Kuwait
Oil
I BAHRAIN
Jiiteragency
Report
April 3, 1991
\
/
160/
1991.3
\.
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KUWAIT OIL FIRES
INTERAGENCY INTERIM REPORT
I.
SUMMARY
h
V
More than 500 oil weil, storage tank and refinery, and facility fires are currently raging in Kuwait and
each day produce an enormous amount of smoke and other pollutants. The quantity and character of
the smoke plumes are not yet certain, and the fires are expected to continue for some period. The
fires originate .in seven oil fields, located both north and south of Kuwait City, with the majority
centered in the Al Burgan oil field south of the Kuwait City airport. The fires may represent one of the
most extraordinary manmade environmental disasters in recorded history.
In response to this situation, the Saudi Government requested U.S. technical assistance on the public
health and environmental impact of the fires. The U.S. Embassy in Saudi Arabia concurred in this
request, and voiced its additional concerns about the health effects of the fires on the hundreds of
thousands of U.S. troops in the region as well as the thousands of American citizens residing in Saudi
Arabia and the other Gulf countries. Similar concerns were also expressed in Kuwait. An Interagency
Air Assessment Team consisting of representatives from the Environmental Protection Agency, the
Nations^Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Department of Health and Human Services
was formed and deployed to the Persian Gulf area. In country, this team was supplemented by
representatives of the United States Coast Guard, the Department of Defense, and the Department of
Energy.
The specific mission of the team was to assess the conditions through air sampling and monitoring in
oil fields and other areas to determine the ef.ect on public health; to review the health infrastructure;
to determine the capability of the region to dea' with the health threat through air monitoring and
appropriate corrective action; to provide technical assistance; and to consider appropriate follow-up
action.
Meteorological conditions over the past two months have tended to transport the smoke plume toward
the southeast, with periodic excursions toward the northeast. March through July are relatively windy
months; there are normally 30 days of very strong winds from the northwest in this period, which
produce sandstorms and rapidly ventilate the smoke. From August to October, the incidence of strong
winds should drop sharply. The plume is generally below about 12,000 feet. As the summer
progresses, it is possible that the height of the plume will increase and that it will then be evident to
greater distances.
Emissions from oil fires may have the potential of causing health effects of both an acute and chronic
nature, although there is considerable uncertainty as to the extent of the threat. Chemicals such as
sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sutfide as well as carbon monoxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
are often found along with paniculate matter in oil fires. While only a limited assessment is possible
at this time, the Team did not detect such chemicals in any significant quantity; also, preliminary
analysis of the substantial amount of paniculate matter did not reveal any chemicals at levels of
concern. Additional testing is needed to better define if other toxic materials may be associated with,
the high levels of particulates found.
The host nation governments also provided the Team with an abundance of preexisting air monitoring
information covering the past several years in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain. These data provide
fe
CO
.HEADQUARTERS LIBRARY
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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a useful baseline on limited parameters for comparing the conditions that exist and may evolve during
the next several months. The Team concurred with the Saudi Government's view that the considerable
Saudi public and private sector competence in air monitoring would need to be supplemented with
support and technical assistance. This situation is even more acute in Kuwait City due to the lack of
power and to the disruption of the governmental and scientific infrastructure. The Team considered
it of critical importance that additional technical assistance be made available to the countries, if
requested.
There is need to consider the overall problem from several perspectives so as to ensure economy as
well as success. First, because high levels of particulates were found in the air, and prolonged
exposure to paniculate matter may contribute to respiratory discomfort and perhaps long-term or
permanent respiratory disorder, it will be necessary to find out what is in the plume and how it varies
over time and distance. Second, we should assess the immediate and long-term human health risk.
Third, we should quantify effects on the environment, especially on crops and climate.
li.
TEAM'S ACTIVITIES AND FINDINGS
With the assistance of the Saudi and Kuwaiti Governments, the U.S. Interagency Air Assessment Team
has been conducting a reconnaissance survey of the fire plumes and their effects in Kuwait and Saudi
Arabia since March 10,1991. The primary objective of the Team was to obtain preliminary, short-term
data on the emissions from the smoke emanating from the oil well fires at a variety of locations, in
order to:
1, Determine if there is an acute health threat associated with the Hydrogen Sulfide (H,S)
and Sulfur Dioxide (S03) and particulates, three pollutants that might be emitted from
burning oil wells;
2. Identify and quantify the gaseous and paniculate byproducts being produced froir the
burning oil wells; and .
3. Determine if .the materials associated with these fires are affecting areas where
American citizens are located.
4. Assess the potential extent of the health effects related to the emissions from the fires
and the status of the Kuwaiti and Saudi health infrastructure.
Based on these objectives, limited, real-time data was obtained directly from the Kuwait oil fields, as
well as from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia locations where embassy officials, troops, and citizens work and
reside. Additionally, the Team conducted a number of interviews with Health officials to evaluate the
extent of acute respiratory problems related to smoke exposure. While only a cursory assessment is
possible at this point some data obtained by the team were encouraging. The preliminary findings are
as follows:
1. Umttad sampling did not reveal the existence of high concentrations of sulfur dioxide
or hydrogen sutfide near the burning wells or in population areas in the path of tine oil
well emissions;
2. High levels of paniculate were found in the air;
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3. The results of the current monitoring findings and health interviews with medical
personnel in the affected areas suggest that at the present time susceptible
subpopulations, such as individuals with asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease,
may experience exacerbation of their symptoms. Special health concerns, warnings,
advisories, and precautions are clearly warranted for these individuals. This situation
does not appear to be life threatening under current exposure conditions but, if
meteorological conditions change, i.e., poor air mixing or plume touchdown, there
could be adverse health effects for these susceptible individuals; and,
4. The long-term effects on health are not readily ascertainable at this time due to
insufficient data on the populations exposed, the composition of the smoke plume, the
impact of oil pools) and long-term meteorological patterns. Both the Kuwaiti and Saudi
health communities have expressed great interest in obtaining training and support
from the US medical community that can be continued by themselves in future years.
Aggravating the problem is the severe damage done to the scientific infrastructure of
Kuwait thus limiting the current in-country analytic capabilities. Any response by the
US would have to include both training and equipment.
The Team has stressed, however, that their observations represent only a preliminary assessment and
that considerable follow-up will be necessary to evaluate definitively the nature and magnitude of the
human health, ecological, and atmospheric effects of the oil fires. Such follow-up activities will need
to be carefully coordinated with the governments in the region as well as with other governments and
international organizations, such as WMO, WHO, and UNEP, which are seeking to assist in evaluating
the situation.
fcu
ui.
PROPOSED PROGRAM
The local populations are being exposed to an increased health risk, the magnitude of which cannot
be estimated with any degree of certainty without further measurements and surveys. The extent to
which conditions may worsen needs to be understood and a forecast capability developed. Without
such measurements and assessment, and development of, a predictive capability, the regional
population remains exposed to an uncertain risk, and reconstruction of the area may be impeded.
Moreover, without such input, an accurate and defensible quantification of environmental effects will
not be possible.
In addition to providing direct answers to questions regarding the effects of the smoke plumes on the
atmospheric environment intensive studies of the plumes will accelerate progress in understanding
manmade effects on regional and global air quality, meteorology, and climate. Because the expected
changes in air chemistry, solar radiation, and cloud microstructure are so large, observations of these
processes could circumvent the need for many years of study directed at much lesser phenomena.
The program proposed below is comprised of three primary elements: human health surveillance and
risk assessment, air monitoring, snd development of a forecast capability. These elements will be
closely linked to achieve the goals of understanding and predicting the degree of human health risk and
the effects on atmospheric processes.
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1. Air Monitoring
The objective of the air monitoring program is to collect the necessary data to determine the nature
.and concentration of pollutants associated with the fires,: and demonstrate the recovery of the
environment as the fires are extinguished.
The development and deployment of an integrated monitoring network will serve several interrelated
purposes, ft will assure data consistency throughout the region. It will provide better data to assess
the immediate health risk and potential for long term risks. It will be used to initiate, test, and refine
forecast models discussed later in this plan, and thus greatly assist in the development of location and
condition specific alerts assisting in issuing special advisories for populations at risk under unique
conditions. Lastly, it will provide a better basis for scientific understanding and knowledge of the
important regional and international issues and will assist in assessing possible extended consequences
of the fires.
The U.S. Interagency Air Assessment Team is working with.the Saudi Arabian Meteorology and
Environmental Protection Agency (MEPA), Saudi ARAMCO, and King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Minerals to develop an air monitoring plan for the Gulf Region that will provide the air monitoring data
to assess the impact of the Kuwaiti fires in Saudi Arabia. While focused primarily on the needs of
Saudi Arabia, the plan forms the general basis for a regional network that should meet the needs of
other Guff nations as well.
The following activities are proposed in cooperation with and support of the host governments:
Immediate steps would be taken to collect and analyze meteorological observations and
forecasts, record visual observations of the smoke plume, and review existing
monitoring data. Plume observations via satellite would be obtained daily,
supplemented by periodic on-scene aerial transects designed to Characterize the overall
geometry of the plume.
A ground-based sampling network of portable equipment would be installed by EPA and
others at approximately 15-20 locations to measure particulate matter less than 10
microns in diameter (the particle size most likely to penetrate deeply into the lungs).
The ratio of the less than 10 micron particles to total particulate load would be
. established. Limited organic analysis would be undertaken.
Measurements of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen suifide, sulfur
dioxide, particle size distribution, elemental and organic carbon, metals, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, and acid aerosols would be obtained close to the fires by.
NASA and MIST. These measurements should attempt to characterize and categorize
emissions from several specific wells.
Specially equipped aircraft from the University of Washington (April 15 to May 15),
NCAR (May 1 to June 1), and NOAA (July 1 to August 1) would be deployed to
measure downwind plume composition and dispersion, radiative properties and climatic
effects, and effects on clouds and precipitation. On the basis of the initial aircraft
results, a longer-term sampling program would be designed to monitor the relaxation
of the atmospheric environment as the fires are extinguished. .
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EXHIBT 1: Air Sampling Results
U.S. EMBASSY, KUWAIT
Results for 3/16
PAHs:
none detected
Sulfur Dioxide:7
none detected
Inorganic Acids:
HNO, Sppb
VOCs:
Metals:
detection limit: 2-4.6 ppb
detection limit: 0.04 mg/m3
detection limit: 1-6 ppb
Benzene 0.4 ppb, n-Heptane 0.13 ppb, Toluene 0.61 ppb, Ethylbenzene 0.-3 ppb,
para-Xylene 0.29 ppb, o-Xylene 0.12 ppb.
Na < 1.0 ug/m3, Mg 2 ug/m3, Fe 2 ug/m3, Ca 8 ug/m3, Al 2 ug/m3.
Results for 3/17
PAHs:
Naphthalene 0.31 ppb
Sulfur Dioxide:
< 0.02 mg/m3
Inorganic Acids:
HCI 3.0 ppb, M2S04 1.0 ppb, HN03 2.0 ppb
VOCs:
Cyclohexane 1.31 ppb, Benzene 4.0 ppb, n-Heptane 6.0 ppb. TCE 0.7 ppb,
Methyteydohexane 2.0 ppb, Toluene 7.7 ppb, n-Octane 3.0 ppb, Ethylbenzene 1.7
ppb. p-Xytone 5.4 ppb, Styrene 0.4 ppb. o-Xylene 2.4 ppb, n-Nonane 1.9 ppb. Cumene
0.2 ppb. Mesttylene 0.6 ppb, D-Umonene 0.1 ppb, n-Decane 1.5 ppb, n-Undecane 1.0
ppb. n-C120.7ppb, n-C130.4ppb. \
Metals:
Na 10 ug/m3, Mg 2 ug/m3, Fe 3 ug/m3, Ca 10 ug/m3, Al 2 ug/m3.
A-4
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EXHIBT 1: Air Sampling Results
U.S. EMBASSY. KUWAIT, continued
Results for 3/18
PAHs:
Naphthalene 0.16 ppb
Sulfur Dioxide:
< O.Offmg/mS
Inorganic Acids:
HCI 6 ppb, HN03 2 ppb, H2S04 1.0 ppb.
VOCs:
Cyclohexane 1.2 ppb. Benzene 5.2 ppb, n-C7 8.1 ppb, Methylcyclohexane 3.0 ppb,
Toluene 14.6 ppb, n-C8 4.7 ppb, Ethylbenzene 3.2 ppb, p-Xylene 9.3 ppb, o-Xylene
4.7 ppb, n-C9 2.7 ppb, Cumene 0.3 ppb, Mesitylene 1.3 ppb, Naphthalene 0.18 ppb,
n-CI 0 1.7 ppb, n-C11 1.0 ppb, n-C12 0.7 ppb, n-C13 0.3 ppb.
Metals:
Na 5 ug/m3, Mg 1 ug/m3, Fe 1 ug/m3, Ca 7 ug/m3, Al 1 ug/m3.
A-5
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EXHIBT 1: Air Sampling Results
CAMP FREEDOM
Results For 3/17
PAHs:
Naphthalene 0.09 ppb, 2-Methylnaphthalene 0.06 ppb, 1 -Methylnaphthalene 0.04 ppb.
Sulfur Dioxide:
0.12rng/m3 0.045 ppm
inorganic Acids:
HCI 16 ppb, HF 23 ppb, H2SO4 31 ppb
VOCs:
Cyclohexane 7 ppb, Benzene 4.6 ppb, n-C7 25.6 ppb, Methylcyclohexane 9.5 ppb.
Toluene 13 ppb, n-C8 18 ppb, Ethylbenzene 2.7 ppb, p-Xylene.8 ppb, o-Xylene 4.5
ppb, n-C910.9 ppb, Cumene 0.5 ppb, Mesitylene 1 ppb. Naphthalene 0.18 ppb, n-C10
6.3 ppb, n-C11 4.1 ppb, n-C12 2.3 ppb, n-C13 0.9 ppb, n-C14 0.5 ppb. These levels
may also include emissions from vehicles in the area. ..
Metals:
No Data.
Results for 3/18
PAHs:
Naphthalene 0.28 ppb
Sulfur Dioxide: ,
<0.04 mg/m3 , < 0.015 ppm
Inorganic Acids:
HN03 4.0 ppb, H2S04 4 ppb.
VOCs:
Cyclohexane 2.8 ppb. Benzene 6.9 ppb, n-C7 9.7 ppb, Methylcyclohexane 3.9 ppb,
Toluene 16 ppb, n-C8 5.4 ppb, Ethylbenzene 3.1 ppb, p-Xylene 9.5 ppb, Styrene 0.3
ppb, o-Xylene 4.5 ppb, n-C9 3 ppb, Cumene 0.3 ppb, Mesitylene 1.1 ppb, n-CIO 1.5
ppb, n-Cl 1 0.8 ppb, n-C14 0.2 ppb.
Metals:
Al 2 ug/m3, Ca 8 ug/m3, Fe 2 ug/m3, Mg 2 ug/m3, Na 3 ug/m3.
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EXHIBT 1: Air Sampling Results
MEPA DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA
Results For 3/t 3
PAHs:
none detected
Sulfur Dioxide:'
<0.1 mg/m3, <0.037 ppm
inorganic Acids:
H2S04 5 ppb.
VOCs:
Benzene 0.3 ppb, Cyclohexane 0.1 ppb, Toluene 0.5 ppb, Ethylbenzene 0.-J ppb,
p-Xylene 0.2 ppb, o-Xylene 0.1 ppb, Mesitylene 0.04 ppb.
Metals:
Al 2 ug/m3, Ca 5 ug/m3, Fe 2 ug/m3, Mg 2 ug/m3, Na 1 ug/m3.
Cd o.ol ug/m3
Results For 3/14
PAHs:
none detected
Sulfur Dioxide:
<0.08 mg/m3 , < 30 ppb.
Inorganic Acids:
HN03 2 ppb, H2S04 6 ppb.
VOCs:
Cyclohexane 0.2 ppb. Benzene 0.5 ppb, n-C7 0.8 ppb. Methylcyciohexane 0.3 ppb.
Toluene 0.7 ppb, n-C8 0.4 ppb, Ethylbenzene 0.1 ppb, p-Xylene 0.3 ppb, o-Xylene
0.1 ppb, n-C9 0.3 ppb.
Metals:
Al 3 ug/m3, Ca 14 ug/m3, Fe 3 ug/m3, Mg 4 ug/m3, Na 8 ug/m3.
A-7
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EXHIBT 1: Air Sampling Results
U.S. EMBASSY RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA
Results For 3/28
PAHs:
none detected
Sulfur Dioxide:
< 0.08 mg/m3 , < 30 ppb
Inorganic Acids:
N03 3 ppb, H2SO4 < 2 ppb.
VOGs:
Benzene 0.3 ppb, Toluene 0.6 ppb, Ethylbenzene 1.0 ppb, p-Xylene 0.3 ppb.-
Metals:
At 8 ug/m3, Ca 4 ug/m3, Fe 1 ug/m3.
PORT SHUAYBAH
Results For 3/17
PAHs:
no data
Sulfur Dioxide:
< 0.05 mg/m3, , 19 ppb
inorganic Acids:
H2S04 19 ppb.
VOCs:
Benzene 4.2 ppb, n-C7 13 ppb, Methyteyclohexane 5.3 ppb, Toluene 15 ppb. n-C8 5.6
ppb, p-Xytone 6.9 ppb, Ethylbenzene 2.2 ppb, o-Xylene 2.9 ppb, n-C9 3.8 ppb,
Cumene 0.2 ppb, n-CIO 2.9 ppb, n-Cl 1 1.9 ppb, n-C12 1.4 ppb, n-C13 0.8 ppb.
Metals:
Ca 4 ug/m3, Na 7 ug/m3, AL 2 ug/m3.
A-8
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EXHIBT 1: Air Sampling Results
Results for 3/1 5
PAHs:
no data
Sulfur Dioxide:
<0.3
inorganic Acids:
no data
VOCs:
Al MAQUA OIL RELO
.1 ppm
Cyciohexane 0.6 ppb. Benzene 1.8 ppb, n-C7 3.2 ppb, Methylcyclohexane 1.1 ppb,
Toluene 2 ppb, Ethylbenzene 0.4 ppb, p-Xylene 1.4 ppb, o-Xyiene 0.8 ppb, n-9 2.8
ppb, Mestilylene 0.3 ppb, n-C10 3.3 ppb, n-C11 3.5 ppb. n-Cl2 3.3 ppb, n-C13 1.8
ppb, n-C16 1.1 ppb.
Metals:
Al 8 ug/m3, Ca 6 ug/m3, Fe 6 ug/m3.
A-9
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EXHIBT 1: Air Sampling Results
Al AHMADI OIL HELD
Results For 3/16
PAHs:
none detected
Sulfur Dioxide:
0.45 rrtg/m3 , 0.17 ppm
Inorganic Acids:
H2S0427 ppb, HN03 10 ppb, HCI 9 ppb.
VOCs:
Cyclohexane 0.4 ppb, Benzene 3.9 ppb, n-C7 2.5 ppb, Methylcyciohexane 3 ppb,
Toluene 2 ppb, n-C8 2.3 ppb, Ethylbenzene 0.5 ppb, p-Xylene 1.5 ppb, o-Xylene 0.9
ppb, n-C9 2.9 ppb, Mesitylene 0.4 ppb. Naphthalene 0.5 ppb, n-C10 3.4 ppb, n-C11
3.8 ppb, n-C12 4 ppb, n-C13 2.9 ppb, n-C14 2.9 ppb, n-C15 2 ppb, n-C16 1.7 ppb.
Metals:
Al 7 uQ/m3, Ca 4 ug/m3, Fe 20 ug/m3.
Formaldehyde:
8ppti.
Hydrogen Sulfide: ND 0.3 ppm - detection limited .
SUMMA Data:
SO2 0.2 ppm; CO 1.9 ppm
A TO
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EXHIBT 1: Air Sampling Results
Al BURGAN OIL FIELD
Results For 3/17
PAHs:
none detected; detection limit 50 ppb
Sulfur Dioxide:
1.8 mgtmS , 0.67 ppm
Inorganic Acids:
H2S04 30 ppb, HN03 32 ppb, HCi 15 ppb.
VOCs:
Benzene 8.7 ppb, n-C7 4.6 ppb, Methylcyclohexane 2.5 ppb, Toluene 4.31 ppb, n-C8
5.1 ppb, Ethylbenzene 1.3 ppb, p-Xylene 4.2 ppb, o-Xylene 2.4 ppb, n-C9 7r1 ppb.
Naphthalene 1.6 ppb, n-C10 9.1 ppb, n-CH 10.4 ppb, n-C12 11.3 ppb, n-C13 7.8
ppb, n-C14 7.4 ppb, n-C15 5.4 ppb, n-C16 4.6 ppb.
Metals:
Al 20 ug/m3, Ca 120 uo/m3, Fe 20 ug/m3, Mg 30 ug/m3.
Formaldehyde:
20 ppb;
SUMMA Data:
S02 0.23 ppm, CO 1.6 ppm, H2S none detected (0.1 ppm detection limit.)
A-11
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EXHIBT 1: Air Sampling Results
Al WAFRA OIL FIELD
Resufts for 3/19
PAHs:
no data
Sulfur Dioxide:
none detected 0.3 mg/m3 , 0.11 ppm.
Inorganic Acids:
none detected 10 ppb detection limit
VOCs:
Benzene 2.3 ppb, n-C7 0.6 ppb, Methylcyclohexane 1.6 ppb, Ethylbenzene 0.3 ppb,
o-Xylene 0.4 ppb, Mesrtylene 0.4 ppb -
Metals:
no data
Hydrogen Sulfide:
NO 0.16 ppm dection limited.
SAB1RJYAH OIL FIELD
Results For 3/17
SUMMA DATA:
Ground Level Sample:
H2S none detected (0.1 ppm); S02 0.13 ppm; CO 1.1 ppm; NO and N02 none
detected
VOCs:
Benzene 9.8 ppb. Toluene 8.7 ppb, Ethylbenzene 10 ppb, m&p-Xylene 27.8 ppb
o-Xylene 24 ppb, m-Ethyltoluene 15.8 ppb, n-C6 83 ppb, n-C7 60 ppb, n-C8 91 ppb,
n-C991 ppb, n-C1089 ppb, n-C11 65 ppb.
3000 ft Sample: .
H2S none detected; S02 0.08 ppm, CO none detected; NO and N02 none detected
0.5 ppm.
1000 ft Sample:
H2S, S02, CO, NO, and N02 none detected.
A-12
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Table 1
Kuwait OO Well Fires Real Time Monitoring
March 13-20, 1991
Site, Date, Time
1) MEPA Faciltiy, Dhahran, SA
3/131 100 hrs
MEPA Facility
3/14 1300 hrs
2) AIDhuba :
3/15 1430 hrs
3) Umn Al Haiman
3/15 1500 hrs
4) Mina Abdulla
3/1 5 1530 hrs
5) Near A! Maqwa Oil Reid 3/1 5
1630 hrs
6) In Al Maqwa Well Plume
3/1 5 1700 hrs
7) U.S. Embassy
3/06 0900 hrs
U.S. Embassy .
3/1 8 1230 hrs
8) In Al Ahmadi Well Plume
3/1 6 1230 hrs
In Al Ahmadi OH Field
3/1 6 1300 hrs
9) In Af Burgan Well Plume
3/17 11 00 hrs
10) In Sabiriyan Well Plume,
Pooled Oil
3/18 1530 hrs
1 1 Mn Al Wifra Well Plume
3/19 1200 hrs
12) Freedom City
13) U.S. Embassy Riyadh, SA
3/20 1300 hrs
Total
Participate
mg/m*
.170
.480
.420
.320
.250
.010
5.4
.01
' - ' .055
.120
.050
_
.032
Sulfur
Dioxide
ppm
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
0.0
Hydrogen
Sulfide
ppm
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.01
0.024
0.006
0.001
0.005
0.032
0.009
0.015
0.042
0.015
_
0.0
Volatile
Organics
ppm
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
0.0
~~
o.o
A-13
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Table 2
Kuwait Oa Well Fires Real Time Monitoring
March 24-27. 1991
I Site, Date, Time
1) Al Safer Motorway
and Wafra Road
3/24 1440hrs
2) Al Ahmadi Gathering
Center #22
3/24 1530hrs
3) Al Ahmadi Hospital
3/24 1530 hrs
.
4) 1 mi. NW of Station
2 in Ahmadi OH Reid
3/24 1730 hrs
5) Al Maga Oil Field,
.5 mi south of 7th
Ring Road near oil pool
3/25 1400 hrs
6) Al Ahmadi Oil field
(sam * as Station 4)
3/25 1500 hrs
7) Al Ahmadi Hospital
(same as Station 3)
3/25 1545 hrs
8) Al Safer and Wafra
Road
3/25 1615 hrs
9) Al Ahmadi Hospital
(same as Station 3 and
7}
3/27 1020 hrs
101 Al Ahmadi Hospital
(same as Stations .3, 7,
and 9)
3/27 1040 hr»
11) Al Ahmadi Hospital
(same as Stations 3. 7,
9. and 10)
3/27 11 00 hrs
12) Shuaiba Port
3/27 121 5 hrs
Total
Paniculate
mg/mj
.825
(1 5 min.
avg.)
.359
(15 min.
avg.)
.222
(32 min.
avg.)
.256
(10 min.
avg.).
.034
(17 min.
avg.)
.561
(13 min.
av£.)
.295
(15 min.
avg.
.065
(16 min.
avg.)
.935
(20 min.
avg.)
.457
(20 min.
avg.)
.457
(20 min.
avg.)
.468
(15 min.
avg.)
Sulfur
Dioxide
ppm
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-^
_
0.0
Hydrogen
Sulfide
ppm
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.003
0.0
0.002
0.0
__
0.0
Volatile
Organics
ppm
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
' -
0.6
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.2
_
'
0.0
A-74
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Site, Date, Time
i '
13) Al Safer Motorway
and Wafra Road
3/27 1300hrs
14) 16 Kilo-meters SE of
Al Safer and Wafra
Roads
3/27 1330 hrs
15) 27 Kilo-meters SE of
Al Safer and Wafra
Roads
3/27 1350 hrs
16) 5 Kilometers South
of Khafji, Saudi Arabia
3/27 1510 hrs
Total
Paniculate
mg/rn1
.119
(12 min.
avg.)
.257
(12 min.
avg.)
.227
(15 min.
avg.)
.072
(14 min.
avg.)
Sulfur
Dioxide
ppm
0.0
0.0
;
Hydrogen
Sulfide
ppm
0.0
0.0
.
Volatile
Organics
ppm
0.0
0.0 .
.
-------
Table 3
Sulfur Dioxide Bubbler Measurements
(Acidimetric Method)
Temporary Hospital Locations in Kuwait City
March 13-24
Hospital
Adan
,*
Mubarek Al Kabeer
Al Farwaniya
'
Al Jahra
Date
3/14/91
3/17/91
3/18/91
3/19/91
3/20/91
3/23/91
3/24/91
. .3/13/91
3/18/91
3/19/91
3/20/91
3/23/91
3/24/91 .
3/13/91
3/16/91 -
3/17/91
3/18/91
3/19/91
3/20/91-
' 3/23/91
3/24/91- '
3/16/91
3/18/91
3/19/91
3/23/91
3/24/91
Concentration (ug/m3)
40.31
43.88
39.34
26.18
27.68-
28.16
15.99
193.66
56.48
58.11
42.34
43.43
23.72 J
81.32
19.21
29.56
134.81
218.65
27.57
26.66
10.54
32.03
66.59
32.54
13.92
9.90
A-16
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APPENDIX B
A REGIONAL GULF AIR MONITORING PLAN
IN RESPONSE TO THE
1991 KUWAITI OIL FIELD FIRES
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the Plan
Team Membership
Concerns and Questions
Basic Understandings
Short and Longer Term
BACKGROUND
Nature of the Fires and Oil Reid Locations
Qualitative Meteorological Observations
Preliminary Air Quality Information
Health Issues and Concerns
Data Bases and Information Management
HI. RECOMMENUATIONS
Preliminary Findings and Conclusions to Date
Phased Steps for Expanding the Network
Measurement Parameters at each Site
Health Monitoring Surveys
IV. SUMMARY
Preliminary Findings and Conclusions to Date
Basic Network Requirements
Urgency and Timing
Phased Approach to Implementation
Unresolved Issue*
ATTACHMENTS
List of existing and proposed air monitoring sites
Locations of existing and proposed air monitoring sites
B-1
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APPENDIXB
A REGIONAL GULF AIR MONITORING PLAN
IN RESPONSE TO THE
1991 KUWAITI OIL FIELD FIRES
1.
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Interagancy Air Monitoring Team is working with the Saudi Arabian Meteorology
and Environmental Protection Agency (MEPA) to develop an air monitoring plan for the Gulf region
that will provide information to assess the impact of the (Kuwaiti] fires in Saudi Arabia. This plan
is being discussed and developed with the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in
Dhahran, the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCG), and the Saudi Arabian Oil
Company (ARAMCO). The plan is being developed at the request of Dr. Tawfiq, Vice President of
the Saudi Arabian MEPA. Meetings have been held with officials from all of the above mentioned
organizations. ' , .
1..1 Approach ,
The Team is gathering information on the existing air monitoring networks in the region
operated by MEPA, ARAMCO, Kuwait Bahrain, and the Royal Commission of Jubayl and Yunbo.
The spatial distribution of the existing network in the Region is being reviewed as to the location of
site *, the air pollutants and meteorological variables that are monitored at each of these sites and
the quality of existing data. That review is to determine if the existing network needs to be
expanded in terms of the air pollutants and meteorological variables mo litored and additional air
monitoring stations to determine the impact from the oil fires. The capabilities of the existing
agencies and governments to deal with a more complete network is also being investigated.
1.2 Objectives of Air Monitoring in the Gulf Region
Air monitoring data is needed for the following reasons:
a. To provide an Earty Warning Health Advisory System for the Gulf Region to respond to the
air pollution resulting from the Kuwaiti oil fires. The proposed Early Warning System could be
based on an adaptation of the U.S. Air Quality Index, the Pollutant Standards Index (PSD, which
can be modified to use Saudi air quality standards. The index would provide for health advisories
to the affected populations so they can minimize their exposure to high pollution levels.
b. To track the air pollution from the Kuwaiti oil field fires over time to asses the potential long
term health and ecological effects. The air monitoring network proposal being developed is being
coordinated with a parallel effort to develop a health monitoring information system.
c. To collect samples of airborne particles to perform toxicrty testing and dose response
assessment utilizing in-vivo animal models.
B-2
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d. To facilitate evaluations of models which are use to
behavior of the oil field emissions. Data from the expanded GULF REGIONAL AIR MONITORING
NETWORK of ambient airquality and meteorological data will be important for those evaluations.
B-3
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2.
BACKGROUND
2.1 Preliminary Investigation of the Existing Monitoring Networks
The air quality monitoring sites listed in Table 1 have been identified for each of the Gulf
nations that could contribute monitoring information within the sphere of influence of airborne
effluents from the Kuwait oil fires.
Based upon our review of the existing networks, the principal pollutants which are missing
are in the Saudi network and in the present Kuwaiti network are PM10, which represents paniculate
matter with particles less than 10 microns in diameter, poiycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and
volatile organic compounds (VOC). -With respect to PM10, these are the particles which are most
"likely to penetrate deeply into the lung. It should be noted that Kuwait has collected paniculate
data using an Anderson Cascade Impactor, with limited size distributions below seven microns
within a total suspended paniculate sample. Because of the importance of this particular pollutant
and the extensive paniculate resulting from the oil fires, the Team is recommending that special
efforts be initiated to gather PM10 data and if possible to determine its constituents - trace metals
and hydrocarbons. The
PM10 data collection effort should be supplemented with the collections of PAH samples and if
possible, grab samples for VOC analysis.
An ongoing effort is being conducted to examine the analytical laboratory support for air
monitoring in Kuwait, MEPA, KFUPM, and Saudi ARAMCO. The Kuwaiti laboratory capability to
analyze air and paniculate samples has been left largely intact. As of March 27, 1991, two of the
three continuous monitoring stations have been activated and are collecting data. The remaining
site has its continuous sampling equipment however, like the analytical laboratory, is without
electrical power. There is no projected date for power at these locations. The analytic il laboratory
has had experience with polyurethane foam (PUR extractions for PAH measurements
-------
adequate equipment, standards, and training, they all could support the sampling and analysis
required for this program.
B-5
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TABLE B-l.
Nation
SAUDI ARABIA
The Distribution of Air Pollutant and Meteorological Monitoring Sites by Gulf Nation.
Organization
MEPA
Saudi ARAMCO
Royal Comm.
for Jubayl
&Yunbo
Number of Air antfl Met Sites
3 fixed sites - meteorology and air pollution at
different locations of the same city
1 mobile site meteorology and air pollution
1 fixed meteorology site
8 air quality sites with meteorology
6 additional meteorology sites
Cluster of Five Stations in
Jubayl
KUWAIT
3 sites with continuous monitors (2 with power, 1
withoit power). x
4 sites with Anderson samplers, high vols. and
dustfall buckets, (no power)
1 additional TSP site (no power)
6 additional dustfal' sites
4 temporary S02 bubbler sites located at 4 hospitals
(some power)
BAHRAIN
2 sites
QATAR
IRAN
3 mobile monitoring sites
unknown
IRAQ
unknown
B-6
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A substantial number of meteorological measurement sites exist within the eastern
provence of Saudi Arabia and the nations of the Gulf Region. Most of those sites are along the
shoreline of the Gulf. ARAMCO operates 14 sites with meteorological data. Eight of those sites
have collocated air quality measurements. Three of those sites are over the Gulf waters on
platforms or on an island. MEPA (Saudi Arabia) has five sites with collocated air quality
measurements, in addition, there are surface observations collected at many of the airports
throughout the kingdom. Surface meteorological data are being collected at other Gulf region
locations. Their locations may be identified through the WMO publications. Previously, there were
other surface measurement sites within Kuwait but their operational status remain unknown at this
time.
Two upper air balloon sounding sites are operating within Saudi Arabia. One site is at
Dhahran and the other is about 115 miles to the SW of Kuwait City at At Qaysumah. Twice daily
soundings are collected at those locations, at 0000 and 1200 GMT. Prior to the war in Kuwait,
twice daily upper air soundings were made at the Kuwait international Airport, the resumption of
those soundings could be of substantial benefit to describing the airflow across the areas of
Kuwaiti oil fires.
2.2 Meteorological Observations
The following summarization are based upon first hand observations of the smoke plumes
and fires.. Those observations were made during overflights and during vehicle traverses both
within the oil fields and along roads outside of the burning oil fields.
For any given day, the prevailing large-scale meteorological pattern will be the main driving
feature which determines where the smoke plumes will be located and how dense they will be.
Indi iduai smoke plumes appear to act in manners typical of buoyant plumes from ground
level sources or plumes from short chimneys. Plume rise, the development of a bent-over plume
geometry, etc., seem to apply to the individual well-head fires; some have jets of fire and others
are nearly surface based burnings of the more combustible fractions of crude oil spread across the
ground in the vicinity of the well. Most of the fire plumes rise to between 500 to 1000 feet above
ground level before becoming mostly bent over, although some plumes have a significant amount
of smoke remaining within a few hundred feet of the ground.
Collectively, as groups of multiple fires within oil fields with a high density of burning wells
(particularly Greater Burgan), they assert a meteorological influence of their own. It is suggested
that the grouping of fires with a horizontal diameter of 15 to 25 miles provides enough of an
intense "heat-island* that significant additional vertical rise of the smoke occurs inside the area.
That additional plume rise lifts smoke to elevations often 3000, 4000, to 5000 feet above ground
within the initial few miles downwind. Eventually, portions of the smoke rise even more, with
multiple layers often forming at heights up to 8000, 9000. even 12000 to 13000 feet. Between
such layers and at the tops of layers many tens of miles downwind, a generally diffuse and
homogenous zone of smoke hes been observed. The eventual smoke height limits are bounded by
the regional vertical temperature structure and synoptic weather characteristics. Information
reviewed to date suggest that those maximum heights are mostly 8000 to 12000 feet within the
initial 100 to 200 mites downwind from the KuwaW oil field fires.
With the creation of a local heat-island, a distinct inflow of near surface air has been
observed within the initial 500 to 1000 feet above ground level. At times, that inflow of wind is.
B-7
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estimated to be 5 to 15 m/sec in strength. Smoke plumes at the peripheral bounds of the burn
area tend to slant inward toward the center of the burning field instead of pointing downwind with
direction of the expected ambient wind..
Local variations in daily wind flow, along with the fire-storm like winds, are likely to
produce preferred locations and times of day at which more concentrated smoke plume exposures
reach ground level. Prevailing winds are from the northwest throughout tine year. During the
daytime a sea breeze can be expected to develop at the Gulf shoreline and progress inland as the
day progresses. That inflow of air can readily clear out the smoke plumes and yield substantially
cleaner air at ground level on the Gulf side. Along the leading edge of the sea breeze front there
likely may be a zone of extended and elevated exposures to fire effluent. That zone may well
extend down the shoreline from Kuwait City some 100 km. The area of greatest susceptibility
appears to be to the southeast of fires in the Al Ahmadi oil field (part of the greater Burgan field).
2.3 Data Base Management
In addition to evaluating the existing air monitoring networks, the Team made an initial
review of existing date systems to handle the air monitoring data. The previous meteorological, air
quality, and visual observations of the oil field fire plumes should be archived, along with data to be
obtained during the period of on-going Kuwaiti fires. A dedicated facility for the performance of
that archiving does not appear to exist. The data management task is likely to be a sizeable task
and extended of a period of a year and more.
Some of tine general functional needs of the data management system include the
following. The data which will need to be assembled into the data base will likely come from many
different sources and exist in diverse format* and media. One role of the data base management
activity will be to assemble all information into a common, uniform structure. Tie second and .
equally important part of the data archiving is the provisions of a uniform and consistent
mechanism for the retrieval of data by participating agencies.. The degree to which that data base
is well .formulated, will significantly affect the efforts of users of the data as they attempt to study
and interpret the measurements.
A number of possible methods exist for the set-up of a computerized data base.
Commercial software and hardware of various degrees and complexity and cost exist which would
satisfy the data management needs. Before the choices of system software and hardware art
made, the functionality of the overall system and the manners in which users work with the data
sets should be considered. For example, h may be required that the data base be a relational"
data base. Other sources of software that might be used to handle a large volume of data would
be the U.S. Environmental Agency's (USEPA) Aerometric Information and Retrieval System. That
system can handle hourly data and has considerable software available to both summarize and
analyze the ambient air data.
MEPA has asked the Team to recommend the type of computer and associated software
needed to manage the data collected in order to implement the monitoring plan. For now, it is
more appropriate to defer specific recommendations. A number of general performance
characteristics may be stated but specific details should be formulated in conjunction with data
base specialists at a later date.
B-8
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RECOMMENDATIONS
!
While preliminary, the Team believes that the following recommendations should be
implemented based on our initial data gathering exercise. A general objective is listed as a
recommended goal and below that objective,are listed several needed items or activities to facilitate
the achievement of the overall goal.
1. Objective: Provide a framework for an early warning advisory capability for areas expected to
be impacted by effluents from Kuwaiti oil field fires.
Needs: a. Meteorological data observations and forecasts
b. Visual observations from key receptor areas
. c. Review existing 'monitoring data
d. Calculate smoke trajectories and concentrations
2. Objective: Provide a cursory wide-area indication of the distribution and composition of the
Kuwaiti oil field fire effluents.
Needs: a. Establish 10 to 15 PM10 monitoring locations using portable monitors.
b. Train personnel in the operation of the portable PM-10 monitors and develop
the analytical support capability within Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
c. Define the PM10 to TSP ratios.
d. Define the composition of the plume by XRF analysis for limited organic
identification.
e. Establish a central media preparation and analysis location.
f. Define the baseline contribution of the ambient aerosol from the surrounding
desert.
3. Objective: Characterize the ?jirial smoke plume.
Needs: a. Collect many of the same plume measurements recommended for the
ground monitoring array
b. Collect descriptions of the width and vertical extent of the smoke plume at
several downwind distances
c. Characterize the regional background by samples outside of the smoke
plumes
4. Objective: Develop a more complete profile of the smoke plume constituents
Needs: a. Procure equipment for a limited number of comprehensive air quality
monitoring stations to collect: TSP, PMto, organic, and inorganic
constituents
b. Establish a limited number of comprehensive air quality monitoring stations
to collect: TSP, PM10/ organic, and inorganic constituents. These should be
collocated with the continuous monitors wherever possible.
c. Train individuals to operate and maintain the sampling instrumentation in
support of tiie monitoring program
d. Procure the necessary analytical laboratory equipment required for analyses
of the samples collected under this objective
e. Train laboratory personnel in the preparation of the sampling media, QA/QC
procedures required and the subsequent sample analytical procedures.
B-9
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5. Objective: Determine the need for expansion of the monitoring network to a wider regional
coverage.
Needs: a. Review the data developed from the limited network.
b. Assess the current and projected status of control of the oil field fires and
emissions.
c. Review the population health survey statistics.
d. Review the suitability of the sampling strategy, and modify where needed
e. Expand the limited network as the situation requires, data analysis indicates
an additional need for data, the response of the affected populations
indicate, or the model requires additional parameters.
Many of the same considerations listed for air quality above also apply to meteorological
considerations. ,,
6. Objective: Provide a meteorological data stream to facilitate the modeling and prediction of
areas expected to be impacted by effluents from Kuwaiti oil field fires.
Needs: a. Upper air balloon sounding data representative of the Kuwaiti oil field fire
area and Gulf region plume transport.
b. Supplemental surface based measurements of wind speed and direction,
temperature, moisture content of the air (dew point, relative humidity, etc.),
solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, precipitation.
7. Objective: Provide a meteorological data set to investigate the areas of climate modifications
occurring due to effluents from Kuwaiti oil field fires.
Needs: a. Supplemental surface based measur intents diffuse and direct solar radiation.
b. Special collections of precipitation throughout the region to examine the pH
and chemistry of the rains.
' e. Aircraft soundings and profiles of smoke, winds and temperatures, air
quality related measurements of plume compositions and concentrations
representative of the Kuwaiti oil field fire area and Gulf region transported
plumes.
8-10
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4. PHASED AIR MONITORING PLAN
This section of the report discusses a prioritized plan of stepwise incremental actions for
the phased implementation of the recommendations discussed.above. Five phases for
implementing the plan follow. '
4.1 Phase 1. Provide a Framework for an Earlv Warning Advisory
In order to accomplish this task, the following action items need to be initiated or
incorporated into the task framework.
V
1. Gather daily weather forecasts to predict meteorological conditions which would
effect pollution potential in both Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
2. Use visual observations from key receptor sites to determine possible pollution
levels.
3. Gather existing air monitoring data from fixed and mobile sites operated by MEPA,
Saudi ARAMCO, and the governments of Kuwait and Bahrain to develop a data
base of existing data.
4. Establish a daily briefing for representatives of the many entities concerned with
behaviors and fate of the aerial effluents from the oil field fires in Kuwait.
5. Develop a daily map depiction of the aerial distribution of the smoke plumes across
the region using satellite imagery, for each day since initiation of the oil field fires.
6. Issue a dairy general statement about the expected behavior(s) of the oil fire
plumes. Areas of p*1 tent' illy adverse conditions could be treated as locations for
which advisories would be issued.
t
7. Provide forecast meteorological conditions across the region for the next 2 to 3 day
period, including the expected location(s) of the smoke.
8. Obtain data from the MEPA network throughout the eastern province.
9. Direct the craws of the SLAR aircraft (USCG Falcon Jet), to continue on a regular
basis the present visual observation and mapped notations concerning the horizontal
extent of the smoke plumes and the estimations of altitudes of layer bases and
tops.
10. The above information could be compiled initially in hard copy form. Later it should
be stored on electronic media in a way that an existing PC data management
system could readily incorporate it
4.2 Phase 2. Establish a PM.T Monitoring Network Using Portable PM.« Monitors.
Working in conjunction with the Saudi Arabian Meteorology and Environmental Protection
Agency (MEPA), the proposed plan has been developed to collect information on PM10, which
B-11
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represents paniculate matter with participates less than 10 microns in diameter. At the present
time there is no PMto monitoring in the Gulf region.
OBJECTIVES
i
The objectives for this effort are as follows:
1) Determine the magnitude or the health threat to residents of population centers and
field-based military personnel impacted by the oil field fires and typical sources (windblown
desert soils).
2) Establish a scientifically based capability to alert these affected populations prior to the
onset of the potential health threats from real-time measurements.
3) Establish a technical basis for executing predictive air quality dispersion models which
simulate the oil well fire emissions, background sources, and consequent impacts over
space and time.
4) Establish a regional network of PM10 stations using a consistent monitoring methodology
across the countries of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain.
5) Train personnel to operate and analyze the media produced by the network from each of
the participating countries.
6) Develop a regional data base and encourage the sharing of data developed from the
network with all participants.
The above objectives convert the foregoing goals into discrete actions:
1) Determine the spatial temporal frequency, and severity of the impact t j the resident
populations and military centers affected through the application of saturation sampling .
techniques with portable PM,0 samplers. _
2) Establish the correlation of real-time surrogate monitoring data to data generated from
direct sampling methods through the collocation and simultaneous operation of both
methods over time. '
3) Where possible use impact data collected from samplers as an input to the dispersion
model, run tile model 'backwards* to develop a better estimate of the emission rates of the
fires and produce a higher level of confidence in the predictive modeling results.
4) Obtain from the I'rterature and/or develop from source sampling analysis chemical
profiles of all major pollutant sources in order to:
,' '
a) identify those contaminants that pose the greatest health concerns and to
develop an estimate of acceptable ambient levels (AALs) prior to the conduct of
field work.
b) identify the chemical "signature* of the major contaminants and other tracers
characteristic of the primary sources,
B-12
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c) enable apportionment of these contaminants and other tracer compounds from a
simple total mass concentration measured by the ambient samp'es, and
d) attempt to relate these levels in turn to the surrogate real-time monitoring
methods for use in issuing timely health risk alerts.
5) Ensure that the data generated by the network are of a demonstrably high quality
(precision & accuracy), completeness, representativeness, and comparability.
TIME
0545
0600
0615
0630
0645
0700
0715
0730
0745
0800
0815
0830
0845
0900
POSITION
ILATYLONG)
N2623E50-31
N2700E4958
N2744E4916
N2822E4839
N2918E4819
N2932E4810
N29344830
N29354857
N2925E4920
N2833E4945
N2738E5035
N2702E5111
N2625E5148
N2618E5118
BASE/TOP
CLR VIS 1 5 M
CLR
CLR
TOPS 070/030
SMOKE 060/030
SMOKE 070/030
SMOKE 070/030
THIN SMOKE 050/030
VERY THIN SMOKE 090
THICKER SMOKE 0907 080
THIN SMOKE 090/080
SMOKE 090/060
SMOKE/HAZE 080/060
SMOKE/HAZE 070/SURF
WIND
(DIR/SPD)
332/23
321/19
300/20
331/008
335/10
344/10
265/7
215/6
133/003
326/006
280/005
192/010
215/12
230/009
APPROACH
Conduct a PM,0 saturation sampling study for the determination of the temporal and spatial
features of the impact of the oil well fires and attempt to reconcile the data with existing model
estimates. PM10 mass concentrations would be available within 24-48 hours following sampling.
No on-site meteorological, gas, or aerosol monitoring or chemical analysis it required (chemistry
could be attempted later on the preserved media). One or more portable nephelometers would be
collocated at several sampling sites to develop correlations between manual and continuous (real-
time) methods for alert advisories.
A total of 15*20 portable PM,0 sampler* equipped with quartz filters would be run
simultaneously on a daily basis or "triggered* (impact forecast) basis throughout the study area.
Network design would involve a "nested* approach to address the objectives:
B-13
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1) samplers sited at background locations (not impacted) by the smoke plume and
samplers in populated areas.
2} samplers in populated areas impacted by smoke.
Samplers could be "ganged* (2 or more) and programmed to run consecutively at individual
sites if filter clogging problems occur because of high loading. Further, multiple samplers could be
collocated at certain sites to collect fine participates (less than 2.5 microns) and coarse particulates
(2.5-10 microns) on teflon sample filters (facilitating XRF elemental analysis). One of the 10-12
sampling sites would be equipped with duplicate samplers in an effort to develop sampling ,
precision estimates. . '
This comprehensive program will yield the following:
t) short turnaround PM,0 concentrations,
2) gross estimates of the fire-specific contributions to total mass could be derived by
subtracting background concentrations from the impact site concentrations,
3) applying assumptions on the source profiles to pollutant loading attributable, to the welt
fires, estimates of individual target compound loadings could be computed and a
comparison to AALs made,
4). correlations factors can be determined between real-time surrogate methods and manual
methods, and
5) impacted sampling media would be available for subsequent intensive chemical analysis
in an attempt to reconcile assumed source signatures and extracts can b j used to perform
any other analytical tests (mutagenicity). Special precautions may be needed to preserve
tine sample integrity during storage and transfer.
limitations: no orvsite meteorological data to calculate emissions rates, no on-stte
chemistry (unless developed) to confirm critical assumptions, and no concurrent gas or acid aerosol
measurements to evaluate or correlate with the paniculate data.
Resources: 1-2 professionals, 1 field technician per site, if H must be operated individually
(actual number contingent upon the network logistics and potential dogging' implications),
portable PM,0 saturation samplers, portable nephetometers, tap-top computer, microbalance,
expendables and sundry support gear. .
In summary, this approach is PM10 mass data-rich, and assumption rich and in contrast to
being reconciliation and broad pollutant characterization-poor.
* ,
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
The alternate approaches identified above involve the use of a variety of sampling and
analytical methods summarized below: .
.*,
Portable PM10 Saturation Samplers
segregate and capture of filter, particulates of 10 micron size (respirable particles)
''. and smaller. . .
B-14
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battery-operated, lightweight, rugged, inexpensive, small, and quiet.
easily deployed and operated.
programmable timer for unattended on and off.
rechargeable battery packs.
continuous operation up to 30 hours on a single charge.
precise and accurate.
low detection limit of approximately 5 ug/m3
sustained operation under high paniculate loadings, e.g. 100 ug/m3 or more.
electronic sample flow regulation.
electronic sample flow totalizer.
low flow shutoff/warning.
can accept a variety of other pollutant sampling media (e.g. PDF, DNPH, charcoal,
denuders, etc.) or take whole air samples (Tedlar bags) with tittle or no
modification. "
Portable nephelometers
many of the same attributes of the PM,0
battery operated
effectively measure particulates of .1 micron diameter or smaller.
continuous reading, storing five minute averages.
rechargeable.
continuous operation from 2-48 hours on a single battery charge.
internal storage for up to nine days of sampling data.
data download to a portable lap-top computer through RS232 serial port.,
operationally equivalent to standard nephelometers.
Microbalance
five to six place balance.
rugged, transportable while precise and accurate.
Reid XRF Unit
similar MOLS with situ laboratory units.
rugged.
Support Gear .
calibration and audit gear, tools and diagnostic equipment, etc.
PROPOSED NETWORK DESIGN
The recommendation for siting of the portable PM,0 samplers is predicated on providing a
large area of coverage for developing a better estimate of the areas impacted by the plume, a
cross-sampling of population and troop centers, and to a capability to provide a technology transfer
to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Bahrain.
SAUDI ARABIA
collocated site at K.F.U.P.M. (2 sites)
-two sites in Riyadh <1 U.S. Embassy & 1 MEPA location)
- one site Royal Commission at Jubayl
one site Saudi ARAMCO at Tanajib
one site MEPA at Khafji
B-15
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Total of seven (7) sites.
KUWAIT
three sites (3) located at the two operational continuous monitoring sites within
Kuwait City (one site collocated)
one site at Camp Freedom
One site U.S. Embassy
One site Al Hamadi (Kuwait Oil Company Hospital)
Total of six (6) sites.
CENTCOM
two sites at selected troop locations
Total of two (2) shes.
BAHRAIN
one site to be determined
Total of one (1) site.
A total of sixteen samplers are committed to field sampling with the remainder as spares or
as changes to the sampling plan requires.
Phase 3: Characterize the Aerial Plume. . .
This phase should follow closely with Phase 2, in order to characterize the 3-dimensional
nature of the smoke plumes from the fires in Kuwaiti oil fields. To achieve that goal, many of the
same plume measurements collected by the existing and proposed ground level measurement
locations should be provided by the aerial sampling platform. Obviously, the longer time integrated
samples (e.g., 24 hour total values, averages, etc.) cannot be reproduced by aircraft borne devices.
Short-term and across plume integrated measurement descriptions may be obtained to characterize
the special extent and details of actual constituents of the elevated portions of the oil fire plumes.
The aerial sampling activities may be separated into measurements which address the three
general zones of plume characteristics, from an a meteorological sense. Those zones are the 1)
close-in zone, 2)intermediate or transition zone and 3)extended or distant zone. Measurements
very near the wellhead are difficult to impossible to obtain due to excessive heat and great levels of
turbulence. Measurements at intermediate distances will be difficult and many locations within the
clustered groups of burning wells may be unsafe for aerial traverses due to the extremely dense
smoke and hidden turbulent plumes. Measurements at the longer distances, a few miles
downwind of the burning wells, should be possible. Measurements from a few to several hundred
miles downwind of the fire area should be feasible. Within that distance range the approximate
concentrations, plume dimensions, and estimated mass flux in the downwind directions may be
approximated. The aerial sampling strategies should concentrate on the obtaining of those types of
information.
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4.4 Phase 4. Develop a Complete Profile of the Smoke Plume Constituents.
Obtain additional-equipment to expand existing continuous monitoring high priority sites
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia
in
The survey conducted by the Team during Phase 1 of this plan indicated that within the
region, respirable paniculate sampling technology, aerosol and total paniculate sampling and
analysis for volatile organic compounds (VOC), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC), and PAHs
were either not available or insufficient to properly characterize the effects of the oil well fires on
the population centers and the troop concentrations within the region.
This phase of the plan proposes to bring into the region several new technologies and to .
train personnel within the region to operate samplers, to condition, and analyze the several new,,
media necessary to support this expanded network. The objective of this process is to develop a
stand-along capability within each participating country for aerosol and paniculate monitoring
which will support the Gulf regional air quality characterization .and index plan outlined in Phase V:
During this phase of the plan the Team proposes to expand the continuous air and
meteorological monitoring currently being conducted within the region at six sites. These sites are
recommended based on the need to jointly develop the sampling and analytical capability within the
region to ensure that it becomes self-sufficient and sustainable. The particular technologies
outlined below are not currently operateJ within the region nor are the analytical procedures
required to support them currently being utilized. However, the Phase I survey indicates that with
sufficient training, additional equipment, and some experience with actual field samples the transfer
should be relatively smooth.
Initially, the Team's recommendation of six sites strategically placed along the axis of the
area of greatest impact by the oil will fire plume wilt generate sufficient samples for the required
training, while also providing critical data not currently being collected by the existing networks or
available through the portable Pwl,0 network proposed in Phase II. As this data base develops it
. can be used to better define the constituents of the plume and thus permit a more accurate
assessment of the potential long-term health risk.
The equipment listed below should be collocated with the full compliment of continuous air
and meteorological monitors described in Phase V at these six proposed sites. A brief description
of the equipment is provided below:
TSP High Volume Sample - used to collect 24-hour sample of the total suspended
participates, operated nominally at 50 OFM, and typically uses 8x10 inch glass fiber,
quartz, or teflon filter media.
PM,0 High Volume Sampler used to collect a 24-hour sample of the 10 micron and smaller
sized fraction of the total suspended paniculate sample collected by the TSP sampler
above, ssmpler is typically operated at 40 CFM, and utilizes an 8x10 inch Quartz or teflon
filter'media. Note: glass fiber media should not be used rf there is concern for a known
sulfate artifact formation problem.
PM10 Manual Dichotomous Sampler - used to collect a 24-hour sample of the 10 micron
particular size fraction of the TSP, sampler operates at 16.7 liters/minute, and utilizes two
(2) 37 mm diameter Teflon filters to collect a fractionated sample with a cut point of 0-2.5
micron (fine fraction) and 2.5-10 micron (coarse fraction).
B-17
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VOC Canister Sampler * used to collect up to a 24- hour integrated whole air sample in six-
liter evacuated stainless steel canisters, interior walls are passivated to minimize sample
degradation, samples volume can be regulated.by either limiting the volume to ambient
pressure or pumping in addition sample to an approximate volume of 16 liters, these
samples can be used for the determination of total hydrocarbons or analyzed for specific
hydrocarbons, multiple analysis are available from a single pressurized canister sample.
- Note: An extensive canister cleanup process is required prior to the collection of additional
air samples.
Polyurethane Foam (PUF) Low Volume Sampler used to collect 24-hour aerosol samples
utilizing small AC or battery operated pumps at flow rates less than five liters per minute on
relatively small glass cartridges containing a PUF plug, these samples can be extracted and
analyzed for PAHs, or other SVOCs. Note: Both the glass cartridge and PUG plug require
an extensive cleanup procedure prior to re-use.
Optional Tenex/Charcoal/XAD-2 tubes - these media can be used with same type of low
volume pumps described above to collect additional samples for further definition of the
constituents of the plume for SVOCs.
Organic compounds will be present in all three phase distributions (particle bound, SVOC,
and VOC) and each phase will have to be sampled and then a determination will have made as to
importance of each.
The particle bound is phase can be collected for extractive organic analysis from both
quartz, teflon impregnated glass fiber filters, or teflon.
The SVOC phase can be collected on PUF and within the canister. The VOC phase can be
collected with canisters and charcoal tubes. Employment of Tenex and S/.D-2 sampling tubes in
conjunction with PUF, charcoal tubes, and canisters in an overlapping sampling matrix, can be used
to confirm of the presence or absence of compounds which could be missed by a less complex
sampling matrix.
Proposed locations for the initial six expanded sites:
The Team recommends .that the six locations follow the general axis of plume drift from
Kuwait City south into Saudi Arabia, it is further suggested that the operation of these sites be
divided amongst the key network managers within the two countries: Kuwait MEPA, and Saudi
ARAMCO. This division of responsibility supports the philosophy to jointly develop both the
sampling and analytical capability within all three entities.
Kuwaiti Locations
*' . The Team recommends that two (2) of the sites be located at the existing operational
continuous monitoring stations located in Kuwait City. A third site should be established in Al-
Ahmadi at the Kuwaiti Oil Company Hospital. This location is situated within 300 - 400 meters of
several burning wells and is adjacent to the closest residential area associated with any of the oil
fields. ,
Saudi Arabian Locations
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The Team recommends that a site be established at King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Miners (K.F.U.P.M.) in Dhahran, one site to be collocated with Saudi ARAMCO site in Tanajib and
the last site should be collocated with the MEPA site in Khafji which currently is only collecting
meteorology data.
4.5 Phase 5. Develop Regional Air Monitoring Network to Track the Impact of the
Kuwaiti Oil Fires on the Gulf Reoioq
This phase of the proposal will be developed in a series of stages. The network is directed
at long term fixed site monitoring, which will collect a battery of both air quality and meteorological
data that would satisfy the objectives identified in this report. Particular attention will be given to
providing an early warning system advising the effected public on what cautionary steps should be
taken to minimize the impact, of air pollution on health. It is proposed that the early warning
system will be modeled after the air quality index used in the United States. The second focus will
be directed at tracking the air pollution problem over time to be used in determining both long term
health and ecological impacts due to the Kuwait oil ftres. The data base will provide information to
develop key policy decisions which could minimize the possible health and ecological impacts.
Recommended Measurement Parameters at Each Site
*
The basic plan is for each site within the regional monitoring network to consist of the
same types of measurement devices. Deviations for that general consistency will be addressed on
an individual basis. Two general categories of information are proposed for every location. Data <
measurement are grouped into either meteorological or air quality categories.
a. Meteorological variables
The nominal set of meteorological measurements to be collected at each site are the
following:
Wind speed and direction (at 10m)
Temperature
Moisture content of the air
Dew point, relative humidity' or wet bulb
Solar radiation
Precipitation (saved for chemical analysis, pH, etc.)
/
b. Air quality variables
The nominal set of air quality measurements to be collected at each site are the following.
Two general categories of collection needs exist. The first set of needs relate to the onset of
episodic levels of airborne concentrations. In those situation a need may be developing for an early
warning advisory for downwind population centers. The second set of needs ralata to the need to
monitor for longer term, more subtle risks.
Episodic/EARLY WARNING measurements
PM,.
TSP
S02
03
(continuous)
(continuous)
(continuous)
Longer term monitoring
Acid aerosoia
VOCa
Aldehydes
BaP, other PAHs
B-19
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NOx, NO
CO
H2S
(continuous)
(continuous)
(continuous)
Trace elements
Fine particles
c. Health Monitoring Survey
Air monitoring data collected through the proposed air monitoring network will provide basis
for interpreting the results of health surveys of the populations and ecosystems potentially effected
by the effluents from the oil fires in Kuwait. The kinds of health data that could be collected
include:
Health questionnaires
Blood samples
Hair samples
In-vivo animal studies
Forced expiratory volumes '
Other morbidity parameters
Distribution of Proposed and Existing Air Monitoring Sites
. ' /.
a
Table 2 shows the location of the existing and proposed air monitoring sites, while Table 3
lists tine locations of the proposed air monitoring sites. In order to complete the network in an
orderly manner, it is proposed that the network be developed in several stages. The first order of
business would be to upgrade the existing monitoring locations so that there exist a full
complement of air and meteorological monitoring equipment, as well as add new critical air
monitoring stages (Stage 1). The second stage would be to establish those sites that would satisfy
the minimum requirements or tracking the plume caused by the oil fire and to provide an early
warning system for Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain (Stage 2). The third and final stage would
be to complete the final network following a review of the quality and quantity of Indings to date
(Stage). . .
5.
SUMMARY
The initial measurements made by the Team suggest that there is not an imminent threat
from SO2 and H2S to the urban populations, while short term measurements of particulate are
frequently high. Historically, this region has high particulate levels due to wind blown dust. The
particulate measurements that were collected by the Team reflect total particulate, as opposed to
respirable particulates, that is PM,0. There has not been a principal focus in the Region on total
particulate, PM1010, and organics up to now. Therefore, the Team developed the five phased
monitoring plan with sn emphasis on better understanding particulates and the aerosol organics
associated with the oil fires in Kuwait. Particulates and organics could be a source of concern for
both health and ecological effects.
The air monitoring proposals presented in this report represent the Team's collective
judgement on what needs to be done. Those judgements are based upon sn on-sfte evaluation of
the situation in Kuwait discussions with officials from the Saudi Arabian MEPA, Kuwait Saudi
ARAMCO, and the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Needless to say more work is
needed regarding data management statistical design, date analysis snd quality assurance.
Because of the complexity and immediacy of this problem, an extended time commitment will be
needed on the part of all Gulf nation agencies to achieve the objectives outlined in this report.
B-20
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Cost estimates for the various types of air and meteorological monitors are attached to this
plan, along with documentation on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Pollutant Standards
Index (PSD. '.'"
TABLE 2. Location of existing air and meteorology monitoring stations
NATION
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Qatar
ORGANIZATION
MEPA
Saudi Arabia
Tha Royal Comm.
for Jubyayt and
Yunbo
LOCATION
Damman
Hofuf
Tanagib (Mobil* Site)
. Riyadh
Udhailiyah
Shad gum
Abqaiq-
Dhahran
Tartut
Rahimah
Juaymah
Tanajib
Safaniyah Oil Raid
(mat only)
Marjan Oil Raid (mat only!
Abutafaha Raid (mat only)
Quatar of S ttatiora
in Jubyayl
Maraoria
Rabia
R.Qa
3 Mobila Units, unknown loeationa
STACE OF
IMPLEMENTATION
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
3"
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
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TABLE 3. Location of proposed air and meteorology monitoringstations
1 NATION
Saudi Arabia
'
. '
'
.
Kuwait
1 .
-
Bahrain
Qatar
Unit*! Arab Emirates
Oman
ORGANIZATION
MEPA
-
-
.
LOCATION
Awiyah
Shumlul
A Sarrer
Nuayriyah
LJ*afah
Hafar al Batin
28 dag 6 min latitude,
47 deg 51 min longitude
28 deg 30 min latitude,
48 deg 1 min longitude
28 dag 55 min latitude.
47 deg 32 min longitude
29 d«fl 7 min latitude,
46 deg 39 min longitude
Mine Saud
U.S. Embaeey
Al Ahmad)
(Hospital)
. Intematk tal
Airport
29 deg 23 min latitude,
49 deg 55 min longitude
29 deg SO min latitude.
47 deg 1 S min longitude
30 dag 4 min latitude,
47 dag 42 min longitude
29 deg 33 min latitude. ,
47 deg 50 min longitude
Mine Manama
Bahrain University :
Doha
Abu Dhabi
Dubai
Muscat
STAGE OF
IMPLEMENTATION
3
2
2
2
3
1
2
1
x *
2 -
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
, a
2
2
* 3
3
3.
3
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