oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region 7
25 Funston Rd.
Kansas City, Kansas 66115
907/9-83-006
Environmental Services Division
August, 1983
Evaluation Of
Ambient Air Quality
In The State Of Nebraska
Based on Monitoring Data Through 1982
EPA REGION VII IRC
069121
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EVALUATION OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
IN THE STATE OF NEBRASKA
Prepared by
Thomas T. Holloway, Ph.D.
Environmental Monitoring and
Compliance Branch
August 1983
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VII
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION
25 Funston Road
Kansas City, Kansas 66115
816-236-3884
FTS: 926-3884
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents an evaluation of recent ambient air quality in
Nebraska based on 1981 and 1982 monitoring data for the criteria pollu-
tants [Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), Sulfur Dioxide (503), Carbon
Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (N02J, Ozone (03) and Lead (Pb)]. Trend
evaluations are based on five years of data, 1978-1982. All monitoring
data used were retrieved from the Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric
Data (SAROAD) system.
The report presents the following information in graphical form:
- Recent air quality and trends
- Boundaries of designated non-attainment areas
- Spatial scale of representativeness and data completeness by monitor
- Emissions and stack height relative to monitor locations
- Population within designated non-attainment areas.
Tabular summaries in the Appendices show the numerical data on which the
graphics are based.
The findings and recommendations of the evaluation can be summarized in three
categories: Attainment/Non-Attainment Designations; Areas of Continuing
Air Quality Concern; and Monitor Operation.
A. Attainment/Non-Attainment Designations
The evaluations of ambient air quality based on recent data find the
attainment status designations to be generally consistent with recent
data for most pollutants in most parts of the State. Recomendations are
made in the text for attainment status changes for TSP and CO. The TSP
recommendations would consider some redesignations from non-attainment to
attainment, and a few redesignations from attainment or unclassified
to non-attainment. The CO recommendations would expand the non-attainment
area in Lincoln, and would consider reducing the size of the non-attainment
area in Omaha.
B. Air Quality Concern Areas
Relatively few serious air quality problems are found in Nebraska, based
on the monitoring data available in SAROAD. The areas which pose human
health concerns, because the primary standards were exceeded, are summarized
as follows:
First Priority - Repeated exceedance of the primary standards including
exceedance of the alert level at least once during 1981-1982.
0 TSP - Louisville
0 CO - Lincoln (both sites) and Omaha (7425 West Dodge)
Second Priority - Violation of the primary standard during 1981-82, but
no exceedance of the alert level.
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0 TSP - Nebraska City
0 TSP - Omaha (llth at Nicholas)
0 TSP - South Sioux City (both sites)
Two of the above areas are addressed more extensively in Section XII
which summarizes previous studies in the areas, presents pollution
roses for monitors in the areas, and evaluates possible causes of the
high concentrations observed. While the conclusions of that section
generally agree with those of previous studies, the pollution roses
provide a different perspective which may be useful in the State's
continuing efforts to identify and control the sources of those concen-
trations.
In recent years, there have been reductions in both the number and the
size of areas which exceed the primary standards, especially for
particulate matter. Those reductions are encouraging indications of
progress made by the State and local agencies.
C. Monitor Operation and Siting
The precision and accuracy data generally reflect conscientious efforts
by the State and local agencies to operate the monitors in accordance
with the Quality Assurance requirements of the regulations. Recommenda-
tions are made for increasing the number of precision checks performed
on automated analyzers in Omaha and ensuring that precision and accuracy
assessments are performed and reported for all SLAMS data collected
after January 1, 1983.
A review of emission source locations and monitor locations finds that
the monitoring network generally addresses the most significant sources
in the State. Recommendations are made, though not at high priority,
for the State to consider establishing S02 monitors downwind of two
power plants and to consider CO monitoring in Sarpy and Hall Counties.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report draws on the work and talents of several people in addition
to the author. Jeff Wandtke, of EPA Region VII, who has a special
ability to coax useful data and graphic output from reluctant computers,
provided data retrievals and map production runs in a consistently
timely manner. Carl Hess, of the Computer Sciences Corporation, wrote
the software to translate air quality data and emissions data into
symbols for the maps in the text. That software is now available from
Region VII. Mick Daye, the Regional Meteorologist for EPA Region VII,
provided the meteorological data for pollution roses and useful,
objective insights into the utility and the limitations of pollution
roses. Rob Ireson of Systems Applications, Inc., developed software
which we requested for computing population estimates for designated
non-attainment areas. Tim Matzke of the Environmental Results Branch,
OMSE, EPA Headquarters, provided coordination for the funding of that
software. Barbara Nicho'ls of EPA Region VII typed the manuscript.
The unique contributions of each of those individuals to this project
are gratefully acknowledged.
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CONTENTS
Page
I. Introduction 1
II. Graphical Evaluation Procedures 2
A. Monitoring Data Maps 4
B. Emissions Data Maps 7
C. Pollution Roses 7
III. Data Description - Information Sources, 9
Limitations and Analysis Procedures
A. Ambient Air Monitoring Data 9
B. Precision and Accuracy 9
C. Trends 9
D. Scale of Representativeness 11
E. Attainment Status Designations 11
F. Data Completeness 11
G. County Areas 12
H. Emission Data 12
I. Meteorological Data 12
J. Pollution Roses 13
K. Population Data 15
IV. Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 17
A. Ambient Data and Attainment Status Designations 17
B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations 19
C. TSP Synopsis and Recommendations 19
V. Sulfur Dioxide (S02) 33
A. Ambient Data and Attainment Status Designations 33
B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations 33
VI. Carbon Monoxide (CO) 39
A. Ambient Data and Attainment Status Designations 39
B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations 39
VII. Nitrogen Dioxide (N02) 46
A. Ambient Data and Attainment Status Designations 46
B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations 46
VIII. Ozone (03) 52
A. Ambient Data and Attainment Status Designations 52
B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations 52
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CONTENTS (conf)
IX. Lead (Pb) 61
A. Ambient Data 61
B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations 61
X. Precision and Accuracy 66
XI. Trends 69
XII. Further Evaluation of Selected Problem Areas 70
A. TSP in Omaha 70
B. CO in Lincoln 74
XIII. Population Exposure 88
XIV. Summary and Recommendations 90
Appendix A - Tabular Summaries of Data 92
Appendix B - Statistical Evaluation of Trends 123
Appendix C - Population Exposure Estimates 128
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I. INTRODUCTION
The Environmental Services Division of EPA Region VII prepares an annual
evaluation of ambient air quality for each State within the Region. The
evaluation report serves as a basic reference document which summarizes
the following information for the State:
0 recent monitoring data
0 current attainment and non-attainment area designations
0 air quality trends
0 ambient monitor locations
0 emissions
0 population
0 data completeness
0 monitor scales of representativeness
0 precision and accuracy estimates
The data summaries are presented both in graphical form (on maps)
and in tabular form.
While the format and evaluation methods are similar to the FY-82 report,
three new features have been added this year. First, pollution roses have
been constructed, subject to data availability, to aid in identifying
possible sources of high pollutant concentrations. (The description of
analysis procedures in Section III.J of this report highlights the nature
and limitations of those roses.) Second, the point source symbols on
the maps are keyed to a list of major point sources. Third, population
estimates within specific non-attainment areas have been calculated.
(The population density maps on which those calculations were based
are included as Appendix C).
The evaluation is based on information available as of March 31, 1983.
That information includes non-attainment area designation changes which
were made during 1982. Emissions data reflect the latest National
Emissions Data System (NEDS) update supplied by the State. Ambient
monitoring data for 1981 and 1982 are included for all pollutants.
In addition, since the ozone standard is based on a three-year average,
1980 data are included for ozone.
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0 the magnitude of emissions for each source
0 the stack height for each source, if available from NEDS
0 the locations of ambient monitors
0 the monitor type designation—National Air Monitoring Station
(NAMS), State and Local Air Monitoring Station (SLAMS) or
Special Purpose Monitoring Station (SPMS)--for each monitor
The above items are illustrated in the legends to the maps (Tables 2 and 3),
and are explained in detail in the following paragraphs. For convenience
in interpreting the maps, an extra copy of the legends, a map with
county names, and a map of population density by county are inserted
unbound at the back of this report.
A. Monitoring Data Maps
For each monitor, the symbol location on the map shows the monitor
location. The symbol size displays the scale of representativeness of
the monitor - microscale, middle scale, neighborhood scale, urban scale
or regional scale. Symbol shading indicates data completeness. If
the data did not meet the completeness criteria described in Section III.F
in any one year evaluated an open symbol "0" is shown. If the data
met the criteria in each year included in the evaluation, a filled
circle is shown. The symbol color presents the comparison of recent
monitoring data with the NAAQS's. Green indicates no violation of the
standards. Blue depicts violation of the secondary standard, but no
violation of the primary standard. Red highlights violation of the
primary standard. If the alert level was exceeded during the years
evaluated, a red flag is placed on top of the symbol. If any violation
of standards was observed, annotations next to the symbol specify
which standard(s) was (were) violated. Red annotations specify primary
standards, while blue annotations specify secondary standards. Where
the primary and secondary standards are identical, only the primary
standard is shown. Possible annotations include A, Q24, 8, 3 and 1,
signifying annual, quarterly 24-hour, 8-hour, 3-hour and 1-hour standards,
respectively.
The boundaries of the designated non-attainment areas and unclassified
areas are shown as lines on the map. Red solid lines outline primary non-
attainment areas, blue solid lines outline secondary non-attainment areas,
and dashed lines show unclassified areas. Consequently, if the attainment
status designations are consistent with recent data, red monitor symbols
should appear only in red-outlined areas, and blue monitor symbols only
in blue-outlined areas.
For monitors which have recorded sufficient data during the five years
from 1978 through 1982, trends are presented as an additional annotation.
The trend labels and their respective symbols are: increasing trend (T),
probable increasing trend (*), no trend (-), probable decreasing trend
(?), and decreasing trend (^). For pollutants which have only short-term
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TABLE 2
LEGEND FOR AMBIENT MONITORING DATA MAPS
Boundaries
; Primary Nonattainment Area
Secondary Nonattainment Area
•— — —i
Unclassified Area
I I
Monitor Symbol Colors and Elag
'r' No Violation of Standard
* Violation of Secondary
Standard
r
Violation of Primary
Standard
Exceedance of Alert Level
Annotation for Standards Violated
A Annual Primary Standard
^ Quarterly Primary Standard
24 24-hour Primary Standard
11 24-hour Secondary Standard
H 8-hour Primary Standard
.*> 3-hour Secondary Standard
' 1-hour Primary Standard
Annotation for Trends
t Increasing Trend
A Probable Increasing Trend
— No Trend
V Probable Decreasing Trend
4, Decreasing Trend
(Where two trend symbols are
shown, the first is for long-term
averages, the second for 24-hour
observations.)
Monitor Symbol Sizes
Microscale
c . Middle Scale
0
Neighborhood
Scale
(1j;!l!ij Urban Scale
|!:';;'; Regional
'!'!-''' Scale
Data Completeness
'* Data met completeness
criteria each year.
0 Data did not meet complete-
ness criteria one or more
years.
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TABLE 3
FOR EMISSIONS DATA MAPS
POINT SOURCE .SYMBOL SIZE -- EMISSIONS
(TONS/YEAR)
NON-IF.AD LEAD
;V., "> ti iOO - 1000 r; - 2^
\ i O / /
,^ ft -H~ 1001 - L;000 26 - 100
/ \ ^ „
-/-- OVFR SOCO OVER IOC
"h
i
POINT SOURCE' SYMBOL COLOR - STACK HEIGHT
(METERS)
'> UNKNOWN
120
AMBIENT MONITOR SYMBOLS
PI MAMS
9i SLAWS
A
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software precludes trend analysis at this time. Further details of the
trend analysis procedure are given later in this report (Section III. C).
B. Emissions Data Maps
The emissions data maps provide an overview of the monitoring network,
"showing monitor locations relative to emissions locations. The overview
is designed to answer the question: Are monitoring stations located
in areas which have large pollutant emissions? Detailed information on
specific monitoring sites is contained in the reviews of each of the
SLAMS sites which were performed by Jim Kelly of EPA Region VII. The
report of those reviews was sent to the State as a separate communication
in December of 1981.
The locations of large point sources are shown by an asterisk for
sources of particulates, CO, NOX, S02 and Pb. The symbol # is used
for hydrocarbon sources. The size of the symbol indicates the magnitude
of the emissions in three ranges. For lead, those ranges are 5-25
tons/year, 26-100 tons/year, and over 100 tons/year. For the other
pollutants, the ranges are 100-1000 tons/year, 1001-5000 tons/year and
over 5000 tons/year. The symbol color indicates the stack height as
follows: red for 1-45 meters, blue for 46-120 meters, and green for
121 meters or taller. If the stack height is shown as 0 in NEDS, a
red question mark replaces the asterisk or the symbol #.
Ambient monitor locations are shown as squares, circles or triangles
indicating NAMS, SLAMS and SPMS monitors, respectively.
Emissions density attributable to area sources is shown by the color
of shading for each county. The following colors and ranges are used:
no shading for low density, green shading for medium-low density, blue
shading for medium-high density, red shading for high density, and
double red shading for very high density. The specific limits for
these ranges are shown on the individual map legends, and correspond
to the limits used in the FY-82 report. Because the NAAQS for lead
specifies a much lower concentration than the NAAQS's for other pollutants,
correspondingly smaller limits are used for lead emissions ranges.
The map presentations do not include small point sources (less than five
tons/year for lead, and less than 100 tons/year for the other pollutants).
However, since the county totals for emissions from those sources are
a small fraction of the corresponding area source emissions, inclusion
of small point source emissions with the area source emissions, as
was done in the FY-82 report, would not make substantial changes in the maps,
C. Pollution Roses
In areas where the NAAQS's have been exceeded, pollution roses can be
useful in evaluating possible sources of high pollutant concentrations.
Those roses show the wind speeds and the directions from which the wind
blew when high pollutant concentrations were monitored in the ambient
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air. The longest arms of the rose point toward the locations of
possible causes of the high concentrations. Section III.J discusses
the meaning, construction, and limitations of the roses. Because of
their inherent limitations, the roses do not provide positive identifi-
cations of the definitive causes of elevated concentrations. They do,
however, provide useful indications of possible causes.
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The following steps were followed in constructing pollution roses:
1. The times (days or days and hours) when pollutant concentrations
exceeded the threshold concentration were identified. That information
was obtained from the raw data (daily or hourly concentrations) in
SAROAD.
2. The wind speed and wind direction were retrieved for each of
the times identified in Step 1. On-site meteorological data is preferred,
if available. Otherwise, National Weather Service data from a nearby
station may be used, with the understanding that the separation between
the weather station and the pollutant monitoring station introduces
uncertainty into the interpretation of the pollution rose.
3. The weather data were summarized by ranges of wind speeds
(e.g. 1-3 mph) and ranges of wind directions (e.g. 15-45°). The frequency
of occurrence was then computed for each combination of speed range and
direction range.
4. The rose was plotted, using different bar widths and shading
patterns for each wind speed range.
Interpretation of a pollution rose considers not only the wind directions
displayed, but also the wind speeds and significant pollutant sources
in the vicinity of the monitor. If the rose is strongly directional
(one or two arms much longer than the others), influence of a single
point source or a small cluster of sources is indicated. A more diverse
directional pattern would indicate influence by line or area sources or
by several point sources located in various directions from the monitor.
As stated earlier, if off-site meteorological data are used, uncertainty
in the meaning of the pollution rose is introduced. The following
three factors tend to increase that uncertainty:
a) short observation times,
b) large distances between the pollutant monitoring site and the
weather station,
c) large variations in terrain between the pollutant monitor and the
weather station.
Therefore, due caution should be exercised and the advice of the Regional
Meteorologist should be sought in interpreting roses constructed from
off-site weather data.
Uncertainty of a different type is introduced where a resultant wind speed
and direction are used to represent winds for a 24-hour period for a
TSP pollution rose. Wind shifts of more than 90° are common over the course
of a day. The high pollutant concentrations may occur during only
a part of the day, when the wind direction may be different from the
resultant direction. In that case, the time resolution of pollutant
14
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monitoring data is not sufficient to detect that effect. Therefore,
these pollution roses can provide only preliminary indications of
probable sources of high concentrations.
The following description of the sample pollution rose shown in Figure 1
illustrates the evaluation process. The rose was constructed from
on-site weather data for hours during which the CO concentration exceeded
ID mg/m3. With very few exceptions, wind speeds were low (below 3 mph)
when those concentrations were observed. From the spread of the directional
pattern, a single point source is probably not the cause of the elevated
concentrations. Rather, an area source or a line source would be
expected. At the bottom of the diagram, the monitor location is shown,
along with the adjacent freeway. Considering the location, wind speeds
and wind directions, vehicle traffic on the freeway is indicated as the
probable cause of the elevated concentrations.
K. Population Data
Population data are used in two contexts in the report. First, a map
of population density by county is provided at the back of the report.
That map is based on 1980 population data which was obtained directly
from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Second, population exposure
estimates are presented in Section XIII for non-attainment areas,
based on 1970 census data which are available at a higher level of
spatial resolution. Those estimates were produced by Systems Applications,
Inc., using block group and enumeration district population data, and
were scaled to approximate 1978 values using county-level growth factors.
Appendix C describes the procedures used for those calculations.
15
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Figure 1(a). Sample Pollution Rose
0-1
1-3 3-S 5-7
J
Wind Speeds (M.P.H.)
N
Percent of hours over threshold
•nd with indicated wind speed
and direction
J
10%
Figure 1(b). Monitor Location for the Rose of Figure 1(a).
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IV. TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES (TSP)
A. Ambient Data and Attainment Status Designations
An extensive TSP monitoring network is maintained in Nebraska. The
network includes numerous monitors in Lincoln and Omaha, plus single
monitors in many of the smaller cities and towns across the State. The
review of monitoring data and attainment status designations will focus
first on the outstate areas (where the symbols on the State map are not
crowded), and then on the areas with closely spaced multiple monitors
(where inset maps are needed to show the detail).
The State has designated non-attainment areas in Omaha, Louisville,
and Weeping Water. Unclassified areas are designated in Cass County,
Dakota County, and Dawson County.
Approximately half of the monitors in the out-state areas show violation
of the 24-hour secondary standard during the period 1981 through 1982.
Closer examination of the data in Table Al show that those apparent
violations included two or three exceedances of that standard in a
given year, and that in many instances, the violation occurred in one
but not both of the two years. Most of the out-state sites which
had sufficient data for trend analysis showed decreasing trends over
the period 1978 through 1982. Only Nebraska City showed violation of
the secondary standard in both years, recording four and three exceedances,
respectively, in 1981 and 1982. We recommend that the State consider
redesignating that area to secondary non-attainment. That consideration
should include an evaluation of whether or not the EPA fugitive dust
policy is applicable.
That policy was described in the Federal Register, Volume 3, Number 43
(Friday, March 3, 1978) page 8963.
"EPA's fugitive dust policy recognizes the generally greater
health impact due to fugitive dust in urban areas in contrast to
rural areas. In urban areas, the windblown soil contains various
man-made toxic pollutants. But, rural windblown dust is usually
not significantly contaminated by industrial pollutants. Therefore,
for the purposes of these designations [TSP attainment status
designations], any rural areas experiencing TSP violations which
could be attributed to fugitive dust could claim attainment of
the TSP NAAQS. Rural areas for this purpose are defined as those
which have: (1) a lack of major industrial development or the
absence of significant industrial particulate emissions, and (2)
low urbanized population densities."
The following comments highlight the detailed analyses presented on the
inset maps.
Cass County - Two areas of the county (the city limits of Louisville and
Weeping Water) are designated as primary non-attainment areas. In addition,
17
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B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations
Numerous particulate point sources are shown on the State map of
Particulate Emissions and TSP Monitors. Because of the large number
of sources, and because the identifying numbers for those sources are
crowded on the State map, five additional maps are provided. The first
shows the emission sources without the identifying numbers, and is
useful for visualizing monitor locations relative to point sources.
The other four show enlargements of the northeast, southeast, south
central and southwest sections of the State, and are useful for identi-
fying specific point sources. (The numbers beside the point source
symbols refer to the left-most column of Table A4 of Appendix A.)
The following observations are drawn from the emission maps and from
Table A4:
0 The State has numerous point sources with emissions in the range
100 to 1000 tons/year. Only six plants emit over 1000 tons/year,
based on the NEDS estimates, and none emit over 5000 tons/year.
0 Stack heights are not available in NEDS for most of the sources.
0 A large percentage of the sources are agricultural industries
(grain elevators, alfalfa dehydrators, etc.).
0 The monitoring network includes monitors in most areas with
large emissions.
0 While area source emissions are predominant in the Lincoln and
Omaha areas, they are less significant in other areas of the State.
0 The small number of point sources in Lincoln and Omaha with actual
emissions over 100 tons/year demonstrates the progress which the
State and local agencies have made in controlling particulate
emissions.
C. TSP Synopsis and Recommendations
The recent TSP monitoring data generally show improvements in air quality
in Nebraska. Several recommendations were made in the text for redesignations
from primary non-attainment to secondary non-attainment or to attainment.
However, in three areas designated as unclassified or attainment, the
recent data indicate a possible need to redesignate portions of those
areas to non-attainment. Changes in attainment status designation,
which we recommend that the State consider, are listed in Table 4.
That table is arranged by current designations - primary non-attainment,
secondary non-attainment, unclassified, and attainment. The State has
recently requested redesignation from primary non-attainment to secondary
non-attainment in Weeping Water and around the 24th at "0" Street site
in Omaha. Those requests are under review by the Air Branch of EPA,
Region VII.
19
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TABLE 4
SUMMARY OF TSP EVALUATION
Current Designation
Primary Non-Attainment (PNA)
Omaha
Weeping Water
Secondary Non-Attainment (SNA)
Omaha
Indicated Changes
Redesignate the Southern
PNA to SNA
Redesignate to SNA
Reduce the size of the area
Unclassified
Dakota County
Redesignate part of the
area to PNA
Attainment
Lincoln
Nebraska City
Redesignate two areas to SNA,
if exceedances recur
Redesignate to SNA
20
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r?^ C T") 'A « r"r<- \
A 3i A/.'ii.^A
-------
AMBIENT TSP DATA - CASS COUNTY
\ \
AMHIKNT TSP DATA - DAKOTA COUNTY
22
-------
»*» '•. i I, i
'9* 4 , i "ft* i t
0
T TSP DATA - LIXCOLX AKKA
23
-------
AMBIENT TSP DATA - OMAHA AREA
24
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cn
AREA EMISSION DENSITY
[73 35-100 TONS/SO MI/YR
pJ^V j
HI ioi~25°
III 251-1000
H OVER 1000
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS AND TSP MONITORS
C5J033
-------
ro
AREA EMISSION DENSITY
35-100 TONS/SO MI/YR
^KJ 101-250
251-1000
OVER 1000
PARTICIPATE EMISSIONS AND TSP MONITORS
-------
ro
PARTIC'ULATE EMISSIONS AND TSP MONITORS
-------
ro
c»
157
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS AND TSP MONITORS
C 'C"33
\si\A
-------
9,2
9l66
9
72
^99
998
:s>
3M*
54
937
920
9,43
9,0
979
9s
9s, 9so
996
978
7S
9,79
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS AND TSP MONITORS
SOUTH CENTRAL NEBRASKA
29
-------
;*c 120
9ns
9 11 7 |7«!p 1 19
CO
O
9ui
935
9m
974
997
9)49
9 150
PARTIC'ULATE EMISSIONS AND TSP MONITORS
-------
"VHHV
SHOJJXOJY dSJL CIMV
Mivri:i;)iiiivd
"V1
rt
.Ill'lly
-------
*V 157
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS AND TSP MONITORS
OMAHA AREA
32
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33
V. SULFUR DIOXIDE (S02)
A. Ambient Data and Attainment Status Designations
The entire State of Nebraska is designated as an attainment area for
S02- Recent monitoring data show maximum concentrations of one-third
of the standard or less. Therefore, the attainment designation remains
appropriate. Since the observed concentrations were so low, all except
one of the monitors have now been discontinued. The one remaining
monitor is located at Florence and Burdette Streets in Omaha.
The State map shows widespread incompleteness of data, primarily because
most of the monitors were discontinued in mid-1982. However, each of the
discontinued monitors were operated for a full year in 1981. For most of
the monitors which had enough data for trend evaluations, no statistically
significant trends were observed.
B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations
The S0£ emissions map shows several point sources of S02- Most of those
sources have emissions in the range 1000 to 5000 tons/year, and one
(Omaha Public Power District, Omaha) emits over 15,000 tons/year. Stack
heights are available in NEDS for most of those sources. Area sources
for S02 are not prevalent in the State. Although the S02 monitoring
network now includes only one monitor, previous monitoring showed
concentrations well below the standard. While monitoring downwind of
the OPPD plant in Omaha (source #60 on the map) or downwind of the NPPD
plant in Lancaster County (source #107) might be desirable, the priority
for establishing those monitors would not be high.
33
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X
H
GO
o
ro
H
-------
MBIENT S'O^ DATA - OMAHA AREA
35
-------
SHOJLLMOIY SOS dXY SXOISSIIV3 60S
PO
-------
\ '
~~ 'jf
^' l\
I \
S02 EMISSIONS AND S02 MONITORS
LINCOLN AREA
37
-------
V
\
•A
•\ 157
/
-~--.J
27
S02 EMISSIONS AND S02 MONITORS
OMAHA AREA
38
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VI. CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
A. Ambient Data and Attainment Status Designations
Monitoring for CO is conducted in Lincoln and Omaha. The following comments
refer to the detailed analysis presented on the inset maps.
Lincoln - The Antelope Creek basin is designated as a primary non-attainment
area for CO, and the remainder of the city is designated as unclassified.
Monitoring is conducted at two locations within the city. One is located
in the primary non-attainment area, the other in the northeast part of
the city. Monitoring data from each site showed nine exceedances of the
eight-hour standard in 1981, and two exceedances in 1982. The 1981
data at both sites also showed multiple exceedences of the alert level.
Therefore, the recent data indicate a larger non-attainment area than
is currently designated. We recommend that the State consider redesignation
of part of the unclassified area to non-attainment.
Omaha - The City of Omaha is designated as non-attainment for CO. Monitoring
was conducted during 1981 and 1982 at two locations in the city. At one of
those sites (Metro-Tech Campus) no violations of the standards were observed.
At the other site (7425 West Dodge) numerous exceedances were observed,
including some readings above the alert level. The 1982 data showed
24 exceedances of the eight-hour primary standard. Based on the data
from the first monitor, some reduction in the size of the non-attainment
area might be considered. Because of the large number of exceedances
measured in 1982 at the other monitor, we recommend that the State
re-evaluate the data, in order to determine the causes of the high
observed concentrations.
B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations
The emissions map shows relatively few point sources of CO in the State.
All emit less than 5,000 tons/year, and all except two emit less than
1,000 tons/year. As would be expected for CO, area sources are much
more significant than point sources in the largest cities. The monitoring
network includes CO monitors in Lincoln and Omaha, and addresses the
highest priority monitoring needs. The FY-82 air quality evaluation report
recommended that the State consider CO monitoring in Sarpy and Hall
Counties, based on the area source emission densities. That recommendation
is repeated, with the understanding that those monitors would not have
high priority.
39
-------
\ ' T \ ' /'J f\ ~\ T V • r T T f T T 4 - \ -
v Jj \ u. U J a.. - \. /i i ci ; v v
-------
L.
~~~i i
8-1
L, kV
,1 3 '
-J
x, r
AMBIENT CO DATA - LINCOLN AREA
41
-------
AMBIENT CO DATA • OMAHA AREA
OS2333
42
-------
AREA EMISSION DENSITY
IT?} 35-100 TONS/SO MI/YR
101-250
251-1000
OVER 1000
60
CO EMISSIONS AND CO MONITORS
-------
r
•X- I 1 3
CO EMISSIONS AND CO MONITORS - LINCOLN AREA
44
-------
\
60
\
\
CO EMISSIONS AND CO MONITORS - OMAHA ARK.
45
-------
VII. NITROGEN DIOXIDE (N02)
A. Ambient Data and Attainment Status Designations
The entire state is designated as an attainment area for N02- Monitoring
data for 1981 and 1982 show no violation of the standards, with maximum
annual arithmetic mean concentrations running less than half the standard.
In addition, all of those sites had sufficient data for trend analysis,
and showed decreasing trends or no statistically significant trend. Most
of the data shown on the map were collected by bubblers, which have since
been discontinued (either at the end of 1981, or in mid-1982). Therefore,
the symbols show incomplete data, relative to the potential data collection
for the entire two-year period. Given the low concentrations of N02
monitored in the past, violation of the N02 standard seems unlikely in
the near future.
B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations
The maps of NOX emissions and Table A4 of the Appendix highlight the
following observations:
0 Both point sources and area sources are significant for NOX. The
area sources are mainly limited to the largest cities, while
point sources occur both in those cities and in the outstate areas.
0 The largest emissions come from large power plants (plants 60,
120, and 139 on the maps). Other significant emission sources
include smaller power plants, natural gas pipeline companies,
and agricultural processing plants.
0 Stack heights are available in NEDS for nearly all of the major
point sources.
0 The current N02 monitoring network includes monitors in Lincoln
and Omaha, and addresses the highest priority N02 monitoring needs.
46
-------
X
O
H
-------
*. "• • » T ) T T 1 -v TM "\ T f\ -) T\ \
v.uiHi^.si /\0.c iJA
A-\ > f 4 T T » 4 T ^ T 1 *
OiUAiIA Ani'j
48
-------
AREA EMISSION DENSITY
PI 35-100 TONS/SO MI/YR
^jt'.i'j j
47
60
39
NOX EMISSIONS AND N02 MONITORS
-------
r
' 111
' - 10
XOX EMISSIONS AND N02 MONITORS
LINCOLN AREA
50
-------
,_-...-
,y; 72
\
)
V 71
!57
-J
XOX EMISSIONS AND N02 MONITORS
OMAHA AREA
51
-------
VIII. OZONE (03)
A. Ambient Data and Attainment Status Designations
Ozone monitoring is included in the SLAMS network in Lincoln and Omaha.
With one exception, data for 1980 through 1982 show no violations of the
standard. The one exception is a monitor in Omaha, which showed 11
exceedances of the standard in 1980, but none since then. Because
possible problems with monitor operation were indicated by monitor
audits in 1980, the State and EPA Region VII agreed to base the decision
of the appropriate attainment status designation on data from 1981 and 1982.
Since no exceedances of the standard were observed during those two years,
the area was redesignated to attainment.
B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations
Ozone is formed in the atmosphere by a complex photochemical reaction
involving hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, oxygen and sunlight. The
reaction may take several hours, resulting in maximum concentrations
well downwind of the locations where the precursors were emitted. There-
fore, the overview of the ozone monitoring network should include both
hydrocarbon emissions and nitrogen oxide emissions.
In the map of hydrocarbon emissions and ozone monitor locations, the
point source locations are shown by the symbol #, rather than by an
asterisk. The following observations are highlighted by that map:
0 Area source hydrocarbon emissions are large only in the Omaha area.
0 Large point sources are located primarily in the eastern part
of the State.
An additional map is shown, which displays the point sources for hydro-
carbons, the point sources for NOX and the ozone monitors. On that
composite map, NOX sources are shown by asterisks (*) and hydrocarbon
sources by the symbols ? or #. That map shows where both of the precur-
sors of ozone are emitted, and displays monitor locations relative to
those sources. The following comments are highlighted by that map:
0 The ozone monitoring network in Omaha includes monitors both
near the emission sources and downwind of most sources, based
on the prevailing summer winds.
0 The monitor in Lincoln is located at the downwind edge of the city.
If that monitor begins observing high concentrations, additional
monitoring farther downwind should be considered in order to
detect maximum concentrations.
52
-------
* i.'r-TY£TT;-»
iJj - v L 1 i. Ci ^ u •
CO
LO
-------
AMBIENT 03 DATA - OMAHA AREA
002333
54
-------
en
en
AREA EMISSION DENSITY
:~~~! 35-100 TONS/SO MI/YR
KYDROC ARBOX EMISSIONS AXD 03 MOXITORS
•.. 3 5 •
-------
r~
9104
L_
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS AND 03 MONITORS
LINCOLN AREA
56
-------
\
66
7/64/
HYI)ROCARHOr\ EMISSIONS AND 03 MONITORS
OMAHA AREA
-------
en
CO
47
60
rs'e57
-------
<-)-&*A 1 0
107
A/.
82
IIC EMISSIONS, NOX EMISSIONS AND
03 MONITORS LINCOLN AREA
59
-------
#?4%9 #68
27
IIC EMISSIONS, NOX EMISSIONS AND 03 MONITOR
OMAHA AREA
60
-------
IX. LEAD (Pb)
A. Ambient Data
The State map for lead monitoring data shows no recorded violations of the
standard in SAROAD in 1981 or 1982. Special purpose monitoring for lead
is conducted at three sites. However, the data from those sites have not
been entered into SAROAD. Data for approximately half of the sites shown
on the map were obtained from lead analyses performed on TSP hi-vol filters
by the EPA as part of the national filter analysis network. Those sites
are identified by the suffix A01 at the end of the site identification code
the listing of Table Al of Appendix A. Since the State and local agencies
have now established monitors specifically sited for lead monitoring, the
representativeness of the data for lead is expected to increase.
B. Emissions Data and Monitor Locations
The map of Pb emissions and Table A4 of the Appendix illustrate the
following observations:
0 Area source emissions are more significant than point source
emissions in most parts of the State.
0 Point sources are limited to one small area of Omaha, where two
lead smelters are located.
0 The Pb monitoring network includes monitors in each area of the
State which have large area source emission density (based on
county-level emissions and areas.)
0 The network also includes monitors in the vicinity of the two
significant point sources.
In summary, the monitoring network is designed to address the most
significant lead emission in the State.
61
-------
62
-------
A.MHIKXT PH DATA - OMAHA AREA
63
-------
AREA EMISSION DENSITY
HI .05-.2 TONS/SO MI/YR
*j j' > j
OVER 1.5
PB EMISSIONS AND PB MONITORS
-------
tn
\
\
EMISSIONS AXD PB MONITORS - OMAHA AREA
-------
X. PRECISION AND ACCURACY
For continuous monitors (CO, S02, N02, and 03), the regulations of 40 CFR
Part 58, Appendix A require precision checks in order to assess precision
for each pollutant, and audits in order to assess accuracy.
Precision checks are performed by introducing a gas of known concentra-
tion into the analyzer, and comparing the concentration reading from the
monitor with the known concentration of the gas. The checks are
required every two weeks, and involve one gas concentration. Audits
likewise involve comparison of known gas concentrations with the analyzer
readings. Audits are more extensive than precision checks, requiring
at least three different concentrations of gases. Audit of each analyzer
is required annually, and audit of at least 25% of the SLAMS analyzers
for each pollutant is required each quarter.
For manual methods (TSP, Pb, S0£ bubblers and N02 bubblers), the regula-
tions require duplicate (collocated) sampling to assess precision and
audits to assess accuracy.
Each collocated sampler is operated at the same time and in the same
manner as the SLAMS monitor at the same site. The percent difference
between the two sample concentrations forms the basis for precision
estimates. For lead, analysis of duplicate portions of a single Hi-vol
filter may be substituted for collocated sampling. Audits for manual
methods differ by method. For TSP, the audits are performed by comparing
the flow rate indicated by the Hi-vol sampler to the true flow rate
determined from a fl ow standard. The audit frequency required for
Hi-vol samplers is the same as that required for continuous monitors.
Audit procedures for S0£ bubblers, N02 bubblers and Pb require that
the analytical measurement process be audited. Details of those procedures
are found in 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix A.
Use of specific equations is required for the calculation of precision
and accuracy. Each organization which reports data is required to
calculate and report precision and accuracy estimates for all NAMS
data collected after January 1, 1981, and for all SLAMS data collected
after January 1, 1983.
Table A2 of Appendix A summarizes the precision and accuracy estimates
reported by the State during 1981 and 1982. The numbers under the
heading "YR-Q" near the left of each printout refer to the year and
calendar quarter to which the precision and accuracy data apply. (For
example, 82-2 refers to the second quarter of 1982.) Composite data
for the entire year are identified as quarter number 5, (for example,
81-5 gives the estimates for the full calendar year 1981).
The accuracy estimates are arranged by concentration levels LI (low
concentration) through L4 (high concentration). Specific ranges for
the concentration levels are required by 40 CFR 58, Appendix A, as
follows:
66
-------
LI
L2
L3
L4
NO?, (
.03
.15
.40
.80
ht SO? (ppm) CO (ppm) TSP (cfm)
to
to
to
to
.08
.20
.45
.90
3
15
40
80
to
to
to
to
8
20 40-60
45
90
Pb (ug/strip)
100-300
600-1000
—
_ _ _
The precision and accuracy estimates are expressed as 95% probability
limits, as required by the same regulations. The meaning of those
limits is illustrated by the following three examples taken from Table A2.
a. The precision data for CO in Omaha show composite limits of -16
and +06 for calendar year 1982 (line 82-5), based on a total of 29 precision
checks. Therefore, 95% of the precision checks would be expected to
fall between 16% below and 6% above the known concentration of the test
gas used for the precision checks.
b. The accuracy data for 03 in Omaha show limits of -21 and -01 for
the audits performed at concentration level 2 (column L2) during the fourth
quarter of 1981 (line 81-4). Therefore, 95% of the audits performed
at that time at that concentration level would be expected to fall
between 21% below and 1% below the known concentration of the audit gas.
c. The precision data for TSP for the State agency show probability
limits of -07 and +18 for the first quarter of 1982 (line 82-1), based on
33 valid collocated data pairs. Therefore, 95% of the concentrations
measured by the collocated sampler would be expected to fall between
7% lower and 18% higher than the corresponding concentration, measured
at the same time by the SLAMS monitor at the same site.
The following observations are drawn from Table A2.
Lincoln - The precision and accuracy data for Lincoln show that the
agency has performed at least the minimum number of audits required
each quarter for TSP monitors, and that collocated sampling for TSP
has been conducted. The number of collocated data pairs appears low in the
table for the third and fourth quarters of 1982 due to a reporting error.
The local agency has, in fact, conscientiously performed the required
collocated sampling and precision assessment. Since none of the CO,
N02 or 03 monitors operated by the agency are designated as NAMS monitors,
precision and accuracy estimates were not required until January 1, 1983.
Omaha - Manual Methods - The data for Omaha show that the agency met
the requirements for TSP audits and collocated sample collection. Audits
were performed for S02 and NO;? bubblers in 1981, after which those monitors
were discontinued. No precision and accuracy data were reported for lead.
67
-------
Automated analyzers - The precision data show that precision checks
were performed in 1982 for CO, S02 and 03, and in 1981 for CO and 03.
The number of precision checks in each case is somewhat lower than the
biweekly schedule for precision checks would produce. The accuracy
data show that the required number of audits were performed for 03 in
both years, and for $62 in the last half of 1982. Accuracy estimates
were not reported for CO. However, those were not required in 1981
or 1982 because the monitors are not part of the NAMS network.
State of Nebraska - The precision and accuracy data for TSP show that
the agency has performed both audits and collocated sampling in 1981
and 1982. With 19 SLAMS monitors, the schedule of five audits per
quarter meets the requirement to audit 25% of the monitors each quarter.
Since none of the sites are designated as NAMS, the precision and
accuracy assessment was begun well ahead of the deadline of January 1,
1983.
In summary, the precision and accuracy data generally reflect conscientious
efforts by the State and local agencies toward meeting the data assessment
requirements of 40 CFR 58, Appendix A. Two items may need attention
in order to fully meet those requirements on a continuing basis. First,
the number of precision checks performed on the automated analyzers in
Omaha should be increased to meet the biweekly schedule specified in the
regulations. The agency has committed to conduct those checks at the required
frequency. Second, precision and accuracy assessments should be performed
and reported for all SLAMS data collected after January 1, 1983. We encourage
the State and local agency personnel to continue their efforts to provide
timely assessments of precision and accuracy.
68
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XI. TRENDS
The results of trend analyses were presented graphically in the preceding
sections for each monitor whose data met the required completeness
criteria (described in Section III.C). The following table gives a
summary of the trend evaluations, with the last column designed to
highlight areas of immediate and urgent concern.
Monitors with
Sufficient Data
Total for Trend
Pollutant Monitors Analysis
Monitors with Monitors with Monitors with
Decreasing or Increasing or Violations and
TSP
S02
CO
N2
Pb
49
6
4
4
4
6
37
5
3
3
4
0
Decreasing or
Probable
Decreasing
Trend
27
1
1
1
3
0
Increasing or
Probable
Increasing
Trend
2
0
0
0
0
0
Increasing or
Probable
Increasing Trend
0
0
0
0
0
0
In summary, the trend analyses show more sites with improving trends
than with worsening trends. For the first time in recent years, no
monitors which showed violations of the standards also showed statistically
significant increasing concentration trends, (i.e., no identified
problem areas were shown statistically to be getting progressively
worse).
69
-------
XII. FURTHER EVALUATION OF SELECTED PROBLEM AREAS
The following subsections examine in greater detail two areas where
recent pollutant concentrations have exceeded the primary (health-related)
standards. For both areas, pollution roses are presented and evaluated,
and the results of any previous special studies are summarized, in an
attempt to understand the causes of the high concentrations. At the
time the pollution rose preparation was begun, available meteorological
data included 1980 and 1981, but not 1982. Therefore, the roses are
based on air quality data and meteorological data for 1980 and 1981.
Consequently, any significant new pollutant sources or any recent
pollution abatements are not reflected in the roses. Because of the
limitations discussed in Section III.J, the roses provide indications
of possible causes, rather than concrete identifications of definite
causes.
A. TSP in Omaha
The TSP monitor at llth and Nicholas in Omaha has historically recorded
high concentrations. Annual geometric mean concentrations show a
decreasing trend, with values of 118, 106, 91 and 64 ug/nv recorded in
1979, 1980, 1981 and 1982, respectively. The site has shown violations
of the 24-hour secondary standard each year, with 22, 16, 10 and 4
exceedances, respectively, in those same years. The monitor is located in
an industrial district which has much open, unpaved area.
Figure 2 shows a pollution rose for the area, based on wind speeds and
directions observed on days when the TSP concentrations exceeded 75 ug/m3.
Figure 3 shows the corresponding rose for TSP concentrations over 150
ug/m3.
A different kind of meteorological rose, a wind rose, is shown in
Figure 4. Two essential differences distinguish the wind rose from the
pollution roses shown in Figures 2 and 3.
0 First, the wind rose includes all wind observations, regardless
of the pollutant concentrations. The pollution roses included
only the wind observations recorded when the pollutant concen-
trations exceeded a specified threshold.
0 Second, since the data summaries used to construct the wind rose
classify wind directions in 16 directional sectors, the rose
includes 16 arms, each representing a 22.5° sector. By contrast,
the wind data used for constructing pollution roses were reported
by the National Weather Service in 10° increments. Those roses
present 12 arms, each representing a 30° sector (three of the
10° directional increments). Conversion formulas are not avail -
able for transforming a 12-arm rose to a 16-arm rose or vice versa.
Therefore, comparisons between the wind roses and the pollution
roses are qualitative, rather than quantitative.
70
-------
Figure 2. TSP in Omaha
f ? A-7..a-1.1.|12"15||i1|f|M
Wind Speeds (M.P.H.)
Percent of days with TSP over
threshhold and with indicated.
wind speed and direction.
I
I
i i i i
5%
I
10%
N
Met. Station: Eppley Airfield
Air Quality Site: llth & Nicholas
TSP > 75 ug/m3
75 Observations
1980 and 1981 data
71
-------
Figure 3. TSP in Omaha
Wind Speeds (M.P.H.)
Percent of days with TSP over
threshhold and with indicated
wind speed and direction
Met. Station: Eppley Airfield
Air Quality Site: llth & Nicholas
TSP>150jug/m3
15 Observations
ISSO'and 1981 data
0 10% 20%
(NOTE: SCALE CHANGE)
N
72
-------
Figure 4. Historical Wind Rose-Eppley Airfield, Omaha
Percent of observations with
indicated wind direction.
Lj_^^j_-L>LJ_LjJ
0 5% 10%
N
1965-1974 Data
29215 Observations
73
-------
If all of the pollutant sources were equally spaced around the monitor,
the wind rose and the pollution rose would approximately coincide.
Figure 2 indicates that contributions to annual averages over the primary
standard occur most frequently with winds from the south and south-southeast.
Comparison of Figures 2 and 4 indicate that those contributions are
Varger than would be expected from the historical wind distribution and
evenly distributed emission sources.
Figure 3 indicates that exceedances of the 24-hour secondary standard
(150 ug/m3) occurred most often with southerly winds. In order to fit
that diagram on the page, a scale change was necessary. If it were drawn
at the same scale as Figure 2, each arm of Figure 3 would be doubled
in length.
Since both pollution roses show high concentrations for a wide variety
of wind directions, area sources likely contribute significantly to
the observed concentrations. Since the major arms of both roses point
south and south-southeast, a greater concentration of emission sources
would be expected south and south-southeast of the monitor.
Figure 5 is a copy of a topographical map of the area. That figure
shows the monitor location (indicated by the symbol ffi), as well as
the location of the airport where the wind data were collected. Since
those locations are close together and have very similar terrain,
and since 24-hour averages of the wind data are used, the pollution
roses should be reasonably accurate.
Figure 6 shows the locations of point sources near the monitor. Those
sources are listed in Table 5. While some impact from point sources
may be indicated from comparison of Figure 6 with Figures 2 and 3,
the point source locations and emissions alone are not sufficient to
account for all of the features of the roses.
If the high concentrations recorded in recent years persist, and if
further emission reductions are needed, we recommend that point and
area sources south and east of the monitor be re-evaluated.
B. CO in Lincoln
The status of CO monitoring and control in Lincoln was described in the
Region VII Environmental Management Report, as follows:
The City of Lincoln is not currently attaining the federal air
quality standard of 9ppm (10 mg/m3) for carbon monoxide (CO),
Originally, the problem was thought to be restricted to the Antelope
Creek Basin, but recent data indicate a city-wide problem.
74
-------
-k
...» t»fterman; U get ...
''.\ I Sch I>>1 -s ."V;...™ HtfiTUAN ,-_-:--«,'.
~^—. "=—=f "" -,=^=--==~-\ "'. • • '"• •; ' •,'•
"l •' . :i
. _.._
J^^^
. ^=^= =T~'ii^5":''tj ~ •" .~H
P-E .;
'ch
;, , « j -i'~~L'^/-- / APA^ LJ"^ •" __±^ r!
"r-rz3f^^K /|; -*^M !i . ^r^:"^^'/r^'^^^^^^^g ^
ICZ!~ : . _I..U>"'^fi.:.-'". . -^•A.JT.r.___.1__:tii4^^L t^cusr__^_^L .•^-..y.> • s-^'. ••• • : _• ^/•-s^7. ' "• : ' aaj^--.. • i '
- —; i r~\! ': r I !*•! l"' « • " • •"• • .«i.~..» ...... .. ".- „ . " / f*-?-~.~~~' ----- ^^ •
-.-=--=—=^o^ev_jLo_sr ,7 , j r* v """'3..,a.< • '• '/. <& co:
•--•• ; -.--.- -. v-j| .1 \ . J. .'.-• fc -- .. . /• \y
.-.•.^- -: u=: | I'j4:- \ ~^.-,^-: „.. 2O •_........._ '_ j^
Kelloro Sch 15 SM[ _TT
»P^^
A»-
Figure 50 Topography
-------
\
98
r
13
912
9)0
1 1
-4-
0
iVNLLO
H-
2
.
FIGURE 6 FARTICULATE POINT
SOURCES OVER \2 TONS/YEAR
XEAR I 1TII AND NICHOLAS
76
-------
TABLE 5
Particulate Point Sources Over 25 Tons/Year Near llth and Nicholas, Omaha
Source
1. Omaha Public Power District
2. Conagra
3. Conagra-Nixon Feeds
4. ASARCO
5. Asphalt Paving Company
6. Flinn Paving
7. ADM Grain Company
8. Seouler Welsh Grain
9. IH Power and Light
10. Midwest Walnut
11. Pillsbury Company
12. Bartlett and Company
13. Scoular-Welsh
Emissions UTM UTM UTM
Tons/Year Easting (km) Northing (km) Zone
280
1470
98
56
81
45
106
47
462
75
250
42
173
253.5
254.0
252.3
255.1
751.2
750.4
254.6
254.1
261.8
261,
261.
260.
4579.3
4573.1
4566.6
4571.4
4565.1
4568.1
4573.9
4575.3
4562.4
4569,
4568,
4572,
257.2
4571.6
15
15
15
15
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Monitor Location = llth and Nicholas
254.2
4572.7
15
77
-------
Monitoring data collected at the 51st and Colby site recorded the following
second-highest 8-hour concentrations in 1979. 1980, 1981, and 1982,
respectively: 12.6, 8.4, 22.2 and 13.0 mg/m^. Those same years showed
3, 0, 9 and 2 exceedances, respectively, of the primary standard. Data
collected at 2215 0 Street showed second-highest 8-hour concentrations
of 10.8, 11.4, 20.0 and 12.4 mg/m3 in those same years, with 3, 3 and
9 and 2 exceedances, respectively.
Figure 7 shows a pollution rose for the 51st and Colby site, based on
hours with CO concentrations over 10 mg/m^ (the eight-hour primary standard),
Only those hours would contribute to eight-hour exceedances of the standard.
Wind data from the municipal airport (about seven miles west) were used
for preparation of the rose. That rose indicates that elevated CO
concentrations occurred when winds were light, and predominantly included
a range of directions from north-northwest to north-northeast. Figure
8 shows an historical wind rose for the airport. Comparison of Figures
7 and 8 indicates that the CO sources are not uniformly distributed
around the monitor. The traffic map shown in Figure 9 and the topographic
map in Figure 10 show the pollutant monitoring location and the surrounding
area.
Because of the distance between the pollutant monitoring station and
the weather station, and because the prevalence of light winds makes the
correlation of wind directions uncertain between the two sites, any
conclusions drawn from this pollution rose should be regarded as tentative
indications, and not as established facts.
With that caution in mind, traffic along 48th Street in the vicinity
of the shopping center and traffic in the parking lot of the shopping
center would be possible contributors to the high concentrations. A
point source emitting over 250 tons/year of CO is located approximately
three miles to the north-northeast of the monitor. It was shown on a
Lincoln inset map in Section VI of this report. That source might be
a partial contributor to the concentrations measured, under certain
wind conditions. Such contribution would be consistent with the second
longest arm of the pollution rose. However, area sources closer to the
monitor could alternatively account for that arm.
The pollution rose for the 2215 0 Street site is shown in Figure 11.
Comparison with the wind rose in Figure 7 indicates little localization
of CO sources around this monitor. Topographic features and traffic
densities near the monitor are shown in Figures 12 and 13, respectively.
(The monitor location is again shown by the symbol
-------
79
of the downtown area. Data from the Special Purpose Monitor which the
local agency has established in the downtown area will help to better
define the extent of the area which contributes to the high concentrations.
At both sites, modeling and on-site meteorological monitoring would
be useful components of future studies to determine contributing sources.
79
-------
Figure 7. CO in Lincoln
1-3
d-7 8-11 12-1516
Wind Speeds (Kts.)
Percent of hours over threshold
and with indicated wind speed
and direction.
Met. Station: Airport
Air Quality Site: 51st and Colby
C0>10mg/m3
62 Observations 1980 and 1981 Data
I
i i i i
I
i i
I
5%
107.
N
80
-------
Figure 8. Historical Wind Rose-Lincoln Airport
Percent of observations with
indicated wind direction.
L
I
10%
1959-1963 Data
14600 Observations
81
-------
Figure 9. Traffic Density
Around 51st & Colby
(Average Daily Traffi
82
-------
'^s*^*'j
-------
Figure 11. CO in Lincoln
1-3
4.7 ft-11 12-15 16 +
il
Wind Speeds (Kts.)
Percent of hours over threshold
and with indicated wind speed
and direction.
N
Met. Station: Municipal Airport
Air Quality Site: 2215 "0" Street
C0>10 mg/m3
140 Observations
1980 and 1981 data
I
i i i i
I
i i i i
5%
J
10%
84
-------
^JL^' ^"ff10"*
f» Figure 12. Topography Near 2215 0 Street
85
*3=> f^stJP^B!
-------
U \ 92
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87
-------
XIII. POPULATION EXPOSURE
Population exposure to elevated pollutant concentrations is difficult
to measure accurately. (People spend varying amounts of time in
different parts of a city which may have localized areas with high
pollutant concentrations. Population estimates within such localized
areas are difficult to compute manually because that calculation requires
locating and summing the populations of numerous small, detailed
geographical areas.) Previous attempts to estimate population exposure
have focused on populations of entire counties or metropolitan areas,
even though the designated non-attainment areas were only portions of
those counties or cities. While such approximations are understandable,
given the difficulty of obtaining and using population data with more
detailed spatial resolution, they may greatly overestimate the populations
exposed to elevated pollutant concentrations. A better approximation
of exposed population would be a determination of just that segment of
the population living within the designated non-attainment areas. (For
03, while that number may over-estimate the population actually exposed
to high ozone concentrations, it should closely approximate the population
affected by pollution control measures.) At our request, Systems Applica-
tions, Inc. (SAI) has developed software to estimate the population
within any given closed polygon, using the detailed census Block Group/
Enumeration District data in their computer data base. The non-attainment
areas shown on the maps in Sections IV through VIII of this report were
sent to SAI for computation of the enclosed populations. Table 6
summarizes the results of those calculations. The population density
maps from which the table was prepared are shown in Appendix C. That
appendix also describes the calculation procedure more fully.
It should be noted that redesignations were recommended which would
reduce the size of some non-attainment areas. The populations in the
table show that significant numbers of people have benefitted from the
recent reductions in pollutant concentrations.
88
-------
89
TABLE 6
POPULATION ESTIMATES WITHIN DESIGNATED NON-ATTAINMENT AND UNCLASSIFIED AREAS
TSP
Cass County
Louisville
Weeping Water
Dakota County
Dawson County
Omaha-Metropol itan
Area
Primary
1,000
1,000
44,000
Secondary
1,000 (incl. PNA)
1,000 (incl. PNA)
Unclassified
20,000 (includes
PNA and SNA's)
17,000
22,000
400,000 (incl. PNA)
CO
Lincoln
Omaha
Primary & Secondary
7,000
283,000
Unclassified
158,000 (includes
PNA)
89
-------
XIV. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Attainment Status Designations
The evaluations of ambient air quality based on recent data found the
attainment status designations to be generally consistent with recent
data for most pollutants in most parts of the State. Recommendations
were made in the text for attainment status changes for TSP and CO.
The TSP recommendations, which were summarized in Table 4, encourage
consideration of some redesignations from non-attainment to attainment,
and a few redesignations from attainment or unclassified to non-attainment.
In each case, we encourage the State to review the monitoring data and
any supplemental information available (including the EPA fugitive dust
policy) in order to determine whether or not redesignation is needed.
The recommendations for CO encourage expansion of the non-attainment
area in Lincoln, and encourage consideration of a reduction in the size
of the non-attainment area in Omaha.
B. Air Quality Concern Areas
Relatively few serious air quality problems were found in Nebraska, based
on the monitoring data available in SAROAD. The areas which pose human
health concerns, because the primary standards were exceeded, are
summarized in the following paragraphs. The specific criteria for
assignment of priorities are also described in those paragraphs.
First Priority - Some sites have shown repeated exceedance of the primary
standards and also have exceeded the alert level during the period evaluated.
These sites include:
0 TSP - Louisville
0 CO - Lincoln (both sites) and Omaha (7425 West Dodge)
These areas have been the subject of previous investigations by the State.
We encourage the State personnel to continue their efforts to identify and
address the causes of those high concentrations.
Second Priority - Some TSP monitoring sites showed violation of the
primary standard during the period evaluated, but did not exceed the
alert level. Those sites include Nebraska City, Omaha (llth at Nicholas)
and South Sioux City (both sites). We recommend that the State evaluate
these areas to determine whether or not long-term problems are indicated,
and, if so, identify and address the causes of those high concentrations.
Two of the areas listed above were addressed more extensively in Section XII,
which included pollution roses to indicate possible sources of the elevated
concentrations. The information in that section of the report may be useful
in the State's efforts to identify and control the sources of those concen-
trations.
90
-------
In recent years, there have been reductions in both the number and the size
of areas which exceed the primary standards, especially for particulate matter.
Those reductions are encouraging indications of progress made by the State
and local agencies.
C. Monitor Operation and Siting
The precision and accuracy data generally reflect conscientious efforts by the
State and local agencies to operate the monitors in accordance with the
quality assurance requirements of the regulations. Two recommendations were
made in order to fully satisfy those requirements. Those recommendations
would increase the number of precision checks performed on automated
analyzers in Omaha and ensure that precision and accuracy assessments
are performed and reported for all SLAMS data collected after January
1, 1983.
Recommendations were made, though at low priority, for the State to
consider: establishing $62 monitors downwind of two power plants;
establishing CO monitors in Sarpy and Hall Counties; and placing an
additional ozone monitor farther downwind of Lincoln if the existing
monitor begins measuring high ozone concentrations.
91
-------
APPENDIX A
Tabular Summaries of Data
Table Description
.Al . Ambient Air Monitoring Data
A2 Precision and Accuracy Estimates for Ambient
Air Monitoring Data
A3 Attainment Status Designations
A4 Emissions Data
92
-------
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED IN TABLE Al
SITE ID
YR
REP ORG
f OBS
MAX 24-HR 1ST
MAX 24-HR 2ND
OBS >260
OBS >150
ARIT MEAN
GEO MEAN
GSD
METH
QTRLY ARITH MEAN 1ST
QTRLY ARITH MEAN 2ND
QTRLY ARITH MEAN 3RD
QTRLY ARITH MEAN 4TH
MEANS >1.5
MAX VALUES 1ST
MAX VALUES 2ND
MAX 1-HR 1ST
MAX 1-HR 2ND
OBS > 40
MAX 8-HR 1ST
MAX 8-HR 2ND
OBS >10
OBS >365
MAX 3-HR 1ST
MAX 3-HR 2ND
OBS >1300
DAILY MAX 1-HR 1ST
DAILY MAX 1-HR 2ND
DAILY MAX 1-HR 3RD
Site identification number
Year
Reporting organization
Number of observations
Highest value recorded in a 24-hour period
Second highest value recorded in a 24-hour period
Number of observations greater than 260
Number of observations greater than 150
Arithmetic mean
Geometric mean
Geometric standard deviation
Method
First quarter arithmetic mean
Second quarter arithmetic mean
Third quarter arithmetic mean
Fourth quarter arithmetic mean
Number of quarterly means greater than 1.5
Highest value recorded for the year
Second highest value recorded for the year
Highest value recorded in a one-hour period
Second highest value recorded in a one-hour period
Number of observations greater than 40
Highest value recorded in an eight-hour period
Second highest value recorded in an eight-hour period
Number of observations greater than 10
Number of observations greater than 365
Highest value recorded in a three-hour period
Second highest value recorded in a three-hour period
Number of observations greater than 1300
Maximum hourly ozone value for a day
Second maximum hourly ozone value for a day
Third maximum hourly ozone value for a day
93
-------
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED IN TABLE Al (Continued)
VALS >.125 MEAS
VALS >.125 EST
NBR VALID DAILY MAX
MISS DAYS ASS < STD
Number of measured values greater than .125
Number of expected violations
Number of valid daily maximum values
Number of missing days assumed to be less than the
standard
The mean does not satisfy summary criteria
94
-------
TABLE Al. AMBIENT AIR MONITORING DATA
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-------
04/19/83
NATIONAL AEROMETRIC DATA BANK
QUICK LOOK REPORT
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (UG/M3) NEBRASKA
81-82
PAGE 12
METHOD: GRAVIMETRIC, 24-Hoim HI-VOLUME FILTER SAMPLE-PI
SITE ID
281540001F01
281540001F01
281S60003G01
281560003G01
281560005G01
281560005G01
281560006G01
281560006G01
281560008G01
281560008G01
281560012G01
281560012G01
281560012G09
281560012G09
261560013G01
281560013G01
281560014G01
281560015G01
281580001F01
281530001F01
281760002F01
281760002F01
281760003F01
261000001F01
281800001F01
281620001F01
281820001F01
281820001F09
281820001F09
281CS0011G01
281800011G01
231830015G01
281880015G01
281C30018G01
281C00019G01
281830019G01
281680020G01
281680020G01
281330020G09
LOCATION
LEXINGTON
LEXINGTON
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN CO
LINCOLN CO
NEBRASKA CITY
NEBRASKA CITY
NEBRASKA CITY
NORFOLK
NORFOLK
NORTH PLATTE
NORTH PLATTE
NORTH PLATTE
NORTH PLATTE
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
COUNTY
DAWSON CO
DAWSON CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LINCOLN CO
LINCOLN CO
OTOt CO
OTOE CO
OTOE CO
MADISON CO
MADISCN CO
LINCOLN CO
LINCOLN CO
LINCOLN CO
LINCOLN CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
ADDRESS
406 E 6TH ST
406 E 6TH ST
300 SO 48TH
300 SO 48TH
3325 NO 14TH ST
3325 NO 14Til ST
6224 LOGAN
6224 LOGAN
5230 TIPPERARY T
5230 TIPPEPARY T
POLICE STATION
POLICE STATION
POLICE STA 10TH
POLICE STA 10TH
2435 NORTH 33PD
2435 NORTH 33RD
HEALTH DEPT
GAME AND PARKS C
FREDERICK SITE
FREDERICK SITE
714 CENTRAL AVE
714 CENTRAL AVE
905 3RD, NEBRASK
7TH AND BROSH
7TH AND BROSH
211 » 3RD ST
211 » 3RD ST
211 M 3RD ST. C
211 W 3RD ST. C
11TH & NICHOLAS
11TH S NICHOLAS
EPPLEY FIELD
EPPLEY FIELD
30TH HANOVER
41ST WOOLI-'ORTH
41ST WOOLUORTH
63RD FREDERICK
63RO FREDERICK
63RD & FREDRICK
REP
YR ORG «OBS
81 001
82 001
81 002
82 002
81 002
82 002
61 002
82 002
81 002
82 002
81 002
82 002
81 002
82 002
81
82
82
82
81 001
82 001
81 001
82 001
82
81 001
82 001
81 001
82 001
81 001
82 001
61 003
82 003
81 003
82 003
81 003
61 003
82 003
81 003
82 003
81 003
45
49
58
56
60
56
59
56
61
40
58
58
60
57
59
41
16
15
54
43
53
32
24
46
48
56
53
55
53
60
59
57
48
53
61
57
60
57
45
MAX 24-HR OBS> OBS>
1ST 2ND 260 150
111
170
103
103
116
100
130
102
81
103
153
146
172
146
223
146
89
72
238
111
185
245
127
189
157
364
143
327
122
258
195
151
123
152
132
114
178
153
151
103
153
82
81
102
82
106
90
81
84
142
144
153
137
200
146
80
71
155
109
165
190
95
146
133
97
118
95
115
239
176
149
111
113
131
102
163
144
138
2
1
2
7
2
4
3
1
1
1 1
1 1
10
4
1
1
2
1
1
ARIT GEO
MEAN MEAN
47
54
46
40
49
39
58
43
44
43?
72
68
73
66
85
78?
41?
36?
33
32
85
75?
59?
69
63
54
53
52
55
103
74
72
53
67
59
48
76
63
74?
41
45
42
35
44
33
53
39
40
38?
67
61
67
59
74
70?
37?
32?
25
23
77
63?
55?
61
58
45
47
44
50
91
64
66
47
63
55
42
68
55
67?
6SD
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.7
2.0
2.2
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
? INDICATES THAT THE MEAN DOES NOT SATISFY SUMMARY CRITERIA
-------
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-------
04/19/83
NATIONAL AEROMETPIC DATA BANK
QUI^K LOOK REPORT
PAGE 17
SULFUR DIOXIDE (US/M3)
NEBRASKA
81-82
METHODS: HOURLY VALUES WEST-GAEKE COLORIMETRIC-II, CONDUCTIMETRIC-IS, COULOMETRIC-IAF FLAME PHOTOMETRIC-I*,
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE NAOH TITRATION-18, CATALYST FLAME PHOTOKETRIC-19, PULSED FLUOPESCENT-20, SECOND DERIVATIVE SPECTROSCOPY-21,
CONDUCTANCE ASARCO-22, ULTRA VIOLET STIMULATED FLUORESCEUCE-23.SE9UEHTIAL COt,'DUCTIMETRIC-33,
GAS BUBBLERS PARAROSANILINE-SULFAMIC ACID-91, PARAROSANILINE SULFAMIC ACID TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED-97
SITE ID
28C660001J05
281560000G01
281560006G01
281560012G01
281560012G01
281830019G01
2818C0028G01
281880033G01
281830036G01
281880036G01
LOCATION
DAKOTA CO
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
COUNTY
DAKOTA CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
ADDRESS
NEBRASKA SI'E
5230 TIPPEPARY T
5230 TIPPERARY T
POLICE STATION
POLICE STATION
41ST t k'OOLWORTH
2411 0 ST
10TH « MARCY
FLORENCE * BURDE
FLORENCE * BURDE
YR
81
81
82
81
82
81
81
81
82
81
REP
ORG
002
002
002
002
003
003
003
003
003
HOBS
2696
60
29
61
30
57
61
60
7646
2879
MAX 24-HR OBS> MAX 3-HR OBS> MAX 1-HR ARIT
1ST 2ND 365 1ST 2ND 1300 1ST 2ND MEAN
32
18
13
18
13
29
31
52
100
126
23 82 80
18
5
18
5
21
18
42
87 179 176
48 197 184
189 186 5?
6
6?
6
6?
7
7
11
236 223 10
210 202 9?
MTH
20
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
20
23
VO
oo
? INDICATES THAT THE MEAN DOES NOT SATISFY SUMMARY CRITERIA
-------
04/19/83
NATIONAL AEPOMETRIC DATA BANK
QUICK LOOK REPORT
PAGE 25
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (UG/M3)
NEBRASKA
81-82
METHODS: HOURLY VALUES COLORIMETRIC-LYSHKOW-UI COLORIHETRIC-GRIESS-SALTZMAN-IZ, COULOMETRIC-IS, CHEMILUMINESCENCE-HI
24-HOUR GAS BUBBLERS NASN SODIUM ARSENITE ORIFICE-84, NASH SODIUM ARSEHITE FRIT-94, TEA METHOD-95, TGS METHOO-96
SITE ID
280660001J05
281560012G01
281560012G01
281880019G01
2P1880028G01
28188003JG01
LOCATION
DAKOTA CO
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
COUNTY
DAKOTA CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
ADDRESS
NEBRASKA SITE
POLICE
POLICE
41ST ft
2411 0
10TH ft
STATION
STATION
WOOLUOPTH
ST
MARCY
YR
81
81
82
81
81
81
REP
OPG
002
002
003
003
003
MAX 1-HR
SOBS 1ST 2ND
2730 85 75
58
30
57
59
60
MAX 24-HR
1ST 2ND
97
80
62
77
64
86
60
58
73
62
ARIT
MEAN
7?
43
41?
31
38
34
METH
14
84
84
84
84
84
o
o
? INDICATES THAT THE MEAN DOES NOT SATISFY SUMMARY CRITERIA
-------
04/19/83
NATIONAL AEROMETRIC DATA BANK
QUICK LOOK REPORT
OZONE (PARTS PER MILLION) NEBRASKA
PAGE 30
80-82
METHODS: HOURLY VALUES CHEMILUMINESCENCE-H, ULTRA VIOLET DASIBI CORPORATION-!*, CHEMILUMINESCENCE RHOOAMINE B DYE-IB
SITE ID
280640001J03
2e0660001J05
281560011G01
281560011G01
281560011G01
281830028G01
2818S0028G01
281630028G01
281830032G01
281830032G01
281880032G01
281880035G01
281880035G01
LOCATION
CUSTER CO
DAKOTA CO
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
COUNTY
CUSTER CO
DAKOTA CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
LANCASTER CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
REP
ADDRESS YR ORG
COMSTOCK HWY 106 80
NEBRASKA SITE 80
14TH AND SUPERIO 80
14TH AND SUPERIO 81 002
14TH AHD SUPERIO 82 002
2*11 0 ST 80
2411 0 ST 81 003
2411 0 ST 82 003
11414 N 72ND ST 80
11414 N 72ND ST 81 003
11414 N 72t!D ST 82 003
METRO-TECH CAMPU 81 003
METRO-TECH CAMPU 82 003
*OBS
674
3116
6362
6602
8011
7868
7759
7932
8514
8341
8462
5301
6445
DAILY MAX
1ST 2ND
.038 .037
.093 .081
.033 .075
.073 .068
.083 .071
.110 .095
.065 .055
.055 .050
.170 .145
.082 .075
.090 .087
.085 .077
.075 .075
1-HR
3RD 1
.035
.079
.074
.066
.070
.085
.055
.050
.145
.075
.072
.077
.067
VALS 3
MEAS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
• .125 t
EST C
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
JBR VALID 1
IAILY MAX
29
123
265
361
335
327
327
332
354
347
352
222
267
MISS DAY:
ASS < STC
0
5
0
0
0
7
3
1
4
2
6
3
5
!
I ME
11
14
14
14
14
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14
o
-------
04/19/83
NATIONAL AEROM'rTRIC DATA BANK
QUICK LOOK REPORT
PAGE 34
LEAD
(UG/M3)
NEBRASKA
81-82
METHODS: JARRELL-ASH EMISSION SPECTRA icAP-9o, EMISSION SPECT MUFFLE FURNACE-9i, ATOMIC ABsoRPTioN-92, DITHIOZONE METHOD-93
EMISSION SPECT (LOW TEMP ASH)-95, X-RAY FLUORESCEHCE-96, FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION-97
SITE ID
280180003G01
281560012A01
28ie90oiiGoi
2818S0019G01
281880034A01
281830034A01
281880038G01
LOCATION
BELLEVUE
LINCOLN
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
OMAHA
COUNTY
SARPY CO
LANCASTER CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
DOUGLAS CO
ADDRESS
FAIRVIEW AT GALV
POLICE STATION
11TH * NICHOLAS
41ST * WOOLKORTH
19TH AVE. OMAHA
19TH AVE. OMAHA
78TH * DODGE
REP
YR ORG
82
81
82
82
81
82
82
METH
tOBS
15
28
16
16
30
19
16
92
90
92
92
90
90
92
QTRLY
1ST
.21
.34
.38
ARITH MEAN MEANS> MAX VALUES
2ND 3RD 4TH 1.5 1ST 2ND
.14
.18 .14 .15
1.21
.10
.08 .26 .35
.24 .31
.23
7
1
1
.42
.41
.17
.19
.11
.17
.54
.26
.39
3.51
.15
.97
.74
.51
CD
ro
-------
TABLE A2. PRECISION AND ACCURACY ESTIMATES
FOR AMBIENT AIR MONITORING DATA
CO K» O
rH
UJ t* * O I
§£3 $£5
a < z < *
* Z O- h-cg-^i-icoiA o- .3-
<*rH3 FHfHOiHOrH rHfH
» -J I »4- + + + + <• +
O * CJ
» CO -J
* O I rHrHrHrHinO CO rH
» a O rHCMOrHOCM OrH
>- » O. -J I I I I I I II
u *
< * r a
a * -i i
* rH
3*0-1
* O I
O * Ct O
* D. -I
U *
* in
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* < > o o
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» «* -J
f- * -J CO
v a * -i a:
^ o o * o o.
5 — o. *u oroino-t-i
•C UJ UJ *< KIKIKlJ-
eo o a * -i t-
< » < <
< >- * > o
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< o < *
DUD: *
i- 3 < » Q. r
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Hi UJ L) H * < *J
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t- O i < * 3
u a z * — i o
EC. O O * -I -I
M * O UJ
a — i in * o D: M*Q:O COrHr^i-IOiHrHca
ZZ< » CL -1 I I I I I I I I
UJ IO L> *
*
U X
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CL * O UJ KIIOKIWIOKIKIO
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a * -J M
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*
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.
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-
* «* <
* tn
BRASKA
DOS
uj x
Z (-
UI
< u. X.
*: O
in -J
4 U ^
or t- D
to < z
UJ t- <
z m r
CCURACY DATA KEY
«**«******W*tt***
TYP POLL YR-q
< *
1 * 0
§;*
M *
in * t-
t-i » in
u *
UI *
Ct » 13
a » a
i i i i i i i i i
11 *
0 *
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1-4 *
r-t
UI
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_j
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0 rH
0 t-
or
<
co a.
«
«
0 «
103
-------
NEBRASKA
LINCOLN
MANUAL METHODS
NATIONAL AEROMETRIC DATA BANK
ENVIROIIMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SAROAD/PRECISION-ACCURACY REPORT
PAGE 19
APR 19t 1983
NA273/NAPOOO
PPECISION-ACCURACY DATA KEY
************«****«**«******
RG ST RO TYP POLL YR-Q
PRECISION DATA
****«******«**«*»*« W«*****KK**N**«*««N***tt**)f**K*
» OF COLLOC PROB LIM COLL SAMP VAL COLL
SAMPLRS SITES LO UP BELOW LIM DATA PRS
ACCURACY DATA
»»*»«»**»***»*»**»****»**»**»»»»*»»**»»*»
* AUDITS PROB LIM PROB LIM PROB LIM
LEV 1-3 LO-L1-UP LO-L2-UP LO-L3-UP
07 28 002 I 11101
*»#* PARTICULATE ***»
81-1
81-2
61-3
81-4
81-5
82-1
82-2
62-3
82-*
82-5
4
4
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
Z
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+04
-12
-03
-07
-05
-15
-06
-09
-13
-11
+15
+ 17
+ 08
+ 08
+ 12
+ 14
+ 08
+ 12
+ 18
+13
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
22
29
14
16
81
003
003
003
003
0012
003
003
003
002
0011
-01 +02
-00 +00
-00 +03
-04 +01
-01 +02
-13 +13
-06 +03
-06 +05
-18 +19
-11 +10
o
-pi
-------
NEBRASKA
OMAHA
AUTOMATED ANALYZERS
PRECISION-ACCURACY DATA KEY
**««******«**««*««««***«***
RG ST RO TYP POLL YR-Q
PRECISION DATA
***K*«*******tt****ttN******K
f OF PRECIS PROB LIM
ANLYZRS CHECKS LO UP
ROMETRIC DATA BANK
L PROTECTION AGENCY
SION-ACCURACY REPORT
A C
ft*************************
SOURCE TRACE » AUDITS
AUD GAS ABLTY Ll-3 L*
CURACY
«****»«******
PROS LIM
LO-L1-UP
DATA
tt*****ft**IH
PROB LIM
LO-L2-UP
PAGE 20
APR 19, 1983
, NA273/NAPOOO
(»*«*************««»»
PROB LIM PROB LIM
LO-L3-UP LO-L4-UP
07 28 003 C 42101
«* CARBON MONOXIDE **
o
tn
07 28 003 C
«* SULFUR DIOXIDE **«
07 28 003 C 44201
**»*«** OZONE *******
81-1
81-4
81-5
62-1
82-2
82-3
82-4
82-5
82-1
82-2
82-3
82-4
82-5
81-1
81-2
81-3
81-4
81-5
82-1
82-2
82-3
82-4
82-5
001
002
002
002
002
002
002
002
001
001
001
001
001
002
003
003
003
003
003
003
003
003
003
0007
0006
0013
0008
0009
0010
0002
0029
0003
0004
0005
0005
0017
0006
0008
0019
0010
0043
0012
0012
0015
0010
0049
-05
-07
-06
-08
-11
-14
-29
-16
-20
-15
-19
-09
-16
-06
-16
-10
-09
-10
-04
-14
-08
-17
-11
-02
+ 02
+00
+ 02
-02
+ 06
+ 18
+ 06
-01
+ 15
+ 06
+ 18
+ 10
+ 06
+ 15
+ 11
+ 22
+ 14
+ 07
+ 13
+ 12
+ 16
+ 12
A
E
E
D
D
0000 0000
0000 0000
002
0002
001
001
002
0004
002
002
0004
000
0000
0000
000
000
0000
-20
-20
-09
-30
-20
-16
-06
-11
+07
+ 07
+ 23
-03
+ 10
-05
-04
-05
-04
-04
-16
-21
-19
-16
-07
-12
+01
+ 01
+ 28
-01
+14
-06
-02
-04
-03
-03
-17
-13
-15
-13
-05
-09
+ 09
+ 09
+ 35
-02
+ 17
-09
+ 02
-04
-12 +23
-13 -03
-13 +10
-------
NEBRASKA
OMAHA
MANUAL METHODS
NATIONAL AEROMETRIC DATA BANK
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SAROAO/PRECISION-ACCURACY REPORT
PAGE 21
APR 19, 1983
NAZ73/NAPOOO
PRECISION-ACCURACY DATA KEY
******tf***M*****«tt*ftKK**K*tt
RG ST RO TYP POLL YR-q
PRECISION DATA
****»**»*W***«*«*»K«***K**K««KKM*«N*tt»K**M*****«»
« OF COLLOC PROB LIM COLL SAMP VAL COLL
SAMPLRS SITES LO UP BELOW LIM DATA PRS
ACCURACY DATA
*«***»**«*K*K*K*«*K**K*****«**MM*K*«*****
« AUDITS PROB LIM PRCB LIM PROB LIM
LEV 1-3 LO-L1-UP LO-L2-UP LO-L3-UP
07 28 003 I 11101
***» PARTICULATE ****
O
CFi
07 28 003 I 42401
** SULFUR DIOXIDE «**
07 28 003 I 42602 81-1
** NITROGEN DIOXIDE * 81-2
81-3
81-4
81-5
81-1
81-2
81-3
81-4
81-5
82-1
82-2
82-3
82-4
82-5
81-1
81-2
81-3
81-4
81-5
11
14
16
18
15
18
18
20
21
19
0
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
0
-04
-08
-05
-02
-05
-10
-08
-07
-13
-10
+ 12
+ 20
+ 11
+ 09
+ 13
+ 10
+ 06
+ 07
+ 14
+ 09
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
3
15
15
28
25
24
29
106
004
023
005
005
0037
005
005
005
005
0020
015
015
015
0045
014
015
015
0044
21
19
36
27
26
•04
07
•03
•04
+ 36
+ 30
+ 15
+ 10
+23
+ 09
+ 09
+ 04
+ 04
-08
-07
-08
-10
-08
-10
-06
-12
-06
-09
-12
-18
-20
-17
-17
-06
-06
-04
-05
+06
+ 17
+ 01
-03
+ 05
+05
+ 02
+ 07
+ 06
+ 05
+ 14
+ 23
+ 08
+04
+ 12
+ 07
+06
+ 01
+ 01
-14
-15
-17
-14
-15
-06
-02
-03
-04
+10
+ 22
+ 09
+ 06
+ 12
+07
+ 07
+ 02
+ 01
-05 +07 -05 +04 -04 +04
-------
§ 81.328
Title 40—Protection of Environment chapter I—Environmental Protection Agency
§81.328
Monlana-O.
Nebraska—TSP
Designated area
Yetowatona County
Heat ol Stale
Does not
meet
primary
atandarda
Cannot bs
classified o
batter than
national
standards
'X
X
'EPA daojnaaon replaces Slate designation.
Montena-CO
Designated area
City ol BMngs
Qty ol Mnaouta
Great FaNi designated araa
fltit trl Stete . . , , ,
Does not
meel
primary
atandarda
'X
X
X
Cannol b«
classified or
better than
national
standards
X
'EPA daagnaaon reptacea Stete designation
Montane-No,
Designated araa
Emm State
Does not
meet
primary
standards
Cannot b*
classified or
better than
national
standards
X
(Sec. 110 of the Clean Air Act as amended)
143 PR 8964. Mar. 3. 1978. M amended at 43 PR 40427. Sept. 11, 1978; 45 PR 59317. Sept. »,
1980; 46 PR 62985. Sept. 23. 1980]
1 81.328 Nebraska.
Nebraska— TSP
Does not Does not
o*™Hn<*>fl *"• primary secondary
atandarda standards
AOCfl 065 (Douglas and Sarpy Courttea).
Douglas County.
Omaha— 24th and O Street atte ' X
Omaha— nth and Nicholas Street ette ' X
Remainder of Omaha X
Remainder ol Douglas County
Cannol be
classified
Belter than
national
standard!
X
Does not Does not
meet meel
Designated area primary secondary
standards standards
Remainder of AQCR 146
•As described m the Slate implementation plan.
-------
TABLE A4. EMISSIONS DATA
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
o ............................
» I-
« X
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01
en
a -•
a. x
ui
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UI
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a. o en
» 11
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UI
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t- « x w rs
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ui ui en ui z ox o.uia. ee o CM o o»_i z z tj z u
Z _IUIii« rvXZO_IOCLI >H » U UMUJ MO Z UI
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ui fleiicn oza: ZO.UQ.O«OUIU.U.O.I xiocnuii-
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a uioi-iooot-v- oei-x>->- o ui « « i z uioca.xuiui
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tn ««3»-tjuz«uii:«'-i_i_i>iz«a._i_ii-i« o <->
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tno_iou 3 « G « « ae oo OMUICO *- ^
z o z _i z U.UIU. cc»>to_iu.tjzzoe < ui i- o o o a
oez«=)«ocoi: z « _i a ocae->i-ia3««3C9iiaci~i-3z xt-n u.
wenoesmoet-uioaoQQ oci»:mcnoacxi-ja:>i(i:
ui a « oc o ui M > _i o u ui ui >«uiaeuiuiu3O_iO3«inui
sxu.»-ae3u~)tei(9(auu-^uxu.33to>-u.uixaa«^
w » n -o rv OD o- o ^ M m » « -o rv to e>> o -< IN ro T n -o IN CD
108
-------
STATE: NE
MAJOR POINT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
NO,
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
NAME
MARTIN MARI -NEHAUKA
MARTIN MARI -W WATER
COLERIDGE ELEV CO
FRENCHMAN VALLEY
SALINE VAL TERBIMPER
IMPERIAL GRAIN CO
TRI-GRN INC
MARATHON OIL CO
NE-KAN-COL -HARVARD
CHAMPLAIN PETRO CO
HIGGINS MILLING DEHY
WAGNER MILLS INC
FARMERS COOP MERK CO
FRMRS ELEV INC
HOLMQUIST OR -BANCRO
BANCROFT FARMERS ELE
PRINZ GRAIN t FEED
BROKEN BOW MN UT 145
IOWA BEEF PROCESSORS
O'NEILL ELEV/DIV SCO
SOUTH SIOUX GRAIN
DAUSON COUNTY FEED
GOTHENBERG FEED PROD
CONSOLIDATED BLENDER
CNTRL NE PUBLIC PUR
BELAMY GRAIN COOP
EIGHT-12 PARTNERSHIP
FREMONT UTILITIES
COUNTY
0400
0400
0420
0460
0460
0460
0460
0500
0520
0540
0540
0540
0540
0620
0620
0620
0620
0640
0660
0660
0660
0700
0700
0700
0700
0700
0740
0760
PLANT
0026
0029
0008
0001
0002
0006
0009
0019
0010
0001
0004
0005
0015
0003
0009
0010
0012
0003
0001
0007
0008
0003
0016
0026
0035
0037
0007
0001
PART .
EMISS,
192,
814,
233.
151.
163.
145.
154.
0.
105.
0.
178.
99.
104.
174.
155.
123.
421.
1.
0.
130.
859.
102.
138.
139.
3.
172.
8.
128.
AVG.
HT.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
.0
.0
,0
9.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
9.7
.0
.0
.0
11.2
9.5
6.0
50.9
.0
15.2
47.2
S02
EMISS
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
8.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
13.
0.
0.
1488.
AVG.
HT.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
22.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
50.9
.0
.0
50.1
CO
EMISS.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
35.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
13.
11.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
28.
0.
1252.
42.
AVG.
HT
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
3.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
9.6
21.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
50.9
.0
15.2
50. 1
NOX
EMISS.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
284.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
99.
142,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
401.
0.
3041.
1583.
AVG. VOC
HT EMIBS.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1
3.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
.0
.0
9.6
22.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
50.9
.0
15.2
50.1
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
5,
0.
198,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0,
384.
3.
AVG. PB AVG.
HT EMISS. HT
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
.0
3.4
.0
,0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
.0
.0
50.9
.0
15.2
50.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
.0
-------
STATE! NE
MAJOR POINT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
PAGE
NO.
57
SB
59
60
61
62
63
64
69
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
NAME
FARLEY METALSf INC
C f INDUSTRIES INC
NO BEND DRAIN CO INC
OMAHA PUBLIC PUR DIS
WESTERN ELECTRIC 12
CONAGRA 1521 N16TH S
OOULD INC METALS DI
WILLIAMS BROS PIPEL
MOBIL OIL CORP 7202
NASHUA CORP 3838 SO
AMERICAN SMELT t RE
CONTINENTAL CAN CO
KELLOOO CO 9601 F S
UNIV NEBR MED CENTER
ENERGY SYSTEMS DIV 2
WILLIAMS PIPE-IRVING
A.D.M. GRAIN CO 13T
INDEPENDENT ELEVATOR
KANEB PIPELINE-GENEV
NE-KAN-COL -FAIRMONT
SHICKLEY GRAIN CO
MIDWEST AGRI SER-FRA
UPLAND GRN CO
SALINE VAL INV9ARAPA
EDISON NON-8TK -HOLB
PHILLIPS PETROLEUM
STORE-CRAFT MFG CO
FRMRS ELEV CO
COUNTY
0760
0760
0760
0780
0780
0780
0780
0780
0780
0780
0780
0780
0780
0780
0780
0780
0780
0800
0860
0860
0860
0880
0880
0940
0940
0960
0960
0960
PLANT
0006
0012
0027
0002
0004
0007
0008
0010
0011
0013
0020
0032
0061
0064
0076
0138
0142
0002
0003
0010
0019
0001
0007
0003
0009
0001
0014
0016
PART.
EMISS.
135.
0.
145.
280.
0.
1470.
13.
0.
0.
0.
54.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
106.
217.
0.
156.
112.
392.
112.
230.
109.
16.
0.
115.
AUG.
HT.
10.3
.0
.0
62.1
.0
.0
30.4
.0
.0
.0
17.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
9.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
22.3
.0
.0
S02
EMISS
0.
0.
0.
15965.
0.
0.
426.
0.
8.
0.
3064.
0.
6.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
AUG. CO
HT. EMISS.
.0
.0
.0
62.1
.0
.0
30.4
.0
9.1
.0
25.1
.0
15.2
45.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
21.6
.0
.0
0.
9.
0.
235.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
16.
1.
8.
7.
26.
13.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
80.
0.
0.
AUG.
HT
.0
11.5
.0
62.1
17.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
23.1
10.6
15.2
45.7
27.4
7.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
21.6
.0
.0
NOX
EMISS.
0.
708.
0.
8296.
20.
0.
0.
0.
2.
0.
0.
7.
113.
99.
376.
117.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1100.
0.
0.
AUG.
HT
.0
15.2
.0
62.1
17.9
.0
.0
.0
9.1
.0
.0
10.6
15.2
45.7
27.4
7.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
21.6
.0
.0
VOC
EMISS.
0.
2.
0.
25.
269.
0.
0.
2442.
2918.
3500.
0.
6362.
0.
0.
0.
2.
0.
0.
3165.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
14940.
0.
AUG. PB
HT EMISS.
.0
7.6
.0
62.1
5.2
.0
.0
6.0
7.6
.0
.0
12.1
.0
.0
.0
7.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
21.6
.0
.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AUG.
HT
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
20.0
.0
.0
.0
18.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
-------
STATE: NE
MAJOR POINT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
PAGE
NO.
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
93
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
10S
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
NAME
NORTHER NATURAL OAS
NATURAL OAS PIPELINE
DERTRAN COOP EX-SHTH
SPALDINO COOP ELEV
BRAND 18 UTR 1 LOHT .
8PERRY NEW HOLLAND
CONTINENTAL ORN-8HEL
ORAND ISLAND FARMERS
WILLIAMS PIPE-DONIP
CAROILL INC 00ILTNER
HAMPTON COOP ELEV
ALMA COOP EQUITY EXC
BEVERLY DRAIN CO
LOUP VALLEY ELEVATOR
LOUP VALLEY ELEVATOR
NORMN HRTULL ON-HRTU
CONTINNTL ORN -UILCX
WILCOX COOP ASSN
CONSOLIDATED BLENDR8
CUSHMAN MOTORS 1401
YANKEE HILL BRICK CO
TEXACO INC BOX 81467
NEBRASKA PUB PUR DIS
CONTINENTAL OIL CO B
BURL NORTH HAVLK 66T
ARCHERS DANIELS HID
U OF N ROWER PLANT 1
L1NC ELEV 1 FEED 280
COUNTY
0960
0960
1040
1120
1140
1140
1140
1140
1140
1160
1160
1180
1240
1320
1320
1400
1400
1400
1500
1520
1520
1520
1520
1520
1520
1520
1520
1520
PLANT
0036
0037
0003
0004
0001
0010
0025
0029
0030
0005
0006
0003
0001
0001
0002
0006
0012
0013
0001
0001
0002
0004
0005
0006
0008
0011
0012
0015
PART.
EHISS.
0.
6.
100.
119.
0.
0.
179.
109.
0.
122.
201.
277.
255.
312.
143.
157.
105.
148.
144.
0.
266.
0.
1138.
0.
0.
585.
0.
154.
AUG.
HT.
.0
7.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
14.4
.0
.0
.0
34.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
502
EMISS
0.
0.
0.
0.
9.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
4388.
0.
0.
4.
2.
0.
AVG. CO
HT. EMISS.
.0
.0
.0
.0
24.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
33.3
.0
.0
7.6
22.8
.0
25.
332.
0.
0.
32.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
78.
0.
11.
22.
12.
0.
AVG.
HT
9.3
7.2
.0
.0
26.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
33.3
.0
60.9
7.6
21.0
.0
NOX
EMISS.
119.
2634.
0.
0.
469.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
o.
2.
0.
4898.
0.
48.
207.
146.
0.
AVG.
HT
9.1
7.2
.0
.0
26.5
.0
.0
• .0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
10.9
.0
33.3
.0
60.9
7.6
21.3
.0
VOC
EMISS.
0.
62.
0.
0.
0.
20439.
0.
0.
1208.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
138.
0.
436.
8.
2528.
208.
0.
0.
0.
AVG. PB AVB.
HT EMISS. HT
.0
7.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
• 0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
33.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
-------
8TATEI NE
MAJOR POINT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
PAGE 5
NO, NAME
113 DEETER FOUNDRY 5945
114 GOODYEAR TIRE 4021 N
115 FARMERS COOP AGNEW
116 WALLACE ELEVATOR
117 HERSHEY FARMERS COOP
11B BHOUP t SONS
11? FARHLND SERV COOP IN
120 NPPD - GENTLEMAN I
121 BATTLE CREEK FRMS
122 MADISON FARMERS COOP
123 NEWMAN GROVE FARMERS
124 CARGILL INC BCEN CTY
125 CHAPMAN COOP
124 CENTRAL DRAIN CO INC
127 GREAT WEST SUGAR0BAY
128 BELGRADE GRAIN CO
129 WHITE GRAIN CO
130 MARTIN MARI -AUBURN
131 IDEAL CEMENT CO
132 CHAMPLAIN PETRO CO
133 COOP ELEV-BUPERIOR
134 CADAMS OR I LUMBER
135 NEBR CTY UTILITIES
136 GRAIN SERV CO-NE CTY
137 FARMERS ELEV INC
138 NORTHERN NAT GAS CO
139 OPPD NE8R CITY
140 MARTIN MARI -PAWNEE
OUNTY
1520
1520
1520
1580
1580
1580
1580
1580
1680
1680
1680
1700
1700
1700
1720
1740
1740
1780
1840
1840
1840
1840
1920
1920
1920
1920
1920
1940
PLANT
0018
0019
0094
0009
0011
0015
0017
0019
0003
0017
0021
0002
0005
0008
0001
0001
0006
0001
0001
0002
0005
0010
0003
0012
0022
0029
0036
0001
PART.
EMISS.
4,
8.
129.
352.
278.
105.
335.
288.
109.
157.
347.
100.
202.
456.
260.
107.
149.
182.
160.
0.
121.
1274.
0.
206.
175.
2.
203.
270.
AVO.
HT.
12.8
24.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
167.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
68.0
.0
.0
.0
87.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
10.6
213.3
.0
S02
EMISS
1.
107.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1297.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
47.
0.
0.
0.
1048.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1167.
0.
AVO.
HT.
12.8
24.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
167.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
76.8
.0
.0
.0
91.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
213.3
.0
CO
EMISS.
255.
7.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
256.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
81.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
63.
0.
0.
111.
593.
0.
AVG.
HT
12.8
24.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
167.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
76.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
9.1
.0
.0
8.9
213.3
.0
NOX
EMISS.
0.
45.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
25616.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
101.
0.
0.
0.
267,
0.
0.
0.
503.
0.
0.
302.
33577.
0.
AVG.
HT
.0
24.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
167,6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
76.8
.0
.0
.0
91.4
.0
.0
.0
9.1
.0
.0
8.9
213.3
.0
VOC
EMIB8.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
853.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
5697.
0.
0.
9.
0.
0.
1.
69.
0.
AVO. PB AVO.
HT EMI88. HT
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
167.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
30.4
.0
.0
9.1
.0
.0
10.6
213.3
.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
-------
STATE! NE
MAJOR POINT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
PAGE A
NO. NAME
141 ELSIE ELEVATOR
142 SLATER BROS DRAIN CO
143 HCCLYHONT ARMSTRONG
144 COLESOM-HOLHOUIST CO
145 FARMERS COOP OR CO
146 FARMERS COOP OIL CO
147 FARHER8 COOP GRAIN
148 UNITED COOP INC-POLK
149 BARTLEY EQTY COOPRTV
150 PERRY BRAIN CO
151 CITY OF FALLS CITY
152 FALLS CITY GRAIN
153 WILLIAMS PIPE-FALLS
154 CRETE HILLS
155 FRIEND GRAIN CO
156 ALLIED CHEHICAL CORP
157 NPPD 9 KRAHER
158 HARTIN HARI -ASHLAND
159 CERE8CO FARHER3 COOP
160 KRUHEL OR I STORAGE
161 CONSOLIDATED BLENDR8
162 CRA INC
163 GREAT WEST BUOPMITCH
164 GREAT WEST 8UGVGERIN
165 UTICA COOP GRAIN
166 LINCOLN CRN -LITCHFD
167 CONSOLIDATED BLENHRS
168 BYRON FARMERS COOP
OUNTY
1960
1980
1980
2000
2020
2020
2020
2060
2100
2100
2120
2120
2120
2160
2160
2180
2180
2200
2200
2200
2200
2260
2260
2260
2300
2340
2420
2460
PLANT
0005
0006
0009
0005
0014
0020
0021
0005
0008
0012
0005
0008
0016
0002
0009
0001
0002
0001
0010
0019
0025
0003
0005
0006
0001
0004
0005
0010
PART.
EMISS.
112.
180.
103.
200.
137.
106.
170.
143.
107.
127.
0.
370.
5.
132.
116.
270.
1448.
1012.
188.
180.
252.
3.
263.
187.
226.
143.
221.
112.
AUG.
HT.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
7.6
.0
.0
15.0
57.6
.0
.0
.0
16.2
42.6
76.8
52.1
.0
.0
12.2
.0
S02
EMISS
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
5.
0.
0.
0.
1020.
0.
0.
0.
0.
202.
57.
58.
0.
0.
0.
0.
AUG.
HT.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
7.6
.0
.0
.0
57.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
35.8
76.8
76.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
CO
EMISS.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
43.
0.
34.
0.
0.
8.
32.
0.
0.
0.
0.
4453.
98.
83.
0.
0.
0.
0.
AUG.
HT
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
9.1
.0
7.6
.0
.0
15.8
57.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
42.6
76.8
76.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
NOX
EMISS.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1
0.
0.
393.
0.
218.
0.
0.
126.
1168.
0.
0.
0.
0.
81.
123.
234.
0.
0.
0.
0.
AUG. UOC
HT EMI68.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
i
' .0
.0
9.1
.0
7.6
.0
.0
15.8
57.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
23.3
76.8
76.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.
0.
0.
0.
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-------
STATE! NE
MAJOR POINT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
PAGE
NO.
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
174
177
178
179
NAME
MORRISON 1 QUIRK INC
CONSOLIDATED BLENDRS
ORD FARMERS COOP
NO LOUP FRMRS COOP
CONSOLIDATED BLENDRS
FORT CALHOUN STONE
BRAH INC
LAURITSEN ORN -KENNA
UINSIDE DENY INC
GARVEY INC - ROSEMNT
LEWIS GRAIN CO.
COUNTY
2500
2540
2540
2540
2580
2580
2580
2580
2620
2640
2640
PLANT
0001
0002
0004
0006
0003
0007
0008
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0003
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PART.
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-------
APPENDIX B
Statistical Evaluation of Trends
The trend evaluation procedure used in the air quality evaluation is based
on the Sen non-parametric statistic. The procedure was recommended by
Vector Research, Incorporated, in a study performed under contract
with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It was selected over
other candidate methods as the method which gives the highest probability
of detecting real trends. Essential advantages of the method include
the following:
1. It takes the seasonality of data into account.
2. It deals with autocorrelation effects in data collected at frequent
intervals e.g., hourly. (Autocorrelation is the tendency for data measured
at nearby times to be more similar than data measured at more distant
times).
3. It does not assume that the data are normally distributed.
4. It identifies continuing trends, even if there is some oscillation
around the trend line.
The latest draft report of the study, "Methods for Classifying Changes
in Environmental Conditions" [VRI-EPA 7.4-FR80-l(R)] describes in more
detail the other candidate methods and the advantages of the Sen statistical
test.
A step-by-step summary of the trend evaluation procedure is given in the
following paragraphs, which were adapted from the above report.
1. Compute one data value for each month of each year. For high-frequency
data series in which autocorrelation may be present (e.g., continuous
monitor data), a monthly average will correct for that autocorrelation.
Alternatively, if trends in high pollutant concentrations at a site are
of greater interest, the 90th percentile concentration for each month
is used. (The 90th percentile concentration produces a more stable
statistical estimate than would the maximum concentration.)
2. Compute the seasonal average of the data for each calendar month,
(i.e., compute the average of all January values, the average of all
February values, etc.). Subtract the appropriate seasonal average from
the value for each month to obtain seasonally adjusted data.
3. Rank the seasonally adjusted data. Replace each adjusted datum
with its rank. (This step makes the procedure non-parametric. It
eliminates the requirement for different statistical methods for different
series of data with different distributional laws governing their
random behavior. It also limits the potential error-producing effects
of outliers.)
4. Compute the Sen test statistic, S, from the formula
12 T2
Y(Y+i)Z Z
y=l t=l
123
-------
where
Y = number of years
y = the index of the year (the index of first year is 1, of the second
year, 2, etc.)
T = number of periods per year (12)
t = the index of the month (the index for January is 1, for February 2, etc.)
Ryt = the rank of the seasonally adjusted value for month t of year y
R>t = the mean rank for month t over all the years
Ry> = the mean rank over all months for year y
The significance of the individual parts of that formula is described as follows.
a) For each year, Ry> is computed by averaging the ranks of the
seasonally adjusted data'for that year. This will be large if the data
in that year are higher than that in other years, small if the data are
smaller. Thus, an increasing trend in this mean rank indicates an
increasing trend in the data through the years. Likewise, a decreasing
trend in the mean ranks indicates a decreasing trend in the data.
b) The term
s \. /
_ TY + 1
represents the covariance between the mean rank for a year and the index
of that year. When large annual mean ranks (Ry - (TY + l)/2 positive)
occur in late years (y-(Y+l)/2 positive) or small annual mean ranks
(Ry. - (TY + l)/2 negative) occur in early years (y-(Y+l)/2 negative) a
positive product will result. Thus, an accumulation of positive products,
and therefore, a large positive result, is associated with a positive
trend. Similarly, an accumulation of negative products, and a large
negative result, is associated with a negative trend.
c) The first term of the equation is a scale factor which normalizes
the covariance calculated above. It is a data-based estimate of the
expected standard deviation of the covariance statistic if there were
no trend. The scaling adjusts the covariance statistic so that it may
be compared with tabulated percentile values of the normal probability
distribution, rather than requiring the generation of special tables
uniquely applicable to this statistic.
5. If the statistic exceeds (in either direction) the appropriate
percentile values of the tabulated normal probability distribution, a
statistically significant trend is present. If it does not exceed those
values, no statistically significant trend is present.
124
-------
Specifically, if the Sen statistic exceeds _+ 1.645 (the 90th percentile
values of the normal distribution for a two-tailed test), we conclude
that the data show a trend. If the statistic does not exceed those
limits, but does exceed _+!.28 (the 80th percentile values), we conclude
that the data show a probable trend. Otherwise, we conclude that no sta-
tistically significant trend is shown by the data.
The following example illustrates the above process. While the trend
calculations are usually performed by a computer, and include five years
of data, the example shows how the calculations can be done manually.
The example uses only three years of data, so that the calculation can
be more easily followed.
Monthly geometric mean TSP data provide the starting point for the
calculation. The monthly values and the seasonal averages are:
Year
Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Jun
1 102
2 136
3 70
Monthly
(Seasonal)
Average 102.67
126
107
67
100.0
142
144
84
123.33
150
68
125
114.33
92
80
112
94.67
112
100
83
98.33
Year
Jul
Aug Sep Oct
Nov
Dec
1 124
2 90
3 95
Monthly
(Seasonal)
Average 103.0
122
104
105
110.33
126
125
107
119.33
117
125
101
114.33
93
102
68
87.67
136
63
98
99.0
The seasonally adjusted data are obtained by subtracting the appropriate
seasonal average from each monthly value.
Year
Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Jun
1 -.67
2 33.33
3 -32.67
26
7
-33.0
18.67
20.67
-39.33
35.67
-46.33
10.67
-2.67
-14.67
17.33
13.67
1.67
-15.33
125
-------
Year
Jul Aug Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1 21.0
2 -13.0
3 -8.0
11.67
-6.33
-5.33
6.67
5.67
-12.33
2.67
10.67
-13.33
5.33
14.33
-19.67
37.0
-36.0
-1.0
The seasonally adjusted data are ranked from lowest to highest and
replaced by the ranks Ryt, as shown in the next table. Ties are handled
by assigning the same average rank to each of the tied values. (Ranks
24 and 25 are tied, so both months are ranked as 24.5). The mean rank
for each season (R.t) anc' the mean ran^ f°r eacn year (Ry.) are also
shown.
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr May
Jun
1 17 33
2 34 23
3 54
R.t 18.67 20
30
31
2
21
35
1
24.5
20.17
15 27
8 18
29 7
17.33 17.33
Year Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rv.
1 32
2 10
3 12
R.t 18
26
13
14
17.67
22
21
11
18
19 20 36 26.0
24.5 28 3 17.875
9 6 16 11.625
17.5 18 18.33
0
The individual terms (Ryt-R \) in the summation of the scale factor are
listed in the following table. The summation over all three years
for each individual month, is shown in the last line of the table.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
1 2.8
2 235.1
3 186.8
yt'R.t)2 424'7
169
9
256
434
81
100
361
542
219.9
367.5
18.7
606.1
5.4
87.0
136.2
228.7
93.5
0.4
106.7
200.6
Year Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1 196
2 64
3 36
yt '*' 296
69.4
21.8
13.5
104.7
16
9
49
74
2.25
49.
72.25
123.5
4
100
144
248
312.2
235.0
5.4
552.6
126
-------
Summing across the last line of the table, we have
I ..R .)2 s 383409
12
E
t=l
3
l
Substituting into the formula for the Sen statistic, we have
S =
3T4TT
12 (12)*
) (3834.
(1 - * ) (26.0 - 37 ) + {2 . 4 ) (17.875 . 37
(3 - * ) (11.65 - 37 )
= .1938 [ - 7.50 + 0 -6.85 ] = -2.78
Since the test statistic is below the range +_ 1.645 (the 90th percentile
values of the normal distribution), we conclude (with greater than 90%
confidence) that the data show a decreasing trend.
127
-------
APPENDIX C
Population Exposure Estimates
As Section XIII of this report described, previous estimates of population
exposure to elevated concentrations have focused on county-level populations
in areas where all or portions of a county had been designated as not
meeting the NAAQS's for specific pollutants. Those approximations tend to
overestimate, and sometimes greatly so, the population exposure. In
order to refine those estimates, populations within the designated
non-attainment areas were desired. Systems Applications, Inc. (SAI), of
San Rafael, California has written the software necessary to compute
population estimates within any arbitrary closed polygon at any location
in the United States. The procedure used is based in part on the high
resolution population gridding program used in the SHEAR model for
estimating population exposure to air pollutants (Anderson and Lundberg,
1983). Robert G. Ireson was the SAI project manager for the current
study. Funding for the project came through EPA Headquarters. Tim Matzke
(Environmental Results Branch, OMSE) provided the necessary coordination.
The assistance of both of those individuals is gratefully acknowledged.
This Appendix gives a general description of the software, and provides
copies of the program outputs, including population density maps.
Since those maps show approximate population densities by square kilometer,
they may be useful as a reference for other analyses, in addition to
the population exposure estimates. The abbreviations "PNA," "SNA," and
"Unclass" in the map titles stand for "Primary Non-Attainment Area,"
"Secondary Non-Attainment Area," and "Unclassified Area," respectively.
The starting point for the population estimation is a set of points
which define a closed polygon (the non-attainment area). These points
were initially obtained by digitizing the outline of each non-attainment
area from appropriate maps. Those points were used both in constructing
the non-attainment area boundaries shown in the body of the report,
and as input to the population estimation software.
The SAI software checks each polygon to verify closure, and selects a
cell size which is appropriate to the size of the non-attainment area
of interest. For all Nebraska areas shown, the selected cell size is
1 km x 1 km. Map scale is also adjusted according to the size of the
area. Comparison of the Lincoln CO maps of the PNA and the unclassified
area illustrates that effect. Maps are plotted with Universal Transverse
Mercator coordinate axes, and include a border extending four cell
widths beyond the boundary of the area of interest.
The program searches the population data file, which contains the locations
of the centroids of all census block groups and enumeration districts
(BG/ED's), and the population of each BG/ED. It assigns each centroid
to the appropriate cell in the final grid, and distributes the population
for each BG/ED according to the density of centroids and the size of
the cells. It then calculates the population density for each cell.
Individual cells are classified as being inside the polygon, outside
128
-------
the polygon, or divided by the polygon. The population within the
polygon is estimated by adding up the populations of all cells in the
polygon. For cells divided by the polygon, the relative areas inside
and outside are used to estimate the population inside.
The population extraction and gridding program produces a listing, by
county, of the number and total population of the BG/ED1s extracted for
the grid. For completeness, those listings are also included. Where
the geographical density of the BG/ED's centroids is low, the populations
may be spread over a large number of cells, especially near the edges
of the final grid. In those cases, (which appear on the map as large
areas with uniform low density), population density estimates may be
shifted into or out of the polygon. If the total population is small,
that effect may significantly change the estimate for population within
the polygon.
Because of the approximations discussed above, the population estimates
in the text were rounded to the nearest 1000. Where total population
was low, and the non-attainment area boundary coincides with the city
limits, the city population from census tables was used, rather than
the estimate from the computer-produced population density map.
Reference
Anderson, Gerald E., and Lundberg, Gary W. 1983. User's Manual for
SHEAR. A Computer Code for Modeling Human Exposure and Risk from
Multiple Hazardous Air Pollutants in Selected Regions. Report SYSAPP-
83/124, Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, California.
129
-------
239
249
259
4578 -
CO
o
t-
o
z
4568
455
249
259
Easting (km)
- 4578
4568
4558
Omaha CO PNA
Population Density Map for Polygon 55
>2000
1000-2000
500-1000
200-500
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Enclosed Population is 283.000
-------
690
700
4523 -
CT>
c
o.
z
451
390
Easting (km)
4523
700
4513
Lincoln CO PNA
Population Density Map for Polygon 56
>2000
1000-2000
500-1000
200-500
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Enclosed Population is 6.500
-------
249
259
4562
CO
en
an
c.
c_
o
455
?49
4562
259
4552
Easting (km)
Omaha TSP SNA
Population Density Map for Polygon 60
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Enclosed Population is 18,600
c
r-
ini
-------
731
4589 -
741
751
761
GO
CTl
454
741
751
Easting (km)
- 4589
- 4579
4569
- 4559
761
4549
>2000
1000-2000
500-1000
200-500
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
c,
c:
Population Density Map for Omaha, Nebraska -- TSP SNAs
-------
246
256
OJ
4569
en
c.
_
o
z
455
4569
256
4559
Easting (km)
Omaha TSP PNA
Population Density Map for Polygon 61
200-500
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Enclosed Population is 24.100
LO
-------
248
258
OJ
co
4576
en
c
(.
o
456
4576
248
258
4566
Easting (km)
Omaha TSP PNA
Population Density Map for Polygon 62
>2000
1000-2000
500-1000
200-500
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Enclosed Population is 19.600
c
r-
-------
730
740
750
760
4586 -
e 4576 -
CO
U3
tr>
c
c.
-iJ
4566 -
4556
- 4586
4576
- 4566
740
750
Easting (km)
760
4556
>2000
T" ;il 1000-2000
'
500-1000
200-500
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Population Density Map for Omaha, Nebraska -- TSP PNAs
-------
OfrT
Northing (km)
en
CO
O
T3
C
o 5.
3 (S>
Q)
O
03
O
r;
en
CO
XJ
3
o
o
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CL
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O
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01
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en
i
en
o
en
o
i
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o
o
o
I
ro
o
o
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682
692
4707
en 4697
4687
4677
682
692
702
712
702
Easting (km)
712
722
4707
4697
4687
722
J—'4677
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Enclosed Population is 25.600
South Sioux City TSP Unclass
Population Density Map for Polygon 65
-------
391
4547
4537
4527
401
411
421
431
441
451
461
en
c
o
z 4517
4507
4497
391
401
411
421
431
Easting (km)
441
451
461
4547
4537
4527
4517
4507
4497
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Enclosed Population is 21,800
Dawson County TSP Unclass
Population Density Map for Polygon 66
-------
REGION - *)*?
REGION ORIGIN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - 239OOO.
NORTHING - 455BQQQ.
ZONE -
REGION SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST -
NORTH-SOUTH -
POPULATION YEAR - 197B
IS
26OOO.
2900O.
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX,
3141 COUNTIES,
232567 DG/ED'S.
1000 BQ/ED'S PER PAGE IN POPFILE.
1 DG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
91 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
455 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
51 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
2O EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 19129
66635 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 19153
392548 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31O53
52726 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31153
CO
33.
598 BG/EB-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
REGION - *) Q
REGION ORIGIN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - 69OOOO
NORTHING -
ZONE -
REGION SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST -
NORTH-SOUTH -
4513OOO.
14
12000.
14OOO
511929 EXTRACTED
POPULATION YEAR - 1978
-------
PAGE 21
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX.
3141 COUNTIES.
232567 BC/ED'S,
1OOO BG/ED'S PER PAGE IN POPFILE.
177 BG/ED-SWITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
16720O EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31109
o
o
o
177 BC/gD-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
REGION - S "^
REGION ORfGIN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - 682000.
167200 EXTRACTED
NORTHING -
ZONE -
REGION SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST -
NORTH-SOUTH -
4508000.
14
240OO.
25000.
POPULATION YEAR - 197B
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX.
3141 COUNTIES,
232567 BQ/ED'S,
1000 BG/ED'S PER PAGE IN POPFILE.
^2001 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
173778 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31109
208
REGION
REGION
iS WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
173778 EXTRACTED
(UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - _ 710OOO.
NORTHING - 4513000.
ZONE - 14
REGION SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST -
NORTH-SOUTH -
POPULATION YEAR - 1978
64OOO.
420OO.
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX,
3141 COUNTIES,
232567 BG/ED'S,
1000 BG/ED'S PER PAGE IN POPFILE.
2
2
49
3
7
6
BG/ED-S
BG/ED-S
BG/ED-S
BG/ED-S
BG/ED-S
BG/ED-S
WITH
WITH
WITH
WITH
WITH
WITH
A
A
A
A
A
A
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
_PF .
706
846
2O70O
952
42O6
2997
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
FROM
FROM
FROM
FROM
FROM
FROM
COUNTY
COUNTY
COUNTY
COUNTY
COUNTY
COUNTY
19071
19129
31025
31131
31153
31155
-------
PAGE 23
EAST-WEST -
NORTH-SOUTH -
150OO.
POPULATION YEAR- 197B
o
I o
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX.
3141 COUNTIES.
232567 DG/ED'S.
1QQQ BG/ED'S PER PAGE IN POPFILE.
1 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
48 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
191 BQ/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
20 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 19129
36221 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 19155
1660B2 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31053
31 BG/ED-8 WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
262B4 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31153
en
271 BG/EQ-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 228607 EXTRACTED
REGION - £ C~-
REGION ORIGIN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - _. 2480OO.
NORTHING - 4566000.
ZONE - ... _.. 13 _ ..._
REGION SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST - 13QOQ.
NORTH-SOUTH - 1400O.
POPULATION YEAR - 1978
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX.
3141 COUNTIES.
J232567 BG/ED'S.
10OO BG/ED'S PER PAGE IN POPFILE.
53 BC/ED-B WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 40469 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 19155
285 BQ/ED-3 WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 23564Q EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31Q55
338 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 276109 EXTRACTED
-------
REGION -
REQIDN DRI'ClH (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - 734OOO.
NORTHING - 4537000.
ZONE - 14
REGION SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST - 10000.
NORTH-SOUTH - UJQOJL.
O
POPULATION YEAR - 1978
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX,
-314JL-C.QUN.IIEJL
232567 BG/ED'S.
1000 BG/ED'S PER PAGE IN PQPFILE,
3 PG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
1515 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31023
3 BG4EDj»6 WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
REGION - ( ^)
REGION ORIGIN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - 682000.
NOR THING - 4677QQQ,
1515 EXTRACTED
ZONE -
REGION SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST -
NORTH-SOUTH -
POPULATION YEAR - 1978
14
430OO.
39OOO.
\
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX,
3141 COUNTIES,
232567 BG/ED'S,
1QOO BG/ED'S PER PAGE IN PQPFILE
90 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
31 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
6 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
4 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
3 BC/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
9O463 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 19193
17419 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31043
1970 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31O51
1654 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31173
1866 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 46127
134 BO/ED^S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
REGION - (y$>
REGION ORIGIN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - 3910OO.
NORTHING - 44970OO.
113372 EXTRACTED
-------
PAGE 23
ZONE -
REGION SIZE JJIETEBSJ
EAST-WEST -
NORTH-SOUTH -
POPULATION YEAR - J 978
14
780OO.
52OOO.
o
31 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX,
3141 COUNTIES.
232367 BG/ED'S.
„ IQQQ.BC/ED'S PER PAGE IN POPFILE,
oo
3
46
4
3
3
2
BG/ED-S
BG/ED-S
BC/ED-S
BG/ED-S
BG/ED-S
BG/ED-S
WITH
WITH
WITH
WITH
WITH
WITH
A
A
A
A
A
A
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
1311
21431
693
660
377
409
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
FROM
FROM
FROM
FROM
FROM
FROM
COUNTY
COUNTY
COUNTY
COUNTY
COUNTY
COUNTY
31019
31047
31063
31073
31111
31137
-------
Figure 1
Population Density (People/mi2)
->1000
- 200-600
- 50-200
-<50
-------
249
259
CO
en
4562
en
c
-C
4J
o
455
249
Easting (km)
259
- 4562
4552
Omaha TSP SNA
Population Density Map for Polygon 60
>2000
1000-2000
500-1000
200-500
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Enclosed Population is 18,600
-------
GO
CTl
731
4589 -
741
751
761
4579 -
en
c
4569 -
4559
454
- 4589
- 4579
741
751
Easting (km)
761
4569
- 4559
I III I I I U549
>2000
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km
Population Density Map for Omaha, Nebraska -- TSP SNAs
-------
246
256
4569
c
SL
455
256
4569
4559
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Enclosed Population is 24.100
Easting (km)
Omaha TSP PNA
Population Density Map for Polygon 61
-------
248
258
4576
CO
CO
C.
-P
456C
4576
48
258
4566
<25
Density (people/km2
Enclosed Population is 19.600
Easting (km)
Omaha TSP PNA , £->
Population Density Map for Polygon 62
-------
730
740
750
760
4586 -
4576
cn
c
4J
t_
o
4566 -
455
4586
4576
- 4566
750
Easting (km)
760
4556
>2000
W1 1000-2000
500-1000
200-500
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Population Density Map for Omaha, Nebraska -- TSP PNAs
-------
4547
en
c
744
4547
4537734
744
537
1000-2000
500-1000
200-500
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km
Enclosed Population is 17
Easting (km)
Louisville TSP PNA
Population Density Map for Polygon 64
-------
682
4707
o
z
4687
4677
682
692
702
712
692
702
Easting (km)
712
722
4707
4697
4687
722
1 ' '4677
>2000
1000-2000
500-1000
200-500
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2
Enclosed Population is 25.600
South Sioux City TSP Unclass
Population Density Map for Polygon 65
-------
391
4547
4537
4527
01
c
4517
4507
4497
401
411
421
431
441
451
391
401
411
421 431
Easting (km)
441
451
461
461
4547
4537
4527
4517
4507
4497
>2000
1000-2000
500-1000
200-500
100-200
50-100
25-50
<25
Density (people/km2)
Enclosed Population is 21,800
Dawson County TSP Unclass
Population Density Map for Polygon 66
-------
REGION -
REGION ORIGIN
EAST-WEST -
NORTH-SOUTH -
POPULATION YEAR - 197B
13
S60OO.
290OO.
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX,
3141 COUNTIES,
232567 BG/ED'S.
1000 BG/ED'S PER PACE IN PQPFILE.
1 BQ/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
91 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
455 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
51 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
20 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 19129
66635 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 19153
392548 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31O53
52726 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31153
-P.
oo
33.
598 BG^£»-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
REGION - •) O
REGION ORIGIN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - 69000O
NORTHING -
ZONE -
REGION SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST -
NORTH-SOUTH -
4513OOO.
14
12000.
1400O
POPULATION YEAR - 1978
511929 EXTRACTED
-------
PAGE 21
-51-STATES FOUND ON PQPULATIQN-f ILE INDEX.
3141 COUNTIES,
232567 BC/ED'S.
10OO BQ/ED'S PER PAGE IN POPFILE.
177 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 16720O EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31109
Q
177 BC/jED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
_REGION - S "7
REGION ORreiN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - 682000.
167200 EXTRACTED
NORTHING - 4508OOO.
O _ ZONE - 14
REGION SIZE (METERS)
_ EAST-WEST - 24OOO.
O NORTH-SOUTH - 25000.
POPULATION YEAR - 1978
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX.
3141 COUNTIES,
232567 BQ/ED'S,
1000 BG/ED'S PER PACE IN POPFILE.
208 BO/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 173778 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31109
O
208 BG/EDyS WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF173778 EXTRACTED
wJ REGION ~ ^Vf
REGION ORIGIN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
_ EASTING -_ _ __ 71QOOO.,
O NORTHING - 4513000.
ZONE - U
REGION SIZE (METERS)
w^2 _ EAST-WEST - 64000. „ .._
NORTH-SOUTH - 42000.
v"1'POPULATION YEAR - 1978
10 ,
-% 51 STATES FOUND ON POPyLATION-FILE INDEX,
3141 COUNTIES,
232567 BG/ED'S,
*.' 1000 BG/ED'S PER PAGE IN POPFILE.
\
2 BQ-/ED-S WITH A
2 BG/ED-S WITH A
49 BG/ED-S WITH A
3 BG/ED-S WITH A
7 BG/ED-S WITH A
TOTAL POPULATION OF
TOTAL POPULATION OF
TOTAL POPULATION OF
TOTAL POPULATION OF
TOTAL POPULATION OF
6 BG/EP-S WITH A TOTAL PQP.yjLAJIO!iJ3f_
706 EXTRACTED
846 EXTRACTED
207OO EXTRACTED
952 EXTRACTED
4206 EXTRACTED
__ 2??7_ EXTRACTED
FROM COUNTY 19071
FROM COUNTY 19129
FROM COUNTY 31025
FROM COUNTY 31131
FROM COUNTY 31153
FROM COUNTY 31155
-------
PAGE 23
EAST-WEST -
NORTH-SOUTH -
15OOO.
o
o
o
POPULATION YEAR - J978
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX.
3141 COUNTIES,
232567 BG/ED'S,
IflQQ flC/iP'S.PiR PAGE IN POPFILE,
!„BG/ED-8 WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
48 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
191 BQ/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
31 BQ/ED-8 WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
20 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 19129
36221 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 19155
166082 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31055
26284 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31153
01
271 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
REGION - £ C->
REGION ORIGIN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - 248000._
NORTHING - 4566000.
ZONE - IS. _
REGION SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST - 13QOQ.
228607 EXTRACTED
! o
NORTH-SOUTH -
POPULATION YEAR - 1978
14OOO.
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX.
3141 COUNTIES.
-232567 BG/ED'S,
lOOO BG/ED'S PER PAGE IN POPFILE.
53 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
285 BC/ED-3 WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
40469 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 19155
235640 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31053
33i,BC/ED-S WITH A TQTAL POPULATION OF 276109 EXTRACTED
-------
REGION -
RECIQN QRI^IIJ (UTM COORDINATES/MEIERS)
EASTING - 73400O.
NORTHING - 4537000.
ZONE - 14
REGION SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST - 10000.
NORTH-SOUTH - 1OQQQ
: O
POPULATION YEAR - 197B
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX,
232567 BC/ED'S,
JQQQ BG/EB'S. PER P/^CE IN POPFILE,
3 BC/EP-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
JSiS EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 3)1023
3 BG^ED^S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
REGION - t *•)
REGION ORIGIN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING - 6B200O.
NORTHING - 4677QQQ.
1515 EXTRACTED
ZONE -
REGION SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST -
NORTH-rSpUTH -
POPULATION YEAR - 197B
14
43000.
39000.
\
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX
3141 COUNTIES.
232567 BG/ED'S.
10OO BG/ED'S PER PAGE IN PQPFILE
90
31
6
4
3
BG/ED-S
BG/ED-S
BG/ED-S
BG/ED-S
BC/ED-S
WITH
WITH
WITH
WITH
WITH
A
A
A
A
A
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
90463
17419
1970
1654
1866
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED
FROM
FROM
FROM
FROM
FROM
COUNTY
COUNTY
COUNTY
COUNTY
COUNTY
19193
31043
31051
31173
46127
134 BG/EDxS WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF
REGION - t?O
REGION ORIGIN (UTM COORDINATES/METERS)
EASTING -""" " 391OOO"
NORTHING - 4497000.
113372 EXTRACTED
-------
PAGE 25
ZONE - 14
REQIQN SIZE (METERS)
EAST-WEST - 78000.
NORTH-SOUTH - 52OOO.
P OP ULATION YEAR - 1978
51 STATES FOUND ON POPULATION-FILE INDEX.
, O _ 3141 COUNTIES.
I 232367 BC/ED'S,
_ iQQQ BC/ED'S PER PAGE IN POPFIUE,
O
• 5 BG/ED-S UITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 1511 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31019
,_, I 46 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 21431 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31O47
-F* ' O 4 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 693 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31O63
00 i 3 BC/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 660 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31O73
j __ _ _ qi BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF _ 377 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31111
! O 2 BG/ED-S WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 4O9 EXTRACTED FROM COUNTY 31137
-------
IO
Figure 1
Population Density (People/mi*)
-------
Population Density (People/mi2)
->1000
- 200-600
- 50-200
-<50
-------
-------
TABLE 2
LEGEND FOR AMBIENT MONITORING DATA MAPS
Boundaries
I I
Primary Nonattainment Area
Secondary Nonattainment Area
Unclassified Area
Monitor Symbol Colors and Flag
"# No Violation of Standard
* Violation of Secondary
Standard
* Violation of Primary
Standard
T Exceedance of Alert Level
Annotation for Standards Violated
A Annual Primary Standard
Q Quarterly Primary Standard
?.4 24-hour Primary Standard
?-4 24-hour Secondary Standard
3 8-hour Primary Standard
11 3-hour Secondary Standard
i 1-hour Primary Standard
Monitor Symbol Sizes
Microscale
c , Middle Scale
Q <$ Neighborhood
Scale
iO (ti\\\t\ Urban Scale
Annotation for Trends
t Increasing Trend
A Probable Increasing Trend
— No Trend
V Probable Decreasing Trend
4, Decreasing Trend
(Where two trend symbols are
shown, the first is for long-term
averages, the second for 24-hour
observations.)
Data Completeness
® Data met completeness
criteria each year.
0 Data did not meet complete-
ness criteria one or more
years.
y\\\i Regional
lli> Scale
-------
TABLl'l 3
M-lGIilNI) FOR EMISSIONS DATA MAPS
POINT SOURCE SYMBOL SIZE EMISSIONS
(TONS/YEAR)
NON-IRAD LF.AD
^V. 9 // 1 00 -- 1000 r> - 2*->
'00i " L;OCO 2(' " 10°
-/"/ °^F-R C>OC0 OVER 10C
. /-/•
POINT SOURCE SYMBOL COLOR •- STACK HEK;HT
(METERS)
') UNKNOWN
^ 1 - 4';
-V- 4f. - 120
AMBIENT MONITOR SYMBOLS
m NAMS
f> SLAWS
A SPMS
-------
------- |