&EFK
               United States
               Environmental Protection
               Agency
                Environmental Research
                Laboratory
                Gulf Breeze PL 32561
EPA - 600/3-79-036
March 1979
                Research and Development
Publications
               Gulf Breeze
               Laboratory
                                     !'•*? Library
 HP 600/3
 79-036
 979

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                RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency,  have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and  application of en-
vironmental technology.  Elimination of traditional grouping  was  consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:

      1.   Environmental Health Effects Research
      2.   Environmental Protection Technology
      3.   Ecological Research
      4.   Environmental Monitoring
      5.   Socioeconomic Environmental  Studies
      6.   Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
      7.   interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
      8.   'Special" Reports
      9.   Miscellaneous Reports

This report has been assigned to the "SPECIAL" REPORTS series. This series is
reserved for reports targeted to meet the technical information needs of specific
user groups. The series includes problem-oriented reports, research application
reports,  and executive summary documents. Examples include state-of-the-art
analyses, technology assessments, design manuals, user manuals, and reports
on the results of major research and development efforts.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

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Uni ted States
Env ronmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Gulf Breeze, FL 32561
EPA - 600/3-79-036
March
Research and Development
Publications

Gulf Breeze
Laboratory
con piled by
Belty P. Jackson and Andrce F. Lowry
Environmental Research Laboratory
Guf Breeze, FL  32561

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                                       DISCLAIMER
    This report has been reviewed by the Gulf  Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.
Enviromental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                            10.

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                                Foreword

     Protection of our aquatic resources from damage caused by toxic organic
and inorganic pollutants requires effective regulatory actions based on sound
technical and scientific information.  As one of 15 laboratories maintained by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and Develop-
ment, the Environmental Research Laboratory in Gulf Breeze, Florida (ERL,GBJ,
conducts and manages research and develops methodology to determine exposure-
effects of toxic compounds in marine, coastal, and estuarine ecosystems.

     From its inc€>ption in 1937 as a Fish and Wildlife Service Laboratory
under the U.S. Department of the Interior, the laboratory ensured that the
research findings of the staff were made available to the scientific community
and to the public.   Traditionally, laboratory research has been concerned with
the effects of pesticides, organics, and chlorine on the environment and human
health.  More recently, research objectives were expanded to assess the impact
of off-shore oil drilling and the environmental acceptability of industrial
wastes.

     This bibliography lists scientific and technical reports published since
1971 under EPA funding by staff at ERL,GB and its Bears Bluff Field Station at
Johns Island, SC, and by scientists whose research was supported by ERL,GB's
extramural program.  Publications are listed under three headings:   RESEARCH
REPORTS published in the EPA Research Reporting Series; JOURNAL ARTICLES from
scientific literature,-PRESENTATIONS published in proceedings of conferences
and symposia.  Publications are arranged alphabetically by year under the
senior author's name.  The bibliography also includes an author index for re-
prints and an index of key words.* A consecutive numbering system precedes
each entry and should be cited when requesting copies of available publica-
tions.

     We prepared this compilation in the hope that products from our research
would have the broadest audience possible.   We welcome suggestions for enhance-
ing the usefulness of this bibliography in communicating results of our lab-
oratory 's environmental research and development.
                                                         JLJ
                                       Thomas W.  Duke
                                       Director
                                       Environmental Research Laboratory
                                       Gulf Breeze,  Florida
   listed in:  Office of Naval Research and Engineers Joint Council.   1967.
Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms.   U.S.  Department of Defense,
Washington, D.C. 696 p.
                                     ill

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                            ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


     We wish to acknowledge the considerable help  contributed  by  Susan
Sellers, Betty Newman, and Dorothy Delk in typing  this  manuscript and to
Connie Brinson for her assistance in its compilation.   Dr.  Nelson R. Cooley
deserves credit for the preparation of the key word index.   Gail  Garnas
assisted in proofreading and correcting copy,  and  Ruth  Rubinstein aided in
arranging the indices.
                                       IV

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                                Contents
Foreword	

Acknowledgments 	

      Research Reports
111

 iv

  1
      Journal Articles  	   25

      Presentations 	   78


Key Word Index	  106

Author Index	  110
                                        -' '" • :'; ; ; -^quarter
                                            ,. '<"*:•• code 3404
                                          • ' ~'^ '.ofon. DC 2(*
                                              '

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  Research Reports
   Reports listed below were published by the  U.S. Environmental Protection
   Agency (EPA) in its Office of Research and  Development  (ORD) Research
   Reporting Series.  Research described in these reports  analyzes the effects of
   toxic pollutants on marine and estuarine ecosystems.  The purpose of the ORD
   Program is to provide the Agency with a technical basis for formulating
   standards to minimize undesirable changes in  organisms  found in aquatic,
   terrestrial, and atmospheric environments.  These reports are available at
   EPA's Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, or through the
   National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.
  1978
1. Anderson, Robert S.  1978.  BENZO[a]PYRENE  METABOLISM  IN THE AMERICAN OYSTER
   CRASSOSTR.EA VIRGINICA.  Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.
   U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,  EPA-600/3-78-009.  19 p.

        This research program focuses on the role of NADPH-dependent
        microsonal mono-oxygenase in the metabolism of  the widespread
        environnental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene  (BP) by the oyster
        Grassestrea yirginica.   The enzyme system is important in detox-
        ifying various xenobiotics and in activating polycyclic aromatic
        hydrocarbon oncogens as BP,

        A sensitive radioisotopic system developed  to permit quantifica-
        tion of alkalid-soluble and water-soluble BP metabolites produced
        by oyster mono-oxygenase is described.   An  NADPH- and 02~depen-
        dent aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)  is  shown  to be located
        in the digestive glands of bivalves associated  with the micro-
        somal subcellular fraction.  Some indication that oyster AHH is
        induced by chronic exposure of the animals  to the environmental
        carcinogens BP and 3-methyl-cholanthrene is reported.  Experi-
        mental evidence indicates that exposure  to  polychlorinated bi-
        phenyls (PCB) caused AHH induction. The generation of various
        dihydrodiol, quinone, and hydroxy BP derivates  is shown.

2.  Bierman, Victor, William Richardson,  and Tudor T. Davies.  1978.  MATHEMATICAL
   MODELING STRATEGIES APPLIED  TO SAGINAW BAY, LAKE HURON.  In:  American-Soviet
   Symposium on Use of Mathematical Models To  Optimize  Water Quality Management,
   T.T. Davies and V.R. Lozanskiy, editors. Environmental Research Laboratory,

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   Gulf Breeze, FL.
   397-M32.
EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-024.  pp.
        This research is directed toward  water quality problems of inter-
        national waters of the North American Great Lakes.  The prime
        objective is to develop quantitative tools to supplement intui-
        tion and scientific judgment in policy decisions related to
        water quality.   Transport models  and algal growth modeling con-
        cepts are applied to Saginaw Bay  to describe prevailing condi-
        tions.

3. Borthwick, Patrick W.  1978.  METHODS  FOR ACUTE STATIC TOXICITY TESTS WITH
   MYSID SHRIMP (MYSIDQPSIS BAHIA).   In:   Bioassay Procedures  for Ocean Disposal
   Permit Program,  Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA
   Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010.  pp. 61-63.

        Methods are described for using the bay mysid, Mysidoosis bahia
        in acute toxicity tests of complex wastes.  M. bahia is recom-
        mended as a test species due to its sensitivity, short life-
        cycle, small size, and adaptability to laboratory conditions.
        Results of these toxicity tests can be used to estimate the
        impact of ocean-dumped materials  on other saltwater crustaceans.

4. Butler, P.A., and J.I. Lowe.  1978.  FLOWING SEAWATER TOXICITY TEST USING
   OYSTERS (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA).   In:   Bioassay Procedures  for Ocean Disposal
   Permit Program,  Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA
   Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010.  pp. 25-27.

        A "special bioassay" for evaluating short-term effects of specif-
        ic wastes on marine mollusks is described.  The procedure is
        recommended only for use with the commercial Eastern oyster,
        Crassostrea virginica, and requires flowing, unfiltered sea-
        water.  The test is used at the Environmental Research Labora-
        tory, Gulf Breeze, to evaluate the effects of insecticides, herbi-
        cides, and other toxic organics on oysters.

5. Cross, F.A., W.P. Davis, D.E. Hoss,  and D.A. Wolfe.  1978.  BIOLOGICAL
   OBSERVATIONS.  In:   The Amoco Cadiz  Oil Spill:  A Preliminary Scientific
   Report, Wilmot N. Hess, editor.  U.S.  Department of Commerce National Oceanic
   and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
   Special Report,  Government Printing  Office  (GPO), Washington, DC.  pp.
   197-215.

        This report is a compilation of observations and data  gathered
        along the Brittany Coast of France after  the Amoco Cadiz oil
        spill.  The information does not  reflect  results of a  pre-planned
        biological study, but rather the  qualitative observations by NOAA/
        EPA biologists from late March  to May  1978.  The material is de-
        scribed as preliminary; final assessment  of the full extent of the
        impact is expected to require several years.

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6. Davies, T.T., and V.R.  Lozanskiy,  editors.   1978.   AMERICAN-SOVIET  SYMPOSIUM
   ON USE OF MATHEMATICAL  MODELS TO OPTIMIZE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
   Environmental Research  Laboratory,  Gulf Breeze, FL.   U.S.  EPA  Ecological
   Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-024.   453 p.

        The American-Soviet Symposium  on Use of Mathematical  Models  To
        Optimize Water Quality Management examines methodological ques-
        tions related to simulation and optimization  modeling of  processes
        that determine water quality of river  basins.   Participants
        describe the general state of  development  and application of
        mathematical models designed to predict and optimize  water quality
        management in the  USA and USSR.  American  and Soviet  specialists
        discuss graphic-economic aspects of pollution control systems;
        identification of  ecosystem models by  field data;  management
        decisions for lake systems on  a survey of  trophic  status,  limiting
        nutrients, and nutrient loadings;  and  a descriptive simulation model
        for forecasting the condition  of a water system.   Publication  of
        the proceedings held December  9-16,  1975,  in  Kharkov  and  Rostov-
        on-Don, USSR, is in compliance with the Memorandum from the
        Fourth Session of  the Joint American-Soviet Committee on
        Cooperation in the Field of Environmental  Research.

7. Duke, Thomas W.., and Anatoliy I. Siraonov,  editors.   1978.   FIRST
   AMERICAN-SOVIET SYMPOSIUM ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS  OF  POLLUTION  ON MARINE
   ORGANISMS.  Environmental Research  Laboratory,  Gulf  Breeze, FL.   U.S. EPA
   Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-007.  166  p.

        American and Soviet specialists discuss state-of-the-art  for hy-
        drobiological analysis of basic structural components of  marine
        ecosystems and the influence of various pollutants on these  com-
        ponents.  Participants define  problems related  to  methods for
        modeling the influence of pollutants on the marine environment,
        long-term forecasting and determination of permissible loads of
        pollutants, and the unification and intercalibration  of methods
        for determining production of  microorganisms  of ocean bacterio-
        plankton and phytoplankton. Results of laboratory research  on
        the influence of pollution on  the marine environment  are  pre-
        sented.  Proceedings held September 20-24, 1976, in Gulf  Breeze,
        Fl, were published in English  and Russian  in  compliance with the
        Memorandum from the fourth Session of  the  Joint American-Soviet
        Committee on Cooperation in the Field  of Environmental Research.

8. EPA Ocean Disposal Bioassay Working Group.   1978.  BIOASSAY PROCEDURES FOR THE
   OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMIT PROGRAM.  Environmental Research  Laboratory, Gulf
   Breeze, FL.  U..S. EPA Ecological Research Series,  EPA-600/9-78-010.  121 p.

        Bioassay procedures are described for  toxicity  evaluations of
        waste materials being considered for ocean disposal under EPA's
        Ocean Disposal Permit Program.  Procedures specify use of various
        organisms representing several trophic levels.   Flow-through and
        static tests are included;  methods vary in their utility  and

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         complexity.  These procedures are not  considered  "standard
         methods," but as reference methods or  official  methods  to be
         used as specified by the EPA Regional  Administrator  respon-
         sible for the permit program.  This manual  is a revision of
         EPA-600/9-78-010 published in May 1976.

 9. Evans, John E.  1978.  FEASIBILITY OF USING BACTERIAL  STRAINS (MUTAGENESIS) TO
    TEST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS.  Environmental Research  Laboratory, Gulf
    Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-78-042.   118  p.

         This literature review includes published data  on the feasibility
         of using bacteria as screening agents  to detect environmental  car-
         cinogens.  Mutagenicity data are included because growing experi-
         mental evidence indicates that most chemical carcinogens are muta-
         gens, and many mutagens may be carcinogens.  This report indicates
         that bacterial mutagenesis can be used to initiate studies de-
         signed to screen for potential mutagens  and carcinogens in mixed
         chemical wastes.

10. Hansen, D.J.  1978.  LABORATORY CULTURE OF  SHEEPSHEAD  MINNOWS (CYPRINODQN
    ]£AEIEfiAUI£).  In:  Bioassay Procedures for  Ocean Disposal Permit Program,
    Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,  FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological
    Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010.  pp. 107-108.

         Techniques used at the U.S. EPA Environmental Research  Laboratory
         in Gulf Breeze for the culture of sheepshead minnows in aquaria
         with under-substrate filters or in aquaria  supplied  with salt-
         water are described.  The procedure accommodates  planning for
         tests to assure availability of required embryos  for life-cycle
         tests, as well as sufficient juveniles for  acute  static or flow-
         through tests after acclimation for 2  weeks.

11. Hansen, David J.  1978.  IMPACT OF PESTICIDES ON THE MARINE  ENVIRONMENT.   In:
    First American-Soviet Symposium on the Biological Effects of Pollution on
    Marine Organisms, Thomas W. Duke and Anatoliy I. Simonov, editors.
    Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,  FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological
    Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-007.  pp. 126-137.

         Effects of toxicants on the entire life  cycle of  an  oviparous
         estuarine fish, Cyorinodon varieeatus. can  now  be studied; pre-
         liminary experiments reveal that this  fish  typically develops
         from an embryo to maturity in 10 to 14 weeks, with about 70$
         survival in the laboratory.  Females produce an average of eight
         eggs per day and fertilization success exceeds  90$.  Effects of
         polychlorinated biphenyl, AroclorxD^S1*, and of a pesticide,
         toxaphene, on developing communities of  estuarine animals have
         been investigated.  These studies provide data  for predicting
         pollution-induced shifts in composition  of  estuarine and animal
         communities.

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12. Hansen, D.J., P.R. Parrish, S.C. Schimmel,  and L.R.  Goodman.   1978.
    LIFE-CYCLE TOXICITY TEST USING SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODON
    VARIEGATUS).  In:  Bloassay Procedures for  Ocean Disposal Permit
    Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,  FL.   U.S.
    EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010.  pp.  109-11?.

         The method described determines effects of continuous expo-
         sure of a toxic material on sheepshead minnow embryos and fry:
         their survival and growth to adulthood, and spawning success.
         Spawning success is measured by the ability of the fish  to
         spawn naturally, number of eggs spawned, fertilization success,
         and survival of embryos and fry.  Experiment requires %  to 6
         months.
13. Hansen, David J., Steven C.  Schimmel,  Del  Wayne  Nimmo, Jack I. Lowe, Patrick
    R. Parrish, and William H. Peltier.   1978.  STATIC  METHOD  FOR ACUTE TOXICITY
    TESTS USING FISH AND MACROINVERTEBRATES.   In:  Bioassay Procedures for Ocean
    Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research  Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.
    U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,  EPA-600-9-78-010.  pp. 89-96.

         Procedures are described for acute toxicity tests with fish in
         containers 15 to 20 cm in depth.   Tests require  saltwater in
         which healthy animals can survive throughout acclimation and
         testing without stress  as evidenced by  unusual behavior or dis-
         cloration.  Appropriate test animals  and test  materials are
         specified.

14. Hansen, David J,,, Steven C.  Schimmel,  Del  Wayne  Nimmo, Jack I. Lowe, Patrick
    R. Parrish, and William H. Peltier.   1978.  FLOW-THROUGH METHODS FOR ACUTE
    TOXICITY TESTS USING FISH AND MACROINVERTEBRATES.   In:  Bioassay Procedures
    for Ocean Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research  Laboratory, Gulf
    Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research  Series, EPA-600/9-78-010.  pp.
    97-106.

         Continuous-flow (often  referred  to as flow-through) bioassays are
         preferred over static tests in evaluating certain types of wastes
         to be disposed of at sea,  particularly  those with high biochemical
         oxygen demands and those that are unstable  or  volatile.  Many test
         species of fish and macroinvertebrates  have high metabolic rates
         and are difficult to maintain in  jars or tanks of standing sea-
         water.  A method is described for a 96-hr,  flow-through bioassay
         on marine fish and macroinvertebrates appropriate for the evalu-
         ation of wastes.

15. Jackson, Betty P.,  editor.  1978.  RESEARCH  REVIEW.  1977.  Environmental
    Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.   U.S.  EPA  Ecological Research Series,
    EPA-600/9-78-014,  64 p.

         This report  summarizes  results of aquatic research conducted by
         the Environmental Research Laboratory,  Gulf Breeze, Florida,
         Office of Research and  Development, U.S. Environmental Protection

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         Agency from January 1  to  December 30,  1977.  The research program
         examines the impact of pesticides and  other organic compounds on
         marine species and  communities, and seeks to develop new metho-
         dology for determining ecological hazards of chemical substances
         under simulated natural conditions.  Projects are outlined under
         four categories:  research  related to  toxicological testing; bio-
         logical processes and  effects;  development of offshore oil re-
         sources;  and Kepone in the  marine environment.  Investigations
         conducted at the laboratory's Atlantic Coast field station at
         Bears Bluff, South  Carolina, also are  reviewed  for the year 1977.

16. Jackson,  Betty P.,  editor.   1978.  SYMPOSIUM ON PROTECTING THE MARINE
    ENVIRONMENT:  RESEARCH AND  REGULATION.  Environmental Research Laboratory,
    Gulf Breeze, FL.   U.S. EPA  Ecological Reporting Series, EPA-600/9-78-006.
    38  p.

         This symposium focuses on the essential role of research and
         regulatory agencies in protecting marine ecosystems.  Purpose
         of the symposium is to commemorate dedication of a new toxi-
         cological test facility at  the  U.S. Environmental Protection
         Agency's Environmental Research Laboratory in Gulf Breeze,
         Florida,  on October 7, 1977.  Participants define the special
         function of the federal agency  scientist, the social responsi-
         bility of the scientist,  and the need  for research in support
         of environmental regulation.  Historical and future objectives
         of the Gulf Breeze  Laboratory are also reviewed.

17. Koch, Robert B.   1978.   DETERMINATION OF THE SITE(S) OF ACTION OF SELECTED
    PESTICIDES BY AN ENZYMATIC-IMMUNOBIOLOGICAL APPROACH.  Environmental Research
    Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
    SPA-600/3-78-093.  29 p.

         This report describes  development of an antibody to an organo-
         chlorine pesticide  to  be  used in studies related to its inhibi-
         tion of the ATPase  system.  Kelevan, the condensation product
         of ethyl levulinate and Kepone, was successfully conjugated to
         bovine serum albumin (BSA), fibrinogen (BF), and gamma globulin
         (BGG).  Rabbits and chickens preimmunized with  BSA and then immu-
         nized with BSA-Kelevan produced antibodies to both the hapten,
         Kelevan,  and the carrier  protein BSA.  Antiserum to Kelevan pro-
         tected ATPase activity against  Kepone  and its derivatives.  The
         titer of antibody to Kelevan was critical since antiserura with
         only trace amounts  of  Kelevan antibody failed to protect the
         ATPase activity against Kepone  inhibition.  Antibody was con-
         centrated by Na2SOij fractional  precipitation of the antiserura
         and  obtained in pure form by affinity  chromatography with BGG-
         Kel  covalently linked  to  Sepharose 4B.  Pure antibody was ob-
         tained from untreated  blood serum or plasma with no prior pre-
         treatment or fractionation  with the BGG-Kel affinity column.
         Complete protection of mitochondrial rag^+ATPase activity from
                  inhibition of Kepone was obtained with a 1.2 rag

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         quantity of Na2S04 fractionated antibody and only 120  yg  of
         pure antibody.   Reversal of ATPase inhibition was readily ob-
         tained by addition of antibody prior to addition  of substrate
         to the reaction mixture.

18. Nimmo,  D.R., T.L. Hamaker, and C.A. Sommers.  1978. CULTURING THE MYSID
    (MYSIDQPSIS BAHIA) IN FLOWING SEAWATER  OR A STATIC SYSTEM.   In:   Bioassay
    Procedures for Ocean Disposal Permit Program.   Environmental Research
    Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,  FL.   U.S.  EPA  Ecological Research  Series,
    EPA-600/9-73-010.  pp. 59-60.

         Methods are described for the  culture of the bay  mysid, Mysidoosis
         bahia, for life-cycle toxicity tests in (1)  flowing seawater and
         (2) a re-circulating aquarium.  The mysid is considered a practical
         organism for toxicological and physiological studies during sensitive
         stages of development.

19. Nimmo,  D.R., T.L. Hamaker, and C.A. Sommers.  1978. ENTIRE LIFE-CYCLE
    TOXICITY TEST USING  MYSIDS (MYSIDQPSIS  BAHIA)  IN  FLOWING WATER.   In:  Bioassay
    procedures for Ocean Disposal Permit Program,  Environmental Research
    Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,  FL.   U.S.  EPA  Ecological Research  Series,
    EPA-600/9-73-010.  pp. 64-68.

         Procedures of a method  are outlined for determining effects of
         continuous exposure of a pollutant on the survival,  reproduction,
         growth, and behavior of a crustacean, MvsidoDsis  _b_ahia, through-
         out a life cycle.  The  test species can be captured from  small
         shallow ponds fed by saltwater with a small  fish  net or a 3- to
         4-foot push net of small mesh.

20. Parrish, Patrick R., Elizabeth E. Dyar, Joanna M. Enos,  and William G. Wilson.
    1978.  CHRONIC TOXICITY OF CHLORDANE, TRIFLURALIN, AND PENTACHLOROPHENOL TO
    SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINQDQN VARIEGATUS) .  Environmental  Research
    Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,  FL.   U.S.  EPA  Ecological Research  Series,
    EPA-600/3-78-010.  53 p.

         Test results are reported of exposures of sheepshead minnows
         (Cvprinodon variejga.tus)  to three chemicals—chlordane, triflur-
         alin, or pentachlorophenol—in flowing, natural seawater  to deter-
         mine acute and  chronic  (full life-cycle)  effects.

         Mortality of parental fish exposed to mean measured chlordane
         concentrations  2.2.8 yg/1 was significantly greater than that
         of control fish.  Hatch of juveniles from embryos of parental
         fish exposed to 2.0-8 ug/1 was  significantly  less  than  hatch
         of control juveniles.  The estimated maximum acceptable toxi-
         cant concentration (MATC) was  >0.5<0.8 yg/1  and the applica-
         tion factor (AF) limits, 0.04-0.06.

         Exposure zo mean measured trifluralin concentrations 29.6 yg/1
         significantly decreased growth of  parental fish.   Fecundity of

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         parental fish exposed to concentrations ^.U.8  yg/1 was signifi-
         cantly less than that of control  fish.  Survival and growth of
         second generation fish were significantly  less than the control
         in concentrations 2.9.6 vig/1.   The estimated MATC was >1.3<^.8
         pg/1 and the AF limits, 0.007-0.025.

         Mortality of parental sheepshead  minnows exposed to mean measured
         pentachlorophenol concentrations  >88 yg/1  was significantly greater
         than mortality of control fish.   The estimated MATC was >U7<88 yg/1
         and the AF limits, 0.11-0.20.

21. Tyler-Schroeder, Dana Beth.  1978.   CULTURE OF  THE GRASS SHRIMP  (fALAEMONETES
    PUGIO) IN THE LABORATORY.   In:  Bioassay Procedures for Ocean Disposal Permit
    Program, Environmental Research Labortory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecologi-
    cal Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010.  pp. 69-72.

         The grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugior is useful  in assessing
         toxicity of various materials.  It is (1)  easily cultured  in the
         laboratory and sensitive to toxicants, and (2) can be exposed to
         toxicants in flow-through aquaria throughout  its life cycle.
         Culture and holding procedures are described.

22. Tyler-Schroeder, D.B.  1978.  STATIC BIOASSAY PROCEDURE USING GRASS  SHRIMP
    (PALAEMQNETES SP.) LARVAE.  In:  Bioassay Procedures  for Ocean  Disposal  Permit
    Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA
    Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010.   pp. 73-82.

         Procedures are outlined for static 96-hr bioassays with the grass
         shrimp larvae, Palaemonetes sp.   Three species of the genus, £..
         pugjo. vulgarisr and intermedius are easily collected in the
         field and maintained in the laboratory.  Spawning can be induced  in
         the laboratory by manipulating temperature and  light.  Developing
         larvae have demonstrated a greater susceptibility to polychlori-
         nated hydrocarbons than observed in adults or juveniles.

23. Tyler-Schroeder, Dana Beth.  1978.   ENTIRE LIFE-CYCLE TOXICITY  TEST  USING
    GRASS SHRIMP (PALAEMQNETES PUGIQ HOLTHUIS).  In:   Bioassay Procedures  for
    Ocean Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,
    FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010.  pp. 83-88.

         A method to assess toxicity of a material  to  all life stages of
         the grass shrimp in flow-through systems is described.  Tests are
         conducted throughout the life cycle of the shrimp—from juvenile
         stage of the parental generation, sexual maturation and reproduc-
         tion, through hatching, larval development and growth of the F-j
         generation to juvenile stage.   Thereafter, tests may terminate,
         or exposures can be continued if a determination of effects on
         F-] reproduction and F2 larval development  is  required.

24. Vernberg, F.J., W. Kitchens, H. McKellar, K. Summers, and R. Bonnell.  1978.
    THE DYNAMICS OF AN ESTUARY AS A NATURAL ECOSYSTEM, VOL. II.  Environmental

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    Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
    EPA-600/3-78-092.  29 p.

         This report describes two separate but interrelated substudies:
         an update of the macroecosystem model of the North Inlet Estuary
         near Georgetown, SC, and a continuing study of experimental salt-
         marsh microecosystems.  The model is under development to help
         understand the interactions of various parts of a natural eco-
         system.  The principal objective of the study is to develop and
         test replicate experimental salt-marsh units at the microecosys-
         tem level as diagnostic tools for assessing long- and short-term
         pollution effects on the Soartina alterniflora salt-marsh commu-
         nity.

         Because of the complexity, this study was conceived as a five-
         year work.  Two years of study (March 1, 1976, to February 28,
         1978) are reported.  A summary of the first phase of this research
         is contained in the Ecological Research Series (EPA-600/3-77-016,
         January 1977).

25. Walker, William W.  1978.  INSECTICIDE PERSISTENCE IN NATURAL SEAWATER AS
    AFFECTED BY SALINITY, TEMPERATURE, AND STERILITY.  Environmental Research
    Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,  EPA-
    600/3-78-044.  25 p.

         Effects of temperature, salinity, and sterility on the degrada-
         tion of malathion, parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon, and
         methoxychlor in fresh and estuarine water under controlled con-
         ditions are reported.  Surface water samples of 1, 10, 20, and 28
         °/oo salinity were amended with these insecticides and incubated
         in the dark at 30°, 20°, and 10°C under sterile and nonsterile
         conditions.  Insecticide abatement was followed by electron-capture
         gas-liquid chromatographic techniques.

         No significant differences between sterile and nonsterile treat-
         ments were observed for any of the insecticide studies; the
         effect of increasing temperature was highly significant with
         regard to increased degradation of malathion, parathion, methyl
         parathion, and diazinon.  Methoxychlor reflected the recalci-
         trance characteristic of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecti-
         cides throughout 84 days of incubation and was not significantly
         affected by salinity, temperature, or sterility.  Salinity effects
         were varied among the four organophosphates:  highly significant
         for malathion and diazinon, significant for methyl parathion,
         and not significant for parathion.

26. Wilkes, Frank G.  1978.  MICROCOSMS AS BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF POLLUTION.
    In:  First American-Soviet Symposium on the Biological Effects of Pollution on
    Marine Organisms, Thomas W. Duke and Anatoliy I. Simonov, editors.
    Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological
    Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-007.  pp. 155-56.

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          Research conducted and supported by the Environmental Research
          Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, to develop microcosms as a method for
          investigating pollutant fate and effects in the environment is
          described.  Ecosystem compartments under investigation include
          direct accumulation from water and food by organisms at all
          trophic levels, bioaccumulation through food chains, direct
          effects of pollutants on organisms, i.e., mortality, reproduc-
          tion and behavior, and indirect effects of sublethal levels of
          pollutants, such as changes in predator-prey relationships.
          Microbial processes at both air-water and sediment-water inter-
          faces are investigated as well as physical and chemical trans-
          formations .
    1977

27.  Ahearn, Donald G., S.A. Crow, and W.L. Cook.   1977.   MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS
     WITH PESTICIDES IN ESTUARINE SURFACE SLICKS.   Environmental Research
     Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, PL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,  EPA-600/3-
     77-050.  22 p.

          This report describes estuarine surface  films from Escambia Bay,
          Florida, and adjacent waters sampled by  the membrane adsorption
          technique to enumerate microbial populations.  Samples of the
          upper 10 urn of estuarine surface films yielded  microbial popula-
          tions up to 10^ ml~1 or 10^ cm~2.  These populations were 10
          to 100 times greater than those in underlying waters of 10 cm.  Pre-
          dominant bacteria in surface films as isolated  on Marine Agar  were
          motile, nonpigmented, gram-negative rods.  Colony-forming units
          of yeasts and molds on Mycological Agar  prepared with 50$ seawater
          were found in concentrations to 101* ml'1 or 28  cm~2.  The predomi-
          nant surface film isolates from Marine agar were proeolytic and
          amylolytic but exhibited only weak to negligible hydrocarbono-
          clastic and lipolytic activities.  A greater proportion of the
          surface-film bacteria, as compared to those at  10 cm depth, were
          capable of growth on freshwater media.

          With selective isolation media, amylolytic, and lipolytic bac-
          teria appeared to comprise a more significant proportion of the
          total population.  Twenty-one representative bacteria, yeasts,
          and filamentous fungi from initial sampling of  surface micro-
          layers were tested for the effects of selected  pesticides on
          utilization of various substrates.  One  bacterium was sensi-
          tive to PCB formulations.  In subsequent studies with 53 iso-
          lates representative of more diverse physiological groups,
          o-chloro-napthalene, PCB 1016, and pentachlorophenol were inhibi-
          tory to a large portion of the isolates  and heptachlor, biphenyl,
          pyrene, and PCB 1016 significantly reduced hexadecane utilization.
                                          10

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 28. Caldwell, Richard S.   1977.   BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON THE DUNGENESS
    CRAB.  Environmental  Research Laboratory,   Gulf Breeze,  FL.   U.S. EPA
    Ecological Research Series,  EPA-600/3-77-131.   125 p.

         The toxicity of  nine pesticides to various life history stages
         of the Dungeness crab,  Cancer magistert  is examined to  estab-
         lish the most sensitive life stage of the crab, and the highest
         concentration of each pesticide having no discernible effect on
         the most sensitive stage during prolonged exposures.  The com-
         pounds tested were the insecticides carbofuran, chlordane,
         malathion, and methoxychlorj the herbicides 2,4-D,  DEF,  propanil,
         and trifluralin; and the fungicide captan.

 29. Colwell, Rita R., and Gary S. Sayler.  1977.   EFFECTS  AND INTERACTIONS  OF
    POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCB) WITH ESTUARINE  MICROORGANISMS AND SHELLFISH.
    Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological
    Research Series, EPA-600/3-77-070.  45 p.

         This report describes the role of estuarine bacteria in the
         mobilization, transport, and removal  of polychlorinated biphe-
         nyls (PCB's) in  estuarine environments.   A secondary impact of
         PCB contamination of estuarine systems is reported:  the PCB-
         stress-induced accumulation and depuration of enteric bacteria
         by shellfish, i.e., the Chesapeake Bay oyster,  Crassostrea
         virginica.

         In this report,  bacteria uninhibited  by PCB,  but  capable of
         growth in the presence of PCB, are defined as PCB-resistant.
         PCB-resistant bacteria are shown to be distributed  ubiqui-
         tously throughout the estuarine and marine environments
         sampled.  Residence time of PCB in estuarine  and  marine envi-
         ronments is considered to be sufficiently long  to induce stress
         upon estuarine animals.

30. Crane,  Allan M., and  Anne E. Freeman.  1977.   WATER-SOFTENING AND CONDITIONING
    EQUIPMENT:  A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF WATER CONTAMINATION.  Environmental Research
    Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological  Research Series,  EPA-600/3-
    77-107.  8 p.

         Chloroform, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene  as well as two
         unidentified compounds were adsorbed  from contaminated  ground water
         onto anion-cation exchange resins during  their  regeneration and
         cleaning at the  distributing plant.  Contaminants leached into
         water passed through the resins after distribution  resulted in
         contamination of deionized water supplies of  users.  Concentra-
         tions of chloroform and trichloroethene,  greater  in filtered
         water than concentrations observed in contaminated  ground water,
         indicate the ability of resins to concentrate these compounds.
         Regeneration and cleaning of contaminated resins  by commercial
         procedures with  clean water is ineffective.   Contaminated resins,
         which leached 60 yg/1 of chloroform into  water, leached  M7 yg/1
                                         11

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         after being returned to the distributor and regenerated with
         clean water.  Need for an increased awareness of the limits of
         ion resins and stricter water quality control of distributors
         are indicated.

31. Davis, William P., Douglas P. Middaugh, James H. Carpenter,  George R.  Helz,
    and Morris H. Roberts, Jr.  1977.  THE CHEMISTRY AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
    CHLORINATION OF SEAWATER:  A SUMMARY OF EPA RESEARCH PROJECTS.   In: Program
    Review Proceedings of Environmental Effects of Energy Related Activities on
    Marine/Estuarine Ecosystems.  EPA Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry and
    Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.  U.S. EPA Ecological
    Research Series, EPA-600/7-77-111.  pp. 175-185.

         Since 1975, The Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory's
         Bears Bluff Field Station near Charleston, SC, has coordinated
         a study of the marine aspects of chlorination.  This research,
         and grants supported by EPA's Office of Energy, Minerals and
         Industry (OEMI) are designed to establish a scientific  basis
         for decisions guiding future energy production and usage,  as
         well as environmental protection measures.  This report sum-
         marizes results of this research.  Needs of further investiga-
         tions are discussed.

32. Engler, Robert M., and Frank G. Wilkes, editors.  1977.  ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION
    OF PROPOSED DISCHARGE OF DREDGED  MATERIAL INTO OCEAN WATERS:  IMPLEMENTATION
    MANUAL FOR SECTION 103 OF PUBLIC  LAW 92:532 (MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH, AND
    SANCTUARIES ACT of 1972).  U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
    Vicksburg, MS.  19 p.

         Procedures are presented for evaluating potential environmental
         impacts of the discharge of dredged materials in ocean  waters.
         This evaluation is required  in applications for permits for ocean
         disposal of dredged materials.  The manual contains guidelines
         developed by the EPA/Corps of Engineers Technical Committee on
         Criteria for Dredged and Fill Material,

33. Hansen, David J.,  Del Wayne R. Nimmo, Steven C. Schimmel, Gerald E. Walsh, and
    Alfred J. Wilson,  Jr.  1977.  EFFECTS OF KEPONE ON ESTUARINE ORGANISMS.  In:
    Recent Advances in Fish Toxicology, a Symposium.  U.S. Environmental
    Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, EPA-600/3-77-085.  pp. 20-30.

         Results of laboratory toxicity tests to determine the effects
         and accumulations of Kepone  in estuarine algae, mollusks,  crus-
         taceans, and fishes are reported.  In these tests, nominal
         Kepone concentrations calculated to decrease algal growth by
         50$ in static, 7-day bioassays are:  350 yg/1, Chlorococoum
         sp.; 580 ug/1, Duna,liella tertiolecta: 600 pg/1, Nitzschia
         sp.; and 600  pg/1, Thalassiosira pseudonana.  Measured  Kepone
         concentrations calculated to cause 50% mortality in flowing-
         seawater toxicity tests lasting 96 hr are:  10 pg/1 for the
         mysid shrimp (Mvsidopsis bahia); 120 pg/1 for the grass shrimp
                                        12

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         (Palaemonetea pugj.9); >210 yg/1 for the blue crab (Caljinectea
                   70 pg/l for the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon
         variegatu,s) ; and 6.6 yg/1 for the spot (Leioatomus
         Bioconcentration factors (concentration in whole animals divided
         by concentration measured in water) in these tests are shown to
         be greatest for fishes (950 to 1,900) and least for grass shrimp
         (420 to 930).

34.  Parrish, Patrick R., Elizabeth E. Dyar, Mark A. Lindberg, Chiara M. Shanika,
    and Joanna M, Enos,  1977.  CHRONIC TOXICITY OF METHOXYCHLOR , MALATHION, AND
    CARBOFURAN TO SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODOH VARIEGATUS) .  Environmental
    Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
    EPA-600/3-77-059.  36 p.

         Sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon variegatus) were exposed to each
         of three pesticides — methoxychlor, malathion, and carbofuran — in
         flowing seawater to determine the acute and chronic (partial
         life-cycle) effects.

         Mortality of adult fish exposed to concentrations of methoxychlor
         >23 yg/1 and hatching success of fry from eggs spawned by fish
         exposed to 23 yg/1 were significantly different from the control.
         The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was estimated
         to be >12<23 yg/1; application factor (AF) limits were 0.21-0.47.

         Mortality of adult fish exposed to concentrations of malathion
         X18 yg/1 and mortality of fry hatched from eggs spawned by
         fish exposed to 9 and 18 yg/1 were significantly different from
         the control.  The MATC was estimated to >4<9 ug/1; AF limits were
         0.08-0.18.

         Mortality of adult fish exposed to concentrations of carbofuran
         >49 v-g/1, hatching success of fry from eggs spawned by fish
         exposed ~o 49 yg/1, and mortality of fry hatched from eggs
         spawned by fish exposed to 23 and 49 yg/1 were significantly
         different from the control.  The MATC was estimated to >15<23
         yg/1; AF limits were 0.04-0.06.

35.  Sikka, Harish C., and Gary L. Butler.  1977.  EFFECTS OF SELECTED WASTEWATER
    CHLORINATION PRODUCTS AND CAPTAN ON MARINE ALGAE.  Environmental Research
    Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-
    77-029.  38 p.

         Effects of stable chloro-organic compounds formed during chlori-
         nation of sewage effluents on growth of marine unicellular algae
         are reported.  Captan suppressed growth of Dunaliella tertiolecta
         and Porphyridium cruentum at 5 parts per million  (ppm).  Growth of
         Skeletonema costatum was inhibited by 0.25 ppm captan; 3-Chloro-
         benzoic acid inhibited growth of £• costatum at 10 ppm but had
         no effect on D_. tertiolecta or £. cruentum.  There was no effect
         of 1-10 ppm 5-chlorouracil on £. costatum r but growth of
                                         13

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          £<  tertiolecta  was  stimulated  initially.  Growth of 2.. costatum
          was inhibited by 1  ppm 4-chlororesorcinol, and 10 ppm inhibited
          growth of £.  cruentum.   At  1 ppm, 3-chlorophenol stimulated
          growth of all three species, but growth of £.. costatum was
          inhibited by  2.5 ppm.   A combination of 3-chlorophenol and
          4-chlororesorcinol  interacted  synergistically to reduce growth
          of  5..  costatum.

          It  is  concluded that chloro-organic compounds formed during chlor-
          ination of  sewage effluent  are not an immediate threat to marine
          unicellular algae.

36.  Summers,  Max D.  1977.   CHARACTERIZATION OF SHRIMP BACULOVIRUS.  Environmental
     Research Laboratory,  Gulf Breeze, PL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
     EPA-600/3-77-130.  36 p.

          The research  described  involves the partial characterization of a
          baculovirus of  the  pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum.  The signifi-
          cance  of the  study  relates  to  the fact that the shrimp baculovirus
          is  morphologically  similar  to  insect baculoviruses that were con-
          sidered unique  to insect arthropods prior to the discovery of
          shrimp nuclear  polyhedrosis baculovirus (NPV).  Further, insect
          baculoviruses are being developed and applied as microbial pesti-
          cides  for the control  of certain agricultural insect pests.
          Baculovirus diseases in pests  of agricultural or medical impor-
          tance  are considered a  desirable relationship, but a baculovirus
          infection in  shrimp is  undesirable.

          The  biochemical,  structural, and, when appropriate, biological
          properties  of the shrimp virus are compared to known and charac-
          terized properties of  insect baculoviruses, both granulosis and
          NPV's.   Evidence for any structural relatedness of the shrimp
          NPV  to insect NPV's is  confirmed in cross-reactions of purified
          shrimp NPV  polyhedrin and infected shrimp tissues.

37.   Vernberg, F.J.,  R. Bonnell,  B. Coull, R. Dame, Jr., P. DeCoursey, W. Kitchens,
     Jr.,  B. Kjerfve, H. Stevenson, W. Vernberg, and R. Zingmark.  1977.  THE
     DYNAMICS  OF AN ESTUARY AS A  NATURAL ECOSYSTEM.  Environmental Research
     Laboratory,  Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-
     77-016.   86  p.

          This report summarizes  the  first two years of a proposed five-year
          study  of the  dynamics of a  relatively undisturbed estuary-marshland
          ecosystem,  the North Inlet  Estuary near Georgetown, SC.  Two sub-
          studies are described:   a macroecosystem substudy and a microeco-
          system substudy.  Objectives of the macroecosystem study include:
          (1)  to establish baseline data on an undisturbed estuary as a
          basis  for comparative studies on effects of various pollutant
          stress  on other  estuarine environments;  (2) to develop models of
          an estuarine  ecosystem  to predict probable effects of environ-
          mental  perturbation.  Principal objective of the microecosystem
                                        14

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         study include development and testing of replicate experimental
         saltmarsh units at the microecosystem level as diagnostic tools
         to assess long- and short-term pollution effects on the Soartina
         alterniflora salt-marsh community.

         A conceptual model of energy flow for the entire marsh estuarine
         ecosystem developed as three sub-models is described.   Completion
         of a simulation of the water column submodel and a linear systems
         model of an inter-tidal oyster community is reported.

38.  Wilkes, Frank G., and Robert M.  Engler,  editors.   1977.   FIRST ANNUAL REPORT:
    ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY/CORPS  OF ENGINEERS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON
    CRITERIA FOR DREDGED AND FILL MATERIAL.   U.S.  Army Engineer Waterways
    Experiment Station,  Vicksburg,  MS.  41  p.

         The EPA/Ccrps of Engineers  Technical Committee on Criteria for
         Dredged and Fill Material coordinates and disseminates results
         of research related to criteria and guidelines for  regulating
         the discharge of dredged and fill material as mandated by Public
         Laws 92-500 and 92-532.  The committee's  first annual  report out-
         lines the purpose of its six subcommittees and its  research pri-
         orities.   Ongoing research  programs of participating agencies
         are listed.
   1976

39.  Bookhout,  Cazlyn G.,  and  John  D.  Costlow, Jr.   1976.  EFFECTS OF MIREX,
    METHOXYCHLOR,  AND MALATHION  ON DEVELOPMENT OF  CRABS.  Environmental  Research
    Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,  FL.   U.S.  EPA  Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-
    76-007.   85 p.

         Results of laboratory experiments  to determine the effects of
         mirex, methoxychlor, and  malathion on the first larval  develop-
         ment  of Callinectes  sapidus  from hatching until the  first crab
         stage are described.  Comparison is made  with similar investiga-
         tions to  ascertain effects of  methoxychlor and malathion on lar-
         val development  of Rhithropanopeus harrisii.

         The effect  of a  range of  concentrations of each insecticide on
         survival  of larvae of C_.  sapidus and R.. harrisii is  shown as
         well  as sublethal and lethal concentrations.  Zoeal  and total
         development to the first  crab  stage of R..  harrisii and  £.
         sapidus are found to be prolonged  in relation to increased con-
         centrations of methoxychlor  and malathion.  Other sublethal
         effects of methoxychlor and  malathion observed include  abnormal
         development of the pleopods  of male R.. harrisii and  male C_.
         sapidus early crab stages, and autotomy of the legs  of  R..
         harrisii  megalopa and early  crab stages.   The developmental
                                        15

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         stages in which larvae are particularly sensitive vary in the
         two species and with the three insecticides.  Mirex residues of
         £.. saoidus larvae reared in different concentrations of rairex,
         and methoxychlor residues of £.. harrisii and £. saoidus larvae
         reared in concentrations of methoxychlor are described.

 40. Bourquin, Al W., and D.G. Ahearn.  1976.  MICROBIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF
    ESTUARINE SURFACE MICROLAYERS.  In:  Proceedings of the International
    Symposium on Marine Pollution Research, January 27-29, 1976, Environmental
    Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL, Samuel P. Meyers, editor.  U.S. EPA
    Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-032.  pp. 89-96.

         Organic microlayers occur at the air-water interface at most
         bodies of water.  This paper reviews microbiological analyses
         of surface microlayer that show inshore films yielding microbial
         populations up to 10^/ml"1 or TO^/cm"2.  Concentrated surface
         slick samples separated on a silica gel column, and various frac-
         tions, indicate the presence of electrophilic compounds coupled
         with the higher abundance of hydrocarbons.  It is hoped that con-
         firmed identification of these compounds will yield information on
         the possible fate of chlorinated hydrocarbons in surface films.

41. Butler, Philip A. and Jack I. Lowe.  1976.  FLOWING SEAWATER TOXICITY TEST
    USING OYSTERS (CRASSQSTREA VIR6INICA).  In:  Bioassay Procedures for the Ocean
    Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.
    U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-010.  pp. 81-83.

         A "specific bioassay" for evaluating short-term effects of speci-
         fic wastes on marine mollusks is described.  The procedure is
         recommended only for use with the commercial Eastern oyster,
         Crassostrea virginica, and requires flowing, unfiltered sea-
         water.  The test is used at the Environmental Research Laboratory,
         Gulf Breeze, to evaluate the effects of insecticides, herbicides,
         and other toxic organics on oysters.

42. Coppage, David L.  1976.  FISH BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION ASSAY.
    In:  Bioassay Procedures for the Ocean Disposal Permit Program, Environmental
    Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
    EPA-600/9-76-010.  pp. 91-95.

         Procedure is described for determining the effect of materials
         to be dumped in the ocean on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in fish
         brains.  This test pertains to nerve poisons that disrupt nerve
         impulse transmission by inhibiting AChE, the enzyme that modulates
         levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.  This procedure is
         not necessary for materials containing no AChE-inhibiting poisons.

43. Coppage, David L.  1976.  BIOASSAYS AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION EFFECTS.  In:
    Proceedings of the International Symposium on Marine Pollution Research,
    January 27-29, 1976, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL,
                                          16

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    Samuel P. Meyers, editor.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
    EPA-600/9-76-0-12.  pp. 131-139.

         Marine bioassays are used to determine a pollutant's (a) poten-
         tial to harm organisms, (b) persistence and degradability, (c)
         rate of accumulation and loss in organisms consumed by other
         organisms, (d) mode of action on organisms.  This paper describes
         three interrelated bioassays (macroscopic, microscopic, and meta-
         bolic) used at the U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory,
         Gulf Breeze.  Results of bioassays are cited as examples of their
         variety arid application.

44. EPA Ocean Disposal Bioassay Working Group.  1976.  BIOASSAY PROCEDURES FOR THE
    OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMIT PROGRAM.  Environmental Research Laboratory,  Gulf
    Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-010.  121  p.

         This manual contains bioassay procedures developed for toxicity
         evaluations of waste materials under consideration for an Ocean
         Disposal Permit.  Nine tests are described; three are considered
         "special" and are not recommended for routine use.  Methods vary
         in utility and complexity and are to be used in accordance with
         the judgment of the EPA Regional Administrator responsible for
         the management of EPA's Ocean Disposal Permit Program.

45. Hansen, David J.  1976.  TECHNIQUES TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF TOXIC ORGANICS ON
    MARINE ORGANISMS.  In:  Water Quality Research of the U.S. Environmental
    Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-
    600/3-76-079.  pp. 63-76.

         This report describes bioassay techniques that can be used to
         determine long-term effects of one or more toxicants on the sur-
         vival, growth, and fertility of individual species of mollusks,
         arthropods, or fish and on communities of estuarine organisms.
         These studies provide data for predicting pollution-induced
         shifts in composition of estuarine animal communities.

46. Hansen, David J., and Steven C. Schimmel.  1976.  CHRONIC BIOASSAY USING
    SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS).  In:  Bioassay Procedures for the
    Ocean Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory,  Gulf Breeze,
    Fl.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-010.  pp. 69-80.

         A procedure is described for determining the effect of a material
         on survival of sheepshead minnow embryos and fry, their growth
         to adulthood, and spawning success.  The latter is measured by the
         ability of pairs of fish to spawn naturally, fecundity, fertiliza-
         tion success, and survival of embryos and fry.  This test has
         several limitations and is not considered valid for toxicity
         assessment of all materials.

47. Hansen, David J., Steven C. Schimmel, Del Wayne Nimmo, Jack I. Lowe, Patrick
    R. Parrish, and William H. Peltier.  1976.  CONTINUOUS-FLOW METHOD FOR ACUTE
                                          17

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     TOXICITY TESTS USING  FISH  AND MACROINVERTEBRATES.  In:  Bioassay Procedures
     for the Ocean Disposal  Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
     Breeze, FL.   U.S.  EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-010.  pp.
     69-80.

          Continuous-flow  (often  referred  to as flow-through) bioassays
          are preferred over static  tests  in evaluating certain types of
          wastes  to be  disposed of at sea, particularly those with high
          biochemical oxygen demands and those that are unstable or vola-
          tile.   Many test species of fish and macroinvertebrates have
          high metabolism  rates and  are difficult to maintain in jars or
          tanks of standing  seawater.  A method is described for a 96-hr,
          flow-through  bioassay on marine  fish and macroinvertebrates
          appropriate for  the evaluation of wastes.

48.  Lincer, Jeffrey L., Marita E. Haynes, and Marian L. Klein.  1976.  THE
     ECOLOGICAL IMPACT  OF  SYNTHETIC  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS.
     Environmental Research  Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological
     Research Series, EPA-600/3-76-075.  353 p.

          This review and  indexed bibliography concerns the presence and
          effects of pesticides (i.e., insecticides, herbicides, fungi-
          cides,  etc.)  and industrial toxicants in the estuarine eco-
          system.   Industrial toxicants primarily include polychlorinated
          biphenyls, although phthalate esters, polychlorinated terphenyls,
          chlorinated dibenzo-dioxins, and dibenzofurans also are discussed.
          The review covers  literature of  the last decade, emphasizing the
          most recent 5  years.  However, the 700-plus references in the
          bibliography  span  a wider  range.  A permuted keyword retrieval
          system  (SPINDEX) allows practical use of the bibliography.

49.  Meyers,  Samuel P.,  editor.   1976.  PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
     ON  MARINE POLLUTION RESEARCH, January 27-29, 1976, Environmental Research
     Laboratory,  Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-
     76-032.   171  p.

          The International  Symposium on Marine Pollution Research focuses
          on the  continual and  increasing  pollution of the marine environ-
          ment, particularly the  adverse effects of marine pollution on the
          production of protein from the sea.  Participants examine environ-
          mental  problems  of global  and national interest, including:
          effects of urban development, mercury, and petrochemicals on
          the marine environment; effect of natural siltation and petro-
          chemicals on  shrimp and other marine life; mass-balance equa-
          tions dealing with the  movement  of pollutants from air masses
          to the  ocean;  movement  of  mercury and petroleum in large "water-
          shed areas" into the  marine environment.

50.  Middaugh, D.P., and W.P. Davis.  1976.  IMPACT OF CHLORINATION PROCESSES ON
     MARINE  ECOSYSTEMS.  In:  Water  Quality Criteria Research of the U.S.
                                          18

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    Environmental Protection Agency,  Cincinnati,  OH.
    Series, EPA-600/3-76-079.  pp. 46-82.
U.S. EPA Ecological Research
         The use of chlorine as a disinfectant and antifouling agent is
         reviewed.  Chemical reactions of chlorine in aquatic environments
         are discussed, with particular emphasis on the formation of halo-
         genated organic constituents in freshwater and marine systems.
         Studies of the effect of chlorinated sewage effluents and cooling
         water fron generating stations on marine organisms and ecosystems
         are summarized.

51. Richards, Norman L.  1976.  RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MARINE POLLUTION RESEARCH
    WITHIN FEDERAL AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES.  In:   Proceedings of the
    International Symposium on Marine Pollution Research,  January 27-29,  1976,
    Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL, Samuel P. Meyers,  editor,
    U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-032.  pp. 5-11.

         The role of federal agencies delegated responsibilities in off-
         shore oil exploration and development is discussed.  Major pro-
         grams being implemented by ERDA, NOAA, the Fish and Wildlife
         Service (FWS), and EPA are described, and problems related to
         the assessment of the potential impact of offshore oil explora-
         tion are reviewed.

52. Sikka, Harish C.t Gary L. Butler, and Clifford P. Rice.  1976.  EFFECTS,
    UPTAKE, AND METABOLISM OF METHOXYCHLOR,  MIREX, AND 2,4-D IN SEAWEEDS.
    Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological
    Research Series, EPA-600/3-76-OU8. 39 p.

         This study concerns the effects, uptake, and metabolism of mirex,
         methoxychlor, and 2,4-D in the seaweeds Ulva sp.,  Enteromoroha
         sp. and Rhodvmenia sp.  The pesticides, at concentrations corre-
         sponding to their maximum solubility in seawater,  had no signifi-
         cant effect on photosynthesis, protein, carbohydrate, lipid,
         chlorophyll, carotenoid or trace metal content of the algae.  All
         three algae removed substantial amounts of mirex and methoxy-
         chlor from the medium, but uptake of 2,4-D was extremely low.
         The rate of uptake of methoxychlor was considerably greater
         than that of mirex.  Enteromoroha accumulated considerably more
         mirex and methoxychlor than Ulva or Rhodvmenia.  Both Ulva and
         Enteromoroha failed to metabolize either mirex or 2,4-D.
         Enteromorpha metabolized methoxychlor to a limited extent.
         After 7 days of incubation with carbon-labelled methoxychlor, a
         major portion of the label in the tissue and medium was present
         in unchanged methoxychlor.  A small amount of radioactive metabo-
         lite, 2,2-bis (j3-methoxyphenyl}-1,1-dichloroethylene, was de-
         tected in both the tissue and medium.  In addition, medium con-
         tained 2,2-bis (p.-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane and four
         unidentified minor radioactive metabolites.  Unlike Enteromorphar
         Ulva did not metabolize methoxychlor.
                                          19

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 53. Teas, Howard J.  1976.  HERBICIDE TOXICITY IN MANGROVES.   Environmental
    Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
    EPA-600/3-76-004.  33 p.

         Effects resulting from the application of atnine salts of 2,4-D
         and picloram are investigated with the Florida species of man-
         groves:  white (Laeuncularia racemosa),  red (Rhizophora mangle),
         and black (Avicennia eerminans).  Treatments are applied to soil
         or water by aerial spray and as droplets to single leaves.  Results
         reported for white, red, and black mangroves, respectively, are:
         "lethal doses"—seedlings, 2.7, 13, and 13 kg/ha;  mature plants,
         2.7, 13 and >53 kg/ha; "tolerance doses"—seedlings, 0.01, 5.3,
         5.3 kg/ha; mature plants, 0.5, 5.3, and 53 kg/ha;  "no-effect
         doses"—seedlings, 0.01 kg/ha all species; mature plants, <0.1,
         0.5, and 2.7 kg/ha.  Tests show that spray applications of 6.3
         to 12.2 kg/ha to the canopy of a mixed-species forest cause
         partial defoliation within three weeks.   Within 16 months, all
         white mangroves and 78 to 100J of the mature red mangroves were
         killed, but mature black mangroves were not.  Radiocarbon-
         labelled picloram concentrated in dormant buds of red mangroves,
         indicating that the tree is killed by effects of the mixture.

54. Tyler-Schroeder, Dana Beth.  1976.  STATIC BIOASSAY PROCEDURE USING GRASS
    SHRIMP (PALAEMQNETES SP.) LARVAE.  In:  Bioassay Procedures for the Ocean
    Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.
    U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600-76-010.  pp. 50-60.

         Procedures are outlined for static 96-hr bioassays with the grass
         shrimp larvae, Palaemonetes sp.  Three species of the genus, £.
         Duaio. vulgaris, and intermedius are easily collected and main-
         tained in the laboratory.  Spawning can be induced in the labora-
         tory by manipulating temperature and light.  Developing larvae
         have demonstrated a greater susceptibility to polychlorinated
         hydrocarbons than that observed in adults or juveniles.
   1975
55. Bourquin, Al W.  1975.  MICROBIAL-MALATHION INTERACTION IN ARTIFICIAL
    SALT-MARSH ECOSYSTEMS:  EFFECT AND DEGRADATION.  Environmental Research
    Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-660/3-
    75-035.  41 p.

         In a simulated salt-marsh environment, malathion is degraded by
         the indigenous bacterial community.  Bacteria capable of degrading
         malathion in the presence of additional nutrients increase in the
         sediments with increasing frequency of application and in the water
         column with the increasing level of treatment.  Numbers of
                                        20

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         bacteria that degrade malathion as a sole carbon source are linked
         to the level of treatment in sediments and the frequency of treat-
         ment in the water column; however, these bacteria do not appear
         to play a significant role in the dissipation of malathion.
         Frequency of treatment apparently increases the number of
         malathion co-metabolizing bacteria that catalyze a more rapid
         dissipation of the compound, thus resulting in fewer sole
         carbon degraders.

         The disappearance of malathion in the salt-marsh environment
         is influenced by both chemical and biological degradation.  At
         temperatures below 26°C and salinities below 20 °/oo, chemi-
         cal mechanisms appear to be less important than biological degra-
         dation.

56. Bourquin, Al W., Donald G. Ahearn, and Samuel P. Meyers, editors.  1975.
    IMPACT OF THE USE OF MICROORGANISMS ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT.  Environmental
    Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
    EPA-660/3-75-001.  259 P.

         Subject of this report is examined in a symposium-workshop spon-
         sored in April 1974 by the Environmental Research Laboratory,
         Gulf Breeze, to assess the possible impact of artificially intro-
         ducing microbial insect control agents or oil-degrading agents
         into the aquatic environment.  Panelists representing govern-
         ment, academia, and industry discuss problems related to non-
         target aquatic organisms in the use of bacteria, viruses, fungi,
         and protozoa to control insect pests.  Attention is given to the
         persistence of pathogens in aquatic environments and the control
         of weeds and other non-insect pests.  Use of microorganisms to
         clean up oil spills in aquatic environments is also discussed.

57. Brown, Lewis R., Earl G. Alley, and David W. Cook.  1975.  THE EFFECT OF MIREX
    AND CARBOFURAN ON ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS.  Environmental Research
    Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-660/3-
    75-024.  47 p.

         This report describes a conceptual model of the movement and dis-
         position of pesticides in the environment.  A multi-media model is
         built up from simple modules representing basic processes and com-
         ponents of air, soil, and water.  More specific models are expo-
         sited for the atmospheric/terrestrial, freshwater/aquatic, and
         estuarine/marine environments.  Through iterative operations of
         expansion and systematic reduction of the components and processes
         these models of segments of the environment can be joined to pro-
         vide a holistic view of the disposition of a chemical and its
         attendant effects.  Ultimately systems analysis and mathematical
         simulation techniques can be employed to evaluate the fate of a
         specific chemical in a particular environment.  The authors empha-
         size the commonalities of the basic processes and components in
         the various environments.
                                          21
J.S  E^'A He:;ocu'i;it";; Library
     y?i!f;oy- 3
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58. Hansen, David J.   1975.   PCB'S:   EFFECTS ON AND ACCUMULATION BY ESTUARINE
    ORGANISMS.   In:   National Conference  on Polychlorinated Biphenyls, November
    19-21,  1975.  U.S.  EPA,  Cincinnati, OH, EPA Ecological Research Series,
    EPA-560/6-75-004.  pp. 282-283.

         Effects of PCB's on and  accumulation by  estuarine organisms in
         laboratory bioassays are described.  Aroclors  1016,  1242, and 1254
         were acutely toxic  to certain estuarine  organisms at concentrations
         greater than 10  ug/1, but these  bioassays underestimated toxicities
         of PCB's, as shown  by data  from  exposures that lasted longer than
         2  weeks. Concentrations that were lethal to selected invertebrates
         and fishes in chronic exposures  ranged from 0.1 to 5 ug/1.  Repro-
         duction of sheepshead minnows was impaired by  concentrations of
         Aroclor 1254 in  their eggs  >5 pg/1, but  this was not observed in
         eggs that contained up to 77 ug/g of Aroclor 1016.   Bioaccuraula-
         tion of PCB's in estuarine  organisms generally exceeded
         X  the  concentration in water in  laboratory studies and
         X  in the estuary.

59. Lee,  Jong H., Colin E. Nash and  Joseph R. Sylvester.  1975.  EFFECTS OF MIREX
    AND METHOXYCHLOR  ON STRIPED MULLET, MUGIL QEPHALUS  L.  Environmental Research
    Laboratory,  Gulf  Breeze, FL.   U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-660/3-
    75-015.  18  p.

         The effects  of two  chlorinated insecticides, mirex and methoxy-
         chlor,  on striped mullet, Mugil  cephalus L., are studied.  Test
         concentrations of both insecticides were 0.01, 0.1,  1.0, and 10.0
         ppm in  the dynamic  bioassay. Young juveniles  were more susceptible
         to mirex exposure than were older juveniles or adults.  No mortali-
         ties occurred in older juveniles and adults exposed  to mirex for
         96 hr.   For  young juveniles, mortalities were  highest in concen-
         trations of  0.1  and 1.0  ppm and  were less in concentrations of
         0.01 and 10.0 ppm.   Significant  amounts  of mirex residues were
         accumulated  in the  body  tissues  of the test fish; concentrations
         increased with increased environmental concentrations.  Methoxy-
         chlor  was more toxic to  mullet than mirex.  Mortalities were
         greater than 90% over a  96-hr period for all life stages studied
         at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0  ppm.   Mortality at a con-
         centration of 0.01  was 5.1$ or less for  96 hr.  Relative to mirex,
         small  amounts of raethoxychlor residues accumulated in the tissues
         of the  test  fish.   Results  of the experiments  on eggs and larvae
         were inconclusive:   egg  survival was slightly  better in mirex
         than in methoxychlor over a 96-hr period; larval survival was
         generally better in mirex than methoxychlor.

60. Walsh,  Gerald E.   1975.   UTILIZATION  OF ENERGY BY PRIMARY PRODUCTS IN FOUR
    PONDS IN NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA.  In:   Proceedings:   Biostimulation-Nutrient
    Assessment  Workshop,  October  16-17, 1973.  U.S. EPA National Environmental
    Research Center,  Corvallis, OR,  EPA-660/3-75-034.   pp. 249-274.
                                          22

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         This paper describes research concerned with seasonal changes
         in energy utilization.  The amounts of solar energy absorbed by
         photosynthetic processes in four small ponds in northwestern
         Florida in 1968 are compared with energy required for fixation
         of COj.  In this investigation, blue-green algae are the domi-
         nant phytoplanketers in all ponds during most of the year and
         attain greatest numbers between April and October; photosynthe-
         tic quotients are highest during the blue-green algae blooms.
         It is hypothesized that increased production of fat may explain
         why the energy required for C02 fixation increased in the
         summer.
     1974
'51. Gillett, James W., James Hill, IV, Alfred W. Jarvinen, and W. Peter Schoor.
    1974.  A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR THE MOVEMENT OF PESTICIDES THROUGH THE
    ENVIRONMENT:  A CONTRIBUTION OF THE EPA ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS PROGRAM.  U.S.
    EPA, Cincinnati, OH, Ecological Research Series, EPA-660/3-74-024.  79 p.

         This  investigation relates to the chemical, physical, and micro-
         biological fate of mirex and carbofuran in the estuarine environ-
         ment  and their effect(s) on important estuarine microorganisms and
         their activities.  Chemical studies on the adsorption, fate and
         hydrolysis were conducted.  The microbiological studies involved
         the use of both pure cultures and mixed cultures in a microcosm
         system and included 12 distinct physiological groups of micro-
         organisms..

         Authors conclude that neither mirex nor carbofuran have a dele-
         terious effect on estuarine bacteria under normal conditions;  no
         evidence of bioaccumulation is found.  Degradation products of
         both  compounds are shown to be toxic to some microorganisms.

62. Schoor.W. Peter.  1974.  THEORETICAL MODEL AND SOLUBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
    AROCLOrfc)1254.  In:  Water:  Problems Associated with Low-solubility Compounds
    in Aquatic Toxicity Tests.  U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, EPA-660/3-74-013.  30 p.

         A theoretical model of the behavior of substances having low water-
         solubility is presented and discussed with respect to aqueous bio-
         assay.  Ultracentrifugal techniques are used in an attempt to study
         size  distributions of Aroclor® 1254 aggregates in aqueous emul-
         sions.  Results indicate strong adsorption from emulsion by sur-
         faces and a water-solubility at 20°C of less than 0.1 yg/1 in
         distilled water and approximately 40$ of that value in water con-
         taining 30 yg/1 NaCl.  Implications with regard to aqueous bioassay
         are examined.
                                         23

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    1973
 63.  Bourquin, Al W.   1973.  IMPACT OF MICROBIAL SEED CULTURES ON THE AQUATIC
     ENVIRONMENT.  In:  Proceedings of the First Microbiology Seminar on
     Standardization of Methods.  U.S. EPA Forms and Publications Center,  Raleigh,
     NC.   EPA Environmental Monitoring Series, EPA-R4-73-022.  pp. 140-142.

          This paper focuses on studies related to the use of microbial
          seed cultures as microbiological pesticides.  Need for further
          investigation of the impact of these pesticides on the aquatic
          environment  is emphasized.

64.  Butler, Philip A.  1973.  BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN ESTUARINE MONITORING.   In:
     Proceedings of Seminar on Methodology for Monitoring the Marine Environment,
     Seattle, Washington, 1973.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Washington,
     DC, EPA-eOO/l^-OOl.  PP. 126-128.

          A surveillance program to assess the extent of persistent organo-
          chlorine pollution in the physical environment and in biota is
          discussed.   Studies conducted in the National Estuarine Monitoring
          Program show that the uptake and retention of persistent residues
          in the marine environment can vary unpredictably with the environ-
          mental element sampled.  Need for the careful design of surveil-
          lance or monitoring systems to provide answers to specific objec-
          tives is emphasized.

65.  Wilson, Alfred J., Jr., and Jerrold Forester.  1973.  METHODS AND PROBLEMS IN
     ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDES IN THE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT.  In:  Proceedings  of
     Seminar on Methodology for Monitoring the Marine Environment.  U.S. EPA,
     Washington, D.C., EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/4-7U-004.  pp.
     108-123.

          Research by  the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,
          on effects of pesticides in the marine environment is reviewed
          from 1958 to publication date.  Analytical methods employed
          under the National Pesticide Monitoring Program are defined.
          The need for adequate analytical quality control in marine
          monitoring is discussed.
                                         24

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   Journal  Articles
    Articles listed below have been published  in  scientific journals.  The
    research described has been performed  by staff of the Environmental Research
    Laboratory, Gulf Breeze (ERL,  GB)  and  its  Bears Bluff Field Station or by
    researchers aided by EPA grants or contracts  administered by ERL, GB.  Limited
    copies are available for most  articles identified as a reprint through the
    ERL, GB Library.  Other publications can be found in journals or collections
    maintained by college and university libraries.
   1978


66. Bourquin, A.W., P.M.  Pritchard,  and  W.R. Mahaffey.  1978.  EFFECTS OF KEPONE
    ON ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS.   Dev. Ind. Microbiol., Vol. 19, pp. 489-497.
    (ERL, GB Reprirr; #345).

         Low concentrations  of the insecticide Kepone, approaching those
         found in contaminated James River sediment, are shown to be inhi-
         bitory to "he growth and  oxygen uptake of microorganisms randomly
         selected from estuarlne environments.  No significant correlations
         are noted between growth  inhibition by Kepone and cell morphology,
         Aliphatic hydro-carbon utilization, pesticide tolerance, selected
         enzyme activities,  nitrate  reduction, and urea hydrolysis.  Oxygen
         uptake by pure cultures grown on glucose or hydrocarbons at cell
         densities equivalent to 1C)3 - 101* cells/ml is shown to decrease
         by 60 to 100$ at Kepone concentrations of 0.02 to 2.0 mg/1.  Total
         viable counts from  estuarine water or sediments grown aerobically
         on agar media containing  0.02 mg/1 are reduced by 8 to 78%.  In
         this study,  the  inhibitory  effect is eliminated partially when
         sediment populations are  grown  anaerobically.

67. Butler, Philip A., Charles D.  Kennedy, and Roy L. Schutzmann.  1978.
    Pesticide Residues in Estuarine  Mollusks, 1977 versus 1972—National Pesticide
    Monitoring Program.   Pestic. Monit.  J.  12(3):99-101.

         This report  summarizes 1524  analyses of juvenile fish collected
         semiannually in  144  estuaries nationwide from July 1972 through
         June 1976.   Pooled  samples  of 25 whole fish were screened for
         20 common pesticides and  polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's).
                                         25

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         The three most common residues,  DDT,  PCB's,  and dieldrin, were
         found in 39, 22, and 5% of the samples,  respectively.  Data
         indicate that estuarine pollution levels continue  to decline.

 68. Caldwell, R.S., D.A. Armstrong, D.V.  Buchanan, M.H.  Mallon, and R.E.
    Millemann.  1978.  TOXICITY OF THE FUNGICIDE  CAPTAN  TO  THE DUNGENESS  CRAB
    CANCER MAGISTER.  Mar. Biol.  48(1) :11-18.

         Captan did not affect the survival of Dungeness crab  (Cancer
         magister Dana) zoeae exposed to  30 yg 1~^ during a chronic
         toxicity test lasting 69 days, but larvae were  quickly killed
         (mean survival time = 9 days) in the  same test  by  exposure to
         450 pg I'l of the fungicide.  Delay of molting  occurred  for
         later stages at 30 yg 1~1.  Survival  of  juvenile crabs was not
         reduced by exposure to captan for 36  days at 510 yg 1~^  or, in a
         second test, for 80 days at 290 yg 1~1.   No  deaths of adults
         exposed for 75 days to 340 yg 1~1 of  captan  were observed.
         Captan appeared to accelerate hatching of eggs  at  all concentra-
         tions tested from 100 to 10,000yg 1~1 .   The development from
         prezoeae during a 24-hr period was not inhibited by the  fungicide,
         but at 3,300 and 10,000 ug 1~1,  the two  highest concentrations
         tested, developing zoeae exhibited a  morphological deformity and
         were largely inactive.  Under conditions in  the toxicity tests,
         the half-life of captan was estimated to be  from 23 to 54 hr.
         Because of the relatively low toxicity of captan to crab stages
         and its high rate of degradation in seawater, it is suggested
         that the agricultural application of  captan  near marine  waters
         is not likely to affect natural  crab  populations or crabs in
         laboratory culture.  Furthermore, the prophylactic use of captan
         as a fungicidal treatment for Lagenidium sp. in larval crab
         cultures is considered safe when used at recommended dosages.

69. Cooley, Nelson R.  1978.  AN INVENTORY OF  THE ESTUARINE FAUNA IN THE  VICINITY
    OF PENSACOLA, FLORIDA.  Florida Dept.  of Natural  Resources, St. Petersburg,
    FL, Florida Marine Research Publication No. 31.  119 p. (ERL, GB Contribution
    #102).

         This first inventory of the fauna of  the Pensacola Estuary,
         Florida, records 654 species of  benthic  and  pelagic animals
         obtained by systematic collecting from 1961  through 1963 and by
         casual collecting in other years.  Sampling  dates  approximate
         times of annual extremes and midpoints of the spring rise and
         autumnal decline in water temperature.  Biological sampling
         at 6 stations located along the  salinity gradient  was corre-
         lated with seasonal studies of hourly variation in salinity
         and water temperature during a single maximum amplitude  tidal
         cycle recorded simultaneously at all  stations.   Data for each
         species include salinity of sampling  station, habitat and season
         in which collected, and relative abundance.
                                        26

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         Predominate  animals  collected  were mollusks  (181  species), anne-
         lids (91  species,  chiefly  polychaetes),  arthropods  (91 species,
         chiefly crustaceans),  and  bony fishes  (180 species).  Spawning
         of a turbellarian, 7 species of mollusks, and 25  species of
         crustaceans  and  breeding of horseshoe  crabs  are reported, but
         limited data do  not  define the duration  of any of their spawning
         or breeding  seasons.  Season,  duration,  and  intensity of setting
         of larvae of oysters,  barnacles, bryozoans,  and serpulid worms
         in Santa Rosa Sound  during 1962-63 and in Little  Sabine Bay
         during  1960-63 are also reported,

70.  Couch,  John  A.   1978.  DISEASES, PARASITES, AND TOXIC  RESPONSES OF COMMERCIAL
    PENAEID SHRIMPS OF THE GULF OF  MEXICO AND SOUTH ATLANTIC COASTS OF NORTH
    AMERICA.   U.S.  Natl.  Mar. Fish  Serv.  Fish. Bull.  76(1):1-41.  (ERL, GB
    Reprint #283) .

         A  reference  work and review of both infectious and noninfectious
         diseases of  commercial penaeid shrimps of the Gulf and South
         Atlantic region  of the United  States are presented.  Disease is
         second  only  to predation and periodic  physical catastrophes in
         limiting numbers of  penaeid shrimps in nature and second only to
         nutritional  and  reproductive requirements in limiting aquacul-
         tural successes  with penaeid shrimps.

         Noninfectious disease  agents in penaeid  shrimps are chemical
         pollutants,  heavy metals,  and  environmental  stresses.  Organo-
         chlorine,  organophosphate, and carbamate pesticides all have
         adverse effects  in penaeids.   Fractions  of petroleum, particu-
         larly the napthalenes, are very toxic  to shrimp.  Little other
         work has been done on  the  effects of petroleum on penaeid shrimps.
         Cadmium causes black gills in  shrimp by  killing gill cells.
         Mercury is accumulated by  penaeids and may interfere with their
         osmoregulatory abilities.  Many chemotheropeutic  chemicals used
         routinely in treatment of  fish diseases  are  toxic to shrimp at
         certain determined concentrations.

         Spontaneous  pathoses found are a benign  tumor, muscle necrosis,
         and gas bubble disease.  "Shell disease" is  discussed from points
         of view of possible  causes.  A syndrome  of "broken backs" is
         reported in  penaeid  shrimps for the first time.   An overview is
         presented for general  needs in penaeid shrimp health research.

71.  Cripe,  C.R., and  B. Stokes. 1978.   DEVICE  TO DETECT POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS
    ELECTRICAL CURRENTS IN SALTWATER HOLDING TANKS.   Prog. Fish-Cult.
    MO(2):7U-75.  (ERL, GB Reprint  #335).

         Use of  60-Hz, 120-V  alternating current  in a laboratory with
         saltwater holding  tanks presents a possible  hazard to personnel.
         An apparatus described in  this paper is  designed  to detect a
         voltage differential between a container of  saltwater and a
         ground.  It  activates  an alarm and turns off the  current to a
                                        27

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          heating element relay; the voltage remains off, and the alarm
          continues until a reset button is pressed.

72.  Farr, James A.   1978.  THE EFFECT OF METHYL PARATHION ON PREDATOR CHOICE OF
     TWO ESTUARINE PREY SPECIES.  Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.  107(0:87-91.

         Fundulus grandig , the gulf killifish, was provided a prey choice
         of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio , and juvenile sheepshead
         minnows, Cvprinodon variegatus.  Fundulus grandis consumed a
         greater proportion of grass shrimp when both prey species were
         exposed to the pesticide methyl parathion than when prey were not
         exposed.  The relative number of shrimp eaten increased with the
         concentration of methyl parathion.  Such an effect in an estuary
         could result in altered species composition and species diversity.

73. Farr, James A.  1978.  ORIENTATION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN THE SUPRALITTORAL
    ISOPOD HfilA JLXQII£A (CRUSTACEA: ONISCOIDEA) .  Bull. Mar. Sci.  28(4) :659-666 .

         Lieia exotica is aggregative, tending to seek out conspecifics.
         It is hypothesized that Lieia must seek new shelters repeatedly
         with changing tides because of their restricted water requirements,
         and that attraction to conspecifics already in a suitable habitat
         is an additional orientational mechanism to those external environ-
         mental factors influencing microhabitat selection.  Experiments on
         object orientation demonstrated a strong tendency to move toward
         contrasting landmarks, the result being occupation of rocky areas
         on the shoreline.   Brief descriptions of sexual and agonistic be-
         havior are included.
74.  Helz, George R., and Rong Y. Hsu.
    COASTAL WATERS.  Limnol. Oceanogr.
                                       1978.  VOLATILE CHLORO- AND BROMOCARBONS IN
                                        23(5) :858-869 .
         Contaminated coastal waters can contain nanomolar levels of C^
         and Cj halocarbons originating through in situ synthesis from
         chlorine and through waste discharge.  Haloforms are the major
         volatile products formed from chlorine.  In freshwaters, CHClg
         dominates with lesser amounts of CHBr^ and the mixed Cl-Br halo-
         forms; however, above about 5 g-kg"^ salinity, CHBr3 is vir-
         tually the only product when typical chlorine doses (10-100 MM)
         are used.  On a molar basis, >H% conversion of chlorine to halo-
         forms was observed in some experiments.  Samples from the Back
         Biver estuary (Maryland) , which receives effluent from a very
         large urban wastewater treatment plant, contained CH2C12, CHClj,
         CC14 CClj = CHC1, and CC12 = CC12 at concentrations exceeding
         1 nM.  Even when winter ice cover minimized loss by volatilization,
         downstream mixing was nonconservative, suggesting that chemical
         or biological degradation processes occur.  Under normal circum-
         stances, however, volatilization followed by chemical degradation
         in the atmosphere is probably the most important loss mechanism.
         Data on possible biologic effects of these compounds are criti-
         cally needed.

                                         28

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75.  Laughlin, Roger A., Claude R. Gripe, and Robert J. Livingston.  1978.  FIELD
    AND LABORATORY AVOIDANCE REACTIONS BY BLUE CRABS (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS) TO
    STORM WATER RUNOFF.  Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.  107(1):78-86 .

         A combined field and laboratory study was conducted to determine
         the avoidance reactions of blue crabs (£allinectes sapidus)  to
         highly colored, acidic runoff from clear-cut  timber areas above
         a productive north Florida estuary.

         Blue crabs of two age groups showed marked laboratory avoidance
         of runoff (pH 4.6, 5.8) and of test water with  experimentally
         reduced pK,   Within the pH range 4.5-7.0, there was an inverse
         relationship between pH and avoidance.  Water color appeared to
         play a minor role in the avoidance reactions.

         Field data gave divergent results.  Small crabs were  abundant in
         areas characterized by pH levels strongly avoided under laboratory
         conditions.   Large crabs, however, were conspicuously absent from
         such areas in the field, indicating possible  avoidance.  Factors
         other than pH were thought to be functional in  the field distribu-
         tion of the crabs.  This study indicates that laboratory experi-
         ments without associated field studies may cause misleading  re-
         sults if applied to a determination of impact criteria.

76.  Middaugh, Douglas P., and Genie Floyd.   1978.  THE EFFECT  OF PREHATCH AND
    POSTHATCH EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM ON SALINITY TOLERANCE  OF LARVAL GRASS SHRIMP,
    PALAEMONETES PUGIO.  Estuaries, 1(2):123-125.  (ERL, GB Reprint #260).

         Groups of embryonic grass shrimp,  Palaemonetes  ougio, were exposed
         to 0.1 and 0.3 mg/1 cadmium at 30  °/oo salinity and 25°C for the
         last 1, 4, or 8 days prior to hatching.  Other  groups of embryos
         were cultured in uncontaminated seawater.

         Prehatch exposure to cadmium is shown to have no additive effect
         on the sensitivity of the larvae to cadmium exposure  and salinity
         stress for 14 days after hatching.  Only one  group of larvae,
         exposed to 0.1 mg/1 cadmium for 4  days before hatching and trans-
         ferred to 10°/oo salinity water containing 0.1  mg/1 cadmium  after
         hatching, showed a significant (X^; p < 0.05) decrease in sur-
         vival, compared to control survival.  No significant  decreases
         in survival are reported for any larvae transferred to 15 and
         30 °/oo salinity at a pre- and posthatch cadium concentration of
         0.1 mg/1.

         At a pre- and posthatch cadmium concentration of 0.3  mg/1, sig-
         nificant decreases in survival were observed  for all  of the
         larvae transferred to 10 and 15 °/oo salinity after hatching.
         Significant decreases in survival  were observed for only 2 of
         the groups exposed before hatching and transferred to 30 °/oo
         salinity and 0.3 mg/1 cadmium after hatching.
                                         29

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 77. Middaugh, D.P., J.M. Dean, R.G. Domey,  and G.  Floyd.   1978.   EFFECT  OF THERMAL
    STRESS AND TOTAL RESIDUAL CHLORINATION  ON EARLY LIFE  STAGES  OF  THE MUMMICHOG
    FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS.  Mar. Biol.   46(1):1-8.  (ERL-GB Reprint #308).

         Effects of simultaneous short-term (7.5  to 60  min) thermal stress
         (24° to 34°C) and total residual chlorination  (0.05 to  1.0 mg 1~1)
         on specific development stages of  the mummichog  Fjaa4uJ.ujj
         heteroclitus (Pisces:  Cyprinodontidae)  are investigated.   For
         the embryonic stages, the total number of successfully  hatched
         larvae was used as the criterion to measure effect.  For the
         larval stages, survival 24 hr  after exposure was used.   In the
         embryonic stages, temperature  was  the most important main  vari-
         able.  Only one embryonic stage (gastrula) was confounded  by
         second-order interactions (temperature x  duration of exposure x
         total residual chlorination).   Both 0-day and  7-day-old larval
         stages showed significant higher-order interactions for all com-
         binations of test parameters,  suggesting  the presence of syner-
         gistic effects of the three main experimental  variables.

78. Nimmo,  D.R., R.A. Rigby, L.H. Banner, and J.M. Sheppard.  1978.  THE ACUTE  AND
    CHRONIC EFFECTS OF CADMIUM ON THE ESTUARINE MYSID,  MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA.  Bull.
    Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  19(1):80-85.   (ERL, GB Reprint #287).

         Mysids, small -shrimp-like Crustacea, are  used  as practical/bioassay
         animals for investigating the  effects of  cadmium in seawater.   In
         laboratory tests, the mysid (Mysidopsis  bahia) was more sensitive
         to cadmium than other crustaceans  tested.  LC50  values  were
         15.5 yg/1 within 96 hr and 11.3 yg/1 during a  17-day life  cycle;
         LC50's for other selected crustaceans were between 120  and 720
         pg/1.  Results of life-cycle bioassays with mysids can  aid in
         establishing water quality criteria for marine and estuarine
         organisms.

79. Reish,  Donald J.t Thomas J. Kauwling, Alan J.  Mearns, Philip S. Oshida,  Steven
    S. Rossi, Frank G. Wilkes, and Marjorie J. Ray.  1978.  MARINE  AND ESTUARINE
    POLLUTION.  J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.  50(6): 1424-1469 .

         This literature review summarizes  current data on the effects of
         pesticides on marine organisms, aquatic  environmental research
         methods, bioaccumulation of pesticides by estuarine and marine
         organisms, and biota residue.   Results of studies of the environ-
         mental effects of dredging and the occurrence  of diseases  and
         tissue abnormalities in fish,  shellfish,  and marine plants also
         are reported.
80. Tagatz,  Marlin E.,  and Michael Tobia.
    DEVELOPMENT OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES.
    407.  (ERL, GB Reprint #340).
1978.  EFFECT OF BARITE (BaSO^) ON
Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci.  7(4):401-
                                        30

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         Barite (BaSOjj), the primary component of oil drilling muds,
         affected the composition of estuarine communities developed
         from planktonic larvae in aquaria containing sand and flowing
         estuarine water.  Aquaria contained:  sand only; a mixture (by
         volume) of 1 part barite and 10 parts sand; 1 part barite and 3
         parts sand; or sand covered by 0.5 cm of barite.  For all en-
         vironments, annelids and mollusks were the numerically dominant
         phyla collected in a 1-mm-mesh sieve after 10 weeks exposure; a
         total of 3020 animals, representing 59 species, was collected.
         Significantly fewer animals and species (a = 0.01) developed in
         aquaria sand covered by barite than in aquaria unexposed or
         exposed to 1 barite:10 sand.  Number of animals in aquaria con-
         taining 1 barite:3 sand also differed (ct = 0.05) from that in
         control aquaria.  Annelids were particularly affected and signif-
         icantly fewer (a = 0.01) were found in all treatments than in the
         control.  Mollusks decreased markedly in number only in barite-
         covered aquaria.  Barite, however, did not impede growth (as
         height) of the abundant clam, Laevicardium mortonir or decrease
         abundance of six other phyla.  Our data indicate that large
         quantities of this compound, as discharged in offshore oil
         drilling, possibly could adversely affect the colonization of
         benthic animals.

81. Tagatz, M.E., J.M. Ivey, H.K. Lehman, and J.L. Oglesby.  1978.  EFFECTS OF A
    LIGNOSULFONATE-TYPE DRILLING MUD ON DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ESTUARINE
    MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES.  Northeast Gulf Science 2(1):35-42.  (ERL, C2
    Reprint #370).

         Drilling mud, as used in exploratory drilling for oil offshore,
         affected the composition of estuarine communities that developed
         from planktonic larvae in aquaria containing sand and flowing
         estuarine water.  Aquaria contained:  sand only; a mixture (by
         volume) of 1 part mud and 10 parts sand; 1 part mud and 5 parts
         sand; or sand covered by 0.2 cm mud.  For all environments,
         annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and coelenterates were the nu-
         merically dominant phyla collected in a 1-rara mesh sieve after
         eight weeks exposure; a total of 1,025 animals, representing 45
         species, was collected.  Annelids and coelenterates were signifi-
         cantly fewer (K = 0.05) in aquaria containing drilling mud than
         in the control aquaria.  Arthropods were significantly affected
         only by mud cover over sand; mollusks also were diminished in
         this environment, but not significantly.  Exposure to concen-
         trations of drilling mud reduced not only the number of individ-
         uals, but also the frequency of occurrence of macrobenthic
         species.  Thus, the average number of annelid species in 1 part
         mud:5 parts sand aquaria or in mud-covered aquaria was signifi-
         cantly less than in control aquaria.  The average number of
         arthropod species per aquarium was also significantly less in
         the mud-cover exposure than in the control.  Discharge of large
         quantities of drilling mud at levels tested in the laboratory
                                         31
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120U K-Hi'iB/ivanif. Avenue NW
   Washing'!-);), DC  20460
      ^7-^66-0556

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          could  adversely affect the colonization of various substrata by
          benthic  animals in nature.

 82.  Walsh, G.E.   1978.  TOXIC EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON PLANKTON.  In:  Principles
     of  Ecotoxicology, G.E. Butler, editor.  John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.   pp.
     257-27**.  (ERL, GB Reprint #341).

          Pollution is considered as it affects plankton communities and
          species.  Plankton (Gr. 'wandering') is a general term for orga-
          nisms  that drift or swim feebly in the surface water of ponds,
          lakes, streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans.  It is composed
          of organisms with chlorophyll (phytoplankton) and animals (zoo-
          plankton) .  A large scientific literature deals with the effects
          of pollutants on planktonic species of fresh and marine waters;
          less has been reported about effects of pollution on plankton
          communities.  Mathematical models can be used to predict such
          effects; a few simple models are cited to suggest possible
          effects of selected pollutants.

83.  Wilson, Alfred J., and Jerrold Forester.  1978.  PERSISTENCE OF AROCLOR 1254
     IN  A  CONTAMINATED ESTUARY.  Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  19(5):637-640.
     (ERL, GB Reprint #339).

          This brief report summarizes the concentrations of PCB's in oyster
          tissue (Crassostrea virginica) observed from April 1969 to June
          1976 at three locations in the Escambia Bay estuary, following
          elimination of an accidental leak of Aroclor®11254 from an indus-
          trial site.  Data show that PCB's in oyster tissue decreased after
          the leak was eliminated, and a steady-state concentration was
          reached.  No Aroclor 1254 was detectable in water at stations
          sampled, but sediments were found to contain relatively low
          amounts (>0.31 ppm) in 1970 and 1971.  The study demonstrates
          the persistence of PCB's long after point-source discharges are
          eliminated.
   1977
84.  Alexander, Shelley, and Keitz Haburay.  1977.  FIRST RECORD OF QPHIQPHRAGMUS
    MQOREI (ECHINODERMATAf OPHIURQIDEA) IN FLORIDA COASTAL WATERS.  Florida
    Scientist 40(3):254-255.

         First sighting of the amphiurid brittle star Ophiophragmus m_o_prei
         is reported in shallow coastal Gulf waters off Santa Rosa Island,
         approximately 2.6 km west of Pensacola Beach, FL.  The known range
         of this species is extended 75 km eastward.
                                         32

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85. Bahner,  Lowell H.,  Alfred J.  Wilson,  Jr.,  James M.  Sheppard, James M. Patrick,
    Jr.,  Larry R.  Goodman,  and Gerald  E.  Walsh.   1977.  KEPONE® BIOCONCENTRATION,
    ACCUMULATION,  LCSS,  AND TRANSFER  THROUGH  ESTUARINE  FOOD  CHAINS.
    Sci.   18(3):299-308.   (ERL,  GB  Reprint #294).
Chesapeake
         Accumulation,  transfer,  and  loss  of Kepone  in  estuarine organisms
         are studied in laboratory bioassays.   Results  show  that Kepone is
         bioconcentrated by oysters (Crassostrea  virginica), mysids
         (Mysidopsis bahia), grass shrimp  (Palaemonetes pugio), sheepshead
         minnows (Cyprinodon varieeatus),  and  spot  (Leiostomus xanthurus)
         from concentrations as low as  0.023 pg/1 seawater.  Bioconcentra-
         tion factors ranged from 10  to 340 in static exposures and 900 to
         13,500 in flow-through bioassays, depending on species and expo-
         sure duration.  Depuration of  Kepone  from  oysters in Kepone-free
         water was rapid (35% loss in 24 hr);  however,  depuration  of Kepone
         was slow in crustaceans  and  fish, with tissue  concentrations de-
         creasing 30-50$ in 24-28 days. Bioaccumulation factors
         (concentration of Kepone in  predator/concentration  in prey) at
         30 days were equal (0.85 spot/mysid;  0.53  mysid/brine shrimp) in
         high and low concentrations  tested.   The initial bioconcentration
         of Kepone from water by  plankton  was  the dominant source  of
         Kepone to each member of this  food chain,  but  data  indicate
         that significant (>85$)  quantities of Kepone transfer from prey
         to predatory fish.

86. Block,  Ronald M., George R. Helz, and  William P. Davis.  1977.  THE FATE AND
    EFFECTS OF CHLORINE IN COASTAL WATERS:  SUMMARY  AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
    Chesapeake Sci.  18(0:97-101.  (ERL,  GB Reprint #344).

         Objectives of The Chlorination Workshop  held March  15-18, 1976,
         at the Center  for Environmental and Estuarine  Studies of  the
         University of Maryland are summarized.  Research needs regarding
         the chemistry  and the biological  impact  of chlorine in coastal
         waters are identified.  The  workshop,  supported by  funds  from
         EPA and the Maryland Power Plant  Siting  Program, is described
         as an extension of the Conference on  Environmental  Impact of
         Water Chlorination sponsored by EPA,  the Energy, Research, and
         Development Administration (ERDA), and the  Oak Ridge National
         Laboratory on  October 22-24, 1975.

87. Bourquin, A.W.   1977.  DEGRADATION  OF  MALATHION  BY  SALT-MARSH MICROORGANISMS.
    Appl. Environ.  Microbiol.  33(2) : 356-362.   (ERL, GB Reprint #291).

         Numerous bacteria from a salt-marsh environment are capable of
         degrading malathion, an  organophosphate  insecticide, when
         supplied with  additional nutrients as  energy and carbon sources.
         Seven isolates exhibit ability (48-90$)  to  degrade malathion as
         a  sole carbon  source. Gas and thin-layer  chromatography and
         infrared spectroscopy confirm  malathion  to  be  degraded via
         malathion-aionocarboxylic acid  to  the  dicarboxylic acid and then
         to various phosphorothionates. These  techniques also identify
                                      33

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          desmethyl-malathion, phosphorothionates, and four-carbon dicar-
          boxylic  acids  as  degradation products formed as a result of
          phosphatase  activity.

88.  Bourquin,  Al  W.   1977.  EFFECTS OF MALATHION ON MICROORGANISMS OF AN
     ARTIFICIAL SALT-MARSH  ENVIRONMENT.  J. Environ. Qual. 6(4):373-378, (ERL, GB
     Reprint  #312).

          Laboratory salt-marsh environments are treated with malathion,
          an  organophosphate insecticide, and aerobic heterotrophic bacteria
          are monitored  to  determine changes in their microbial ecology.
          Several  physiological activities are assayed in both treated and
          untreated controls, but no reliable trends in numbers of micro-
          organisms are  detected.  Conversely, populations of malathion
          sole-carbon-degrading bacteria are found to increase signifi-
          cantly with  increasing treatment levels.  Malathion cometabo-
          lizing bacteria is found to increase significantly in the water
          column with  increasing treatment levels and frequency of treat-
          ment.

89.  Bourquin,  A.W., and V.A. Przybszewski.  1977.  DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIA WITH
     NITRILOTRIACETATE-DEGRADING POTENTIAL IN AN ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT.  Appl.
     Environ. Microbiol.  32(4):411-418.  (ERL, GB Reprint #323).

          Attempts to  isolate estuarine bacteria capable of raetabolzing
          nitrilotriacetate (NTA) as a sole carbon source from areas within
          Escarabia Bay,  FL, were unsuccessful; however, bacteria from
          freshwater streams and from estuarine surface microlayers were
          easily adapted to degradation of NTA in freshwater medium.  A
          Pseudomonas  sp. strain (ATCC 29600), capable of growth on NTA as
          a sole carbon  source, metabolized NTA at a reduced rate in a
          saline medium  (15 °/oo), compared with a freshwater medium
          (0  to 15°/oo).  Microorganisms capable of degrading NTA exist
          in  estuarine surface microlayers and in fresh subsurface waters
          just  before  entering the estuary; these data indicate an inter-
          ference with NTA  catabolism by some unknown factors of the
          estuarine environment rather than an absence of potential NTA-
          degrading bacteria.

90.  Bourquin,  A.W., M.A. Hood, and Richard L. Garnas.  1977.  AN ARTIFICIAL
     MICROBIAL  ECOSYSTEM FOR DETERMINING EFFECTS AND FATE OF TOXICANTS IN A
     SALT-MARSH ENVIRONMENT.  Dev. Ind. Microbiol.  18:185-191.  (ERL, GB Reprint
     #309).

          An  artificial  laboratory environment designed to determine
          microbial interactions with pollutant chemicals is proposed.
          The system is  designed to obtain maximum reproducibility
          between  replicates by dividing a single tank into separate
          closed chambers.  Radiolabeled toxicants are added directly
          to  the core-chambers and monitored for metabolic breakdown.
                                         34

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         Further information is obtained easily on changes in microbial,
         physiological indexes induced by the toxicants.  Techniques
         for monitoring effects of the methyl parathion on the microbial
         population and the fate of this chemical are given.

91. Carpenter, James H.  1977.  PROBLEMS IN MEASURING RESIDUALS IN CHLORINATED
    SEAWATER.  Chesapeake Sci.  18(1):112.

         The widely used procedure of measuring the iodine produced by
         reacting millimolar KI at pH4 with "residual oxidants" was
         found to underestimate the total oxidants in chlorinated sea-
         water by up to 50$.  Approximately 4 hr are required for
         complete reaction of the KI with the oxidants and rapid titra-
         tions are in serious error.  The total oxidants can be measured
         by making the samples pH2 and KI 20 millimolar.

         The slow reacting species could be some form of bromine.  Ultra-
         violet spectra do not show any chlorine species in chlorinated
         seawater, but rather show the hypobromite peak.  The spectra
         give no indication of bromine chloride complexes at pH8.  Polaro-
         graphic measurements do not show significant concentrations of
         bromate, unless the samples are exposed to sunlight.  Oxyanions
         or chloride complexes of bromine do not appear to be the slow
         reacting "residual oxidant."

92. Carpenter, J.H., C.A. Moore, and D.J. Macalady.  1977.  ERRORS IN
    DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL OXIDANTS IN CHLORINATED SEAWATER.  Environ. Sci.
    Technol.  11(10):992-994.

         The iodometric titration procedure for residual chlorine under-
         estimates the true values for residual oxidants in seawater by
         threefold or more.  Chlorine added to seawater causes oxidation
         of the natural bromide ion.  The erroneous results appear to be
         due to partial oxidation of iodide ion to iodate ion by bromine
         and hypobromous acid.  Modifications of the procedure by increasing
         the acidity and KI concentration or the use of a back titration
         procedure eliminate the spuriously low results that have been
         false indications of a large and rapid chlorine demand in
         unpolluted seawater.

91. Couch, John A.  1977.  ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF LESIONS IN GILLS OF A MARINE
    SHRIMP EXPOSED TO CADMIUM.  J. Invertebr. Pathol.  29:267-288.  (ERL, GB
    Reprint #298).

         Pathologic black gills of pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum, exposed
         to 763 j.ig/1 of cadmium chloride for 15 days, are studied with trans-
         mission electron microscopy and compared with normal gills of con-
         trol pink shrimp.   Local as well as extensive area of cell death
         and necrosis were found in the distal gill filaments of black gills
         from cadmium-exposed shrimp.   It is proposed that necrosis of
         specialized epithelial cells  and septum cells in black gill fila-
                                         35

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 94.
     merits and contintiguous nonblack gill tissue could cause osmoregula-
     tory, detoxifying, and respiratory dysfunction in Crustacea,
     particularly in individuals undergoing environmental stress such
     as salinity fluctuation.

Couch, John A., and Lee Courtney.  1977.  INTERACTION OF CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS
AND VIRUS IN A CRUSTACEAN:  A NOVEL BIOASSAY SYSTEM.  Annu. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
298:497-504.  (ERL, GB Reprint #300).

     Pathogen-host interactions are investigated with a simple "host-
     pathogen-interaction" system.  Tentative criteria of interaction
     are:  increase in viral prevalence, increase in infection intensity,
     increase in mortality, and enhanced cyptopathic effects in exposed-
     infected shrimp as compared to control-infected shrimp.  A large
     group of shrimp (23.3$ of which had light patent Baculovirus
     infections) was divided equally into two groups.  One group was
     exposed to the chemical stressor Aroclor 1254 at 0.7 parts per
     billion (ppb) for 35 days in flowing seawater.  The other group
     was maintained as control in flowing seawater.  Viral prevalence
     in exposed shrimp samples increased with time at a significantly
     greater rate than in control shrimp.  Viral prevalence in Aroclor-
     exposed shrimp survivors was 75$ after 35 days, whereas only
     45.7$ of control shrimp had patent viral infections.  This finding
     suggests an interaction among the chemical stressor (Aroclor
     1254), host, and virus.  Nature or mechanism of the interaction
     has not been defined, but the shrimp-virus system shows promise for
     future bioassays to determine influence of low concentrations of
     pollutants on natural pathogen-host interactions.
95.
Couch, John A., James T. Winstead, and Larry R. Goodman.  1977.
KEPONE-INDUCED SCOLIOSIS AND ITS HISTOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN FISH.
197:585-587.  (ERL, GB Reprint #327).
                                                                         Science
96.
     Scoliosis in fish is caused by several diverse agents that
     possibly act on the central nervous system, neuromuscular func-
     tions, or ionic metabolism.  The organochlorine pesticide Kepone
     induces scoliosis in the sheepshead minnow.  Some effects associ-
     ated with Kepone-induced scoliosis in these fish are disruption
     of myotomal patterns, inter- and intramuscular hemorrhage, frac-
     tured centra of vertebrae, and death.  The histological syndrome
     of Kepone poisoning in fish and the clinical syndrome in humans
     suggest that the nervous system is a primary target for Kepone
     and that scoliosis is a secondary effect of Kepone poisoning in
     fish.

Cripe, Claude R., and R.J. Livingston.  1977.  DYNAMICS OF MIREX AND ITS
PRINCIPAL PHOTOPRODUCTS IN A SIMULATED MARSH SYSTEM.  Arch. Environ. Contam.
5:295-303.

     Three simulated marsh systems containing sediment, marsh plants,
     oysters, blue crabs, fiddler crabs, and two species of top
                                          36

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         minnows are  described.   Seawater enters  each  of the  pools  by
         flowing across a trough;  two  troughs  contain  mirex bait.   Tidal
         fluctuations are simulated.   Samples  of  water,  bait, and animals
         are periodically analyzed.  Results show that all animals  concen-
         trated  rairex.   Three  photoproducts accumulated  on the  bait parti-
         cles, and both oysters  and one  species of fish  accumulated one of
         the photoproducts.

97. Farr, James  A.  1977.  IMPAIRMENT  OF ANTIPREDATOR  BEHAVIOR  IN PALAEMONETES
    PUGIQ BY EXPOSURE TO SUBLETHAL DOSES OF PARATHION,   Trans.  Am.  Fish. Soc.
    106(3) :287-290.   (ERL,  GB  Reprint  #306).

         Grass shrimp,  Palaemonetes pugj,o, when exposed  to sublethal con-
         centrations  of methyl or ethyl  parathion,  become more  susceptible
         to predation by gulf  killifish,  Fundulus grandjs.  An  increase
         in spontaneous activity renders them  more easily detected  by a
         predator, and  they fatigue more quickly  when  being pursued.  Such
         changes in a multi-prey community could  result  in altered  predator
         preferences  and subsequently  could change community  structure and
         trophic relationships.

S8. Goodman,  Larry R.   1977.   OCCURRENCE  OF ESOX  NIGER IN SANTA ROSA SOUND,
    FLORIDA.  Florida Scientist  40(4):392.  (ERL,  GB Reprint #282).

         This note is the first  report of £.. niger collected  from the
         normally saline portion of the  lower  Pensacola  estuary.  A 109-mra
         standard length chain pickerel  was seined on  7  August  1975 from
         Santa Rosa Sound,  in  Santa Rosa County,  Florida, from  Thalassia
         beds about 300 m W  of the N end  of State Highway 399 bridge.  The
         specimen is  in the  Environmental Research Laboratory Museum as
         catalog No..  GBERL-1914.

99. Hansen,  David J,,, Larry  R. Goodman,  and Alfred J.  Wilson, Jr.   1977.  KEPON^E):
    CHRONIC EFFECTS ON  EMBRYOS,  FRY, JUVENILE, AND ADULT SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS
    (CYPRINQDQN  VARIEGATUS).   Chesapeake  Sci.  18(2) :227-232.   (ERL, GB Reprint
    #295).

         Toxicity of  Kepone  to,  and uptake by  embryo,  fry, juvenile, and
         adult sheepshead minnows  (Cvprinodon  variegatus) are investigated
         in intermittent-flow  toxicity tests.  Concentrations of Kepone and
         percentage of  adult fish  surviving in a  28-day  exposure were:
         Control,  95*;  0.05  pg/1,  95$; 0.16 ug/l,  100*;  0.80 yg/1, 78$;
         1.9  yg/1, 20$;  and  7.8  pg/1 and  24 yg/1,  0$.  Concentration fac-
         tors (concentrations  in fish  divided  by  concentrations measured in
         water)  for adult fish averaged  5,200  (range 3,100 to 7,000).
         Symptoms of  poisoning included  scoliosis,  darkening of the pos-
         terior  one-third of the body, hemorrhaging near the brain and
         on the  body, edema, fin-rot,  uncoordinated swimming, and cessa-
         tion of feeding.  Adults  surviving the first  exposure were
         spawned,  and the embryonic development,  hatching, and  survival
         and growth of  fry  and juveniles were  monitored  in a 36-day
                                       37

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           exposure to Kepone concentrations of 0.08, 0.18, 0.72, 2.0, 6.6,
           and  33  yg/1.  A significant number of embryos from adult fish
           exposed to 1.9 yg of Kepone/1 of water developed abnormally and
           died even when incubated in Kepone-free water.  Kepone in water
           was  not as lethal to progeny as to adults:  36-day LC50 for juve-
           niles was 6.7 yg/1; 28-day LC50 for adults, 1.3 yg/1.  However,
           the  average standard length of juvenile fish was significantly
           reduced by exposure to 0.08 yg of Kepone/1 of water; some fish
           developed scoliosis.  Concentration factors in juvenile sheeps-
           head minnows averaged 7,200 and increased from 3,600 to 20,000
           as exposure concentrations decreased.

100. Hansen, David J., Steven C. Schimmel, and Jerrold Forester.  1977.  ENDRIN:
     EFFECTS ON THE ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE OF A SALTWATER FISH, CYPRINODQN VARIEGATUS.
     J. Toxicol.  Environ. Health 3:721-733-  (ERL, GB Reprint #333).

           The  sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) was continuously
           exposed for 23 wk to the organochlorine insecticide endrin, from
           the  embryonic stage through hatching until adulthood and spawning.
           The  resultant progeny were monitored to determine the effects of
           the  toxicant on their survival, growth, and reproduction.  Aver-
           age  measured exposure concentrations were 0 (control), 0.027,
           0.077,  0.12, 0.31, and 0.72 ug/1.  Embryos exposed to 0.31 and
           0.72 yg/1 hatched early; all fry exposed to 0.72 yg/1 died by
           day  9 of exposure.  At 0.31 yg/l» frY were initially stunted
           and  some died.  Survivors seemed unaffected until maturity,
           when some females died during spawning; fewer eggs were fer-
           tile and survival of exposed progeny decreased.  No signifi-
           cant effects were observed throughout this fish's life cycle
           at an exposure concentration of 0.12 ug/1.  Four-week-old juve-
           nile fish accumulated 2,500 X the concentration of endrin
           in the  exposure water; adults, 6,400 X; and their eggs,
           5,700 X.  The specific application factor (calculated by
           dividing the limits on the maximum acceptable toxicant concen-
           tration, >0.12 and <0.31 yg/1, by the concentration lethal to
           50$  of  the juvenile fish in 96 hr, 0.3^ yg/D ranged from 0.35
           to 0.91.  To our knowledge this is the first toxicity test
           carried out through the entire life cycle of an oviporous
           estuarine fish.  Data from this experiment, and from experi-
           ments with another estuarine fish and four freshwater fish,
           demonstrate that there is little difference between endrin
           concentrations that produce acute effects and concentrations
           that do not affect the fish in chronic exposures lasting *» or
           more weeks.

101. Macalady, Donald L., James H. Carpenter, and Cynthia A. Moore.  1977.
     SUNLIGHT-INDUCED BROMATE FORMATION IN CHLORINATED SEAWATER.  Science
     195:1335-1337.

           Chlorinated waters are being introduced into estuarine and
           coastal areas in increasing quantities.  In such systems, the
                                          38

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          chlorine reacts with the natural bromide and ammonia to produce
          the highly toxic hypobromous acid, hypobromite ion, and halo-
          amines.  Sunlight causes up to 50$ conversion to bromate ion,
          which is persistent in natural waters and has an unknown toxicity.

1.02. Middaugh, Douglas P., and John M. Dean.  1977.  COMPARATIVE SENSITIVITY OF
     EGGS, LARVAE, AND ADULTS OF THE ESTUARINE TELEOSTS, FUNDULUS HETERQCLITUS AND
     MENIDIA MENIDIA. TO CADMIUM.  Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.  17(6) :645-652.
     (ERL, GB Reprint #231).

          The sensitivity of two common species of estuarine fish, the mummi-
          chog, Fundulus heteroclitus. and the Atlantic silverside, Menidia
          menidia, to cadmium is investigated at specific stages in their
          life histories.  Results of tests with developing Fundulus eggs
          indicate that they are not very sensitive to cadmium toxicity during
          the first 48 hr after fertilization.  In tests at both 20 and
          30 °/oo salinity, the maximum mortality (non-emergence) was 54$
          for the highest exposure concentration of 32 mg/1 cadmium.  A
          similar resistance to cadmium was observed for developing Menidia
          eggs.  Mortality for eggs exposed to 32 mg/1 cadmium was 66$ at
          20 °/oo salinity and 60$ at 30 °/oo salinity.

          Control mortalities in excess of 10$ for each of the bioassays
          with developing Fundulus and Menidia eggs prevented statis-
          tical treatment (probit analysis) of test results.  However, a
          trend of decreasing mortality with decreased cadmium concentra-
          tions is indicated in each of the bioassays.

103. Middaugh, Douglas P., John A. Couch, and Allan M. Crane.  1977.  RESPONSES OF
     EARLY LIFE HISTORY STAGES OF THE STRIPED BASS, MQRONE SAXATILIS, TO
     CHLORINATION.  Chesapeake Sci. 18(1):141-153-  (ERL, GB Reprint #304).

          The toxicity of total residual chlorination (TRC) to early life
          stages of the striped bass, Morone saxatilis. was determined by
          percent embryo hatchability, incipient LC50 bioassays, histo-
          pathology, and avoidance responses.

          Beginning 8 to 9 hr after fertilization, developing embryos
          were exposed continuously to TRC in flowing water at 1.0-3.0
          °/oo salinity and 18 ± 1°C; 56$ of the control group
          (no TRC exposure) hatched.  None of the embryos exposed to a
          measured TRC concentration of 0.21 mg/1 hatched.  Only 3.5$ of
          the embryos exposed to 0.07 mg/1 TRC and 23$ of those exposed
          to 0.01 rag/1 TRC hatched.

          Incipient LC50 bioassays were used to determine the sensitivity
          of 2-, 12- and 30-day-old striped bass to concentrations of TRC
          in flowing water (1.0-3.0 °/oo salinity at 18 ± 1°C).  The
          estimated incipient LC50 was 0.04 mg/1 TRC for 2-day-old pro-
          larvae, 0.07 mg/1 for 12-day-old larvae, and 0.04 mg/1 for 30-
          day-old juveniles.
                                           39

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          Histological examination of 30-day-old juveniles  that  survived
          exposure in the incipient LC50 bioassay indicated gill and
          pseudobranch damage for fish exposed to 0.21  to 2.36 mg/1 TRC.

          Statistical analysis of avoidance tests conducted at 1.0-3.0 °/oo
          salinity and 18 ± 1°C with 24-day-old larvae  showed significant
          (X2, p < 0.05) and reproducible avoidance responses to measured
          TRC concentrations of 0.79-0.82 mg/1 and 0.29-0.32 mg/1.  No avoi-
          dance was indicated at TRC concentrations of  0.16-0.18 mg/1.

104. Middaugh, D.P., A.M. Crane, and J.A. Couch.  1977.  TOXICITY OF  CHLORINE TO
     JUVENILE SPOT, LEIQSTQMUS XANTHURUS.  Water Res.   11:1089-1096.   (ERL, GB
     Reprint #364).

          The sensitivity of juvenile spot, Leiostomus  xanthurus, to  TRC in
          flowing seawater was investigated.  Incipient LC50 bioassays,
          histopathology, avoidance tests, and the combined effect of thermal
          stress and TRC were used to assess sensitivity.

          Estimated incipient LC50 values were 0.12 mg  1~1  TRC at 10°C
          and 0.06 mg 1-1 TRC at 15°C.  Histological examination of  spot
          used in the incipient LC50 bioassay at 15°C and sacrificed  while
          alive indicated pseudobranch and gill damage  occurred  in individ-
          uals exposed to a measured TRC concentration  of 1.57 mg 1~1.  Spot
          exposed to lower concentrations of TRC, 0.02-0.06 mg 1~1 at 15°
          and sacrificed alive showed no consistent tissue  damage.

          Spot demonstrated temperature dependent avoidance responses to
          TRC.  At 10°C, a concentration of 0.18 mg 1~1 was required
          for significant (X2; P < 0.05) avoidance; at  15°  and 20°C,  spot
          showed significant avoidance of TRC concentrations as  low  as 0.05
          mg I-1.

          Simultaneous exposure of spot to thermal stress (5°, 10°,  or
          13°C above the acclimation temperature of 15°C) at measured
          TRC concentrations of 0.05-0.07 and 0.31-0.52 mg  1~1 demonstrated
          a significant, (X2 with Yates correction, P < 0.05)  increase in
          sensitivity to TRC with increased temperature and exposure  times
          for some of the groups tested.

105. Schimmel, Steven C.  1977.  NOTES ON THE EMBRYONIC PERIOD OF THE PINFISH
     LAGODON RHQMBQIDES (LINNAEUS).  Florida Scientist  40(1):3-6.  (ERL, GB Reprint
     #281).

          Adult pinfish, Laeodon rhomboides f were collected during September
          and October, 1974 and 1975.  Following a minimum  one-week  holding
          period, females were initially injected with  200  IU human  chorionic
          gonadotropin and injected with 400 IU every second day thereafter
          until mature ova (0.90-0.93 nun diameter) were produced. Ova were
          artificially fertilized and the embryonic period  (sensu Balon,
          1975) described and illustrated.  Emergence occurred 48 hr after
                                        40

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          fertilization at 18°C and eye pigmentation appeared 144 hr after
          fertilization.  Larval total length at emergence was 2.3 mm; at
          96 hr post-emergence, 2.7 mm; and at 120 hr post-emergence, 2.5
          mm.  Decrease in length and death of larvae after 96 hr post-
          emergence was probably due to malnutrition and subsequent infec-
          tion.

106. Schimmel, Steven C., and Alfred J. Wilson, Jr.  1977.  ACUTE TOXICITY OF
     KSPONE©TO FOUR ESTUARINE ANIMALS.  Chesapeake Sci.  18(2):224-227.  (ERL, GB
     Reprint #293).

          Results of acute flow-through bioassays to determine the 96-hr
          toxicity of the insecticide Kepone to four estuarine species native
          to the James River estuary, Virginia, are reported.  The species
          and their 96-hr LC50 values are given:  grass shrimp (Palaemonetes
          BiigAG, 121 yg/1; blue crab (Callinectes sapidus),  >210 yg/1;
          sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon varieeatus)T 69.5 yg/1;  and
          spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) 6.6 yg/1.  Surviving animals were
          analyzed for Kepone.  Average bioconcentration factors (the con-
          centration of Kepone in tissues divided by the concentration of
          Kepone measured in seawater) are determined in grass shrimp, 698;
          blue crab, 8.1; sheepshead minnow, 1,548; and spot, 1,221.

107. Schimmel, Steven C., James M. Patrick, Jr., and Jerrold Forester.  1977.
     UPTAKE AND TOXICITY OF TOXAPHENE IN SEVERAL ESTUARINE ORGANISMS.  Arch.
     Environ. Contcim. Toxicol.  5:353-367.  (ERL, GB Repint #269).

          The organochlorine insecticide, toxaphene, was tested in flow-
          through bioassays to evaluate its toxicity to estuarine orga-
          nisms.  The organisms tested and their respective 96-hr LC50s
          (based on measured concentrations) are:  pink shrimp (Penaeus
          duorarum), 1.4 yg/1; grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), 4.4
          yg/1; sheepshead minnow (Cvprinodon variegatus), 1.1 ug/1;  and
          pinfish (Laeodon rhomboides)f 0.5 yg/1.  Toxaphene concentra-
          tion estimated to reduce shell deposition in American oysters
          (Grassostrea virginica) by 50$ (EC50) was 16 yg/1.  Concen-
          tration factors (concentration of toxaphene in tissues divided
          by concentration measured in water) for fishes and oysters
          in 96 hr ranged from 3,100 to 20,600 and for shrimp, from
          400 to 1 ,200.

          Individuals from various ontogenetic stages of longnose killi-
          fish (Fundulus similis) were exposed to toxaphene for 28 days in
          flow-through bioasays.  Toxaphene was toxic to embryos, fry, ju-
          veniles, and adult fish, but fertilization of ova in static tests
          was not affected by the concentrations tested (0.32 to 10 yg/1).
          The 28-day measured LCSOs for all stages ranged from 0.9 to 1.4
          yg/1.  Toxaphene was accumulated in ova and other body tissues of
          the longnose killifish; concentration factors in ova were 1,000
          to 5,500, and in whole-body tissues, 4,200 to 60,000.

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 108. Schimniel, Steven C., James M. Patrick,  Jr.,  and Jerrold Forester.   1977.
     TOXICITY AND BIOCONCENTRATION OF BHC AND LINDANE IN SELECTED  ESTUARINE
     ANIMALS.  Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.  6(2/3):355-363.   (ERL, GB  Reprint
     #288).

          Flow-through, 96-hr bioassays were conducted  to determine  the
          acute toxicity of technical BHC and lindane to several estuarine
          animals.  Test animals and their respective 96-hr lindane  LC50
          values were:  mysid (Mvsidopsis bahia).  6.3 ug/1;  pink shrimp
          (Penaeus duorarum). 0.17 pg/1;  grass shrimp (Palaemonetes  pugio).
          4.4 ug/1;  sheepshead minnow (Cvprinodon variegatus),  104 ug/1;
          and pinfish (Laaodon rhotnboides),  30.6  ug/1.   The 96-hr  LC50
          values for pink shrimp and pinfish exposed to BHC were 0.34 and
          86.4 ug/1, respectively.  Two BHC  bioconcentration studies were
          conducted  with the oyster, Crassostrea  virginicaf and  pinfish.
          After 28 days exposure,  oysters bioconcentrated an average of  215
          X the BHC  measured in exposure water, while pinfish bioconcentrated
          130 X in their edible tissues and  617 X  in offal.  After one week
          in BHC-free seawater, no detectable residues  were measured in
          oysters or pinfish.

109. Tagatz, Marlin  E., Joel M. Ivey, James  C. Moore, and Michael  Tobia.   1977.
     EFFECTS OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL  ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ESTUARINE  COMMUNITIES.   J.
     Toxicol. Environ. Health 3:501-506.   (ERL, GB Reprint #310).

          Pentachlorophenol affected the composition of communities  of
          estuarine  organisms developed in sand from planktonic  larvae in
          estuarine  water that flowed through ten control aquaria  and ten
          aquaria per exposure concentration averaging  7, 76,  or 622 ug/1.
          Annelids,  arthropods, and mollusks were  the numerically  dominant
          phyla when animals were  collected  in a  l-mm-mesh sieve after 9 wk
          of exposure.  Mollusks were markedly fewer at 7 u?/1?  annelids and
          arthropods at 76 ug/1.  Almost no  animals occurred at  622  ug/1.
          The total  numbers of individuals and species  were significantly
          less (a =  0.01) in aquaria exposed to 76 ug/1 than in  those un-
          exposed or exposed to 7  ug/1.

110. Walsh, Gerald E.  1977.  EXPLOITATION OF MANGAL.  In:   Wet  Coastal  Ecosystems,
     W.J. Chapman, editor, The Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam,  pp.
     347-362.  (ERL, GB Reprint #228).

          Historical and current uses of mangroves are  reviewed.  Importance
          of mangroves as habitats, nurseries, and sources of food are empha-
          sized.  Recommendations  of the Australian Conservation Foundation
          on use of  mangal are summarized, and the need for extension of
          studies on the effects of pollutants on  mangrove woodlands is
          emphasized.

111. Walsh, Gerald E., Karen A. Ainsworth, and Linda Faas.   1977.   EFFECTS AND
     UPTAKE OF CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES IN MARINE  UNICELLULAR  ALGAE. Bull.
     Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  18(3) :297-302.  (ERL, GB Reprint #302).

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          This paper describes studies on effects and uptake of three
          commercial, mixtures of chlorinated napthalens in marine uni-
          cellular algae.  Results show that a chlorinated naphthalene
          formulation containing a mixture of mono- and dichloro isomers
          is more toxic to marine algae than are formulations of tri-,
          tetra-, penta-, and hexachloro isomers.
112. Walsh, Gerald E., Karen Ainsworth, and Alfred J. Wilson.  1977.
     UPTAKE OF KEPONE IN MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGAE.  Chesapeake Sci.
     (ERL, GB Reprint #292).
 TOXICITY AND
l8(2):222-223.
          Four species of marine unicellular algae were exposed to Kepone
          in laboratory bioassays.  EC50 values after seven days' growth,
          in mg/1 (ppm), were:  Chlorocoocum sp., 0.35; Dunaliella ter-
          tiolecta, 0.58; Nitzschia sp., 0.60; Thalassiosira oseudonana.
          0.60.  When exposed to 100 pg/1 (ppb) Kepone for 24 hr, residues
          associated with the algae, in mg/kg (ppm) wet weight, were:
          Chlorococcum sp., 80; I), tertiolecta, 23; Nitzschia sp., 41;
          T_. Dseudonana, 52.
     1976
113. Bahner, Lowell, and Del Wayne R. Nimmo.  1976.  PRECISION LIVE-FEEDER FOR
     FLOW-THROUGH LARVAL CULTURE OR FOOD CHAIN BIOASSAYS.  Prog. Fish-Cult.
     38(1):51-52.   (ERL, GB Reprint #246).

          This report describes an inexpensive automatic feeder that features
          precise timing of a wide choice of food delivery period's and time
          intervals between food delivery.  The feeder can also control si-
          multaneous delivery of a variety of foods, is suitable for de-
          livering  'soxicant-laden live foods, and is compatible for use in
          flow-through water systems.  Although several automatic feeders
          have been described for culturing fish and crustaceans, this
          model is  considered more versatile.

114. Cook, Gary H., and James C. Moore.  1976.  DETERMINATION OF MALATHION,
     MALAOXON, AND MONO- AND DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS OF MALATHION IN FISH, OYSTER, AND
     SHRIMP TISSUE.  J. Agric. Food Chem.  24(3) :631-634.  (ERL, GB Reprint #273).

          A method  is described for monitoring the presence of malathion
          and its metabolites in the aquatic environment.  Malathion,
          malaoxon, malathion monoacid, and malathion diacid were deter-
          mined in  fish, oyster, and shrimp tissues by gas-liquid chroma-
          tography  JGLC).  GLC analyses were performed without cleanup by
          a flame photometric detector operating in the phosphorus mode.
          Acid compounds were methylated with diazomethane.  Pinfish
          exposed to 75 ug/1 of malathion in flowing seawater for 24 hr

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          contained no residues of malathion or malaoxon,  although the
          concentration of the malathion monoacid in the gut was 31.^ yg/g-
          The data illustrate that pinfish rapidly convert malathion to
          the mono- and dicarboxylic acids of malathion.

115. Cook, Gary H., James C. Moore, and David L. Coppage.   1976.  THE RELATIONSHIP
     OF MALATHION AND ITS METABOLITES TO FISH POISONING.  Bull. Environ. Contam.  &
     Toxicol.  16(3):283-290.  (ERL, GB Reprint #275).

          This report describes the relation of short-term measurability
          of malathion and some of its metabolites in fish to poisoning
          of fish in the laboratory.  Degree of poisoning is determined by
          brain acetycholinesterase inhibition and deaths in exposed popu-
          lations.
116. Coppage, D.L., and T.E. Braidech.
     CHOLINESTERASE AGENTS.  Water Res.
1976.   RIVER  POLLUTION  BY ANIT-
10(1):19-24.   (ERL,  GB  Reprint #227).
          The effects of effluent discharged into the Blue River, near
          its confluence with the Missouri River in Kansas City, MO, by
          a manufacturer of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides are
          described.  Since these pesticides act as nerve poisons by inhib-
          iting the neurotransmitter modulating enzyme acetylcholinesterase
          (AChE) in the nervous system, poisoning of fishes was diagnosed
          by measurement of brain-AChE in fishes collected from the Missouri
          River upstream and downstream from the mouth of the Blue River.
          Chemical analyses showed substantial amounts of AChE-inhibiting
          pesticides in the effluent relative to their toxicities.  These
          data indicate that the effluent is a contributing factor in the
          reduced brain-AChE activity of Missouri River fishes and that
          brain-AChE measurement in fishes is a sensitive and reliable
          indicator of such pollution.

117. Hansen, David J., Alfred J. Wilson, Jr., Del Wayne R. Nimmo, Steven C.
     Schimmel, Lowell H. Bahner, and Robert Huggett.  1976.  KEPONE:  HAZARD TO
     AQUATIC ORGANISM.  Science, 193(4253) :528.  (ERL, GB Reprint #307).

          This letter documents concern about the hazard posed by
          Kepone to aquatic organisms in the James River and the
          Chesapeake Bay.  Long-term bioassays reveal that the
          hazard to these organisms is greatly underestimated by the
          96-hr toxicity tests.  Long-term exposures to Kepone have
          reduced survival, reproduction, or growth of the sheepshead
          minnows and mysids.

118. Middaugh, D.P. and P.W. Lempesis.  1976.  LABORATORY SPAWNING AND REARING OF A
     MARINE FISH, THE SILVERSIDE MENIDIA MENIDIA MENIDIA.  Mar. Biol.
     35(4):295-300.  (ERL, GB Reprints #252).

          Laboratory spawning methods are described for adult silver-
          sides, Menidia roenidia menidia (Linnaeus), collected
                                          44

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119.
       in March 1974 and maintained in 3 recirculating seawater tanks
       in the laboratory.  There was a significant increase (^ , a =
       0.05) in the number of ripe males at all three feeding levels,
       compared to an initial field-collected group that was checked
       at the beginning of the conditioning period.  Females also
       showed significant increases in ripeness at the 7 and 10$
       but not at the 3% feeding level.  Techniques for maintaining
       eggs from field-ripened adults in the laboratory have been
       developed, and the effect of salinity on the percentage
       emergence of larvae determined.  The highest emergence rate
       of larvae was 6151 when eggs were maintained at 30 °/oo sa-
       linity (S).  Emergence was 56$ at 20 °/oo S and 47$ at
       10 °/oo S.  The effect of delayed feeding on survival and
       growth of larvae was determined at 20 and 30 °/oo S and 25°C.
       Experimental evidence shows that survival and growth is
       best for larvae fed Artemia sp. nauplii immediately after
       emergence at 30 °/oo S.

Parrish, Patrick R., Steven C. Schimmel, David J. Hansen, James M. Patrick,
Jr., and Jerrold Forester.  1976.  CHLORDANE:  EFFECTS ON 'SEVERAL ESTUARINE
ORGANISMS.  J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1(4)1485-494.  (ERL, GB Reprint  .
#234).

       Dynamic marine toxicity tests are performed with technical grade
       chlordane and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginjca) , pink
       shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) , grass shrimp (Palaemonetes
       JBligia) , sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon varieeatus) , and
       pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides).  The 96-hr LC50s (and 95$
       confidence limits) based on measured concentrations of chlordane
       (in yg/1) are: pink shrimp, 0.4 (0.3-0.6); grass shrimp,
       4.8 (4.0-6.0); sheepshead minnows, 24.5 (19.9-28.6); and pinfish,
       6.4 (5.0-7.3).  The 96-hr EC50 for eastern oysters was 6.2
       (4.8-7.9).  In a flow-through test, embryos and fry of sheepshead
       minnows were exposed to average measured concentrations of chlor-
       dane from 1.3 to 36.0 yg/l for 28 days.  Neither fertilization
       success nor embryo survival was affected by the concentrations
       of chlordane to which these life stages were exposed.  However,
       sheepshead minnow fry did not survive for more than 10 days
       in chlordane concentrations greater than 7.1
120.
Schimmel, Steven C., James M. Patrick, Jr., and Jerrold Forester.  1976.
HEPTACHLOR:  UPTAKE, DEPURATION, RETENTION, AND METABOLISM BY SPOT,
LEIQSTOMUS XANTHUBUS.  J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 2(1 ): 169-178.  (ERL,  GB
Reprint #264)

       The estuarine fish, spot (Leiostomu,g xanthurua), was exposed
       to 0.27, 0.52, 1.01, 1.99, and 3-87 yg/l technical grade heptachlor
       (65$ heptachlor, 22$ trans-chlordane,  2$ cis-chlordane, 2$ nonachlor,
       and 9$ unidentified compounds) for 24  days in a  flow- through bioassay,

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              followed  by 28 days  in heptachlor-free seawater.  Concentrations
              of  heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and trans- and cis-chlordane in
              edible  tissues were  monitored at day 3 and weekly thereafter
              throughout the bioassay and at the end of the postexposure
              period.   All four chemicals were accumulated by spot.
              Maximum concentrations of heptachlor were observed on day 3;
              maximum concentrations of the other three compounds were
              observed  on day 17.  The average bioconcentration factors
              for heptachlor and trans-chlordane were 3,600 and 4,600,
              respectively.  Only  10$ or less of the maximum concentra-
              tions of  heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and trans-chlordane
              accumulated during the exposure period remained after
              28  days in pesticide-free seawater; an average of 35% of
              the cis-chlordane remained.  Relative total amounts of
              heptachlor and cis-chlordane changed during the exposure
              and post-exposure periods.  Nearly all of the heptachlor
              was eliminated or metabolized to its epoxide.  Cis-
              chlordane, which averaged 4-7% of the total residues
              (chlordanes and heptachlors) in edible tissues during
              the exposure, increased to 18-23$ of the total residues
              by  the  end of the postexposure period.

121.  Schimmel,  Steven C., James  M. Patrick, Jr., and Jerrold Forester.  1976.
      HEPTACHLOR:  TOXICITY TO AND UPTAKE BY SEVERAL ESTUARINE ORGANISMS.  J.
      Toxicol. Environ. Health 1(6):955-965.  (ERL, GB Reprint #265)

              Technical-grade heptachlor (65$ heptachlor, 22$ trans-
              chlordane, 2$ cis-chlordane, and 2$ nonachlor) was
              tested  in 96-hr bioassays to determine its toxicity
              to  estuarine animals.  The test organisms and the 96-hr
              LCSOs or  ECSOs Cbased on measured concentrations in
              water)  are as follows:  American oyster (Crassostrea
              vireinica).  1.5 yg/1; pink shrimp (Penaeus
              duorarum). 0.11 ug/1; grass shrimp (Palaemonetes
              vulearis), 1.06 Mg/1; sheepshead minnow (Cyorinodon
              varieeatus)f 3.68 yg/1; pinfish (Laeodon rhomboides)r
              3.77 ug/1; and spot  (Leiostomus xanthurus)T 0.85
              pg/1.   Analytical-grade heptachlor (99.8$ heptachlor) and
              heptachlor epoxide (99$) were also studied.  The analytical-
              grade heptachlor 96-hr LC50 for pink shrimp and spot was
              0.03 ug/1 and 0.86 ug/lf respectively, while that for pink
              shrimp  exposed to heptachlor epoxide was O.OM yg/1.  Hepta-
              chlor was accumulated and some metabolized to its epoxide
              by  all  animals tested.  Fish and oysters accumulated hepta-
              chlor in  their tissues 2,800-21,300 times the measured
              concentration in water; shrimp, only 200-700 times.

122.  Schoor, W.P.,  and S.M. Newman.  1976.  THE EFFECT OF MIREX ON THE BURROWING
      ACTIVITY OF THE  LUGWORM (ARENICOLA GBISTATA).  TRANS. AMER. FISH. SOC.
      105(6):700-703.  (ERL, GB Reprint #268).
                                          46

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             An inexpensive bioassay system is developed to estimate
             pollutant effects on a benthic animal.  Mirex, a fire ant
             toxicant, is taken into the substrate by the burrowing and
             feeding activity of the lugworm, Arenioplq cristata, and
             significantly affected this activity.  Mirex is present
             in the adult worm as well as in its juvenile stage.

123.  Tagatz, Marlin E.  1976.  EFFECT OF MIREX ON PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION IN AN
      EXPERIMENTAL ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM.  Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.  105(4):516-5*9.
      (ERL, GB Reprint #276).

             Tests of 14- to 16-days' duration were conducted to determine the
             distribution and sublethal effects of mirex in an experimental
             estuarine ecosystem.  The insecticide was translocated from
             water at concentrations of 0.011 to 0.13 Pg/1 to sand, plant,
             and animal components.  An alteration of predator-prey inter-
             action due to mirex was manifested by a significant difference
             (X^ test, a = 0.05) in survival of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes
             vulgaris, in control and treated tanks after one, two, or three
             days of predation by pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides.

124.  Tagatz, M.E., P.W. Borthwick, J.M. Ivey, and J. Knight.  1976.  EFFECTS OF
      LEACHED MIREX ON EXPERIMENTAL COMMUNITIES OF ESTUARINE ANIMALS.  Arch.
      Environ. Contamin. Toxicol.  1(4):435-442.  (ERL, GB Reprint #229).

             Experimental communities of various estuarine animals in out-
             door tanks were exposed to a continuous flow of water containing
             mirex for 10 weeks.  The mirex was leached from fire ant bait
             (0.3* active ingredient) by fresh water that was then mixed
             with saltwater to yield exposure concentrations averaging
             0.038 yg/1.  The experiment simulated runoff from treated
             land into estuarine areas.  Mortality of grass shrimp
             (Palaemonetea vulearis), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum),
             common mud crabs (Panopeus herbstii), and striped hermit
             crabs (Clibanarius vittatus) was significantly higher in
             tanks containing the toxicant.  Mortality of ribbed mussels
             (Modiolus demissus) and American oysters (Crassostrea virginj.Qa)
             was significantly lower in treated tanks, probably because
             numbers of both species of crabs that ate the bivalves were
             reduced.  Sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon varieeatus) were
             least affected by mirex.  Almost all deaths occurred after
             10 or more days of exposure.  All exposed animals accumulated
             mirex, with maximum concentrations ranging from 5.500X (pink
             shrimp) to 73.700X (soft tissues of oysters) above the concen-
             tration in the water.   Sand substratum contained mirex up to
             1,500X that in the water.   The study demonstrates that mirex
             can be leached from bait by fresh water and be concentrated
             by and affect survival of members in an experimental estuarine
             community.
                                          47

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 125. Water Quality Committee American Fisheries Society (D. Hansen,  member).
      1976.  A SURVEY OF EFFORTS TO ABATE WATER POLLUTION IN FISCAL 1973 BY NORTH
      AMERICAN AGENCIES.  Fisheries 1(1):15-21.  (ERL, GB Reprint #285).

             This survey examines the FY-73 manpower, funds, activities,
             and attitudes of natural resource agencies toward water pollu-
             tion abatement and research to develop water quality criteria
             for aquatic life.  Respondents represent 53 state agencies, 25
             U.S. Federal agencies, and 13 Canadian agencies.  Summarized
             results indicate that environmental protection activities
             generally comprise only a modest share of agency budgets and
             that funds and manpower devoted to research related to water
             quality criteria are comparatively small and are expended
             mainly in Federal laboratories.

126.  Wilson, Alfred J.  1976.  EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED MATERIAL ON MEASUREMENT OF DDT
      IN ESTUARINS WATER.  Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  15(5):515-521.  (ERL,
      GB Reprint #258).

             This study investigates the effect of suspended material on
             measurement of DDT in estuarine water.  The efficiency of
             serial LLE of DDT-fortified estuarine water is assessed and
             the recovery rate of fortified samples is evaluated.  The
             experiments demonstrate the pitfalls of sample fortification:
             liquid-liquid extraction of estuarine water immediately after
             fortification yielded acceptable recovery levels with all
             solvent systems tested; analyses several days later gave only
             partial recovery.



     1975


127.  Bahner, Lowell H., and Del Wayne R. Nimmo.  1975.  A SALINITY CONTROLLER FOR
      FLOW-THROUGH BIOASSAYS.  Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 10H(2):388-389.  (ERL, GB
      Reprint #21U).

             An electro-mechanical device has been constructed to monitor
             and dilute seawater to a constant salinity for flowing-water
             bioassays.  It has been used successfully in pesticide bio-
             assays and requires little maintenance.

128.  Bahner, L.H., C.D. Craft, and D.R. Nimmo.  1975.  A SALT-WATER FLOW-THROUGH
      BIOASSAY METHOD WITH CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY.  Prog. Fish-Cult.
      37(3):126-129.  (ERL, GB Reprint #239).

             Flow-through bioassays offer many advantages over static
             exposure methods.  Continuously flowing seawater simulates
             more closely the natural estuarine or marine environment.  A
             bioassay described in this paper is readily adaptable to a
                                          48

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              wide  variety of  estuarine  and marine macroinvertebrates and
              fishes.

129.   Borthwick, Patrick W.,  Marlin E.  Tagatz, and Jerrold Forester.   1975.  A
       GRAVITY-FLOW COLUMN TO  PROVIDE PESTICIDE-LADEN WATER FOR AQUATIC BIOASSAYS.
       Bull.  Environ,. Contam.  Toxicol.   13(2): 183-187.   (ERL, GB Reprint #189).

              A  column  containing granular pesticide, bait, or inert
              material  coated  with pesticide  may be used to achieve realis-
              tic concentrations of pesticides in assay water without a
              solvent.  This report shows that mirex can be introduced
              into  flow-through aquatic  bioassay systems without a solvent
              by means  of a gravity-flow column containing mirex bait.

130.   Bourquin, Al W., and S. Cassidy.  1975.  EFFECT OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL
       FORMULATIONS ON  THE GROWTH OF ESTUARINE BACTERIA.  Appl. Microbiol.
       29(1):125-127.   (ERL, GB Reprint  #217).

              Polychlorinated  biphenyl formulations inhibited the growth
              of certain estuarine bacteria.  The sensitive strains, although
              exhibiting some  similar physiological characteristics, con-
              tained both gram-positive  and gram-negative bacteria.

131.   Bourquin, Al W., L.A. Kiefer, N.H. Berner, S. Crow, and Donald G. Ahearn.
       1975.   INHIBITION OF ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS BY POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS.
       Dev. Ind. Microbiol.  16:256-261.  (ERL, GB Reprint #230).

              Over  100  isolates of representative estuarine bacteria and
              fungi were screened for their ability to grow in the presence
              of commercial preparations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).
              Super absorbant  sensitivity discs impregnated with up to 0.5
              mg of PCB were placed on the surface of freshly inoculated
              solid media.  Twenty-six bacteria, representing both gram-
              positive  and gram-negative strains of varying morphology,
              showed varying degrees of  sensitivity to PCB.  In contrast
              to insensitive isolates, sensitive strains were mainly amy-
              lolytic and proteolytic.   PCB had negligible effect on the
              growth of fungi.  The sensitivity of select cultures of heter-
              otrophic  bacteria to PCB may be of considerable importance to
              nutrient  turnover in estuarine  ecosystems.

132.   Coppage,  David L., Edward Matthews, Gary H. Cook, and Johnnie Knight.  1975.
       BRAIN  ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION  IN FISH AS A DIAGNOSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
       POISONING BY MALATHION, 0,0-DIMETHYL S-(1 ,2-DICARBETHOXYETHYL) PHOSPHORODI-
       THIOATE.  Pestic. Biochem. Physiol.  5(6) :536-5^2.  (ERL, GB Reprint #237).

              Brain acetylcholinesterase (EC  3-1.1.7) activities were compared
              in groups of an  estuarine  fish  Laaodon r^omboides (pinfish)
              exposed in seawater to sublethal and lethal concentrations of
              malathion [0,0-dimethyl S-(1,2-dicarbethoxyethyl) phosphorodi-
              thioate]  to determine enzyme inhibition values for diagnosis
                                          49

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            of poisoning.  Lethal exposures caused greater enzyme inhibi-
            tion than sublethal exposures through 72 hr.  Consistent
            levels of enzyme inhibition (72-79? inhibition) occurred when
            40-60$ of replicate exposed groups were killed at 3.5, 24, 48
            and 72 hr at mean concentrations of 575, 142, 92, and 58 \ig/l,
            respectively.  A mean concentration of 31 yg/1 was sublethal
            through 72 hr exposure and caused a maximum enzyme inhibition
            of only 3456.  The correlation of brain acetylcholinesterase
            inhibition with exposure and deaths is of value in diagnosing
            poisoning in fish populations and has been applied to actual
            environmental situations.  Enzyme inhibition in fishes is
            positively correlated with spraying of an estuary with mala-
            thion.

133. Coppage,  David L.,  and Edward Matthews.  1975.  BRAIN-ACETYLCHOLINESTSRASE
     INHIBITION IN A MARINE TELEOST DURING LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EXPOSURES TO 1,2-
     DIBROMO-2,2-DICHLOROETHYL DIMETHYL PHOSPHATE (NALED) IN SEAWATER.  Toxicol.
     Appl. Pharraacol.  31:128-133.  (ERL,  GB Reprint #199).

            Brain-AChE inhibition by sublethal exposure in seawater is
            compared to brain-AChE inhibition caused by lethal exposure
            to determine if brain-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition
            in a marine teleost Lagodon rhomboides (pinfish) by an organo-
            phosphate pesticide (naled) is specific enough to diagnose
            anticholinesterase poisoning.   A sublethal exposure did not
            inhibit brain-AChE as much as lethal exposure in periods of
            24, 48, and 72 hr.  Consistent levels of inhibition (84-89$
            inhibition)  occurred when 40-60$ of an exposed population of
            pinfish was killed.  This correlation of brain-AChE inhibi-
            tion with exposure and death in a fish population shows that
            brain-AChE measurements are of value in diagnosing anticholi-
            nesterase poisoning in a marine fish.

134. Couch, John A., Max D. Summers, and Lee Courtney.  1975.  ENVIRONMENTAL
     SIGNIFICANCE OF BACULOVIRUS INFECTIONS IN ESTUARINE AND MARINE SHRIMP.  Ann.
     N.Y.  Acad. Sci.  266:528-536.  (ERL, GB Reprint #253).

            Biochemical and serological investigations are underway to
            compare the nucleic acid, virus structural proteins, and
            inclusion body proteins of the shrimp virus to several species
            of insect Baculoviruses.  This paper considers the significance
            of the shrimp virus in regard to the ecology of its crustacean
            host.

135. Crow, S.A., D.G. Ahearn, W.L. Cook, and A.W. Bourquin.  1975.  DENSITIES OF
     BACTERIA AND FUNGI IN COASTAL SURFACE FILMS AS DETERMINED BY A MEMBRANE-
     ADSORPTION PROCEDURE.  Limnol. Oceangr.  20(4):644-646.  (ERL, GB Reprint
     #232).

            A membrane-adsorption technique for counting surface slick
            microbial populations is evaluated.  The simple procedure
                                          50

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            gives bacterial and fungal populations several orders of magni-
            tude greater than those previously reported for surface slicks.

 136. Hansen, David J.f and Steven C. Schimmel.  1975.  ENTIRE LIFE-CYCLE BIOASSAY
     USING SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINQDON VARIEGATUS).  In:  Proposed EPA
     Pesticide Guidelines for Programs Registering Pesticides, U.S. Federal
     Register 40(123):26904-26905.  (ERL, GB Reprint #267).

            A procedure is proposed to provide a method of determining the
            effect of a material on survival of sheepshead minnow embryos
            and fry, their growth to adulthood, and reproductive success.
            Reproductive success is measured by monitoring the ability of
            pairs of fish to spawn naturally, their fecundity, fertiliza-
            tion success, and survival of embryos and fry.

 137. Hansen, David J., Steven C. Schimmel and Jerrold Forester.  1975.   EFFECTS  OF
     AROCLOrfS) 1016 ON EMBRYOS, FRY, JUVENILES, AND ADULTS OF SHEEPSHEAD MIMNOWS
     (CYPRINODQN VARIEGATOSK  Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.  104(3):584-588.  (ERL,  GB
     Reprint #206).

            We investigated the toxicity of Aroclor 1016 to, and uptake
            by, fry and juvenile and adult sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon
            variegfrtus) in intermittent-flow bioassays lasting 28 days.
            Survival of eggs, of fry hatched from them, and of juvenile and
            adult fish, apparently was not affected by 0.1, 0.32, 1.0,  3.2,
            10 pg/1 of Aroclor 1016 added to aquaria, but 32 and 100 pg/1
            killed newly hatched fry and juvenile and adult fish.  Sheeps-
            head minnows accumulated the chemical in proportion to its
            concentration in the test water.  Fry contained 2,500 to 8,100
            X the concentration of Aroclor 1016 added to the test water,
            adults 4,700 to 14,000 X, and juveniles 10,000 to 34,000 X.
            As much as 77 ug/g of Aroclor 1016 in eggs from exposed adults
            apparently did not affect survival of embryos and fry.

1.38. Hollister, Terrence A., Gerald E. Walsh, and Jerrold Forester.  1975. MIREX
     AND MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGAE:  ACCUMULATION,  POPULATION GROWTH,  AND  OXYGEN
     EVOLUTION.  Bull. Environ. Contam.  Toxicol.   14(6):753-759.   (ERL, GB Reprint
     #248).

            Selected estuarine unicellular algae  were exposed to mirex  under
            various conditions of salinity and nutrient concentrations  to
            determine effects on population growth and oxygen evolution and
            to determine if mirex can be accumulated by the algae.   Our
            studies show that mirex had  no significant effect on population
            growth or oxygen evolution of algae.   It was,  however,  accumulated
            from the water by algae.

1.39. Jensen, A.L.   1975.  COMPUTER SIMULATION OF  EFFECTS  ON ATLANTIC  MENHADEN
     YIELD OF CHANGES IN GROWTH,  MORTALITY,  AND REPRODUCTION.   Chesapeake Sci.
     16(2):139-142.   (ERL,  GB Reprint #188).
                                         51

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            A self-regenerating dynamic  pool  model  fitted  to the Atlantic
            menhaden population was applied to  simulate yield as a function
            of the parameters for growth,  reproduction, and mortality.  A
            random variable was applied  to simulate random environmental
            fluctuations.   For each combination of  parameters the yield
            for 50 replicates of 50 generations was calculated.  Under
            normal conditions, considerable fluctuation in yield from the
            menhaden population can be expected.  Decrease in the growth
            parameter produced the largest decrease in yield and an  increase
            in adult mortality produced  the smallest decrease in yield.
            The combined effects of simultaneous changes in more than one
            parameter were approximately additive.

140. Middaugh, Douglas P., Wayne R. Davis, and  Ruth L. Yoakum.  1975.  THE
     RESPONSE OF LARVAL FISH, LEIOSTQMUS XANTHURUS. TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
     FOLLOWING SUBLETHAL CADMIUM EXPOSURE. Contrib. Mar.  Sci.  19:13-19.   (ERL,
     GB Reprint #223).

            The toxicity of cadmium to larval fish, LeAogtomus  xanthurus.
            was studied.  An incipient LC50 concentration  of approximately
            0.2-0.3 mg/1 cadmium was first estimated.  Subsequent short-
            term sublethal tests were conducted to  determine the relation-
            ship of cadmium exposure and accumulated whole body residues
            of the metal on the response of larval  to thermal stress and
            low-dissolved oxygen.  Results of this  study indicated a signif-
            icant decrease (ot=0.05, t-Test) in  the  critical thermal  maxi-
            mum (CTM) for larvae exposed to 0.5 and 0.8 mg/1 cadmium for
            96 hr at 20°C.  Significant  decreases (ct=0.05, x2)  in sur-
            vival of larvae subjected to a dissolved oxygen  (DO) level of
            1.6 mg/1 after exposure to 0.5 and  0.8  mg/1 cadmium were also
            observed.

141. Nimmo,  D.R., D.J. Hansen, J.A. Couch, N.R. Cooley, P.R. Parrish, and J.I.
     Lowe.   1975.  TOXICITY OF AROCLOlCD 1254  AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN
     SEVERAL ESTUARINE ORGANISMS.  Arch. Environ. Contam.  3(D:22-39.   (ERL, GB
     Reprint #162).

            The occurrence of high concentrations of a PCB (Aroclor  125*0
            in the Pensacola estuary prompted field and laboratory studies
            by the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze  (EPA).
            Monitoring of the estuary indicates the chemical is present
            in all components—particularly in  sediments and fishes.
            Residues appear to be diminishing in sediments.  Toxicity
            tests show estuarine species sensitive  at ppb  concentrations
            in water, with a ciliate protozoan  (Tetrahvmena pyrjtformis W),
            shrimps (Penaeus duorarumf f_.  aztecusr  and Palaemonetes  ougio),
            and a fish (Fundulus qimilis)  affected  at or near 1.0 ppb.
            Tissue concentrations of Aroclor  1254 similar  to those found  in
            natural populations of shrimps from the contaminated estuary
            were successfully duplicated in laboratory experiments.
            Shrimps also concentrated the PCB from  very low concentrations
                                         52

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            (0.04 ppb)  in the water.   Three estuarine species demonstrated
            pathologic  changes at tissue and cellular level after chronic
            exposure to the chemical.   Oysters fCraasosfrrea virainica)
            developed abnormal infiltration of leukocytes  in the connec-
            tive tissue,  spot (Leiostomus xanthjjirus)  developed fatty
            changes in  their livers,  and shrimp (pena^us duorarum)  devel-
            oped crystalloids in hepatopancreatic  nuclei.

142. Schimmel,  Steven C., and David J. Hansen.  1975.  AN  AUTOMATIC BRINE SHRIMP
     FEEDER FOR AQUATIC BIOASSAYS.  J. Fish. Res.  Board Can.   32(2):314-316.
     (ERL,  GB Reprint #224).

            An electrically operated  brine shrimp  feeder is described.
            The devise  may be set to  cycle 1-12 times each day for tests
            in fish and invertebrate  culture and bioassay.   Major advan-
            tages of the feeder are:   (1) it is readily adapted to flow-
            through bioassay and culture apparatuses  that  require equal
            quantities  of food be delivered to animals in  two or more
            test aquaria; and (2) the number of feedings may be recorded.
            The components, all readily available,  cost approximately
            $190.

143. Schoor, W.P.  1975.   PROBLEMS  ASSOCIATED WITH  LOW-SOLUBILITY COMPOUNDS IN
     AQUATIC TOXICITY TESTS:  THEORETICAL MODEL AND SOLUBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
     AROCLOR®1254 IN WATER.  Water Res.   9:937-944.   (ERL,  GB Reprints #208a).

            A theoretical model of the behavior of substances having low
            water-solubility is presented and discussed with respect to
            aqueous bioassay.  Ultracentrifugal techniques are used in
            an attempt  to study size  distributions  of Aroclor 1254  aggre-
            gates in aqueous emulsions.   Results indicate  strong adsorp-
            tion from emulsion by surfaces and a water-solubility at 20°C
            of less than 0.1 yg 1~1 in distilled water and approximately
            40Jt of that value in water containing  30  g 1~1  NaCl.   Implica-
            tions with  regard to aqueous bioassay  are discussed.
144. Smith,  N.G.,  A.W.  Bourquin,  S.A.  Crow,  and D.G. Ahearn.
     HEPTACHLOR  ON HSXADECANE  UTILIZATION BY SELECTED FUNGI.
     Microbiol.,  17:331-336.   (ERL, GB Reprint #255).
1975.  EFFECT OF
Dev. Ind.
            Various  concentrations  of  heptachlor dissolved in hexadecane
            were  added  to  cultures  of  fungi grown in yeast-nitrogen base
            prepared with  synthetic seawater and with deionized water.
            Candida  maltosa  and Candida  lipolvtica showed greatest uti-
            lization of hexadecane  (20-91$) whether heptachlor was present
            or  absent.   Isolates of Pichia soartinae, Cladosporium sp.,
            Cephaloasorium sp., and Penicillium sp. also utilized the
            hydrocarbon, but to a lesser extent.  Species of Kluyveromycea
            failed to grow with hexadecane as a carbon source.  Compared
            with  low concentrations, high concentrations of heptachlor
                                        53

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            appeared to have a slight stimulating effect on utilization of
            hexadecane by £. maltosa. but had no effect with C_. lipolvtica.

 145. Tagatz, M.E., P.W. Borthwick, and J. Forester.  1975.  SEASONAL EFFECTS OF
     LEACHED MIREX ON SELECTED ESTUARINE ANIMALS.  Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol,
     3(3):371-383.  (ERL, GB Reprint #222).

            Four 28-day seasonal experiments were conducted with selected
            estuarine animals in outdoor tanks that received continuous
            flow of mirex-laden water.  Mirex (dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,^~
            metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd] pentalene) leached from fire ant bait
            (0.3$ mirex) by fresh water and then mixed with saltwater was
            toxic to blue crabs (Callinectes saoidus), pink shrimp (Penaeus
            duorarum), and grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) but not to
            sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon variegatus), at concentrations
            less than 0.53 yg/1 in water.  The amount of leaching was
            greatest in summer and least in spring.  Greatest mortality
            occurred in summer at the highest water temperature and con-
            centration of mirex; least mortality occurred in spring at
            next to the lowest temperature and at the lowest concentra-
            tion.  Earliest deaths of blue crabs occurred after'six days
            of exposure and shrimps after two days.  Among animals that
            survived for 28 days, sheepshead minnows concentrated mirex
            40.800X above the concentration in the water, blue crabs
            2,300X, pink shrimp 10,OOOX, and grass shrimp 10,800X.  Sand
            substrata contained mirex up to 770X that in the water.  Most
            control and exposed animals in samples examined histologically
            had normal tissues, but alteration in gills of some exposed
            fish and natural pathogens in some exposed and control crabs
            and shrimp were observed.  The experiments demonstrate that
            mirex can be leached from bait by fresh water, concentrated
            by estuarine organisms, and can be toxic to crabs and shrimps.
     1974
146. Bahner, Lowell H.  1974.  A SALINITY CONTROLLER FOR FLOWING-WATER BIOASSAYS.
     ASB Bull.  21(2):37 (ERL, GB Reprint #200).

            Salinity and temperature are rate-determining factors for
            many physiological functions and these variables affect the
            toxicity of several pesticides to marine organisms.  Because
            some compounds that alter or interfere with osmoregulatory
            mechanisms in estuarine organisms appear more toxic as salinity
            changes, it is often desirable in estuarine bioassays (flow-
            through) to adjust salinity to a constant level.
                                         54

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            A salinity controller consisting of a seawater hydrometer,
            photocell detector, and a relay controlled by an electronic
            amplifier has been developed to monitor and adjust salinity
            continuously in flow-through systems.  The controller regu-
            lates electrical pumps or valves to adjust salinity within
            ± 1$ of the desired level, and, with minor modifications,
            can control temperature, water height, or light intensity.

147. Borthwick, Patrick W.  1974.  A CLINICAL CENTRIFUGE TUBE FOR SMALL BLOOD
     SAMPLES.  Prog. Fish-Cult.  36(3):184.  (ERL, GB Reprint #238).

            In many microanalytical procedures (e.g. electrophoresis),
            only a few microliters of serum are needed, but the serum
            must be free of other blood components.  A simple and inexpen-
            sive device is described for separating components of small
            amounts of blood in a clinical-type centrifuge.

148. Borthwick, P.W., G.H. Cook, and J.M. Patrick, Jr.  1974.  MIREX RESIDUES IN
     SELECTED ESTUARIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA—June 1972.  Pestic. Monit. J.
     7(3/4):144-145.  (ERL, GB Reprint #168).

            Estuarine sediments, crabs, shrimps, and fishes were collected
            in June 1972 at 11 stations 2 years after aerial applications
            of mirex bait for control of fire ants in coastal areas near
            Charleston, SC.  These stations had previously been monitored
            (October 1969 to June 1971) when levels of mirex in animal
            samples were:  crabs, 0-0.60 ppm; shrimps, 0-1.3 ppm; and
            fishes, 0-0.82 ppm.

            The recent study showed that mirex was present in three
            species of fishes (white catfish, 0.021 ppm; bluegill, 0.047
            ppm; carp, 0.12 ppm) and blue crabs (0.026 ppm) at two fresh-
            water stations.  However, mirex was not detected in 36 animal
            samples, most of which were taken from nine saline stations
            in the estuaries after a period of restricted use of the
            pesticide.  Analysis of bottom sediment samples at all sta-
            tions detected no mirex.  The lower limit of detection for
            mirex was 0.01 ppm.

149. Cooley, Nelson R.  1974.   OCCURRENCE OF SNOOK ON THE NORTH SHORE OF THE GULF
     OF MEXICO.  Florida Scientist 37(2):98-99.  (ERL, GB Reprint #192).

            The known range of snook is extended about 100 miles westward
            to Santa Rosa Sound.

150. Coppage, David L., and Edward Matthews.  1974.  SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF
     ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES ON CHOLINESTERASES OF ESTUARINE FISHES AND PINK
     SHRIMP.  Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  11(5):483-488.  (ERL, GB Reprint
     #169).
                                         55
 S EL-:/ ••-.••-.• ociu:r>. .'-;; Libiary

;>;>•--•;.-' r.-/-  --nueNW
  vVPsr,i:vi;:.-,r. JL 20460

-------
            This report concerns AChE inhibitory effects of short-term
            laboratory exposures of four species of estuarine fishes and
            a commercial shrimp to malathion.  The acetylcholine hydro-
            lyzing enzymes from brains of spot (Leiostomus xanthurus: 65-
            150 mm total length), pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides: 65-125 nrn) ,
            Atlantic croaker (Mj-cropogon undulatua; 85-150 mm), and sheeps-
            head minnows (Cvorinodon variegatus; 45-70 mm),  and the ventral
            nerve cord (VNC) of pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum; 78-122 mm)
            were characterized and assayed.  Relatively consistent levels
            of AChE inhibition occurred in fishes even with different com-
            pounds and different species.  The survivors of populations of
            fish in which 40-60$ were killed by exposure to organophosphate
            pesticide had mean brain AChE reductions of 70-96$.  These
            inhibitions indicate that mean reductions in AChE activity of
            about 80$ are critical in short-term organophosphate poisoning
            of the fishes tested and possibly to fishes in general.  Spec-
            ific levels of reduction of AChE show that it is unnecessary to
            rely on the dubious interpretation of residues alone to deter-
            mine poisoning and cause of "kills" in the environment.

151. Couch, John A.  1974.  AN ENZOOTIC NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS OF PINK SHRIMP:
     ULTRASTRUCTURE, .PREVALENCE, AND ENHANCEMENT.  J. Invertebr. Pathol.  24(3):
     311-331.  (ERL, GB Reprint #215).

            A nuclear polyhedrosis virus exists in pink shrimp, Penaeus
            duorarum., from wastes of the northern Gulf of Mexico.  This
            virus is rod-shaped, 269 nm long, and possesses an outer enve-
            lope surrounding its nucleocapsid.  The nucleocapsid is 50 nm
            in diameter.  The virus occurs in nuclei of host hepatopan-
            creatic and midgut cells, and is both free in the nucleus and
            occluded within pyramidal-shaped polyhedral inclusion bodies
            (PIB's).  Histochemically and ultrastructurally, the shrimp
            PIB's appear to be ribonucleoprotein and in fine structure bear
            close resemblance to polyhedral inclusion bodies of Baculovirus
            species from insects.  However, the lattice line-to-line spacing
            is greater than that usually reported for insect PIB's.  In
            limited experiments, shrimp fed heavily infected hepatopancreatic
            tissues had much higher mortality than controls fed only fish.
            The virus appears to be enzootic in pink shrimp in nature.  Cyto-
            pathological changes in infected cells of shrimp appear similar
            to those in insects infected with certain species of Baculovirus.
            The name Baculovirus penaei n. sp. is proposed for the shrimp
            virus.

152. Couch, John A.  1974.  FREE AND OCCLUDED VIRUS, SIMILAR TO BACULQVIRUS. IN
     HSPATOPANCREAS OF PINK SHRIMP.  Nature 247 (5438):229-231.  (ERL, GB Reprint
     #213).

            Rod-shaped virus particles and related inclusion bodies in cells
            observed in pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) experimentally exposed
            to the polychlorinated (PCB) Aroclor 1254 are described.  Their
                                          56

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           similarity is compared with certain noninclusion viruses and with
           nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of the Baculovirua group previously
           described only from insects and mites.  A close relationship of
           the shrimp virus to the Baci^ovirus group is demonstrated.

 153.  Couch, John A.  1974.  PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF UROSPQRIDIUM (HAPLOSPORIDA)
      INFECTION IN MICROPHALLID METACERCARIAE.  J. Invertebr. Pathol.  23:389-396.
      (ERL, GB Reprint #211).

           Extensive pathological changes occur in Megalophallus metacer-
           cariae as a result of natural infections by the haplosporidan
           hyperparasite Urosporidium creacens.  Infected and uninfected
           metaceriae, recovered from blue crabs from Chincoteague Bay,
           MD, are compared histologically in regard to condition of
           metacerearial cyst wall, tegument, and specialized parenchymal
           cells.  Changes from normal found in heavily infected metacer-
           cariae are:  (1) suppression and replacement of possible secre-
           tory and parenchymal cells by the hyperparasite, (2) lack of
           reticulin stomata, polysaccharides and acid mucopolysaccharides,
           (3) reduction in thickness of cyst wall, tegumental, and connec-
           tive tissue structure, and (4) loss of mobility and resistance
           to mechanical pressures.  Though severe pathological changes
           occur in heavily infected metacercariae, most infected metacer-
           cariae remain viable within the blue crab and thereby serve as
           a vector for Urosporidium until the death of the blue crab.
           At the time of the crab's death and disorganization, infected
           metacercariae rupture and release spores of the hyperparasite.

154.  Davies, Tudor T., and Nelson A. Thomas.  1974.  THE U.S. CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY
      PROGRAM IN THE INTERNATIONAL FIELD YEAR FOR THE GREAT LAKES.  Mar. Tech. Soc,
      J.  8(1):23.

           This paper describes the operation and methods of the Chemistry-
           Biology Program for the Great Lakes in the International Field
           Year.  Three major objectives are described for the multidisci-
           plinary program:  material balance studies, evaluation of the
           current ecologio status of the lake, and the development of pre-
           dictive mathematical models.

155.  Duke, Thomas W.  1974.  CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING IMPORTANCE AND EFFECTS OF
      PESTICIDES ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT:  A BRIEF OVERVIEW.  Mar. Tech. Soc. J.
      8(1):21-22.  (ERL, GB Reprint #180).

           Criteria developed to assess the effect of pesticides through lab-
           oratory research, experimental ecosystems, and environmental
           studies are described.  An example is presented for the use of
           laboratory bioassays and field observations to better understand
           the impact of a particular pesticide on the marine environment.
           Need for development of predictive models to assess possible
           effects of specific environmental stresses is emphasized.
                                           57

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 156.  Hansen, David J.   1974.  AROCLOrfB) 1254:  EFFECT ON COMPOSITION OF DEVELOPING
      ESTUARINE ANIMAL COMMUNITIES IN THE LABORATORY.  Contrib. Mar. Sci.  18:19-33-
      (ERL, GB Reprint 1164).

          Aroclor® 1254, a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), affected the
          composition of communities of estuarine animals that developed
          from planktonic larvae in saltwater that flowed through 10 con-
          trol aquaria  and 10 aquaria  contaminated with 0.1, 1 or 10 yg/1
          of this PCB.  Communities that developed in control aquaria and
          aquaria that  received 0.1 yg/1 of PCB in water for four months
          were dominated (>75%) by arthropods, primarily the amphipod
          Corophium volutator.  In aquaria receiving 1 and 10 yg/1, the
          number of arthropods decreased and the number of chordates, pri-
          marily the tunicate Mogula manhattensis, increased; over 75$ of
          the animals in 10 pg/1 aquaria were tunicates.  Numbers of phyla,
          species, and  individuals (particularly amphipods, bryozoans,
          crabs, and mollusks) were decreased in this PCB, but there was
          no apparent effect on the abundance of annelids, brachiopods,
          coelenterates, echinoderms,  or nermerteans.  The Shannon-Weaver
          index of species diversity was not altered by Aroclor 1254.

157. Hansen, D.J., P.R. Parrish, and J. Forester.  1974.  AROCLOR 1016:  TOXICITY
     TO AND UPTAKE BY ESTUARINE ANIMALS.  Environ. Res.  7:363-373.  (ERL, GB
     Reprint #172).

          Bioassays were conducted to  determine the acute toxicities of
          the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Aroclor 1016 in flowing sea-
          water to American oysters (Crassostrea virginica), brown shrimp
          (Penaeus aztecus), grass shrimp (Palaejn
-------
         minnows  (Cyprinodon varieeatus) and mosquitofish
         affinis)  could  avoid water  contaminated with 0.001, 0.01, 0.1,
         1,  or  10  mg/1 of  the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB).
139. Jensen, A.L.   1974.  LESLIE MATRIX MODELS FOR FISHERIES STUDIES.
    30(3):547-551.   (ERL, GB Reprint #183) .
Biometrics,
          Two modifications of the Leslie matrix model are developed.  In
          the first  modification  the egg stage as well as the age groups
          of a  fish  population are included in the vector of state.  In
          the second modification only the recruited members of the popu-
          lation  are included in  the vector of state.

160. Jensen, A.L.   1974.   PREDATOR-PREY AND COMPETITION MODELS WITH STATE
     VARIABLES:   BIOMASS,  NUMBER  OF INDIVIDUALS, AND AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL WEIGHT.  J.
     Fish. Res. Board Can. 31 (10) : 1669-1674.  (ERL, GB Reprint #184).

          Applying the identity that biomass equals number of individuals
          multiplied by average individual weight, simultaneous equations
          for change with  respect to time in biomass, number of individuals,
          and average individual  weight are obtained for Kostitzin's preda-
          tor-prey equations and  for the Lotka-Volterra competition equa-
          tions.   By the same procedure applied here, simultaneous equations
          for these three  variables can be obtained for other predator-prey
          and competition  equations.  These equations can be applied to
          determine the biomass,  number of individuals, and average individ-
          ual weight of interacting fish populations under different rates
          of exploitation.

161. Middaugh,  Douglas P., and Ruth L. Yoakum.  1974.  THE USE OF CHRIONIC
     GONADOTROPIN TO INDUCE LABORATORY SPAWNING OF THE ATLANTIC CROAKER, MICROPOGON
     UNDULATUS f WITH NOTES ON SUBSEQUENT EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.  Chesapeake Sci.
          The feasibility of spawning and  rearing  the Atlantic croaker,
          Micropoeon undulatus,  is  examined  in  the laboratory.  Adult
          croaker were collected during  mid-October 1972, placed in
          flowing seawater holding  tanks,  and administered  injections
          of either 125 or 250  I.U.  of chorionic gonadotropin three times
          per week for three weeks.   An  apparent period  of  latency (6-7
          days)  was observed between the initial hormone injections and
          successful ovulation.   Fish dosed  at  the 125 I.U.  level were
          successfully spawned  and  eggs  and  larval development monitored.
          Larvae were carried through to 4 days after hatching when mass
          mortalities occurred,  apparently as a result of nutritional
          deficiencies.

162. Nimmo,  D.R., J.  Forester,  P.T.  Heitmuller, and G. Cook.  1974.  ACCUMULATION
     OF AROCLOH&1254 IN GRASS  SHRIMP (PALAEMQNETES PUGIO)  IN LABORATORY AND FIELD
     EXPOSURES.   Bull. Environ.  Contain.  &  Toxicol.   1 1 (4) :303-308.  (ERL, GB
     Reprint #170) .
                                       59

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          Results of several experiments on chronic toxicity of Aroclor
          1254  to Palaemonetes pueior an estuarine grass shrimp, are
          reported.  In this investigation, test species are exposed in
          the laboratory and to Aroclor 1254-contaminated sediments in
          Escambia Bay, near Pensacola, PL.

 163. Parrish, Patrick R., David J. Hansen, John A. Couch, James M. Patrick, Jr
     and Gary H. Cook.  1974.  EFFECTS OF THE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL, AROCLO
     1016, ON ESTUARINE ANIMALS.  ASB Bull.  21(2):74.  (ERL, GB Reprint #196).

          Acute toxicity and rate of uptake and depuration of the poly-
          chlorinated biphenyl (PCB), Aroclor® 1016, were determined for
          certain estuarine animals in flowing seawater bioassays.  The
          96-hr ECSOs were:  American oyster (Crassostrea virainica).
          10.2  pg/1; brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus), 10.0 yg/1; and grass
          shrimp (P.aAaemc-oetgs pugio), 9.1 ug/1.  Pinfish (Laeodon rJIQmodies)
          did not died when exposed to 100 yg/1 for 96 hr, but significant
          mortality occurred when pinfish were exposed to 32 yg/1 for 42
          days.  Further, alterations in the pancreatic exocrine tissue
          surrounding the portal veins occurred in pinfish from the 42-day
          exposure.  Maximum whole-body residue (wet-weight) in pinfish was
          17,000 X the nominal concentration in test water and whole-body
          residue after a 56-day depuration period in PCB-free water de-
          creased 61$.  Oysters exposed to 10 ug/1 for 84 days accumulated
          the chemical 13,000 X the concentration in test water and no PCB
          residue was detectable after a 56-day depuration period.

164- Schimmel, Steven C., David J. Hansen and Jerrold Forester.  1974.  EFFECTS OF
     AROCLOR® 1254 ON LABORATORY-REARED EMBRYOS AND FRY OF CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS.
     ASB Bull.  21(2):81.  (ERL, GB Reprint #207).

          Eggs of the sheepshead minnow (Cvorinodon varieeatus) were arti-
          ficially fertilized (wet method) and maintained at 15° to 30°C
          and 0 to 35 °/oo to determine efficient culture conditions.  Fer-
          tilization was not affected within the temperature or salinity
          ranges tested, but hatching success was greatest (x^J  a= 0.01)
          within the 24° to 35°C range and 15 °/oo to 30 °/oo range.

          Artifically fertilized sheepshead minnow eggs were exposed to
          logarithmic series of concentrations of the polychlorinated
          biphenyl (PCB), Aroclor 1254, (0.1  to 10 yg/1) in seawater
          averaging 30°C and 24 °/oo in a flow-through bioassay.  Ferti-
          lization was not affected, but significantly fewer embryos devel-
          oped in the 10 yg/1.  Fry were more susceptible to this PCB than
          were embryos, juveniles, or adults.

165. Schimmel, Steven C., David J. Hansen, and Jerrold Forester.  1974.  EFFECTS OF
     AROCLOR® 1254 ON LABORATORY-REARED EMBRYOS AND FRY OF SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS
     (CYPRINQDQN VARIEGATUS).  Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.  103(3):582-586.  (ERL, GB
     Reprint #175).
                                          60

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          Eggs of the sheepshead minnow  (Cvprinodon variegatus) were arti-
          fically fertilized and maintained at temperatures from 15 to 35°C
          and in salinities from 0 to 35 °/oo to determine efficient cul-
          ture conditions.  Fertilization was not affected by temperature
          or salinity ranges chosen, but hatching success was greatest
          (X2; a = o.OD at a temperature range of 24 to 35°C and a
          salinity range of 15 to 30 °/oo.

          Artificially fertilized sheepshead minnow eggs were exposed to
          logarithmic concentrations of Aroclor 1254 (10.0 to 0.1 jjg/D in
          aeawater averaging 30°C and 24°/oo in a flow-through bioassay.
          Fertilization was not affected but significantly fewer embryos
          developed in the 10.0 yg/1 concentration, and fewer fry survived
          in concentrations greater than 0.1 ug/1.  Fry were more suscep-
          tible to Aroclor 1254 than were embryos, juveniles, or adults.

166. Schoor, Wilhelrn P.  1974.  ACCUMULATION OF MIREX'^C IN THE ADULT BLUE CRAB
     (CALLINSCTES SAPIDUS).  Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  12(2):13&-137.  (ERL,
     GB Reprint #190).

          Carrier-solubilized mirex has been shown to be absorbed from a
          disperse aqueous system by juvenile and larval stages of the
          blue crab.  Since in both cases only whole-body residues were
          determined, it was thought to be of interest to establish the
          actual distribution of mirex in the tissues.

157. Schoor, W.P.  1974.  SOME ASPECTS OF MYOSIN ADENOSINE TRIPOSPHATASE OF PINK
     SHRIMP (PENAEUS DUQRARUM).  Comp. Biochem. Physiol.  498:375-379.  (IRL, GB
     Reprint #163).

          1.  Myosiri ATP'ases of shrimp and rabbit muscle behave similarily
          except at temperatures above 30°C where the activity in shrimp
          started to decline rapidly.  2.  There is a correlation between
          the effects of temperature on myosin ATP'ase and behavior of
          shrimp in nature; this compares well with similar observations in
          crayfish.  3-  Data obtained emphasize that under certain condi-
          tions caution must be used in determining initial enzymatic ac-
          tivities.

168. Tagatz, M.E., P.W. Borthwick, G.H. Cook, and D.L. Coppage.  1974.  EFFECTS OF
     GROUND APPLICATIONS OF MALATHION ON SALT-MARSH ENVIRONMENTS IN NORTHWESTERN
     FLORIDA.  Mosq. News 34(3):309-315.  (ERL, GB Reprint #179).

          Effects of thermal fog [6 wt. oz/acre (420 g/ha)] and ULV
          aerosol spray [0.64 fl.  oz/acre (57 g/ha)] applications of
          malathion 95 (o,o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate of diethyl mereapto-
          succinate) on salt-marsh environments near Pensacola Beach, FL,
          are investigated.  Studies are conducted on selected plots after
          each of three treatments with a portable thermal fogger and three
          ultra low volume (ULV) sprays with a truck-mounted generator.
          The ULV sprays are typical of usual mosquito-control operations.
                                          61

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          Deaths due to malathion were  not observed among confined blue
          crabs, Callinectes sapidus: grass  shrimps, Palaemonetes vulearis
          and £.. pucio;  pink shrimp, Penaeus duprarum; or sheepshead
          minnows,  Cvorinodon varieeatus.  Brain acetylcholinesterase
          activity  was not  reduced in confined £. varieeatus exposed to
          one or more treatments.   Confined animals and the snail, Littorina
          irrorata,  contained no  measurable malathion at our limit of
          detectability.  The chemical  was not detected in sediment, but
          concentrations  as high  as 4.10 ppm were found in Juncus sp.,
          trace amounts persisting as long as 14 days O0.05 but <0.10 ppm).
          Highest concentration in marsh water after fogging was 5.2 ppb;
          after ULV  spraying,  0.49 ppb.  For each method of application,
          only trace amounts O0.1  but  <0.3 ppb) persisted in marsh water
          as long as 1  day.

169. Walsh,  Gerald  E.,  Terrence A.  Hollister, and Jerrold Forester.  1974.
     TRANSLOCATION  OF FOUR  ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS BY RED MANGROVE (RHIZOPHQRA
     MANGLE  L.)  SEEDLINGS.   Bull.  Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  12(2):129-135.  (ERL,
     GB Reprint  #193).

          The translocation of the insecticides dieldrin, tnethoxychlor,
          and mirex  and the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCE) Arolccr® 1242
          by red mangrove seedlings was investigated.  Mangrove seedlings
          from the  field  were found to  contain DDD, dieldrin, and PCB's.
          In the laboratory,  mangrove seedlings translocated dieldrin,
          methoxychlor, mirex, and Aroclor 1242 from soil to various plant
          parts.  Dieldrin  was detected in hypocotyls and leaves of
          seedlings  exposed to application r^ates of 0.06 kg/ha and above;
          methoxychlor in hypocotyls at rates of 0.28 kg/ha and above;
          Aroclor 1242  in hypocotyls and leaves at rates of 0.56 kg/ha
          and above;  and  mirex in  roots, hypocotyls, stems, and leaves
          only at the highest treatment rate of 11.20 kg/ha.

          The data  show that  these persistent organochlorine compounds
          can be translocated to  seedlings.  If the compounds are present
          in the natural  mangrove  environment, it is possible that they
          could  enter seedlings and pass to higher trophic levels when
          seedlings  are eaten by  estuarine organisms.
    1973
170. Borthwick, P.W., T.W. Duke, A.J. Wilson, Jr., J.I. Lowe, J.M. Patrick, Jr.,
     and J.C. Oberheu.   1973.  ACCUMULATION AND MOVEMENT OF MIREX IN SELECTED
     ESTUARIES OF SOUTH  CAROLINA,  1969-71.  Pest. Monit. J.  7(0:6-26.  (ERL, GB
     Reprint #156).

         Collections of background and periodic posttreatment samples of
         water, bottom  sediments, shrimp, crabs, fish, and estuary-
                                       62

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          dependent birds and mammals are analyzed for mirex with electron-
          capture gas chromatography.  The data reveal that (1) mirex is
          translocated from treated lands and high marsh to estuarine biota—
          all animal classes sampled contained mirex:  and (2) biological
          concentration of mirex occurs—especially in predators such as
          racoons and birds.  Mirex residue ranges for respective sample
          categories were:  water  (<10.01 ppb); sediment (0-0.07
          crabs  (0-0.60 ppm); fishes  (0-0.82 ppm); shrimps (0-1.3
          mammals (0-4.4 ppm); and birds (0-17.0 ppm).  No mass mortalities
          were observed during the study.

171. Butler, Philip A.  1973.  ORGANOCHLORINE RESIDUES IN ESTUARINE MOLLUSKS,
     1965-72—NATIONAL PESTICIDE MONITORING PROGRAM.  Pestic. Monit. J.
     6(4):23&-362.  (ERL, GB Reprint #155).

          This paper describes the development of the national program
          for monitoring estuarine mollusks in 15 coastal States and reports
          the findings for the period 1965-72.  Analyses of 8,095 samples
          for 15 persistent organochlorine compounds show that DDT residues
          were ubiquitous; the maximum DDT residue detected was.5.39 ppro.
          Dieldrin was the second most commonly detected compound with a
          maximum residue of 0.23  ppm.  Endrin, mirex, toxaphene, and poly-
          chlorinated biphenyls were found only occasionally.  Results in-
          dicate a clearly defined trend towards decreased levels of DDT
          residues, beginning in 1969-70.  At no time were residues ob-
          served of such a magnitude as to imply damage to mollusks; how-
          ever,  residues were large enough to pose a threat to other ele-
          ments  of the biota through the processes of recycling and magni-
          fication.
172.  Cooley, Nelson R.  James M. Keltner. Jr., and Jerrold Forester.  1973.
     POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS, AROCLOR^S)1248 and 1260:  EFFECT ON AND
     ACCUMULATION BY TETRAHYMENA PYRIFQRMIS.  J. Protozool.  20(3):443-445.
     GB Reprint #158).

          Effects of 2  polychlorinated biphenyls, Aroclor 1248 and 1260,
          on axenic Ie.trahynie_ria_ cvriformis strain W were investigated and
          compared with published data on Aroclor 1254.  Aroclors  1248 and
          1260 at 1 mg/1 in the presence of 0.1 it (v/v) polyethylene glycol
          200 reduced significantly  (P < 0.005) growth rates and 96-hr
          populations of T_. ovriformis grown at 26°C.  Both toxicants were
          0.001 as toxic as Aroclor  1254.  Ciliates were exposed for 7 days
          to concentrated Aroclors 1248 40X, 1254 60X, and 1260 79X over
          initial concentrations in  the media.  Accumulation of Aroclors
          increased with increased chlorination.  It  is suggested that if
          levels in the environment  reached those used in these studies,
          the chief ecologic effect  of Aroclor 1254 would be reduction of
          availability of the ciliates as food and as nutrient regenerators,
          but with Aroclors 1248 and 1260, this effect would be secondary
          to accumulation of the toxicants by the ciliates.  Accumulation
          of polychlorinated biphenyls by ciliates would permit the
THE

(ERL,
                                          63

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           toxicants to enter aquatic  food chains.  Thus the compounds could
           exert toxic effects at  higher trophic levels.

173.  Couch,  John A.  1973-   ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND PROTARGOL STUDIES OF LAGENOPHRYS
      CALLINECTES (CILIOfriQRA:   PERITRICHIDA).  J. Protozool.  20(5):638-6M7.  (ERL,
      GB Reprint #220).

           Ultrastructural and protargol studies reveal that the trophont of
           Lagenoohrvs callinectes, though highly specialized, generally con-
           forms to  the basic peritrich structural pattern.

           Features  described for  L_, callinectes trophonts unique for the
           genus are the fine structure and arrangeaent of the lorica and lips,
           the  attachment organelle of the peristoinial cytoplasm, its attach-
           ment to the loricastome walls, and the arrangement of the aboral
           kinetosomes of the trophent.  Lack of a distinct scopularized
           region and of a ventral lorica wall also characterize .L.. eallinectes
           trophonts.  The 4-row terminal peniculus, as revealed by protargol
           staining, differs  from  the  6-row terminal peniculus of L.. nassa.
           suggesting that the patterns of infundibular structure, as revealed
           by protargol,  should be useful in future taxonomic studies of
           Lagenophrys species.

174.  Duke, Thomas W.  1973.   REVIEWS:  RADIOACTIVITY IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT.
      Trans.  Am.  Fish Soc.  102(1) :197-198.   (ERL, GB Reprint #173).

           The  report,  RADIOACTIVITY IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT by the
           National  Academy of Sciences, is reviewed.  The report summa-
           rizes new information acquired about radionuclides in the marine
           environment since  publication of a report on the subject by the
           National  Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC)
           in 1957.   W. H. Freeman and Co., California, is publisher for the
           report described as a valuable environmental reference.

175.  Hansen, David  J., Steven C.  Schimmel, and James M. Keltner, Jr.  1973.
      AVOIDANCE OF PESTICIDES BY GRASS SHRIMP (PALAEMQNETES PUGIO).  Bull. Environ.
      Contam. Toxicol.   9(3) :129-133.  (ERL, GB Reprint #1H7).

           Crustaceans are usually more sensitive to pesticides, particu-
           larly insecticides,  than are fishes, but little is known about
           their ability to avoid  pesticide pollution.  This paper describes
           a  study to evaluate the capacity of the euryhaline grass shrimp,
           Palaemonetes pugioT  to  avoid DDT, endrin, Dursban, malathion,
           Sevin, and 2,4-D.   This shrimp was selected because of its impor-
           tance in  the food  web and its abundance in waters near the
           Environmental Research  Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.

176.  Hollister,  Terrence A., and  Gerald E. Walsh.  1973.  DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES OF
      MARINE  PHYTOPLANKTON TO HERBICIDES:  OXYGEN EVOLUTION.  Bull. Environ. Contam.
      4  Toxicol.   9(5):291-295. (ERL, GB Reprint #159).
                                           64

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           Marine  unicellular algae were  investigated to determine if they
           differed in  their response  to  herbicides.  Eighteen  species were
           tested  against  the substitute  ureas,  neburon and diuron, and the
           triazines, atrazine,  and ametryne.  Data show that when bioassay
           analyses are conducted  for  effects of herbicides on  marine uni-
           cellular algae,  two factors are particularly important:  (1) the
           response in  relation to taxonomic position, and (2)  the wide
           range of responses by individual species within a given family.
           It  is necessary,  therefore,  to use several species from each
           of  several families in  algal bioassay studies to obtain realis-
           tic data concerning effects of herbicides on algae.

177.  Jensen,  A.L.   1973.   RELATION BETWEEN SIMPLE DYNAMIC POOL AND SURPLUS
      PRODUCTION MODELS FOR  YIELD  FROM A  FISHERY.  J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
      30(7):998-1002.   (ERL,  GB Reprint #157).

           Dynamic  pool models without  self-generating properties are con-
           tinuous  age  models, and surplus production models are continuous
           time models.  Self-regenerating dynamic pool models  are continuous
           age-discrete generation models and, also, discrete time-discrete
           age models.   In  a steady state, specification of the regulatory
           function and direct estimation of biomass result in  the surplus
           production model.   Estimation  of biomass by specifying the func-
           tions with respect to age for  size of a cohort and individual
           weight and application  of the  coefficient of fishing mortality
           result  in the dynamic pool  model.  A  third approach, not applied
           in  fisheries, is  to specify the regulatory function  and functions
           with respect to  age of  cohort  size and individual growth in
           weight.   In  a steady state,  all methods for calculating yield give
           the same results  if the functions specified are realistic.  Spec-
           ification of the  functions  requires that many assumptions be made.
           The dynamic  pool  model  may  be  more accurate than the surplus pro-
           duction  model because the regulatory  function may be more diffi-
           cult to  determine than  the  functions  with respect to age of cohort
           size and growth  in individual  weight.

178.  Schoor,  W. P. 1973-   IN VIVO BINDING OF P.P'-DDE TO HUMAN SERUM PROTEINS,
      Bull.  Environ. Contam.  Toxicol.   9(2):70-74.  (ERL, GB Reprint #131).

           Although it  is  convenient to estimate chlorinated hydrocarbon
           pesticide levels  in man by  determining the amount present in
           serum,  few investigators have  questioned possible interactions
           of  these compounds with serum  proteins and the resulting conse-
           quences. A  review is presented of reports emphasizing that
           direct  evidence  of serum protein binding under physiological
           conditions should be obtained.

179.  Tagatz,  Marlin E.  1973.  A  LARVAL  TARPON, MEGALQPS ATLANTICUS. FROM
      PENSACOLA, FLORIDA.   Copeia  1:140-141.  (ERL, GB Reprint  #167).
                                        65

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     A larval tarpon, Meealopa atlanfricus,  was collected  in the
     upper reaches of the East Bay, about 45 km from the  Pensacola
     Inlet, PL, on October 20, 1970.  It represents the second and
     most northern record of a larval tarpon from the Gulf of Mexico
     and suggests late spawning in the Gulf.

Tagatz, Marlin E., and E. Peter H. Wilkens.  1973- SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF
YOUNG GULF MENHADEN AND OTHER FISHES IN A NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA ESTUARY.  U.S.
Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Rep.  NMFS SSRF-672.  14 p.

     Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia oatronust and other species of fishes
     were collected by plankton net, seine, and surface trawl from
     Pensacola Bay, East Bay, and East Bay River from December 1969
     to October 1971.  Relative abundance,  distribution,  and relative
     growth of menhaden are given from the time they enter the estuary
     as larvae in December to the time they emigrate to the Gulf of
     Mexico as juveniles in September:  84  species of fishes, repre-
     senting 46 families, were captured.  The number and  length  range
     of each species by month are presented; 4 species were not  pre-
     viously recorded from Pensacola estuaries.
Walsh, Gerald E. and Thomas E. Grow.   1973.   COMPOSITION  OF THALASSIA
TESTUDINUM and RUPPIA MARITIMA.  Q.  J. Fla.  Acad.  Sci.  35(2):97-108.
GB Reprint #126).
(ERL,
     This report summarizes an investigation of turtle grass (Thala.ssia
     testudinum) and widgeon grass (Ruppia marit4ma^:   seasonal
     distributions of protein, carbohydrates, trace elements, and energy
     content of leaves and rhizomes.  The potential nutritive value of
     the seagrasses also is evaluated.

Walsh, Gerald E., Regina Barrett, Gary H. Cook, and Terrence A.  Hollister,
1973.  EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON SEEDLINGS OF THE RED MANGROVE, RHIZOPHORA
MANGLE L.  BioScience 23(6):3&1-364.  (ERL, GB Reprint #143).

     Effects of a commercial formulation of 2,4-D and  picloram on
     seedlings of the red mangrove, Rhizoohora mangle  L,  are described.
     In these experiments, a combination of 4.4 kg/ha  2,4-D and  1.6 kg/ha
     picloram killed all seedlings.  Data indicate that relatively low
     concentrations of auxin-type herbicides inhibit mangrove develop-
     ment.  Reclamation of a mangrove forest may be difficult if low
     residues from previous spraying persist in soil.
1972
Bookhout, C. G., Alfred J. Wilson, Jr.,  Thomas W.  Duke,  and Jack I.  Lowe.
1972.  EFFECTS OF MIREX ON THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT  OF TWO CRABS.   Water Air
Soil Pollut.  1(1972):165-180.  (ERL, GB Reprint #132).
                                    66

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           The  effects  of mirex,  a  chlorinated  hydrocarbon  used  to  kill  the
           imported red ant,  Solenopsis  saevissima  richterir  on  the complete
           larval  development of  two  crabs,  Rhithropanopeus harriaii and
           Menippe meroenariaT  are  described.   The  duration of developmental
           stages  of Rhithropanopeus  and the total  time of  development is
           generally lengthened with  an  increase  in concentration of mirex
           from 0,01  to 10.0  ppb.   There are highly significant  differences
           between survival of larvae in the control and  in each concentra-
           of mirex.  In Menippe, there  were no pronounced  differences in
           duration of  developmental  stages  with  increased  concentrations
           of mirex,  but the  percentage  of extra  6th zoeae  was greater as
           concentrations were increased.  There  was differential survival
           of the  developmental stages in relation  to concentration of mirex,
           and  Menippe  larvae were  much  more sensitive to mirex  than
           Rhithropanooeus larvae,  especially in  the megalopal stage.
           Residue analysis indicates that Menippe  concentrates  mirex more
           efficiently  during development to crab stages than does  Rhithro-
           panopeus.

1&4.  Bourquin,  Al W.,  S.K. Alexander, H.K.  Speidel, J.E. Mann,  and  J.F. Fair.
      1972.  MICROBIAL  INTERACTIONS WITH CYCLODIENE PESTICIDES.  Dev. Ind.
      Microbiol.   13:264-276.   (ERL,  GB  Reprint #166).

           Studies were conducted on  mixed cultures of Pseudomonas  sp. and
           individual isolates  in an  attempt to support growth on the chlori-
           nated hydrocarbon  pesticide,  heptachlor,  in aqueous systems.  Gas
           chromatographic analysis of the aqueous  system demonstrated signif-
           icant reduction in the concentration of  pesticide.  Cultures were
           characterized by moderate  growth  and significant flow formation.
           Attempts to  correlate growth  with reduction in pesticide  concen-
           trations were conducted  with  lJ*C-labeled simulated technical
           heptachlor.   Isotopic analyses revealed  a liberation  of  ^C02>
           implicating  oxidative dissimilation  by the microbial  system.
           Radiochemlcal assay  of cellular constituents showed only  low-
           level,  nonspecific incorporation.  Additional low-level  activity
           was  found  in association with glutamate  and aspartate in  the
           aqueous phase of the supernatant.  Most  of the activity  remained
           in original  pesticides that were  found in close  association with
           the  lipid  phase of the cellular fraction.  Three pesticide metabo-
           lites—chlordene,  1-hydroxy-2,3-epoxychlordene,  and heptachlor
           epoxide—in  addition to  nine  unknown by-products were identified.
           Possible metabolic pathways are discussed.  Accumulation  of com-
           ponents of simulated technical heptachlor in the lipid-soluble
           cellular fractions was observed to correlate with degree  of
           chlorination rather  than concentration.

185.  Butler, Philip A.   1972.  DDT IN ESTUARINE MOLLUSKS.  BioScience
      22(12):690-691.   (ERL,  GB Reprint  #155a).

           Samples of mollusks  were collected at  about 30-day intervals at
           183  permanent estuarine  sites for periods ranging from 2  to 8
                                            67

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           years in 15 coastal states.   The  occurrence of DDT residues
           demonstrated its association primarily with agricultural prac-
           tices.  Maximum DDT residues detected (1.0-5.4 ppm) occurred in
           less than 0.5% of the samples;  62$  of all  samples contained DDT
           at levels above 0.005 ppm.   In  New  York and Alabama there was a
           100$ incidence of DDT residues.  In the least polluted areas
           there was a DDT residue incidence of 15$ in Georgia and 11$ in
           Washington.

           The data demonstrate that the decline in DDT residues in molluscs
           has been nearly universal on the  Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and
           Pacific coasts, although beginning  at different times in different
           places.  In some areas DDT has  disappeared from this filter-feeding
           level of the trophic web within 12  months  of the termination of
           its local use.  This suggests that  barring further input, DDT
           will disappear biologically  within  one or  two generations of sen-
           sitive estuarine fauna.

186.  Butler, P.A., I.E. Andren, G.J. Bonde, A.B. Jernelov, and D.J. Reish.  1972.
      TEST MONITORING AND INDICATOR ORGANISMS. In:   A Guide to Marine Pollution,
      Edward D. Goldberg, editor.  Gordon  and  Breach, London, pp. 117-159.   (ERL, GB
      Reprint #148).

           These guidelines concern the selection of  bioassay organisms
           useful for the detection and evaluation of pollution.  Ideally,
           the selected species or community of different species should
           reflect the presence or absence of  specific pollutants, relative
           pollution levels,  and their  periodic fluctuations, and perhaps
           other factors that contribute to  environmental degradation.
           The species selected should  be  of value in circumscribed geo-
           graphic locations, as well as larger water areas.  Such an
           ideal does not exist; therefore,  bioassay  organisms may be
           grouped functionally into two general categories as either moni-
           toring or indicator types.

187.  Cooley, Nelson R., and James M. Keltner, Jr.  1972.  EFFECT OF AROCLOR® 12M8,
      A POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL, ON GROWTH  OF POPULATIONS OF TETRAHYMENA PYRIFQRMIS
      W (CILIATEA:   HYMENOSTOMATIDA:  HYMENOSTOMATIDAE).  ASB Bull.  19(2}:61.
      (ERL, GB Reprint #140).

           Populations of Tetrahvmena pvriformis W were grown in optically
           matched test tubes at 26°C in broth (2$ proteose peptone, 0.1$
           yeast extract, 0.5$ dextrose) that  contained 0.1$ polyethylene
           glycol 200 and 10, 100,  or 1,000  ppb Aroclor 1248, a polychlori-
           nated biphenyl (PCB).  Population density was measured in a spec-
           trophotometer as absorbance  at  540  mu.  Growth rate during expo-
           nential growth of the population  was estimated as the quantity .b_
           of the least squares estimate by  the line JL = a + £x of the expo-
           nential portion of the graphed  data.  In addition, population
           densities at 96 hr, when control  population density is maxi-
           mal, were compared.  Significant  reductions in growth rate (18.9$)
                                        68

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            and  population  density  (9.650  (P < 0.05, randomized block analy-
            sis  of  variance plus Scheffe procedure) were produced by 1,000
            ppb  of  the PCB, but not by  lesser concentrations tested.

188.   Cooley, Nelson R., James M. Keltner, Jr., and Jerrold Forester.  1972.  MIREX
       AND  AROCLOR® 1254:   EFFECT ON AND ACCUMULATION BY TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS
       STRAIN W.  J. Protozool.  19(4)5636-638.  (ERL, GB Reprint #137).

            Effects of 2 toxicants, Mirex  and Aroclor 1254, on Tetrahvmena
            pyriformjg strain W in axenic  cultures are investigated.  Mirex
            is a  chlorinated hydrocarbon effective against the fire ant, and
            Aroclor 1254 is a compound  structurally related to DDT and used
            extensively in  various industrial processes.  Both toxicants re-
            duced growth rates and population densities of X. ovriformis
            grown at 26°C generally in  proportion to concentrations of the
            chemicals, their effects becoming statistically significant
            (P <  0.05) at 0.9 pg/1 for  Mirex and 1.0 and 10.0 yg/1 for
            Aroclor 1254.   Ciliates exposed to the toxicants for 7 days con-
            centrated Mirex 193 X and Aroclor 60 X as compared to the ini-
            tial  concentrations of these compounds.  It is suggested that
            the  chief effect of the 2 toxicants on populations of J_.
            ovriformis and  of similarly responding ciliates in nature
            would be to reduce the availability of these protozoa as food
            organisms and nutrient regenerators.  The ability of the ciliates
            to concentrate  the tested compounds would permit the toxicants
            to enter into and to be translocated through aquatic food chains.
            In this manner  the compounds could exert toxic effects at higher
            trophic levels.

189.   Coppage, David L.  1972.   ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES:  SPECIFIC LEVEL OF BRAIN
       AChfi  INHIBITION RELATED TO DEATH IN SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS.   Trans. Am. Fish .
       Soc.  100(3):534-536.  (ERL, GB  Reprint #113).

            Inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in sheepshead
            minnows, Cvprinodon variegatus, by static exposures to acute
            doses of 3uthion,  phorate,  and parathion that killed 40 to 60%
            of the  fish in 2,  24,  48, and 72 hr indicates that  effect is a
            function of pesticide concentration and length of exposure.   Inhi-
            bition to less than 87$ of  normal activity is necessary to indi-
            cate  exposure.   The greatest inhibition caused by sublethal
            exposures is not as great as that caused by lethal  exposures.
            Death occurs when AChE activity falls below 17.7$ of normal, and
            levels below this  value indicate impending death from exposure
            even when pesticide  concentration and exposure times are unknown.
            In single test, phosphamidon, Cygon,  malathion, EPN, Dursban,
            DDVP, Diazinon, Dibrom, and methyl parathion caused inhibition
            to less than 17.7$ of normal activity when 40 to 60$ of the
            fish were killed.   These data indicate that brain AChE levels,
            when properly assayed,  are dependable indicators of exposure
            and death.
                                           69

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 190. Erickson, Stanton J.  1972.  TOXICITY OF COPPER TO THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDQNANA IN
      UNSNRICHED INSHORE SEAWATER.  J. Phycol.  8:318-323-

           Toxicity of copper to J.. pseudonana (formerly Cyolotella nana,
           clone 13-1) was examined in inshore seawater in a 96-hr bioassay.
           Raw unenriched seawater was filtered through a 22-  membrane filter
           and then pasteurized for 30 min at 60°C.  Following this treat-
           ment, samples contained 0.68-1.14 tig Cu/1.  Copper was added as
           the chloride in 5 pg increments over the range of 5 to 30 pig/1
           (about 0.1-0.5  M).   Population densities, mean cell volume, and
           ^C bicarbonate uptake were measured.

           Population growth and ^C uptake by ,1. pseudonana displayed
           inhibition over the entire range of added copper.  Growth rate
           constant (k) of 1.  pseudonana decreased with increasing copper
           concentration and during the course of growth at each concentra-
           tion.  Correspondingly, mean cell volumes increased with copper
           concentration and time.  Copper toxicity varied in different
           water samples.  The presence of decomposed natural plankton and
           detritus decreased toxicity.  In the absence of enrichment, bac-
           teria had little effect on copper toxicity.  Results were influ-
           enced by glassware treatment, collection and storage of seawater,
           and absence of enrichments.

191.  Hansen, David J.  1972.   DDT AND MALATHION:  EFFECT ON SALINITY SELECTION BY
      MOSQUITOFISH.  Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.  101(2) :346-350.  (ERL, GB Reprint #108).

           Behavior of fish is  altered after exposure to some pesticides.
           The response of fish to salinity gradients is important because
           it affects movement  and distribution of species  in an estuary.
           The effect of DDT and malathion on salinity selection by mosquito-
           fish, Gambusia afClQiat therefore was investigated.

192.  Hansen, D.J., E. Matthews, S.L. Nail, and D.P. Dumas.  1972.  AVOIDANCE OF
      PESTICIDES BY UNTRAINED  MOSQUITOFISH, GAMBUSIA AFFINIS.  Bull. Environ.
      Contam. Toxicol.  8(1):46-51.  (ERL, GB Reprint #136).

           Some fish possess the capacity to avoid polluted water, but their
           ability to avoid pesticides has not been extensively studied.
           In experiments at ERL,  GB, sheepshead minnows, Cvorinodon
           varieeatus, avoided  DDT, endrin, Dursban®, and 2,4-D,  but did
           not avoid malathion  or SeviriS).  This paper summarizes results
           of similar experiments conducted to determine if mosquito-
           fish,  Gambusia aff^qis,  could avoid these pesticides.

193.  Heitmuller, Paul T., and  Del Wayne R. Nimmo.  1972.   A CAGE FOR EXPOSING
      AQUATIC ANIMALS TO BOTTOM SEDIMENTS.  Prog.  Fish-Cult.  34(2):120.   (ERL,  GB
      Reprint #134).

           A  holding cage constructed to assess uptake of organic pollu-
           tants from estuarine bottom sediments by penaeid shrimp is
                                          70

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           described.  The cage incorporates a two-tier arrangement that
           enables control animals to be held above the bottom sediment,
           while experimental animals in the lower compartment are directly
           exposed to the bottom sediments.  Tests show shrimp can survive
           in the cage for 3 weeks.

1?»4.  Lowe, J.I., P.R. Parrish, J.M. Patrick, Jr., and J. Forester.  1972.  EFFECTS
      OF THE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL AROCLOp) 1254 ON THE AMERICAN OYSTER
      CRASSQSTHEA VIRGINICA.  Mar. Biol.  17(3) :209-214.  (ERL, GB Reprint #146).

           Young oysters (Crassostrea virainica) were continuously exposed
           to Aroclcr® 1254, a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), in flowing,
           unfiltered seawater.  Growth rate (height and inwater weight) was
           significantly reduced (a= 0.05) in oysters exposed to 5 yg/1 (ppb)
           for 24 weeks.  Growth rate was not affected in oysters exposed to
           1 ppb for 30 weeks.  Mortality was not significant in exposed and
           control groups.  In oysters exposed to 5 ppb, greatest PCB residue
           (whole body) was 425 mg/kg (ppm), 85,OOOX the concentration in the
           water, and less than 0.3 ppm was retained after 28 weeks depuration
           in PCB-free water.  In oysters exposed to 1 ppb, greatest residue
           was 101 ppm, 101 ,OOOX the concentration in the water, and less
           than 0.2 ppm was retained after 12 weeks depuration.  Examination
           of oysters exposed to 5 ppb of this PCB for pathogenesis revealed
           atrophy of digestive diverticular epithelium and degeneration of
           vesicular connective tissues concomitant with leukocytic infil-
           tration, but tissue recovery seemed excellent after a 12-week
           depuration.

195.  Nimmo, D.R., and R.R. Blackman.  1972.  EFFECTS OF DDT ON CATIONS IN THE
      HEPATOPANCREAS OF PENAEID SHRIMP.  Trans. Am.. Fish. Soc.  101(3):547-549.
      (ERL, GB Reprint #117).

           Symptoms of DDT poisoning in penaeid shrimp are described.  In
           acute bioassays (concentrations of 0.15 ppb or more), shrimp
           showed the nervous impairments—tremors, hyperexcitability, and
           finally paralysis—which are characteristic of arthropods.  In
           chronic tests, when less DDT was used, shrimp became lethargic,
           refused food, and finally died, but no nervous disorders were
           noted.  Analyses of shrimp in all tests showed that shrimp
           accumulated more DDT in the hepatopancreas than in other organs.
           Data demonstrate that when living shrimp are exposed to DDT,
           concentrations of some cations in the hepatopancreas became
           depressed.

196.  Parrish, Patrick R., Jack I. Lowe, Alfred J. Wilson, Jr., and James M.
      Patrick, Jr.  1972.  EFFECTS OF AROCLOR® 1254,  A PCB, ON OYSTERS, CRASSOSTREA
      VlfiGINICA (BIVALVIA:  PROTOBRANCHIA:  OSTREIDAE).  ASB Bull.  19(2):90.  (ERL,
      GB Reprint #141).

           Oysters were continuously exposed to Aroclor 1254, a polychlori-
           nated biphenyl, in flowing, unfiltered seawater.  Growth rate
                                          71

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           (height and in-water weight) was significantly reduced (Student's
           t-test; variation = 0.05) in oysters exposed to 5.0 yg/1 parts
           per billion (ppb) for 24 weeks, but was not affected in oysters
           exposed to 1.0 ppb for 30 weeks.  Mortality was not significant
           in any group.  In oysters exposed to 5.0 ppb,  greatest PCB resi-
           due (whole-body) was 425 mg/kg (ppm), a concentration factor of
           8.5 x 10\ and a trace was retained after 32 weeks depuration
           in PCB-free water.  In oysters exposed to 1.0 ppb, greatest
           residue was 101 ppm, a 10.1 x 101* concentration factor, and a
           trace was retained after 12 weeks depuration.  Pathological
           examination of exposed oysters revealed degeneration of vesic-
           ular connective tissues concomitant with leukocytic infiltration.
           Tissue alterations were much greater in oysters exposed to
           5.0 ppb, but tissue recovery seemed excellent after 12 weeks
           depuration.

197.  Speidel, H.K., A.W. Bourquin, J.E. Mann, and E.O. Bennett.  1972.
      MICROBIOLOGICAL REMOVAL OF PESTICIDES FROM AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS.  Dev. Ind.
      Microbiol.  13:277-282.  (ERL, GB Reprint #l66a).

           Two mixtures of microorganisms were isolated and formed floe
           particles in the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides.
           One mixture contained three organisms.  The other contained the
           three found in the first mixture plus one additional organism.
           The individual organisms were found to vary as to nutritional
           requirements.  Electron microscope studies indicated that the
           type of floe particle produced depends on the medium used for
           growth.  Exocellular polymers were produced when glucose was
           used as the carbon source.  No polymers were seen with hepta-
           chlor as the carbon source.  Glucose-grown cells have the abil-
           ity to remove large amounts of the components of technical hep-
           tachlor from pesticide-saturated water.

198.  Walsh, Gerald E.  1972.  EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND GROWTH OF
      MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGAE.  Hyacinth Control J.  10:45-48.  (ERL, GB Reprint
      #130).

           Little is known concerning effects of pesticides on marine uni-
           cellular algae.  This study describes effects of several classes
           of herbicides upon growth and photosynthesis by four genera of
           marine unicellular algae.

199.  Walsh, Gerald E.  1972.  INSECTICIDES, HERBICIDES, AND POLYCHLORINATED
      BIPHENYLS IN ESTUARIES.  J. Wash. Acad. Sci.  62(2):122-139.  (ERL, GB Reprint
      #139).

           Pesticides are present in estuaries throughout the world, and it
           is probable that they will remain there for an indefinite period of
           time.  Production rate of chemical pesticides has increased by about
           16% each year since 1964.  About 390 chemicals are used in pest
           control.  They reach estuaries through runoff from land, discharge

                                            72

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           of municipal and industrial wastes, direct application to marshes,
           aerial drift, and accidental discharge.  Residues of pesticides
           are found in water, sediment, and at all levels of estuarine
           trophic pyramids, but there is still uncertainty as to what
           these residues mean in terms of toxicity,  reproduction,  and other
           factors relating to estuarine organisms in the field.   Data from
           both laboratory and field studies suggest  a few beneficial and
           many harmful effects of pesticides in estuaries.  In this presen-
           tation, insecticides, herbicides, and polychlorinated  biphenyl
           compounds are discussed in relation to survival, photosynthesis,
           behavior, metamorphosis, resistance, and chemical changes in
           tissues of estuarine organisms.
     1971
200.   Coppage, David L.  1971.  CHARACTERIZATION OF FISH BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
      WITH AN AUTOMATED pH STAT FOR INHIBITION STUDIES.   Bull. Environ.  Contam.
      Toxicol.  6(U):304-310.  (ERL, GB Reprint #125).

           This report concerns characterization of brain AChE of sheepshead
           minnows, Cvprinodon varieeatus. by an automated pH stat for inhi-
           bition studies.  The function of enzyme and  choline ester concen-
           tration, the action of enzyme on specific choline esters, and the
           effects of pH and temperature on AChE activity were investigated
           to determine suitable assay conditions for brain AChE.  Also, the
           effects of several inhibitors were studied in vitro and compared
           with toxicity.  A method for in vivo inhibition studies is pro-
           posed.

201.   Duke, Thomas W., and Alfred J. Wilson, Jr.  1971.   CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN
      LIVERS OF FISHES FROM THE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN.  Pest. Monit. J.
      5(2):228-232.  (ERL, GB Reprint #127).

           Occurrences of pesticides in seafood, such as Jack mackerel from
           California, prompted the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (BCF), now
           the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), to conduct a prelim-
           inary survey of the pesticide content of some coastal fish from
           the Northeastern Pacific.  The purpose of the survey was to deter-
           mine if these fish had recently accumulated  or were in the process
           of accumulating commonly used chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides
           and to point out some specific problem areas:  a comprehensive
           monitoring program could be established later on the basis of
           these and other results.  Investigators at the Environmental
           Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, coordinated the survey as
           planned by BCF and analyzed the samples.  Samples were collected
           and prepared for analysis by personnel from  NMFS Laboratories
           at La Jolla, CA, Seattle, WA, and Auke Bay,  AK.
                                           73

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           This  report  presents the levels of pesticides found in the fish
           livers.

202.  Hansen,  David J.   1971.  EVALUATION OF STOCKING CUTTHROAT TROUT, SALMQ CLARKIT
      IN  MUNSEL  LAKE, OREGON.  Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.  100(1 ) :55-60.  (ERL, GB
      Reprint  #103).

           Natural mortality, emigration, and yield to anglers were assessed
           in  1962 for  three releases of cutthroat trout (Salmo olarki) in
           Munsel Lake,  Oregon.  Stocked fish were caught emigrating from
           March 30, the start of trapping, to July 3.  Natural mortality,
           16  to 75%, was the dominant factor determining the number of fish
           available to  anglers , and this mortality was greatest when anglers
           could not fish immediately after stocking.  Yield of trout to
           anglers, estimated by creel census, indicated that after release
           fish  were removed rapidly from the lake.

           Catch by anglers could be increased and catch per unit effort
           stabilized by liberating trout just before the fishing season
           and once or twice in the summer.  This policy could reduce
           losses of fish from natural mortality and emigrations.

203.  Hansen,  D.J., P.R. Parrish, J.I. Lowe, A.J. Wilson, Jr., and P.P. Wilson.
      1971.  CHRONIC TOXICITY, UPTAKE, AND RETENTION OF AROCLOR® 1254 IN TWO
      SSTUARINE  FISHES.  Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  6(2) : 113-1 19.  (ERL, GB
      Reprint  #120).

           Chronic toxicity tests are conducted to determine effects of
           low levels of Aroclor 1254 on pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides ) and
           spot  (Leiostomus xanthurus) .  Results suggest that chronic
           exposure to Aroclor 1254 increased susceptibility of test pin-
           fish  and spot to disease, and also appeared to be toxic to these
           fish.  This PCB is rapidly stored by pinfish and spot, and per-
           sists in tissues for approximately three months.  These findings
           emphasize the need for further study on the effect of chronic
           exposure of aquatic organisms to polychlorinated biphenyls.

204.  Hochberg,  F.G., and John A. Couch.  1971.  BIOLOGY OF CEPHALOPODS.  In:
      Scientists-in-the-Sea, J.W. Miller, J.G. VanDerwalker, editors.  U.S.
      Department of the  Interior, Washington, DC, pp. VI-221-VI-228.  (ERL, GB
      Reprint  #118).
          Few studies of cephalopod mollusks have been made in
          Mission 8-50, TEKTITE II, made possible a three-week study
          (July-August) of octopods and squids in Greater Lameshur Bay,
          St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands,  A cross sectional study revealed
          the presence of at least three species of Octopus:  £U briareus;
          £• macropus; and £.. vulgar is.  Observations on activity periods,
          territoriality, feeding, and general behavior of these octopods
          were made.  Three different genera and species of squid were
          observed :  Sepiotheuthis sepioidea; Piokfordiateuthis oulohella:
                                          74

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           and Loligo J2le_i..  Observations on schooling behavior, space
           requirements, mating, and feeding are presented on these squid.

205.  Nimmo, D.R., R. Blackman, A.J. Wilson, Jr., and J. Forester.   1971.   TOXICITY
      AND DISTRIBUTION OF AROCLOR© 1254 IN THE PINK SHRIMP PENAEUS  DUQRARUM.   Mar.
      Biol.  11(3):191-197.  (ERL, GB Reprint #128).

           The polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor© 1254 was released  in an
           accidental leakage of heat-exchange fluid from an industrial plant,
           into the Escambia River,  near Pensacola, FL.   This material was
           carried downstream, and is now found in the fauna of Escambia Bay
           and its contiguous waters, prime nursery areas for fishes and
           invertebrates such as penaeid shrimp.  The significance  of pollu-
           tion by this chemical was assessed by establishing toxicity
           levels, determining routes of entry, and investigating its move-
           ment and distribution in various tissues of shrimp under con-
           trolled conditions in the laboratory.  Aroclor 1254 added to the
           water was toxic to the juvenile pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum at
           a concentration of 1.0 ppb within 15 days, but was less  toxic to
           adult pink shrimp.  Shrimp obtained the contaminant from water
           and food and concentrated it to 510.0 ppm in  the hepatopancreas.
           Aroclor 1254 residue data from shrimp collected in the estuary
           are included in the study.

206.  Nimmo, D.R., P.O. Wilson, R.R. Blackman, and A.J.  Wilson,  Jr.   1971.
      POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL ABSORBED FROM SEDIMENTS BY FIDDLER CRABS AND PINK
      SHRIMP.  Nature 231(5297): 50-52.   (ERL, GB Reprint #111).

           Fiddler crabs and shrimp  exposed to sediments contaminated by
           Aroclor® 1254, a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), are  shown to
           accumulate the PCB in their tissues by ingesting contaminated par-
           ticles or by absorbing the leached chemical from water.   It is
           demonstrated experimentally that Aroclor 1254 can enter  the estu-
           arine food chain from sediments.

207.  Sprague, Victor, and John A. Couch.   1971.  AN ANNOTATED LIST  OF PROTOZOAN
      PARASITES, HYPERPARASITES,  AND COMMENSALS OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEA.   J. Protozool.
      18(3):526-5S7.   (ERL, GB Reprint  #106).

           This taxonomic paper presents a complete list of protozoa known
           to be associated with decapods  and covers a few problems  in classi-
           fication and nomenclature.  Subjects of host  and site of  infec-
           tion, locality, and pathogenecity also are included.

:>08.  Tagatz, Marlin E.  1971.   OSMOREGULATORY ABILITY OF BLUE CRABS IN DIFFERENT
      TEMPERATURE-SALINITY COMBINATIONS.   Chesapeake Sci.   12(1):14-17.

           Adult male and immature,  mature, and ovigerous female blue crabs,
           Callinectes sapjdujg, prefer  different portions of estuaries.
           Total osmotic concentrations of blood samples from crabs  held in
           5, 50, or 100$ seawater (salinity 34 °/oo) at 10,  20,  or  30oc
                                        75

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209.
     indicated that some differences in osmoregulatory capabilities
     were related to differences in distribution.  Ovigerous females
     did not regulate as well as mature females or adult males at 5
     or 50% seawater, at all temperatures.  In 50 or 100) seawater,
     osmotic concentrations of immature females generally were less
     than those of mature females.  At almost all temperature-salinity
     combinations, however, differences in the osmoregulatory ability
     of adult males and mature females were not significant.  The blue
     crab showed good hyperosmotic regulation in 5 and 50) seawater
     but regulated its blood hyposmotically in 100) seawater.

Tagatz, Marlin E., and Ann Bowman Hall.  1971.  ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE
FISHING INDUSTRY AND BIOLOGY OF THE BLUE CRAB, CALLINECTES £A£IDJiS_.  National
Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Tech. Rep.  NMFS SSRF-640:1-94.

     This bibliography provides scientific and industrial investiga-
     tors an updated and comprehensive list of references to the litera-
     ture on the blue crab, Callinectes saoidus.  Authors are listed
     alphabetically, and each author's work is listed chronologically
     by year of publication.
210.
Walsh, Gerald E.  1971.
Ecology, 52(2):298-304.
ENERGY BUDGETS OF FOUR PONDS IN NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA.
(ERL, GB Reprint #105).
211.
     The annual energy budgets of four small ponds in northwestern
     Florida were calculated from the amounts of 1) solar radiation,
     2) atmospheric long-wave radiation, 3) back radiation, 4) evap-
     orative energy, 5) conducted energy, and 6) sensible heat that
     was lost from the water.  Long-wave radiation constituted between
     62.1 and 63.9) of the total incoming radiative energy and 80.8
     to 85.0) of the total energy loss.  Evaporative loss was between
     14.6 and 18.3) of the total.  Between 370,498 and 631,970 kcal
     m~2yr~1 (37,050-63,197 cal cm~2yr~1) were stored.  Atmospheric
     radiation counteracts a portion of the radiative loss from water,
     thus reducing loss of stored solar energy.

Walsh, Gerald, and Ralph L. Bowers.  1971.  A REVIEW OF HAWAIIAN ZOANTHIDS
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES.  Zool. J. Linn. Soc.  50(2): 161-180,
(ERL, GB Reprint #92).

     This paper describes zoanthids collected from coral reefs and
     shores of the Hawaiian Islands between June 1965 and June 1967.
     Isaurus eloneatus Verrill (1928) and Palythoa tuberculosa Esper
     (1971) are redescribed and Zoanthus vestitua Verrill (1928) is
     reclassified as Palvthoa vestitus.  Zoanthua confertus Verrill
     (1928) and Z.. nitidus Verrill (1928) are combined under the new
     species name Zoanthus pacificus.  New species described are £.
     psammnpMlla, p_. toxica, and i. kealakekuaensis.  A list of
     zoanthid species from the southwestern Pacific Ocean is given.
                                           76

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212. Walsh, Gerald E., and Thomas E. Grow.  1971.  DEPRESSION OF CARBOHYDRATE IN
     MARINE ALGAE BY UREA HERBICIDES.  Weed Science.   19(5):568-570.   (ERL, GB
     Reprint #121).

          Representative species of six genera of marine unicellular algae
          (Chlorococcuii} sp., Dicrateria Inornata Parke, punaliella
          tertlolecta Butcher, Nannochloris sp.f Isochrvsls aalbana Parke,
          and Monochrysia lutherl Droop) were treated  in unialgal culture
          with 3-(3,M-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), 1-butyl-3-
          (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-raethylurea (neburon), 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-
          1,1-dimethylurea (monuron), and 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea {fen-
          uron).  Tests were conducted at salinities of 5, 10, 20, and 30
          °/oo.  The herbicides depressed concentration of carbohydrate in
          all species.  fiujn,a,liella tertiolecta was most resistant; its
          carbohydrate content deceased 9.2$ at 5 °/oo salinity and 17.9$
          at 30 °/oo.  Chlorococcum was most susceptible; its carbohydrate
          content decreased 49.1$ at 5 °/oo and 65.6$  at 30 °/oo salinity.

213. Walsh, Gerald E., Charles W. Miller, and P.T. Heitmuller.  1971.  UPTAKE AND
     EFFECTS OF DICHLOBENIL IN A SMALL POND.  Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.
     6(3):279-288, (ERL, GB Reprint #123).

          The herbicide 2, 6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil, Casoron®)
          is used throughout the United States for control of submerged
          aquatic weeds.  It is not effective against  filamentous algae and
          has little effect upon plankton and fish except at high concen-
          trations.  In this study, a small pond is treated with dichlobenil
          in order to measure uptake by organisms and effects of treatment
          upon oxygen production, plankton dynamics, and water chemistry.
                                         77

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      Presentations

      Papers listed below were published in conference and workshop proceedings
      under authorship of researchers employed at  the Gulf Breeze Laboratory and its
      field station, or supported by EPA grants, contracts, or interagency
      agreements.  Selected articles are available in limited quantities at the ERL
      Library, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561.
      1978
214.  Block, Ronald M.,  Dennis T.  Burton,  Steven R. Gullans, and Leonard B.
      Richardson.  1978.  RESPIRATORY AND  OSMOREGULATORY RESPONSES OF WHITE PERCH
      (MQRONE AMERICANA) EXPOSED TO CHLORINE AND OZONE IN ESTUARINE WATERS.  In:
      Water Chlorination:  Environmental Impact  and Health Effects, Vol. 2, Robert
      L. Jolley, Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr., editors.  Ann Arbor
      Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor,  MI.  pp.  351-360.

           Investigations of the acute toxicity  of chlorine and ozone to an
           euryhaline teleost are described.  Ozone appears to produce a more
           rapid breakdown of physiological processes of the white perch,
           Moroqg amerioanar than chlorine.  Both oxidants produce a dele-
           terious effect on gill tissue,  and ultimately affect gill func-
           tions.  Their mode of action appears  to be the same in that osmo-
           regulatory and respiratory mechanisms are affected in the same
           manner.

215.  Borthwick, Patrick W., and Steven C.  Schimmel.  1978.  TOXICITY OF
      PSNTACHLOROPHENOL  AND RELATED COMPOUNDS TO EARLY LIFE STAGES OF SELECTED
      SSTUARINE ANIMALS.  In:  Pentachlorophenol:  Chemistry, Pharmacology, 2nd
      Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao,  editor.  Plenum Press, New York, NY.
      pp. 141-146.  (ERL, GB Reprint #343).

           Newly hatched individuals of four estuarine species were exposed
           to pentachlorophenol (PCP),  sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP), or
           Dowicide® G (79J Na-PCP), in static toxicity tests.

           The 96-hr LC50 values for sheepshead  minnow (Cyprj,no4on
           varieeatua) fry exposed to PCP  at ages 1-day, 2-week, 4-week,
           and 6-week were 329, 392, 240,  and 223 Pg/1, respectively.  The
           96-hr LC50 value for 2-week-old  fry exposed to Dowicide®G was
           516 yg/1.   The larvae (48-hr post hatch) of pinfish, Laeodon
           rhomboidesf were particularly sensitive to Na-PCP (96-hr LC50:
           38 ,£/!} and  Dowicide®G (96-hr  LC50:66 yg/1).  For 24-hr-old
           grass shrimp  (Palaemonetea pugio)  larvae exposed to NA-PCP the

                                           78

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           96-hr  LC50  was  649  ug/1.  Na-PCP  caused abnormal  development of
           eastern  oyster  (Crassostrea  vireinica) embryos; the 48-hr EC50
           was  40 yg/1.

216.  Bourquin, Al  W., and David T. Gibson.   1978.  MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF
      HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS.  In:  Water  Chlorination, Environmental Impact and
      Health  Effects,  Vol. 2,  Robert L. Jolley, Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward
      Hamilton, Jr., editors.  Ann Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.  pp.
      253-258.  (ERL,  GB Reprint #361).

           Biochemical and soil microbiology studies indicate that numerous
           mechanisms  exist for the dehalogenation of both aliphatic and
           aromatic hydrocarbons.  Tests described in this paper demonstrate
           that enzymatic  systems are capable of dehalogenation.  The report
           does not answer the question of the biodegradability of halogenated
           hydrocarbons, but illustrates the need for more information in
           order  to identify compounds  likely to undergo enzymatic cleavage
           of the carbon-halogen bond.

217.  Brannon,  Anita C., and Philip J.  Conklin.  1978.  EFFECT OF SODIUM
      PENTACHLOROPHENATE ON EXOSKELETAL CALCIUM IN THE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMQNETES
      PyjjtIQ.  In:  Pentachlorophenol:   Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental
      Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor.  Plenum Press, New York, NY.  pp. 205-211.

           Exposure of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugjg, to media con-
           taining  sodium  pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) led to an apparent
           increase in the dry weight of exuvia as well as an increase in
           the  total quantity  of calcium.  The actual calcium concentration
           (yg  Ca/mg dry exoskeleton) in exuvia did not vary significantly
           in relation to  Na-PCP exposure.   Whether the observed changes in
           exuvia from shrimp  exposed to Na-PCP are due to a decrease in the
           resorption  of the old exoskeleton preceding ecdysis remains to be
           clarified.

218.  Cantelmo, Angela C., Philip J. Conklin, Ferris R. Fox, and K. Ranga Rao.
      1978.  EFFECTS OF SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE AND 2,4-DINITROPHENOL ON
      RESPIRATION IN CRUSTACEANS.  In:  Pentachlorophenol:  Chemistry, Pharmacology,
      and Environmental Toxicology, K.  Ranga Rao, editor.  Plenum Press, New York,
      NY.  pp.  251-263.

           The  oxygen  consumption of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio,
           was  determined  at different  stages of the molt cycle.  At each
           stage  of the molt cycle, the oxygen consumption varied in rela-
           tion to  periods of  activity.  In  order to minimize the errors in
           establishing basal  (control) rates of oxygen consumption, measure-
           ments  were  made over extended periods (18 to 24 hr).  In contrast
           to the previous reports of progressive increases  in oxygen con-
           sumption during proecdysial  stages in other crustaceans, we noted
           significant increases in oxygen consumption just  prior to and
           during the  actual shedding of exoskeleton (ecdysis) in grass
           shrimp.  The effects of sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) on
           oxygen consumption  varied depending on the stage  of the molt
           cycle, concentration of Na-PCP, and extent of pre-exposure of
           shrimp to Na-PCP.
                                         79

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           The effects of Na-PCP  and DNP on tissue respiration in. vitro
           were studied with the  blue  crab, Calljnectea aaoidus.  At con-
           centrations of 1  x 10-6 M an(j 5 x  10~5 M, these compounds did
           not alter the oxygen consumption of the muscle, gill, and hepato-
           pancreas.   At a concentration of 5 x  10~3 M, both Na-PCP and
           DNP caused an inhibition of oxygen consumption of isolated tissues.

219.  Cantelmo, Frank F.,  and K.  Ranga Rao.   1978.  EFFECTS OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL ON
      THE MSIOBENTHIC NEMATODES IN AN  EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM.  In:  Pentachlorophenol:
      Chemistry,  Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor.
      Plenum Press,  New York, NY.  pp. 165-174.

           Aquaria containing clean sand received a continuous supply of
           seawater from Santa Rosa Sound, Florida, mixed with known quan-
           tities of PCP for 9 weeks (May  10  - July 12, 1976) for the first
           experiment and Dowieide® G-ST for  13  weeks  (December 27, 1976 -
           March 28,  1977) for the second  experiment.  The measured concen-
           trations of PCP in the former experiment were 7,76, and 622 yg/1
           while the concentrations of 1.8, 15.8, and  161 pg/1 were used in
           the latter experiment.  At  the  end of each  experiment the meio-
           fauna established in the control and  experimental aquaria were
           examined.   Nematodes were the dominant group and averaged 83% of
           all the meiofauna encountered,  Concentrations of 1.8, 7, and
           15.8 yg PCP/1 did not  affect the biomass and density of nema-
           todes.  Marked changes in nematode species  composition and
           shifts in nematode feeding  types were noticed in the aquaria
           exposed to 161  and 622 yg PCP/1.   Nematodes classified as epi-
           strate feeders were most abundant  in  the control aquaria and
           those exposed to  1.8,  7, 15.8,  and 76 pg PCP/1.  Deposit feeders
           were relatively abundant among  the nematodes in aquaria exposed
           to 161 and 622 pg PCP/1.  The alterations in nematodes observed
           in this investigation  appeared  to  be  due to the variations in
           macrobenthic fauna and food (algae) supply  caused by the
           biocidal effects  of PCP and also due  to the toxic effects of PCP
           on meiofauna.

220.  Carpenter,  James H., and Donald  L. Macalady.  1978.  CHEMISTRY OF HALOGENS IN
      SEAWATER.  In:   Water  Chlorination:  Environmental Impact and Health Effects,
      Vol.  1, Robert  L. Jolley, editor.  Ann Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.
      pp. 161-179.

           There has  not been sufficient research to provide a satisfactory
           understanding of  the reactions  that occur when +1 oxidation state
           chlorine is added to seawater.  However, present information sug-
           gests that the bromide ion  is oxidized and, perhaps, dispropor-
           tionates to several oxidation states.  Formation of brominated or
           mixed brominated-chlorinated organic  compounds can be expected,
           but the extent and speciation of such reactions remain to be deter-
           mined .

221.  Carpenter,  James H., and Carroll A.  Smith.  1978.  REACTIONS IN CHLORINATED
      SEAWATER.  In:   Water  Chlorination:  Environmental Impact and Health Impacts,
                                         80

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     Vol. 2, Robert L. Jolley, Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr., editors.
     Ann Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.  pp. 195-207.

          Observations of the conditions for the accurate measurement of
          residual oxidants in chlorinated seawater are described.  Results
          of the investigation suggest that chlorination of seawater may
          produce toxicity and growth reduction through the indirect mecha-
          nism of modifying the copper complexing capacity of the treated
          water.

22'>. Conklin, Philip J., and K. Ranga Rao.  1978.  TOXICITY OF SODIUM PENTACHLORO-
     PHENATE TO THE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES PUGIO. IN RELATION TO THE MOLT
     CYCLE.  In:  Pentachlorophenol:  Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental
     Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor.  Plenum Press, New York, NY.  pp. 181-192.

          The toxicity of sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) to the grass
          shrimp, Palaemonetes ougio. was evaluated at different stages
          of the molt cycle.  In 96-hr bioassays, the shrimp in later stages
          of the proecdysial period exhibited a greater sensitivity to Na-
          PCP than that exhibited by shrimp in the intermolt and early pro-
          ecdysial stages of the molt cycle.  The shrimp in later proecdy-
          sial stages generally molted during the 96-hr test period and died
          shortly after.  The 96-hr LC50 value obtained for these shrimp
          (0.436 ppm) is the lowest of all the LC50 values reported previ-
          ously for adult crustaceans and is comparable to those for fish
          and larval crustaceans.  Studies with 1^C-PCP indicate that an
          abrupt increase in the uptake of PCP during the period shortly
          after ecdysis may cause increased mortalities during this period.

223. Davis, William ?., and William F. Mcllhenny.  1978.  MARINE WORKSHOP SUMMARY.
     In:  Water Chlorination:  Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 2,
     Robert L. Jolley, Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr., editors.  Ann
     Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.  pp. 859-862.

          Proceedings of the Marine Workshop held during the second con-
          ference on the Environmental Impact of Water Chlorination, October
          31-November 4, 1977, in Gatlinburg, TN, under sponsorship of the
          Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
          Agency and the Department of Energy.  Papers and discussion
          describe research considerations, problems, and viewpoints re-
          garding chlorination impacts in marine and freshwater ecosystems.

224. Davis, William P., and Douglas P. Middaugh.  1978.  A REVISED REVIEW OF THE
     IMPACT OF CHLORINATION PROCESSES UPON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS.  In:  Water
     Chlorination:  Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 1, Robert L.
     Jolley, editor.  Ann Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.  pp. 283-310.

          This paper presents a theoretical degradation model of chlorine
          added to marine waters.  Additionally, it summarizes literature
          reporting laboratory or ecological effects of chlorination.  The
          revisions attempt to incorporate pertinent literature through 1977.

225. Doughtie, Daniel G., and K. Ranga Rao.  1978.  ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES INDUCED
     BY SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE IN THE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES PUGIQf IN
                                         81
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                                                      '200 ^nr^yivan.? Avenue NW
                                                         /vasomtcn, DC  20460

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      RELATION TO THE MOLT CYCLE.   In:   Pentachlorophenol:  Chemistry, Pharmacology,
      and Environmental Toxicology,  K.  Ranga  Rao,  editor.  Plenum Press, New York.
      pp. 213-250.

           Intermolt (stage C)  grass shrimp were exposed to 1.0 ppm Na-PCP
           for the duration of  a molt cycle.  Gills, hepatopancreas, midgut
           (portion of the digestive tract surrounded by hepatopancreas), and
           hindgut (portion of  the  digestive  tract  in the abdomen) from con-
           trol and experimental shrimp at known stages of the molt cycle
           were examined at the ultrastructural level.  Although signs of
           pathology were evident in late proecdysial shrimp, extensive
           pathological changes were not observed until after ecdysis.
           The extent of pathological changes varied with the tissue examined
           and the interval between  ecdysis and the time of fixation for
           electron microscopy.

226.  Erickson,  Stanton J.,  and Anne E.  Freeman.   1978.  TOXICITY SCREENING OP
      FIFTEEN  CHLORINATED AND BROMINATED COMPOUNDS  USING FOUR SPECIES OF MARINE
      PHYTOPLANKTON.   In:   Water Chlorination:  Environmental Impact and Health
      Effects,  Vol. 2,  Robert L. Jolley, Hend Gorchev, D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr.,
      editors.   Ann Arbor Sci.  Publ.  Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.  pp. 307-310.  (ERL, GB
      Reprint  #359).

           No  distinction has been made in the scientific literature be-
           tween the effects of the  oxidative stages of chlorination and
           the effects  of halogenated compounds formed as by-products.
           Screening tests of compounds, which are  known by-products of
           chlorination,  were performed on four species of marine phyto-
           plankton.   Eight concentrations of the test compound were
           studied over a seven-day  period.   Different responses such as
           stimulatory,  inhibitory,  or  no effect were determined on algal
           cell division.   These tests  identified organism sensitivity
           to  the test  compounds and established the working range for
           more comprehensive studies.

227.  Fox,  Ferris R.,  and K. Ranga Rao.  1978.  EFFECTS OF SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE
      AND 2,4-DINITROPHENOL ON  HEPATOPANCREATIC ENZYMES IN THE BLUE CRAB,
      CALLINECTES SAPIDUS.   In:  Pentachlorophenol:  Chemistry, Pharmacology, and
      Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor.  Plenum Press, New York.  pp.
      265-275.

           In  view of the lack  of information on the mechanism of PCP-induced
           toxicity in crustaceans,  this investigation was undertaken to evalu-
           ate the effects of sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) in yivo and
           JLn  vitro on certain  hepatopancreatic enzymes in the blue crab,
           Callinectes  sapidus.  Fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, and sucoinate
           dehydrogenase were inhibited by Na-PCP and DNP In vivo, whereas
           isocitrate dehydrogenase  was stimulated.  Of those tested, lactic
           dehydrogenase was the least  affected cytoplasmic (soluble) enzyme
           in  yj.vo while pyruvate kinase and  glucose-6-phosphate dehydro-
           genase were inhibited at  least 50* by Na-PCP.  Glutamate-pyruvate
                                           82

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           transaminase was also inhibited.  Na-PCP and DNP had an inhibi-
           tory effect on the various enzymes tested id vitro at
           concentrations of 10"1* M or higher.  In general, the mitochon-
           drial enzymes were more susceptible than cytoplasmic enzymes to
           DNP and Na-PCP.  The calcium activated ATPase from the microsomal
           fraction of the crab hepatopancreas was inhibited by Na-PCP and
           DNP la vitro and in vivo.  Na-PCP was more potent than DNP in
           inhibiting the ATPase activity.  The effects of PCP on the blue
           crab enzymes are compared to the results of previous investiga-
           tions on other organisms.

228.  Goodman, Larry R., David J. Hansen, John A. Couch,  and Jerrold Forester.
      1978.  EFFECTS OF HEPTACHLOR AND TOXAPHENE ON LABORATORY-REARED EMBRYOS AND
      FRY OF THE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW.  Proc. 30th Annu.  Conf. Southeast.   Assoc. Game
      Fish Comm., October 24-27, 1976, Jackson, MS, Wilmer Rogers,  editor.
      pp. 192-202.  (ERL, GB Reprint #297).

           Flow-through seawater bioassays of 28-days duration were conducted
           with the organo-chlorine pesticides heptachlor and toxaphene to
           determine their toxicity to and bioconcentration by embryos and
           fry of the sheepshead minnow (Cvorinodon variegatus).   At tech-
           nical heptachlor measured concentrations of 4.3, 3.5,  2.2,  2.0,
           and 1.2 ug/1 (ppb),  test animal survival was 1,  5,  61,  79,  and  88$,
           respectively.  At toxaphene measured concentrations of 2.5,  1.1,
           0.6, 0.3, and 0.2 ug/1,  test animal survival was 10,  85,  79,  88,
           and 80%, respectively.  Average standard length  of fry continu-
           ously exposed from fertilization to heptachlor concentrations of
           4.3 and 3.5 yg/1 was significantly reduced  (<*  =  0.01).   Concen-
           tration factors (concentration in fish/measured  concentration
           in water) for heptachlor averaged 3,600  and for  transchlordane
           averaged 8,600.  Heptachlor epoxide and  cis-chlordane  were  also
           present in the fish.   Concentration factors for  toxaphene in fry
           averaged 9,800.

229.  Helz, George R.f Richard  Sugam,  and Rong Y. Hsu.  1978.   CHLORINE  DEGRADATION
      AND HALOCARBON PRODUCTION  IN  ESTUARINE WATERS.   In:   Water  Chlorination:
      Environmental Impact and  Health  Effects,  Vol.  2,  Robert  L.  Jolley, Hend
      Gorchev, and D.  Heyward Hamilton,  Jr.,  editors.   Ann  Arbor  Sci.  Publ. Inc.,
      Ann Arbor,  MI.  pp.  209-222.

           Questions related to  the chemical processes  that create  chlorine
           demand and control chlorine decay in estuarine waters  are discussed.
           Authors conclude that analytical methods must  be developed or im-
           proved in order to quantitatively account  for  all chlorine  that
           is added to a water  body.

230.  Rao,  K. Ranga, Philip J.  Conklin,  and Anita C. Brannon.   1978.   INHIBITION OF
      LIMB REGENERATION IN THE  GRASS SHRIMP,  PALAEMONETES PUGIQ,  BY  SODIUM
      PENTACHLOROPHENATE.   In:   Pentachlorophenol:   Chemistry, Pharmacology, and
      Environmental Toxicology,  K.  Rango Rao,  editor.   Plenum  Publ.  Corp., New York,
      pp.  193-203.
                                        83

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           The Initiation and progress  of regeneration  following the removal
           of the left fifth pereiopod  were  studied in  the grass shrimp,
           Palaemonefrea £U£io_.   The  regeneration patterns of 400 shrimp
           subjected to various treatments revealed that sodium
           pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP)  affects the initiation and progress
           of limb regeneration.  Depending  on the concentration used,
           Na-PCP caused either a complete inhibition of regeneration, a
           delay of initiation  of limb  bud development, or a reduction of
           limb bud growth without altering  the intermolt duration.  The
           inhibitory effects of Na-PCP were more pronounced on the initial
           phases of limb regeneration  (involving wound healing, cell divi-
           sion and dedifferentiation)  than  on the later phases of regenera-
           tion (involving further differentiation and cellular enlarge-
           ment).  Crustacean limb regeneration can be used as a sensitive
           bioassay for studying the effects of chemical pollutants.

231.  Roberts,  Morris H.,  Jr.   1978.  EFFECTS OF CHLORINATED SEAWATER ON DECAPOD
      CRUSTACEANS.   In:   Water  Chlorination:  Environmental Impact and Health
      Effects,  Vol. 2,  Robert L, Jolley,  Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr.,
      editors.   Ann Arbor Sci.  Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.  pp. 329-334.

           This study assesses  the acute  and subacute effects of chlori-
           nated seawater on Panopeus herbstii and gagurya laneioarpus eggs
           and  larvae.   Exposure of eggs  and larvae of the two crab species
           to reasonably uniform concentrations of chlorine-induced oxi-
           dants in a continuous-flow system showed a greater tolerance of
           eggs compared to zoeae.  A seasonal change in the acute toxicity
           for  Panopeus herbstii zoeae  was apparent:  larvae produced late
           in the normal breeding season  were more sensitive than those pro-
           duced during the remainder of  the breeding season.

232.  Rubinstein, Norman I.  1978.  EFFECT OF SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE ON THE
      FEEDING ACTIVITY OF THE LUGWORM,  ARENICQLA CRISTATA STIMPSON.  In:
      Pentaehlorophenol:   Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology, K.
      Ranga Rao, editor.   Plenum Publ.  Corp., New York.  pp. 175-180.

           A benthic bioassay utilizing time-lapse photography was used to
           measure the effect of four concentrations of Na-PCP (45, 80, 156,
           and  276  yg/1)  on the feeding activity of Arenicola criatata.
           There was no marked  effect on  feeding activity at 45 Ug/1.
           Na-PCP significantly affected  feeding activity at concentrations
           of 80, 156,  and 276  yg/1.  As  the lugworm feeds, it mixes organic
           material and oxygenated water  into the substrate.  Inhibition
           of this activity could affect  benthic community trophic struc-
           ture and substrate-water column dynamics.

233.  Schimmel, Steven C., James M. Patrick, Jr., and Linda F. Faas.  1978.  EFFECTS
      OF SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE ON SEVERAL ESTUARINE ANIMALS:  TOXICITY, UPTAKE,
      AND  DEPURATION.  In:  Pentaehlorophenol:  Chemistry, Pharmacology, and
      Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga  Rao, editor.  Plenum Publ. Corp., New York.
      pp.  147-155.   (ERL,  GB Reprint #336).

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          Several estuarine animals were exposed to sodium pentachlorophenate
          (Na-PCP) in flow-through toxicity tests.  The following are test
          animals and their 96-hr LC50 values:  grass shrimp (Palaemonetes
          pugio)f >515 yg/1; brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus), >195 yg/1;
          longnose killifish (Fundulus similis), >306 ug/1; pinfish (Lagodon
          rhomboides), 53.2 ug/1; and striped mullet (Muail cephalus).
          112 yg/1.  The 192-hr EC50 (effect measured was shell deposition)
          for the eastern oyster (Crassostrea vircinica) was 76.5 yg/1.
          Eastern oysters exposed to Na-PCP concentrations of 25.0 and 2.5
          yg/1 accumulated the chemical in their tissues an average of 41
          and ?8 times, respectively.  After Na-PCP delivery was discon-
          tinued, however, the oysters purged themselves of the pesticide
          within four days.

234. Scott, Geoffrey I., and Douglas P. Middaugh.  1978.  SEASONAL CHRONIC TOXICITY
     OF CHLORINATIOK TO THE AMERICAN OYSTER, CRASSQSTREA VIRGINICA (G).  In:  Water
     Chlorination:  Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 2, Robert L.
     Jolley, Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr., editors.  Ann Arbor Sci.
     Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.  pp. 311-327.   (ERL, GB Reprint #360).

          Lethal and sublethal effects of chlorination to adult oysters
          (Crassostrea virginica) were observed during chronic exposures
          on a seasonal basis.  Results show that chronic exposures of
          oysters to chlorine-produced oxidants (CPO's) can produce mor-
          tality at high concentrations and severe sublethal effects at
          lower  levels.  Toxicity varies from season to season and is
          related to seasonal changes in measured CPO concentrations,
          temperature, and the physiological condition of the oyster.
          Sublethal effects appear to be related to reductions in feeding
          and increased avoidance of CPO's.  This results in reduced
          tissue production, causing severe reductions in the size of
          gonadal tissues and increased dependence in glycogen reserves
          during exposures to CPO's.

235. Tagatz, M.E., J.M. Ivey, and M. Tobia.  1978.  EFFECTS OF DOWICIDE® G-ST ON
     DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ESTUARINE MACRO-BENTHIC COMMUNITIES.  In:  Penta-
     chlorophenol:  Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga
     Rao, editor.  Plenum Publ. Corp., New York.  pp. 157-163.  (ERL, GB Reprint
     #352).

          Aquaria containing clean sand received a continuous supply of
          flowing seawater from Santa Rosa Sound, FL, mixed with known
          quantities of Dowicide® G-ST (79$ sodium pentachlorophenate)
          for 13 weeks.  The measured concentrations of pentachlorophenol
          (PCP)  in the aquaria were 1.8, 15.8,  and 161 yg/1.  At the end
          of the experiment, macrofauna established in control and experi-
          mental aquaria were examined.  Mollusks, arthropods, and anne-
          lids were numerically dominant among  the macrofauna.  Although
          exposure to  1.8 yg/1 PCP had no effect, the higher concentrations
          of PCP caused marked reduction in the numbers of individuals and
          species.  Mollusks were the most sensitive taxonomic group to
                                       85

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           PCP.  These results and our  previous  studies on the effects of
           a nine-week exposure to PCP  on  the establishment of macrobenthic
           communities indicate that  discharge of PCP into natural waters
           could alter the normal  colonization by benthic animals and could
           impact various ecological  relationships among localized popula-
           tions.

236.  Wilkes,  Frank G.  1978.   LABORATORY  MICROCOSMS FOR USE IN DETERMINING
      POLLUTANT STRESS.   In:   Aquatic Pollutants:  Transformation and Biological
      Effects, 0. Hutzinger, I.H.  Van Lelyveld,  and B.C.J. Zeeteman, editors.
      Pergamon Press,  New York. pp.  309-321.  (ERL, GB Reprint #357).

           Tests under development at ERL, GB to determine effects of pol-
           lutants on  ecosystem compartments and processes are described.
           The tests are  termed "microcosms" and are comprised of minia-
           ture ecosystems designed to  investigate the origin, flow, fate,
           and effects of materials released in  the environment.  Exam-
           ples of various tests and  data  obtained in their use are
           presented.
      1977
237.  Banner,  L.H.,  A.J.  Wilson, J.M. Sheppard, J.M. Patrick, L.R. Goodman, and G.E.
      Walsh.   1977.   KEPONE  ACCUMULATION AND FOOD CHAIN TRANSFER.  In:  Proceedings
      of the Kepone  Seminar  II.  U.S. EPA- Region III, Philadelphia, PA.  pp.
      291-329.

           Accumulation,  transfer,  and  loss of Kepone in estuarine organisms
           were studied in laboratory bloassays.  Data show that Kepone was
           bioconcentrated by oysters (Crasaostrea virginica), mysids
           (Mysidopsia bahia), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), sheepshead
           minnows  (Cyprinodon varieeatus), and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus)
           from concentrations as low as 0.023 vg/1 seawater.  Bioconcentra-
           tion factors ranged from 10  to 3^0 in static exposures and 900 to
           13,500  in flow-through bioassays and were dependent on species and
           exposure  duration.

238.  Butler,  Philip A.   1977.  NATIONAL ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM.  In:
      Estuarine Pollution Control and Assessment, Proceedings of a Conference, Vol.
      II.   U.S. EPA, Office  of Water Planning and Standards, Washington, DC.  pp.
      519-521.  (ERL, GB Reprint #263).

           About 8,000 samples of estuarine mollusks were monitored for
           pesticide residues  in the period 1965-72.  Residue trends and
           typical pollution situations are briefly described.  Beginning
           in  1972,  fish were  substituted for mollusks.  The basic needs
           for a continuing  monitoring  program are described.
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239. Coppage, David L.   1977.  ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTION OF PESTICIDAL CARBAMATES
     IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF POISONED FISHES.  In:  Physiological
     Responses of Marine Biota to Pollutants.  Academic Press, Inc., New York, pp.
     93-102.  (ERL, GB Reprint #331).

          In this report, kinetic enzyme methods and statistical analyses
          are used to define the relationship between brain acetylcholines-
          terase inhibition and near-median kills in replicate groups of
          marine fish in the laboratory by five carbamate pesticides.

2^0. Davis, William P., and D.P. Middaugh.  1977.  IMPACT OF CHLORINATION PROCESSES
     ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS.  In:  Estuarine Pollution Control and Assessment:
     Proceedings of a Conference, Vol. II.  U.S. EPA, Office of Water Planning and
     Standards, Washington, DC.  pp. 415-423.  (ERL, GB Reprint #326).

          The use of chlorine as a disinfectant and antifouling agent is
          reviewed.  Chemical reactions of chlorine in aquatic environments
          are discussed, with particular emphasis on the formation of halo-
          genated organic constituents in freshwater and marine systems.
          Studies of the effect of chlorinated sewage effluents and cooling
          water from generating stations on marine organisms and ecosystems
          are summarized.
241.
Davis, William P., Betty S. Hester, Ruth L.  Yoakum,  and Richard G.  Domey.
1977.  MARINE ECOSYSTEM TESTING UNITS:   DESIGN FOR ASSESSMENT OF BENTHIC
ORGANISM RESPONSES TO LOW-LEVEL POLLUTANTS.   International Symposium:
Biologische Anstalt.  Helgol. wiss. Meeresunters 30:673-681.   (ERL, GB Reprint
#321).

     This paper describes Marine Ecosystem Testing Units (METU), an
     experimental design for integrating responses of communities of
     marine organisms to low-level pollutants under natural conditions
     of temperature, weather, season, precipitation, sunlight, etc.
     Ninety-six testing units are arranged in a regimen for pollutant
     exposure and systematic sampling.   Organisms harvested are sorted
     and enumerated first to major taxa, subsequently to species level.
     Data are subjected to multi-variate statistical analysis to elu-
     cidate relative effects of pollutant, duration of test (harvest),
     season, and type of organism.  Sampling is replicated in time and
     space.  The first year of operation has demonstrated distinct
     responses to chlorination at levels below chemical detectability.
5.42.
Duke, Thomas W.  1977.  PESTICIDES IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS:   AN OVERVIEW.
Pesticides in Aquatic Environments, Mohammed Abdul Quddus Khan, editor.
Plenum Press, New York.  pp. 1-8.

     This general review covers subjects and issues under discussion
     at the Symposium for the International Congress of Entomology in
     Washington, DC, August 22, 1976.  These issues include:   state-
     of-the-art for extrapolating studies to the natural environment;
     possibility of generalizing pollutants in categories for "short-
In:
                                        87

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           cut predictions";  need for  research with unstressed aquatic sys-
           tems;  and the need to elucidate  the more vital and vulnerable
           processes in aquatic  systems  to  predict fate of pollutants in
           aquatic environments.

243.  Garnas,  R.L., A.M. Bourquin,  and P.H. Pritchard.  1977.  THE FATE AND
      DEGRADATION OF 14C-KEPONE  IN  ESTUARINE MICROCOSMS.  In:  Proceedings of the
      Kepone Seminar II.  U.S. EPA,  Region  III, Philadelphia, PA.  pp. 330-362.
      (SRL,  GB Reprint  #351).

           An  investigation of the  fate  of  ^C-Kepone in static and contin-
           uous-flow estuarine microcosms is described.  Kepone desorbed
           readily from salt-marsh  sediments and James River sediments.  While
           this desorption was independent  of environmental temperatures and
           salinity ranges, Kepone  residues in sediment influenced concentra-
           tions  in the water column.  Radioactivity was not extractable from
           some James River sediments  with  recognized analytical procedures.
           In  larger continuous-flow systems, benthic polychaetes (Arenieola
           cristata)  accumulated high  residues of Kepone, died, and decom-
           posed.   These data should allow  better prediction of the fate of
           Kepone  in the aquatic environment.

244.  Group IV (Thomas  W.  Duke,  member).  1977.  LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF ORGANIC
      POLLUTANTS ON ECOSYSTEMS.   In:   Ecosystem Processes & Organic Contaminants:
      Research Needs and an Interdisciplinary Perspective.  U.S. Government Printing
      Office (GPO), Washington,  DC.  pp. 27-31.

           Long-term effects  of  organic  pollutants on ecosystems are discussed
           on  the  premise that metabolism,  structure, and behavior are three
           unifying concepts  common to all  levels of organization from the
           cell to an ecosystem.  The  mandate to develop the capacity to
           extrapolate  from microcosm  to nature is clear.  It is important
           to  first ascertain what  processes should be measured for the
           greatest extrapolation potential, and field verification of re-
           sults  should follow.

245.  Hansen,  D.J., and P.R.  Parrish.  1977.  SUITABILITY OF SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS
      (CYPRINODON  VARIEGATUS) FOR LIFE-CYCLE TOXICITY TESTS.  Aquatic Toxicology
      and  Hazard Evaluation,  ASTM STP  634,  F.L. Mayer and J.I. Hamelink, editors,
      American Society  for Testing  and Materials, pp. 117-126.  (ERL, GB Reprint
      #301).

           Entire  life-cycle  toxicity  tests are practical with sheepshead
           minnows, Cvorinodon varieeatus.  This is the only estuarine fish
           that has been utilized successfully in life-cycle toxicity test
           methods formulated since 1973.   Salinity, temperature, and
           spawning requirements were  determined, and initial life-cycle
           toxicity tests with endrin  were  conducted at the Environmental
           Research Laboratory,  Gulf Breeze.  Subsequent tests with hepta-
           clor,  carbofuran,  methoxychlor,  and malathion were conducted at
           Gulf Breeze  or at  EG4G,  Bionomics.  All studies confirmed the
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           feasibility of using this estuarine fish for determining maximum
           acceptable toxicant concentrations and application factors.
           Results of our tests also corroborate data on application factors
           obtained in studies completed elsewhere with freshwater fishes
           and the same pesticides.

246.  Hansen, D.J., D.R. Nimmo^S.C.  Schimmel, G.E.  Walsh,  and  A.J.  Wilson,  Jr.
      1977.  EFFECTS OF KEPONS&'ON ESTUARINE  ORGANISMS.   In:  Proceedings  of the
      Kepone Seminar II.  U.S. EPA,  Region III,  Philadelphia, PA.   pp. 266-282.
      (ERL, GB Reprint #311).

           Effects of Kepone and its  accumulation are investigated in toxi-
           city tests with estuarine  algae, mollusks,  and crustaceans.  These
           tests indicate that chronic  toxicity and  bioconcentration potential
           of Kepone are more  important factors than its acute  toxicity in
           laboratory evaluations of  environmental hazard.  These  factors
           should be considered in assessing  impacts and attempting  to limit
           future impacts of this insecticide on the aquatic  environment.

2i-l.  Huggett, Robert J.  1977.   THE  ROLE  OF  SEDIMENTS IN THE STORAGE, MOVEMENT, AND
      BIOLOGICAL UPTAKE OF KEPONE IN  ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS.  In:  Proceedings of
      the Kepone Seminar II.   U.S.  EPA,  Region III,  Philadelphia,  PA.  pp. 363-456.

           This report describes the  Virginia Institute  of Marine  Science
           staff's investigation of the role  of sediments in  the storage,
           movement,  and biological uptake of Kepone in  estuarine  environ-
           ments.   Results are presented in three sections titled:   "Kepone
           in James River Sediment,"  by Maynard  M. Nichols and  Richard C.
           Trotman;  "Kepone Water-Sediment Elutriates,"  by Robert  J. Huggett;
           and "Uptake of Kepone from Suspended  Sediments by Oysters,
           Rangia and MacomaT" by Dexter S. Haven and  Reinaldo  Morales-
           Alamo.   The report  is included  in  Proceedings of Kepone Seminar
           II sponsored by EPA,  the National  Marine  Fisheries Service, and
           NOAA in Easton, MD, September 19-21,  1977.

248.  Nimmo, Del Wayne R., and Lowell H. Bahner.   METALS, PESTICIDES AND PCB's:
      TOXICITIES TO SHRIMP SINGLY AND IN COMBINATION.  In:  Estuarine Processes,
      Vol. 1, Uses,  Stresses,  and Adaptation  to  the  Estuary, Martin  W. Wiley,
      editor.  Academic Press, New York.  pp.  523-532.   (ERL, GB Reprint #271).

           This study examines potential deleterious effects  of certain toxi-
           cants,  singly and in combination,  to  penaeid  shrimp.  In  nature,
           these shrimp are exposed  to  combinations  of toxicants from indus-
           trial and municipal outfalls, from agricultural runoff, or from
           dredge-and-fill operations.

           The combined toxicities of methoxychlor and cadmium  to  penaeid
           shrimp, Peqaeus duorarum,  were  either independent  or additive,
           and varied with the method(s) of bioassay.   Conclusions were
           based on the results of 10-, 25- and 30-day bioassays conducted
                                           89

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           with the toxicants added  singly or  in combination to flowing
           water of constant salinity  and temperature.

           Cadmium, but not methoxychlor, was  accumulated by shrimp, and
           methoxychlor appears  to influence the processes of accumulation
           or loss of cadmium from tissues of  shrimp.

249.  Nimmo,  Del Wayne R.,  Donald V. Lightner, and Lowell H. Banner.  1977.  EFFECTS
      OF CADMIUM ON THE SHRIMPS, PENAEUS DUORARUM, PALAEMQNETES PUGIOf AND
      PALAEMQNETES VULGARIS.   In:  Physiological Responses of Marine Biota to
      Pollutants.   Academic Press Inc., New York, pp. 131-183.  (ERL, GB Reprint
      #332).

           Data from this experiment show that grass shrimp, Palaemonetes
           vulgaris.  were acutely and  chronically more sensitive to cadmium
           than the pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum.  Bioaccumulation of
           cadmium from water occurred at concentrations as low as 2 yg/l
           in £.  duoracum and 7.9 pg/1 in £.. vulgaris.  Pink shrimp, exposed
           to cadmium concentrations near LC50's, consistently developed
           blackened foci or blackened lamelae on the branchia.  When the
           brine shrimp, Artemiar containing cadmium were used as food, the
           transfer of cadmium to grass shrimp was much less efficient than
           transfer of cadmium directly from the water.  To produce equivalent
           whole-body residues in the  shrimp,  about 15,000 times more cadmium
           must be introduced in food  than could be obtained from seawater.

250.  Nimmo,  D.R.,  L.H.  Banner, R.A. Rigby, J.M. Sheppard, and A.J. Wilson, Jr.
      1977.   MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA:  AN ESTUARINE SPECIES SUITABLE FOR LIFE-CYCLE
      TOXICITY  TESTS TO DETERMINE THE  EFFECTS OF A POLLUTANT.  Aquatic Toxicology
      and Hazard Evaluation,  ASTM STP  632, F.L. Mayer and J.L. Hamelink, editors.
      American  Society for  Testing Materials,  pp. 109-116.  {ERL, GB Reprint #296).

           This study documents the  successful use of a mysid, Mysidopsis
           bahiar  for life-cycle toxicity tests.  These tests were conducted
           to determine acute and chronic toxicities of metal (cadmium) and
           pesticide (Kepone).  Delay  in the formation of mysid brood pouches
           and  release of young were noted in  low concentrations .<6.4 ug/1
           cadmium.   Fewer  young produced per  female and decreased growth
           were other indicators of  effects of Kepone.

251.  O'Connor,  Donald J.,  and Kevin J. Farley.  1977.  PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF
      KEPONE  DISTRIBUTION IN  THE JAMES RIVER.  In:  Proceedings of the Kepone
      Seminar II.   U.S.  EPA,  Region III, Philadelphia, PA.  pp. 457-180.

           Significant concentrations  of Kepone are shown to be present in
           various phases of the estuarine system—in solution, in suspen-
           sion,  in sediment,  and in the food chain—of the James River,
           VA.   Further work  will attempt to provide a quantitative frame-
           work to evaluate time required to reduce Kepone concentrations
           to acceptable levels.
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252. Parrish, Patrick R., James M. Patrick, Jr., and Jerrold Forester.  1977.
     EFFECTS OF THREE TOXICANTS ON OYSTERS (CRASSQSTREA VIRGINICA) EXPOSED
     CONTINUOUSLY FOR TWO YEARS.  Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc.  67:121-122.  (ERL,
     GB Reprint #317).

          Three separate populations of oysters were exposed continuously
          for 104 weeks in flowing, natural seawater in the laboratory to
          0.01 yg/1 of Aroclor®1254 or p,p'-DDT and its metabolites, or
          dieldrin.  Maximum residues (based on yg of toxicant per g of
          tissue) occurred after 8 weeks of exposure; average whole-body
          residues  (wet weight) of five oysters from each treatment ana-
          lyzed individually were:  Aroclor® 1254, 1.65yg/g; DDT (and
          metabolites ODD and DDE), 0.46 yg/g; and dieldrin, 0.08 yg/g.
          Seasonal  patterns of accumulation and loss of the three tox-
          icants were similar and were apparently related to spawning.
          Toxicant  residues decreased 45 to 81$ in early July and late
          October,  1972, and 44 to 91$ in late October, 1973.  Growth
          rate (height and in-water weight) of exposed oysters was
          not significantly different from that of control oysters (Student's
          t-test; P<0.05) after 72 weeks of exposure.  Mortality was not
          significant (.19$) in any group during the entire study.

253. Schimmel, S.C., and A.J. Wilson, Jr.  1977.  ACUTE TOXICITY OF KEPONE TO FOUR
     SSTUARINE ANIMALS.  In:  Proceedings of the Kepone Seminar II.  U.S. EPA,
     Region III, Philadelphia, PA.  pp. 283-294.  (ERL, GB Reprint #293).

          Kepone contamination of the James River estuary, VA, prompted
          acute flowthrough bioassays to determine 96-hr toxicity of
          Kepone to four estuarine species.  The 96-hr LC50 values for
          species tested follow:  grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio)T
          121 pg/1; blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), 210 yg/1; sheeps-
          head minnow (Cyprinodon varjegatus), 69.5 yg/1; and spot
          (Leiostomus xanthurus)f 6.6 yg/1.  Surviving animals were ana-
          lyzed for Kepone.  Average bioconcentration factors (the concen-
          tration of Kepone in tissues divided by the concentration of
          Kepone measured in seawater) were:  grass shrimp, 698; blue
          crab 8.1; sheepshead minnow, 1,548; and spot, 1,221.

254. Schimmel, S.C., J.M. Patrick, Jr., and A.J. Wilson, Jr.  1977.  ACUTE TOXICITY
     TO AND BIOCONCENTRATION OF ENDOSULFAN BY ESTUARINE ANIMALS.  In:  Aquatic
     Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation, ASTM STP 634, F.L. Mayer and J.L. Hamelink,
     editors.  American Society for Testing Materials, pp. 241-252.  (ERL, GB
     Reprint #289).

          Acute (96-hr) flow-through toxicity tests with endosulfan (Thiodan)
          were conducted with several estuarine animals.  The test species and
          their 96-hr lethal concentration for 50$ of the organisms (LC50)
          values were:  pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), 0.04 yg/1; grass
          shrimp  (Palaemonetes oueio), 1.3vg/l; pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides)r
          0.3 yg/1; spot  (yeiostomus xanthurus)T 0.09yg/l; and striped
          mullet  (Muail ceohalus) T 0.38yg/l.  In a 56-day bioconcentration
                                           91

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           study (28-day uptake, 28-day depuration), striped mullet were
           exposed to  0.008  and 0.08 pg endosulfan/1 seawater.  The two
           endosulfan  isomers  (endosulfan I and II) were rapidly metabolized
           to endosulfan sulfate; only trace amounts of each isomer were
           detected in edible  tissue or offal of mullet exposed to 0.08 yg/l
           (0.035 yg/l measured) for 28 days.  Our studies suggest that
           endosulfan  in the estuarine environment would be a hazard be-
           cause of its acute  toxicity and bioconcentration potential, but
           animals surviving exposure and moving to areas free of endosul-
           fan would lose the  chemical rapidly.
     1976
255.  Couch, John A.   1976.   ATTEMPTS TO INCREASE BACULQVIRUS PREVALENCE IN SHRIMP
      BY  CHEMICAL EXPOSURE.   In:  Progress in Experimental Tumor Research, F.
      Homburger, editor.   S.  Karger, Basel, Switzerland.  20:  304-314.  (ERL, GB
      Reprint  #240).

           The shrimp-virus system  is described, particularly in regard to
           the physical,  chemical,  and biological characterization of the
           virus and  interactive  effects of the virus and chemical agents,
           such as  pesticides and PCB's.  Results are reported of test expo-
           sures of samples of shrimp to several pesticides and industrial
           chemicals  identified as  stressing pollutants in aquatic eco-
           systems:   Aroclor  1254® (PCB), rairex (insecticide), methoxy-
           chlor (insecticide), and cadmium (metal).

256.  Crow, S.A., W.L. Cook,  and  D.G. Ahearn.  1976.  MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN
      COASTAL  SURFACE SLICKS.   In:  Proceedings Third International Biodegradation
      Symposium, J.M.  Sharpley and  A.M. Kaplan, editors.  Applied Science Publishers
      Ltd., London,   pp.  93-98.  (ERL, GB Reprint #254).

           Samples  of the upper 10  ym of inshore surface films obtained by
           adsorption to  membranes  yielded microbial populations up to 10°
           ml'1 or  10^ cm~2.   These populations were typically 10-100 times
           greater  than those in  underlying waters at a depth of 10 cm.  Pre-
           dominant bacteria  in surface films were motile, nonpigmented, gram-
           negative rods.  Colony-forming units of yeasts and moulds were
           found in concentrations  to 10^ ml""' or 28 cm~2.  The predomi-
           nant species in surface  films were proteolytic and amylolytic but
           exhibited  only weak to negligible hydrocarbonoclastic and lipoly-
           tic activities.  A greater proportion of the surface film bacteria,
           as  compared to those at  10 cm depth, were capable of growth on
           fresh-water media.

257.  Davies,  Tudor T.  1976.   ENERGY-RELATED GREAT LAKES RESEARCH PROGRAMS OF THE
      ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY.  In:  Proc. Second Fed. Conf. on the Great
      Lakes, J.S. Marshall, editor.  Interagency Committee on Marine Science and
                                           92

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     Engineering of  the Federal Council for Science and Technology (ICMSE), Argonne
     National Laboratory, Chicago, IL.  pp. 499-531.

           EPA research applicable to the Great Lakes are reviewed.  Activ-
           ities include:  national programs based on the theme of the March
           1975 Federal Conference on the Great Lakes; new and accelerated
           national initiatives in energy research and development; and spe-
           cific projects related to the water quality of the lakes.

258. Duke,  Thomas W.   1976.   CYCLING OF POLLUTANTS.  In:  Estuarine Processes, Vol.
     1,  Uses, Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary, Martin W. Wiley, editor.
     Academic Press, New York.  pp. 481-482.  (ERL, GB Reprint #320).

           Environmental distribution of pesticides, their pathways of
           transfer and bioaccumulation, are known in many instances, yet
           their ultimate effects on organisms are relatively unknown.
           Importance of the impact of oil, heavy metals, and pesticides on
           ecosystems and on biological systems ranging from micro-organisms
           to fishes  is emphasized in this introduction to a symposium on
           the "Cycling of Pollutants," convened by Thomas W. Duke at
           Galveston, TX, under the sponsorship of Estuarine Research Federa-
           tion, October 9, 1975.  The combined toxicities of methoxychlor,
           cadmium, and polychlorinated biphenyls are discussed.

259. Joint  Group of  Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP),
     (David J. Hansen, member).  1976.  WORKING GROUP ON THE PRINCIPLES FOR
     DEVELOPING COASTAL WATER QUALITY CRITERIA.  Food and Agriculture Organization
     (FAO), United Nations.  GESAMP VIII/6.  23 p.  (ERL, GB Reprint #270).

           This document records the working group's second session held
           October 20-25, 1975, in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, to discuss coastal
           water criteria.  Members agreed to attempt to develop criteria
           for specific compounds, such as DDT and petroleum hydrocarbons,
           as examples for the application of principles.  Principles
           applicable to the development and application of water quality cri-
           teria are  presented.

260. Nimmo, Del Wayne R.  1976.  POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCS).  Hearings before
     the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of
     the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives.
     U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.  Serial No. 94-24.  (ERL, GB
     Reprint #299).

           Research conducted by EPA at its Environmental Research Laboratory,
          Gulf Breeze, on PCB's in estuarine environment is described.  Data
           presented  show that PCB's:  (1) occur in the marine environment,
           (2) are readily dispersed from point sources,  (3) are relatively
          persistent, and (4) are concentrated in animals,  plants, and
          sediments.  Controlled experiments conducted in the laboratory
           indicate:  (1) various PCB's are toxic (at the ppb level in
          water) to  shrimp, fish, and other organisms, (2) animals can
                                           93

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           obtain PCB's  from water, sediment, or food organisms, and (3)
           these chemicals are bioaccumulated.

261. Nimrao, Del Wayne R., and Lowell H. Banner.  1976.  METALS, PESTICIDES,  AND
     PCB'S:  TOXICITIES TO SHRIMP SINGLY AND IN COMBINATION.  In:   Estuarine
     Processes, Vol. 1, Uses, Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary,  Martin W.
     Wiley, editor.  Academic Press, New York.  pp. 523-532.  (ERL, GB  Reprint
     #271).

           The objective of this study was to assess potential deleterious
           effects of certain toxicants, singly and in combination, to
           penaeid shrimp.  In nature, these shrimp are exposed to combina-
           tions of toxicants from industrial and municipal outfalls, from
           agricultural  runoff or from dredge-and-fill operations.   The
           combined toxicities of methoxychlor and cadmium to penaeid
           shrimp, Penaeus duorarumT were either independent or additive,
           and varied with the method(s) of bioassay.  Conclusions were
           based on the  results of 10-, 25- and 30-day bioassays conducted
           with the toxicants added singly or in combination to flowing
           water of constant salinity and temperature.  Cadmium, but not
           methoxychlor, was accumulated by shrimp and methoxychlor appears
           to influence  the processes of accumulation or loss of cadmium
           from tissues  of shrimp.

262. Walsh, Gerald, Samuel Snedaker, and Howard Teas, editors.  1976.  PROCEEDINGS
     OF INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVES, Vols. I
     and II.  Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of  Florida,
     Gainesville, FL.   846 p.  (ERL, GB Reprint #290).

           These volumes contain proceedings of the International Symposium
           on Biology and Management of Mangroves held October 8-11, 1974,
           at the East-West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii.  Participants describe
           the biogeography, biology, geomorphology and soils, anatomy, and
           physiology of mangroves and also discuss some effects resulting
           from man's use of these resources.
     1975

 263. Bahner, Lowell H., and Del Wayne R. Nimmo.  1975.  METHODS TO ASSESS EFFECTS
     OF COMBINATIONS OF TOXICANTS, SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON ESTUARINE ANIMALS.
     In:  Trace Substances in Environmental Health-IX:  a Symposium, June 10-12,
     1975.  University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.  pp. 169-177.  (ERL, GB Reprint
     #259).

          Aquatic species are exposed to toxicants singly, but more often
          in combinations, under varying environmental regimes.  Conse-
          quently, an experimental flowing-water bioassay system was
                                          94

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           developed  to  control  salinity  and  temperature while testing toxicants
           either  singly or  in combination.   These  controls allow rates of
           toxicant accumulation,  translocation, loss, or acute and chronic
           toxicity bo animals to  be  better assessed.  Our bioassays were
           conducted  with pink shrimp (Penaeus du.Qr.arum) exposed to the
           following  toxicant combinations:   cadmium-malathion, cadmium-
           methoxychlor,  cadmium-methoxychlor-Aroclor© 1254 and a complex
           that  contained both inorganic  and  organic constituents.  The
           toxicities of the pesticide-metal  combinations, when compared to
           those of each constituent  singly,  appeared to be independent of
           each  other.

234.   Couch, John  A.  1975.  DISCUSSION FROM SELECTED PAPERS PRESENTED AT EPA-USDA
      WORKING SYMPOSIUM.   In:  Baculoviruses  for Insect Pest Control:  Safety Con-
      siderations, Max D.  Summers, Rilo Engler, Louis A. Falcon, and Patrick Vail,
      editors,   Am. Soc.  Microbiol.,  Washington, DC.  pp. 58-62, 111-114.  (ERL, GB
      Reprint #262).

           Importance of a critical investigation from a conceptual point
           of view of baculovj.ruges>  particularly in regard to Crustacea,
           is discussed.   Questions are posed regarding the chief criteria
           of their effects and whether scientists should investigate latent
           infections, other sublethal effects, and possible infections from
           these insecticides in larval nontarget species (i.e., Crustacea).
           Discussions at  the EPA-USDA symposium held April 15-18,  1974,  in
           Bethesda,  MD,  also center  on the urgent need to publish results
           of tests and  test methods  used in investigating the impact of
           insect  viruses  on noninsect invertebrates.

265.   Couch, John  A.  1975.  HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES AND RELATED
      CHEMICALS ON THE LIVERS OF FISHES.  In:   The Pathology of Fishes, William E.
      Ribelin and  George Migski,  editors.  The University of Wisconsin Press,
      Madison, WI.  pp.  559-584.    (ERL, GB Reprint #152).

           Evidence for  the accumulation of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems
           is abundant.   Certain pesticides (i.e., organochlorines and their
           metabolites)  accumulate in fish, particularly in liver and fatty
           tissues.   This  paper reviews the histopathology of the livers of
           fishes  in  reference to pesticide exposure.

266.   Parrish, Patrick R., Gary H. Cook, and James M. Patrick, Jr.   1975.
      HEXACHLOROBENZENE:   EFFECTS ON SEVERAL ESTUARINE ANIMALS.   Proc. 28th Annu.
      Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Coram.   pp. 179-186.  (ERL,  GB Reprint #226).

           Tests were conducted to determine  (1) the acute (96-hr)  toxicity
           of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum)t
           grass shrimp  (Palaemonetes puaio),  sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon
           varieeatus) r  and pinfish (Lag.Qd.o_n rhomboides) and (2) the rate of
           HCB uptake and  depuration  by pinfish.  Hexachlorobenzene was not
           acutely toxic  to any of the animals tested at measured concentra-
           tions in seawater to 25 pg/1.  However, both species of shrimps
                                            95

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           in  the highest HCB concentration were lethargic as compared to
           controls and  exhibited an uncharacteristically white hepatopan-
           creas at the  end of the 96-hr exposure.  Pinfish exposed to
           average measured HCB concentrations of 0.06, 0.15, 0.65, 1.87, or
           5.2 yg/1 for  42 days accumulated the compound throughout the
           exposure.  Maximum residue in muscle (wet-weight) was 34,OOOX the
           measured concentration in test water.  Pinfish retained most
           (>50$) of  the HCB after a 28-day depuration period in HCB-free
           water.

267. Schimmel, Steven C., and David J. Hansen.  1975.  SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW
     (CYPRINQDON VARIEGATUS):  AN ESTUARINE FISH SUITABLE FOR CHRONIC (ENTIRE
     LIFE-CYCLE) BIOASSAYS.  Proc. 28th Ann. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish
     Comm.  pp. 392-398.  (ERL, GB Reprint #205).

           The sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon varieeatus), an estuarine fish
           of  the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, is suitable for both partial
           chronic and chronic (egg-to-egg) bioassays.  The fish is easily
           held at high  population densities in the laboratory, and at about
           30°C, produces numerous eggs.  The average 30-day survival of the
           fish from  fertile egg to fry is 15% .  Generation time for this
           species is short (3-4 months) and its small adult size  (male
           average standard length = 48 mm) provides for relatively inexpen-
           sive bioassays.  This killifish's susceptibility to organochlorine
           toxicants  is  similar to that of other estuarine fishes  tested
           and thus should produce significant information on the  effects
           of  these toxicants on the estuarine community.

268. Schimmel, Steven C.f Patrick R. Parrish, David J. Hansen, James M. Patrick,
     Jr.  and  Jerrold Forester.  1975.  ENDRIN:  EFFECTS ON SEVERAL ESTUARINE
     ORGANISMS.  Proc.  28th Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm.  pp.
     187-194. (ERL, GB Reprint #218).

           Acute (96-hr) bioassays were performed ith endrin and the fol-
           lowing estuarine organisms:  American oyster (Crassostrea
           virginica), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), grass shrimp
           (Palaemonetes ougio), sailfin molly (Poecilia latioinna), and
           sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon varieeatus).  Endrin was  acutely
           toxic to all  organisms tested, except oysters, whose shell growth
           was appreciably inhibited by 56 yg/1 ppb of the chemical.  Pink
           shrimp were the most sensitive animal tested, but significant
           numbers of both species of shrimps and fishes died when exposed
           to  concentrations of one yg/1 or less.  In a separate test,
           embryos and fry of the sheepshead minnow were exposed to concen-
           trations of endrin ranging from 0.046 to 1.0 yg/1 (nominal) for
           33  days in an intermittant-flow bioassay.  Embryos were not
           affected by the concentrations to which they were exposed, but
           the estimated LC50 (probit analysis,  a= 0.05) of fry was 0.27
           yg/1.
                                           96

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     1974
2'59. Atema, Jelle, Charles C. Coutant, Patricia DeCoursey, David Hansen, James S.
     Kittredge, John J. Magnuson, Don Miller, Bori L. Olla, Mark J. Schneider, and
     Winona B. Vernberg.  1974.  BEHAVIORAL BIOASSAYS.  In:  Marine Bioassays.
     Proceedings of Workshop Sponsored by the Marine Technology Society,
     Washington, DC.  pp. 1-31.  (ERL, GB Reprint #251).

          This workshop focuses on various aspects of applying behavioral
          measures to water quality bioassay techniques.  Although in a few
          instances the use of behavioral bioassays has reached the standard
          test stage, the state-of-the-art is very young.  Consequently,
          the scope of this discussion is intended as a beginning in the
          integration of a variety of basic research techniques into logi-
          cal steps in development of standard tests.

270. Butler, Philip A.  1974.  TRENDS IN PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SHELLFISH.  Proc.
     Natl. Shellfish. Assoc.  64:77-81.  (ERL, GB, Reprint #176).

          The National Estuarine Monitoring Program, a cooperative effort
          between the State and Federal Governments, collected and analyzed
          shellfish samples for persistent synthetic pesticides at monthly
          intervals during the years 1965-1972 in 15 coastal states.  The
          recently completed study of the 8000-plus analyses reveals:  (1)
          residues, primarily DDT and its metabolites, that are too low to
          have human health significance, (2) areas of both high and low
          residues that were clearly defined geographically, (3) a trend
          in some areas towards a wider distribution of smaller residues,
          and (4) a marked decline generally in DDT residues since peak
          levels in mollusks were detected in 1968.

271. Butler, Philip A.  1974.  ESTUARIES.  In:  Guidelines on Sampling and
     Statistical Methodologies for Ambient Pesticide Monitoring.  Federal Working
     Group on Pest Management, Washington, DC.  pp. V1-V5.  (ERL, GB Reprint #245).

          Estuarine monitoring objectives are defined for specific program
          objectives.  The decision to monitor an estuary for pesticides may
          derive from one or several specific needs that will largely deter-
          mine the character and modus operandi of the monitoring program.

272. Couch, John, and D.R. Nimmo.  1974.  DETECTION OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NATURAL
     PATHOGENS AND POLLUTANTS IN AQUATIC ANIMALS.  Proc. Gulf Coast Regional
     Symposium on Diseases of Aquatic Animals, Baton Rouge, LA, April 16-17, 1974.
     Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, LSU-SG-74-05, pp.
     261-268.  (ERL, GB Reprint #219).

          This paper presents two examples of the detection of possible
          interactions between natural pathogens and chemical pollutants
          in selected Gulf of Mexico estuarine animals.  Results of
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           experimental laboratory work  and  field observations of the pink
           shrimp (Penaeus duorarum)  and the shrimp virus (Baculovirug
           penaei)  in the vicinity of Gulf Breeze, FL, are described.

273.  Couch,  John A., and Del  Wayne R. Nimmo.   1974.  ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF
      SHRIMP  EXPOSED  TO THE POLLUTANT CHEMICAL  POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (AROCLOR
      1254).   Bull. Soc. Pharmacol. Environ.  Path. 11(2):17-20.  (ERL, GB Reprint
      #216).

           This paper,  presented at the  63rd annual meeting of the Interna-
           tional Academy of Pathology,  March 13, 1974, in San Francisco, CA,
           describes  ultrastructural  studies of shrimp exposed to the chemical
           polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), Aroclor 1254.  In experiments at
           ERL,  GB, the pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), exposed for 30 to
           50  days  to 3 yg of  polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) per liter in
           flowing  seawater, accumulated up  to  40 mg  of PCB per kg in
           hepatopancreatic tissue.   Light and  electron microscopy of shrimp
           surviving  30-day exposure  revealed two forms of hepatopancreatic
           cellular alterations that  may reflect toxic responses.  The most
           prevalent  cytopathic alteration was  the occurrence of small (20 to
           50  nm)  and large (100 to 700  nm)  vesicles  in nuclei of absorp-
           tive  cells.   The other  significant difference between exposed
           and control  shrimp  was  the presence  of a Baculovirus in 5 to 8$
           of  the hepatopancreatic nuclei of exposed  shrimp.  This virus
           was associated with several nuclear  and cytoplasmic alterations,
           and is  the first Baculovirus  to be reported in animals other
           than  insects or mites.

274.  Couch, John A., George Gardner, John Harshbarger, M.R. Tripp, and Paul Yevich.
      1974.  HISTOLOGICAL AND  PHYSIOLOGICAL  EVALUATIONS IN SOME MARINE FAUNA.  In:
      Marine Bioassays.  Proceedings  of  Workshop Sponsored by the Marine Technology
      Society, Washington,  DC.  pp. 156-173.  (ERL, GB Reprint #250).

           The development of  pathology,  as  applied to aquatic toxicology,
           depends  heavily on  the  knowledge  of  normal histology and physiolo-
           gy  if anomalies due to  pollutants or disease are to be accurately
           defined.   However,  at present, knowledge of normal morphology or
           metabolic  activities is either incomplete  or lacking for most
           marine  or  coastal organisms.

           This  paper presents techniques and examples of methods required
           to  characterize and interpret the morphological or physiological
           responses  of aquatic organisms to various  factors, including
           pollutants.

275.  Cross, F.A.,  and  T.W. Duke.   1974.  CONTAMINATION OF MARINE RESOURCES FOR
      HUMAN CONSUMPTION.  In:  Marine Bioassays.  Proceedings of Workshop Sponsored
      by the Marine Technology Society,  Washington, DC.  pp. 32-108.

           This workshop panel deals  with research and monitoring needs for
           current  and potential residue problems in  marine organisms.  Long-
                                           98

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           term  effects of contaminants on marine ecosystems also are con-
           sidered.  Special needs and research problems are assessed for
           petroleum hydrocarbons, toxic metals, and synthetic organic
           compounds,,

276.  Duke, Thomas W., and David P, Dumas.  1974.  IMPLICATIONS OF PESTICIDE
      RESIDUES IN THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT.  In:  Pollution and Physiology of Marine
      Organisms, F. John Vernberg and Winona B. Vernberg, editors.  Academic Press,
      New York.  pp.  137-164.   (ERL, GB Reprint #195).

           The coastal zone interfaces with man's activities on land and,
           therefore, is especially susceptible to exposure to acute doses
           of degradable pesticides, as well as chronic doses of persistent
           ones.  This paper reports the state-of-the-art of research on the
           effects of pesticides on coastal aquatic organisms.

277.  Hansen, David J., Steven  C. Schimmel, and Jerrold Forester.  1974.  AROCLOR®
      1254  IN EGGS OF SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS:  EFFECT ON FERTILIZATION SUCCESS AND
      SURVIVAL OF EMBRYOS AND FRY.  Proc. 27th Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game
      Fish  Comm.  pp. 420-426.   (ERL, GB Reprint #177).

           The effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl  (PCB), Aroclor 1254,
           in eggs of the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatusf on
           fertilization success and survival of embryos and fry was inves-
           tigated.   Adult fish were exposed for four weeks to 0.1, 0.32,
           1.0,  3.2, or 10.0 Mg/1 of PCB, then injected twice with 50 IU of
           human chorionic gonadotrophin to stimulate ee;g production.  The
           eggs  were  fertilized, placed in PCB-free flowing seawater and
           observed for mortality.  Fertilization success was unimpaired
           by concentrations in eggs as high as 201 Mg/g but survival of
           embryos and fry was  reduced.  If this PCB affects other species
           similarly, then populations of fish that presently have compar-
           able  concentrations  in their eggs may be endangered.

278.  Murray, E. Don, and Al W. Bourquin, editors.  1974.  DEVELOPMENTS IN
      INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY,  Vol. 15.  Am. Instit. Biological Sciences,
      Washington, DC.  426 p.   (ERL, GB Reprint #244).

           Contributed papers and symposia presented at the 30th general
           meeting of the Society for Industrial Microbiology at Evanston,
           IL, on August 19-24, 1973, are included in this volume.  Partici-
           pants discuss both basic and practical aspects of microbiological
           research.  Environmental problems, such as the detection of
           viruses in waste water, are among the subjects under discussion.

279.  Nimrao, D.R., and L.H. Banner.  1974.  SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF
      POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL- AND SALINITY-STRESS IN PENAEID SHRIMP.  In:
      Pollution  and Physiology  of Marine Organisms, F. John Vernberg and Winona B.
      Vernberg,  editors.  Academic Press, New York.  pp. 427-443.  (ERL, GB Reprint
      #198).
                                          99

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           This paper is  concerned with the possible interaction of Aroclor©
           1254 and environmental stress, particularly the effect of PCB
           on the ability of  shrimp  to regulate osmotieally and ionically
           at reduced salinities.

280.  Parrish,  Patrick R.  1974.  AROCLOR® 1254, DDT, DDD, AND DIELDRIN:
      ACCUMULATION AND LOSS BY AMERICAN OYSTERS (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA) EXPOSED
      CONTINUOUSLY FOR 56 WEEKS.  Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assoc,  64:7.  (ERL, GB
      Reprint #174).

           Separate populations of oysters were exposed continuously for
           56 weeks to 0.01 yg/1 of  Aroclor® 1254, p,p'-DDT and DDD, or
           dieldrin and sampled at 8-week intervals for residues.  Maximum
           concentrations based on body weight  (yg/g) occurred after 8 weeks
           exposure,  but  maximum concentrations based on absolute amount of
           toxicant accumulated (yg) occurred after 56 weeks of exposure.
           After 8 weeks, average whole-body residues (wet weight) from
           five oysters analyzed individually were:  Aroclor 1254, 1.65
           yg/g,  4.0  pg;  DDT  (and metabolites DDD and DDE), 0.46 yg/g,
           1.0yg;  and dieldrin, 0.08 yg/g, 0.2 yg.  After 56 weeks, resi-
           dues were:  Aroclor 1254, 0.89 yg/g, 25.7yg; DDT and metabo-
           lites,  0.37 yg/g,  7.0 yg; and dieldrin, 0.03 yg/g, 0.6 yg.
           Seasonal patterns  of accumulation and loss of the three toxi-
           cants were similar.  Residues based on body weight (yg/g) de-
           creased 45-81$ in  early July and late October, apparently as
           the  result of  spawning, and increased following these periods.
           This investigation shows  that the life history of oysters must
           be considered  when evaluating residue data from monitoring
           programs.

281.  Parrish,  Patrick R.,  John A. Couch, Jerrold Forester, James M. Patrick, Jr.,
      and Gary  H.  Cook.   1974.  DIELDRIN:  EFFECTS ON SEVERAL ESTUARINE ORGANISMS.
      Proc. 27th Annu.  Conf.  Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm.  pp. 427-434.  (ERL,
      GB Reprint #178).

           Tests were conducted to determine (1) the acute toxicity of
           dieldrin in flowing seawater to American oysters (Crassostrea
           virginica),  pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), grass shrimp
           (Palaemonetes  pugjg) and  sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon variegatus)
           and  (2)  the rate of dieldrin uptake and depuration by spot
           (Leiostomus xanthurua).   Acute (96-hr) ECSO's were:  oysters,
           12.5 yg/1;  pink  shrimp, 0.9 yg/1; grass shrimp, 11.4 yg/1; and
           sheepshead minnows 23.6 yg/1.  Spot exposed to 0.0135, 0.075,
           0.135,  0.75  or 1.35 yg/1  for 35 days accumulated the chemical
           with maximum concentrations attained in 11 to 18 days.  Maximum
           whole-body residue (wet-weight) was 6,OOOX the concentration in
           test water.  Spot  contained no detectable dieldrin residues at
           the  end of a 13-day depuration period in dieldrin-free water.
           Tissue alterations, such  as subepithelial edema in gill lamellae
           and  severe lysis and sloughing of the small intestine epithelium,
           occurred in spot exposed  to 1.35 yg/1 for four days.
                                          100

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232. Walsh, Gerald E.  1974.  MANGROVES:  A REVIEW.  In:  Ecology of Halophytes, W.
     Ribelin and G. Migaki, editors.  University of Wisconsin Press, Madison
     Wisconsin, pp. 51-174.  (ERL, GB Reprint #154).

          This review describes mangrove vegetation and its ecosystem.  It
          is included in the proceedings of a symposium, Physiological
          Ecology of Halophytes, held under auspices of the Physiological
          Ecology section of the Ecological Society of America in August
          1972 at the University of Minnesota.
     1973
233.  Bourquin, A.W.   1973.  ESTUARINE MICROBES AND ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES (A
      BRIEF  REVIEW).   In:  The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, D.G. Ahearn
      and  S.P. Meyers, editors.  Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State
      University, Baton Rouge, LA.  LSU-SG-73-01, pp. 237-243.  (ERL, GB Reprint
      #165).

          Little is known about microbiological degradation of organo-
          chlorine pesticides in estuarine and oceanic environments.  This
          paper reviews areas of research required to further elucidate mi-
          crobial degradation processes in aquatic environments.  Such data
          are needed  to determine the role of microorganisms on the fate of
          organic pollutants.

284.  Buckley, John L., and Tudor T. Davies.  1973.  THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
      AGENCY'S ROLE IN GREAT LAKES RESEARCH.  Proceedings of the First Federal
      Conference on the Great Lakes, Tudor T. Davies, editor.  Great Lakes Basin
      Commission, Ann  Arbor, MI.  pp. 78-82.

          This paper  describes EPA's responsibilities in supporting research
          to further  understand the water system as a basis for a comprehen-
          sive management system for the Great Lakes.  Task-oriented research
          in the Great Lakes region and national research efforts relevant to
          the Great Lakes are discussed.

285.  Cooley, Nelson R.  1973.  EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON PROTOZOA.  In:  Progress in
      Protozoology, Fourth International Congress of Protozoology, Universite de
      Clermont, UER-Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Clermont-Ferrand, France,
      September 2-9, 1973.  p. 91.  (ERL, GB Reprint #202).

          Results of  studies of the effects of mirex and three polychlori-
          nated biphenyls on protozoa are presented.  The data suggest that
          pesticides  and related toxicants entering aquatic ecosystems
          could reduce the availability of ciliates as food and as nutrient
          regenerators, thereby disrupting nutrient cycles and perhaps al-
          tering species composition of ciliate communities.  The ability
                                       101

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           of responsive  ciliates to accumulate persistent compounds could
           permit  translocation of the chemicals through food chains.  In
           this manner, effects of the chemicals could be exerted at higher
           trophic levels.

 286.  Davies,  Tudor T., editor.  1973.  PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST FEDERAL CONFERENCE
      ON  THE  GREAT LAKES.  Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, MI.  33s* p.

           Delegates  to the First Federal Conference on the Great Lakes
           define  the magnitude and rationale of federal agency activities
           on the  Great Lakes.  Conferees represent federal agencies com-
           prising the Interagency Committee on Marine Science and Engi-
           neering (ICMSE), sponsor of sessions held December 13-15, 1972,
           in Ann  Arbor,  MI.

 287.  Davies,  Tudor T., and Nelson A. Thomas.  1973.  GREAT LAKES PROGRAMS OF THE
      GROSSE  ILE LABORATORY.  Proceedings of the First Federal Conference on the
      Great Lakes,  Tudor  T. Davies, editor.  Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann
      Arbor,  MI.   pp. 82-89.

           U.S. EPA research on the Great Lakes, directed by its Grosse
           lie Laboratory, is described.  Specific research needs addressed
           in the  planned program are defined.  Program objectives are con-
           cerned  with:   eutrophication and nutrient control; predictive
           management models for the transport of nutrients, hazardous
           material,  and  other pollutants; and the evaluation of the eco-
           logical impact of thermal pollution of the Lakes.
      1972
288.  Butler,  Philip A., Ray Childress, and Alfred J. Wilson.  1972.  THE
      ASSOCIATION OF DDT RESIDUES WITH LOSSES IN MARINE PRODUCTIVITY.  In:  Marine
      Pollution  and Sea Life, Mario Ruivo, editor.  Fishing News (Books) Ltd.,
      London,  pp. 262-266.  (ERL, GB Reprint #101d).

           Data  from surveillance programs of marine species to determine
           the kinetics and accumulation of DDT and its metabolites are
           reviewed.   This paper was presented at a congress convened by
           the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations
           in  Rome on  December 9, 1970, to discuss global aspects of marine
           pollution.

289.  Cooley,  Nelson R.  1972.  RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ON PESTICIDES AT THE
      ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FLORIDA.  Proc. Pest
      Control  Conference.  Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University
      of Florida, Gainesville, FL.  6:72-75.  (ERL, GB Reprint #144).
                                        102

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          This paper defines the research mission of the EPA Laboratory
          in Gulf Breeze, FL.  Its investigations focus on three areas:
          ecological studies, physiological effects, and estuary monitoring.
          Data on the effects of pollutants on aquatic organisms obtained
          by the laboratory aid in decisions on the registration of pesti-
          cides for use in or near the aquatic environment.

290. Coppage, D.L., and T.W. Duke.  1972.  EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES IN ESTUARIES ALONG
     THE GULF AND SOUTHEAST ATLANTIC COASTS.  Proc. Second Gulf Coast Conference on
     Mosquito Suppression and Wildlife Management, Claude H. Schmidt, editor.
     National Mosquito Control - Fish and Wildlife Management Coordination
     Committee,  pp. 21-31.  (ERL, GB Reprint #138).

          The presence of persistent pesticides in Gulf and Southeast
          Atlantic estuaries is well-documented.  Examples of these are
          the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides DDT, dieldrin, endrin,
          aldrin, BHC-Lindane, heptachlor, toxaphene, and mirex.  Pesti-
          cides are detected through monitoring programs in which
          organisms, sediment, and water are collected and analyzed.  With
          these data and laboratory data on response of living organisms
          to pesticides, we can determine effects of environmental levels
          of the chemicals in an ecological and physiological context.
          This report reviews (i) some of the findings on residues of persis-
          tent pesticides in estuaries,  (ii) some effects of these pesti-
          cides found in field and laboratory studies, and (iii) research
          on effects of malathion, a less persistent organophosphate pesti-
          cide used for mosquito control.

291. Rice, T.R., J.P. Baptist, F.A. Cross, and T.W. Duke.  1972.  POTENTIAL HAZARDS
     FROM RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION OF THE ESTUARY.  In:  Marine Pollution and Sea
     Life, Mario Ruvio, editor.  Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London,  pp. 272-276.

          Although generally small amounts of radioactive wastes are dis-
          charged into estuaries or reach them from river drainage areas,
          the volume of these discharges is expected to increase in the
          next 20 years.  This paper examines this problem and summarizes
          results of experiments related to the effects of radioactive pollu-
          tion on the aquatic ecosystem.
     1971
2')2.   Butler, P.A.   1971.  INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS.  Proc.
      Royal Society  of London, England.  Series B, 177:321-329.  (ERL, GB Reprint
      #129).

          A bioassay program undertaken in 1958 has evaluated the toxici-
          ty of  about 240 pesticides to estuarine fauna.  Studies indicate
          that chronic levels of sublethal amounts of pesticides may have
.iv.
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           more damaging effects  than  transitory changes due to acutely toxic
           levels of pollution.   The first  five years of a program monitoring
           the incidence of  synthetic  pesticide residues in populations of
           North American shellfish has  been completed.  The run-off of sur-
           face waters  from  agricultural districts is indicated as the chief
           source of this type of pollution; municipal and industrial wastes,
           and the control of noxious  insects, are regionally important
           sources.   Observations of laboratory populations experimentally
           contaminated with DDT  indicate,  by extrapolation, that pesticide
           pollution is causing significant changes  in mortality, growth
           rates,  or resistance to disease  in some marine populations.

293.  Lowe, J.I.,  P.R.  Parrish, A.J. Wilson, Jr., P.O. Wilson, and T.W. Duke.  1971
      EFFECTS  OF MIREX  ON SELECTED ESTUARINE ORGANISMS.  Trans. 36th N. Am. Wildl.
      Nat.  Resour. Conf.  pp. 171-186.   (ERL, GB Reprint #124).

           This paper summarizes  the results of several laboratory experi-
           ments in which shrimp,  blue crabs, fiddler crabs, and pinfish were
           exposed to mirex  in food, in  water, or in both.  Information con-
           cerning the  movement of mirex in simple food chains and the per-
           sistence  of  mirex in fire ant bait is presented also.

294.  Lowe, Jack I.,  Paul D.  Wilson, Alan J. Rick, and Alfred J. Wilson, Jr.  1971.
      CHRONIC  EXPOSURE  OF OYSTERS TO DDT, TOXAPHENE, AND PARATHION.  Proc. Am.
      Shellfish.  Assoc.   61:71-79.  {ERL, GB Reprint #116).

           Oysters,  Cr_asjs_o..a£r_e_a virginica,  were reared from juveniles (27
           mm  mean height) to sexual maturity in flowing seawater chronically
           polluted  with low levels (3.0 ppb, yg/1,  or less) of DDT,
           toxaphene, and parathion.   The study was  performed in two phases for
           2 years;  the insecticides were administered as a mixture during
           the first phase and separately in the second phase of the
           experiment.   The  weights of oysters grown in a mixture (1.0 ppb
           each of DDT,  toxaphene and  parathion) of  the three insecticides
           were significantly less ( « = 0.05) than  control oysters after 9
           months.  This loss of  weight  was about 10$ of the total body
           weight  (including  shell) of the  oysters.  Weights and heights of
           separate  groups of oysters  reared in seawater containing about
           1.0 ppb of either  DDT,  toxaphene, or parathion were not statis-
           tically different  from controls.

           Oysters reared in  the  pesticide  mixture had tissue changes asso-
           ciated  with  kidney, visceral  ganglion, gills, digestive tubules,
           and tissues  beneath the gut.  A  mycelial  fungus was also present,
           indicating a breakdown in the oyster's natural defense against
           this parasite.

295.  Panel on Monitoring Persistent Pesticides in the Marine Environment (Philip
      Butler,  member).   1971.  CHLORINATED  HYDROCARBONS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT.
      National Academy  of Sciences, Washington, DC.  42 p.
                                       104

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          This report surveys the literature related to problems arising
          from the dispersal of man's material to his surroundings, with
          emphasis on DDT and its degradation products.  The panel attempts
          to point out lacunae in man's knowledge and suggest remedial ac-
          tions.  It is one of a series of studies published under aus-
          pices of the Ocean Affairs Board.

296. Parrish, Patrick R.  1971.  A RESPIROMETER FOR DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF
     PESTICIDES AND RELATED POLLUTANTS ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF ESTUARINE FISHES.
     Proc. 25th Ann. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Coram.  pp. 602-606.  (ERL,
     GB Reprint #135).

          A continuous-flow respirometer was constructed to measure the
          effect of pesticides and related pollutants on oxygen consump-
          tion of estuarine fishes.  The parts of the respirometer in con-
          tact with pollutants were constructed of glass and teflon for
          efficiency in cleaning.  Filtered, irradiated seawater of con-
          stant temperature and salinity was gravity-fed through 10
          experimental and 10 control respiration chambers in which individual
          fish were held.  Flow rates through the chambers were controlled
          controlled by stopcocks and measured by flowmeters; dissolved
          oxygen was determined by the Winkler method before and after
          water passed through each chamber.  Pollutants were metered
          into the experimental chambers by syringe pump.
                                      105

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                               KEY WORD INDEX
A
Algae   33,  35, 60, 111, 112, 138, 176, 190, 198, 212, 213, 226, 246
Annelida  69, 80, 81, 109, 122, 232, 235
Application factor  (AF)   20, 34
Aquatic communities  11,  24, 37, 45, 80, 81, 123, 156
Aquatic toxicology   3, 4, 10,  11, 12, 13, 14,  15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 33, 34, 35,
                     41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 58, 78, 99, 100, 103,
                     106,  107,  108, 112, 117, 119, 137, 140, 141, 164, 165,
                     203,  205,  215, 219, 222, 226, 228, 233, 237, 245, 246,
                     249,  250,  253, 254, 261, 263, 266, 267, 274, 277, 280,
                     281,  292,  293, 294
Arthropods  45, 69,  156,  235
B
Bacteria  29, 56, 87, 88, 89,  130, 131, 135
Behavior  61, 72, 73, 75, 97,  232, 269
Benzo{a}pyrene  1
BHC  108
Bioassay  4, 8, 43,  78, 103, 104, 106, 107, 112, 113, 117, 122, 127, 128,
          129, 136,  137,  146,  157, 165, 176, 186, 190, 195, 228, 237, 261,
          263, 267,  268,  292
Biphenyl  27
C
Cadmium 76, 78, 93, 140, 249, 250, 255, 261
Captan  28, 35, 68
Carbofuran  28, 34,  56, 61
Carcinogens  1, 9
Chlordan  20, 28, 119, 120
Chlorination  31, 35, 50, 74,  77, 86, 91, 92,  101, 103, 104, 214, 216, 220,
              221, 223, 224, 226, 229, 231, 234, 240, 241
Chlorobenzenes  35,  108
Chlorohydrocarbons   30, 35, 40
Coelenterata  81
Copper  190, 221
Crabs   28,  33, 35, 39, 68, 75, 106, 123, 145,  148, 152, 166, 168, 170, 183,
        206, 208, 209, 218, 227, 231, 253, 293
Crustacea   33, 69, 79, 230,  231,  246
D
DDT  25, 28, 34, 39, 52,  58, 126, 171, 175, 185, 186, 191, 193, 195, 252,
     270, 280, 288,  294,  295
Diazonon  25
Dichobenil
Dieldrin  171, 252,  280,  281
Dredging  32, 38
Drilling fluids  80, 81
                                     106

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Endosulfan   254
Endrin  100, 175, 192,
Enzymes  1, 17, 42, 115, 116, 133, 150, 167, 168, 189, 200, 216, 227, 239
Fishes  10, 13, 20, 33, 34, 45, 46, 47, 49, 58, 59, 67, 69, 72,  77, 79, 85,
        95, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 115, 116, 118, 139,
        140, 149, 159, 160, 161, 170, 179, 180, 239, 265, 268, 296
Food chains  85, 113,
Fungi  135, 144
Fungicides  28, 48, 68, 266
H:
Halogens  216, 220
Heptachlor  27, 120, 121, 144, 184, 228
Herbicides  4, 28, 41, 48, 176, 182, 199, 212, 213
I
Industrial wastes  48
K
Kelevan  17
Kepone  17, 33, 66, 95, 99, 106, 117, 237,  243,  246,  247,  250,  251,  253
Killifish  72, 77, 97, 107, 233
L
Life cycles  11, 19, 20, 22, 23, 46, 58, 78, 100,245,  250
M
Malathion  25, 28, 34, 39, 55, 87, 88,  114, 115, 132,  168, 175,  189,  191,
           192,
Mangroves  53, 110, 169, 182, 262,  282
Marine research  15, 16, 31, 49, 51, 65, 125, 154, 155,236,  242, 257, 269,
                 275, 284, 286, 287, 289
Marshes  24, 37, 55
Mercury  70
Methyl parathion  25, 90, 97,  189,
Microbiology   36
Microcosms  26, 236, 243, 244
Microorganisms  27, 40, 55, 56, 60, 61, 66, 87, 88, 90, 131, 135, 144, 184,
                197, 216, 256, 278, 283

Mirex  39, 52, 56, 59, 61, 96, 122, 123, 138, 145, 148, 166, 169, 170, 183,
       188, 285,  293
Modeling  2, 6, 24, 37, 56, 61, 62, 177,
Mollusca  33,  45, 69, 80, 81,  109, 171, 185, 204, 235,  238,  246,  270
Mosquito fish  191, 192
Mullet  59, 233,  254
Mutagens  9,
Kysid shrimp   3, 18, 33, 78, 85, 108, 117, 237,  250
K
Kaled  133
Kaphthalene  111
National Estuarine Monitoring  Program   64, 65, 67, 171,238,  270, 271
Nitrilotriacetate  89
                                     107

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o
Ocean Disposal Permit Program  8, 13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 41, 42, 43
Ocean dumping  3, 32
Oil spills  5, 56
Oyster  1, 4, 29, 37, 41, 83, 85, 108, 114, 119, 121, 141, 157, 163, 194,
        196, 233, 234, 237, 252, 263, 280, 281, 294
Ozone
P
Parathion  25, 294
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)  20, 109, 215, 217, 218, 219, 222, 225, 227, 230,
                         232, 235
Pesticides  1, 4, 11, 15, 17, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 39, 41, 48, 52, 55, 56, 57,
            61, 62, 63, 65, 70, 79, 116, 122, 123, 133, 150, 155, 169, 171,
            175, 178, 189, 192, 197, 199, 201, 228, 242, 248, 252, 255, 258,
            259, 261, 263, 265, 276, 283, 285, 289, 290, 295, 296
Petroleum products  49, 51, 70,
Phytoplankton  7, 82, 85, 176,
Pinfish  105, 107, 114, 119, 121, 123, 132, 150, 157, 158, 163, 203, 215,
         233,  254,  266, 293
Pollution  7, 15
Polychlorinated biphenal  (PCB)  1, 11, 27, 29, 48, 54, 58, 62, 67, 83, 94,
                                130, 137, 141, 143, 156, 157, 158, 163, 164,
                                165, 169, 171, 172, 187, 188, 194, 196, 199,
                                203, 205, 248, 252,  255, 260, 261, 273, 277,
                                279, 280, 285
Ponds  60, 210, 213
Protozoa  172, 187, 188, 207, 285
Pyrenes  2 7
S
Scoliosis  95
Sea grasses  181
Sevin  175, 192
Sheepshead minnows  10, 11, 12, 20, 33,  34, 45, 58, 72, 95, 99, 100, 106,
                    107, 108, 117, 119,  121,  136, 137, 145, 150,  158, 164,
                    165, 168, 200, 215,  245,  253, 266, 267, 268,  277, 281

Shrimps  21, 33, 35, 49, 54, 70, 72, 76, 85,  93, 94, 97, 106, 107, 108, 114,
         119, 121, 123, 134, 141, 145, 148, 150, 151, 152, 157, 158, 163,
         168, 170, 175, 195, 205, 206, 214, 217, 218, 222, 225, 230, 233,
         237, 248, 249, 253, 254, 255, 261, 263, 266, 268, 272, 273, 279,
         281, 293
Solar energy  60, 210
Spot  35, 85, 100,  104, 120, 121, 141, 237, 253, 254, 281
Surface slicks  27, 40, 89, 135, 256
T
Thermal stresses  77, 104
Total residual chlorination  (TRC) 103, 104
Toxaphene  11, 107, 228,  294
Trifluralin  20, 28
Trout  202
                                     108

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V
Viruses   36,  56,  94,  134,  151,  152,  255,  264,  272,  273

V!
Wastes   3
X
Xenobiotics   1

Z
Sloanthids 76
                                     109

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                             Author  Index
Ahearn, D.G.  27, 40, 56,  131,  135,  144,  256
Ainsworth, K.A.  Ill, 112
Alexander, S.  84
Alexander, S.K.  184
Alley, E.G.  57
Anderson, R.S.  1
Andren, I.E.  186
Armstrong, D.A.  68
Atema, J.  269
B
Banner, L.H.  78, 85, 113, 117,  127,  128,  146, 237, 248, 249, 250, 261, 263,
              279
Baptist, J.P.  291
Barrett, R.  182
Bennett, E.G.  197
Berner, N.H.  131
Bierman, V.  2
Blackman, R.R.  195, 205,  206
Block, R.M.  86, 214
Bonde, G.J.  186
Bonnell, R.  24, 37
Bookhout, C.G.  39, 183
Borthwick, P.M.  3, 124, 129, 145,  147,  148, 168, 170, 215
Bourquin, A.W.  40, 55, 56,  63,  66,  87,  88, 89, 90, 130, 131, 135, 144, 184,
                197, 216,  243,  278,  283
Bowers, R.L.  211
Braidech, T.E.  116
Brannon, A.C.  217, 230
Brown, L.R.  57
Buchanan, D.V.  68
Buckley, J.L.  284
Burton, D.T.  214
Butler, G.L.  35, 42
Butler, P.A.  4, 41, 64, 67,  171,  185, 186, 238, 270, 271, 288, 292, 295
C
Caldwell, R.S.  28, 68
Cantelmo, A.C.  218
Cantelmo, F.R.  219
Carpenter, J.H.  31, 91, 92,  101,  220, 221
Cassidy, S.  130
Childress, R.  288
Colwell, R.R.  29
Conklin, P.J.  217, 218, 222, 230
                                     110

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Cook, D.W.  57
Cook, G.H.  114,  115,  132,  148,  162,  163,  168,  182,  266,  281
Cook, W.L.  27, 135, 256
Cooley, N.R.  69,  141,  149,  172,  187,  188,  285,  289
Coppage, D.L.  42, 43,  115,  116,  132,  133,  150,  168,  189,  200,  239,  290
Costlow, J.D.  39
Couch, J.  70, 93, 94,  95,  103,  104,  134,  141,  151,  152,  153,  163,  173, 204,
           207, 228, 255, 264,  265, 272,  273, 274, 281
Ccull, B.  37
Courtney, L.  94,  134
Coutant, C.C.  269
Craft, C.D.  128
Crane, A.M.  30,  103,  104
Cripe, C.R.  71,  75, 96
Cross, F.A.  5, 275, 291
Crow, S.A.  27, 131, 135, 144,  256
D
Dzme, R.  37
Dcvies, T.T.  2,  6, 154, 257, 284,  286,  287
Davis, W.P.  5, 31, 50, 86,  223,  224,  240,  241
Dc.vis, W.R.  140
Dean, J.M.  77, 102
DeCoursey, P.  37, 269
Domey, R.G.  77,  241
Doughtie, D.G.  225
Duke, T.W.  7, 155, 170, 174, 183,  201,  242,  244, 258,  266,  275,  276,  290,
               291, 293
Diimas, D.P.  192,  276
Dyar, E.E.  20, 34
E
EPA Ocean Disposal Bioassay  Working Group  8, 44
Engler, R.M.  32,  38
Er.os, J.M.  20, 34
Erickson, S.J.  190, 226
Evans, J.E.  9
F
Fc.rr, J.A.  72, 73, 97
Fc.as, L.F.  Ill,  233
Fs.ir, J.F.  184
Fs.rley, K.J.  251
Floyd, G.  76, 77
Forester, J.  65,  83,  100,  107,  108,  119,  120,  121,  129,  137,  138,  145, 157,
              162, 164, 165,  169, 172, 188,  194,  205, 228,  252,  268,  277,
              281
Fox, F.R.  218, 227
Freeman, A.E.  3C, 226
G
Ga.rdner, G.  274
Gc.rnas, R.L.  90,  243
Gibson, D.T.  216
Gillett, J.W.  61
Goodman, L.R.  12, 85,  95,  98,  99,  228,  237

                                     111

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 Grow, T.E.   181, 212
 Gullans,  S.R.   214
 H
 Haburay,  K.  84
 Hall, A.B.   209
 Hamaker,  T.L.   18, 19
 Hansen, D.J.   10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 33, 45, 46, 47, 58, 99, 100, 117, 119, 125,
               136, 137, 141, 142, 156, 157, 158, 163, 164, 165, 175, 191,
               192, 202, 203, 228, 245, 246, 259, 267, 268, 269, 277
 Harshbarger, J.  274
 Haynes, M.E.   48
 Heitmuller,  P.T.  162, 193, 213
 Helz, G.R.   31, 74, 86, 229
 Hester, B.S.   241
 Hill, J.  61
 Hochberg, F.G.  204
 Hollister, T.A.  138, 169, 176, 182
 Hood, M.A.   90
 Hoss, D.E.   5
 Hsu, R.Y.  74, 229
 Huggett,  R.J.  117, 247

 I
 Ivey, J.M. 81, 109, 124, 235

 J
 Jackson,  B.P.   Ib, 16
 Jarvinen, A.W.  61
 Jensen, A.L.   139, 159, 160, 177
 Jernelov, A.B.  186
K
 Kauwling, T.J.  79
 Keltner,  J.M.  172, 175, 187, 188
 Kiefer, L.A.   131
 Kitchens, W.   24, 37
 Kittridge, J.S.  269
 Kjerfve,  B.  37
 Klein, M.L.  48
 Knight, J.   124, 132
 Koch, R.B.   17
 L
 Laughlin, R.A.   75
 Lee, J.H.  59
 Lehman, H.K.   81
 Lempesis, P.W.  118
 Lightner, D.V.  249
 Lincer, J.L.   48
 Lindberg, M.A.  34
 Livingston,  R.J.  75, 96
 Lowe, J.I.   4, 13, 14, 41, 47, 141, 170, 183, 194, 196, 203, 293, 294
 Lozanskiy, V.R.  6
                                     112

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M
Macalady, D.J.  92,  101,  220
Magnuson, J.J.  269
Mahaffey, W.R.  66
Mcllhenny, W.F.  223
McKellar, H.  24
Mallon, M.H.  65
Mann, J.E.  184, 197
Matthews, E.  132, 133, 150, 158, 192
Kearns, A.J.  79
Keyers, S.P.  49, 56
Kiddaugh, D.P.  31, 50, 76, 77, 102, 103, 104, 118, 140, 161, 224, 234, 240
Killemann, R.E.  68
Killer, C.W.  213
Killer, D.  269
Koore, C.A.  92, 101
Koore, J.C.  109, 114, 115
Kurray, E.D.  278
N
yall, S.L.  192
yash, C.E.  59
yealson, K.  291
yewman, S.M.  122
yimmo, D.R.  13, 14, 18,  19, 33, 47, 78, 113, 117, 127, 128, 141, 162, 193,
             195, 205, 206, 246, 248, 249, 250, 260, 261, 263, 272, 273, 279
O
Oberheu, J.C.  170
C'Conner, D.J.  251
Cglesby, J.L.  81
Clla, B.L.  269
Cshida, P.S.  79
F
Earrish, P.R.  12, 13, 14, 20, 34, 47, 119, 141, 157, 163, 194, 196, 203,
               245, 252,  266, 268, 280, 281, 293, 296
Patrick, J.M.  85, 107, 108, 119, 120, 121, 141, 148, 163, 170, 194, 196,
               233, 237,  252, 254, 266, 268, 281
Peltier, W.H.  13, 14, 47
Fritchard, P.H.  66, 243
Erzybszewski, V.A.  89
FL
Rao, K.R.  218, 219, 222, 225, 227, 230
Ray, M.J.  79
Reisch, D.J.  79, 186
Rice, C.P.  52
Rice, T.R.  291
Richards, N.L.  51
Richardson, L.B.  214
Richardson, W.  2                                      .  -HA He.-
Rick, A.J.  294                                      ~  "  ~ \J^I ^
Rigby, R.A.  78, 250
                                     113
.•,.::iueNW
 20460

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 Roberts, M.H.   31,  231
 Rossi,  S.S.   79
 Rubinstein,  N.I.   232
 S
 Sayler, G.S.   29
 Schimmel,  S.C.  12,  13,  14,  33, 46, 47, 100, 105, 106, 107, 108, 117, 119,
                120, 121,  136, 137, 142, 158, 164, 165, 175, 215, 233, 246,
                253, 254,  267, 268, 277
 Schneider, M.J.   269
 Schoor, W.P.   61,  62, 122,  142, 166, 167, 178
 Schutzmann,  R.L.   67
 Scott,  G.I.   234
 Sheppard,  J.M.  78,  85,  237, 250
 Shanika, C.M.   34
 Sikka,  H.C.   35,  52
 Simonov, A.I.   7
 Smith,  C.A.   221
 Smith,  N.G.   144
 Snedaker,  S.   262
 Sommers, C.A.   18,  19
 Speidel, H.K.   184,  197
 Sprague, V.   207
 Stevenson, H.   37
 Stokes, B.   71
 Sugam,  R.  229
 Summers, K.   24
 Summers, M.D.   36,  134
 Sylvester, J.R.   59
 T
 Tagatz, M.E.   80,  81, 109,  123, 124, 129, 145, 168, 179, 180, 208, 209, 235
 Teas, H.   53,  262
 Thomas, N.A.   154,  287
 Tobia,  M.  80,  109,  235
 Tripp,  M.R.   274
 Tyler-Schroeder,  D.B.  21,  22, 23, 54
V
 Vernberg,  F.J.  24,  37
 Vernberg,  W.B.  37,  269
W
 Walker, W.W.   25
 Walsh,  G.E.   33,  60, 82, 85, 110, 111, 112, 138, 169, 176, 181, 182, 198,
              199,  210, 211,  212, 213, 237, 246, 262, 282
 Wilkins, E.P.H.   180
 Wilkes, F.G.   26,  32, 38,  79, 236
 Wilson, A.J.   33,  65, 83,  85, 99, 106, 112, 117, 126, 170, 183, 196, 201,
               203,  205,  206, 237, 246, 250, 253, 254, 288, 293, 294
 Wilson, W.G.   20
 Wilson, P.O.   203,  206,  293, 294
 Winstead,  J.T.  95
 Wolfe,  D.A.   5
                                     114

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Y
Yevich, P.  274
Yoakum, R.L.   140,  161,  241
'I
Singmark, R.   37
                                     115

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1 TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
| (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPOR-NO. 2.
EPA-600/3-79-036
1. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
publications
Eulf Breeze Laboratory
|. AUTHOR(S)
Betty P. Jackson & Andree F. Lowry
1. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Laboratory
office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
bulf Breeze, FL 32561
"2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
[J. S. Environmental Protection Agency
3ulf freeze, FL 32561
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
January 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Ri hi i nqraphy 1971-78
14. SPONSORING AGENCV CODE
EPA-ORD
-IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
|16. ABSTRACT
 This bibliography, inclusive from 1967 through 1973, lists all publications  authored
    researchers employed by the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,  and its
 field station on St. Johns Island, SC, or by researchers conducting studies  under fund-
 ,Lng or direction of the laboratory.

   Dlications are grouped in three categories:  RESEARCH REPORTS published in the  EPA
 :3esearch Reporting Series; JOURNAL ARTICLES from the scientific literature;  and
PRESENTATIONS published in proceedings of conferences and symposia.  Publications are
jarranged alphabetically by year under the senior author's name.  The bibliography also
I Includes an author index for reprints and an index of key words (as listed in the
rihesarus of Engineering and Scientific Terms, 1967, Office of Naval Research and
pngineers Joint Council, editors, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC),  Entries
 are nuntoered consecutively throughout the three sections, and those numbers  are used
I in  the indices.

17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Aquatic toxicology Fishes
Bioassays Molluscs
Pesticides
Microcosms
Herbicides
Fungicides
Shrimps
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
unlimited
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Environmental Researc
Laboratory-Gulf Bree:
Bibliography
Publications summary
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
unclassified
c. COSAT) Held/Group
h 05/B
e 06/C
06/F
06/T
06/S
21. NO. OF PAGES
115
22. PRICE
 EPA Form 2220-1 (R«», 4-77)   PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE

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EP 600/3
79-036    EPA
979       Rnv. Fes. Lab.
AUTHOR
Gulf
TITLE
cati
DATE DUE











GAVLORD 49
Breeze Laboratory publi-
cans, 1979
BORROWER'S NAME
T> A,JK|fi|^iJBW?J/^












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DATE DUE

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