions (SERCs); facilities subject to emergency
planning requirements were required to notify their state commissions; and SERCs
were required to appoint Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs). LEPCs
were required to analyze hazards and develop a local emergency plan to respond
to chemical emergencies in each local district Additionally, the LEPC must
exercise, review and update the plan annually, informing the public of these
activities.
The LEPC has other responsibilities besides developing an emergency
response plan. It receives emergency release and hazardous chemical inventory
information submitted by local facilities and must make this information available to
the public upon request
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Title in requires owners and operators of facilities storing specified hazardous
substances to report to the LEPC within 60 days. When facilities provide the
information required by the Act to local officials, small communities can better
prepare themselves for chemical emergencies.
If the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
applies, what should I do?
As a local official you should insist on complete planning and adequate
preparation for an emergency. Review the membership list of your Local Emer-
gency Planning Committee (LEPC). Make sure it is fully representative of the
community and includes individuals from citizen groups, fire departments, public
institutions (hospitals, schools, state and local governments), medical, industry and
business fields, and fanners. It is important not only to participate in emergency
planning, but to also communicate with the public.
Become familiar with the law so that you will know what tools are being made
available to the community to better assess and manage risks present within the
community. Identify what needs to be done at the local level to better prepare the
response community to more effectively deal with and prevent chemical emergen-
cies.
Additional In formation
Regional Contact:
Emergency Response Program
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7020
SARA Tide m Hotline, 1-800-535-0202
State Contact:
Right-To-Know
Environmental Services Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-526-3349
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CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
ASBESTOS
Schools - Public and Private Nonprofit
On October 22, 1986, the President signed the Asbestos Hazard Emergency
Response Act (AHERA) into law. The Act required EPA to develop regulations
creating a comprehensive framework for addressing asbestos hazards in schools. The
Act required EPA to construct a model accreditation program for individuals who
conduct inspections for asbestos, develop management plans, and perform abatement
work. Asbestos is also regulated under the authority of the National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants in the Clean Air Act
Other provisions of AHERA require all public and private elementary and
secondary schools to conduct inspections for asbestos-containing building materi-
als, develop management plans, and implement response actions in a timely fashion.
Specifically, each local education agency (or LEA, which means a public school
district or private nonprofit school) must do the following:
-Designate and train a person to oversee asbestos-related activities in the LEA
(designated person).
- Inspect every school building for both friable and nonfriable asbestos
containing building materials.
- Prepare a management plan for managing asbestos and controlling exposure
in each school and submit that plan to die appropriate state agency. The plan
should include a time frame for implementation of recommended actions.
- Use only properly accredited persons to conduct inspections and develop
the asbestos management plan. Accredited personnel must also conduct the
required triennial reinspections.
- Provide custodial staff and short-term workers with information about the
location of any asbestos-containing materials. Post warning labels as re-
quired.
- Provide custodial and maintenance staff with two hours of awareness
training and an additional 14 hours of training for employees whose duties may
cause them to disturb asbestos. This additional training must include proper
work practices and the use of protective equipment when disturbing asbestos
containing materials.
- Notify parents, teachers, and other school employees about the asbestos
inspection and the availability of the asbestos management plan for review.
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- Utilize properly accredited individuals to design and conduct asbestos
abatement actions that are necessary and appropriate to protect health and
the environment. These actions or methods must be documented in the
management plan.
- Keep records of all asbestos-related activities in the plan and make them
available for public review.
Management plans were submitted to State agencies on or before May 9, 1989,
as mandated by the provisions of AHERA. LEAs were required to begin implementa-
tion of their management plans by July 9, 1989. LEAs are required to update and
maintain management plans to reflect activities with ongoing operations and mainte-
nance, periodic surveillance, inspection, reinspection, and response action activities.
In 1971 the Administrator of the EPA determined that asbestos presents a
significant risk to human health and is therefore a hazardous air pollutant. The
National Emission Standards Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for asbestos,
promulgated under section 112 of the Clean Air Act, specifies emission control
requirements for the milling, manufacturing and fabricating of asbestos, for
demolition and renovation activities, and for the handling and disposal of asbestos-
containing waste materials.
The NESHAP requires that each owner or operator of a demolition or
renovation activity thoroughly inspect the affected facility or part of the facility for the
presence of asbestos including Categories I and n nonfriable asbestos before
commencement of the demolition or renovation.
Under the NESHAP, notification to the appropriate regulatory agency is required
for all demolitions, including facilities containing no asbestos. Work practice
procedures, waste disposal requirements, and recordkeeping provisions apply to
those demolition /renovation operations where the amount of regulated asbestos-
containing material (RACM), as defined in Section 61.141, meets or exceeds 160
square feet, 260 linear feet, or 35 cubic feet off facility components.
Under the NESHAP, notification to the appropriate regulatory agency, as well
as work practice procedures, waste disposal requirements, and recordkeeping provi-
sions apply to those renovation operations, including individual nonscheduled opera-
tions, where the amount of RACM meets or exceeds 160 square feet, 260 linear feet,
or 35 cubic feet off facility components.
The NESHAP requires at least one representative trained in the provisions of
this regulation be on site during any stripping, removal, or handling of RACM. The
AHERA contractor/supervisor course meets the NESHAP training requirements.
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Persons who inspect for asbestos-containing material in public or commercial
buildings, or who design or conduct response actions in these buildings, must be
accredited through state or EPA-approved training under AHERA.
The NESHAP requires notification be submitted at least 10 working days before
any asbestos stripping, removal, or any other activity begins that would otherwise
disturb the asbestos material.
The Missouri regulations governing the control of asbestos must be at least as
stringent as the federal requirements and may be more stringent. For example,
Missouri requires notification 20 days prior to commencement of abatement where
the amount of R ACM meets or exceeds 10 square feet or 16 linear feet Missouri also
has fees associated with notifications and inspections. Contractors must also be
registered with the State before conducting asbestos abatement
Please notify the State regional office (see map last page) if a demolition or
renovation is to occur in their area. A copy of these notifications should be sent to the
Missouri DNRandEPA.
Public Employers
Employers of public employees who are engaged in asbestos abatement
projects must comply with provisions of the Asbestos Abatement Projects Worker
Protection Final Rule, designed to protect their workers from friable asbestos-
containing materials. Employers are required to conduct air monitoring, utilize
specified engineering controls and work practices, provide medical surveillance of
the employees, and submit prior notification to EPA Region VII's Regional Asbestos
Coordinator.
What help is available?
Schools - Pufrlic 3114 Private
Under the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA) program, EPA
provides financial aid to eligible schools in the form of an interest-free loan, grant, or
a combination of both, for the purpose of abating friable asbestos-containing building
materials.
How do I obtain more information?
Under AHERA, LEA's afford citizens the opportunity to become familiar with
asbestos activities in their respective school districts. The initial point of contact to
obtain information on asbestos activities should be the LEA designee. This individual
is most familiar with the asbestos situation in your school. Additionally, state
AHERA designees and local, state, and national parent and teacher organizations are
excellent sources for requesting information on asbestos activities.
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Additional Information
EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Hotline 1-202-554-1404
ASHHA Asbestos Hotline (Schools) 1-800-462-6706
"Managing Asbestos in Place, A Building Owner's Guide to Operations and
Maintenance Programs for Asbestos-Containing Materials"
"The ABC's of Asbestos in Schools"
"100 Commonly Asked Questions About the New AHERA Asbestos-in-
Schools Rule"
For the following information, please call the EPA Region 7
office contact
40 CFR 61 National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants;
Asbestos NESHAP Revision; Final Rule
"The Asbestos Informer"
"Asbestos/NESHAP Adequately Wet Guidance"
"Asbestos/NESHAP Regulated Asbestos-Containing Materials Guidance"
"Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements for Waste Disposal"
"Common Questions on the Asbestos NESHAP"
"A Guide to the Asbestos NESHAP As Revised November 1990"
Regional Contact:
Asbestos Control Program
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7020
State Contact:
Air Pollution Control Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-4817
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CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
INDOOR RADON
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that comes from the natural
breakdown (radioactive decay) of uranium in soil, rock and water. Radon moves up
through the ground to the air above and into homes and other buildings through cracks
or holes in the foundation, and other entry points. The home acts to trap radon gas,
especially when the home is closed, increasing indoor radon levels. Most soils contain
varying amounts of uranium, and, therefore, elevated radon levels have been found in
homes, schools and buildings throughout the U.S.
Exposure to high radon levels is dangerous. The health hazard from radon arises
from inhaling its radioactive decay products. The Surgeon General has warned that
radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. today. For persons who
smoke, the health risk of inhaling radon is especially high.
The EPA has established an action level for indoor air radon levels of 4 pc/1
(picocuries per liter). Nearly one out of every IS homes in the U.S. are estimated to have
radon levels that exceed the action level. The EPA has established testing procedures
for testing homes, schools and buildings. These procedures are described in various
radon documents that are available from the EPA or the state contact
In 1988, Congress enacted the Indoor Radon Abatement Act (IRAA) with the
goal of reducing indoor radon levels to radon levels found in outside air. Among
other provisions, IRRA provided funds for state governments to establish radon
programs and to assist local governments and communities in encouraging residents
to test for radon and mitigate elevated radon levels. IRAA also required EPA to
develop a national description of radon levels in homes and schools throughout the
country. To date, 40 states and seven Indian Nations in conjunction with the EPA
have conducted radon residential surveys to characterize statewide radon distribu-
tions. Additionally, about 1,200 schools were tested in the winter of 1991. Results
of the National School Radon Survey should be available in November, 1992.
IRAA also required the EPA to develop a program to evaluate radon mitigation
contractors and radon measurement labs. In response, the EPA established four
regional radon training centers to train radon professionals. The EPA also developed
a national proficiency exam to test the knowledge of radon contractors. Contractors
who pass the exam are listed on the Radon Contractor Proficiency (RCP) list The EPA
also established the Radon Measurement Proficiency (RMP) Program. This
program tests and evaluates the accuracy of firms that supply radon test devices.
Those that pass the program are included on the RMP list
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Does the radon program apply to my community?
Local communities, in concert with state governments, play a vital role in
reducing the public health risk of radon. It is very likely that there are homes, day care
centers, schools or commercial buildings in your community that have elevated indoor
air concentrations of radon.
Currently, most radon-related policies are non-regulatory. EPA, state and
local governments have focused their energies toward educating the public about
the health risk of radon and encouraging voluntary testing of homes and buildings.
Some states, however, have developed radon regulations, including certification of
radon professionals and mandatory testing of all public schools. Additionally, by early
1992, model building codes for new construction will be developed that may be
incorporated into the building codes of local jurisdictions. Finally, Congressional
attention has been directed toward required radon testing during real estate transactions
that involve federal agencies, such as FHA or HUD.
Local governments can act to protect their residents from radon in several ways.
First, through developing radon education and outreach programs; second, through
adopting radon-resistant building codes for new construction, such as the model codes
currently proposed by the EPA; third, by encouraging voluntary testing in local
communities; fourth, by ensuring that local radon contractors are RCP-listed;, or state-
certified. Finally, by working in conjunction with the state radon office and community
organizations such as, the American Lung Association, to elevate local attention to this
important health risk.
Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Radon Program
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913- 551-7020
State Contact:
Bureau of Radiological Health
Missouri DNR
P.O. Box 570
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-6083
Radon Measurement Proficiency Program
Research Technical Information Service
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
1-919- 541-7131
Radon Contractor Proficiency Program
Midwest University Radon Consortium
1985 Buford Ave.
StPaul, MN 55108
1-612- 624-8747
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PESTICIDES
Few chemicals have had as much impact or been the subject of as much
controversy in recent decades as pesticides. The Environmental Protection Agency
has the authority to regulate pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
Under FIFRA, EPA has the authority and responsibility for regulating pesticide
registration, production, sale, distribution, and use. No pesticide may legally be
sold or used in the United States unless it has been registered by the EPA and bears
an EPA registration number. EPA also has the authority to suspend or cancel the
registration of a pesticide.
EPA regulates the safety of the food supply by setting limits for pesticide
residues on food and animal feed available for sale in the United States. Other
issues dealt with in the pesticide program include farmworker safety, applicator
certification and training, state enforcement, pesticides in groundwater, and
endangered species.
With regards to farmworker safety, EPA proposed new Worker
Protection Standards in 1988. These standards were published as final regulations
on August 13,1992. These standards, which were in response to a significant
number of pesticide poisonings occurring every year, strengthened earlier
protection provisions, reduced risks of exposure, and extended coverage to
additional handlers.
Currently there are about 100 active ingredients federally registered as
restricted use. Pesticides containing these active ingredients can only be applied by,
or under the direct supervision of, a certified applicator. With the exception of
Nebraska, all the states in Region VII conduct a certification program; EPA
administers the certification in Nebraska.
Efforts are under way to strengthen state training programs, particularly
with respect to groundwater protection, worker protection and endangered species
protection. EPA has prepared a Pesticides in Groundwater Strategy to address
risks of groundwater contamination by pesticide chemicals. EPA is required under
the Endangered Species Act, to protect listed species and their habitat from the
effects of pesticides. In 1989, EPA proposed an Endangered Species Protection
Program to accomplish this.
In Missouri, the Department of Agriculture is the agency dealing with
pesticide use. However, the Department of Natural Resources regulates the
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management of waste pesticides and pesticide containers, as well as the bulk
storage of pesticides.
Additional Information
U.S. EPA, FIFRA Amendments of 1988; Schedule of Implementation.
54 Federal Register 18078 (April 26,1989).
Regional Contact:
Pesticide Program
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913- 551-7020
State Contacts:
Missouri Dept. of Agriculture
P. O. Box 630
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-4211
Missouri DNR
P.CXBox 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-3176
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CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
TOXICS - PCB'S
The Environmental Protection Agency was required by Congress under
Section 6(e) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (Public Law 94-469,
October 11,1976) to promulgate rules for the marking, storage, and disposal of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs).
Virtually every municipality and utility in the U.S. is, or has been, in
possession of regulated PCB equipment. Manufacturers inadvertently con-
taminated about twelve percent of the mineral oil filled electrical equipment in
use prior to 1976 by using the same pumps and lines to fill their premium PCB
equipment and their mineral oil equipment.
Dielectric fluid less than 50 part per million (ppm) PCBs is considered "Non-
PCB," but disposal is regulated by the states. Fluid from 50-499 ppm is "PCB
contaminated" and is regulated. Fluid at 500+ ppm is considered "PCB" and is
highly regulated.
Currently EPA has Cooperative Agreements with the State of Missouri to do
PCB inspections. EPA does the enforcement since the State does not have en-
forcement legislation in place.
EPA intends to allow use of contaminated and PCB equipment for the re-
mainder of its useful life as long as the equipment is properly monitored and
maintained.
Additional Information
PCB Regulations; 40CFR, Part 761.
Regional Contact:
Toxic Substances Control Section
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7020
State Contact:
Transporter, PCB Unit
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-3176
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AIR PROGRAM
CLEAN Affi ACT AMENDMENTS
\
Will the Clean Air Act Amendments apply to my community?
The goal of the Clean Air Act Amendments is to reduce pollution by 56 billion
pounds a year. This reduction will generally come from cutting emissions in large
urban areas, however, there may be some impacts on small communities. Implemen-
tation of the Act will require the regulation of small businesses in order to attain and
maintain the national air quality standards and control air toxic emissions.
To be eligible for technical and environmental compliance assistance under the
Clean Air Act Amendments, a small business stationary source must meet the
following criteria:
a. Owned or operated by a person employing 100 or fewer individuals;
b. A small business under the Small Business Act;
c. Not a major stationary source;
d. Does not emit 50 tons per year or more of any regulated pollutant; and
e. Emitting less than 75 tons per year of all regulated pollutants.
These small businesses frequently lack the technical expertise and financial
resources necessary to evaluate state regulations and determine the appropriate
mechanisms for compliance. The Act provides for the design of a program to render
technical assistance and compliance information to small businesses.
Actions your community should be taking
With regard to those regulations affecting small businesses, the state will
designate a Small Business Ombudsman to represent small business to the appropriate
governmental organizations. The state will also implement a Small Business
Assistance Program. This program will collect and disseminate information on 1)
determining applicable requirements under the Act and permit issuance; 2) the rights
of small businesses under the Act; 3) compliance methods and acceptable control
technologies; 4) pollution prevention and accidental release/prevention/detection; and
5)audit programs. In the event the State fails to appoint an Ombudsman or implement
a Small Business Assistance Program, the EPA will assume those reponsibiUties.
A small community should contact its state air pollution agency and the Regional
EPA Small Community Coordinatorprior to addressing significant air pollution issues.
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Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Air Program
Air and Toxics Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7020
Small Community Coordinator:
1-913-551-7005
State Contact:
Air Pollution Control Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-4817
Clean Air Act Amendments
Title Vin- Miscellaneous Provisions
Sec. 810. Impact on small communities
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LAND PROGRAMS
SUPERFUND PROGRAM
As the 1970's came to a close, a series of stories gave Americans a look at the
dangers of dumping industrial and urban wastes on the land. FirsttherewasNew York's
Love Canal. Hazardous waste buried for 25 years contaminated streams and soil, and
endangered the health of nearby residents, who had to be evacuated. The dioxin-tainted
land and water in Times Beach, Missouri also attracted attention.
It became increasingly clear that there were large numbers of serious hazardous
waste problems that were falling through the cracks of existing environmental laws. The
magnitude of these emerging problems moved Congress to enact the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act in 1980. CERCLA -
commonly known as Superfund -- was established to deal with the dangers posed by
the Nation's hazardous waste sites.
Since the program began, hazardous waste has surfaced as a major environmental
concern in every part of the United States. It wasn't just the land that was contaminated
by past disposal practices, but chemicals in the soil were spreading into the groundwater
and into streams, lakes and wetlands. Toxic vapors contaminated the air at some sites,
while improperly disposed or stored wastes threatened the health of the surrounding
community and the environmental at others.
Few realized the size of the problem until the EPA began the process of site
discovery and evaluation. Not hundreds, but thousands of potential sites existed.
Congress directed EPA to set priorities and establish a list of sites to target. The sites
on the National Priority List (NPL), there are almost 1300, are the most complex and
compelling cases of the entire inventory of potential hazardous waste sites.
Superfund responds immediately to sites posing imminent threats to human health
and the environment at both NPL sites and sites not on the NPL. The purpose is to
stabilize, prevent, or temper the effects of a release of hazardous substances, or the threat
of one, into the environment. These might include tire fires or transportation accidents
involving the spill of hazardous chemicals.
The ultimate goal for a site on the NPL is a permanent solution; this requires a
long-term effort. Nearly 1800 Superfund sites have been cleaned up; of those cleaned
up, 112 are on the NPL.
Superfund activities also depend upon local citizen participation. The EPA's job
is to analyze the hazards and to deploy experts, but the Agency needs sitizen input.
Because people in the community where a site is located will be those most directly
affected by the wastes and cleanup processes, EPA encourages citizens to get involved
in cleanup decisions.
Additional Information
Superfund Program 726 Minnesota Ave.
Waste Management Division Kansas City, KS 66101
EPA Region 7 1-913-551-7052
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LAND PROGRAMS
RCRA HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous waste is prevalent throughout all levels of commerce and industry.
Wastes are identified as hazardous if they pose a potential danger to human health and/
or the environment when not properly treated, stored, transported, disposed, or
otherwise managed Potential dangers include explosions, fires, corrosive destruction
of materials, chemical reactions, and/or health impairing exposure to toxic chemicals.
The greater the quantity or concentration of chemicals exhibiting any of these dangers,
the greater the need to assure their proper management
In 1976, Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) as the primary regulatory vehicle to assure that hazardous waste is properly
managed from the point of its generation to its ultimate disposal or destruction, i.e.,
"from cradle to grave." RCRA establishes a very complex and comprehensive set of
requirements to define what hazardous waste is subject to regulation as well as the
responsibilities of anyone who generates, transports, stores, treats, disposes or other-
wise manages hazardous waste. At this time, waste generated by individual house-
holds, many of which may still exhibit some of the dangers described above, are not
subject to federal RCRA requirements.
There are three categories of hazardous waste generators under the RCRA
program requirements:
-Full Generator - Facilities that generate more than 1,000 kilograms per
month of any hazardous waste or more than one kilogram of any "acute"
hazardous waste. A kilogram is approximately 2.2 pounds and 1,000
kilograms is approximately five, 55 gallon drums of material.
-Small Quantity Generator - Facilities that generate less than 1,000 kilo-
grams per month of hazardous waste but more than 100 kilograms per
month (approximately one half 55 gallon drum). Small quantity generators
are given additional time to comply with new regulations and for on-site
storage of their waste.
-Conditionally Exempt Generator - Facilities that generate less than 100
kilograms a month of any hazardous waste are conditionally exempt from
the RCRA regulations. These facilities may generally dispose of their waste
in accordance with state "solid waste" requirements such as those
described under the Subtitle D program (Municipal Solid Waste Landfill
Criteria).
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Does the RCRA Program apply to my community?
It is very likely that some types of hazardous waste are generated by businesses
in your community or by your municipal facility operations themselves. Because
hazardous waste includes things like solvents, corrosives, and materials containing
heavy metals like chrome, cadmium, and lead, vehicle maintenance shops often
generate hazardous waste that may be subject to RCRA requirements. Any discarded
material must be evaluated to determine if it has been listed by EPA as hazardous
waste or if the waste exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitablity,
corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity as determined by the Toxic Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) test
In addition to used materials which might be considered hazardous waste, you
must also be careful with your management of products that no longer are wanted or
needed, and you now wish to discard. Leftover pesticides from grounds keeping
operations, old paint thinner, etc. must be fully evaluated before you determine what
you are going to do with the waste. EPA has identified several hundred chemical
products which, if disposed of, would also be considered "listed hazardous waste."
Another area of possible concern for your community would be the operation
of a trash collection system and/or a landfill. Normally, because household wastes
are currently exempt from RCRA regulation, municipal landfills are regulated under
a program referred to as the "Subtitle D Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Criteria"
which is intended to insure proper management of the municipal landfill. However,
the addition of commercial waste materials collected and/or co-disposed with the
household materials might trigger RCRA jurisdiction over the entire facility.
Timetable
RCRA regulations were first published in 1980 and are constantly amended to
add new wastes subject to the program. Once you determine that you are a handler
of hazardous waste (i.e., either generating, storing, transporting, etc.), you must notify
EPA and/or the State Hazardous Waste Office of your activity and receive an EPA
RCRA identification number.
Different timetables and responsibilities apply to the different activities.
Generators may accumulate waste on-site for up to 90 days without triggering a
requirement to obtain a storage permit Small quantity generators have up to ISOdays.
Securing a permit authorizing the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous
waste is a very expensive and lengthy process.
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In Missouri, the Department of Natural Resources administers much of the RCRA
hazardous waste program. State laws and rules may differ from the federal require-
ments. For example, Missouri state law specifies that used oil is a hazardous waste and
must be managed as a hazardous waste in Missouri.
Anyone who generates over 100 kg (about 220 pounds or 26 gallons) of
hazardous waste per month, or accumulates over 100 kg of hazardous waste at any time,
is required to register with the Department of Natural Resources. Generators of
hazardous waste may be subject to certain fees and taxes.
Many companies and communities look for ways to reduce the amount of
hazardous waste produced in order to reduce expense and regulatory burdens. Waste
reduction can be accomplished through better housekeeping, careful purchasing,
changes in process and a variety of other ways. Hazardous waste generators should
examine their waste streams and consider whether there might be a way to reduce what
is being generated.
Additional Information:
Regional Contact:
RCRA Program
Waste Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7051
State Contact:
Hazardous Waste Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-3176
RCRA Regulations 40 CFR Parts 260-272
RCRA Hotline 1-800-424-9346
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LAND PROGRAMS
SUBTITLE D MUNICIPAL SOLED WASTE
LANDFILL CRITERIA
Municipal Solid Waste is a non-hazardous waste generated at residences,
commercial establishments, and institutions. Municipal solid wastes include durable
goods (appliances, furniture, etc.), nondurable goods (newspapers, clothing, etc.),
containers and packaging (boxes, bottles, etc.), food and yard wastes, and miscella-
neous inorganic wastes (stones, pieces of concrete, etc.).
The Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Criteria (MSWLFC) was published on
October 9,1991 in the Federal Register, and will go into effect within the next two to
three years. The purpose of the Criteria is to set minimum national performance
standards which will protect human health and the environment. The MSWLFC sets
location restrictions, operating criteria, design criteria, groundwater monitoring and
corrective action standards, closure and post closure requirements, and financial
assurance requirements.
Does the MSWLFC apply to my community?
The MSWLFC applies to all new, existing, and lateral expansions to municipal
solid waste landfills which receive waste on or after October 9,1991. There are some
exemptions for which small facilities (receiving less than 20 tpd on average) might
qualify. These exemptions include design, groundwater monitoring, and corrective
action. In order to qualify for the small facility exemption you must meet one of the
following cases:
Casel:
There is no evidence of existing groundwater contamination, and
The community experiences an annual interruption of at least 3 consecutive
months of surface transportation that prevents access to the regional facility.
Case 2:
There is no evidence of existing groundwater contamination, and
The community has no practicable waste management alternative and the
landfill unit is located in an area that annually receives less than 25 inches of
precipitation.
The owner/operator must place information demonstrating compliance with the
exemption in the operating record. If owner has been exempted, and is made aware
of groundwater contamination, he must notify state director and comply with design
and groundwater/corrective action requirements.
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Action your community shoud be taking
- For those communities with a landfill, be prepared to either not accept waste,
or upgrade to meet the Criteria by October 9,1993. For those communities without
a landfill, be prepared to pay more for disposal.
- Develop community education programs to encourage recycling and waste
reduction.
Plan and prepare solid waste management and disposal options such as
composting of tree and yard waste, and establishing household hazardous waste
collection sites.
Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Solid Waste Program
Waste Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7051
RCRA Hotline: 1-800-424-9346
State Contact:
Solid Waste Management Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-5401
40 CFR Pan 258, regulations under RCRA Subtitle D, Criteria for Municipal
Solid Waste Disposal Facilities.
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LAND PROGRAMS
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
An Underground Storage Tank (UST) is any tank, including underground piping
connected to the tank, that has at least 10 percent of its volume underground.
The UST regulations (40 CFR 280) cover notification (registration), perfor-
mance standards for new and existing tanks, tank closure, cleanup activities, financial
responsibility, reporting, and recordkeeping.
Do the UST regulations apply to all underground storage tanks?
No, some exclusions are:
-Farm or residential tanks holding 1,100 gallons or less of motor fuel
used for noncommercial purposes
-Tanks storing heating oil which is used on site
-Septic tanks and systems for collecting storm or wastewater
-Wastewater treatment tanks regulated under the Clean Water Act
-Tanks whose capacity is 110 gallons or less
-Storage tanks on or above the floor of an underground area, such as a
basement, tunnel or vault
Other tanks, such as tanks for emergency spill or overfill containment, tanks
whose capacity is 110 gallons or less, and field constructed tanks, are deferred from the
regulations.
If the UST regulation does apply, what must the owner/operator
do?
For tanks installed before December 22,1988:
- Ensure tanks are registered with the state (or for Indian lands, with EPA).
-Equip the UST with devices that prevent spills and overfills by Decem-
ber 1998.
-Protect the tank and piping from corrosion or structural failure by
upgrading it by December 1998.
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-Equip the tank and piping with leak detection within the following
specified time frames, or close tank:
Existing Tanks Installed:
Before 1965 or unknown
1965-1969
1970-1974
1975-1979
1980-12/88
Leak Detection is Required By:
December 1989
December 1990
December 1991
December 1992
December 1993
After December 1988, leak detection is required at the time of installation.
Pressurized systems must have line leak detectors added by December 22,1990.
-Verify that the stored contents are compatible with the tank's interior
walls.
-Be financially responsible for the cost of cleaning up a leak or compen-
sating other people for bodily injury and property damage caused by the
leaking UST.
I own tanks to which regulations apply, but I'm not using them,
what should I do?
Follow closure requirements for tanks temporarily or permanently closed.
(Note: Tanks not used for 3 to 12 months can be temporarily closed.) Beyond 12
months, for permanent closure, the tank will have to be emptied and cleaned, and either
filled with inert material or removed. The state agency will help you decide how best
to close the UST so that it meets all local and state requirements.
If a leak or spill should occur, what must be done?
-Contact the fire department to ensure that it does not pose a hazard to
human health and safety.
-Tell the state agency within 24 hours; the regulatory authority will decide
if you must take further action.
Additional Information
"Musts forUSTs: A Summary of the New Regulation for Underground Storage
Tank Systems," U.S. EPA, UST Office, 7/90.
"Dollars and Sense: A Summary of the Financial Responsibility Regulations
for Underground Storage Tank Systems," U.S. EPA, UST Office, 12/88.
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Additional Information:
Regional Contact:
UST Program
Waste Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7051
State Contact:
UST Prevention:
Water Pollution Control Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-7428
UST Clean-up
Environmental Services Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-526-3379
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WATER PROGRAMS
WATER AND WETLANDS PROTECTION
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in partnership with state and local
governments, is responsible for restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and
biological integrity of the nation's waters. Because of the value of wetlands as an
integral part of those waters, EPA is also charged with protecting wetland resources.
The major federal regulatory tool for this is Section 404 of the Clean Water Act,
which is jointly administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and EPA. Section
404 establishes a permit program to regulate the discharge of dredged or fill material
into waters of the U.S., including most wetlands. Failure to obtain a permit or to
comply with the terms of a permit can result in civil and/or criminal penalties. The
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has an important advisory role in the permit review
process.
Waters of the U.S. include lakes, streams, rivers, wetlands and coastal waters.
Wetlands are areas which are saturated or flooded for varying periods of time during
the growing season. Because of the presence of water, there is a prevalence of aquatic
or hydrophytic vegetation, such as that found in swamps, marshes, bogs and similar
areas. Besides providing fish and wildlife habitat, wetlands also improve water
quality by acting as filters, offer flood protection, buffer shorelines against erosion,
and provide areas for recreation.
Additional Information:
For more information on the 404 permit process, please contact the U.S.
Department of Defense, Army Corps of Engineers at the regional office nearest you
(see the map next page).
Regional Contact:
Wetlands Program
Office of Planning and Management
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7042
State Contact:
Water Resources Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.BOX 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-2867
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Additional Information
The Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 to 1387)
National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4321 to 4370c)
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (16 U.S.C. 742a to 742m)
River and Harbor Act of 1899 (33 U.S.C. 403,406,407, and 411)
The Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C, 1531 to 1544)
Regulations of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (33 C.F.R. 320-330).
Regulations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(40 C.F.R. 230, also known as the 404 (b) (1) guidelines).
Executive Order 11990 (May 24,1977) 3 C.F.R., 1977 Comp. pp. 121-123.
The Wetlands Protection Hotline:
1-800-832-7828 9-5:30 (EST) M-F, excluding Federal holidays.
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WATER
PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
For questions on the drinking water requirements for small communities, please
use the following contacts.
Regional Contact:
Drinking Water Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7032
State Contact:
Public Drinking Water Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-7834
or contact the State regional office
(see map at end of book) in your area
In Missouri, the Department of Natural Resources has primary responsibility for
implementing the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act State rules may differ from the
federal requirements. Any questions about a supply's particular situation should be
addressed to the State contact.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Inorganic Chemicals (lOCs) are elements or compounds found in water supplies and
may be natural in the geology or caused by activities of man through mining, industry
or agriculture. It is common to have trace amounts of many lOCs in water supplies.
Amounts above the Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) may cause a variety of
damaging effects to the liver, kidney, nervous system, circulatory system, blood,
gastrointestinal system, bones, or skin depending upon the IOC and level of exposure.
Some lOCs are more damaging to infants and pregnant women. Because of some
special aspects of the rules for asbestos, lead and fluoride, separate pages are prepared
for them in this booklet.
Do the IOC regulations apply to my community?
Yes, prior to the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act, there were 12 regulated lOCs.
Additional lOCs have been added with the Phase JJ and Phase V regulations, which are
described in the following paragraphs.
Timetable (for revisions to regulations)
New regulations called Phase n were finalized January 30,1991, and became
effective on July 30, 1992. They added two new lOCs, asbestos and nitrite, and
changed the MCLs for four of the current lOCs. Silver is now a secondary MCL. As
a result of this regulation non-transient non-community (NTNC) Public Water Sup-
plies (PWSs) will be required to test for lOCs, and all PWSs (both community and non-
community) will be required to test for nitrate and nitrite at least annually.
PWSs will continue to take IOC samples as they have in the past until January
1, 1993. A new monitoring framework was proposed for this rule to standardize
monitoring for all the new regulations. The standardized monitoring framework
(SMF) is comprised of a nine year cycle called a compliance cycle and three 3-year
periods called compliance periods. For example, a groundwater PWS would have
to test for lOCs sometime in the first compliance period (January 1, 1993 - January
1,1996). This regulation allows PWSs to get waivers for monitoring. A waiver either
eliminates or reduces monitoring. A PWS with a waiver for lOCs means that they
would need to sample once each compliance cycle or once every nine years beginning
January 1,1993.
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Additional new regulations called Phase V were finalized on July 17,1992, and
added six new lOCs. These rules will become effective January 17, 1994. Public
water supply systems with 150 or more service connections are required to begin
monitoring for the Phase V contaminants in the January 1,1993 through December 31,
1995 time period. A PWS would be allowed to apply for a waiver after three
monitoring rounds if the new lOCs were not detected. Again, a waiver for lOCs would
reduce sampling to once every nine years.
EPA may be expected to add an IOC to the regulated list and may change some
MCLs of lOCs as new research clarifies levels of contamination considered hazardous.
(Most lOCs are tested from the same sample requiring no additional work and little
additional cost for the community.)
New sampling requirements for nitrates/nitrites will be quarterly for surface
water supplies and annually for groundwater supplies. These frequencies may be
reduced or increased by the State based upon the levels of nitrate/nitrite found. The
new sampling requirements begin January 1,1993. EPA does not allow waivers for
nitrates. Therefore, PWSs can expect to sample at least annually.
MCLs
The following page lists the MCLs for lOCs.
If you exceed any of the MCLs
-Take three additional check samples. The state will then use the average
of these four tests to see if you exceed the MCL. The current exception is
nitrate where only one check sample is required.
-Notify the state agency and complete Public Notices as required.
-Work with the state agency and/or your engineer to determine the best
way to reduce the level of the contaminate in your water supply. Consider a
variety of options. In addition to a new treatment process, you may need to
consider improving your present treatment process, mix your contaminated
supply with another supply that does not exceed the MCL, or obtain a new
source of water.
-Request an exemption from the state agency to allow the community to
continue to use the water supply while the solutions to the MCL violation are
being explored and any needed financing is being planned.
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Additional Information
The rules for lOCs are contained in 40 CFR 141.11,141.23,141.62.
National Safe Drinking Water Act Hotline -1-800-426-4791.
Maximum Contaminant Levels for IOC's
Contaminants
MCL (Pre-1986 and Phase ID
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Nitrate
Fluoride
Asbestos
Nitrite (As N)
0.05 mg/1
2 mg/1
0.005 mg/1
0.1 mg/1
refer to section on lead and copper
0.002 mg/1
0.05 mg/1
10 mg/1
4 mg/1
7 million fibers/1
lmg/1
Combined Nitrate & Nitrite 10 mg/1
MCL: Phase V
Effective January 17,1994
Antimony
Beryllium
Nickel
Sulfate
Thallium
Cyanide
0.006 mg/1
0.004 mg/1
0.1 mg/1
deferred
0.002 mg/1
0.2 mg/1
For systems with 150 or more service connections, monitoring is
required in the January 1,1993 through December 31,1995 time
period.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
ASBESTOS
Asbestos is an inorganic chemical that occurs naturally and has been used in the
manufacture of a number of products used in the construction industry. Inhaled
asbestos fibers have been identified as causing cancer. Asbestos fibers ingested
through drinking water are suspected as a cancer causing agent. Asbestos occurs
naturally in a few water supplies and may occur by a corrosive action on asbestos
cement (AC) pipe contained in a water system.
Do the Asbestos regulations apply to my community?
Yes, if you are a community or non-transient non-community (NTNC) public
water supply, the asbestos regulations apply to you. If your state agency has a waiver
program, a vulnerability assessment may be performed on your system. If asbestos is
not likely to occur in your water source, and you do not have asbestos cement pipe,
your system may be designated as non-vulnerable and be granted a waiver. A PWS that
is granted a waiver will not have to monitor for asbestos. If your system does have AC
pipe and your water is non-corrosive, you also may be classified as non- vulnerable and
eligible for a waiver. If a waiver is not granted, you will have to monitor for asbestos
once every nine years.
Timetable
An MCL for asbestos was finalized as of January 30, 1991. If your PWS is
vulnerable for asbestos in the water, you will have to take one sample within the first
compliance period of each compliance cycle (1993-1996).
MCLs
The MCL for asbestos is 7 million fibers/liter (longer than 10 micrometers).
If your system is required to test for asbestos and it has asbestos cement pipe the
sample will be taken at the tap. If your system has asbestos in the source water only
then test at the source. If your first test exceeds the MCL, take a repeat sample.
Compliance will be based on the average of the two. If the sample is still over the
MCL, then quarterly testing is required.
Actions your community should be taking
-Cooperate with the state in terms of performing initial monitoring, applying
for a waiver, and/or performing a vulnerability assessment.
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If your tests indicate levels of asbestos higher than the MCL, you
are in violation of the MCL. You should:
.-Test quarterly.
-Notify the state agency and complete Public Notices as required.
-Work with the state agency and/or your engineer to determine if asbestos
is in your source water and/or is being leached from your asbestos cement
pipe. Plan a corrective action.
-If asbestos is in your water source, it may be removed with coagulation/
filtration or direct and diatomite filtration. Corrosion control is used to reduce
leaching of fibers from asbestos cement pipe.
Other important considerations
EPA proposed (in 1986) under the Toxic Substance Control Act to ban the
manufacture of many asbestos products including asbestos cement pipe. There is no
plan to call for the removal of existing pipe, but a water system may need to provide
for corrosion control if there is asbestos cement pipe in their system. More important
may be the need to plan for materials and procedures to repair existing asbestos cement
pipe in the future.
The greatest risk related to asbestos cement pipe is to the maintenance worker
who is repairing or otherwise coming into contact with the pipe. Inhaling the dust
(fibers) from cutting the pipe is particularly hazardous. The Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) of the Department of Labor has published rules
concerning occupational exposure to asbestos. If you work with asbestos cement pipe
in your community, contact your state Department of Labor for information on these
rules.
Additional Information
The rules for Asbestos are contained in 40 CFR 1413 (b) (1).
The rules of OSHA on Occupations Exposure to Asbestos are contained in
29 CFR 1910 and 1926.
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WATER PROGRAMS * *
DRINKING WATER
FLUORIDES
Fluorides are compounds that contain an ionic form of the element fluorine.
Fluorides occur naturally in many water sources and are added in the treatment
process by many public water systems. Fluorides in amounts between 1.0 and 1.5
mg/1 have beneficial effects in reducing tooth decay. Amounts above 4.0 mg/1 may
cause bone and skeletal changes. Amounts greater than 2 mg/1 can cause discoloration
of teeth.
Does the Fluoride regulation apply to my community?
Yes, all community public water systems must test for fluoride every three
years (ground water) or every year (surface water).
Timetable (for revision of regulations)
Testing forfluoride was required prior to the 1986 SDWA (Safe Drinking Water
Act) Amendments. The new regulations on fluorides continue the testing requirement
of every three years for ground water supplies and every year for surface water
supplies. (Usually done with the routine testing for other regulated inorganic
chemicals.) A new MCL was set in the final rules published on April 2, 1986 and
became effective in October 1987.
MCLs
MCL = 4.0 mg/1 (secondary standard suggested level = 2.0 mg/1).
If your tests show levels less than the 2.0 mg/1, your community needs to do
nothing about fluoride. Plan your next routine test in one or three years.
Actions your community should be taking
If your tests indicate fluoride levels between 2.0 and 4.0 mg/1, you should check
with your state agency and/or engineer to see if any changes in operations can be made
to lower the fluoride level. As this is not an MCL violation, immediate action is not
required, but planning should be undertaken to reduce levels below 2.0 mg/1. Some
of the options listed below may be necessary. The state agency may require more
frequent sampling to monitor the fluoride level. Public notice, with mandatory health
effects language, is required for levels between 2.0 and 4.0 mg/1.
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If your tests indicate Fluoride levels above 4.0 mg/1, you are in violation of
the MCL, and you should:
-Immediately submit three check samples to confirm the initial test results.
-Contact your state agency. They will assist you to form the contents of a
public notice you are required to give your customers. (See Public Notifica-
tion section.)
-Work with your state agency and/or engineer to plan for a change in your
water supply and/or treatment system to lower the fluoride levels.
-Continue regular testing, as suggested or required by the state agency to
monitor fluoride levels while you are working on solutions. Notify the public
periodically, as required.
Solutions to fluoride MCL violations for very small water systems usually
involve finding and using a new water source or mixing existing sources to reduce the
fluoride level. Removing fluoride through treatment is usually cost prohibitive for very
small systems.
Additional Information
The rule for fluoride is contained in 40 CFR 141.11,141.23,141.62.
"Removal of Excess Fluoride in Drinking Water," "Fluoridation Engineering
Manual," EPA, available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline:
1-800-426-4791.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
LEAD MATERIAL BAN
Lead is a metal which, in the past, has been used for water supply pipe, joints in
other pipe materials, and in alloy with other metals as solder in joining copper pipe and
in the manufacture of water supply fixtures. Lead has been identified as a cause of
central and peripheral nervous system damage, kidney effects, and can be highly toxic
to infants and the developing fetus of pregnant women. Lead in plumbing materials may
be leached into drinking water by corrosive water.
Does the Lead Material Ban apply to my community?
Yes, the use of solder containing more than 0.2% lead in the installation of new
plumbing in customers' facilities that are connected to the public water supply is
banned. The law applies only to plumbing which distributes drinking water and does
not require the removal of existing lead pipes or solder.
Timetable
On October 28,1987, specific public notice requirements were published as a
final rule.
MCLs
There is no MCL involved in the Lead Material Ban. See the section on Lead and
Copper for additional information.
Actions your community should have completed
-Complete a plumbing materials inventory in cooperation with your state
agency.
-Complete a set of tests (under the instructions of your state agency) to
identify the corrosion related factors in your water supply.
-Publish a notice about the lead ban and the information on corrosiveness
for the information of your customers. (This was to have been completed by
June 19,1988. In some states, a state-wide notice was published.)
-Consider adopting an ordinance or rule prohibiting the use of lead
materials in any new plumbing that is connected to your water system. In some
cases, a statewide plumbing code has met this requirement If your commu-
nity has adopted one of the national plumbing codes, (or are part of a
jurisdiction that has adopted a code), these codes have all been amended to
include the lead materials ban.
38-
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Actions your community should now be taking
-Inform customers involved in new construction or the replacement of
plumbing that the lead materials ban is in effect for your water system.
(Requiring a simple permit and inspection of new plumbing is one way some
communities carry out this information requirement.)
-Make information available to your customers on the actions they can take
to reduce lead levels in the water they consume in their own home.
-If your water supply is very corrosive, contact your state agency and/or
your community's engineer to plan for ways you can reduce the corrosive
impact of your water on the lead that may be contained in customers'
plumbing.
-If you have lead pipe or fixtures in your distribution system, consider
replacement with non-lead materials. Leaded joints in old cast iron or other
pipe is not considered to leach significant amounts of lead into the water.
Replacement is not required by the Lead Ban but may be required for systems
that continue to exceed the lead or copper action levels under the Lead
Copper Rule.
Additional Information
The statute for the Lead Material Ban is contained in the Safe Drinking Water
Act, section 1417(a)(l) & (2).
"Lead and Your Drinking Water," EPA, available from the National Safe
Drinking Water Hotline: 1-800-426-4791.
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WATER PROGRAM
DRINKING WATER
LEAD AND COPPER
Lead and copper are inorganic chemicals that are occasionally found in water
supplies and are frequently leached out of plumbing in water systems that have
corrosive water. Lead can cause central and peripheral nervous system damage, kidney
effects and be highly toxic to infants and in the developing fetus of pregnant women.
Copper causes taste problems and stains porcelain and can also cause stomach and
intestinal distress.
Timetable
Testing and MCL compliance for lead has been in effect for a number of years
prior to the 1986 SDWA Amendments for community water supplies. In June 1991,
EPA published new rules that deleted the MCL for lead but required that additional
sampling be done at customer taps. High levels of lead and copper at the customer
taps will trigger requirements of treatment of the water supply to reduce corrosivity;
public education should also be provided to help customers reduce their intake of lead
and copper.
Action levels per the new rule:
-The treatment technique requirements are triggered by exceedances of the
lead action level of 0.015 mg/1 or the copper action level of 1.3 mg/1 measured
in the 90th percentile.
-All public water systems are required to collect one sample for lead and
copper analysis from the following number of sites during each six month
monitoring period.
System Size No. of Sampling Sites No. of Sampling Sites
(Population) (Initial Base Monitoring) (Reduced Monitoring)
501 to 3,300 20 10
101 to 500 10 5
<100 5 5
The above samples must be collected per monitoring period. There are two
monitoring periods per calendar year, January to June and July to December.
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Compliance Deadlines
ACTION
SYSTEM SIZE
3,300-50,000 <3,300
Begin monitoring
Complete treatment study
(if required by State)
Recommend treatment to State
-Study not required
-Study required
Complete treatment installation
-Study not required
-Study required
Complete follow-up monitoring
-Study not required
-Sudy required
July 92
July 95
Jan 93
July 95
July 96
Jan 98
July 97
Jan 99
July 93
July 96
Jan 94
July 96
July 98
Jan 99
Jan 99
Jan 2000
41-
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Sample collection methods and Locations
-First flush tap water samples must stand motionless for at least six hours
before the samples are collected.
r
-One liter of water must be drawn from the cold water kitchen or bathroom
tap.
-Systems may collect samples or enlist residents to collect samples. Residents
fill the container supplied by the water system according to directions and
leave the container for the system to pick up.
-Begin tap water monitoring program by July 1993. Tap water samples must
be collected at high risk locations:
o homes with lead solder installed after 1982,
o homes with lead pipes,
o homes with lead service lines.
Additional Information
The regulations for lead and copper are contained in 40CFR
Parts 141 and 142.
"Fact Sheet: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations For Lead and
Copper" available from EPA.
National Drinking Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791
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WATER PROGRAMS
46
DRINKING WATER
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS (Non-Volatile)
Synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) are man-made compounds used for a
variety of industrial and agricultural purposes. For monitoring purposes, the SOCs are
divided into two groups - volatile synthetic organic chemicals (VOCs) and others which
are usually called pesticides and PCBs. This page will discuss SOCs that are not
volatile. VOCs will be discussed on a separate page. Also see the page on disinfection
by-products. SOC effects include damage to the nervous system, kidneys and cancer
risks.
Timetable (for revisions to regulations)
New regulations called Phase n were finalized January 30, 1991. These
regulations added 13 new SOCs and revised five SOCs. All community and NTNC
PWSs will be required to test for SOCs. For a PWS that is vulnerable to SOCs, quarterly
sampling is required beginning in 1993, the first compliance period (1993-1996) in the
first compliance cycle (1993-2001). If there are no detects of SOCs, the required
repeat sampling is: two quarterly samples beginning in the second compliance period
(1996) for PWSs greater than 3,300 people, or one quarterly sample also beginning in
the second compliance period for PWSs with less than 3,300 people.
It is the PWS's responsibility to perform the vulnerability assessment for SOCs.
The vulnerability assessment is mailed to the State with a request for a waiver. If a
waiver is granted by the S tate no monitoring is required for that compliance period. The
PWS must be granted a waiver before the year testing is required. Every compliance
period thereafter, the PWS must update the vulnerability assessment and be granted a
waiver. Several methods are required to test for all the SOCs, which adds
tremendously to the cost The PWS should perform the vulnerability assessment and
secure the waiver prior to the year monitoring is required to avoid a significant cost to
the system.
The Phase V regulations, which were finalized on July 17,1992, added 15 non-
volatile SOCs and three VOCs. The procedures and monitoring requirement s are the
same for these contaminants as required under the Phase n rule. Because EPA is
required to add contaminants to the list to be regulated on a regular schedule, SOCs
will probably be added to the list. The PWS will want to perform a vulnerability
assessment on these new SOCs and request a waiver to eliminate monitoring.
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MCLs
A separate page is included to list the MCLs for SOCs. These MCLs are not
enforceable in very small systems until 48 months after the final rules are published.
Actions your community should be taking
-Complete any sampling for currently regulated SOCs as required, if your
system uses surface water.
-Cooperate with your state agency to determine vulnerability of your water
supply to SOC contamination. If it is determined that you are non-vulnerable
(SOCs are not around to get in your supply) you will not have to sample for
SOCs.
-If your system is vulnerable, cooperate with your state agency to get the
first round of samples taken. Some states are doing this for very small systems.
If SOCs are not detected, you will not have to sample until the second
compliance period (1996-1999).
If your tests indicate levels of a SOC higher than the MCL (year
average), you are in violation of the MCL. You should:
-Continue quarterly sampling (at times of highest vulnerability, i.e., after
fertilizer application and a rain).
-Notify the state agency and complete public notices as required.
-Request an exemption from the state agency to allow the community to
continue to use the water supply while the solutions to the MCL violation are
being explored and any needed financing is being planned.
-Work with the state agency and/or your engineer to determine how SOCs
are getting into your water supply. If possible, eliminate the source of
contamination. If you must treat your water supply to remove the SOCs, work
with your engineer to choose the best available technology for treatment.
Additional Information
The rules for SOCs are contained in 40 CFR 141.11,141.23, and 141.62.
"Pesticides in Drinking Water Wells," EPA. (Agricultural Extension
Service offices also have useful pamphlets on pesticides.)
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Alachlor
Aldicarb*
Aldicarb Sulfoxidc *
Aldicarb Sulfone *
Atrizine
Carbofuran
Chlordane
2,4-D
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
Lindane
Methoxychlor
PCB's
Pentachlorophenol
Toxaphene
2,4,5-TP (SILVEX)
Acrylamide
Epichlorohydrin
Phase
0.002 mg/1
0.01 mg/1
0.01 mg/1
0.04 mg/1
0.003 mg/1
0.04 mg/1
0.002 mg/1
0.07 mg/1
0.0004 mg/1
0.0002 mg/1
0.0002 mg/1
0.4 mg/1
0.0005 mg/1
0.2 mg/1
0.005 mg/1
0.05 mg/1
Treatment Technique
Treatment Technique
""These have been suspended, and will not be enforceable under
current regulations.
Phase V (SOCs)
Endrin
Dalapon
Diquat
EndothaU
Glyphosate
Di (Ethylehexyl) Adipate
2,3,7,8-TCDD(Dioxin)
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Oxamyl (Vydate)
Simazine
PAH's [Benzo(a)pyrene]
Hexachlorobenzene
Di(ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Picloram
Dinoseb
0.002 mg/1
0.2 mgA
0.02 mg/1
0.1 mg/1
0.7 mgA
0.4 mg/1
3 x 10 (-8) mg/1
0.05 mg/1
0.2 mg/1
0.004 mg/1
0.0002 mg/1
0.001 mg/1
0.006 mg/1
0.5 mg/1
0.007 me/1
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WATER PROGRAMS
46
DRINKING WATER
VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals (VOCs) are man-made compounds used
for a variety of industrial and manufacturing purposes. VOCs tend to be in a gaseous
form under conditions that may occur in a water system and then separate from the
water supply. VOCs have various effects on the liver, kidneys, nervous system and
some pose a cancer risk.
Do the VOC regulations apply to my community?
Yes, the initial Volatile Organic Chemical (VOC) rule became effective on
January 9, 1989. This rule, called Phase I, set maximuni containment levels (MCLs)
for 8 VOCs and required all community and non-transient, non-community water
supply systems to monitor for, and if necessary, treat their supply to remove these
chemicals. VOC monitoring requirements were revised on June 30, 1991 to
synchronize them with other VOC monitoring requirements in a new set of regulations
called Phase It. This rule set MCLs for 10 additional VOCs. Other Phase n regulations
became effective July 30, 1992. More new regulations, called Phase V, added 3 new
VOCs. The Phase V rule becomes effective on January 3 1 , 1994.
The VOC MCLs are listed below.
Phase I - Effective January 9, 1989
VOC
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Para-Dichlorobenzene
1,1-Dichloroethylene
1 ,1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
MCL fmg/n
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.075
0.007
0.20
0.005
0.002
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Phase H - Effective July 30,1992
VOC MCL
o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6
cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene 0.07
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.1
1,2-Dichloropropane 0.005
Ethylbenzene 0.7
Monochlorobenzene 0.1
Styrene 0.1
Tetrachloroethylene 0.005
Toluene 1
Xylenes 10
Phase V Effective January 30, 1994*
voc
M n.
Dichloromethane
1,2,4-Trichlorbenzene
1,1,2-Trichlorethane
0.005
0.07
0.005
'"Public water supply systems with 150 or more
service connections must begin monitoring in the
January 1.1993 to December 31.1995 time period.
Monitoring Requirements
A major feature introduced in Phase n is its plan for synchronizing compliance
monitoring across several existing and upcoming rules. Under this Standardized
Monitoring Framework, the various monitoring frequencies for most source-related
contaminants will be coordinated within compliance periods of three years each.
Some monitoring and related system activities, such as vulnerability assessments, will
occur at intervals which may span across up to three of these three-year periods,
fonning a nine-year compliance cycle. The first compliance cycle and the initial
compliance period both begin on January 1,1993.
Other features of Phase n monitoring requirements include:
Sampling location - Groundwater systems must sample at entry points to the
distribution system which are representative of each well after any application of
treatment. Surface water systems must sample at points within the distribution
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system which are representative of each source of at entry points to the distribution
system after any application of treatment. Samples must be analyzed by a state-
certified lab.
Initial sampling frequency - All systems must sample at a base (or minimum)
frequency which is specific for a contaminant or contaminant group. The state may
grant monitoring waivers (as discussed below) and may allow a system to substitute
suitable previous monitoring data for this initial monitoring. In the initial
compliance period, the actual year in which a system samples will be determined
by the state.
Repeat sampling frequency - In general, if a system does not detect
contaminants in initial samples, then repeat sampling frequencies will be lower than
initial frequencies. Repeat monitoring requirements are generally the same for all
systems regardless of system size or water source.
Trigger to increase monitoring - If contaminants are detected in any sample, the
system must begin quarterly sampling until the state determines that subsequent
results are "reliably and consistently" below the MCL. At least two to four samples
must be taken before this determination may be made. Detection is defined
separately for various contaminants or contaminant groups at either the MCL, 50
oercednt of the MCL, or at the analytical method detection limit.
Monitoring waivers - Sampling frequencies may also be reduced or eliminated
if the system obtains a waiver based on: 1) previous sampling results, and/or 20 an
assessment of the system's vulnerability to each specific contaminant. There are
two types of waivers based on vulnerability assessments:
Use waiver A sysetem may be eligible for a waiver it it can show that a
contaminant has not been used, manufactured and/or stored within a certain area
around the system's water source. If use cannot be determined, a use waiver cannot
be granted.
Susceptibility waiver Even if a system is not eligible for a use waiver, it
may be eligible for a waiver based on its susceptibility in terms of source
protection, wellhead protection program reports, previous sample results,
environmental transport and fate of the contaminant, andelevated nitrate levels. If
susceptibility cannot be determined, this type of waiver cannot be granted
Unregulated contaminant monitoring - Phase n also contains one-time
monitoring requirements for 30 other contaminants during the initial period which
begins on January 1,1993. Systems must take one year of quarterly samples for
organic contaminants, and one sample for inorganic contaminants. No MCLs have
been set for these contaminants, and no further monitoring is required if these
chemical are detected. Systems only need to report the results of this monitoring to
the state. Systems with less than 150 service connections may request a waiver
from the State.
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Additional Information
The rules for VOC are contained in 40 CFR 141.11,141.23,141.62.
National Safe Drinking Water Act Hotline, 1-800/426-4791.
Compliance Monitoring Requirements
Contaminant
Asbestos
Nitrate
Nitrite
5 Inorganics
ISVOCs
17 Pesticides
andPCBs
Unregulated
-6 lOCs
- 24SOCs
Base Requirement
Ground wattr Surface water
1 Sample every 9 years
Annual 1 Quarterly
After 1 year < 50% of MCL. SWS
may reduce to an annual sample
1 Sample: If < 50% of MCL,
state discretion
1 Sample every Annual sample
3 years
4 Quarterly samples every 3 years
Annual after 1 year of no detects
4 Quarterly samples every 3 years
After 1 round of no detects: systems
>3300 reduce to 2 samples per year
every 3 years; systems S 3300
reduce to 1 sample every 3 years
1 Sample
4 Consecutive quarterly samples
Trigger that
Increases
Sampling
>MCL
* 50% MCL
* 50% MCL
> MCL
> 0.0005 mg/L
Method
Detection
Limit
(MDL)
N.A.
Waivers
for Base
Requirements
YES
Based on VA1
NO
NO
YES
Based on analytical .
results of 3 rounds !
YES
Based on V,V
YES
Based on VA'
YES
Based on VA1
1 VA « Vulnerability Assessment
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
COLIFORM MONITORING
Bacteria from sewage and animal wastes have presented the most frequent and
immediate health risks to public water supplies over the years. Coliform bacteria,
specifically the presence of fecal and E. coli bacteria, are used as the best and most
easily tested for indicator of potentially harmful bacteria in the water.
Does the Coliform Monitoring rule apply to my community?
Yes, all community public water systems must submit samples for coliform
bacteria testing on a regular monthly basis. Failure to submit samples, meet the MCL,
and report non-compliance are all violations of the rule.
Timetable
Your community has been required to test for coliform bacteria for many years.
The 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act caused new rules to be
published that change some of the procedures for testing, change the MCL, and require
certain public notification related to coliform monitoring. These rules were published
in final form on June 29,1989, and became effective December 31,1990.
MCLs
The MCL is based on the presence or absence of total coliforms in a sample (the
old MCL was based on an estimate of coliform density). Thepresenceoftotalcoliform
bacteria indicates the possible presence of fecal and disease-causing bacteria. A
small water system may have no more than one coliform-positive sample per month.
Monitoring Requirements
You are required to submit one routine sample per month for your system.
(Carefully follow procedures for sampling provided by your testing laboratory or the
state agency.). Samples are to be from different customer taps from month to month.
If the sample tests positive for total coliforms, you must (within 24 hours of
notification of the result) collect four repeat samples. These repeat samples must be
collected within five service connections of the original sample with at least one being
at the original location, at least one upstream and at least one downstream. If total
coliforms are detected in any repeat sample, your water system is in violation of the
MCL and you must notify the state agency no later than the end of the next business
day that you learned of the violation.
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If fecal coliforms or E. coli are identified in a sample in a month that the water
system violates the MCL, it becomes an acute violation and you must notify the state
agency the same day you receive the results. During the month following one or more
positive coliform samples, you must collect five routine samples. The state may
choose to require more than one routine sample per month.
A sanitary survey of your system is required, at least every five years (usually
done by the state). The initial survey must be completed by June 29,1994. Without
the sanitary survey, you would have to collect five routine samples every month.
Actions your community should be taking
If your system is not having total coliform positive tests:
-Continue to submit regular samples and review results.
-Maintain a good operation and maintenance program for your water system
including regular line flushing at fire hydrants and on dead ends.
If your system has a coliform-positive sample result:
-Immediately take and process your repeat samples.
-Carefully review your sample taking procedures to be sure you are not
accidentally contaminating the samples.
-Call your state agency and ask for help to locate any possible sources of
contamination.
-Follow the state agency's direction in issuing public notices and any state
emergency measures that may be required.
Additional Information
The rule for coliform monitoring is primarily contained in 40 CFR 141.21 &
141.63, and public notice rules in 40 CFR 141.32.
National Safe Drinking Water Act Hotline 800-426-4791
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
SURFACE WATER TREATMENT RULE
The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) was published in the
Federal Register on June 29,1989. It became effective on December 31,1990.
This rule requires water treatment in lieu of water testing because it regulates
contaminants which are difficult to detect and pose acute health risks.
Under this rule, disinfection and filtration are required for surface water
systems and for groundwater systems under the direct influence (UDI) of surface
water. These systems must install filtration if the microbiological, turbidity and
other standards in this rule are not met. All surface water systems must disinfect.
Does the Surface Water Treatment Rule apply to my
community?
Yes, it applies to all Public Water Supply Systems (community and non-
community) using a surface water source (i.e. water open to the atmosphere and
subject to surface runoff) or a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface
water.
Water Treatment Requirements
Specific enforceable MCL standards for these microbial contaminants are not
established in this rule. Instead, treatment will be required for surface water systems.
Criteria to be met by systems seeking to avoid filtration *
Although all surface water systems are required to filter their water,
unfiltered systems may avoid this requirement as long as they meet certain source
water quality and system operation criteria. These criteria are given in the following
table. The water supply source must not exceed bacterial and other standards before
the water is treated. The effectiveness of disinfection will be demonstrated in part by
the amount of disenfectant in treated water and the length of time it is in contact with
the water before reaching the first customer.
'Please note that Missouri's regulations do not allow any system using
surface water or groundwater under the influence of surface water to avoid
filtration.
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The water system must also operate in a way which minimizes the risk that
the supply will be susceptible to microbiological contamination:
-System must maintain a watershed control program.
-System must have no more than 2 monthly total coliform MCL violations in
any consecutive 2 month period.
-System must have no history of waterbome disease outbreaks.
-System serving 10,000 or more people must be in compliance with Total
Trihalomethane requirements.
Criteria for filtered systems
Systems which filter their water must ensure that the overall filtration and
disinfection process they use is performing effectively as demonstrated by turbidity
and disinfection criteria. These criteria are given in the table below. As with
unfiltered systems, effectiveness will be demonstrated in part by the amount of
disinfectant and the length of time it is in contact with the water before reaching the
first customer.
Unfiltered System Criteria
Criterion
Source water quality
Coliforms
Turbidity
Disinfection
Giardia
Viruses
Residual
Coliform Sampling
25-501 persons serve4
501-3300
3301-10,000
10,000-25,000
Standard
acceptable
<5NTU
99.9% effective
99.99% effective
0.2 mg/1 at entry
I/week
2/week
3/week
4/week
Filtered System Criteria
Criterion
Turbidity
Disinfection
Giardia
Viruses
Residual
Standard
<5 NTU at all times
<0.5NTUin95%ofall
samples
99.9% effective
99.99% effective
0.2 mg/1 at entry
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Compliance
Systems are given time to comply with the water quality standards and
treatment requirements of this rule. Specific dates are given in the following table.
Surface water (SW) systems (See earlier note*)
- Unfiltered systems must meet monitoring requirements within 18 months
after the rule becomes effective.
- Unfiltered systems must meet criteria to avoid filtration within 30 months
after the rule becomes effective.
- Beginning 30 months after the rule becomes effective, unfiltered systems
which fail to meet any criteria to avoid filtration must install filtration within 18
months of such failure.
- Filtered systems must meet monitoring and tratment performance re-
quirements beginning 48 months after the rule becomes effective.
Groundwater systems under direct influence of surface water
(GW-UDI)
-States will determine which community water systems are under direct
influence of surface water within 5 years after the rule becomes effective.
System Type
SW-UF
SW-UF
SW-UF
SW-F
GW-UDI
Compliance Dates
Requirement
Begin monitoring
Meet all criteria to
avoid filtration
Install filtration if
required to filter
Performance and
monitoring
State must notify
Date
12/31/90
12/31/91
6/29/93
6/29/93
6/29/94
system that it is UDI
Additional Information
The rules for surface water treatment are contained in 40 CFR 141.71(b).
EPA's "Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfec-
tion Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water." Call
the Safe Drinking Water Act Hotline: 1-800/426-4791.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
RADIONUCLIDES
Radionuclides are radioactive particles that occur naturally in areas of uranium
and radium deposits and in waste from man made processes. Radionuclides, even in
very small concentrations, pose a cancer risk.
Does the Radionuclides regulation apply to my community?
Yes, radionuclides have been regulated since 1976 with MCLs currently set for
four types. All community public water systems must test for radionuclides every four
years.
Timetable (for revision of regulation)
Proposed regulations were published in July 1991 that will add MCLs for two
additional radionuclides (Radon and Uranium). Final new rules may be published in
late 1993. Systems will begin to monitor under the new radionuclide rules in 1996.
Until then, continue to monitor under the old rules.
MCLs
The following are current MCLs for radionuclides and the levels that are
proposed. The units of measure are peculiar to radioactivity and represent very small
quantities.
Current MCL MCL Likely to be Promised
Gross Alpha Particle Activity 15 pCi/1
Beta Particle & Photon Activity 4 mrem/yr.
Combined Radium - 226 & 228 5 pCi/1
Radium - 226
Radium - 228
Uranium
Radon
15 pCi/1
4 mrem/yr
20pCi/l
20 pCi/1
20 ug/1
300pCi/l
Actions your community should be taking
Submit samples as required for routine testing. The monitoring process requires
one sample every three months for one year (four samples in total). Unless test results
indicate radionuclide values above or near the MCL, the test is repeated only every four
years. Mark your calendar a few months prior to the four year time limit to remind
yourself to test.
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Compliance with the MCL is based on an average of the four quarterly samples.
If your tests indicate levels of radionuclides higher than the
MCL, you should:
-Ask the state agency if you should resample to confirm the test results. The
state may also require you to continue quarterly sampling until the MCL level
is met.
-Follow your state agency's instructions regarding when and what type of
public notice you need to give.
-Request an exemption from the state agency to allow the community to
continue to use the water supply while solutions to the MCL violation are
being explored and any needed financing is being planned.
-Start working with your state agency and/or engineer to consider options
to eliminate the radionuclides from your system. In nearly all small
community water systems, finding a different source of water supply is the
most economical solution to a radionuclide problem.
-Remember that exposure to radionuclides at levels found in water is a risk
over long term exposure. It is not an acute risk for short periods of time. Don't
panic or start unrealistic fears. Do proceed to work out a reasonable and
affordable solution to your drinking water supply.
Additional Information
The rule for radionuclides is contained in 40 CFR 141.11,141.23,141.62.
"A Study of Possible Economical Ways of Removing Radium From Drinking
Water" is available from EPA by calling the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at
1-800-426-4791.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
DISINFECTION AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS
Disinfectants (such as chlorine) are the primary defense against diseases caused
by microbiological contaminants in public water systems. More than 90% of surface
water supply systems disinfect their water while less than half of the ground water
supplies are disinfected. Although disinfection is the single most important treatment
technique in use in public water supplies, the disinfectants themselves can react with
organic materials in water supplies to form disinfection by-products (DBFs) which
may prove to contaminate the water with compounds that increase cancer risk.
Do the Disinfection and Disinfection By-products regulations
apply to my community?
Yes, all community and NTNC public water systems will be required to
disinfect their water, with allowance for variances if the water comes from sources
that are determined not to be at risk from microbiological contamination. Monitor-
ing for DBFs will be limited to systems that are determined vulnerable to their
development.
Timetable
Surface water supplies are now covered by final rules on filtration and
disinfection that were published on June 29, 1989. These rules require disinfection
of all surface water supplies and become effective over the next three years as
determined by state schedules. Rules for general disinfection of all drinking water
supplies are expected to be proposed in June 1993 and will include MCLs for a number
of disinfectants and disinfection by-products. At present, three disinfection by-
products (trihalomethanes) are regulated but only in community supplies of 10,000 or
greater population.
MCLs
Proposed MCLs have not yet been circulated. The MCL for total
trihalomethanes is 0.1 mg/1.
Actions your community should be taking
-If your water supply is surface water, contact your state agency to determine
your schedule for compliance with the filtration and disinfection rules.
-If your water supply is groundwater and you are now adding a disinfectant,
start regular disinfectant residual tests (weekly or monthly) at some consumer
taps to determine how much disinfection is available at the "end-of-the-line"
in your system. This will help you plan for modifications in your disinfection
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to meet any new standards that are required.
-If your water supply is groundwater and you are not adding a disinfectant
now, the following steps may help in your planning:
o Check your coliform bacteria tests over the past three or four years. A
history with some coliform positive tests are likely to require you to
disinfect
o If you have no coliform-positive tests, keep it that way by following a
proper sampling procedure and through good maintenance and operation
of your water supply and distribution systems. You may be able to ask for
an exemption to the new disinfection rule.
o Look at and price different equipment for disinfection. For most
small systems, chlorination provided through gas, liquid solutions or
granular compounds are the methods used. Costs vary and may not be out
of reach for your community. Your state agency, engineer or an equip-
ment supply firm can help you with this information.
o Visit neighboring communities that are disinfecting and see how they
do it and what it costs.
Additional Information
The authority for Disinfectants and DBFs are in Section 1412 (b) (8). of the
SDWA.
"Protecting Our Drinking Water From Microbes," EPA, available by calling
the National Drinking Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
PUBLIC NOTIFICATION
With the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act, Congress requires that
public drinking water systems notify their customers when drinking water standards
are violated. The purpose of public notification is to inform consumers of any potential
adverse health effects and to describe what steps consumers can take to minimize the
impact It should also educate the consumer about the needs of the public water system
to assure the delivery of safe drinking water.
Do the Public Notification rules apply to my community?
Yes, the Safe Drinking Water Act requires owners (or operators) of all commu-
nity public drinking water systems to notify the persons they serve if certain violations
of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations or certain other specified events
occur.
Timetable
Public Notification rules are now in effect for all contaminants that your
community is required to monitor. As new contaminants are regulated and
monitoring is required in your community, you are also required to give public
notification when violations occur. This information describes the Federal Rules.
Your state may add requirements for your area.
Types of violations requiring Public Notification
There are six violations or events that require Public Notification:
1. Failure to comply with an applicable maximum contaminant level (MCL)
2. Failure to comply with a prescribed treatment technique
3. Failure to perform water quality monitoring (testing) as required by the
regulations
4. Failure to comply with testing procedures as prescribed by a National
Primary Drinking Water Regulation
5. Issuance of a variance or an exemption
6. Failure to comply with the requirements of any schedule that has been set
under a variance or exemption
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Notification Procedures
The method, timing and frequency of notifying the public varies based on the
level" of the violation and the availability of the public communication media.
There are two "levels" of violation. Tier 1 violations include numbers 1,2 and 6 listed
above, namely, failure to comply with an MCL; failure to comply with a treatment
technique; failure to comply with a schedule prescribed under a variance or exemption.
Tier 2 violations are less serious and have simpler notification requirements.
They include numbers 3, 4 and 5 listed above, namely, failure to comply with
monitoring requirements; failure to comply with testing procedures; operating under
a variance or exemption.
Tier 1 violations are subdivided into "acute" and "non-acute" violations.
"Acute" risks are those that involve an immediate risk to human health. These are
violations specified by the state agency and presently must include violations of the
MCL for nitrate and/or nitrite, violations of the MCL for total coliforms when fecal
conforms or E. coli are present, and occurrences of a waterborne disease outbreak
in an unfiltered surface water system.
Actions your community should take
If you are informed of test results that indicate you are in violation of an MCL
or you are informed of another violation, immediately contact your state agency and
notify them of the violation and ask their direction in proceeding with public
notification. (Note: the state agency may declare a sample invalid or require a check
sample before confirming a violation and thereby ask you to delay public notifica-
tion.)
Methods of Notification
Communities with a daily (or weekly) newspaper of general circulation
(received by most households) in the community:
Tier 1 violations
1. Provide notice within 14 days of the violation through the newspaper, AND
2. Provide notice by direct mail or hand delivery within 45 days of the violation.
Repeat this notice every three months as long as the violation continues, AND
3. For ACUTE VIOLATIONS ONLY - Deliver notice to the principal
television and radio station serving the area within 72 hours following the
violation.
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Tier 2 violations
1. Provide notice within three months of the violation through the newspaper,
AND
2. Provide notice by mail or hand delivery within three months of the initial
notice. Repeat this notice every three months as long as the violation
continues.
Methods of Notification
Communities without a newspaper
Tier 1 violations
1. For ACUTE VIOLATIONS ONLY - Provide notice by hand delivery or
by posting within 72 hours of the violation, AND
2. For non-acute violations - Provide notice by hand delivery or by posting
within 14 days of the violation, AND
3. Repeat the notice by hand delivery every three months or by continuous
posting for the duration of the violation.
TierZviolations
Provide notice by hand delivery or by posting within three months of the
violation. Repeat the notice by hand delivery every three months or by
continuous posting for the duration of the violation.
Information that must be included in the Public Notice:
1. Must provide a clear and readily understandable explanation of the
violation.
2. Must include information about any potential adverse health effects.
3. Must contain information about the population at risk.
4. Must contain information about the steps being taken to correct the
problem.
5. Must contain information about the necessity of seeking alternative water
supplies, if any.
6. Must include any preventive measures that should be taken until the
violation is corrected.
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7. Must be clear and conspicuous.
, 8. Must not contain unduly technical language.
9. Must not contain unduly small print
10. Must not create problems that frustrate the purpose of the public
notification.
11. Must include a phone number of the owner, operator, or someone to
contact at the public water system as a source of additional information.
12. Where appropriate, notices must be multi-lingual.
Additional Information
The rules for Public Notification are contained in 40 CFR 141,142, and 143.
"General Public Notification for Public Water Systems," EPA, available by
calling the National Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 1-800-426-4791 for a free
copy. The chart (modified) on the following page is taken from this manual.
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Checklist of Public Notification Requirements for
Community Water Systems
Part A: Determine your notification requirements for each violation by
circling all that apply.
Public Notification Requirements
Violation Category Type1
1 2
Mandatory Health Effects
Information Required
(A11PWSS)
Yes
No
TIER 1
Yes
TIER 2
No
Yes
Yes
Notice of New Billing Units
(CWSs Only)
Yes
No
TIER 1
Yes
TIER 2
No
Yes
No
Types of PWS
TIER 1&2
Community
Time Frame within which notice
must be given (Initial notice is
72 hours after the violation, with
repeat notices of 7,14, and 45 days,
3 months, and annually, until
violation is resolved.)
TIER 1
Acute Violation:
TV and radio, no repeat
Newspaper, no repeat
Mail or hand delivery
quarterly repeat
Non-acute Violations:
Newspaper, no repeat
Mail or hand delivery
TIER 2
Newspaper, Quarterly and repeat by
by mail or hand delivery
Footnote:
1. For Tier 1, the numbers 1-3 stand for "MCL," 'Treatment Technique," and
"Variance or Exemption Schedule Violation," respectively. For Tier 2, the numbers
1-3 stand for "Monitoring," "Testing Procedure," and "Variance or Exemption
Issued," respectively.
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Part B: Check each item below that appears in the notice you have prepared.
When all appropriate items have been checked, your notice should meet the require-
ments established for General Public Notification.
Notice Contents
The notice provides a clear and readily understandable
explanation of the:
- violation;
- potential adverse health effects (mandatory health effects language);
- population;
- steps the system is taking to correct the violation;
- necessity of seeking alternative water supplies (if any); and
- preventive measures the consumer should take until the violation is
corrected.
The notice:
- is clear and conspicuous in design;
- contains non-technical language;
- uses print that is easily read;
- content creates no problems that would frustrate the purpose of public
notification;
- contains the telephone number of the owner, operator, or designee of the
public water system as a source of additional information; and
- contains multi-lingual information, where appropriate.
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
Regulatory Development Schedule
An important part of planning is knowing the specific regulations that will
affect your particular community and its public water system(s), and further,
knowing when these regulations will be in effect and enforced in your community.
Following is the most recent schedule for the development of the new regulations.
Rule Status Effective
Fluoride Final 10/87
Lead Ban (SDWA 1417) Final 06/86
Phase I Volatile Organics Final 01/89
Public Notification Final 04/89
Surface Water Treatment Rule Final 12/90
Total Coliform Rule Final 12/90
Phase H lOCs and SOC Final 07/92
Lead/Copper Final 12/92
Phase V lOCs and SOCs Final 1/94
Phase m Radionuclides Proposed 1994
Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products TBP 19%
Additional List Contaminants TBP 1997
- TBP means To Be Proposed
- IOC means Inorganic Chemicals
- SOC means Synthetic Organic Chemicals
- Some effective dates are phased-in by system size (see below)
- EPA Rules are generally effective 18 months after being finalized
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WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL
The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program is authorized by the Safe
Drinking Water Act. The program is primarily preventative in nature and regulates
such aspects as siting, construction, operation, monitoring, and testing of various
types of wells used to inject fluids underground. Five classes of wells are recognized,
including:
Class I - Used to inject industrial, municipal or hazardous wastes below the
lowest underground source of drinking water (USDW).
Class n - Used to inject fluids associated with oil and natural gas production.
Class HI - Used to inject fluids for extraction for minerals such as salt and
uranium
Class IV - Used to inject hazardous or radioactive wastes into or above aUSDW.
Class V - Wells not otherwise classified and generally used to inject non-
hazardous fluid into or above a USDW.
Class I, n, and HI wells have been generally accounted for and are regulated
by primacy states or direct implementation programs administered by EPA Region
VII. In Region Vn, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska have primacy for UIC
programs; Iowa is under direct implementation.
Class IV and V well occurrence is not as well documented since they can be
difficult to locate. There are a variety of constructions and uses for class IV and V
wells, including deep cased wells, seepage pits, cesspools, and septic tanks with
lateral (tile) fields. Wells or septic tanks handling strictly domestic wastewater and
serving fewer than 20 persons a day are exempt from UIC regulation. If a well is
identified as Class IV handling hazardous or radioactive wastes, closure is required
unless it is part of an authorized groundwater cleanup and then it needs to be reported
to the UIC program for permitting. Class IV and V wells can serve virtually any type
of industrial or commercial facility including automotive service stations, lawn
services, laundries and dry cleaners, transportation and road facilities, local weed
control authorities, photo processing labs, electroplating companies, printers and
lithographers, chemical plants, electronics manufacturers, pharmaceutical plants,
food processors, and much more.
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Additional Information:
Regional Contact:
UIC Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7032
State Contact:
Underground Injection Control Unit
Division of Geology & Land Survey
Missouri DNR
P.O. Box 250
Rolla, MO 65401
1-314-368-2167
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WATER PROGRAMS
WELLHEAD PROTECTION
The 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) call upon
each state to develop a Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program. This legislation
established a nation-wide program to encourage states to develop systematic and
comprehensive programs within their jurisdictions to protect public water supply
(PWS) wells and wellfields from contamination.
The statute specifies that all states will participate. However, the EPA has no
authority to establish a WHP Program if a state chooses to forego action on its own.
There are no sanctions against states that do not participate. States are encouraged to
participate and to exercise individual discretion in developing methods of protecting
ground water used for drinking water.
Under SDWA, Section 1428, each state must develop a WHP Program that
consists of several elements. At a minimum, each state's WHP Program must:
-Specify roles and duties of state agencies, local government entities, and
public water suppliers, with respect to WHP Programs;
-Delineate the wellhead protection area (WHPA) for each wellhead;
-Identify sources of contaminants within each WHPA;
-Develop management approaches to protect the water supply within
WHPAs from such contaminants;
-Develop contingency plans for each public water supply system to respond
to well or wellfield contamination;
-Site new wells properly to maximize yield and minimize potential
contamination; and
-Ensure public participation.
Actions your community should be taking
The Environmental Protection Agency has responsibility for approving
WHP programs and for providing technical support to state and local
governments. States shall develop and implement WHP programs that meet the
requirements of the SDWA Amendments. Local governments should develop
WHP plans that protect their public drinking water supply from contaminants.
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An effective local program needs participation at all levels of government and
should use the state-approved WHP program as a means to accomplish this.
Local governments typically implement zoning decisions, develop land-use
plans, oversee building and fire codes, implement health requirements, supply water
and sewer services, and enforce police powers. Each of these local powers may be used
to protect the quality of local aquifers.
Local cities and counties are also often the innovators in developing wellhead
protection programs by applying combinations of management techniques (e.g.,
zoning and source prohibitions) to meet unique local conditions. Localities often
protect groundwater as part of larger projects, such as developing growth manage-
ment plans or economic development efforts. In close cooperation with regional,
State and Federal agencies, local governments can take positive steps to protect
their wellhead areas.
Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Wellhead Protection Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7033
State Contact:
Public Drinking Water Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-5331
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WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
State Revolving Fund Loan Program
The 1987 Amendments to the Clean Water Act authorized the Admin-
istrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to make grants (called
capitalization grants) to the states for deposit in State Water Pollution Control
Revolving Funds (SRF). Using the SRF, states can provide loans and other
types of non-grant financial assistance to communities and intermunicipal
and interstate agencies for the construction of publicly-owned wastewater
treatment facilities, and for implementation of nonpoint source management
programs and groundwater pollution control programs.
Each SRF is primarily state-designed and operated, with minimal
federal requirements beyond those specified by law. In addition to federal
funds, which continue to be placed in state SRFs through 1994, states must
provide a 20% match. Loans must be at or below market interest rate, and
must be paid back within 20 years of project initiation of operation.
Additional Information
U. S. EPA State Revolving Fund Program Implementation Regulations,
40CFR35.
Regional Contact:
State Contact:
SRF Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7031
Water Pollution Control Program
Missouri DNR
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-1300
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WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION
SYSTEM (NPDES)
Public Law 92-500 amended the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1972
(later amended and renamed the Clean Water Act). It established a national policy to
restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's
waters. The U.S. EPA or the state environmental control agency has responsibility for
administering NPDES permits. These permits are issued to operators discharging any
pollutant (including wastewater effluent) to State/U.S. waters (such as streams, lakes,
wetlands, etc.) If, however, the operator can effectively establish a non-point
discharge of domestic wastewater effluent, requirements and responsibility for NPDES
may be minimized.
Specific terms and conditions for a NPDES permit vary from state to state, but
each primacy state must administer the program to meet minimum EPA standards. In
addition, permit requirements within a given state may also vary because of different
geological conditions, the beneficial uses of the receiving water and other factors at the
discharge site.
Actions your community should be taking
Maximize community awareness and education concerning wastewater col-
lection and disposal, available solution alternatives, funding resources and proce-
dures for implementing the most appropriate wastewater collection and treatment
facility. Numerous technical and administrative resources are available at little or
no cost to the community.
Because Missouri has primacy, DNR must be contacted directly concerning
administration of federal requirements. Missouri regulations require both construc-
tion and operating permits for most wastewater treatment facilities and water
contamination sources.
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Additional Information
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (33 U.S.C. 1342).
EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System, 40 CFR 122.
Regional Contact:
NPDES Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-931-551-7034
State Contact:
Permit Section
Water Pollution Control Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-6825
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WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
SECONDARY TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER
Secondary treatment is the minimum treatment requirement for most Publicly
Owned Treatment Works (POTW). Secondary treatment, among other things,
requires that effluent concentration of five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD,) and
total suspended solids not exceed 30 mg/1 as a 30-day average. Some states allow higher
total suspended solids limits if certain conditions are met. In general, at a minimum, the
treatment process must be a stabilization pond.
Does the secondary treatment regulation apply to my community?
Yes, all treatment facilities that discharge to waters of the U.S. must comply.
Beneficial uses of the receiving waters may necessitate higher quality effluent be
discharged or possibly require no point discharge.
Actions your community should be taking
If a wastewater treatment plant discharges to waters of the State/United States
(such as streams, lakes, wetlands, etc.), it is required to have a National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. States may have slightly different
names for their permit programs. The permit will specify effluent limitations and
monitoring requirements.
If a POTW cannot meet the effluent limitations specified in the permit, it may be
necessary to upgrade the treatment facility, review operational improvements, and/or
improve the sewer collection system to correct excess inflow/infiltration problems.
If you suspect a problem, notify the organization you feel appropriate, starting
with the POTW itself, community officials, county sanitarians, or state officials
responsible for water quality and/or wastewater discharge permits.
Because Missouri has primacy, DNR must be contacted directly concerning
administration of federal requirements. States may have more stringent effluent
requirements for specific streams or watersheds in order to comply with State Water
Quality Standards.
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Additional Information:
U. S. EPA Secondary Treatment regulation, 40 CFR 133.
Regional Contact:
Water Compliance Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7034
State Contact:
Permit Section
Water Pollution Control Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-6825
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WASTEWATER
SEWAGE SLUDGE* USE AND DISPOSAL
.Municipal wastewater sludge is a by-product of the wastewater treatment
process. Sludge regulations ensure that sewage sludge is handled properly and is
of sufficient quality for use as a soil conditioner, fertilizer, or other intended use.
Do the sewage sludge regulations apply to my community?
Yes, the regulations apply if the wastewater treatment system includes any
form of central treatment or mechanical plant, including a lagoon, which will need to
be cleaned. The regulations do not apply if individual on-site septic systems are used.
Septage from the individual on-site systems must be properly disposed.
Timetable
The final regulations are due out in late 1992. If you can meet the requirements
of the sludge regulations without construction you must do this within 12 months of
the final regulation. However, if construction is required you will have 24 months from
the effective date of the regulation.
Actions your community should be taking
Be aware of restrictions covering proper use of the sewage sludge land
application (both agricultural and non-agricultural) or distribution and marketing, and
proper disposal (landfilling, incineration, and surface disposal). Contaminated sludge
or poor disposal practices can pose a threat to public health and the environment.
Monitoring is required and specified in the NPDES permit
*The term, "Biosolids," may be used instead of "sludge" in some literature.
Additional Information
State Sludge Management Program Regulations are contained in 40 CFR
501. Proposed Federal Regulations for sewage sludge are contained in 40
CFR 503.
EPA's Policy Promoting The Beneficial Use Of Sewage Sludge and The New
Proposed Technical Sludge Regulations, June 1989.
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'Regional Contact:
Sludge Program
Water Managment Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7034
State Contact:
Permit Section
Water Pollution Control Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-6825
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WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
PRETREATMENT REQUIREMENTS
Pretreatment refers to those measures taken to prevent pollutants, from sources
other than conventional domestic wastewater, entering the wastewater system. Pre-
treatment is the treatment of a waste before it is discharged into the sanitary sewer. A
pretreatment program includes ordinances, education, inspections, monitoring, and
enforcement.
Pretreatment requirements, in other words, control pollutants which are incom-
patible or will interfere with the treatment process or pass-through the POTW and
cause problems in the receiving stream or lake. In addition, pretreatment requirements
will improve opportunities to recycle and reclaim domestic and industrial wastewaters
and sludges.
Do the Pretreatment requirements apply to my community?
Traditionally, the smaller POTWs with individual discharges are not required
to establish local pretreatment programs. If the community has non-domestic users
(such as sawmills, food processing plants, metal finishers, etc.) discharging pollutants
that could pass through the POTW untreated or interfere with operations, the commu-
nity may have to implement a pretreatment program to satisfy the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit requirements.
Your current NPDES permit does contain a section on prohibited discharges and
industrial waste. These are pretreatment requirements and are designed to insure that
you protect your POTW.
If the rule applies to my community, what should I do?
If you are required to establish a pretreatment program your municipality will
need to establish local ordinances implementing the pretreatment requirements, and
identify a person responsible for insuring the program is administered and enforced.
Discharge limitations are developed and enforced by POTWs to implement
prohibitions and to protect the POTW. They are site specific to ensure pretreatment
standards are in place to protect the POTW, the receiving stream and municipal sludge
quality.
If your community wants to establish a local pretreatment program, and is not
required to through your NPDES permit, contact your state agency or EPA for
assistance.
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Because Missouri has primacy, DNR must be contacted directly concerning
administration of federal requirements.
Additional Information
Pretreatment Final Rule, 40 CFR 403.
Regional Contact:
Pretreatment Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7034
State Contact:
Permits Program
Water Pollution Control Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-6825
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WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
STORM WATER
The storm water regulations are a new part of the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES). As part of the Clean Water Act amendments of 1987,
congress acted to directly address storm water by adding Section 402(p). In response
to these changes, EPA issued a final application rule in November 1990.
This regulation defines the initial scope of the NPDES permit program for storm
water discharges. It defines the terms "storm water discharges associated with
industrial activity," and "large and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems"
and the permit application requirements for these discharges.
At this time, the municipal side of the program requires applications only from
cities with a population of 100,000 or more, and counties having large populations in
unincorporated, urbanized areas. Phase II (sometime after October T992) may require
communities less than 100,000 to obtain a permit and develop a storm water manage-
ment program. It is unknown at this time if there will be exemptions for very small
communities.
The industrial side of the program requires specific "industrial type" facilities
(see attached page on storm water associated with industrial activity) to apply for
and obtain a permit regardless of the size or ownership (private or government) of
the operation.
Actions your community should be taking
Find out if the defined industrial operations owned or operated by the
community (i.e. landfill, airport, wastewater treatment plant, construction activity
and possibly others) need permits. The State or EPA contacts will be able to give
assistance to determine which industrial operations need permits and how to apply
for the permits.
Develop an information and education program for the community to increase
awareness of the relation between the storm water drain system and the local lake or
stream. Storm water runoff collects in street gutters and storm drains and flows directly
to streams with little or no treatment. Educate the citizens that they play a role in the
quality of the streams and lakes. Dumping used motor oil, unused paint, pesticides and
other household chemicals on the ground or in the street can severely impact nearby
surface water.
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Communities should also consider establishing local ordinances controlling the
improper disposal or discharge of pollutants to the municipal storm water drain
system.
'The following list are classes of facilities that discharge storm water associated
with industrial activity.
-Facilities subject to National effluent limitation guidelines;
-Facilities classified as Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes 24
(except 2434), 26 (except 265 and 267), 28,29,30,311,32,33, 3441, and 373
(including lumber; paper; chemical; petroleum; rubber, leather tanning and
finishing; stone, clay, glass, and concrete; metal; enameled iron and metal
sanitary ware; and ship/boat manufacturers);
-Facilities classified as SIC codes 10 through 14 including active and inactive
mining and oil and gas operations with contaminated storm water discharges,
except for areas of coal mining operations which have been reclaimed and the
performance bond has been released by the appropriate Surface Mining
Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) authority, or non-coal mining
operations which have been released from applicable State or Federal
reclamation requirements after 30 days after publication of the final regula-
tion;
-Hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities;
-Landfills, land application sites, and open dumps that receive industrial
wastes;
-Recycling facilities including metal scrap yards, battery reclaimers, salvage
yards, and automobile junkyard (classified as SIC codes 5015 and 5093 only);
-Steam electric power generating facilities (including coal handling sites);
-Transportation facilities classified as SIC Codes 40,41,42,44, and 45
(including vehicle maintenance, equipment cleaning, and airport deicing
areas);
-Treatment works treating domestic sewage or any other sewage sludge or
wastewater treatment device or system, used in the storage, treatment,
recycling, and reclamation of sewage (including land used for the disposal of
sludge located within the confines of the facility) with a design flow of 1.0 mgd
(million gallons per day) or more;
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-Construction activity (except for disturbances of less than five acres of total
land area which are not part of a larger common plan of development or sale);
and
-For the following facilities, if materials are exposed to storm water: facilities
classified under SIC codes 20,21,22,23,2434,25,265,267,27,283,31 (except
311), 34 (except 3441), 35,36,37 (except 373), 38,39, and 4221-25 (including
food; tobacco, textile; apparel; wood kitchen cabinets; furniture; paperboard
containers and boxes; converted paper/paperboard products; printing;
drugs;leather, fabricated metal products; industrial and commercial machin-
ery and computer equipment; electronic equipment; transportation equip-
ment; measuring, analyzing and controlling instruments and photographic,
medical and optical goods, and watches and clocks; miscellaneous; and
certain warehousing and storage manufacturers).
Additional Information
Regional Contact:
Stormwater Program
Water Management Division
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
1-913-551-7034
State Contact:
Permits Program
Water Pollution Control Program
Missouri DNR
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
1-314-751-6825
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DEFINITIONS-ACRONYMS
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AHERA - Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
ASHAA - Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act
Bacteria - Microbiological contaminants found in drinking water
samples are feqal coliforms and the bacterium £. coli. Their presence is
evidence of sewage contamination.
CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
DBF - Disinfection By-product
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
Ground water - Water below the land surface that feeds wells and springs.
IOC - Inorganic Chemical
IRAA - Indoor Radon Abatement Act
LEA - Local Education Agency
LEPC - Local Emergency Planning Committee, established under SARA
MCL - Maximum Contaminant Level
NPDES - National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
NPDWR - National Primary Drinking Water Regulation
NTNC - Non-transient non-community
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
pH - A measurement of hydrogen ion in a compound; determines whether a
compound is "acidic" or "basic."
POTW - Publicly Owned Treatment Works
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Public Water System - (25 or more persons or 15 or more service connections)
RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
'RCP - Radon Contractor Proficiency
SARA - Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SDWA - Safe Drinking Water Act
SMCRA - Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
SERC - State Emergency Response Commission, established under SARA
SMF - Standardized Monitoring Framework
SOC - Synthetic Organic Chemical (non-volatile)
TCLP - Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TSCA - Toxic Substances Control Act
UST - Underground Storage Tank
VOC - Volatile Organic Chemical
WHP - Wellhead Protection
WHPA - Wellhead Protection Area
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MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REGIONAL OFFICES
Kansas City Regional Office
3800 South Elizabeth Avenue, Suite G
Independence. MO 64057
816-795-8655
Northeast Regional Office
Highway 63 North - 1307 Jackson
Macon. MO 63552
816-385-2129
Central Regional Office
1908 Bubba Lane
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
314-751-2729
St. Louis Regional Office
10805 Sunset Office Drive
St. Louis, MO 63127
314-822-0101
Co55er
Jefferson City
Monrtea
Southwest Regional Office
318 Park Central East. Suite 500
Springfield. MO 65806
417-895-6950
Southeast Regional Office
948 Lester Street
P.O. Box 1420
Poplar Bluff. MO 63901
314-686-9750
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