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Industrial Environmental Management;
An Annotated Bibliography of Practical Sources
(V
I
Second Edition
August 1989
Prepared by:
Todd C. Edwards
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Regulatory Innovations Staff (PM-223)
Washington, DC 20460
WASHINGTON, D£Z0460
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Notice
This report was prepared by Todd C. Edwards, doctoral
candidate in the psychology program of the Claremont Graduate
School, under the summer employment program of the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency. The report reflects the
findings and conclusions of the author and not necessarily those
of EPA or any other government entity. Mention of any company
names, products, or processes does not constitute 1PA
endorsement.
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Annotated Bibliorahy on Industrial Environmental Management
I. Purpose
This bibliography identifies selected published or available
written materials relevant to the design and effective operation
of industrial environmental compliance and risk management
programs. Materials were chosen for emphasis on practical
environmental management issues from the perspective of the
regulated organization as opposed to that of the regulator.
Selections offer a range of viewpoints and should not be
construed as prescriptive.
II. Content And Format
This bibliography contains a variety of materials —
including journal articles, academic theses, reports, books, and
conference proceedings — and is organized into the following
categories :
III. Comments Or Questions
Any suggestions regarding future editions or questions
regarding this bibliography can be directed to the Regulatory
Innovations Staff, U.S. EPA (PM-223) , Washington, DC 20460 or
(202) 382-2726.
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American Public Power Association (1988). A Manual For Electric
Utilities; Environmental Compliance. Available from:
American Public Power Association, 2301 M Street, NW,
Washington, DC 20037.
ABSTRACT:
This manual is intended as a practical tool for electric
utilities of all sizes to use in assessing, attaining, and
maintaining compliance with federal environmental laws and
regulations. It is designed primarily as a desktop reference for
line personnel who run the utility on a day-to-day basis. It is
also useful as a reference for management in setting up an
environmental compliance program.
Andersen, G. H., Smith, A. C., & Daigle, L. T. (1989). An
approach to occupational health risk management for a
diversified international corporation. American Industrial
Hygiene Association Journal. 5fi(4), pp. 224-228.
ABSTRACT:
A risk management program is presented which is effective in
handling occupational health risks in a diversified multinational
corporation. The three-step program of plant review involves
initial assessment visits designed to determine the compliance
status and degree of sophistication of the occupational health
program. These assessments are followed by more formal assurance
reviews which include consultation, training, and program
support. Finally, formal surveillance reviews p.re conducted to
verify compliance with respect to company and regulatory agency
requirements. Each type of review requires planning and
adherence to a standardized process to allow comparability of the
information generated. Critical elements of this approach
include senior management support, knowledge of applicable
regulations, and communication of results. Reporting is done on
several levels and is designed to communicate relevant
information to management from line supervisors to the board of
directors.
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Arthur D. Little, Inc. (1981). A Survey of Environmental
fanning. Available from: Arthur D. Little Inc., Center for
Environmental Assurance, Acorn Park, Cambridge, MA 02140-
2390.
ABSTRACT:
This report characterizes the diversity of practices
identified in a 16 company survey, and emphasizes those planning
features found to be exemplary, innovative, or interesting. It
identifies six characteristics of environmental planning
activities performed by the "cutting-edge" companies: 1.) long-
range planning horizons; 2.) planning for risk as well as
compliance; 3.) a clear and direct linkage between the
environmental, safety, and health planning process and the CEO;
4.) strong interaction between corporate and division staffs;
5.} a formal channel through which the corporate environmental
group contributes to the'strategic planning process; 6.) driving
forces which extend beyond compliance to social responsibility,
preventative environmental policy, and a recognition that
economic benefits can be realized.
Arthur D. Little, Inc. (1988). Environmentalf Health, and Safety
Policies; Current practices and future trends. Available
from: Arthur D. Little, Inc., Center for Environmental
Assurance, Acorn Park, Cambridge, MA 02140-2390.
ABSTRACT:
This is a survey of environmental, health, and safety
policies of 28 major corporations. T*iis information was
augmented by a general knowledge of the policies in place at more
than 50 other companies. The goal of this report was to analyze
these policies in terms of their development and implementation.
A diverse range of companies were represented in order to present
findings about the range of policies as well as some conclusions
about their commonalities.
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Arthur D. Little, Inc. (1989). Developing a Corporate Approach1
to Environmental, Health, andSafety Crisis Management.
Available from: Arthur D. Little, Inc., Center for
Environmental Assurance, Acorn Park, Cambridge, MA 02140-
2390.
ABSTRACT:
This report builds a case for companies to establish crisis
management units, noting that only 38% of companies in the
Fortune 1000 have such units in place. The primary objective of
crisis management planning is to set up standards for the more
routine aspects of response in order to free decision makers to
focus on the tougher, unique aspects of a crisis should one
occur. A second objective is to isolate crisis management from
management of the company's ongoing business.
Barkenbus, J. N., & Barkenbus, B. D. (July, 1989). Industrial
response to a waste minimization survey in Tennessee.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. ££(7)f pp.
921-926.
ABSTRACT:
A survey of large Tennessee waste generators was carried out
in the summer of 1987. It found that industry has begun to
implement a number of waste minimization practices and that the
overall attitude of generators toward waste mimimization was
positive. There were some statistically significant differences
in the survey responses from generators of different volumes.
These differences are important and indicate that among large
waste generators, the larger have taken more significant steps to
date than have smaller waste generators.
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Boyer, B., Meidinger, E., Thomas, J., & Singh, J. (1987).
"Theoretical Perspectives On Environmental Compliance."
Available from: Regulatory Innovations staff (PM-223),
Office of Policy, Planning, & Evaluation, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460.
ABSTRACT:
The purpose of this paper was to identify how corporate
compliance behavior may be affected by factors apart from those
associated with deterrence theory. The limitations of
deterrence theory are discussed, most notably, that it assumes
all corporate decisions are made through an objective process
which weighs economic costs and benefits of all available
options. This view relegates the social context of regulation to
the background. Internal (e.g., corporate culture) and external
(e.g., social networks) social influences on corporate compliance
are discussed.
Brody, M. (November 24, 1986). Listen to .your, whistleblower.
Fortune. pp. 77-78.
ABSTRACT:
f , This article advocates the use of a company 'ombudsman' to
' deal with employee complaints and concerns. This ombudsman would
be a top manager whose sole function has become troubleshooting
for the purpose of avoiding major organizational and publicity
problems. Although the ombudsman function discussed here is a
general one, this concept could also be readily applied to
potential environmental problems.
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Brunner, D. L., Miller, W., Stockholm, N. (1981). corporations'
and theEnvironment; Hov Should DecisionsBe Made? Stanford
University, Graduate School of Business: Committee on
Corporate Responsibility.
ABSTRACT:
Investigates how businesses in the 1980s can deal most
effectively with difficult economic trade-offs and make decisions
incorporating concern for the environment with a goal of economic
growth. The authors provide an overview of approaches for
addressing the environmental dilemmas businesses face today, not
only in terms of their performance in the past, but in terms of
their ability to function effectively in the 1980s and beyond.
Specifically the book addresses: 1.) systems in place for
dealing with environmental problems and the critical role of
government; 2.) environmental issues facing corporate decision
makers; 3.) the future of environmental decision-making; and
4.} the role and responsibilities of the individual in the
decision-making process.
Campbell, M. E., & Glenn, W. M. (1982). Profit From Pollution
Prevention. Available from: Pollution Probe Foundation, 12 """"y
Madison Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5R 2S1. i
>v. •
ABSTRACT:
A compilation of industrial waste reduction and recycling
methodologies. Documents hundreds of success stories of firms
that have turned waste products into financial assets. The book
is divided into the following groupings: 1.) waste management
strategy information; 2.) pollution prevention opportunities
(e.g., dry cleaning, electroplating, fly ash, sulphur, paints and
coverings); and 3.) technology descriptions (e.g., waste
recovery technologies, waste treatment and disposal
technologies).
Caris, C. S. (February, 1980). Environmental management: New
paradigm for old commitments. Resource Management and
Optimization. 1(1), pp. 77-87.
ABSTRACT:
Various aspects of environmental management are explored:
decision-making, impact assessment, cost-benefit analysis, tools
and techniques of management, and implementation of environmental
regulations.
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DiMento, J. F. (1986). Environmental Law and American Business-
Dilemmas of compliance. New YorJc, NY: Plenum Press.
ABSTRACT:
This book aims to address the question: "What policies will
achieve the goal of persuading business to comply with
environmental law?" This approach pays attention to the
development of regulations and does not simply treat rules as
inherently deserving of business obedience. Based on a review of
the literature in many fields and on the results of interviews
with corporate managers, regulatory officials, and members of
environmental organizations, the book makes many recommendations
for improving compliance.
DiMento, j. F. (1989) . Can social science explain organizational
noncompliance with environmental law? Journal of Social
Issues. H(l) , pp. 109-132.
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ABSTRACT: ....
Constructs a theoretical framework of factors which promote
organizational compliance with environmental laws. Attributes of
enforcement (e.g., perception of fairness), communication (e.g.,
continuity), and the actors involved (e.g., the firm's
perception of the regulator) are all discussed as they relate to
compliance. The author concludes that, "While single factors can
be influential, only in the narrowest band of cases will one
psychological, organizational, or economic variable explain
compliance."
Ermann, M. D., & R. J. Lundman (1987). Corporate and
Governmental Compliance. New York, NY: Oxford University
Press.
ABSTRACT:
This book, through a collection of articles, shows how large
organizations may become deviant. Some articles trace the
origins of corporate and governmental deviance, and others detail
the patterns of deviant actions such as the knowing release of an
unsafe product; price fixing; and police corruption. Concluding
articles examine societal reactions to organizational deviance.
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Fernandez, L. (October 2, 1984). "More Than A Passing Idea: The1
Future Of Environmental Cooperation." In proceedings,
Second National Conference on Environmental Dispute
Resolution. Available from: Conservation Foundation, 1717
Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20036, pp. 1-9.
ABSTRACT:
Offers three proposals to strengthen cooperation between
industry and environmental groups. They include: 1.) establish
a forum for senior industry and environmental leaders to meet
regularly but informally; 2.) get a better fix on the funding
needs of environmental mediators, on the niches they are filling,
and on the mediation demands they now are unable to meet; and
3.) work harder in order to make cooperation the preferred method
of problem solving.
Friedman, F. B. (July, 1983). 60s activism and 80s realities-
We've come a long way. The Environmental Forum, pp. 8-11.
ABSTRACT:
The commitment by industry to a strong environmental
program, according to the author, will build credibility with the \
government. Contends that management's commitment must bei,
carried throughout the corporation and corporate environmental '
protection staff must have responsibility for providing
leadership in carrying out the strong environmental policy
throughout the corporation. Concludes that today, experienced
corporate representatives and corporations recognize that good
environmental policy is also good economics.
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Friedman, F. B. (February, 1985). Managing and resolving
corporate environmental issues. The Environmental Forum.
pp. 28-32.
ABSTRACT:
Suggests that the importance of environmental, health, and
safety management within the corporation should be reinforced
through recognition at the highest corporate levels. These
functions can be effective as the equivalent of a "profit
center," while ensuring environmental protection. The methods
for achieving these goals, as well as the challenges, involve:
instituting systems to develop an inventory of materials disposed
of into any media and then establishing goals for the reduction
of those pollutants; efficiently and effectively dealing with
proposed legislation and regulations; and reducing operating and
administrative costs through a systems approach and long-range
planning. .
Friedman, F. B. (1988). Practical Guide. to Environmental
Management. Available from: Environmental Law Institute,
1616 P Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036.
ABSTRACT:
Written from industry's perspective by the Vice President
for Health, Environment, and Safety of Occidental Petroleum
Corporation, this is the first comprehensive guide on the subject
of industrial environmental management. It provides historical
and future perspectives on the field, guidelines for implementing
and conducting programs, and recommendations for environmental
managers on how to deal with lawyers, engineers, business
managers, consultants, federal and state agencies, citizen
groups, the press, and the public.
Fromm, C. H., & Callahan, M. S., Freeman, H. M., Drabkin, M.
(September 14, 1987). Succeeding at waste minimization.
Chemical Engineering, pp, 91-94.
ABSTRACT:
This article describes a step-by-step auditing procedure
which may be used by industrial environmental managers and
engineers to decide what waste minimization options are best
given a particular operation.
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Glauthier, T. J., & Fox, J. R. (July, 1983). Industry and
environmental regulation: What are top management's
concerns? What is it doing? Environmental Analystf pp. 11,
13-15.
ABSTRACT:
Reviews survey of 100 top corporate officers of major
corporations on two topics: 1.) their major concerns about
environmental regulations; and 2.) the action being taken to
address those concerns. The issue about which more executives
were "very concerned" was the reasonableness or scientific basis
of regulations. Other concerns were the costs of compliance and
states adopting their own regulations. The most frequently
suggested actions were: work cooperatively with regulatory
agencies; protect against surprises by working internally to
anticipate regulatory problems; and make organizational changes
to align responsibility .'with decision-making on regulatory and
compliance issues.
Gray, B. (1985). Conditions facilitating interorganizational
collaboration. Human Relations. 3_§.(10), pp. 911-936.
ABSTRACT:
The basic premise of this paper is that there is a growing
need to promote collaborative problem-solving across various
sectors of society, i.e., among business, government, labor, and
communities. Several circumstances have been identified in which
collaborative problem-solving among stockholders is warranted:
1.) the existence of problems which are bigger than any simple
organization acting alone can solve; 2.) limitations of
traditional adversarial methods of resolving conflicts; and
3.) increasing turbulence which occurs when competing
organizations, acting independently in diverse directions, create
unanticipated and dissonant consequences for themselves and
others. Organizing such collaborative efforts requires focusing
on acts of interdependencies which link various stakeholders.
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Gray-Gricar, B. (1983). A preliminary theory of compliance with
OSHA regulation. Research in Corporate Social Performance
and Policy. 5, pp. 121-141.
ABSTRACT:
In this paper, the author examines organizational response
to Federal regulation by analyzing the responses of 34 foundries
to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The
responses were assumed to be a function of the ideological views
of top management, the size of the firm, regulatory uncertainty,
dependence on regulatory agencies, and "boundary spanning"
activities aimed at keeping up with economic, technological,
political, social, and regulatory changes. It was found that
ideology, size of firm, and boundary spanning were most closely
associated with company response to OSHA. Four classifications
of adaptive responses to regulation were developed: technical,
informational, administrative, and environmental management.
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Greanias, G. C., & Windsor, D. (Eds., 1982}.. The Changing
Boardroom - Making Policy and Profits in an Aae of Corporate
Citizenship. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company.
ABSTRACT:
This book resulted from presentations at a conference
entitled, "Corporate Governance in the '80s" which was held at
the Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Administration, Rice
University on August 8, 1980. Presenters were top-level
executives and board members of major corporations. The major
theme which runs throughout these writings is that because of
increasing public scrutiny, corporations must change the way that
they operate so that public welfare becomes a top priority.
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Greer, c. R., & K. R. Downey (1982). Industrial compliance with1
social legislation: Investigation of decision rationales.
Academy of Management Review. 2, pp. 488-498.
ABSTRACT:
To determine whether compliance decisions are based on
normative or calculative criteria and whether such rationales are
individual or organizational in nature, the authors developed a
model of compliance behavior. Calculative criteria are those
that involve pragmatic responses (such as net monetary benefit)
to a particular situation. Normative decision criteria are those
that employ supraordinate values in evaluating the utility of
compliance. Normative criteria might call for compliance because
"it is the law". The study concludes that, depending on the
legislation, compliance {behavior.is affected by at least one of
eight variables of normative and calculative behavior. The
authors state that if companies (upper management) are to control
the compliance behavior of their members, they need to aim their
compliance efforts at appropriate salient forces.
Hawkins, A. E. (1989). Back to basics: Successful environmental
compliance inspections. Pollution Engineering. 21(1), pp.
118, 120.
ABSTRACT:
Undergoing an environmental compliance inspection by a state
or federal agency can be very traumatic, but the consequences
need not be feareu if a number of steps are taken before and
during the inspection. Advance preparation should remove nearly
all of the potential surprises, and assure that your company or
business is not exposed to serious legal risk because of non-
compliance with environmental laws, rules, and regulations.
Hirschorn, J. S. (April, 1988). Cutting production of hazardous
waste. Technology Review. 9.1(3) , pp. 52-61. :
ABSTRACT:
The author discusses the advantages of preventing industrial
waste as opposed to dealing with it after it occurs. Namely:
"If less waste is generated, it is cheaper to manage, and there
will be fewer failures handling it. A commitment to waste
reduction is also likely to contribute to improved, safer
operations, and thus reduce the chance of accidents such as
Bhopal" (p. 54) . The author also discusses ways to reduce waste
as well as some of the inherent obstacles. :-
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"How To Limit The Rising Costs Of Strict Regulation." Article
appearing in Chemical Week. January 21, 1981, pp. 36-40.
ABSTRACT:
Discusses the management of corporate regulatory affairs
programs and describes how companies can save money by closely
monitoring physical factors such as plant emission levels while
diligently tracking the formulation of new rules enabling them to
quickly spot new opportunities for savings. Several corporate
approaches including DuPont, Monsanto, and Dow are highlighted as
examples. Describes the use of computer-based information
systems to aid in the management of regulatory affairs programs.
Huisingh, D., Martin, L., Hilger, H., & Seldman, N. (1985).
"Proven Profits From Pollution Prevention." Available from:
Institute for Local Self-Reliance, 2425 18th Street NW,
Washington, DC 20009.
ABSTRACT: . .
A compendium of case studies which illustrate that
industrial leaders are developing and implementing innovative
_ ways to reduce their production of wastes of all types and, at
{ , the same time, are increasing their profits. The case studies
also present evidence that found industrial management of
resources results in simultaneous economic and ecological
benefits.
Hunt, T. E. (March, 1987). Tools to deter violators.
Journal. 11(2), pp. 10-12.
ABSTRACT:
The latest tools at EPA's disposal for preventing violations
(e.g., environmental auditing), streamlining enforcement casework
(e.g., alternative dispute resolution techniques), and maximizing
deterrent impact (e.g., contractor listing) are described.
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Kagan, R. A., and Scholz, J. T. (1984). "The 'Criminology of the1
Corporation' and Regulatory Enforcement Strategies". In
K. Hawkins, & J. Thomas (Eds.), Enforcing Regulation.
Boston, MA: Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing, pp. 67-95.
ABSTRACT:
In this book chapter the authors review three different ways
in which corporate behavior is often conceived: 1.) as amoral
economic calculator; 2.) as political citizen; and 3.) as
organizationally incompetent. The implications for enforcement
of each perspective are discussed as well as each approach's
strengths and weaknesses. The authors conclude that: "One
implication of the diverse sources of noncompliance is that
indiscriminate reliance on any single theory of noncompliance is
likely to be wrong, and when translated into an enforcement
strategy, it is likely to be counterproductive" (p. 85).
Kaminski, J. A. (August & September, 1988). Hazardous waste
minimization within the Department of Defense (Parts A & B).
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. H.(8&9),
pp. 1042-1050, 1174-1185.
ABSTRACT:
This article is a series of representative case studies of
Department of Defense hazardous waste minimization. Each
Military Department and the Defense Logistics Agency describe
actual accomplishments. Areas covered range from production line
modification to product specification change. These efforts are
part of a Capartment of Defense plan composed of individual
programs executed independently by each military service and
defense agency. Part A deals with Department of Defense waste
minimization efforts in vehicle repair operations, explosives
manufacturing, and abrasive blasting processes. Part B covers
shipboard mercury wastes, industrial chemical control, solvent
reclamation, and hazardous property sales efforts.
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Leemann, J. E. (June, 1988). Waste minimization in the petroleum
industry. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association.
11(6), pp. 814-823.
ABSTRACT:
This paper describes the petroleum industry and the products
it makes along with their associated waste streams. The
industry's commitment to waste minimization is described with
examples of specific minimization projects provided. Although
the opportunities for minimization are limited, the economic
incentives for reducing waste disposal costs, not to mention long
term liability from improper disposal practices, has put the
petroleum industry on the road to waste minimization.
Lewis, D. A. (October, 1988). Waste minimization in the
pesticide formulation industry. Journal of the Air
Pollution Control Association. 3JJ(10), pp. 1293-1296.
ABSTRACT: . - -• .
The pesticide formulation industry is dependent upon the
basic manufacturers for the main raw materials. Waste
minimization efforts are, therefore, limited to process/handling
sources. The economic incentive for waste reduction has mandated
significant changes throughout each facility. There are waste
problems, however, that require industry-wide action, e.g., empty
containers. The ongoing regulatory actions affecting this
business will require continuing efforts to maintain operations.
Linder, S. H., & McBride, M. E. (1984). Enforcement costs and
regulatory reform: The agency and firm response. Journal of
Environmental Economics and Management. 11, pp. 327-346.
ABSTRACT:
Most of the models of optimal law enforcement have centered
on either the Federal enforcement agency or the firm and have
largely ignored the decentralized nature of the enforcement
responsibilities of State and local government. This paper
extends those results by modeling both the firm and the local
agency. The models are then evaluated with respect to the
alternative regulatory options of direct controls and emissions
taxes. The paper concludes that the local agency's likelihood of
detecting noncompliance has a greater capacity to affect the
firm's behavior than does the level of fines. Moreover, the
emission tax option rules out discretion in the treatment of
firms, removes the opportunity for informal resolution of
detection mistakes, and increases enforcement costs.
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Lovdal, M. L., Bauer, R. A., & Treverton, N. H. (May-June, 1977).
New standing committee plays active policy role in
initiating corporate responses to public and social
pressures. Harvard Business Review, pp. 1-8.
ABSTRACT:
Proposes that a public responsibility committee may be a
valuable resource for a corporation because it enables a small
group to deal with sensitive issues in depth. The optimal
public responsibility committee is composed, primarily, of
outside directors with business and nonbusiness backgrounds. It
possesses adequate funds for hiring outside expertise, and
establishes a well-defined range of activities. The
effectiveness of a public responsibility committee is dependent
upon its internal management and its management support. A
working guide outlines ten basic areas of corporate activity,
including environmental quality.
Mabbett, A. N. (May, 1983). Developing an effective interface
with local, state, and regional environmental authorities.
Plating and Surface Finishing, pp. 84-86.
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ABSTRACT:
Urges American business to place a priority on learning to
deal effectively with regulatory officials. An effective
relationship with a regulatory authority includes seven elements:
1.) good communications 2.) honest relationship 3.) periodic
and regular contact 4.) negotiations from a position of strength
5.) educated employees arid regulatory officials 6.) participation
in the development of standards and 7.) obtaining professional
assistance, if necessary.
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Marcus, A. A., & Goodman, R. S. (1986). Compliance and
performance: Toward a contingency theory. Research in
Corporate Social Performance and Policy. 2, pp, 168-182.
ABSTRACT:
In this paper the authors critically review the existing
literature on corporate social policies and business performance
and postulate that compliance is affected by and affects economic
performance of the firm. They present the results of two
empirical studies that explore the relationship between
compliance and performance. The first study is an analysis of
the effects of economic performance (as defined by return on
assets, return on equity, and long-term debt) on the compliance
behavior of smoke stack industries in and around Pittsburg, PA.
The key variables are firm size and extent of the pollution
problem. The study concludes that heavy long-term debt and large
pollution problems have a negative effect on compliance and that
both small and large firms exhibit similiar compliance behavior.
The second study is an analysis of the effects of compliance with
certain regulatory orders of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on
performance of the utility industry (defined as increased safety
and economic efficiency). The study concludes that compliance
has a negative effect on performance, given the conditions of
staff resistance to the regulatory order. The study finds that
there is a link between acceptance (of the order) and
performance. The performance does not improve, that is, the
staff does not comply (although it may appear to comply) with
regulatory orders when it rejects them on ideological grounds.
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Miller, D. T. (1985). "Psychological Factors Influencing
Compliance". Available from: Federal Statutes Compliance
Project, Department of Justice, Ottawa, Canada.
ABSTRACT:
Based upon a comprehensive literature review, this paper
elucidates six psychological principles involved in compliance
behavior: 1.) perceived fairness of the regulation;
2.) perceived fairness of the regulation's enforcement and
monitoring; 3.) regulatee knowledge of the regulation;
4.) regulatee commitment to the regulation; 5.) regulatee
feeling of responsibility for own compliance record; and
6.) economic profit associated with compliance and economic cost
associated with noncompliance. Means are discussed for
increasing the perceived legitimacy of inspectors so that
compliance is enhanced. The author concludes that the purpose of
the paper was to address' the causes rather than the symptoms of
noncompliance with environmental law, noting that: "Bureaucratic
and rule-minded enforcement can lead to a minimalist attitude on
the part of both law enforcement officials and regulatees,
leaving them unresponsive to more serious, but not technically
illegal situations" (p. 24).
National Association of Manufacturers (1989) . Waste
Minimization; Manufacturers' Strategies for Success.
Report available from: Publications Coordinator, National
Association of Manufacturers, 1331 Pennsylvania Ave., NW,
Washington, DC 20004-1703.
ABSTRACT:
In this report, "waste minimization" is defined as: "a
method of pollution prevention that focuses on reducing the
generation and discharge of hazardous waste at its source to
avoid subsequent handling, treatment, and disposal". Benefits of
waste minimization are described and classified into five primary
categories: environmental quality, economic, regulatory
compliance, reduced liability, and community relations/public
image. Information is given on how to establish and implement
waste minimization programs as well as -descriptions of successful
programs at companies such as DuPont and 3M. Information is also
given on where to seek assistance resources for waste
minimization programs. Finally, recommended publications on the
subject of waste minimization are listed.
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Oman, O. E. (July, 1988). Waste minimization in the foundry
industry. Journalofthe Air Pollution Control Association,
31(7), pp. 932-940.
ABSTRACT:
The foundry industry is a major consumer of waste materials
(scrap}. Unfortunately, the recycling of these waste materials
can result in the generation of hazardous wastes that must be
properly managed at a significant cost. This article focuses on
two waste streams in the foundry industry; calcium carbide
desulfurization slag and melt emission control residuals. The
author presents an overview of how foundries have evaluated
different waste management options with the ultimate goal of
minimizing the generation of hazardous waste.
Pizzi, F. P. (October, 1983). Create an effective information
system. Hydrocarbon Processing, pp. 81-82.
ABSTRACT: . •• -
This article addresses the growing need to retrieve and
evaluate information about the environment. As regulations and
reporting requirements have increased, there is a great need for
f efficient information management. An effective computerized
J environmental information management system provides help in
three key areas: 1.) managing environmental information;
2.) monitoring compliance; and 3.) evaluating environmental
programs. The article comments on types of uses and project cost
and time requirements.
Plaut, J. (Spring, 1984). Hazardous waste control and industry.
Toxic Substances Journal, pp. 251-260.
ABSTRACT:
Speech, presented at the Conference on Waste Management,
discussing changing societal perceptions of environmental hazards
and of industry's role in preventing hazardous waste accidents.
Suggests that good pollution control and responsible waste
handling should be a key management priority, not only to comply
with governmental regulations and avoid litigation, but also to
maintain long-term profitability and competitiveness.
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Reiter, W. M. (February, 1986). Environmental liability control.
The Environmental Forum, pp. 39-43.
ABSTRACT:
The author (Director of Pollution Control for Allied Corp.)
first discusses the manifestations of corporate liability:
monetary, negative publicity, and managerial time. He then
describes components of an environmental liability control
system: top management recognition and support, integration into
business operations, adequate expertise and resources,
coordination with public affairs and law departments, and
corporate oversight (or enforcement).
Roberts, M. J., & Bluhm, J. S. (1981). The Choices of Power.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
ABSTRACT:
Discusses the process by which electric utilities have come
to terms with growing environmental pressures. It provides a
close look at the way in which six utilities have coped with this
challenge. The authors explain the systematic framework they
have developed for analyzing organizational behavior, and show \
how to use this tool by employing it in six different case i
studies. ^
Scholz, J. T. (1984). Cooperation, deterrence, and the ecology
of regulatory enforcement. Law and Society Review. 18(2).
pp. 179-223.
ABSTRACT:
Presents a model which shows that an enforcement strategy
that combines cooperation and deterrence is likely to produce
greater net benefits than a single-minded deterrence strategy.
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Sproul], L. S. (1981). Response to regulation: An organizational
process framework. Administrationand Society. Al(4), pp.
447-470.
ABSTRACT:
The author proposes an organizational process framework for
considering response to regulation. Its major elements are
processes by which: 1.) organization attention is captured; 2.)
meaning about external stimuli is constructed; 3.) response
repertoires (standard operating procedures and programs) are
invoked; and 4.) behavioral directives or guides for action are
conveyed from a central office to subunit sites. Although the
author has detailed the approach through one segment of the
public sect or--public education—this framework is equally
appropriate for analyzing and understanding response to
regulation in private sector organizations.
Stephan, D. G., & Atcheson, J. (June, 1989). The EPA's approach
to pollution prevention. Chemical Engineering Progress, pp.
53-58.
ABSTRACT:
This article describes the United States Environmental
Protection Agency's efforts to prevent pollution before it
occurs. As a result of objectives set forth by Congress in 1988,
the EPA created a new Pollution Prevention Office (PPO) within
its Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation (OPPE). Since
this time, the underlying theme which the EPA has been trying to
convey is: "we, as a society, must begin to integrate pollution
prevention into the way we design, build, buy, and consume11.
Stone, C. D. (Fall, 1975). Law and the culture of the
corporation. Business and Society Review. 15. pp. 5-17.
ABSTRACT:
In this article the author discusses how business culture
affects the degree of law abidance demonstrated by corporations
and how this culture can be changed to increase it. Case
studies are used to demonstate points which are raised.
Although not directly applied to environmental law, the more
general issue of corporate social responsibility is discussed and
can be easily applied to the environmental realm.
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Susskind, L., & Weinstein, A. (January, 1982). Row to resolve
environmental disputes out of court. Technology Review.
pp. 38-40.
ABSTRACT:
Contends that our legal system cannot handle environmental
disputes efficiently and advocates out-of-court negotiation.
Nine steps toward lasting resolution of mediated out-of-court
negotiations are prescribed. Lastly, the authors argue that if
the out-of-court bargaining process is to become a real
alternative to litigation, the power of government agencies to
exercise discretion in settling conflict must increase.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1984). Agencywide
Compliance And Enforcement Strategy And Strategy Framework
For EPA Compliance Programs. Available from: Compliance
Policy and Planning Branch, U.S. EPA (LE-133), Washington,
DC 20460.
ABSTRACT:
This document discusses EPA's past, present, and future
enforcement efforts and the challenges associated with these "~~\
efforts. ( 1
'
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (September, 1985). "Study
Of Literature Concerning The Roles Of Penalties in
Regulatory Enforcement". Available from: Compliance Policy
and Planning Branch, U.S. EPA (LE-133), Washington, DC
20460.
ABSTRACT:
This paper reviews the literature on the roles of penalties
in regulatory enforcement. It covers schools of thought on the
matter: the Economic and the Behavioral, the purposes of
penalties, the assessment of penalties and mitigation criteria,
and different types of penalty authority and implementation
procedures.
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U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (April, 1988). The EPA
Manual for Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessments.
Available from: Hazardous Waste Engineering Research
Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
ABSTRACT:
By following the procedures outlined in this manual, a waste
generator can: 1.) save money by reducing waste treatment and
disposal costs, raw material purchases, and other operating
costs; 2.) meet state and national waste minimization policy
goals; 3.) reduce potential environmental liabilities; 4.)
protect public health and worker health and safety; and 5.)
protect the environment.
r
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (May 8, 1989). "Corporate
Environmental Management Training — Two workshops co-hosted
by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Regulatory
Innovations staff and occidental Petroleum Corporation".
Report available from: Jim Hayes (project manager),
Regulatory Innovations Staff, U.S. EPA (PM-223), Washington,
DC 20460.
ABSTRACT:
This is a report of the discussion agenda from two workshops
on Environmental Management Training, hosted by the U.S. EPA
Regulatory Innovations Staff and Occidental Petroleum, which were
held in November and December, 1988. The workshops, held in Los
Angeles, CA and Washington, DC, brought together senior corporate
level environmental managers, academic representatives from
university programs in environmental management training,
consultants, State regulatory agency representatives, and
interested parties from the EPA Office of Policy, Planning, and
Evaluation (OPPE) to discuss their collective experience and
identify the industry needs, resource requirements, and
management systems requirements for effective training of
corporate environmental managers.
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U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1989). "Fostering
Effective Environmental Management". Report available from:
Regulatory Innovations Staff, U.S. EPA (PM-223), Washington,
DC 20460.
ABSTRACT:
In this report, the role of environmental management is
defined and the needs of environmental managers are discussed.
Specifically, an integrated approach toward environmental
management is advocated in which human resources, technology, and
environmental management practices interact. It is forecasted
that an environmental management profession will eventually
develop with minimum training and certification requirements
defined.
VNO Federation of Netherlands Industry and NCW Netherlands
Christian Employers. Federation (October, 1987).
"Environmental protection in companies: Guide to the
organisation of corporate environmental, protection systems."
Brochure available from: Attache for Health and
Environmental Protection, Royal Netherlands Embassy, 4200
Linnean Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008.
ABSTRACT:
This brochure is intended as a practical guide for both
large and small firms that wish to organise an environmental
protection system or develop one further. The system described
is expressly intended only as a detailed schematic example, not
as a blueprint. Practical situations differ in almost every
company; therefore, the particular system must be tailor-made.
However, if one genuinely wishes to be able to refer to an
adequate internal corporate environmental protection system, the
necessary basic elements will have to be present in a more or
less highly developed form.
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Wasserman, C. (1985). "Improving the Efficiency and
Effectiveness of Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement of
Environmental Policies - United States: A National Review."
Conference paper prepared for The Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development, Environment Directorate.
Available from: Compliance Policy and Planning Branch, U.S.
EPA (LE-133), Washington, DC 20460
ABSTRACT:
In this paper the author considers the theoretical
foundations of compliance motivation and then discusses ways to
increase levels of compliance. It is stated that, "... the key
to a successful and efficient compliance promotion and
enforcement program is matching enforcement approaches to the
full range of motivating factors that may be at work for
individuals and all levels within regulated entities'1 (p. IV-4).
Ways of assessing an enforcement program's effectiveness and
efficiency are also discussed. Wasserman works in EPA's Office
of Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring (OECM).
X-—
f
Wasserman, C. (1987) . "Environmental Compliance And Enforcement:
Theory, Practice, And The Challenge To Environmental
Economists. Conference paper prepared for The Association
of Environmental and Resource Economists Workshop on
Environmental Enforcement and Monitoring, University of
Delaware. Available from: Compliance Policy and Planning
Branch, U.S. EPA (LE-133), Washington, DC 20460.
ABSTRACT:
This paper discusses theories of compliance and enforcement,
ways of defining and assessing enforcement program success, and
gaps in knowledge which must be filled in order to increase level
of compliance.
Waste Advantage, Inc. (1989). Industrial Waste Prevention; Guide
To Developing An Effective Waste Minimization Program.
Available from: Waste Advantage, Inc., 23077 Greenfield
Rd., Southfield, MI 48075, (313) 569-8156.
ABSTRACT:
This book is short and to the point for practical plant use.
It provides step-by-step instructions for developing an effective
waste minimization program. Most of the ideas for waste
prevention are relatively inexpensive to implement and do not
,_ require any major changes in plants.
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