vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Research and
Development
INTERNAL REPORT ON APPLICATION AND
ASSESSMENT OF CONVENTIONAL AND TOXIC
POLLUTANT MODELS FOR PRC
Prepared for
Office of International Activities
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Prepared by
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Athens GA 30613
September 1986
EPA
160/
1986.1
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CO
INTERNAL REPORT ON APPLICATION AND
ASSESSMENT OF CONVENTIONAL AND TOXIC
.POLLUTANT MODELS FOR PRC
Rosemarie C. Russo
U.S. Environmental'Protection Agency
Environmental Research Laboratory
College Station Road-
Athens , GA
This document is for internal use only
401 if Street, S.».
Washington. DC 20460
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CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Agreement 1
1.2 Description of Joint Research Program .1
1.3 PRC Environmental Institutes 1
Institute of Environmental Protection - Nanjing
Xinjiang Institute of Environmental Protection - Urumchi
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences - Beijing
1.4 Allocation of Resources 2
2. OVERVIEW OF FY85 ACTIVITIES 3
3. SUMMARY OF FY86 ACTIVITIES 3
4. ACTIVITIES TENTATIVELY PLANNED FOR FY87 6
5. APPENDICES
A. Annex 3, Item 4 of US-PRC Protocol
B. Information on PRC Institutes Visited in Fall 1986
1. Environmental Protection Bureau - Changzhou
2. Environmental Protection Bureau - Zheng Jiang
3. Institute of Environmental Sciences - Nanjing
4. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences - Beijing
5. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences - Beijing
6. Environmental Protection Bureau - Kuerle
7. Xinjiang Institute of Environmental Protection - Urumchi
8. Central Monitoring Station of Environmental Protection - Xi'An
9. Huangpu River Research Department - Shanghai
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Agreement
The joint activities were undertaken under Annex 3, Item 4 of the
US-PRC Protocol for Environmental Protection. This component of the pro-
tocol provides for a cooperative research program on the application of
transport and transformation models. Although this report primarily
focuses on the application of these models, there is some discussion of
the environmental processes and effects research because of the integrated
nature of this joint research with the PRC.
1 .2 Description of Joint Research Program
Specific areas of cooperation in environmental research include field
evaluation of selected transport, exposure and risk models; application
of models for environmental decision-making concerning organic pollution
in semi -arid conditions; heavy metal pollution; and permissible loading of
conventional and toxic pollutants in Chinese rivers. Activities include
seminars, workshops, joint symposia, training programs, joint research,
and publications exchange.
1.3 PRC Environmental Institutes
It should be noted that the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental
Sciences (CRAES) is not part of the formal agreement with the PRC. How-
ever, there are future plans to include them at their request.
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PRC
Director — Ding Shurong, Associate Professor
institute's water pollution program focuses on water quality mod-
eling, environmental processes research, and environmental biology
studies. The staff has studied pollution effects in both marine and
freshwater environments including modeling studies of phenols in the
Yangtze River and of solute transport in unsaturated soil. Work is
underway on heavy metal speciation and on analysis techniques for
metals in soils and sediments. Other projects involve aquatic tox-
icity of organics and heavy metals in industrial wastewaters. Planned
work of the Institute includes hydrological modeling of waterways,
chemical transport, bioassay methods, and microelemental analysis.
Xinjiang Institute of Environmental Protection, Urumchi, PRC
Deputy Director — Liu Bin, Engineer
Itie institute studies the transport and transformation of industrial
and agricultural pollution under arid and semiarid conditions. The
effects of domestic sewage and industrial effluent on water used for
irrigation is examined with emphasis of self-cleaning power of reser-
voir. Research interests include effects of irrigation water on
ground water. Additional water pollution modeling studies are needed.
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Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRABS), Beijing, PRO
President—Liu Hongliang
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRABS), which was
founded in Beijing in 1980, is the technical and research arm of
Chinese National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) with a com-
prehensive capacity in the field of environmental sciences and also
serves as a research center of environmental analysis and measuring
as well as environmental information.
The Academy, with its total staff of 502 (of which 357 are researchers)
is organized into 6 research institutes: Water Environmental Research
Institute, Atmospheric Environment Institute, Institute of Environmen-
tal Ecology, Environmental Management and Planning Institute, Environ-
mental Information Institute and National Environmental Analysis and
Measuring Center.
The Academy is equipped with more than 1,400 pieces of small and large
instruments, of which about 200 are large or sophisticated facilities
such as Large-scale Wind Tunnel, Photochemical Smog Chambers, Water
yuality Field Study Vehicles, Gas Chromatography-Hass Spectrometry,
Mulri-functional Computer (VAX-11/785), Fourier Infrared Spectrometer,
Large Kytoon and Accelerator for PIXE Analysis, etc.
The main tasks of the Academy are to study and advise on matters re-
lating to nation-wide environmental management and environmental pro-
tection and construction.
1.4 Allocation of Resources
FY86 resources from B101/B32/20, China Agreement-Water Quality, allo-
cated to Athens ERL were 0.0 FTE, $140K S&E, and $85K R&U; these support
joint research in two major areas: water quality modeling and transforma-
tion processes. The R&D funds were expended in the modeling area to sup-
port the maintenance of and enhancement to water quality models deemed to
be particularly useful for addressing PRC problems and presented in the
1985 Nanjing Workshop; i.e., SWMM and C4JAL2E. The S&E funds were used to
support EPA staff travel tc the PRC and water quality model development
and applications activities.
Planned FY87 resources are 0.0 FTE, $140K S&E, and $100K R&D. Ex-
penditures similar to those of FY86 are anticipated and include hosting
two PRC scientists at the Athens Laboratory for work in the areas of
water quality modeling and metals studies plus a WASP workshop in Beijing
for PRC researchers from three institutes.
For succeeding fiscal years, planned resource requirements are:
FY88—0.0 FTE, $200K S&E, $200K R&D; and FY89—0.0 FTE, $200K S&E,
$200K R&D.
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2. OVERVIEW OF FY8S ACTIVITIES
Joint activities began in FY85 between the Athens Environmental Re-
search Laboratory and three institutes of the People's Republic of China—
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Beijing Institute of Environ-
mental Chemistry, and Xinjiang Institute of Environmental Protection.
Two U.S. scientists visited the institutes in the first quarter of FY85
to evaluate their scientific capabilities and to develop practicable plans
for joint environmental studies. Two engineers from the Athens Laboratory
presented workshops in the third quarter on the EXAMS and QUAL2E models
at Nanjing for modelers from several PRC institutes, and information in
the form of journals, reprints, and correspondence was exchanged.
3. SUMMARY ON FY86 ACTIVITIES
Dr. Rosemarie Russo and Dr. Robert Swank visited the three cooperating
PRC institutes from August 17 to September 2, 1986. They also visited the
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences. The visit allowed the
U.S. scientists to further evaluate scientific capabilities of the institutes
and to lay out specific practicable plans for joint studies in FY87. At
the Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, these plans involve estab-
lishment of a national Water Quality Modeling Center that would assist
other Chinese institutes in the use of O.UAL-II, EXAMS, SWHM, HSPF, and
MEXAMS, models supported by Athens ERL's Center for Water Quality Modeling.
At the Xinjiang Institute of Environmental Protection, joint work involves
assisting agencies in the application of wasteload allocation models in
the diversion of wastewaters into reservoirs and water quality model vali-
dation studies.
A summary of FY86 activities with each institute follows below.
Institute of Environmental Sciences - Nanjing
The first FY86 visit by PRC scientists under the joint program
occurred October 2-31, 1985. Before arriving at the Athens Labora-
tory on October 11, Mr. Xu Ouyong of the Nanjing Institute of Envi-
ronmental Sciences and Mr. Zhang Guo-an of the Xinjiang Environmental
Research Institute spent two days with J. MacArthur Long of Athens
at the Water Chemistry Laboratory and other departments at the
University of Wisconsin-Madison and then attended with Mr. Thomas
Barnwell of Athens the Water Pollution Control Federation Meeting
in Kansas City. During the Athens portion of the visit, Mr. Xu
received instruction on state-of-the-art inductively coupled plasma
spectrometry for inorganic chemicals and was introduced to current
research on distribution coefficients and their modeling application
to meet Agency regulatory needs by Dr. R.V. Moore and Dr. D.S. Brown.
Metals chemistry research was reviewed by Dr. L.V. Azarraga and Dr.
G.W. Bailey.
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Mr. Xu took back to the PRC operating programs of QUAL2E that were
calibrated for canals around Nanjing for oxygen waste load assess-
ment and waste treatment plant planning. He also received PC ver-
sions of MINTEQ with expanded data base for metals assessment.
Arrangements were made for a Chinese researcher, Mr. Qian Song,
from the Department of Environmental Sciences at Nanjing to spend a
year in the United States at Tufts University conducting collabora-
tive research with Athens Laboratory and Tufts University water qual-
ity modelers.
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) - Beijing
A delegation from CRAES visited tne Athens Laboratory June 11-12,
1986. During their visit, the following candidate cooperative re-
search areas were proposed and discussed briefly. Some of these
apply to the joint transformation research and some to modeling.
1. Assistance to CRAES in Water Quality Modeling for conventional
pollutants, toxic organics and metals and the field evaluation
of these models (and their updates) via PRC site application.
One site mentioned of particular interest to CRAES was the Pearl
River through Canton down to its tidal mouth at Hong Kong. Main
interest is on conventional pollutants, i.e., BOD/NBOD and dissolved
oxygen with some toxics. CRAES would like to send engineers to
Athens to learn appropriate models for such a study. A more cost
effective use of Athens CWQM staff might be to present a series of
model training courses in the PRC. This was a subject for further
discussion with Mr. Liu Peizhe (Vice President of CRAES) during
the visit to PRC in August 1986.
2. Assessments of Ground and Surface Water Threats from Hazardous
Waste Sites.
Mr. Liu would like to have his metals specialist (Mr. Jin Xiangoan)
come to Athens ERL to work with Drs. Bailey and Moore on speciation
kinetics and sorption and with Dr. Brown on metals speciation model-
ing. Mr. Jin's resume is included in the appendix containing CRAES
information. A possible field test of the new MEXAMS-MINTEQ code
in PRC is a possible cooperative project. More discussions are
definitely needed here.
3. CRAES wants to establish a formal working relationship with
Athens ERL including a routine exchange of papers, reports,
manuals, computer tapes/diskettes, etc.
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The GRABS delegation received a CWQM package and were placed on the
Athens CWQM mailing list. They will get our newsletters, announce-
ments of new codes, codes/manual updates, announcements of workshops
and Users' Group Meetings, etc. Our Technical Information Coordinator
(Robert C. Ryans) will regularly provide CRAES with a publications
and code/ tape update list and help them obtain copies as desired.
Furthermore, CRAES technical staff was encouraged to establish their
own one-on-one network with appropriate Athens ERL staff members upon
their return to the PRC.
CRAES wants to have its own formal agreement with us with their
priority being to get CRAES staff to Athens ERL for training and
hands-on research. More cost-effective cooperative efforts; e.g.,
extended hands-on modeling training courses at CRAES conducted by
CWO,M/other Athens staff and/or our extramural cooperators need to
be included as a major 'component of any future formal arrangement.
From a technical point of view, CRAES offers to us a vehicle to
field evaluate many of our new toxic organic and metals exposure
assessment codes relative to surface water quality management and
toxicity reduction. The PRC engineers at CRAES seem much more dis-
posed to modeling assessments and field evaluations for regulation
than does our own Office of Water. ORD does not have a budget sup-
porting "field testing of the integrated approach to WO, management"
necessary to do the job? maybe work in the PRC can partially meet
this need.
Xinjiang Institute of Environmental Protection
The first FY86 visit by PRC scientists under the joint program
occurred October 2-31, 1985. Before arriving at the Athens Labora-
tory on October 11, Mr. Xu Ouyong of the Nanjing Institute of En-
vironmental Sciences and Mr. Zhang Guo-an of the Xinjiang Environ-
mental Research Institute spent two days with J. MacArthur Long of
Athens at the Water Chemistry Laboratory and other departments at
the University of Wisconsin-Madison and then attended with Mr. Thomas
Barnwell of Athens the Water Pollution Control Federation Meeting in
Kansas City. During the Athens portion of the visit, Mr. Zhang was
introduced to applied modeling packages supported by ORU's Center
for Water Cuality Modeling and assisted in their potential applica-
tion to a real water quality assessment of interest to Mr. Zhang.
Emphasis was on models installed on microcomputers so Mr. Zhang
could take his "models" and problem application back to China with
him for competition/expansion. Candidate models include QUAL2E,
EXAMSIIa and WASPS.1. Mr. Zhang was assisted in this effort by
Mr. R.B. Ambrose and Mr. T.O. Barnwell.
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SUMMARY OF VISIT TO PRC - FY86
Dr. Rosemarie Russo and Dr. Robert Swank visited PRC August 17 -
September 2, 1986. The purpose of this visit was to review the status
of the joint research projects in progress and to develop specific
plans for FY87 with the Institute of Environmental Sciences at Nanjing
University, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences at Academia
Sinica, and the Xinjiang Institute of Environmental Protection. The
itinerary also included visits with environmental groups at the Envi-
ronmental Protection Bureau and Kuerle, the Chinese Research Academy
of Environmental Sciences at Beijing, the Environmental Protection
Bureau at Shanghai, the Institute of Environmental Protection Science
at Xi'An, the Environmental Protection Bureau at Changzhou, and the
Environmental Protection Bureau at Zheng Jiang. More detailed infor-
mation about each place visited is included in Appendix B.
4. ACTIVITIES TENTATIVELY PLANNED FOR 1987
A written agreement between Athens ERL and each PRC institute involved
in modeling research will be developed in early FY87. The joint research
conducted by Athens ERL and three PRC institutes involves groundwater and
applied fate and transport modeling for the prevention of water pollution.
Three distinct activities are being pursued: (a) collaborative work by
US and PRC researchers at one another's laboratories? (b) US researchers
conducting work at AERL in support of the joint projects; (c) PRC re-
searchers conducting work at their own institutes in support of the joint
projects. The actual side-by-side collaborative work (i.e., having a US
scientist spend prolonged time in the PRC or vice versa) is constrained by
time and money considerations; prolonged working periods in each other's
laboratories are sometimes difficult to provide. The projects selected for
joint research, therefore, are those that relate well to on-going work at
AERL and the PRC institutes, thereby keeping progress and momentum going
continuously on the projects even during those times when researchers are
not physically together. Accordingly, the following activities are planned/
proposed for FY87.
A Chinese researcher, Mr. Qian Song, from the Department of Environmental
Sciences at Nanjing University, will spend a year in the United States
conducting collaborative research with Athens Laboratory and Tufts Univ-
ersity water quality modelers. The planned work will involve assisting
with improvements to yUAL2E in the area of pH alkalinity-nitrogen relation-
ships, and/or the development of a receiving water quality model to inter-
face to the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). It is proposed that after
improvements are incorporated in yUAL2E either this model or the WASP model
can be extended into a network model for application in the canal network
around Changzhou. Mr. Qian arrived in the US September 17, 1986.
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A joint US-PRC project under consideration with Nanjing University for PY87
is for Nanjing staff, possibly Mr. Zhuo Yuhui to apply WASP to a water quality
management analysis of Zhengjiang city harbor modifications. Sampling and
analysis protocols will have to be developed; Nanjing staff will carry out
the experimental work. Then both they and we will use the data generated
in this study to calibrate the model and run under different management
options.
GRABS has indicated an interest in pursuing a collaborative research effort
with the Athens Laboratory. If an agreement can be worked out, Athens ERL
will host Mr. Jin beginning in early CY87 for 6-8 months to work a portion
of this time with Dr. Brown on the MINTED model.
Athens ERL will conduct a workshop at CRAES in early summer of 1987 on WASP,
Staff from CRAES, Beijing Institute of Eco-Environmental Sciences, and
Nanjing University would be involved.
It is also proposed that Mr. Zhang from the Xinjiang Institute of Environ-
mental Protection in Xinjiang be trained in the application of QUAL2E and
WASP. Athens ERL may also develop, in collaboration with Mr. Zhang, a
salinity management model for Lake Boston. The mineral content of tnis
lake has increased form 300 to 1800 mg/1 over the past 30 years and the
water level has dropped over 2 meters. Reed production has dropped 30% in
the last 5 years due to this. The proposed research would help predict
the future mineralization of the lake, determine what models are needed,
and determine how to reduce mineralization and hence, return the lake to a
freshwater situation.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A
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ANNEX 3
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ITEM 4
THE FATE AND TRANSPORT MODELING OF WATER POLLUTANTS
OF THE
PROTOCOL BETWEEN THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY AND THE OFFICE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
LEADING GROUP OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL
COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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PROTOCOL BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY AND THE OFFICE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LEADING GROUP OF '
THE-STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION TN THF
FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
ANNEX 3
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
I. GENERAL , .
' " I
This Annex presents selected study areas for cooperative research on
environmental processes and effects research. A detailed joint proposal
for each specific project will be approved by the Working Group. Joint
proposals for each project will be prepared by the performing institution .
and/or scientists and the corresponding counterpart. The selected study areas
below do not exclude other cooperative activities or projects which might
be deemed desirable by the parties for inclusion under this Protocol.
II. ITEMS FOR COOPERATION
A. AQUATIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
1. The U.S. side will provide information on the methods and results
of laboratory testing programs for determining the toxicity of pollutants (especially
carcinogens) to aquatic life, methods will include static (P) bioassay, flow-through
bioassay, and chronic bioassay techniques "for both marine and aquatic systems."
2. The Chinese side will provide information on its aquatic toxicity
testing programs and on field studies of aquatic pollution.
3. The U.S. side will provide information on the use of models, micro-
«,
cosms, and field ecology studies to validate the significance of laboratory results.
*•
4. The U.S. side will provide information on its approaches to the
problem of establishing water quality criteria to protect aquatic life.
5. The U.S. side will provide information on biomonitoring and
assessment techniques in which aquatic organisms are utilized to measure the
buildup of contaminants in the environment, including its mussel watch program.
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6. The U.S. side will send a delegation of experts to China in
1980 or 1981 to facilitate cooperative activities on environmental processes
and effects research. This delegation will visit the'Beijing Institute of
Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; the Institute of Atmospheric Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences; the Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences; the Institute.of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Wuhan; the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Quingdao;
the Beijing Municipal Institute for Environmental Protection Research; and
«
other research Institutes as appropriate. This delegation will also make
arrangements for subsequent visits of U.S. specialists or information exchanges
with these facilities as appropriate. The U.S. side will pay the international
travel costs and China will pay for the expenses {such as board, lodging,
transportation and emergency medical services) incurred by the U.S. experts
while they are in China, as allowed by Chinese laws and regulations.
7. The Chinese side will send a -delegation of experts to the U.S.
to visit the facilities of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze
Environmental Research Laboratory, Narragansett Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, and other research institutions,
as appropriate. The Chinese side will pay the. international travel costs and
the U.S. will pay for expenses (such as travel, lodging, board, and emergency
medical expenses) incurred by the Chinese experts while they are in the United
States, as allowed by U.S. laws and regulations.
8. In addition to information exchange, the exchange of delegations is
aimed at exploring the opportunities for joint or parallel studies, e.g., the
toxicology of common pollutants in fish, which are designed to extend and supplement
the information base. These may include parallel studies of the same pollutants,
using different aquatic species to extend the range of information of toxic effects;
joint studies of different classes of chemicals using the same or similar aquatic
species; and joint biomonitoring studies.
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B. POLLUTION OF SOIL AND GROUND WATER.
1. The U.S. side will provide information, on its. studies of ground
water pollution, including development of ground water transport models.
2. The Chinese side will provide information on studies of the contami- .
nation of soil, ground water, and food crops stemming from the use of municipal
sewage for farmland irrigation.
3. The U.S. side will provide information on studies of contamination
of soil by bacteria, metals, viruses and other pollutants stemming from use of
soil systems for municipal waste disposal.
4. The U.S. side will provide techniques for the separation, identi-
fication, and determination of trace quantities of organic pollutants.
5. The U.S. delegation pf experts to China will visit ground water research
facilities in Beijing, and will make arrangements for subsequent working exchanges
of experts or information exchanges as appropriate. The U.S. side will pay the
international travel costs and China will pay for the expenses (such as board,
lodging, transportation and emergency medical expenses) incurred by the U.S. experts
while they are in China, as allowed by Chinese laws and regulations.
6. In 1981 the Chinese side will send a delegation of experts to
visit the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratories at Ada, Oklahoma and
Athens, Georgia. The Chinese side will pay the international travel costs and
the U.S. will pay for expenses (such as transportation, board, lodging, and
emergency medical expenses) incurred by the Chinese experts while they are in
the United States, as allowed by U.S. laws and regulations.
C. MODELING OF AIR POLLUTANT TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION.
1. The U.S. side will provide information on measures for the detection
of short-,'medium- and long-range air transport and local detection of horizontal
flow fields for particulates, sulfur dioxide, oxidants, and aerosols, and on the
establishment and use of models in developing control strategies.
2. The Chinese side will provide information on its studies of atmospheric
* - .
transport and transformation.
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3. The U.S. side will provide information qri the techniques for characteri-
zation and modeling of the atmospheric transformation of contaminants (participates,
sulfur dioxide, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and oxtdan-ts, particularly
chemical oxidants).
4. In 1980 or 1981, the U.S. delegation of experts to China will visit the
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing and other
appropriate research facilities and will make arrangements for subsequent working
exchanges or information exchanges as appropriate. The U.S. side will pay the
•
international travel costs and China will pay for the expenses {such as board, lodging,
i
transportation and emergency medical services) incurred by the U.S. experts while
they are in China, as allowed by Chinese laws and regulations.
5. In 1980, a delegation of Chinese scientists will visit the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Research, Monitoring and
Support Laboratories; several Department of Energy National Laboratories currently
participating in the development of sulfate transport models for the Environmental
Protection Agency; and the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The Chinese
side will pay the international travel costs and the U.S. will pay for expenses
(such as travel, lodging, board, and emergency medical services) incurred by the
Chinese experts while they are in the United States, as allowed by U.S. laws and
regulations.
D. MODELING OF WATER POLLUTION TRANSPORT.
1. The U.S..side will provide information on techniques for modeling
pollutant transport and transformation in surface water, including the EXAM model,
urban storm water models, and other hydrologic and sanitary engineering models.
2. The Chinese side will provide information on their experiences in
modeling pollutant transport.
3. The U.S. delegation of experts to China will visit the Institute
of Environmental Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and other facilities
conducting work on pollutant transport and behavior in surface water, and will
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make arrangements for subsequent working exchanges or information exchanges as
appropriate. The U.S. side will pay the international travel costs and China
will pay for the expenses (such as board, lodging, transportation and emergency .
medical services) incurred by the U.S. experts while they are in China, as
allowed by the Chinese laws and regulations.
4. The Chinese side will send a delegation !of experts to visit the
U.S. Environmental Protection.Agency's Athens Environmental Research Laboratory and
several academic institutions active in water pollution transport modeling.
The Chinese side will pay the international travel costs and the U.S. will pay
for expenses (such as travel, lodging, board and emergency medical services)
incurred by the Chinese experts while they are in the United States, as allowed by
U.S. laws and regulations.
III. GENERAL PROVISIONS
The exchange of expert delegations as described in Sections II.A, B,
C» and D of Annex 3 will be of equal size and duration.
IV. DESIGNATION OF PROJECT LEADERS
The Project Leaders designated at this stage for the United States are:
A. Aquatic Effects of Environmental Pollution
Dr. Allan Hirsch
Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
B. Pollution of Soil and Ground Water
Dr. Allan Hirsch
Deputy Assistant Administrator for
. Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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C. Modeling of Air Pollutant Transport and Transformation
Dr. Allan Hirsch
Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Environmental Processes and Effects Research"
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
D. Modeling of Water Pollution Transport
Dr. Allan Hirsch ,
Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. • 20460
The Project Leaders designated at this stage for China are:
A. Aquatic Effects of Environmental Pollution
Mr. Li Xian Fa
Deputy Director, Environmental Protection Institute
Municipality of Beijing
Beijing, People's Republic of China
Institute of Hydrobiology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Wuhan, People's Republic of China
B. Pollution of Soil and Ground Water
Ms. Wu Peng Ming
Deputy Director, Environmental Monitoring Station
Beijing, People's Republic of China
C. Modeling of Air Pollutant Transport and Transformation
Ms. Liu Jing Yi
Deputy Director
Institute of Environmental Chemistry
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing, People's Republic of China
D. Modeling of Water Pollution Transport
Ms. Liu Jing Yi
Deputy Director
Institute of Environmental Chemistry
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing, People's Republic of China
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.
\ UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
I WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460
OEC 2 I :.:
OFFICE OF
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
SUBJECT: US-PRC Environmental Protection Protocol: Chinese Delegation
Visit ' ,
S" /
FROM : Erich W. Bretthauer, Director } ^'v
Office of Environmental Processes/end Effects Research (RD-682)
TO : William Donaldson, Acting Director
Environmental Research Laboratory - Athens
Alfred Ellison, Director
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - Research Triangle Park
Clinton Hall, Director
RSK-Environmental Research Laboratory - Ada
Norbert^Jaworski, Director
Environmental Research Laboratory - Duluth
I would like to take this opportunity to thank you for your assistance
and cooperation in receiving the Chinese delegation during their recent
visit to your laboratory. You and your staff have done a great job in
hosting the visitors and negotiating mutually interesting and beneficial
cooperative research programs.
Attached for your information is a copy of the signed RECORD of the
visit. Appendix 3 of the RECORD lists the proposals for cooperative
research"."
Thanks again for a job well done!
Attachment
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RECORD
of Che Visit of Chinese Specialists to the U.S.A.
under the Terms of the
US-PRC Environmental Protection Protocol .
In accordance with the provisions of Annex Three of the US-PRC
Environmental Protection Protocol, a delegation .of Chinese specialists
visited the United States in the period November 27-Decetnber 12, 1983, as
guests of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Chinese delegation
was headed by Mr. Qu Geping, Director, Environmental Protection Bureau,
PRC Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection,
and Acting Co-Chairman, US-PRC Environmental Protection Working Group.
The participating Chinese specialists are .listed in Appendix 1; principal
US participants are listed in Appendix 2.
During the period indicated above, the Chinese delegation visited
several laboratories under the management of the Office of Environmental
Processes and Effects Research (OEPER), EPA Office of Research and Develop-
ment. In joint discussions, the Chinese and American scientists developed
outline proposals for collaborative research in the topic areas indicated
in Part II, Annex Three (Environmental Processes and Effects Research) of
the aforementioned Protocol. These outline proposals, subject to final
approval by both sides, are contained in Appendix 3.
The delegation also visited EPA regional offices in Chicago and Atlanta,
as well as the West-Southwest Treatment Plant of the Chicago Metropolitan
Sanitation District. In each case the Chinese specialists were briefed on
the organization and operations of the facility and its role in the imple-
mentation of State and national environmental programs.
In furtherance of the objectives of Annex Three, the delegation's
itinerary included technical presentations by several private American
firms on topics of air quality monitoring and modeling, environmental
engineering, and related areas.
While in Washington, the Chinese delegation met with the US Co-Chairaan
of the US-PRC Environmental Protection Working Group, Mr. Fitzhugh Green,
other US members of the Working Group, and principal representatives of EPA's
Office of Research and Development. The participating Chinese scientists
reported on their discussions with US counterparts in the various OEPER
laboratories and presented the outline proposals contained in Appendix 3 of
this document. The delegation also met with Members and staff of the Special
Subcommittee on US Trade with China of the US House of Representatives
Committee on Energy and Commerce, and were received by EPA Administrator
William D. Ruckelshaus,
-------
" As Acting Co-Chairman of the joint Working Group, Mr. Qu Geping joined
wich Mr. Fitzhugh Green and other EPA representatives in discussions of
other aspects of US-Chinese cooperation in environmental" protection:
implementation of joint research under Annex Or.2 concerning the health
effects of coal combustion products; the possibility of future activity
under Annex Two (Environmental Pollution Control Technology); the Chinese
side's reaction to the US side's earlier proposal for cooperation in the
area of environmental impact assessment; and other facets of environmental
planning and management on a national scale.
The two sides agree that the current .Chinese delegation visit represents
a significant step in implementation of the US-PRC Environaental Protection
Protocol and should, accordingly, be brought to the attention of the US-PRC
Joint Commission on Science and Technology Cooperation at Its next regular
session.
*
The US side wishes to express its deep regret at the passing of Mr. Li
Chaobo, the late PRC Co-Chairman of the joint Environmental Protection
Working Group, and to convey its condolences to his family and co-workers.
The Chinese delegation wish to express their appreciation for the
hospitality extended by their American colleagues and their satisfaction
with the program of this visit.
This document is signed on December 9, 1983, in the city of Washington,
DC, in English and^Chinese versions of equal authenticity.
(for the US side)
(for the Chinese side)
*
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Appendix 1 - Chinese Delegation Members
Mr. Qu Geping
Mr. Wu Zijin
Mr. Zhang Chonghua
Mr. Xia Kunbao
Mr. Ye Changming
Mr. Zhang Xifu
Mr. Wang Deming
Mr. Wang Shaotang
(Ex officio:)
Mr. Wu Yikang
Mme. Feng Feifei
Director, Environmental Protection Bureau, PRC Ministry of
Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection,
Beijing
Deputy Division Chief and Senior Engineer, Foreign Affairs
Bureau, PRC Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and
Environmental Protection, Beijing
Associate Chief Engineer, Environmental Protection Bureau,
PRC Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental
Protection, Beijing
International Activities Coordinator, Institute of Environmental
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
Research Chemist, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, -
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
Associate Research Fellow, Institute of Atmospheric Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
Associate Research Fellow, Institute of Hydrobiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan
Engineer, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental
Protection, Beijing
Counsellor for Science and Technology, Embassy of the
People's Republic of China, Washington, DC
Second Secretary (Science and Technology), Embassy
of the People's Republic of China, Washington, DC
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Appendix 2"- Principal IKS. Participants
EPA, Region V, Chicago, Illinois:
Mr. Vaidas Adamkus
Mr. Clifford Risley
Mr. Basil Constantelos
Mr. David Kee, Director
Mr. Dale Bryson
Regional Administrator
Chief, Surveillance and Research Staff,
Great Lakes National Program Office
Director^ Waste Management Division
Air Management Division
Deputy Director, Water Division
Chicago Metropolitan Sanitary District, West-Southwest Sewage Treatment Plant:
Mr. Earl Knight
Dr. Cecil Lue-hing
Mr. Donald Harper
—«.
Dr. David Lordi
Dr. David Zenz
Mr. Richard Heil
Plant Manager and Assistant Chief Engineer
Maintenance and Operations Department
Director, Department of Research and Development
Coordinator of Quality Control, Research and
Development Laboratory
Coordinator of Technical Services
Coordinator of Research
Chief of Plant Operations
EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota:
Dr. Norbert Jaworski Director
Dr. Rosemarie Russo Associate Director for Research
Dr. Nelson Thomas Chief, Water Quality Branch
Dr. Gillraan Veith Chief, Toxics Research Branch
Mr. Richard Siefert Chief, Pesticides Research Branch
-------
EPA, Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia:
.Mr. Chgrles R. Jeter Regiona-1 Administrator
Mr. Howard 0. Zeller
Mr. Paul J. Traina
Mr. George L. Harlow
Assistant Regional Administrator for Policy
and Management
Director, Water Management Division
Deputy Director, Air & Waste Management Division
EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia:
Mr. William T. Donaldson
Dr. Walter M. Sanders, III
Dr. George W. Bailey
Mr. George L. Baughman
Dr. Robert R. Swank, Jr.
Dr. Harvey W. Holm^
Dr. Arthur W. Garrison
Acting Director
Associate Director for Water Qualitty Research
Associate Director for Soil Systems Research-
Chief, Environmental Processes Branch
Chief, Technology Development & Applications Branch
Chief, Environmental Systems Branch
Acting Chief, Analytical Chemistry Branch
EPA, Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolim
Dr. Alfred H. Ellison Director
Dr. William E. Wilson Scientific Director, Regional Field Studies Office
Dr. Jack H. Shreffler Chief, Model Development Branch
*
Dr. Kenneth T. Knapp Chief, Stationary Source Emissions Research Branch
Mr. John W. Spence Senior Research Chemist
EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, Oklahoma:
Mr. Clinton W. Hall Director
Mr. Marvin L. Wood Deputy Director
Mr. Jack W. Keeley Chief, Groundwater Branch
Mr. H. George Keeler Chief, Wastewater Branch
-------
EPA, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
Mr. Frank Princiotta Director
EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
Dr. Thomas R. Mauser Director
EPA, Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
Mr. Robert E. Lee Deputy Director
EPA Headquarters, Washington, DC
The Honorable William D. Ruckelshaus
Administrator
Mr. Fitzhugh Green
Dr. Bernard Goldstein
Mr. Milton Russell
Mr. Jospeh A. Cannon
Mr. Donald J. Ehreth
Dr. Roger S. Cortesi
Mr. Erich Bretthauer
Dr. Allan Hirsch
Dr. Chieh Wu
Dr. Gary R. Waxmonsky
Associate Administrator
Assistant Administrator for Research and
Development
Assistant Administrator for Policy, Planning
and Evaluation
Assistant Administrator for Air, Noise and
Radiation
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Research
and Development
Director, Office of Health Research
Director, Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
Director, Office of Federal Activities
Office of Environmental Processes and Effects
Research (escort/interpreter)
Office of International Activities
(US Coordinator, US-PRC Environmental
Protection Protocol)
-------
Appendix 2 - Ouriine Proposals for Cooperative Research under Annex Three,
Environcental Processes and Effects Research
The following outline proposals are intended as working documents
expressing the interests of the two sides in carrying out cooperative
research on the basis of equality, reciprocity, and mutual benefit.
t
The rwo sides undertake to initiate joint research as soon as possible,
and to pursue it as vigorously as possible, subject to the final approval
of the US-PRC Environmental Protection Working Group. In general, collabo-
rative research will begin on a quantitatively modest scale and proceed to
more complex forns as the cooperative relationship natures.
The funding provisions of part II, Annex Three, will apply for all
exchange visits indicated in the following outline proposals, unless otherwise
agreed by both sides.
In the interests of effective cooperative research, the two sides agree
that ability to read and converse freely in English is an important consider-
ation in selection of Chinese scientists to participate in long-term research
visits at EPA laboratories.
All_results of joint research will be taade available co both sides and
will be published in either U.S. or Chinese journals under joint authorship
of the scientists involved. All internal reviews, editing and publishing
guidelines normally required by either side will be followed.
-------
A. Effects of Pollution on Freshwater Organisms
General Considerations
Joint research projects conducted collaboratively between scientists
at the Environmental Research Laboratory at Duluth and scientists at the
Institute of Hydrobiology at Wuhan will be planned to last for a period of
five yars, to permit long-term research plans to be made. Each year's
specific research activities will be planned in the previous year, with
each year's agreement being valid for that year. The scope of research
effort will be focused on a relatively small number of projects with in-
depth effort on the part of each institution, rath»r than attempts to carry
out several projects simultaneously with only limited effort.
Joint Research Topics
Three major areas of rautal research interest have been identified:
1) Development of toxiclty test methods for freshwater fishes and
other aquatic organisms.
2) Effects of environmental variables on toxicity of pollutants.
3) Toxicity of mixtures of pollutants.
All of the above areas will have both laboratory and field components.
Program of Activities
Of the above areas, collaborative research will begin with thfe primary
focus concentrated on the development and standardization of toxicity
methods, for both laboratory and field applications, and for fish and
aquatic macroinvertebrates. It is recognized that this research area has
application to the other two areas; therefore, research endeavors on test
methods development will involve preliminary experimentation on areas two
and three "as well.
The following cooperative activities are contemplated in 1984-85 in
the sequence indicated:
.1. One or two researchers from ERL-Duluth will visit the Institute of
Hydrobiology at Wuhan to become familiar with the overall research
program being conducted at that Institute, and to learn firsthand-about
the facilities, instrumentation, and other resources available at the
Institute.
2. After the visit of U.S. specialists, the two sides will prepare a
detailed research plan for the following year.
3. ERL-Duluth and the Institute of Hydrobiology will exchange information
and publications on each institute's research in water pollution.
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-9-
4. One or cwo researchers from the Institute of Hydrobiology will travel Co
ERL-D^lutli Co conduct collaborative research experimentation on toxicity
tesc methods development. The visiting scientists will concentrate on
accute and chronic toxicity test methods for fish and aquatic macroinverte-
brates. The period of this on-site research at ERL-Duluth will be up
to 12 months. -Both laboratory tests and their application in the field
will be investigated. Pollutants studied will include pesticides, metals
(mercury, cadmium), and other inorganics (ammonia, nitrate). As selected
methods become refined and standardized, preliminary toxicity testing will
be conducted to investigate both effects of environmental variables on the
toxicity of selected pollutants and toxicity of mixtures of pollutants.
5. At the end of the research period, a written report detailing progress
along with recommendations for additional research shall be jointly
prepared by the U.S. and Chinese researchers. If appropriate, a manuscript
shall be jointly prepared for publication in a technical journal.
6. Simultaneously, researchers at the respective institutes will be carrying
out additional research on the general topic of toxicity test methods
development, and information will be exchanged on progress via corres-
pondence.
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-10-
B. Pollution of S'oil and Groundwater
General Considerations
This project envisions cooperative research between the R. ,S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory at Ada, Oklahoma, and the Beijing Municipal
Research Institute of Environmental Protection.
Joint Research Topics
The following area of mutual research interest has been identified:
the transformation mechanisms and control of groundwater contamination
generated by land treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater. Ex-
change of information on related topics is also envisioned (e.g., contami-
nation of soil, groundwater, and crops due to use of various types of
wastewater for farmland irrigation; analytical techniques for identifying
and studying trace amounts of organic and inorganic pollutants).
Program of Activities
The following cooperative activities are contemplated in 1984-85 in
the sequence indicated:
1) One or two researchers from ERL-Ada will visit the Beijing Municipal
Research Institute of Environmental Protection for a period of 1-2
weeks to become familiar with the research being conducted there and
to learn first-hand about the facilities, instrumentation, and other
resources available at the Institute.
2) Detailed research project of mutual interest will be prepared and
finalized by correspondence.
-------
3) One or.two Chinese scientists will work at ERL-Ada for at least
two months in research related to land treatment of wastewater.
4) One or two U.S. scientists will work for one or two months at the
Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection in
research related to land treatment of wastewater and control of
groundwater pollution.
5) The two sides will cooperate in compiling data, analyzing research
• results, and preparing the fir.-al report. In this connection, addi-
tional short-term visits to Beijing by U.S. specialists may be
arranged.
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-12-
C.l. Dispersion of Pollutants in the Atmosphere
General Considerations
This project envisions joint research between the EPA Environmental
Sciences Research Laboratory at.Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and
the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese -Academy of Sciences,
Beijing. The cooperative program will involve studies of the dispersion of
pollutants over various scales (including local, meso-, and regional) and
over terrain of varying roughness and physical features. Some studies to
be carried out in China will take advantage of special facilities, such as
the 330 m. meteorological tower in Beijing, which is one of three such
facilities in the world and the only one in an urban area. Other studies
will deal with flow over various types of complex terrain. Some joint
studies would be done in the U. S. and others in China, thus providing
a larger data base for both sides at lower cost. These data sets would be
utilized in joint evaluation of complex terrain models.
Joint Research Topics
, • •
The following areas of mutual research interest have identified:
1) Dispersion of pollutants during flow over an urban area;
2) Dispersion of pollutants during flow over complex terrain,
3) Dispersion of pollutants during regional flow.
-------
Prograa of Actix'ities - .
The following cooperative activities relate to each of the three topics
indicated above:
1) Cooperative plans and funding arrangements are well developed for
joint tracer studies to be conducted in the Beijing - Tianjin region in
October 1984. Two or three U.S. scientists will visit the PRC in the spring
of 1984 to complete plans and to check out U.S. equipment to be used in the
studies. Two to five U.S. scientists will participate in the October 1984
field study in China. (Visits of U.S. scientists totalling up to one man-month
in 1984 will be supported by the Chinese side on receiving-side-pays basis in
accordance with the terms of Annex Three; the remainder of U.S. scientists' •
time in China will be funded by the American university scientists involved.)
Following exchange of data bases, a Chinese scientist will visit the U.S. for
a period of one to two months for data interpretation and analysis. This
will be followed by^a short-term visit by two to four U.S. scientists to
participate in a•joint symposium.
2) During 1984 and 1985, the two sides will discuss a cooperative study
of flow over complex terrain, aiming for a joint field study in 1986.
3) In the period 1984-87, the two sides will discuss a cooperative
study of regional flow encompassisng one or more diurnal cycles. A joint
field study is envisioned in 1988.
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.. - -14-
': . •' ":
C.2~. Traiis'fornation of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfate in the Ataosphere
General Considerations
. r-
This project envisions joint research between the EPA Environmental Sciences
Research Laboartory at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and the Institute
of Environmental Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of'Sciences, Beijing. Some
of ths joint research will be carried out in China to take advantage of special
conditions, such as SC-2 and particle concentrations higher than those typically
found in the U.S.
*
Joint Research Topics . :
Three major areas of mutual research interest have been identified:
1) Field studies of the conversion of S02 to sulface, especially as
influenced^by suspended particulate matter.
2) Laboratory studies to investigate the rate of conversion of SO? to
sulfate on particles.
3) Chamber studies to investigate the influence of particles on 502 trans-
formation and on the transformation of other pollutants such as ozone
and nitric acid.
Program.of Activities
The following cooperative activities relate to each of the three topics
indicated above:
1) Cooperative plans and funding arrangements are well developed for
a joint study intended to investigate the influence of aerosols on
the conversion of S02 to sulfate. One or 2 U.S. scientists will
-------
-15-
visit Beijing in the spring of 1984 to complete plans and check
out U.S. equipment used in the study. One or 2 U.S. scientists
will visit China to assist in the field studies to be conducted
in July and December 1984. (Visits of U.S. scientists totalling
up to one man-month in -1984 will be supported by the Chinese side
on receiving-side-pays basts in. accordance with the terms of Annex
Three; the remainder of U.S. scientists' time in China will be
funded by the American university scientists involved.) Following
exchange of data, 1 or 2 Chinese -scientists will visit the U.S.
for data interpretation and analysis.
2) Discussions on joint flow reactor studies to be conducted in China"
are underway and will continue in 1984. These include use of a
flow reactor to study the reaction of S02 on particles and to
determine the deposition rate of S02 to particles and the transfor-
mation ratTe of S(>2 to sulfuric acid on particles.
3) Discussions on joint bag chamber studies to be conducted in China
are underway and will continue in 1984. A teflon bag chamber,
probably using sunlight for radiation, will be built in China with
assistance of U.S. scientists. This chamber will be used to study
the influence of experimentally generated particles and particles
existing naturally in the Chinese atmosphere on the transformation
of SC>2 to sulfuric acid and the influence of particles on other
atmospheric chemistry reactions such as the formation of ozone and
nitric acid.
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-16-
•>••"_. "
D. Modeling of Water Pollution Fate and Transport:,
General Considerations
This project envisions cooperative research between the Environmental
Research Laboratory at Athens, Georgia, on the U.S. side, and the following
Chinese research organizations: The Institute of Environmental Chemistry,
Chinese Academy of Sciences; the Institute of Environmental Sciences,
Nanjing University; and the Institute of Environmental Sciences of Xinkiang.
Detailed 'proposals, work plans, and budgets will be defined after joint
evaluation of the capability and applicability of available research methods,
techniques, instrumentation, and computer hardware. Considering the magnitude
of the proposed research and resource limitations on both sides, the research
topics presented below will be ranked and addressed in order of priority as
agreed by the two sides.
Joint Research Topics
->.
The two sides have agreed upon the following major areas of cooperation:
»
1) Inorganic chemical characterization and measurement methods;
2) Inorganic chemical transport and transformation process characterizations;
3) Biological degradation process characterizations;
4) Oxidation/reduction process characterizations;
5) Field evaluation of selected transport, exposure and risk model
subroutines under serai-controlled conditions;
-------
-17-
6) .Selection, application, evaluation and modification of a range of
mathematical models for environmental decision-making relative to
the following problem areas:
a) organic pollutants in semi-arid regions
b) heavy metal pollution
c) pennissable loading of conventional and toxic pollutants in
rivers of south China
Also envisioned is the transfer of scientific and technical information
(via seminars, workshops, joint symposia, training programs, exchange of scien-
tific papers, users' manuals, etc.) and of the providing of scientific
equipment and accessories as required for the successful completion of the *
Joint research efforts indicated above. All such materials remain the property
of the provider, unless otherwise agreed by both sides.
Program of Activities
Scientists from ERL-Athens will visit the PRC in 1984 or 1985 for a
period of 14—21 days to become familiar with the capabilities and resources
available at the participating Chinese research Institutes and-to initiate
detailed planning. Further exchange activities, including short and long-
term visits by Chinese scientists, will be discussed at that tine.
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APPENDIX B
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APPENDIX B. INFORMATION ON PRC INSTITUTES
CONTENTS
1. Environmental Protection Bureau - Changzhou
Personnel
Information from August 1986 Visit of US Scientists to PRC
2. Environmental Protection Bureau - Zheng Jiang
Personnel
Information from August 1986 Visit of US Scientists to PRC
3. Institute of Environmental Sciences - Nanjing
Personnel
Background information
Information from October 1985 Visit of PRC Scientists to US
Information from August 1986 Visit of US Scientists to PRC
Correspondence
Resume ot Mr. Qian Song
4. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences - Beijing
Personnel
Background Information
Information from August 1986 Visit ot US Scientists to PRC
Correspondence
Resume of Mr. Lin Yuehuan
5. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences - Beijing
Personnel
Background Information
Information from June 1986 Visit of PRC Scientists to US
Information from August 1986 Visit of US Scientists to PRC
Resume of Mr. Jin Xiangoan
6. Environmental Protection Bureau - Kuerle
Personnel
Information from August 1986 Visit of US Scientists to PRC
7. Xinjiang Institute of Environmental Protection - Urumchi
Personnel
Background Information
Information from August 1986 visit of US Scientists to PRC
Correspondence
8. Central Monitoring Station of Environmental Protection - Xi'An
Personnel
Information from August 1986 Visit of US Scientists to PRC
9. Huangpu River Research Department - Shanghai
Personnel
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1. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUREAU
Changzhou, PRO
Ms. Zhen He-jin, Environmental Engineer and Associate Director of
EPB-Changzhou
Mr. Xu Chen, Environmental Engineer
-------
INFORMATION PROM AUGUST 1986 VISIT
OF US SCIENTISTS TO PRC
Changzhou City
Changzhou has a population of 520,000 and an area of 94 km2.
City has undergone rapid industrial development with an increase in
factories of 1 3%/year.
City potable water supply is from groundwater, and some from Yangtse River.
Water transport system of city is a very old, very long 40 km canal.
Canal has severe pollution problems: COD is at least 6 and BOD at least 35
mg/1 upon leaving city (sometimes > 100 mg/1); DO always < 2, sometimes
zero; above city .COD = < 5, BOD = < 5, D.O. = > 4 mg/1. Types of factories
discharging into canal: coke, petrochemical, dyes, pharmaceutical, oil,
chemistry, plastics.
Water flow in canal = 18.6 m^/sec; average canal depth = 2 to 3 m; average
width is 30-50 m; wall collapse-siltation obvious; average velocity =
0.2 m/sec.
Canal splits into 3 parts in city; small barge traffic very congested. It
receives effluent from 3 small sewage treatment plants for the city totaling
0.12 billion m^/year, which is 20% of the canal flow through the city. The
canal also receives about 300 ton/day total industrial wastes of which only
about 70% receives any treatment inside the factories or the 3 city treatment
plants.
The canal is monitored once/2 months, at several places for the following:
BOD, COD, D.O., heavy metals (e.g. Cd, Cr, Kg, As, Pb, phenol, CN~, NH-j-N,
NO2~N, Mn, NO^-N), and some pesticides (e.g. DDT).
Std = NH3-N un-ionized 0.5. Measured = 0.5 up, frequenntly 10-15 ppm - N.
Most industrial process H^O taken from groundwater, some from canal.
City wants to investigate either a central (Regional) wastewater treatment
plant to handle both domestic and industrial wastewaters with discharge to
the canal to augment its winter (dry season flow) or consider diversion of
selected, untreated industrial and domestic wastes to the Yangtse directly
to utilize its vast dilution potential. (See descriptions under Nanjing.)
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2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUREAU
Zheng Jiang, Jiangsu Province, PRC
Mr. Jin Fo-Song, Director of EPB-ZhengJiang
-------
INFORMATION PROM AUGUST 1986 VISIT
OF US SCIENTISTS TO PRC
Zhengj iang City
City has population of 330,000, is growing rapidly with heavy industrialization.
The Yangtze River is to the north. Old part of Grand canal is 1500 years
old—18 km long—comes up from Changzhous City. New part from east end to
connection with Yangtze built in 1950's, with floodgate at each end. Canals
tie into Zhengjiang harbor on Yangtze (sketch available).
Dimension of canal: summer 2.5-3 m deep, 10-15 m wide
winter < 1 m deep, 8 m wide
average velocity = 0.01-0.02 m/sec - flow reversible
Problem focuses on proposal to modify the harbor significantly to reduce
sedimentation impacts of Yangtze on harbor itself. Proposal involves
building 3 dams to close off old harbor channel and dig a new 120 m wide
channel to upstream of Yangtze.
This proposal is under Chinese EPA and Hydraulics Department aegis. If done,
this would convert the harbor into a waste (canal) dominated lagoon—maybe
becoming a cesspool. The task is to prevent this by adequate hydraulic
modifications of the proposed harbor revisions and canal flow management.
1 m'/sec domestic waste water pumped into old canal, which is used only for
drainage. New channel for boat traffic. Most industrial waste water untreated
before put into canal—lots of it. Also remember this canal drains Changzhou
City, and is terribly polluted already.
Even though Zhengjiang City is 300 km from the Yangtze estuary, the Yangtze
is tidal. The Yangtze itself is a huge river at ZhengJiang. As a result,
160,000 m3/day untreated municipal waste water is discharged directly into
Yangtze whose high (summer) flow exceeds 60,000 m3/sec and whose low (winter)
flow exceeds 6,000 m^/sec.
The problem is the canal—harbor system which is 6 parts Yangtze freshwater:!
part wastewater in summer with "no" pollution problems, but in the winter
becomes all wastewater (no flow from Yangtze) with very severe pollution
problems.
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3. INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Nanjing University
Nanjing, PRC
Mr. Ding Shurong, Director of the Institute
Mr. Xu Ouyong, Deputy Director and Associate Professor (visited AERL
in 1985)
Mr. Zhuo Yuhui, Environmental Systems Engineer (Qian Song's Research
Advisor)
Mr. Qian Song, Engineer (Visiting Scientist)
Mr. Fong, Vice President of Nanjing University
Mr. Chen Hua, Engineer (candidate for AERL visiting.scientist)
Mr. Zhu, Computer Programmer
Mr. Ni, Interpreter from Geography Department
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NANJING UNIVERSITY
Background
Nanjing University is located in the center of the ancient city of Nanjing,
with its beautiful rivers and mountains. One of the major universities in
China, it includes faculties in both liberal arts and natural sciences. The
university was founded in 1902 as Sanjiang Normal School. Since then it has
been successively known as Liangjiang Normal School, Nanjing Teachers' College,
Southeastern University, Fourth Zhongshan University and Central University.
In 1949 it was renamed Nanjing University. With the reorganization of insti-
tutions of higher learning in 1952, the liberal arts and natural sciences
faculties of Nanjing University and Jinling University were joined to form
the present university which is chiefly a college of arts and sciences.
Since 1949, the university has embarked on the training of young people,
and its teaching and scientific research have made continued progress. During
the past 35 years, over 26,000 undergraduates and graduates have received their
education here, and many of them have made valuable contributions nationally.
The university has 15 departments: Chinese, History, Philosophy, Econ-
omics, Law, Foreign Languages, Astronomy, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry,
Computer Science, Geology, Geography, Meteorology and Biology. There are now
students working for B.A./B.S. degrees in 44 disciplines, for M.A./M.S. degrees
in 53 disciplines and for Ph.D.'s in 24 disciplines. There are also 9 research
institutes and 10 research groups in the university.
Among the 9 research institutes is the Institute of Environmental Sciences.
The major field of research is the study of the movement of major pollutants
existing in the Yangtze Valley, such as heavy metals, petroleum and its deriva-
tives. The university has established academic relationships with more than
ten well-known universities all over the world. The present faculty, which
numbers over 1,900, includes scientists and scholars renowned both at home and
abroad. The university library contains over 2,700,000 volumes as well as
3,700 periodicals in Chinese and foreign languages. The university also includes
some 10,000 historical and cultural relics. There are over 160 laboratories
equipped with advanced scientific apparatus.
-------
cy Russo
Swank
Barnwell
Garrison
Long
Waxmonsky
Itinerary - Chinese Delegation
Mr. Xu Ouyong - Chairman, Department of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing University
Mr. Zhang Guo-An - Xinjiang Environmental Research Institute
Wednesday, October 2
3:52 PM - Long leaves Atlanta Airport (EA#926)
5:50 PM - Arrives New York City — Kennedy International
7:40 PM - Chinese Delegation arrives at Kennedy International,
Pan Am Terminal (CAAC#981 )
Taxi to New York City
Hotel: Milford Plaza (1 single @ $51; 1 double @ $61)
8th Avenue & 45th Street
212-869-3600
Thursday, October 3
Taxi to LaGuardia Airport
8:25 AM - Leave New York City—LaGuardia (NW#203, Breakfast)
10:33 AM - Arrive Madison, WI
Rental Car - Avis, Buick Regal
Unlimited mileage, $31/day
Hotel: Concourse Hotel (1 single @ $50; 1 Double @ $58)
1 West Dayton
608-257-6000
Sunday, October 6
3:35 PM - Leave Madison, WI (OZ#577, Snack)
7:25 PM - Arrive Kansas City, MO
Tom Barnwell meets Chinese Delegation
Hotel: Hilton Plaza Inn (Double $49—10/6; $81—rest of stay)
816-753-7400
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Thursday, October 10
1:56 PM - Leave Kansas City, MO (EA#323, Snack)
4:45 PM - Arrive Atlanta, GA
Travel to Athens with Tom Barnwell
Hotel: Quality Inn History Village
404-546-0410
Dr. Russo to meet Delegation at the registration lobby.
Tuesday, October 29
5:33 PM - Chinese Delegation leaves Atlanta (EA#542, Dinner)
7:31 PM - Arrives New York City—LaGuardia
Wednesday, October 30
Sightseeing in New York City
Thursday, October 31
11:00 AM - Chinese Delegation leaves USA
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Mac "Long/
JLPrice:jlp
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A Division of Lockheed Corporation
Marietta, Georgia 30063
October 22, 1985
Dr. Rosemarie C. Rosso
Director
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Research Laboratory
Athens, GA 30613
Dear Dr. Russo:
In reference to your letter of October 8, 1985 requesting a facility
tour of our plant for Messrs. Xu and Zhang from the People's
Republic of China, we are delighted to schedule a public information
tour of Lockheed on Friday, October 25, 1985 at 10:00 a.m.
I understand Messrs. Xu and Zhang will be accompanied by
J. MacArthur Long and Nan Long of the Environmental Research
Lab.
We look forward to seeing them on Friday. Please remember that
no cameras are allowed on the premises since Lockheed is located
on government-owned property.
Ed Garner, Customer Relations
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ENVIRONMENTAL HE SEARCH LABGftATum
ATHENS. GEORGIA 30613
2 May 1986
Dr. Xu Ouyong
Department of Environmental Science
Nanjing University
Nanjing
Peoples Republic of China
Dear Dr. Xu»
Thank you for your letter of April 8. It arrived about April 15 but it
took me a couple of weeks to collect the material you requested. I called Dr.
Grady and he told me that he had not completed writing the paper he presented
at the WPCF meeting but he sent me another paper that describes earlier work.
I am also enclosing a Project Summary of a report describing earlier work.
Also enclosed 1s another paper on landfill leachate recycle that arrived
recently. I believe that you had also requested a copy of this.
I could not find a comprehensive listing of upcoming conferences 1n
environmental quality but am enclosing a copy of Transactions* American Geophy-
sical Union that includes several related conferences planned In 1986 and 1987.
I'm also enclosing a brochure on Symposium on Systems Analysis in Water Quality
Management planned for 1987 in London. I am a member of the technical group
that is sponsoring the conference and I hope to be able to attend it. I hope
this 1s sufficient for your purposes. If I come upon a better listing* I will
send it to you.
Finally, I have enclosed a copy of the report on the Chesapeake Bay
Restoration and Protection Plan. Let me know if I can help further. And give
my regards to Dr. Ding and the other staff at the Department of Environmental
Science 1n Nanjing. Bob Ambrose and I have many fond memories of our visit
there.
Sincerely,
Thomas 0. Barnwell, Jr.
Center for Water Quality
Modeling
Enclosures
cc: Office of International Activities
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October IS, 1985
Or* David £. Armstrong
Water Chenistry Program
University or Wisconsin •
660 North Park Street
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Dear Davet
I appreciate your arranging for our Chinese visitors, Mr* Xu and Mr.
Zhang, the recent meetings with scientists in your Water Chemistry Program,
and fron the various other departments at the University* I'm very grateful
for your help, especially on such short notice.
Mac Long, who accompanied Mr. Xu and Mr. Zhang in Madison, told sae not
only o£ the warm reception accorded our visitors, but also of the highly
informative and enthusiastic discussions held with them by all ot the scien-
tists on their agenda.
Please also thank for us those scientists at the University for their
participation in this scientific and cultural exchangei Marc Anderson and
Anders Andren in the Water Chemistry program, John Haynuson and Arthur Hasler
in the Center for Limnology, Doug Dube in the State Laboratory of\Uygiane,
Arthur Sacks in the Institute for Environmental Studies, and John harkin in
-the soil Science Department. I
,,, Best regards.
Roseuarie C. Russo, Ph.D.
Director
JMLongimmb:10/11/85
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WATER CHEMISTRY PROGRAM
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Current Research Projects
The Water Chemistry Program is an interdepartmental program involving
the Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) Department in the College
of Engineering and four other departments (Chemistry, Geology and
Geophysics, Chemical Engineering and Soil Science). Training and
research emphasize the chemical processes controlling the
concentrations, chemical forms, and transformations of trace elements,
nutrient elements, and organic compounds in natural waters and in water
and wastewater treatment.
Current research programs deal with reactions at the solid-solution and
air-water interfaces, fate assessment of organic chemicals in the
environment, lake eutrophication, nutrient elements, trace metals and
hazardous organic chemicals in lake systems, atmospheric chemistry and
its relation to water quality, the colloid chemistry of ceramic
membranes, photocatalysis on hydrous oxides, and heterogeneous reaction
mechanisms in aqueous systems. These research programs are supported by
both state and federal agencies in addition to the University.
Most of the teaching and research activities in the program are carried
out by the Water Chemistry faculty of the CEE Department housed in the
Water Chemistry Laboratory (Hydraulics Lab) on the shore of Lake
Mendota. Current research projects of the Vlater Chemistry faculty in
CEE are summarized below:
CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS:
The Chemical Mechanisms and Variables Affecting the Transport of
Inorganic and Organic Microcontaminants in Subsurface Environments.
Professor Marc A. Anderson, Dr. M.I. Tejedor-Tejedor; W. Zeltner,
M. Machesky.
This project is designed to determine equilibrium binding constants for
solid-liquid interactions as a function of concentration, pH, ionic
strength, surface potential and surface site density. It also addresses
the kinetics of these processes and attempts to describe adsorption
mechanisms. The constants and environmental parameters will serve as
inputs to a transport model being developed as part of a large
consortion of research scientists working as a team on subsurface
transport problems.
U.S. Department of Energy
Heterogeneous Adsorption-Desorption Kinetic Expressions Governing the
Availability of Microcontaminants in Groundwater
Professor Marc A. Anderson; E. Yost, D. Hansmann
In'groundwater modeling it is usually assumed that equilibrium
expressions may be used to describe the retardation factor in transport.
'While the movement of water in many cases may be slow with regard to
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chemical reaction rates, there are lots of instances where this is not
the case. In this proposal we examine adsorption/desorption kinetics of
several contaminants on well characterized soil components to assist our
understanding of contaminant transport. Experiments on kinetics produce
information on reaction order, possible reaction scenarios, and should
also make it easier to discern whether adsorption or desorption is the
rate limiting reactivity process.
Office of Water Resources Research
Photocatalysis of Organics on Hydrous Oxide Surfaces.
Professors Marc A. Anderson, Arthur B. Ellis (Chemistry) and Charles G.
Hill (Chemical Engineering); Brian Bischoff, Simonetta Tunesi and Juan
Lozano.
Light energy in excess of the semiconductor band gap causes electrons to
be promoted to the conduction band leaving holes in the valence band of
hydrous oxide semiconductors. These electron-hole pairs are free to
migrate to the surface of these microelectrodes where they can initiate
oxidation-reduction reactions with adsorbed solutes. In our case we
hope to photooxidize trace organics and reduce water with end products
being C02 and HL respectfully. These reactions will be followed using
"in situ" Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in order to understand
the nature of surface species and light induced transformations of these
species.
National Science Foundation; University Industrial Research; Graduate
School; and Engineering Experiment Station.
A-Colloid Chemical Approach to the Function of Phosphate-Ordered Ceramic
Membranes.
Professors Marc A. Anderson, Arthur B. Ellis (Chemistry) and Charles G.
Hill (Chemical Engineering); Mary Giesleman and Vince Hackley.
Ceramic membranes prepared by sol-gel synthesis have several advantages
over conventional organic based reverse osmosis membranes. They can be
sterilized at high temperatures. Disinfection by CL2 can be performed
without problems. They can be operated at tremendous pressures and they
have good pH stability. Unfortunately, until now, they have been
difficult to produce without cracks. Using sol-gel (colloidal).
synthesis we can prepare membranes having very small.pores ( 5nm) and
narrow pore size distribution. Phosphate induced aggregate order
coupled with ionic strength and pH control allows us to alter particle-
particle bridging and therefore pore size distributions. The calcined
particles produce superior ceramic membranes. These membranes are
studied in terms of both their physical as well as chemical
characteristics using such techniques as electron spectroscopy, thermal
gravimetric analysis, Hg porisometry, BET surface area analysis,
electrophormetry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.
University Industrial Research.
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Atmospheric Concentrations and Transport of Organic Chemicals Across the
Air/Water Interface in the Upper Great Lakes.
Professors Anders W. Andren, Edwin N. Lightfoot (Chemical Engineering)
and Theodore Green III; J. Manchester, M. Meyer.
Measurements of PCB and PAH concentrations in air over Lake Michigan
have been made by this laboratory for the summer of 1977 and 1978. This
data set does not permit an evaluation of time trends. Information on
historical trends is important if one is to discern whether the ban on
open PCB systems (and generally decreasing use) has had any influence on
air concentrations. Similarly, PAHs and toxaphene seem to be
transported through the atmosphere. Very few air measurements are
available for these compounds, especially around the Great Lakes. This
study is designed to study spatial and temporal trends in atmospheric
concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants. Also transport rates of
these substances across water surface from a knowledge of hydrologic and
meteorological conditions will be evaluated.
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Sea Grant Program.
Fate Assessment of Organic Chemicals In Aqueous Environments.
Professors Anders W. Andren and David E. Armstrong; W. Doucette,
R. Dickhut, K. Jones.
The project is designed to improve and evaluate present assessment
procedures which can be used to predict the fate of hydrophobic (mainly
chlorinated hydrocarbons) in aqueous systems. The approach involves the
integration of physico-chemical properties of chemicals with physical
and biological properties of the system in question. Much of the effort
is designed to explore and further develop our ability to measure and
predict such properties as solubilities, vapor pressures, Henry's Law
constants, sorption coefficients, octanol-water partition coefficients,
volatilization rates, degradation rules, and microbial transformation
products.
National Oceancgraphic and Atmospheric Administration Sea Grant Program.
Groundwater Studies Around a Fly Ash Basin.
Professors Anders W. Andren and Gordon Chesters (Soils); G. Simsiman.
The burning of coal in the production of electricity produces a
tremendous amount of fly ash, which must be disposed of so as to
minimize any environmental damage. The plant under study has an ash
basin which receives between 1000-2500 tons of fly ash per day. The pH
of the basin water ranges from about 10-12, making it very alkaline. A
large number of chemical reactions are being modelled. Groundwater
monitoring stations have been installed around the site where our intent
is to follow the movement of groundwater and associated chemicals.
Wisconsin Power and Light.
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Lake Michigan.Tributaries, Water, and
Sediment.
Professor David E. Armstrong; E. Marti, D. Swackhamer, D. Liebl.
The presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Lake Michigan raises
concern over the sources, fate, and effects of these compounds.
Investigation of PCBs in the lake system can provide information on the
processes controlling these compounds and other compounds with similar
chemical properties. This project is concerned with the efficiency of
removal of PCBs from the lake water to the bottom sediments, the rate of
burial in bottom sediments, and the response of levels in the lake to
changes in input from external sources. The approach involves
characterizing the types and concentrations of PCBs in major
tributaries, lake water, and bottom sediments. Combined with other
information, this data will be used to evaluate relationships between
input from external sources and in-lake concentrations and
distribution. Sediment profiles of PCB concentration will be used to
obtain historical information on PCB input and accumulation in the
system.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Role of Particulate Matter in Controlling Microcontaminant Behavior in
Lake Michigan.
Professors David E. Armstrong and Anders W. Andren; M. Shafer,
P. Polando, and P. Enroling.
The association of trace elements and organic substances with suspended
particulate matter and the settling of the particulate matter from the
lake water plays an important role in controlling the accumulation of
these potentially harmful microcontaminants in the lake water. However,
the efficiency of removal depends on the properties of both the
microcontaminant and the suspended particles and the processes
controlling particle production and removal. The purpose of this
project is to characterize the particle-specific processes and
mechanisms controlling the transport of microcontaminants in the water
column and to the bottom sediments. The approach involves obtaining the
suspended particulate matter samples by intensive (biweekly) sampling
over the spring through fall period. The particulate matter is then
fractionated according to particle size, and the samples are
characterized by detailed chemical, biological, and physical analyses to
provide information on particle-specific interactions and processes.
The results will be used to determine whether removal processes are
sufficiently efficient to maintain acceptable levels of chemical
constituents in the lake water.
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Sea Grant Program
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Status Reports on Priority Pollutants in the Great Lakes.
Professor David E. Armstrong; J. Sullivan; K. Jones; P. Enroling.
The presence of microcontaminants in the Great Lakes is a major concern
of both the United States and Canada. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, as the result of a court settlement, has established a list of
129 priority pollutants. This list was developed to provide a basis
for regulation of toxic chemicals in the United States. The list of 129
chemicals includes some chemicals recognized as important in the Great
Lakes. However, others may not be included and some on the list are
probably unimportant in the Great Lakes. Because of the regulatory
implications of the list, however, widespread interest exists concerning
the available information on sources and occurrence of these chemicals
in the Great Lakes region. Consequently, this project is designed to
develop a series of status reports focused on priority pollutants in the
Great Lakes. The approach involves collection and evaluation of
existing data and information. These data will be assimilated, and
status reports will be written in a semi technical form usable by a wide
range of groups.
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Sea Grant Program
Sources and Diagenesis of Organic matter in Lake Sediments.
Professor D.E. Armstrong; J. Hurley.
The organic components in lake sediments are determined by the sources
of organic matter to the sediments and the alterations occurring during
sedimentation and burial. Thus, sediment cores contain a record of the
sources and pathways of organic matter to the sediments and the
stability of these sources (e.g., primary production) in lake
ecosystems. These relationships are under investigation in lakes of the
northern highlands area of Wisconsin. The pigments and their
degradation products (chlorophyll, phaeopigments, carotenoids) will be
used to evaluate phytoplankton primary production, variability in
phytoplankton type, and zooplankton grazing. The alkanes will be used
as markers of allocthonous organic carbon.
Graduate School.
Transport and Fractionation of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds by
Suspended Particulate Matter, in Lake Michigan.
Professor D.E. Armstrong; L. Lefkowitz, P. Emmling.
Particulate matter plays a major role in controlling the transport and
fate of compounds such as PCBs in lakes, but the effects of properties
of the suspended particulate matter are not well understood. While
laboratory experiments indicate hydrophobicity and particle organic
matter content are major factors, evidence from more complex field
systems is limited. Particulate matter will be collected using
centrifugation and sediment traps. Size fractionation will be used to
separate particle types. Relationships controlling the distribution
among phytoplankton, zooplankton, fecal pellets, and suspended sediment
will be investigated.
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Sea Grant Program
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Perspectives on Research on Chemical Contaminants in the Great Lakes.
Associate Professor William C. Sonzogni; K.M. Bro.
This project analyzes the relative hazards of selected toxic chemical
contaminants at current levels in the Great Lakes. Such hazards as
carcinogenic risk to humans and aquatic ecosystem effects are being
incorporated into a flexible decision framework to assist with priority
setting and coordination of research on chemical contaminants in the
lakes. Nearly 1000 industrially derived chemical compounds have been
identified in the Great Lakes, and there are not adequate data to make
appropriate regulatory decisions about many of the potentially toxic
substances. Therefore, it is necessary to set priorities for research.
The framework uses a microcomputer software program that can be updated
as new data on each contaminant become available. This way, research
can be focused on those efforts most likely to reduce the toxic effects
of these pollutants in the Great Lakes ecosystem.
National Oceeanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Marine
Pollution Programs.
Workshop on Methods for Analysis of Organic Compounds in the Great
Lakes, II.
Associate Professor William C. Sonzogni; D.T. Dube (Wisconsin State
Laboratory of Hygiene).
Following up on a workshop held in 1980 to exchange information on
analytical techniques used to measure organic contaminants in the Great
Lakes, a second workshop will be held in October of 1985 in Madison,
Wisconsin. The workshop will focus on sharing recent advances, problems
and experiences related to the analysis of organics in the Great Lakes.
A report will be prepared and disseminated which documents the results
of the workshop.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sea Grant Program.
Assessing Risks of Contaminants Using Short-Term Mutagenicity Assays in
Combination with Chemical Analyses.
Associate Professors William C. Sonzogni and Lorraine Meisner
(Environmental Toxicology); G. Wilson.
The mutagenicity or carcinogenicity of environmental contaminants is
being investigated through short-term assays. Tests considered include
the Ames test, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction test, chromosome
breakage tests, and specific gene mutation tests. Results from a
battery of these tests will be used with results of chemical analyses to
assess the potential toxicity of environmental samples (fish, water,
sediment). A combination of short-term assays and chemical analyses
will also be used to investigate the additive or synergistic effects of
the variety of pollutants that are often found in environmental samples.
Center for Disease Control.
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PERSONNEL;
The Water Chemistry Program includes 10 faculty members,
approximately 25 graduate students, and several post-doctorates,
specialists and technical staff.
The research interests and recent publications of the faculty in
the Water Chemistry Laboratory (Civ. Engr.) are as follows:
Marc A. Anderson
Applications of physical chemistry in aquatic systems, the
thermodynamics and kinetics of heterogeneous reactions, hazardous waste [
movement, environmental arsenic chemistry, aquatic colloid chemistry.
i
Recent Publications (1980 to present)
Anderson, M.A. 1981. Kinetic and equilibrium control of interfacial
reactions involving inorganic ionic solutes in environmental
speciation and monitoring needs for trace metal-containing substances
from energy-related processes. F. Brinkman and R. Fish (eds.) NBS
Special Publication 618.
Anderson, M.A., C. Bauer, R.R. Stanforth, N. Loux, and D. Hansmann.
1981. Limitation and expectations in adsorption modeling. J_n
Adsorption of Inorganics at Solid-Liquid Interfaces. M.A. Anderson
and A.J. Rubin (eds.), Ann Arbor Science Publishers.
Hassett, J. and M.A. Anderson. 1982. Effects of dissolved organic
matter on adsorption. Water Research 16:681-686.
Tejedor, I., M.A. Anderson, and A.^+ Herbillon. 1983. An investigation
of the coordination number of Ni in nickel bearing phyllosilicates
using U.V. reflectance spectroscopy.
Yost, Eric and Marc A. Anderson. 1984. Absence of phenol adsorption on
goethite. Environ. Sci. and Techno!. 18:101-106.
Anderson, M.A., M.H. Palm-Gennen, P.N. Renard,, C. Defosse and P.6.
Rouxhet. 1985. Chemical and XPS study of the adsorption of
iron(III) onto porous silica. J. Colloid and Int. Sci. 102:328-336.
Stanforth, R.R. and M.A. Anderson. 1985. The kinetics of phosphorous ||
adsorption onto goethite. Water Resources Research. (Submitted for
publication.)
Anderson, M. A., M. I. Tejedor-Tejedor, and R.R. Stanforth. 1985.
Influence of aggregation on the uptake kinetics of phosphate by
goethite.. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:632-637.
Hansmann, D.D. and M.A. Anderson. 1985. U.sing electrophoresis in
modeling the adsorption of sulfate selenite and phosphate onto
goethite. Environ. Sci. and Technol. 19:544-551.
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8
Anders W. Andren
Atmospheric chemistry and its relation to water quality, chemistry of
air-water interfaces, aquatic fate assessment of organic substances,
compound property estimation techniques, structure-activity
relationships of organic compounds, the impact of energy on geochemical
cycles, geochemical cycling in watersheds, analytical chemistry of trace
contaminants.
Recent Publications (1980 to present)
Schmidt, J.A. and Andren, A.M. 1980. The atmospheric chemistry of
nickel. jh^ Nickel in the Environment. Nriagu, J. (ed.). John
Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 93-136.
Andren, A.W., Doskey, P.V., and Strand, J.W. 1980. Atmospheric
deposition of particulate organic carbon and PCBs to Lake Michigan.
In Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Environmental Toxicology,
School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine. Nov. 13-15,
1979.
Stolzenburg, T.R. and Andren, A.M. 1980. An acid digestion method for
the determination of ten elements in ambient aerosols by flame atomic
absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 118:377-380.
Doskey, P.V. and Andren, A.M. 1981. Modeling the flux of atmospheric
PCBs across the air/water interface. Env. Sci. Technol. 15:705-711.
Stolzenburg, T.R. and Andren, A.W. 1981. Elemental composition of
aerosols in a small mixed land use watershed. Water, Soil, and Air
Pollution. 15:263-270.
Doskey, P.V. and Andren, A.W. 1981. Concentration of airborne PCBs
over Lake Michigan. J. of Great Lakes Res. 7:15-20.
Andren, A.W. and Strand, J.W. 1981. Atmospheric deposition of
particulate organic carbon and polyaromatic hydrocarbons to Lake
Michigan. Ijn Atmospheric Pollutants in Natural Waters.
S. Eisenreich (ed.). Ann Arbor Science, Int., Chapter 23.
Strand, J.W. and Andren, A.W. 1981. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in
aerosols over Lake Michigan. Jji Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
Chemistry and Biological Effects. Bjorseth, A., and Dennis, .A.J.
(eds.) Batelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. 127-137.
Stolzenburg, T.S., and Andren, A.W. 1982. Source reconciliation of
atmospheric aerosols. Water, Soil, and Air Pollution. 17:75-85.
Andren, A.W. 1982. Processes determining flux of PCBs across air/water
interfaces. Jji Physical Behaviour of PCBs in the Great Lakes.
Mackay, D.; Paterson, S.; Eisenreich, S.; and Simmons, M. (eds.) Ann
Arbor Science. Chap. 8, pp. 127-140.
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Talbot, R.W. and Andren, A.W. 1982. Relationships between common Pb
and Pb-210 in aerosol and precipitation;at a semi-remote site in
northern Wisconsin. J. of Geophysical Research. 88:6752-6760.
Schmidt, J. and Andren, A.W. 1983. Deposition of airborne metals into
the Great Lakes: an evaluation of past and present estimates. In .
Toxic Contaminants in the Great Lakes. Nriagu, 0. and Simmons, M.
(eds.) J. Wiley and Sons. Chap. 4, pp. 124-145.
Schmidt, J.A. and Andren A.W. 1983. "Atmospheric Pollutants in the
Great Lakes: An Evaluation of Past and Present Estimates." In
"Contaminants in the Great Lakes," Nriagu, J. (Ed.). John Wiley and
Sons. Chapter 4 pp. 50-61.
Stolzenburg, T. and Andren, A.W. 1983. The Aqueous Solubility
Determination of 4-Chlorobiphenyl. Analytica Chimica Acta.
151:271-274.
Burkhard, L.P., Andren, A.W., and Armstrong, D.E. 1983. Structure
Activity Relationships Using Molecular Connectivity Indices with
Principal Component Analysis. Chemosphere, 12: 935-943.
Talbot, R.W. and Andren, A.W. 1984. Seasonal Variations of Pb-210 and
Po-210 Concentrations in an Oligotrophic Lake. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta. 48:2053-2063.
Woodburn, K.B., Doucette, W.J. Andren, A.W. 1984. Generator Column
Determination of Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients for Selected
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners. Env. Sci. Technol. 18:457-459.
Burkhard, L.P., Armstrong, D.E., and Andren, A.W. 1984. Vapor
Pressures for Biphenyl, 4-Chlorobiphenyl, 2,2',3,3',5,5',6,6'
Octachlorobiphenyl, and Decachlorobiphenyl. J. Chem. Engr. Data.
29:248-250.
Burkhard, L.P., Andren, A.W., and Armstrong, D.E. 1985. Estimation of
Vapor Pressures for Polychlorinated Biphenyls: A Comparison of Eleven
Different Predictive Methods. Env. Sci. Technol. ^9:500-506.
Burkhard, L.P., Armstrong, D.E., and Andren, A.W. 1985. Henry's Law
Constants for the Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Env. Sci. Technol.
1^:590-596.
Kramer, J., Andren, A.W., Johnson, A., and Smith, R.A. 1985. Analysis
and Comparison of Past and Present Aquatic Chemistry Data. In
"Monitoring and Assessing Trends in Acid Deposition". Chapter 3.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (August, 1985). 62p.
Andren, A.W. and Bischoff, B. 1985. Analysis of Historic Lake
Alkalinity and pH Data: An Application of Chemical Adjustment
Techniques. International Journal of Environmental Analytical
Chemistry. In press.
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10
Ragland, K.W., Andren, A.M., and Manchester, J. 1985. Particulate and
Vapor Phase PAH Emissions from Unvented Kerosene Heaters. J. Sci.
Total Env. In Press.
Bauer, C.F. and Andren, A.M. 1985. Emissions of Vapor-Phase Fluorine
and Ammonia from the Columbia Coal-Fired Power Plant. Environ. Sci.
Technol. In Press.
Andren, A.W. 1985. Contaminant Cycling and Accumulation in the Great
Lakes. Can J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. In press.
BostrOm, K. and Andren, A.W. 1985. A Comparison of Microcontaminant
Behavior in Baltic and Great Lakes Ecosystems. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci. In press.
David E. Armstrong
Chemical limnology, chemistry of phosphorus in waters and sediments,
trace metal-particulate matter interactions in lakes, analysis and
behavior of organic microcontaminants in lake systems, nutrient cycles
in lakes.
Recent Publications (1980 to present)
Holdren, G.C. and D.E. Armstrong. 1980. Factors affecting phosphorus
release from intact lake sediment cores. Environ. Sci. Technol.
14:79-87.
Eisenreich, S.J. and D.E. Armstrong. 1980. Association of organic
matter, iron, and inorganic phosphorus in lake waters. Environ.
Internat. 3:485-490.
Burkhard, L.P. and D.E. Armstrong. 1981. Labeled perchlorination
reagent for determination of polychlorinated biphenyls. Anal. Chem.
53:523-528.
Weininger, D. and D.E. Armstrong. 1980. Organic contaminants in the
Great Lakes. Proc. Internal. Symp. for Inland Water and Lake
Restoration, EPA/OCED, EPA 440/5-81-010, pp. 364-372.
Holm, N. and D.E. Armstrong. 1981. Role of nutrient limitation and
competition in controlling the populations of Asterionella formosa and
Micrgcystis aerugenosa in semi-continuous culture. Limnol. Oceanogr.
26:622-634.
Holm, N.P. and D.E. Armstrong. 1981. Effects of Si:P Concentration
Ratios and Nutrient Limitation on the Cellular Composition and
Morphology of Asterionella Formosa (Bacillariophyceae). J. Phycol.
17:420-424. ~~
Armstrong, D.E. and A.W. Elzerman. 1982. Trace metal accumulation in
surface microlayers. J. Great Lakes Res. 8:282-287.
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11
Sonzogni, W.C., S.C. Chapra, D.E. Armstrong, and T.J. Logan. 1982.
Bioavailability of phosphorus inputs to lakes. J. Environ. Qua!.
11:555-563.
Armstrong, D.E. and D.L. Swackhamer. 1983. PCS accumulation in
Southern Lake Michigan sediments. In Physical Behavior of PCBs> In The
Great Lakes, D. Mackay et al. (eds.TT pp. 229'-244. Ann Arbor Science
Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Weininger, D., D.E. Armstrong, and D.L. Swackhamer. 1983. Application
of a sediment dynamics model for estimation of vertical burial rates
of PCBs in Southern Lake Michigan, jr^ Physical Behavior of PCBs In
The Great Lakes, D. Mackay et al. (eds.), pp. 423-439.
Burkhard, L.P., A.M. Andren, and D.E. Armstrong. 1983. Structure
activity relationships using molecular connectivity indices with
prinicpal component analysis. Chemosphere 12:935-943.
Colman, J. and D.E. Armstrong. 1983. Horizontal diffusivity in a
small, ice-covered lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28:1020-1026.
Stauffer, R.E. and D.E. Armstrong. 1984. Lake mixing and its
relationship to epilimnetic phosphorus in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota.
Can J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41:57-69.
Burkhard, L.P., D.E. Armstrong, and A.M. Andren. 1984. Vapor pressures
for biphenyl, 4-chlorobiphenyl, 2,2',3,3',5,5',6,6'-octachlorobiphenyl
and decachlorobiphenyl. J. Chem. Engr. Data 29:248-250.
Hurley, J.P., D.E. Armstrong, G.J. Kenoyer, and C.J. Bowser. 1985.
Groundwater as a silica source for diatom production in a
precipitation-dominated lake. Science 227:1576-1578.
Burkhard, L.P., A.M. Andren, and D.E. Armstrong. 1985. Estimation of
vapor pressures for polychlorinated biphenyls: A comparison of eleven
different predictive methods. Env. Sci. Techno!. 19:500-507.
Burkhard, L.P., D.E. Armstrong, and A.M. Andren. 1985. Henry's Law
Constants for the polychlorinated biphenyls. Env. Sci. Technol.
19:590-596.
William C. Sonzogni
Recent research has focused on interdisciplinary, practical problems in
water resources management, with special emphasis on the North American
Great Lakes and their watersheds. Specific interests include applied
aquatic chemistry, analytical chemistry of surface and groundwaters,
quantification of pollutant loads, and multiobjective water quality
planning. Much of the research has been geared to bridging the gap
between science and management. Dr. Sonzogni also serves as Editor-in-
Chief of the Journal of Great Lakes Research. :
-------
12
Recent Publications (1980 to present)
Johnson, M.G., J.C. Comeau, T.M. Heidtke, W.C. Sonzogni and B.W.
Stahlbaum. 1980. Modelling effects of remedial programs to aid Great
Lakes environmental management. J. Great Lakes Res. 6:8-21.
Magnuson, J.J., H.A. Regier, W.J. Christie and W.C. Sonzogni. 1980. To
rehabilitate and restore Great Lakes ecosystems. In J. Cairns (ed.)
Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems, Ann Arbor Science,^fnn Arbor,
Michigan.
Sonzogni, W.C., O.N. Jeffs, J.C. Konrad, J.B. Robinson, G. Chesters,
D.R. Coote and R.C.(Ostry. 1980. Pollution from land runoff.
Environ. Sci. and Technol. 14:148-153.
Thomas, N.A., A. Robertson and W.C. Sonzogni. 1980. Reviews of control
objectives, new target loads and input controls. IT± R. Loehr (ed.)
Phosphorus management strategies for lakes. Ann Arbor Science, Ann
Arbor, Michigan.
Donovan, M., C.A. Job and W.C. Sonzogni. 1981. The Milwaukee pollution
case - implications for water resources planning. Water Res. Bull.
17(l):23-28.
Sonzogni, W.C. and W.R. Swain. 1981. Perspectives on U.S. Great Lakes
chemical toxic substances research. J. Great Lakes Res. 6:265-274.
Sonzogni, W.C., S.C. Chapra, D.E. Armstrong and T.J. Logan. 1982.
Bioavailability of phosphorus inputs to lakes. J. Environ. Qual.
4. 11:555-563.
Sonzogni, W.C. 1982. Great Lakes: a look to the future. Oceans
82:1186-1189.
Steinhart, C., L. Schierow and W. Sonzogni. 1982. An environmental
quality index for the Great Lakes. Water Res. Bull. 18:1025-1031.
Sonzogni, W.C., P. Rogers, W. Richardson and T.J. Monteith. 1983.
Chloride pollution of the Great Lakes: current assessment. J. Water
Poll. Control Fed. 55:513-521.
Sonzogni, W.C., Robertson, A. and A.M. Beeton. 1983. Great Lakes
Management: Ecological Factors. Environ. Mgt. 7:531-542.
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NANJING
They have 4 of our models, 2 translated into Chinese (EXAMS & QUAL II). These
are being disseminated for use by other institutes in other cities. Nanjing
will run workshops in various parts of China, starting next year. The
other models are HSPF - currently being translated by Geography Department
and SWMM - upon which work has not yet been started.
In this present (7th) 5-year plan, PRC has emphasized environmental data and
information. CH is in charge of this overall program. They're using ABRL
models to assist this effort. Want to coordinate Nanjing "CWQM" type
activities into this new National EPA 5-year plan effort with CH.
Research to Date
They've worked 4 years in Changzhou. They've used the following models on
data collected in .Changzhou.
1. EXAMS - Professor Xu
2. QUAL II - Professor Liu
3. River System (Network) Model - Professor Zhou
They have carried out 60 tests of QUAL II: for 10 the model predicted well -
30% error BOD, DO, NH3
For the other 50 results were not good:
1. canal is in flat plain, lots of back flows
2. difficult to get simultaneous data for BOD, and BOD test
difficult to get enough data
3. Sediment oxygen demand difficult to measure
4. Reaeration calculation - they'll have to develop their
own K2 relationship for the channel by measurement
They want to calculate how much pollution can be endured by the canal; i.e.,
how much needs to be treated or diverted from the canal, in the Changzhou
City area.
Future cooperation possibilities were discussed in light of 3 administrative
problems: funding stability and reference data, software and lab measure-
ments.
The Nanjing Institute has gotten some real money, but only for part of
planned projects at Changzhou City.
For the Zhengjiang Harbor assessment, they should be able to get funds during
the current 5-year plan.
How much pollution can the harbor endure? They (Nanjing) must study this to
have information regarding the ultimate water quality impacts in the harbor
as a result of the building of dam(s) or not. They need 2-d models for
this due to tidal flows—both conventional pollutants and toxics.
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NANJING
Page 2
Athens will have Bob Ambrose send them (Zhuo) software and manual for HASP 3.2.
[Also send McCutcheon or Ambrose to teach them how to use it and to design
experimental study?—see later discussions at GRABS.] One possible product
might be a joint paper, say to ASCE, describing applicatiion of WASP (Eutro
WASP and TOXIWASP) to the harbor evaluation.
Another area of potential cooperation discussed involved General PRC Modeling
Workshop help — can we do it (vis a vis their info system)?
The final potential project focused on an assessment of Yangtze River pollution
due to wastewater management at Changzhou City. This is part of another
5-year study just starting to focus on Industrial Waste Water vs. management
options vis a vis the Canal:
1. Build several secondary treatment plants in city (or one large
regional plant) and pretreat in factories before routing into the
new plants, then into canal?
2. Pretreat in factories, collect industrial waste water and primary
treat, then divert directly into Yangtze via pipeline—bypass canal?
"Pretreatment means take off heavy metals and highly toxic organics."
(EPA/ORD could maybe have an OEET or Region engineer help via treatability
studies for either route 1 or 2.)
OPTION 1.
Disadvantage. Cost to build and operate large regional plant(s) would be
very high (World Bank?).
Advantage. Water Supply (drinking water) from ground water wells is not
keeping up with population growth; the city's moving closer to Yangtze and
they'll have to use Yangtze Y.R. for water supply in future. Treated waste
water would augment canal low flows, improve oxygen transfer and levels,
etc. Some treated water could be industrially recycled relieving pressure
on groundwater withdrawals.
Questions to Study
1. What kind of waste water is coming from the factories?
2. What is its toxicity?
Xu will send in 1 month list of 200 chemicals they've analyzed in canal, RCR
will provide toxicity data.
Zhou will compile list of industry type, process, product, volumes. Approxi-
mately 6 months to 1 year.
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KANJING
Page 3
Nanjing will start biotesting of effluents from each factory (Deng)—possible
help from Duluth ERL or Region IV biomonitoring experts?
Zhou will try to get us English version of QUALII Changzhou test data/
results. Further development of River Network Model for Canal System will
be undertaken at Tufts by PRC/Nanjing visiting engineer, Chien Sung.
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
ATHENS. GEORGIA 30613
August 13, 1986
Qian Song
Department of Environmental Science
Nanjing University
Nanjing, China
i I
Dear Qian Song:
I an pleased at the interest you have shown about working as a research
specialist under Dr. Lin Brown at Tufts University located in Medford,
Massachusetts.
You should have already received from Dr. Waxmonsky an IAP-66 form in
support of your visit to the U.S. under Annex 3 of the US-PRC Environmental
Protection Protocol.
Also, you should have received from Dr. Brown instructions for your
temporary position at Tufts University. Please follow all of Dr. Brown's
instructions very carefully so as not to delay your visit anticipated to
begin September 1, 1986, at Tufts.
Dr. Brown will be sending you information soon on the kind of research
you'll be involved in.
I look forward to your arrival in the U.S. and hope your work at Tufts
University will be productive.
Sincerely,
Rosemarie c. Russo, Ph.D.
Director
cc: Gary Waxmonsky, OIA '
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RESUME.
NAME:. Qiam Song
ADDRESS: . Environmental Science Dept.. Nanjing.
University Nanjing , P^R^C.
PHONE "•' '
CITIZEN: . PJ=UC.
DATS OF BIRTH: How.4', 1962
PLACE: OF BIRTH: SUZHOU, P.R.C,
HEALTH: Excellent
EDUCATION - - r-. '-.^ ,.~^
July,1985.-pre3entt Nanj'ing University '• ' .. ;
Environmental Science. Dep.1;..
graduate student
Speciality:ftnvljronmental system•• '* '*
engineering ' -
Sep.,1980-July,1985 tTalnghua University
Dept«.of envrironmenlial engineering
undergraduate: student
Specialty environmental engineering
RESEARCH WORK _ •• '
Mas;, 1985-June ,.1985:Tainghua Uniiwersity . .,•
Environmental engineering • -.'
laboratory
Research area: Ecosystem*! of
stabilization pondi ..'. -.
Aug. ,,1985-present.t Hanjlng Unlveralty .;
.-.. Derpti.. of envlronmejital science •;:;;
Research area:Mathematical mo-
dels o-f economic develop..—
nrent and water quality
HEFERSNC23 • '....-
Ms:,' Qlan YJi „ Professor of Environmental Engineering
Tsinghua Univ«p3ity,,Beijlng,P.R.C,
. Mr.. ^H0e-J!fi*iHJ5 , Asaociate ProfieEsaor of Environ.- "••v
K"-' mental acience
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TH3 S.GHOOI RECORD OP TSIHGHIIA UNIVERSITY . "
THE" DEPARTMENT' OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Begride
Subject
Higher mathematics
Inorganic chemistry
Spacial analytic geometry
andi linear algebra
(Teneral physics
Mathematical analysis
Organic chemistry
Higher algebra*
Chinese history*
1981-1982
Analytic chemistry .
General physics
Engineering cartography
Differential equation / •
Computer language and program
Experiment of general physics
Engineering mechanics
Physical chemistry
Hi'storj: of Chinese revolution
Numerical!, analysis
First team
A-
B-
A+
B+
Sec end! term
A-
B
A-c
" A-"
B
B
B
A-
A~
B-t-
A
B
A
B
C+
A
1982-1983
Scientific. English
Experiment of physics
Environmental monitoring
Political economy •
Hydraulics
A
B
A-
Pass
A
A-
A-
-------
First term
B
pass
Subject
Chemical engineering
Chinese literature*
Hydromechanics
Water pump
Environmental science
The engineering metarial
and construction^ of
environmental engineering
Technological economy
Metal processing
1983-1984
Applications of electrotechnology
Conduit engineering** of
Wwatar supply and sswadge draing*
Water treatment engineering A
Surveying
Environmental microbiology
Philosophy
Theory of probability and
mathematical^ tat is tic 3
Waste gaa treatment engineering
Waste water treatment plant design*
1984-1985
Waste water treatment plant designe fC
Engineering structure
Experiment of water treatment
Water treatment engineering
Environmental system engineering
Grdduate paper
secend term
pass
A+
B
pass
pass'
A-
pass
A
C
B
B
pass
C
C
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HOTS:
Every term we had .ports class,I got -A" In .very tern,
W. also had English in the first to., three years.I also
passed in e.very term examination.
The suoject^hich has ••• at the end are Selective =au-
rses gi«n *y other departments of Tsinghua University.
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SUMMARY OF THE GRADUATE PAPER
A geranal fctudy of stabilization pond
Stabilization pond has been used as a wastewater
treatment process for many decades. . But how to study
it is still a problem . In Environmental Engineering
fields,,the Environmental Engineers use their traditi-
onal method which is used to study the biological tr-
eatment processes. But stabilization' pond is am more
difficult process , it's different from those tradit-
ional processes,, it has two special characteristics;
the first ., the free oxygen is producedfby algae,, not
from the mechenical aeration; second, the hydraulic
retention time is very long. Stabilization pond is a
more complex ecosystem then that of any other biolog-
ical treatment process. That is why a different meth-
od must be used in studying it. In this paper, the au-
thor tries to study it by ecological way.
A, The Stnucture of a stabilization Pond Ecosystem
1. Biological Structure *—- Food gj*aig;= Chain;
In the experimental pond, there are many kinds:
of algae, bactieria and ptrotozoa. They composed a ty-
pical semi-artificial ecosystem,.
% ^^ p«\>i''ViJ? *•«.< £l»«^»t^«. &„.£+>.,
'' In this paper, temperature, DO, and pH are exam-
ined.. In facultative pond, temperature changes a lit-
tle at the bottom, but changes a lot on the surface.
For DO, also changes a little at the bottom; but DO ,
is very low in morning and night, and higher then the
satarature value from noon to dusk in up-layer. Some
times, particulaly from 12:oo to 4:oo a.m. , DO in. up-.
middle-layer is higher then that in the surface*
According to some papers,, the pH in pond will change
a lot during the day, but that is not found in the
experiment. It's believed that the. changes of the pH
depends on the activities of both the algae and bact-
eria. The active of bacteria gives off 002, that will
make the pH down, and the active algae adsorbs 002,so
the pH will be up. The pH value of pond water is a
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reflection of the balance between bacteria and algae goad-
i«
The pH will not change a lot if the concentration of algae
is not very high because of some limiting factors such
aas- light,water depth , etc. .
B- The Puntion of the Pond System
1. Productive ability ;
The author tries to measure the velosity which algae
assimilate the inorganic nutriement, especially the NHf-
H. first the velosity of the productdion of oxygen is mea-
sur^ed,. then, according to W.J.Oswald's formula*sea,the
efficiency of photosynthetica is calculated;finally, acc-
ording to "The Standard Methods"(l3th ed.)f. the productive
ability is calculated. It's concluded that the remove
efficiency of inorganic nutriment is directly proportional
to hydraulic retention time of the pond.
2.A General Study of the Law of the Degradation
of the Organic Waste In the Algae-Bacteria
Symbolic System*
(1).Degradation of Waste
According to author's experiment, the degradation
of SOD cannot be expressed in the way of chemical reac-
tion engineering. It's a more difficult process. The de-
gradation velosity is the function of algae density and
the concentration of GOD of the sewage. There are opti-
mum value for both.-
(2). Matter Flow
In aseries pond system:, every single pond has its
own characteristics. By calculation, it is found that
the organic waste (COD) are degraded mainly in the first
pond facultative pond and the inorganic nutriments
are removeed mainly in the second pond aerobic pond.
A matter flow diagram is given in the paper.
C. The Factors Which Have Impacts on the
Function of Stabilization Pond Ecosystem.
Light, temperature and nutriment are examined.
It is believed that the nutriment (organic and
inorganic) are the most important factor, for both bac-
teria and algae depend on them. It's difficult and maybe
-------
useless for engineers to assaas the impact of all the
single nutrient element. So here, GOD is used as an index.
of all nutriment. A series of experiment are done to see
what the impact of the sewage COD concentration will have
on the growth of alg^e, for if algae can grow well,it
can give off more free oxygen and support bactrria to
degrade the organic waste (COD). The*** result shows
that the growth rate of algae will increase with the
increasing of COD concentaration when, it is below a cr-
itical valus, but the growth rate of algae will be a
constant when COD concentration is higher than
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4. RESEARCH CENTER FOR EGO-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
(formerly Institute of Environmental Chemistry)
Academia Sinica
P.O. Box 934
Beijing, PRC
Dr. Jennie Ching-I Liu, former Director of the Institute
Mr. Ye Changming, Group Leader, Water Pollution Modeling
Dr. Deng Yi-Uei, Researcher with the institute
Mr. Lin Yue huan, Metals Sorption and Modeling Research (candidate for
study at AERL)
Mr. Tang, Head of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Chemistry
Mr. Hang, Endemic Diseases Project Head
Mr. Cheng Qing-Yin, Lake Eutrophication Study
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P.O.Box 934 Institute of Environmental Chemistry
Beijing,China Academia Sinica . \
1900-1986: Division of water pollution chemistry, Institute of Environmental Che-
mistry, Academia Sinica.Associate research scientist.
Research /jroup : Heavy metal pollution.
Kesearch topics: Speciation, Distribution, Transport and transformation
of mercury pollutant in river system.
Publications:
1. Compressibility of the Shanghai clay in leaching, (summary of ground-
sinking in Shanghai 1968).
2. Investigation of the microstructure of Shanghai-clay in microscope.
( ibid. 1968).
The raicrostruture of the explosive synthetic diamond by X-Ray diffac-
tion and microscope { Explosive Work M 147, 1978).
4. Investigation of the dynamic properties of solid material. (Inform.
of Mechanics 2, p.5, 1979)
5. fhe microstruture of ocean sediments (proceeding of the 3rd civil En-
gineering Meeting china, 1980).
6. The development of sea soil engineering (LIXUE JINZHAN Vol. 10, 4 ,
p. 1, 1980).
Recent publications:
*~7
Modeling of the transport of heavy metal pollutant in river .(Env. Sci.
% p. ?5, 1981).
8. A study on mathematical modelling of transport of mercury-polluted sediment
in JIYUN River {ACTA SCIENTIAE CIKCUM3TANTIAE Vol..5,_No.3, p.276,1985).
9. The distribution of the mercury speeies.in the JIYUN Itiver sediments.
(ENvir. Chem. VOL. 2,..LI0.6, p.TO, 19<°>3). ~~ '_ ._..
10*- The study of the change and potentiality of the concentration of mercury
in JIYIJN River_sc4iments. ( Envir. Scii VGi.5,_4, p.5, 19H4).
11. The hydraulics transport of the mercury polluted sediments in JUKUN
River. {Envir. Scte. Vol.5» 5, p.?5 1984) .. _
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P.O.Box 934 ' Institute of Environmental Chemistry "
Beijing, China ; Academia Sinica
12. Investigation of raethyiation on the inorcury compounds with the humic
matter in sediment. (Envir. Chem. Vol. 4, No. 2, p. ,18,. 1985).
13. Investigation of methylmercury pollution in the chloric-alkaline plant
(Envir. Chem. Vol. 4, No. 5, p. 47, 1985).
14. The relationship of the concentration -of mercury , the particle size,
and the content of organic matter in sediment. (proceeding of" 1th
meeting on the heavy metal in environment, china. 1985).
15. Study on the treatment of river sediment containing Hg in JIYUN River
(Environ. Chem. Special Issue. March, p. 19, 1985).
16. The molecular weight and configuration of humic acid and fulvic acid
in sediment by the viscosity research. ( proceeding of 2th meeting on
ocean and limnology chemistry, china. 1985).
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A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE INSTITUTE OP ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
BEIJING
The Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Academia Sinica
was set up in March, 1975. It is located in Qinghua Donglu,
Xiaozhuang, Beijing.
It mainly engages in the research of environmental analytical
chemistry, environmental pollution chemistry and environmental
pollution control and abatement. There are 12 laboratories in
the institute. In addition, there is the Information Department,
the Editorial Department and the Department of Advisory.Service
and Development of Science and Technology.
There are over 500 people, of which more than 350 are scienti-
fic and technical personnel including 9 research professors
and 19 associate research professors.
Since its establishment, it has made some achievements in
scientific research in the fields of control and abatement of
industrial wastes, study of analytical methods of inorganic
and organic pollutants, study and preparation of environmental
reference materials, study of environmental analytical and struc-
ture and toxicity of carcinogens and organic pollutants, study
of the speciation and distribution of heavy metals in aquatic
systems and their mathematical models, characterization of air-
borne particulates, environmental impact assessment, study of
acid rain, research on environmental information, editing of
journals on environmental sciences, and etc..
The Institute of Environmental Chemistry has been making
efforts in developing international scientific exchange. It
is making more and more contacts and exchange with West Germany,
United States, Japan, Canada, United Kingdom, Sweden, and etc.,
increasingly developing the understanding and friendship with
-19-
-------
scientists in other countries.
wow the people in the institute are striving to build Lhxj>
institute into a research institution with advanced levels and
make greater contributions to the modernization of China and
to the development of environmental science in our country.
The institute has following laboratories and departments:
1. Laboratory of Environmental Inorganic Analytical Chemistry
It works on the development of analytical methods for inorganic
pollutants, and preparation, analysis and certification of
environmental reference materials. It also studies new metho-
dologies and techniques in the field of environmental inorganic
analytical chemistry.
2. Laboratory of Environmental Oganic Analytical Chemistry
It mainly studies the analytical methods of organic pollutants.
In connection with the exploitation and utilization of energy
and water resources, it carries out the .study on the struture
and toxicity of carcinogens and other organic pollutants.
3. Laboratory of Catalysis and Biochemistry
It mainly engages in the study of new catalytic systems for
pollution control and the analysis and evaluation of control
techniques. Besides, there is a group working on the biologi-
cal conversion of industrial wastes.
4. Polymer Membrane Laboratory
It studies new-type ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis merr.b-
ranes- and their corresponding equipments for the treatment
of industrial waste water and recovery of useful materials.
It also studies the basic theories "of synthetic membranes
and their mass transport processes.
5. Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution Chemistry
-20-
-------
It studies -the chemistry of atmospheric pollution mainly
caused by the combustion of coal and the physical and chemical
behaviour of some organic and inorganic pollutants in the
atmosphere. The emphasis is on the characterization of airborne
particulates, sulfur dioxide and some organic pollutants,
and their chemical reactions, etc..
6. Laboratory of Water Pollution Chemistry
It mainly studies physical and chemical processes of heavy
metals and organic substances in aquatic systems, their
mathematical models and environmental effects, including
their speciation, processes of transport and transformation,
equilibrium and dynamic models, biological effects, poll-ution
control techniques and environmental capacity of pollutants.
7. Laboratory of Pesticide Pollution Chemistry
It studies the situation of the residues of pesticides and
other synthetic organic chemicals in various ecosystems,
their rules of transport and mechanisms of degradation in
the simulation systems. It also predicts the pollution trends
and potential risks of pesticides and other chemicals in
the environment, and makes safty evaluation of these chemicals.
8. Laboratory of Regional Environmental Chemistry
It comprehensively analyses the regional environmental
pollution situation,- studies the chemical characteristics
of typical ecosystems so as to provide scientific basis for
the pollution control and environmental management.
9. Organic Synthesis Laboratory
It mainly engages in the study of ' organic synthesis and
enzymology in the carbohydrates field so as to provide new
methods and techniques to environmental protection, life
science and food industry.
-21-
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10. Environmental Analytical instrumentation Laboratory
•
It studies the application of • new .technologies in the
environmental analy-s^is'vand monitoring. It also studies and
develops simple, ^high-speed and sensitive environmental
analytical and monitoring instruments.
11. Central Analytical'Laboratory
It mainly does analytical and sampling work for the major
projects of the institute. Zhongguancun Environmental
monitoring Station is under this laboratory. It carries
out routine monitoring of the environmental pollution
situation in Zhongguancun area, the location of many research
institutions under the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
12. Public Analytical Laboratory
It possesses GC-MS, ICP and FT-IR and some other equip-
ments, doing analytical work for this institute and other
institutions.
13. Information Department
It studies and compiles the information of environmental
sciences. Assisting the Environmental Science Committee,
Academia Sinica, it is also responsible for the organiza-
tion of the Network of Evironmental Science Information
in the Academy. There is a library serving the institute.
The China National Focal Point of International Referral
System for Sources of Environmental Information (Infoterra),
UNEP is in this department.
14. Editorial Department
The Editorial Department edits the following journals:
ACTA SCIENTIAE CIRCUMSTANTIAE
HUANJING KEXUE (ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE)
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
-22-
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Environmental Sciences in China
1. Organizations
1. Chinese Academy of Sciences
Committee of Environmental Sciences
Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences and related laboratories and
. research groups at nearly 40 institutes ( 700-800 scientists and technicians )
2. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Institutes of Philosophy , Industrial Economics , Law etc.
ol National Bureau of Environmental Protection (NBEP)
1) Academy of Environmental Sciences : ( 250 scientists and technicians )
Institutes of Atmospheric Science,, Water and Soil , Ecology
Information and Environmental Management
2) Provincial and municipal research institutes e.g. Beijing , Shenyang ,'
shanghai , Tianjin , Hunan , etc . about 40 institutes^ZOOO scientific personnels .
3) Environmental Monitoring stations : .
a. General station . . •. • '":;
b. Provincial , municipal and local stations (more than 1000 stations )
4. National Committee of Education ( formerly ,iWinistry;bf Education )
Research Institutes or Laboratories in.environmental scubiices related departments
at universities and colleges : e.g. Departments -of Chemistry , Biology , Geography ,
Physics , geophysics , Oceanography , chemical engineering , Civil engineering ,
Sewage engineering , Medicine , Public health , Laws etc . Totally 40-50 departments
5. Research institutes or laboratories at different ministries and related industries
e.g. Ministry of Health .Metallurgy , chemical Industry , Light Industry , Agriculture-
Husbandry-Fishery , Hydrology , Etectropower-,communication , Nuclear Industry,
Bureau of Oceanography and Meteology
( 1-5 ) totally about 200 Institutes or laboratories , 6000-7000 scientific personnels
2. Important Environmetnal Activities (events )
1) National Environmental Protection Conferences (1975 , 1984 )
2) Chinese Environmental Protection law ( to be revised , 1979)
3) Formulation of National Environmental Sciences Research Plans (1980-85, 1980-90)
4) Establishment of Chinese Association of Environmental Sciences , with different
subcommittees on : environmental chemistry , biology , physics , geochemistry ,
chemo-geography , medicine , atmospheric science , engineering , management,
law- planning , monitoring and analysis , economics , theoretical study , planning , ect.
5) Establishment of State Council of Environmental Protection Committcs-e (1984 )
-------
Environmental Sciences related Keaearcli GJ £<*;*:'*'.•:dill
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Committee of Environmental Sciences
(1) Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences , Beijing
Ecosystem and ecological engineering
Environmental! chemistry
Environmental analytical chemistry
Pollution control technology
Environmental information
350 scientists and technicians , 14 laboratories
(2) Research laboratories
1) Earth science division
1. Institute of Geography ( chemical geogrciphy )
Z. Institute of Geochemistry ( environmental geochemistry )
3. Institute of Atmospheric Physics ( atmospheric pollution meteology )
4. Institute of Oceanography { protection of oceans , esturines )
2) Biological science division
5. Institute of Forestry and soil Science (pollution ecology )
6. Institute of Soil Science ( protection of soils)
7. Institute of Hydrobiology ( protection of aquatic biota )
8. Institute of Entomology ( pesticides , toxicology )
3) Physico- mathematical sciences division
9. Institute of Acoustici ( environmental acoustics )
250 scientists and technicians
(3) Research groups
1) Earth science division
1. Institute of Oceanography of South Sea
~L. Ghangchun Institute of Geography ( protection of northeastern China )
3. Nanking Institute of Geography ( lakes , urban environment }
2} Biological science division
4. Institute of Zoology ( ecology , pesticide toxicology )
5. Institute of Botany with botanical garden ( ecology )
6. Institute of Microbiology ( microbiological treatment of waste water )
7. Wuhan Institute of Virology (environmental microbiology )
8. Institute of Plant Physiology
9. Institute of Molecular Biology ( toxicology )
3) Physico-mathematical science division
10. Institute of High Energy Physics { neutron activation analysis )
100 scientists and technicians
-------
(4) Related research projects
1) Eart.li science division
1. Institute of Applied Remote Sensing
Z. Institute of Desorts
3.Chengdu Institute of Geography
2) Biological science division
4. Westnorthern Institute of Soils and water Conservation
5. Institute of Biophysics
6. Yunan Institute of Tropical Plants
3) Chemical science division
7. Institute of Organic Chemistry
8. Institute of applied Chemistry
9- Dalin Institute of Chemical Physics
10. Institute of Photochemistry
11. Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
( 7-11; chemical analysis , pollution control technology , materials e.g.
membrane , resins , etc . for separation )
4) Physico- mathematical science division
12. Institute of metiijjineering Therm oplijsics ( energy related }
14. Institute of Anu-ru-i'icii
15. Institute of f!yf-'cr.i Science
16. Institute of Atomic Nucleus '
Totally , 700-800 scientists and technicians . 37-38 insHtutes; /.f: ,;;,
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RESEARCH CENTRE FOR EGO-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES , ACADEMIA SINICA
d ecological and environmental studies (before 1975 )
Establishment of
Institute of Environmental
Chemistry
(1975-1985 )
I
Ecological Centre
(1980-1985 )
[Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences (1986)
Ecosystem and
ecological
engineering
—
„
-i
system
ecology
regional
environmental
assessment
rurban
ecosystem
forest
ecosystem
Environmental
chemistry &
ecological
chemistry
. aquatic
chemistry
Jatmospheric
1 chemistry
pesticide
- pollution
chemistry
trace
~ substances
k health
&
Pollution
control
technology
engineering
catalytic
process
membrane
technilogy
j energy
J related
1 studies
utilization
- of agricul-
tural waste
Environmental
analytical
chemistry &
instrumentation
organic
(analysis
--
inorganic
' nanlysis
rinstru-
J mentation
service
- centre
-•
X
i
-
-
Information
nanlysis &
editorial ,
work
INFOterra
NFP
information
analysis
library
data bank
editorial
board
-------
Research fields in environmental sciences , Chinese Aca-le;.»y o*" Srie*:ce:= ;
(1973-1985)
(1) environmental pollution survey , monitoring and assessment
1. Guanting and Baiyangdian rcserviors
2. Bohai and Yellow Sea , Bohai Bay (oil spill)
3. Pearl River (heavy metals )
4. Environmental assessment of Beijing western suburb
(2) Regional environmental study
l.Beijing-Tianjin-Bohai Bay Region
water , air , soil and noise pollution , environmental quality and modelling assessment
2. Second Song-hua River
Hg and organics pollution and control
3. Xiang River , heavy metals and pesticides pollution , control and prevention
4. Ji river , Hg and chloro-organo-pesticides pollution , control and prevention
Design reservior for waste water treatment
5. Tai lake , water quality control and protection of surrounding villages
Biological and ecological study
(3) Pollution control technology and prevention
1. Chemical-physical means : catalysis , ion exchange , solvent extraction ,
membrane technology , flocculation , adsorption
2. Recycling of pollutants in electroplating
3. Microbiological treatment of waste water , e.g. for textile industry
4. Oxidation pond e.g. Yaer Lake , chloro-organo pesticides
5. Adsorption by plants
6. Land treatment for waste-water , e.g. Cd hydrocarbons
7. Noise control , by setting up standards , instrumentation
(4) Analytical technique and instrumentation
1. study on standardized analytical methods of analysis
2. Preparation of reference materials (fly asy ,peachleaves , river sediments , soils from
Tibet , PCB etc . ) Jntercalibration
3. Application of new techniques , e.g. laser , ESCA .'} MAA
4. biological indicator
5. Instrumentation , e.g. samplers , handy monitors
6. Application of remote sensing in monitoring
(5) Baseline study
Water , soil , air and biological samples from different locations in the country .
-------
(6) Ecological effects , toxicity and toxicology
1. Epidemiological study of the effects of heavy metals and some organo-toxicants
inroquatic ecosystems
2.Ecological effects of atmospheric pollutants on plants, trees and human health
3. Degradation of pesticides in river sediments and soils
-1. Wastewater irrigation and their ecological effects (planta-soil-ecosystems)
5.chemical carcinogens (e.g. PAH ,nitrosoamines ) their occurrence , structure
and carcinogen]city
6. Environmental diseases (Keshen Beck disease , flurosis )
7.lexicological and ecotoxicological study ( pesticides )
(7) Transport and transformation of pollutants in the environment
]. Methylation of Hg in river sediment
•?,. Microbiological degradation of pesticides and some organics in water and sediments
3. Transformation of SOjinto sulfate in atmosphere
Effects of different oxidants , catalysts
4, Transformation of Irichloroacet-aldehyde into trichloro-acetic in the soil
(8) Eco-eiivironmental study
1. Natural ecosystems e.g. soil, water and urban environment (e.g. Tai Lake )
2. Ecological engineering theoretical study.arid its.applications e.g. application
of system ecology and system analysis and urban environment planning ,
hydrological projects
3. Study of eco-environmental characteristics in Beijing- Tianjin ecosystems
(9) Study of ecological effects of forests by human activities
(10) Study of desert : its formation , degradation and prevention
(11) Information and publication of journals :
e.g. UNEP Inforterrn , national focal point in china
Review on " Environmental Sciences in China "
".Acid Rain in China " etc .
Journals : Acta Circumstanlia (1982- 1986 )
Journal of Environmental Sciences (1977- 1986 )
Journal of Environmental Chemistry (1982-1986)
Journal of Ecology
-------
J.^.. OO
1. Regional environmental planning and urban ecosystem study
Z. Air pollution control and optimization study of coal-utilization
(desulfurization , acidification )
3, Water pollution control and optimization study of municipalise wage water utilization
•J. Environmental pollution and health effect;; ( carcinogens from combustion of coal ,
heavy metals in waste water irrigation }
5. Degradation of natural e co-environment and its control
( desertification .destruction of tropical and subtropical forest )
6. Cycling of S, C, N , in the environment
7. Environmental behaviors of chemical components and their ecological and health effects
8. Application of new techniques and technologies in environmental sciences .
9. Eco-environmental study on urban environment and agro-ecosystems .
10. System ecology : theoretical study , methodology and its application .
11. Influence of hydrological engineering on ecosystems
-------
INFORMATION FROM AUGUST 1986 VISIT OF US SCIENTISTS TO PRC
Beijing - Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
Mr. Ye - WQ Modeling studies of several rivers throughout eastern China
Three theories
Mr. Wang - discussed endemic diseases; e.g., Kashen-Beck,
postulated as cause of disease:
Se deficiency
Humic acid poisoning—Scavenges Se
Bacterial (fungi) poisoning of cartiledge
1.5 million people out of 20 million in northeast, north central, and south-
west China have this disease. The disease is also found in USSR just
north of China (Soviets think it's due to Mn and phosphorus poisoning).
Australia (only in animals), Canada also have it, but to lesser extent.
The Institute has discovered that:
Humic acid degradation products are similar to the fungal toxics.
Free radical Se acts as a protective agent—perhaps as fungi antagonist?
Lab simulation of humic acid degradation—then identification of the
degradation products progressing.
Mr. Lin-—interests include:
Speciation and sorption of Hg on sediments
Transport and transformation of Hg in streams, thermodynamic processes, and
Microbiological effects
His Hg river model includes: diffusion/dispersion, absorption/desorption,
deposition/suspension of particulates.
The Institute has conducted a field study to evaluate the Hg model with a
resulting error of 16.4% (total Hg?). We asked for English write up of his
model and the test (1976) flow data.
Tests were performed using a sequential extraction of Hg in sediment in order
to model the various components:
Water - soluble ions fraction
Ion - exchangeable fraction
Oxide fraction
Humic/fulvic acid complex fraction
Easily oxidizable organic complex fraction (30% H2O2).
Main species of Hg found/needed to be modeled—humic/fulvic acids and other
organic complexes and colloidal/particulate-associated organics/oxides.
Speciation by size fractions was obtained using 0,2. urn and 0.45 urn membrane
filters.
-------
BEIJING
Page 2
Benthic core samples were also analyzed near chlor-alkali plants to study
methylation: (not much methyl Hg found) plus determine: the distribution
of MeHg in sediment and water; distribution of Humic acid and Hg; flocculate
from chlor-alkali plants? and absorption/desorption of Hg on sediments.
Mr. Cheng Qing Yin interest is in Lake Eutrophication Study
Study involves more than 1000 lakes in SE China, all eutrophic, e.g.
Lake Chao on Yangtze is 5th largest fresh water lake in China and is
seriously eutrophic. For Lake Chao, Institute has about 100 years of
observational data. Hefei City (near Nanjing) draws one third of its
drinking water from the lake. This lake water has high algae, suspended
solids, yellowish color, dissolved solids low, no aquatic weeds, average
depth = 2 m. It- receives untreated municipal sewage and industrial
wastes (middle size industries/flood processing). WASP may be a useful
tool for Mr. Yin.
Dr. Tang's interest is in heavy metal pollution (from mining and smelting) in
rivers, i.e. Cu, Pb, Cd in river water and sediments. Most of the metals were
found in sediments. He has some 27 years of data. He is using the equilibrium
model (REDICULII/MINICUL) with some measured equilibrium/sorption constants
to study the Shang Ya River near plants. He is modeling 13 metals and 13
complexes in the river/sediments—but no loading samples/data?
Key findings to date:
1. Most of the metals are in sediment—organically bonded or sorbed oxides
(200-300 ppm)
2. Low concentrations of free ions or easily oxidized organic complexes of
metals in water (10-30 ppb)
3. Data and model most useful to determine critical pH for river management
to avoid release from sediment. Current pH of river is 7.5-8. Modeled
critical release pH _>. 5. MINTEQ II plus Prodef might be of great use to
these modelers.
-------
P.O.Box 934
Beijing, China
Institute of Environmental Chemistry
Academia Sinica :
o
n
o
00
"^1
~:
Dr. R.C. Russo
Director, Environmental Research Laboratory
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Athens, Geogia 30613
Dear Dr. Russo:
r-j rxj J
-i u> -
Feb. 18, 1986
Thank you very much for your letter dated on Jan. 12, 1986.
I ani glad to know that we will start our cooperation this year and one of our
colleagues can work in your lab. for one year.As you suggested in your letter
I contacted with Dr. Randall and invited him to visit us, but he couldn't come
because of his busy schedule in China. (I imagine he had told you already).
Thus I think I will write to you directly.
After discussing with my collegues of Division of water pollution chemistry,
Prof. Tang H.X. , head of this Division and I agree with your suggestion on the
cooperation Project " Metal Interaction At Environmental Surfaces". We recommend
Mr. Lin Yue Huan .to you( enclosed his resume). Mr. Lin worked with us on
the project of heavy m«=.:.al pollution study in the past 5-6 years, mostly on the
speciation, complexation and adsorption of Hg in the transport and transformation
of Hg in the river sediments. He has good physical chemistry and pretty math
background and he has gained quite a lot lab and field work experiences in both
Institutes. He has got study independent work ability and is hard working. Comparing
to Mis Ma. as you have contacted, Mr. Lin is more appropriate in the above
mentioned cooperation project.
Mr.lin's English is fairly enough for him in his work. He has some oral training
but he didn't have enough chance to talk with English speaking people. Thus
I will ask him to have a few months (maybe 4-5 months) oral English Training
if you agree him to come. As you mentioned there will be a stipend covering
living and necessary travelling expences, I will be glad to know more if it is
possible.
Mrs. Ma is a good biologist, if you can consider her to work in your lab next
year, it will be greatly appreciated.
With best regards to you .
Yours Sincerely
d
-------
cy Baughman/Garrison/Long
.„ USEPA
ATHEMS
P.O.Box 934 Institute of Environmental Chemistry 22 MAY l985 '* °8
D ... ~,. A j . c. . OFFICE CFlHEf-iKa'TCil
Beijing, China , Academia Sinica
Dr. E.G. Russo, Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. EPA
Athens, Georgia 32613
U.S.A. May 11, 1986
Dear Dr. Russo:
.1 haven't heard from you for sometime and wonder if you-
have received my letter about my colleague (Mr. Lin) work-
ing in your Laboratory. However, I was glad to receive your
telex copy via your Embassy last week. After getting contact
with Madame Liang of our EPO, njknew that your visit will be
prosponed as she cannot arrange it this May. ijhope you will
come to China this coming fall.
The topic of our collaborative research project on metal
interaction at environmental surface as you suggested ic an
interesting one and we are working on it now.
Mr. Lin is making up his oral English this semester. I won-
der whether it is possible for you to inform me about the
possibility of Mr. Lin's visit to your Laboratory before
your comjng to China. Please don't hesitate to tell me if
you have any difficulty to do so.
With best wishes.
Sincerely yours,
<*• ^<
C. I. Liu
-------
It- !/ ' I & «
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Res. Lab.
b
College Station Road
i
Athens, Georgia 30609
April 4, 1986.
Dear Robe'ft B. Ambrose,
I am glad to learn that Director Rosemarle C. Russo, ph.D
has told my Director, Jennie Chlng-I Liu Inviting one scientist
of our Institute to conduct research with your scientists on
metal Interaction at environmental surface, frof. Liu has com-.
mended me to Dr. R. C.' Russo for this research work. I am anxious
to know the result that Dr. R. C. Russo has decided on this Invi-
tation. i
I would appreciate your helps to arrange for me to visit t
your Institute for conduction of collaboration.
I am looking forward to seeing your words.
1 Sincerely Yours
Lin Yue-Huan
-------
P^O.Box 934
Beijing, China
Resume:
Name: l>in Yuehuan
Serulity: Male
Institute of Environmental Chemistry
Academia Sinica
Chinese
Date of birth: August 5, 19T7
Place of birth: Guangdong |China
Health; Good
Address: Institute of Environmental Chemistry Academia Sinica
P. 0. Box 934 Beijing,. China
Education i
1957-1963: Dept. of Chemistry, Beijing University
Specialty-: Colloid and suspension system physical chemistry
Research work ;
196V1968: Division of .Soil Mechanics., Institute of Mechanics Acadamia Sinica.
liesep-rch process: Siol and underground-water composition, clay micro-
structure and ion exchange, hydrological chemistry studies of the layer
of cla.y under Shanghai city, (including the study of the ground sinking
in Shanghai, China)
l9fiBJ-1978: Division of explosive Mechanic.--, Institute of Mechanics Acaderaia Sinica.
Group head of the explosive synthetic diamond.
', - *
Study of the synthetic of diamond and its raicrostructure.
1
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5. CHINESE RESEARCH ACADEMY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Beiyuan, Anwai
; Beijing, PRC
(Tel. 465561 ext. 513)
Liu, Hongliang, President of CRAES, Deputy Director of Commission of
Sciences and Technology, Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and
Environmental Protection
Liu Peizhe, Vice President of CRAES; Deputy Director of National Envi-
ronmental Analysis and:Measuring Center
Zhang Yong Liang, Director of Research Institute of Water Environmental
Sciences
Xia Qing, Engineer and Project Director, Institute of water Environmental
Sciences
Mr. Zhan Lanyu, Director',
-------
WATER ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
CHINESE RESEARCH ACADEMY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
I . Research Projects Completed by the Institute from 1980 - 1985
1 . Hater quality Management planning for Tuojiang River ( Sichuan
Province )
2 . study on discharging sewage to the sea construction ( Shenzhen City ,
Guangdong Province )
3 . Regional pollution control programme for Zhuzhou City ( Hunan
Province )
4 . Modified O'connor Model and new method for parameter identification
5 . Evaluating SBOD and Kn values with increasing curves method
6 . Tracer Technique for 200 km river section and the modified two -
station formula
7 . Study on nixed transport parameter of rivers and its fornulars
8 . Determination of the heavy metals adsorption and desorption by
suspended substances in rivers
9 . The migration model of heavy metals ( among water , suspended
substances and sediment }
10. Regional model for non - point pollution loads
11. Optimum model for technology, economy and water quality management
12. System analysis model by using assimilating capacity of water bodies
II. Research Projects Being Carried out from 1986 - 1990 :
1 . Water quality management planning in the delta of the Pearl River
2 . Hater quality modeling and its application for tidal reaches,
tida! river network, estuaries and bays
3 . Multi - target planning for water pollution control of Guangzhou
City ( Guangdong,Province )
4 . Control strategies for eutrophication of Dainchi Lake ( Yunnan
Province )
5 . The application of the water environmental capacity in Yichang
reach, Yangzi River
6. Water quality management for the unexpended area located in the east
side of Kuangpu River
7 . Water quality management mod ling for Songhua River during its high
flow season
8 . Investigation and assessment on eutrophication in some large lake of
China I
9 . Laboratory determination for modeling parameters of lake
eutrophication
10. Study on the clearing mechanism, design parameters and optimum
combination of oxidation pound
11. Study on the patterns of migration, and transformation of toxic
substances within oxidation pound
12. Study on oxidation pound simulation techniques
-------
CHINESE HATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT SCIENCE DELEGATION
LIU PBIZHE
Head 'of the delegation, Vice President of Chinese
Research Academy of Environmental Sciences ( CBAES ),
Deputy Director of National Environmental Analysis
and Measuring Centre ( NEAMC ), Engineer
MBNG XIANYUAH
Deputy Chief of Science and Technology Division,
Chinese Environmental Protection Agency ( CEPA ).
Engineer
ZHANG YONGLIANG
Director of Hater Environmental Institute. CRABS.
Associate Professor
XIA 9ING
Research Project Director, Hater Environmental
Institute, CBAES, Engineer
JIN XIANGCAN
Research Project Director, Hater Environmental
Institute, CRABS, Engineer
MBNG JISI
International Programme Coodinator, Foreign Affairs
Office of CRABS, Interpreter
Address For Communication :
Chinese Research Acadamy of
Environmental Sciences
( CRAES )
Beiyuan, Beijing :
China
Tel: 461025
Cable: 1064
-------
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF CHINESE RESEARCH ACADEMY OF
'ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ( CRAES )
I. Background
Chinese Research Academy of Environnetal Sciences ( CRAES ), which
was founded in Beijing < in 1980, is the technical and research arm
of Chinese National Environmental Protection Agency ( NEPA ) with a
comprehensive capacity in the field of environmental sciences and also
serves as a research centre of environmental analysis and measuring as
well as environmental information.
The Academy, with its total staff of 502 ( of which 357 are research
people ) , is orgnized into 6 research institutes: Water Environmental
Research Institute, Atmospheric Environment Institute, Institute of
Environmental Ecology, Environmental Management and Planning Institute,
Environmental Information Institute and National Environmental Analysis
and Measuring Centre.
The Academy is equiped with more than 1,400 pieces of small and
large instruments, of which about 200 are large or sophisticated
facilities such as Large-scale Hind Tunnel, Photochemical Smog Chambers,
Water Quality Field Study Viehcles, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroraetry,
Multi-functional Computer (VAX-11/785), Fourier Infrared Spectrometer,
Large Kytoon and Accelerator for PIXE Ana lysis,etc.
The main tasks of the Academy are to study and advice on matters
relating to nation-wi!de environmental management and environmental
protection and construction, chiefly as follows:
— Undertake important and comprehensive national key research projects
in the field of environmental sciences with stress on the study of
regional and general strategies on pollution control and applied
environmental sciences and bring into full play to the advantages of
the Academy's multi-professional potentialities and its research
capacity.
— Undertake environmental soft-ware studies assigned by the government
environmental administrations, covering environmental information,
environmental standards, technical policies on environmental
protection, environmental economy and environmental assessment and
preassessment.
-- Orgnize the national environmental information network and edit
several academic publications on environmental sciences.
-- Carry out international scientific exchanges and collaborations.
II. Environmental Research institutes Attached to CRAES
1. Water Environmental Research Institute
The scientific research work performed by the institute focuses on
the study of systematic control of water pollution, chiefly as follows:
*
,~ . 1 .
-------
- Studies on the regularity of migration and transformation of water
pollutants and control techniques of water pollution
- Studies on the applied and laboratory techniques on hydrography,
hydraulics and hydrochemistry.
- Water pollution control strategies and water environmental regulations
- Quality control for different water bodies and their mathematical
modeling techniques ,
- The end-results of the pollutants in soil and their ecological
assessment ,
- Developaent of new techniques and their applications in water
environmental sciences
i
Equiped with advanced facilities, the institute .with its 48 research
staff, undertakes national research projects for rivers, lakes, gulfs,
reserviors and so on. :To further its research work, the institute, in the
country's 7th five-year-plan period ( 1986-1990 ) will establish its
computerized comprehensive research labs including water pollution
simulation lab and civil engineering simulation lab.
2. Atmospheric Environment Institute
The institute is principally concerned with the following subjects:
- Air pollution statues and its basic physical and chemical features in
the atmospheric boundary layer
- Regional air pollution features and atmospheric environmental planning
- The process and regular patterns of the formation, transmmission,
migration, transformation and clearence of air pollutants
- Ambient air quality' standards, air pollution control techniques and
regional air pollution control strategies
- New techniques which can be applied in the field of atmospheric
environmental sciences
- Provide research findings for governmental decision-making
The institute conducts its work through the following groups (labs)
with 57 research staff and various field study facilities:
* Ambient air standard and pollution control
* Pollution control strategies on particulate matters
* Acid rain study
* Atmospheric chemistry and smog chambers
* Simulation and-planning for air pollution regularity
* Mind tunnel
* Atmospheric measurement and new technology
— ; ..- rt
— i.-- . ,.--.. .. .£ .
-------
3. Institute of Eav'T>i!»«fml Fcoiogy
The institute has 37 research staff principally conducting its
research on two aspects: natural ecology and pollution ecology, detailed
as follows:
- Ecological zoning and ecological environmental planning
- Ecological and environmental impact assessment for important
constructive projects
- Environmental pollution impacts toward terrestrical and aquatic
encology
- Optimum management and ecological index system for natural conservation
areas
- Safety assessment on toxic chemicals
4. Environmental Management and Planning Institute
The institute , with 21 research staff, serves
directly for the central and local environmental administrations with
its study area covering:
- Developement strategies and policy study on environmental sciences
- Environmental prediction and planning
- Environmental economy
- Information system of environmental management and its control
strategies
5. Environmental Information Institute
The institue has 60 staff and is orgnized into the information
study groups, the editorial departement, the library, and the central
office of national environmental information network. Its tasks are
chiefly as follows:
- Study environmental technical informations, index data and research
papers and editi translate and publish environmental research
periodicals.
t
- Orgnize and coodinate the national scientific and technical information
network of environmental protection and manage the data bank of
national research achievements on environmental protection.
6. National Environmental Analysis and Measuring Centre
This centre is charged with the study of new or significant
developments in methods of environmental analysis and measuring and of
providing specialist services to various environmental units in China and
... - ££-. ' J - "-. 3'. _ . -
-------
also serves as a training centre for environmental staff of the country.
Its work is undertaken through 4 laboratories and a centre: the
environmental chemical analysis lab, the environmental physical analysis
lab, the comprehensive environmental analysis lab and the computer
centre.
The laboratories and the-computer centre, while completed, will
gradually open to public uses, for both domestic and foreign users
together with research and training programes on environmental analysis
and measuring. It also plans to study and produce standard reference
materials and become a branch of International Registration Centre for
Potencial Toxic Chemicals.
III. Environmental Research Projects Completed by CRAES During the Pas-t 5
Years (1980-1985) and Hill Be Performed in the_Next 5 Years (1986-1990)
Many national key research projects in the field of environmental
sciences were completed by CRAES during China' 6th five - year - plan
period (1980-1985), chiefly as follows:
i
— Study on Hater Environmental Assimilating Capacity for Significant
Pollutants:
Sellect several representative Chinese rivers, estuaries and bays
to study their water environmental capacities for organic pollutants
and heavy metals and try to properly use the natural assimilating
capacity of the water bodies, and provide scientific statistics for
making comprehensive plans for prevention and control of Hater
pollution and for making water quality management plans for studied
areas.
- Study on Atmospheric Environmental Capacity for Significant
Pollutants:
Study the atmosphertic capacity for significant pollutants in the
industral areas including basin area like Taiyuan City, Shanxi
Province,and plain area like Shenyang City, Liaoning Province through
various environmental disiplines of physics, chemistry, ecology,
systematic engineering, environmental economy and so on to provide
scientific data ' for comprehensive control of the regional air
pollution.
Comprehensive Control Strategies for the Photochemical Smog in Xigu
Region of Lanzhou City, Gansu Province
Study on fttmosphric Environmental Assessment for Taiyuan Area, Shanxi
Province -- the biggest coal producing area of China
Environmental Problem and Ecological Balance Study in Beijing -
Tianjin - Tangshan Area
-------
-- A Input-output Study and Linear Programming for Enterprises with
Environmental Concerns
-- Study on National Scientific and Technical Policies on Environmental
Protection
The national key projects being performed at present or mill be
carried out in near-future by CHEAS chiefly as follows:
— A nation-wide investigation on environmental capacity of soil, water.
and air
— Research on the formation, trend and control strategies of acid rain
— Soil treatment for urban sewage
-- National environmental information system and data bank
— A predictive study of the natural environment in China in the year of
2,000
— Lake eutrophicatioh study
— Quantitative study on economic parameters for environmental management
— Ecological engineering and cost-benefit analysis for urban sewage
treatment
— The effects of air!pollutants on plants
-- Regulations, safety assessment,analytical methodology and management
for toxic chemicals
ADDRESS :
CHINESE RESEARCH ACADEMY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (CRAES)
BEIYUAN,
BEIJING,
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
5
. o .
-------
m/
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
icNVifiutiMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
AGENDA
Chinese Water Quality Delegation Visit
June 10-12, 1986
Liu Peizhe, Vice President of Chinese Research Academy of Env. Sciences (CRAES)
(Head of Delegation)
Meng Xianyuan, Deputy Chief of Science & Technology Division, Chinese EPA
Zhang Yongliang, Director:of Water Environmental Institute, CRAES
Xia Qing, Research Project Director, Water Environmental Institute, CRAES
Jin Xiangoan, Research Project Director, Water Environmental Institute, CRAES
Meng Jisi, International Programme Coordinator, CRAES (Interpreter)
Tuesday, June 10
i
8:15 pm Arrive in Atlanta on Eastern Airlines Flight 117
9:15 pm Leave Atlanta on Jet-A-Way Limo
10:45 pm Limo arrives in Athens (stops @ History Village)
Check in.at Quality Inn History Village
Wednesday, June 11
8:45 am Leave Motel
9:00 am Arrive at Lab
i
9:00- 9:30 am Meet with Dr. Russo, Laboratory Director
9:30-11:30 pm Meet with Dr. Bailey and selected Chemistry Branch personnel
11:30- 1:00 pm Lunch at Botanical Gardens Tea Room
(Dr. Swank, Dr. Garrison, Dr. Bailey, Mr. Long)
1:00- 2:00 pm Meet with Mr. Donaldson and selected Measurements Branch personnel
2:00- 3:15 pm Laboratory Tour
3:15- 4:30 pm Meet with Mr. Mulkey and selected Assessment Branch personnel
i
4:30- 6:00 pm Free Time
6:00 pm Dinner at Peking Restaurant
(Dr. and Mrs. Robert Swank, Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Long)
Thursday, June 12
8:45 am Leave Motel
9:00 am Arrive at Lab
9:00-10:00 am Meet with Dr. Holm and selected Biology Branch personnel
10:00-10:30 am Meet with Dr. Swank, Director of Research
10:30 am Leave for Limousine
11:00 am Depart for Atlanta
-------
<
UNlf ED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
.Travel Itinerary
i
Chinese Water Quality Delegation Visit
Tuesday, June 10 '•
i
5:05 PM Leave Providence, Rhode Island, on Eastern Airlines Flight 117,
8:15 PM Arrive at Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport.
Eastern Airlines Skycap will meet your plane and escort
you to Jet-A-Way Shuttle Bus for travel to Athens, Georgia.
!
Directions to Jet-A-Way Shuttle are as follows:
From the Baggage Claim area, follow the Ground Transportation
signs. At "Ground Transportation," go out the doors. There will
be 10 or 15 flagpoles. Below the flagpoles is a long, brown
canopy. Jet-A-Way boards all the way to the left of the canpoy,
in the "Non-Metro Buses" section. Jet-A-Way Shuttle buses are
blue and white, with,the name printed on the doors.)
Cost of Jet-A-Way Shuttle: 2 persons round-trip $99.00.
9:15 PM Leave Atlanta on Jet-A-Way Shuttle.
10:45 PM Shuttle arrives in Athens. You will get off at
Quality Inn History Village Motel. Mr. Mac Long
will meet you there and help you check in.
Wednesday, June 11
8:45 AM Mr. Long will meet you at the History Village Motel
and drive you to the Environmental Research Laboratory,
-------
INFORMATION FROM AUGUST 1986 VISIT OF US SCIENTISTS TO PRO
' Beijing - GRABS
1. Pearl River Study
Pearl River from Canton City to Lion Sea to Ling Ding Sea (60 km city
to Lion Sea) all tidal. River mouth at sea is 60 km wide (a bay)—many
wide bays from Canton to mouth—complex geometry and flows, e.g. Ling
Ding Sea = 2100 km2. '
Pollution problems are: ,
BOD
oil pollution
pesticides
small quantity of heavy metals
In Canton City they have 8 water purification plants for drinking water, 5
out of 8 cannot meet the national drinking water standards 3 months out
of the year. Industrial development is increasing rapidly, and pollution
problems will be aggravated.
Water quality from Lion Sea (tidal bay) to Ling Ding Sea (tidal bay) "not
too bad"—NOTE: Chinese "not to bad" may be "very bad" by US standards.
Some of the industrial waste water is being "primarily treated" within
plant/factory—means screening plus maybe some highly toxic organics/
metals and oils removed. No municipal waste water treatment.
2. Lake Eutrophication Study
Dian Chi Lake
Yunan Province
Near Kunming City (Provincial capital)
3. Coastal Study
At 2 places they're trying to manage discharge of domestic sewage to
the sea. Also in 2 bays across from Taiwan trying to assess possible
impacts of proposed industrialization on bays and the sea.
4. Yangtze River - calculate impact of sewage (BOD, COD, NH^, organics) on
this huge national river—basically a facilities planning screening
study—WQAM would be a very useful document for this use.
5. Nationwide Study of Eutrophication of Large Lakes
Selected 20 large lakes throughout China
Surveying for existing condition
Predict potential for future with regard to eutrophication~WQAM also
of great potential use here.
6. They want to apply HSPF to predict water quality response of Songhua,
River in NE of China, Harbin section. This is in Manchuria (Harbin was
former capital of Manchuria). The Songhua is the biggest river in Nl
China; flows into Black Dragon River then to USSR. Problem areas for
assessment include: BOD, COD, suspended solids.
-------
BEIJING - CRAES
Page 2
River has 0.3% slope - on a plain - HSP-F may not be applicable too
low head - we should check on this - send CRAES latest updates on
conventional pollutant sections of HSP-F. QUALII might be a better
model for their use, or something else, e.g. WASP3.
(
One CRAES person, Mr. Wang, attended Nanjing workshop on QUALII last
may. .
Preliminary results of possible cooperation with CRAES (not under current
protocol):
1 . Jin to Athens to work with Bailey approx. 9 months, 3 months Brown
MINTEQ/PRODEF. '
2. Joint mini-workshop on WASP3 in Beijing for Beijing Institute of
Eco-Environmental Chemistry plus selected invitees from Nanjing,
Urumchi and CRAES. :Course and application/study planning sessions
should last at least 2 weeks. AERL would send 2 Assessment Branch
engineers (probably Ambrose and McCutcheon) to conduct it with
considerable preplanning and logistics in concert with CH and
CRAES. Schedule tentatively for spring-early summer 1987. Applica-
tion sites-Zhengjiang Harbor and Lake Boston.
3. Jin stipend to be negotiated—he will get his regular salary from
CRAES. Will offer formal invitation after arrangements completed.
Target timing—start Jin at AERL about January of 1987 for 1 year
study. :
\
4. CRAES will provide for WASP workshop: VAX 785, terminals, interpreter,
facilities, etc. will also coordinate invitations/announcements
and logistics with CH, etc. CRAES will insure appropriate people
from Hanging (Zho), Urumchi (Zhang), and Beijing Institute are
invited, etc.
5. AERL will send advance copies of tapes, manual, e.g. QUALII E, WASP3,
HSP-F, MINTEQ, etc^ to Liu (CRAES) ASAP. In May of 1987 AERL will
send them outline ('itinerary of the mini-workshop — include 2
set-up days, etc.) plus course notes for translation by CRAES to
Chinese.
6. CRAES/CH will take care of invitations, logistics, class photos, travel,
etc. of attendees plus pay AERL staff "in China expenses." AERL will
pay for international travel.
7. A possible product of the Jin-AERL collaboration effort might be to:
compare MINTEQ vs. .REDICUL for stream/river application, i.e.
Lin and Jin and Brown publish a paper using both Chinese and US
data/experience. They might also try to combine MINTEQ/Redicul
with a transport model; e.g., WASP.
-------
BEIJING - GRABS
Page 3
8.
For later years, maybe a- cooperative CRAES/AERL field study to validate
a model (to be selected) in the context of a real PRC environmental
assessment/decision would appropriate. Start planning 1 1/2-2 years
from now,
-------
CHINESE RESEARCH ACADEMY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCES
BEIYUAN, BEIJING, CHINA TEL, 46.1025 CABLE, 1064
K ATHSITS LAB
9:15
pofl DR. iiusso A:H> Da. SWAIIK PI
Aug. 22, 1986
]
Arrive at GHA35
Meeting with CHA33 leaders
10: 40 lieeting v'ith Prof sZiang and then visit labs of
Water Institute
11:10 Visit Institute of ^nvironr-iental :'jas,lysis &nd
Ileasuring !
11:40 Lunch at dirniiia- room of C?ul33
1:30 pm Visit ITational Snvironnientc.1 Monitoring Gentor
2:00 pm Leave CRA2S for Yanninyan by CRA3S car
2:30 pia Visit Yanminsyan escorted by GRASS official
-------
Name«
Birth Date*
Sex'
Nat tonal Ity
Address*
RESUME
Jin X i an 9 c an
6-15-1945
Male
China
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental
Sciences Belyuan, Be IJing, China
Educati on*
InstI tut I on
Degree
Year
Major
1964-1969 Geochemistry
EnvIronmental
Qeochemlstry
1982-Present «
1. DePt. of Geology. BelJIns
University. China
2.Dept. of Geography Bel-r
J!n9 University In china M.S. 1979-1982
as post-graduate student
Employment' !
Engineer of Water Research Institute, Chinese
Research Academy of Environmental
ScIences,Be IJIng China
As Post-graduate in BelJing University BelJIng
Ch Ina
Institute of Mar I re Environments In Dalian.
China :
Research Specialty «
1. Study on metal behavior on Lake and water
»
2. Study on Impact of toxic substances on environment
3. EutrophIcation of bay and lake
1979-1982
1976-1979
-------
Social Service* ._•_„..
The member of specialist sroup on' water environment capacity
for scientific technical national key project in China during
1986-1990.
Main Research Project at Present'
Be in charse of inverstisat I on of lake all over the country in
China—the one of :scietific technical national key project In
China, Durlns 1986-1990.
2 ,
-------
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
; Jin Xianscan
1. Jin Xianscan
Lead,Copper and Zinc Adsorption by Suspensions from the Middle
Reaches of the Yellow River. Environ. ScI. In China. No. 4, 10-
17, 1983 !
Suspended substances were sampled from thte Middle Reaches of
•the Yellow River in June to July,1981, and phx's i c-chemlcal nature
of the samples were analyzed. Under different temperature, pH and
Ionic concentration of Na*and Ca**> adsorption experlnments of
lead, copper and zinc bx suspended substances were done. The
results showed that' <1> the adsorption isotherm of lead, copper
and zinc by the suspended subtances all obeyed Lansmulr equation.
<2> Lead can be sreatlx adsorbed by suspended substances from the
Yellow River' the order of adsorption
order of adsorption ability for different
HJF > HF > TF > LF > SF Cu>2n»the
suspended substances is
of the Yellow River,HJF
Hua Xian of the Mel He
yelllow River, LF. Lon9
adsorption capacity of lead Is closely related with SI02/R2O3,
organic matter and clay percent. (3>The adsorption of lead by
suspended substances from the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River
is very rapid and the order of adsorption rate constants for
lead Is HF> TF>, LF> SF. <4) Analysis of variance for experlnment
data is found that the most Important one of factors which
influnce on adsorption value of lead Is pH value, secondary Ionic
concentration, final termperature. The most optimal conditions
of adsorption process are that pH is 5, concentration of Na +Ca
is Zero and temperture is 4 decrees centigrade, respectivery.
2. Jin Xianscan
Study on the Adsorption and Release Copper, Lead and zinc by
Suspensions from ther Middle Reaches of the Yellow River, Environ.
Sci. In China, No. 4, 54-60, 1984
Suspended substances were sampled from the Middle Reaches of
the Yellow River In June to July,1981.Under different temperture,
pH and ionic concentration of Na and Ca,studies on the adsorption
and release of copper, Lead and zine in rever water by suspended
substances were done. The results showed that> (1) because of
adsorption of lead by suspension in the river water, dissoluble
part of lead was very Low. (2) Release rate of these metals in
suspensions is much slower than adsorption rate of same metals,
and order of release ability is Zn > Cu > Pb. (3) Analysis of
varianice for experlnment data was found that, the most important
one of factors which Influnce on release of lead Is pH value,
secondary Ionic concentrations, final temperture.
-------
3. Cao Hongfa, "Jin Xiangcan, Xu Nann I
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics and Models
In Lake, Series of Envlronl ScI.• No. Q, 13-20,
oi Eutroph lc»t
1985
4. Jin XIanscan. et al.
Chemical Behaviours of! Chromium In Environments.
the Chanachun College of Geo-logy, No. 3. 91-99, 1984.
Journal of
Chromium is one of -the -toxic elements, which, especially Cr ,
has toxlcity -to human bodies, animals and Plants. Chromium has
strons oxidation, reacting with organic matter especially In the
acid solution, and Cr**belng reduced into Cr**. The main mineral of
chromium Is chromite (Fed. Cr2O3> that occurs in the ultrabasic
rocks.The ores of chromiurn: have greatly anti-weathering capacity,
and it is difficult to have soluble chromium In water. Chromium
Is widely used in Industry, Including smelting, electroplate and
dyeing, which are the-main- sources of chromium pollution. Through.
studies in the distribution of chromium in each part of the
earth's crust, the present paper approaches the problem of
migration, transportation and fate of chromium in environments.
Usually chromium In four valent state exists In the environment,
but In water, Cr**and Cr**componds are the main forms. In the case
of PH ranging from 5.0 to 9.0 and Eh values less than +0.5V and
in the presence of chlorides, compounds of trl valent chromium, Cr**
» precipitate. Soluble compounds of hexavalent chromium vary
with pH and Eh. In natural water, kinetic conditions, complex
formations, and biological interactions may Influence the
achievement of e«iul 11 br lum states, and, therefore, the precisem
levels of chromium species may be not correspond with the
thermodynamic predlctIons. 1 Trivalent chromium is greatly adsorbed
by soil, whereas hexavalent chromium is little adsorbed. The
difference of adsorption, nature of chromium is due to the
existence of trtvalent chromium In the forms of cation, which is
easily adsorbed by natural colloid In the environment, and the
existence of hexavalent chromium in the forms of anlon, which is
difficultly adsorbed by suspended substances and soil.
5. Jin Xiangcan
Assess ment on pollution of water body used
Variety Index, ScI. of Marine Environ., No. 1,
by the Biological
101-109, 1980.
6. Zou CaNIng, Jin Xiangcan
Heavy metal mathematical Models of Transport for
Systems, Environ. ScI. In China, No. It 25-30, 1985.
River
The inputs of heavy metal pollutants to river systems usually
take Place by adsorption, complexion, settling. re—floating
processes. Hence the present paper discussed In detail heavy
metal mathematical models In one—demensIonal, two—dImensional and
trl-demenslonal river systems, and developed mathematical models
-------
respectively. ' •
<1) For one-demens I onal river systems
«
-------
10. Wang Blnachen, Jin;Xianscan
On -the Research of EnvIronmental Capacity of Ground Water
Containing Heavy Metallic Elements. Geotechnlcal Invest i sat i on
No. 2 (Total, No.79), 35-40. March, 1986.
11. Xu nannl. Jin Xlanscan
The Rate of Adsorption and Desorptlon of Cu and As by Sedment-
suspenslon from the XiansJians River. Environ. Sci. in China. No.
3, Uol. 6, 29-35, 1986.
In present paper, simulation experiments In adsorption of Cu
and As are made and K values < rate of adsorption and desorptlon)
are calculated in order to further ascertain the transportation
and transformation of Cu and As In a river water? at the same
time, Important environmental factors effect I on Kl values are
selected? flnaly, the rate constants of adsorption are modified.
Results have shown that' the adsorption Isotherms of Cu and As by
sediment-suspensions from the Xlansjians River all obey
Freundllch equation! rates of adsorption are described by
ds/dt=Kl Vfc (c/w)-K2X*s« variation of environmental factors has
an apparent effect on Kl value of copper. (Environ. Factors'
temperature, Initial concentration and concentration of sediment-
suspensions). Thus we have developed a modified equation
IftKlo-591. 72-7X<50w)+150 13(1000+Co)-957. 9/(68.25+T)
(w=concentratIon of sedment-suspensIons, Co^lnitlal concentration
and T-temperature). Application of water quality model in the
XI anaJfans River has shown that the modified equation In this
paper Is very satisfactory.
12. Jin Xianacan et al. :
The Distribution Patter for the Speciatlon of Heavy metal of
suspension from the Midstream of the Yellow River and the
Application of Computer Prosram In the Analysis of Heavy Metal
speciat ion. Imformatlon of Environ. Sci., No. 1 40—46, 1986.
Authors improved upon determination of chemical forms of heavy
metal in soil, sediment' and suspended matter of water by method
of volume-welsht. The amount and percentage of chemical form of
metal extracted In each extractant were calculated by program.
The sequential extraction procedure described here was only one
time needed to decant supernatant In each extractant, contents
after decant ins*would not affect amount of next chemical form of
metal extracted, concentration of a metal In previous extratant
supernatant could be reduced by calculation.
The chemical forms and distribution of Cd, Cu and Pb in
suspended matter of middle reaches of the Yellow River were
determined by the sequential extration procedure modified. The
results indicated that suspended matter of middle reaches of the
Yellow river was not polluted by human activities, the residual
form was main chemical form of Pb, Cu and Cd in suspended matter.
The total content of Pb. Cu and Cd In suspended matter In the Wei
-------
He River was-higher, and -those In the Fen He
content of organic form of Pb. Cu and Cd In
small, which has related to lower content
suspended matter.
mver was less. The
suspended matter was
of organic matter In
13. Jin Xiangcan et al.;
Study on Kinetics of Heavy Metals adsorption and Desorption in
Suspension-sediments from the XiangJiang River.
1981-1985, 70-80
This paper studied , kinetics of heady metals adsorption and
desorptlon in suspension-sediments from the XiangJlang River. The
purpose of this paper Is firstly to offer adsorptIon-desorptI on
rate constants of Cd, Pb. Hg and As in suspension-sediments for a
transport model of heary metal In the XiangJlang River, and
secondly to understand a chemical behavior of heavy metals In a
river profoundly. AdsorptIon-desorptI on rate model on heary metals
In water body were discussed, rate constants . Adsorptlon-desorptI on rate constants of Cd, Pb, Ha and As
In the suspension-sediments from the XI ana Jiang River are 2.71E-3
—9. 07E-3, 1. 43E4—1. 35E5, 0. 63—1. 61, 1. 08E-5-^-3. 69E-2 and 3. 21E-
8—1.83E-5, 1.66E-14—1.51E-13, 5. 57E-10—7. 71E-9, 1.41E-9—
7.87E-7 I/sec, separately.
<3) Influences of temperature and adsorbent concentration on
the Kl value of Cd adsorption and influences of adsorbent
concentration and pollutant concentration on the Kl value of Pb
adsorption are obviously found.
Finally usage has shown that the results In the study Is very
satisfactory.
14. Liu Hongllang, Jin Xiangcan
Water resourse In China and water Qual
Imformatlon of Environ. ScI. No.1, 1986
ty Pollution Control
Total water resources reserves In China are 2.7 mllllonsEG
Of these, the' average river runoffs for many years are
millions E6 M^3/year. Six watershed reserves
region of China cover about 20^ of
watershed reserves in
2.6
in the northern
all over Country. Four
the southern region of China cover 80/i. The
distribution of water; resources In China Is different. The
efficiency of water resource exploitation and utilization is
higher In the northern region of China and lower In the southern
region of China. Qroundwater exploitation is centralized in the
plain region of the northern region of China. Water resources of
China also are affected by wastes in industry. Urban sarface
waters are polluted to a different extent. Organic pollutions is
-------
universal. Groundwater hardness In -the round city -trends to going
UP. Organic " pollutants excessed -the s * and atd. .Urban lakes show
eutroph Icat I on. The data show, 'the main factors affecting the
duality of water resources are wastes In Industry.Our country has
made general polities and concrete measures to ensure the overall
layout and management of water resources.
15. Jin Xiangcan
On the Environmental Capacity of
Environ. Sci., No. 1, 5-15. 198G.
Heavy Metal. Imformatlon of
16. Jin Xlangcan et al. •
The Influnce of the Ionic Concentration
the Rate of Adsorption for Cd, Imformatlon
1. 25-33, 1986. ;
and the Adsorbent on
of Environ. Sci., No.
17. Xu nannl, Jin Xlangcan.
A Qeochemlcal Characteristics of Lead and Its Behavour In the
a Environment, Information of Environ. Sci., No. 1, 54-61, 1986.
18. Xu nannl, Jin Xlangcan.
Distribution of Fluorine
Quality from Luan He river to
Set., No. 1, 61-68, 1986.
and Influnce of Fluorine on Water
Tian Jin. Imformatlon of Environ.
19. Wan TingJian, Hong
Study on Chemical
in Sample treatmant of
No. 1, 68-73, 1986.
jihua, Jin
Spec i at I on
SedIments.
X i an 9 c an
Transformation of Heavy Metals
Imformatlon of Environ. Sci..
20. Hong jthua, Jin Xlangcan et al.
Research Procedure and method of Water Environment
for Heavy Metal In the XlangJing River. Imformatlon of
Sci., No. 1, 73-82, 1986.;
Capacdity
Environ.
21. Jin Xiangcan
On management measure of Protecting Heavy Metal Pollution
a River. Information of environ. scl.» No. 1, 82-86, 1986.
In
-------
IN PRESS
1. Jin Xianscan. et al.
Studx on Rate of Adsorption and Desorption of Heavx Metals.
Cadmium and Mercurx. bx Sediment-suspension from the XlansJians
River. Acta Scientlae Circumstantiate, 1986.
This paper studied rate of adsorption and desorption of cadmium
and mercurx bx sediment-suspensions from theb XiansJins River. In
the paper adsorption-desorption rate model on heavx metal in
water bodx Is discussed* rate constants (Kl and K2> of adsorption
and desorption of Cd and Ha is Calculated and influences of
changes on the values of two rate constants
modified. The result shoved that (1) a
of Ca and;H9 all obexed Freundlich equation.
Cd and Hs'for adsorption and desorption were
2. 7E-3—9. Q7E-T3 I/sec, 0.63—1.61 and 3. 21E-6—1. 83E-5. 5. 57E-
10—7.71E-9 I/sec, separatelx. <3) Influence of temperature and
adsorption for Cd Is found and (4) The modified equation for Cd
has been developed, le.
19K1--6. 58+0. 044(W*T> *2
Thus the result in the paper was verx satisfactorx.
environmental factor
is identified and
adsorption isotherm
<2)rate constants of
2. Jin Xianscan. et
An Analxsis of
Suspension from the
Research. 1986.
al. ,
difference's for
Middle Reaches of
PhxsIc-chemical Nature of
the Yellow River, Geoaraphx
3. Jin Xianacan.
Adsorption of
>Sxstem. Environ.
et al.
Cd.Cu. Pb.As an!d Ms In the
Sci. and Technique, 1986.
XlansJlana River Water
4. Jin Xlanscan ;
Studx on Kinetic of Competitive adsorption of Heavx Metals in
River Water. Qeotechnical Invest I sation. 1986
-------
6. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUREAU
Kuerle, PRC
Mr. He, Director of EPB
Mr. Zhou Guo-Liang, Head of Monitoring Station
? , Lieutenant Governor of state of Ba in Xinjiang Autonomous
Mr. Jing, County Mayor
Mr. Zhang, Party Secretary
Region
Mr. Liu, Chief Engineer of City ot Kuerle
-------
INFORMATION FROM AUGUST 1986 VISIT OF US SCIENTISTS TO PRO
Kuerle City
State of Ba is located in the! Xinjiang Autonomous Region with an area of 440
km2 and a population of 800,000. Their major problem is the continuing
salinization of Lake Boston—the major/only freshwater resource in the State.
Surface area of Lake Boston is 980 km2 plus 260 km2 for a smaller lobe of the
lake—we have some reports and sketches of the lake. It is surrounded by
mountains and Gobi desert — snow melt is the only water source.
Snow melt source is 700 km away in NW Kaidu River Region. The Kaida River
brings this melt to Lake Boston at a current rate of 2.8 billion m /yr—
down from 3.3 billion m3/yr over the last few (5) years. Lake Boston contains
about 8 billion m^. ,of total' water, is about 45 km long (east to west) and 25
km wide (north to south), but is only 8 meters deep (wind mixed). Its level
has dropped some 2.2 meters over the last 10 years. Outlet of lake is the
Peacock River which runs 500 km into a dry lake (Gobi). Estimated evaporation
from lake = 970 mm/year, direct input precipitation is only 68 mm snow/year
Highest temperature = 39°C; lowest temperature = -30.4°C. Icing period =
97 days (early December to late March) down to depths of 7 meters.
The "small lake" section (SW corner) produces reeds: 60,000 acres' worth
or 250,000 tons/year. Current fish yield is 2500 tons/yr. Both reed and
fish production are down sharply over the last 10 years since widespread
irrigated agriculture initiated. For example, >30 years ago had 20,000
acres of cropland in this watershed; today it is 10 times that and growing--
all irrigated with withdrawal from the Kaidu. Soils are very saline with
both gypsum and chlorides present. As a result. Lake Boston has experienced
a 300 to 1800 mg/1 mineral .content increase over 30 years. Water level has
dropped over 2m. Reed production has dropped 70% in last 5 years due to
this. Peacock River now has 900-1000 mg/1 mineral content. 75% of the
land irrigated by Peacock River has become saline. They now have to pump
from Lake Boston to Peacock River due to water level drop in lake. The
lake is considered a very important multi-purpose resource (i.e. power,
fish, reeds, irrigation, drinking) which is being destroyed, what can
be done to save it? !
Due to lack of good data and assessments, hard to develop a management/treatment
plan the farmers or government will accept or act on. In the last 3 years,
the Urumchi Institute has had a monitoring station on the lake to determine
salinity profiles, lake shape, flows, etc. For example, in the inlet
portion, where Kaidu River enters, total dissolved solids = 1000-1300 mg/1,
primarily sulfate (formerly was carbonate). On the southern shore, at the
Peacock River outlet, total dissolved solids = 700-900 mg/1. Portions of
the open waters in the Lake Boston center go up to 1800 mg/1 (we have some
isosalinity plots—getting.more data from Urumchi. The average increase
in Lake Boston salinity levels is now over 40 mg/1 per year.
-------
KUERLE CITY
For the future, the state wants to increase agriculture, use more hydroelectric
plants on Kaidu, plus develop industries on the Kaidu above the lake without
destroying its quality.
4 Questions: >
1 . How can they predict future mineralization and other quality degradation
of Lake Boston?
2. What kind of models to use?
3. How to set monitoring points on lake and for what parameters?
4. How to reduce mineralization; i.e., return the lake to freshwater
situation?
i
The bottom line is, the State of Ba officials would like to have a management
plan/strategy for effective utilization of the lake resources. Contacts
here include: Mu He, Director of EPB and Mr. Zhou, Guo-Liang, Head of
Monitoring Station.
The key technical issues involve water balance and pollutant/salt loadings to
Lake Boston as a function of development and management options. For
example, of the 3 billion m3/year from Kaidu plus the 2 other small rivers
coming to Lake Boston, 1 billion m3 goes to irrigation, 1 billion evaporates,
and the rest plus tailwater goes through the lake down the Peacock. Some
parameters, e.g. BOD, COD,. Hg, Cr, NH3, NO^, NO^, phenol have been
measured; pH = 8.6 DO = > 6 (6.9). Fish are restocked each spring, won't
reproduce in lake. There are also rooted aquatic weeds in the lake. The
officials are already reducing water diversion to irrigation. This is
what's needed, but they need more proof — don't really know how much
should/could reduce this yet. They really don't know what the tailwater
volumes are or how much they can reduce them by better irrigation technology.
Use of fresh groundwater is a possibility, but recharge is almost zero, so
they are reluctant to do this without much more data/assessment.
During our discussions, it was suggested that 2 models could be useful to
them: a BLM/Ada salt loading model developed for similar Western USA
irrigated agricultural problems, plus a hydrodynamic model of the lake
parameterized to model TDS; e.g., DYNHYDE (WASP3). Protection of the lake
outlet quality, i.e. the Peacock, is crucial since Kuerle City is SW of
the lake on the Peacock river (150,000 people) and even though National
policy here is that those living near mountains where GW table is very high
are supposed to use GW; the people hate to pump groundwater when river is
right there, so they dig a .ditch and use river water.
Proposed Cooperative Lake Boston Study
Objective: To develop jointly a salt-loading and mineralization management
model for Lake Boston, to evaluate various salinity management options, and
to provide a salinity management plan for the lake for official review and
action.
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KUE8LE CITY
Page 3
Footnote: In Urumchi we were interviewed by a reporter from Xinjiang Daily
News. Article on Lake Boston is supposed to appear soon in that newspaper.
We apparently were the first western scientists to visit Lake Boston and
the officials seemed very appreciative of our concern/efforts.
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7. XINJIANG INSTITUTE OP ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Mr. Kao, Director of institute
Mr. Newar, Director of EPB-Xinjiang
Mr. He Fu-Yuan, Deputy Director of Institute
Mr. Liu Bin, Deputy Director of Institute
Mr. Zhang, Guo-An, Engineer (visited AERL in 1985)
Mr. Zhang, Engineer
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Xinjiang Institute of Environmental Protection - Urumchi
A. Overview
83 people
5 branches
30 technicians chemists, biologists, geologists, 4 computer people
(>1/3 are chemists)
1 head engineer -.
14 engineers
30 asst. engineers
Study areas:
. soil
. water and air
. want to study a nearby river and Mushroom Lake (Moguhu)
. protection of natural resources
. effect of development of agriculture and industry
. ecology of this desert area (100 cm snow/year)
i
Hultidisciplinary research:
. they have done air and water pollution modeling
Five Branches:
1. Dry and Semi-Dry Ecological Research Branch
2. Environmental Engineering Research Branch (12 people - water
pollution and environmental pollution)
3. Analysis of Apparatus (18 people - monitoring)
4. Maintenance of Apparatus
5. Information Branch
Mos tly inorganic s tudies
Major pollution: paper factory, dye industry, tannery, small H2SO4 plant
. industrial 2/3
. municipal 1/3
B. Summary of On-going Work:
1. Haste channel with domestic sewage - Hang Yi Jian
. Used to irrigate trees.
. They want to study: After 10 years does this wastewater contaminate
groundwater or get cleaned?
. They're investigating best way of managing this wastewater.
. Mostly organics (suspended, dissolved, colloidal)
. Dissolved part contains small amount metals, especially Cr
. BOD 120-150 mg/1 winter; 30-50 in summer
. SO meters to groundwater table
. They say independent analysis showed well water in the area to be OK
for drinking.
-23-
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Shui Mo River (northwest of Institute)
. In 1762 headwaters were a scenic spot (still use this for drinking
water).
. Steel plant there in 1732
. 1876 a military factory
. All the present 27 factories were built after 1950.
. All the wastewater, goes to irrigation.
. 680 mg/1 total dissolved solids @ source
. Industrial wastes 86% of total wastewater volume
. Biggest polluters: paper factory, tannery, textile mill, 2 chemical
factories
. Main pollution is organic, BOD/COO; second is suspended solids;
next is arsenic; next zinc.
. 3768 tons suspended solids per year
. 1000 tons BOD/year
. Total salt 16,171 tons/year
. Cr3+ 3.6 tons/year
. Phenol 1.9 tons/year
. Arsenic 2.8 tons/year
. They say the river self-cleans.
Transport and transformation of pollutants in arid and semiarid
region
. Change in soil in Urumchi area over 200 years
. Formerly mostly 'grassland—not farming, which started in 1755
. 1755-1776 farming increased; 320,000 fields were plowed out of the
grassland.
. 15-20% organic matter in the soil originally, but after 20 years of
plowing only 1.5-2% organic matter in soil.
. Bach kg of soil absorbs 21 g of organic matter from their irrigation
water of wastewater.
Site Visit to Shui Mo River
. 30 km long
. <1 day rate of flow
. Wheat, rice, vegetables grown
. 1.7 m/sec flow .
. 20 cm deep
. 0.3 of total volume is wastewater
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S. Municipal Wastewater
. Formerly (in 1700's) a gunpowder factory in Urumchi
. KN03 mined here '
. 60 mg/1 NO3~ (15 mg/1 N03~N) and 0.2 rag/1 802~ (0.07 mg/1 NO?-N)
. 1800 mg/1 NO3~ maximum (450 mg/1 N03~N)
. Drinking water standards: 0.02 mg/1 As
0.001 mg/1 Hg
0.01 mg/1 Cd
0.05 mg/1 Cr(VI)
; 0.01 mg/1 CN
6. Mr. He - Mushroom.Lake (100 km west of Urumchi)
. 1,000,000 population city
. Lake used for irrigation only
. Volume 180 million m3
. 20 x 106 m3 wastewater input each year
. Deepest point 30m; surface area maximum = 31 km2
. They want to divert the wastewaters to a nearby reservoir already
without fish so:Mushroom Lake can support a viable fishery.
Cooperative Projects Suggested by Mr.He
1. Test self-cleaning power of reservoir using our models
2. Want to build a 15 km channel for the wastewater diversion.
water self-clean over this 15 km?
They have been allocated 2,000,000 yuan to build the channel.
Mostly sewage; also industrial wastewaters
Need information on BOD requirements for carp.
Oxidation ponds for sugar processing wastes.
Impacts of such ponds on groundwater
Can the
-25-
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INFORMATION FROM AUGUST 1986 VISIT OF US SCIENTISTS TO PRC
Xinjiang
August 27
J
Lake Boston fisheries review held at local biological institute near Kuerle.
Three kinds of indigenous species originally present in the lake are gone.
Started stocking grass carp, other carp, from South China in early 60's.
In 70's, started stocking perch from N. Xinjiang. Currently there are 4
major kinds of commercial fish: 40-50% perch, carp and grass carp 30-40%,
"little white stripe" 10%. 'Altogether 24 fish species have been noted.
Total yields are still dropping because of increased TDS and drop in water
level. Best food sources for fish are the benthic organisms, but these
aren't very available. There are too many perch, which eat other species.
Fishery biologists want to introduce other species. Total production
theoretically should be 0.0,12 million ton per year. They're only getting
1/4 that now. They want .to introduce some species at bottom of food chain;
i.e., not carnivorous like carp. Also need to introduce more benthic
organisms.
Perhaps some guidance from our sister OEPER labs at Duluth and Gulf Breeze
plus the Fish and wildlife Service may be in order here once the proposed
salinity assessment efforts are underway.
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October 3, 1905
SUBJECTt Projoaed Project for Mr. Zhang Guo-An
FROM:
TO i
Robert H. Ambrose, Jr.
Environmental Engineer
Robert R. Swank, Jr.
Actiny Chief, Assessment Branch
Here is A logical project for Mr. Zhang, if QUAL2E is choac-n, aome
help fron Too Earnwoll will be necessary* He will need a PC and some CSC
support.
1. Define the water quality probleas in Xinjiang and the feasible
nanagenent options to be studied.
2. Study QUAL2E or other surfact water model supported by CWQH (i.e.,
WASP3.1, EX&MS2) that should address the water quality problems to
b« analyzed in Xinjiang.
3. Define the data needs ror properly a net ly ring this probleai Estimate
likely values for important coefficients and forcing functions (refer
to "Rates, Constants, and Kin-jtic Fortaulatione in Surface water
Quality Modeling").
4« Operate QUAL26 (or other model) on PC with estimated data set.
Conduct sensitivity study and identify most important variables and
coefficients.
S. Design an environmental monitorlny program to bt> implemented in
Xinjiang to better define the [.roblera, to calibrate, and to validate
the simulation model.
6. Write a case study report.
-------
cy Waxmonsky, Baughman
April 24, 1985
Mrs. Rosemarie C. Russo
Ph. D. '
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Athens, USA
t
:
Dear Mrs. R. Russo:
5
: ;>
if,
C~",i
Thanking you in anticipation for you will send
copies of the chemistry journal Analytical Chemistry
for the years 1962 to 1982 for our institute library.
Please send these, by regular surface mail, to the adress
of your favour of lOnd inst.,
I hope that someday it will be possible for you
and Mr. G. Baughman, to visit our institute again. And
I also hope your staff at EPAs" laboratory in Athens to
visit our institute. I would do my best to entertain
you.
Sincerely,
He Fu-
Deputy Director
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May 10, 1905
Mr. He fu Yuan
Deputy Director
Xinjiang Institute ot Environmental Protection
Uruiachi
\
People's Republic of China
I
Dear Mr* Met
!
Here are the Analytical.' Cheuistry journals for the years 1962 to
1982 for your institute library. I have also included single copies of
some other journals that I thought you wight find interesting. I would
appreciate your letting me know that nil 0 box«is have arrived aafely.
Sincerely,
Koswruarie C. Rusao, Ph.D.
Director
cci Dr. Gary Waxwonsky
be: Ricky Hardigree
George Baughman
JLPrice:jlp
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April 10,
l!r. He Ku Yuan
Dfcptity Director
Xinjianq Institute of Environmental Protection
Uruir.chi
People's Republic of China
Dear Mr. He: ;
When Mr. George Baughman and I visited your institute in Uruir.cn i
in December iyU4, I promised I would send copies of the cheiuistry
journal, Ana 1 ytica 1 Cnemit>try for the years 1962 to 1982 for your
institute library.
I am told by our U.S. postal otticiais that delivery by regular
surface nail will take approximately 8 weeks. Please let me know it
the above addruas and r.;«ans ot Benviiny these are convenient for you.
liinceroly,
e C. Kusso, Ph.D.
uirector
GCJ Dr. Gary Waxmoneky
bc» Ricky hardigretj
RCBusao/JLPrice
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* I " ""
/ v r
MAY 24, 19S.-=
5 o>
ni c=:
ci -£
re
—i
"n
m
CO
CX3
cr>
C. Russo, Ph.D.
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
AthenBj Georgia, U.S.A.
C'J
~:-
Dear Dr. Rassc;
I was happy tojreceiva 10 bo;;es of SCIENCE journal1
that you sent nur institute library, this will be o-f a
great assestancs to us.
Mr. shanq end cbthar col leagues are studying an the
approach o-f hydro/netr a-fter he -Finished to run the wat&r
quality model which ' ycu sent LSS, ANNIEQ, QUAL2E and
ENVSIM (William B. trills sent us) on our micro-computer
IBM PC/XT with 8087'math co-processor.
I would appreciate getting some new works on
hydrometry. Would you help me ?
I am appreciative o-f yoisr helps and hope you will
visit XINji'ng this year.
Best wishes.and have a nice trip.
-------
lJuii-*_i *—
Sincerely yours,
He Fu Yuan
Depury Director
Xinji«ng institute of Environmental
Protect i on
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8. CENTRAL MONITORING STATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SCIENCE, SHAANXI
29 Chang'An Road (N)
Xi'An, PRC
(Tel. 5-1684,,5-1231)
Tian, Bao-Yin, Engineer and Head of Central Monitoring Station
Kang, Jing-Wen, Deputy Chief Engineer, Central Monitoring Station
Li Huo-Ping, Head of Foreign Affairs Office of Environmental Protection
Bureau
Zhang, De, Deputy Director of Dept. of Integrated Management
Zhou, Zonlung, Engineer, Dept. of Integrated Management
Zhou, Ling, (Ms.), Head Secretary, Environmental Protection Bureau
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INFORMATION FROM AUGUST 1986 VISIT OF US SCIENTISTS TO PRC
Xian
In Xian, we visited the local provincial EPS monitoring lab (Shaanxi Monitoring
Station of Environmental Protection, 25 Chang-An Road (N.), Xian, China
Tel. 51684) which has about 130 employees. (Altogether there are 1600
monitoring stations the PRC.)
i
The station is well equipped with a Jarrell-Ash ICP, 2 IBM PC's, and an
Apple II computer, Its main concern is air pollution/acid rain. It is
one of 12 provincial Monitoring Stations in Province; each city has at
least 1 monitoring station also. It monitors 70 sites for air and water
quality including special sites for AID. It also conducts environmental
quality assessments for management purposes. These include detailed
environmental-social quality assessments for various sections of Xian City.
The assessments consider such factors as population density, services,
roads, trees, water/air quality, etc.
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9. HUANGPU RIVER RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
SHANGHAI ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUREAU
114 Beijing Dong Road
Shanghai, PRC
(Tel. 233603 218908)
Deng, Tai Ho, Assistant Engineer
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