&EFK
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Gulf Breeze PL 32561
EPA - 600/3-79-036
March 1979
Research and Development
Publications
Gulf Breeze
Laboratory
!'•*? Library
HP 600/3
79-036
979
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. 'Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the "SPECIAL" REPORTS series. This series is
reserved for reports targeted to meet the technical information needs of specific
user groups. The series includes problem-oriented reports, research application
reports, and executive summary documents. Examples include state-of-the-art
analyses, technology assessments, design manuals, user manuals, and reports
on the results of major research and development efforts.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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Uni ted States
Env ronmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Gulf Breeze, FL 32561
EPA - 600/3-79-036
March
Research and Development
Publications
Gulf Breeze
Laboratory
con piled by
Belty P. Jackson and Andrce F. Lowry
Environmental Research Laboratory
Guf Breeze, FL 32561
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.
Enviromental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
10.
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Foreword
Protection of our aquatic resources from damage caused by toxic organic
and inorganic pollutants requires effective regulatory actions based on sound
technical and scientific information. As one of 15 laboratories maintained by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and Develop-
ment, the Environmental Research Laboratory in Gulf Breeze, Florida (ERL,GBJ,
conducts and manages research and develops methodology to determine exposure-
effects of toxic compounds in marine, coastal, and estuarine ecosystems.
From its inc€>ption in 1937 as a Fish and Wildlife Service Laboratory
under the U.S. Department of the Interior, the laboratory ensured that the
research findings of the staff were made available to the scientific community
and to the public. Traditionally, laboratory research has been concerned with
the effects of pesticides, organics, and chlorine on the environment and human
health. More recently, research objectives were expanded to assess the impact
of off-shore oil drilling and the environmental acceptability of industrial
wastes.
This bibliography lists scientific and technical reports published since
1971 under EPA funding by staff at ERL,GB and its Bears Bluff Field Station at
Johns Island, SC, and by scientists whose research was supported by ERL,GB's
extramural program. Publications are listed under three headings: RESEARCH
REPORTS published in the EPA Research Reporting Series; JOURNAL ARTICLES from
scientific literature,-PRESENTATIONS published in proceedings of conferences
and symposia. Publications are arranged alphabetically by year under the
senior author's name. The bibliography also includes an author index for re-
prints and an index of key words.* A consecutive numbering system precedes
each entry and should be cited when requesting copies of available publica-
tions.
We prepared this compilation in the hope that products from our research
would have the broadest audience possible. We welcome suggestions for enhance-
ing the usefulness of this bibliography in communicating results of our lab-
oratory 's environmental research and development.
JLJ
Thomas W. Duke
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Gulf Breeze, Florida
listed in: Office of Naval Research and Engineers Joint Council. 1967.
Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms. U.S. Department of Defense,
Washington, D.C. 696 p.
ill
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to acknowledge the considerable help contributed by Susan
Sellers, Betty Newman, and Dorothy Delk in typing this manuscript and to
Connie Brinson for her assistance in its compilation. Dr. Nelson R. Cooley
deserves credit for the preparation of the key word index. Gail Garnas
assisted in proofreading and correcting copy, and Ruth Rubinstein aided in
arranging the indices.
IV
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Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Research Reports
111
iv
1
Journal Articles 25
Presentations 78
Key Word Index 106
Author Index 110
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Research Reports
Reports listed below were published by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) in its Office of Research and Development (ORD) Research
Reporting Series. Research described in these reports analyzes the effects of
toxic pollutants on marine and estuarine ecosystems. The purpose of the ORD
Program is to provide the Agency with a technical basis for formulating
standards to minimize undesirable changes in organisms found in aquatic,
terrestrial, and atmospheric environments. These reports are available at
EPA's Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, or through the
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.
1978
1. Anderson, Robert S. 1978. BENZO[a]PYRENE METABOLISM IN THE AMERICAN OYSTER
CRASSOSTR.EA VIRGINICA. Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.
U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-78-009. 19 p.
This research program focuses on the role of NADPH-dependent
microsonal mono-oxygenase in the metabolism of the widespread
environnental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BP) by the oyster
Grassestrea yirginica. The enzyme system is important in detox-
ifying various xenobiotics and in activating polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon oncogens as BP,
A sensitive radioisotopic system developed to permit quantifica-
tion of alkalid-soluble and water-soluble BP metabolites produced
by oyster mono-oxygenase is described. An NADPH- and 02~depen-
dent aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) is shown to be located
in the digestive glands of bivalves associated with the micro-
somal subcellular fraction. Some indication that oyster AHH is
induced by chronic exposure of the animals to the environmental
carcinogens BP and 3-methyl-cholanthrene is reported. Experi-
mental evidence indicates that exposure to polychlorinated bi-
phenyls (PCB) caused AHH induction. The generation of various
dihydrodiol, quinone, and hydroxy BP derivates is shown.
2. Bierman, Victor, William Richardson, and Tudor T. Davies. 1978. MATHEMATICAL
MODELING STRATEGIES APPLIED TO SAGINAW BAY, LAKE HURON. In: American-Soviet
Symposium on Use of Mathematical Models To Optimize Water Quality Management,
T.T. Davies and V.R. Lozanskiy, editors. Environmental Research Laboratory,
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Gulf Breeze, FL.
397-M32.
EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-024. pp.
This research is directed toward water quality problems of inter-
national waters of the North American Great Lakes. The prime
objective is to develop quantitative tools to supplement intui-
tion and scientific judgment in policy decisions related to
water quality. Transport models and algal growth modeling con-
cepts are applied to Saginaw Bay to describe prevailing condi-
tions.
3. Borthwick, Patrick W. 1978. METHODS FOR ACUTE STATIC TOXICITY TESTS WITH
MYSID SHRIMP (MYSIDQPSIS BAHIA). In: Bioassay Procedures for Ocean Disposal
Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA
Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010. pp. 61-63.
Methods are described for using the bay mysid, Mysidoosis bahia
in acute toxicity tests of complex wastes. M. bahia is recom-
mended as a test species due to its sensitivity, short life-
cycle, small size, and adaptability to laboratory conditions.
Results of these toxicity tests can be used to estimate the
impact of ocean-dumped materials on other saltwater crustaceans.
4. Butler, P.A., and J.I. Lowe. 1978. FLOWING SEAWATER TOXICITY TEST USING
OYSTERS (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA). In: Bioassay Procedures for Ocean Disposal
Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA
Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010. pp. 25-27.
A "special bioassay" for evaluating short-term effects of specif-
ic wastes on marine mollusks is described. The procedure is
recommended only for use with the commercial Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virginica, and requires flowing, unfiltered sea-
water. The test is used at the Environmental Research Labora-
tory, Gulf Breeze, to evaluate the effects of insecticides, herbi-
cides, and other toxic organics on oysters.
5. Cross, F.A., W.P. Davis, D.E. Hoss, and D.A. Wolfe. 1978. BIOLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS. In: The Amoco Cadiz Oil Spill: A Preliminary Scientific
Report, Wilmot N. Hess, editor. U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Special Report, Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. pp.
197-215.
This report is a compilation of observations and data gathered
along the Brittany Coast of France after the Amoco Cadiz oil
spill. The information does not reflect results of a pre-planned
biological study, but rather the qualitative observations by NOAA/
EPA biologists from late March to May 1978. The material is de-
scribed as preliminary; final assessment of the full extent of the
impact is expected to require several years.
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6. Davies, T.T., and V.R. Lozanskiy, editors. 1978. AMERICAN-SOVIET SYMPOSIUM
ON USE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO OPTIMIZE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological
Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-024. 453 p.
The American-Soviet Symposium on Use of Mathematical Models To
Optimize Water Quality Management examines methodological ques-
tions related to simulation and optimization modeling of processes
that determine water quality of river basins. Participants
describe the general state of development and application of
mathematical models designed to predict and optimize water quality
management in the USA and USSR. American and Soviet specialists
discuss graphic-economic aspects of pollution control systems;
identification of ecosystem models by field data; management
decisions for lake systems on a survey of trophic status, limiting
nutrients, and nutrient loadings; and a descriptive simulation model
for forecasting the condition of a water system. Publication of
the proceedings held December 9-16, 1975, in Kharkov and Rostov-
on-Don, USSR, is in compliance with the Memorandum from the
Fourth Session of the Joint American-Soviet Committee on
Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Research.
7. Duke, Thomas W.., and Anatoliy I. Siraonov, editors. 1978. FIRST
AMERICAN-SOVIET SYMPOSIUM ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON MARINE
ORGANISMS. Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA
Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-007. 166 p.
American and Soviet specialists discuss state-of-the-art for hy-
drobiological analysis of basic structural components of marine
ecosystems and the influence of various pollutants on these com-
ponents. Participants define problems related to methods for
modeling the influence of pollutants on the marine environment,
long-term forecasting and determination of permissible loads of
pollutants, and the unification and intercalibration of methods
for determining production of microorganisms of ocean bacterio-
plankton and phytoplankton. Results of laboratory research on
the influence of pollution on the marine environment are pre-
sented. Proceedings held September 20-24, 1976, in Gulf Breeze,
Fl, were published in English and Russian in compliance with the
Memorandum from the fourth Session of the Joint American-Soviet
Committee on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Research.
8. EPA Ocean Disposal Bioassay Working Group. 1978. BIOASSAY PROCEDURES FOR THE
OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMIT PROGRAM. Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. U..S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010. 121 p.
Bioassay procedures are described for toxicity evaluations of
waste materials being considered for ocean disposal under EPA's
Ocean Disposal Permit Program. Procedures specify use of various
organisms representing several trophic levels. Flow-through and
static tests are included; methods vary in their utility and
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complexity. These procedures are not considered "standard
methods," but as reference methods or official methods to be
used as specified by the EPA Regional Administrator respon-
sible for the permit program. This manual is a revision of
EPA-600/9-78-010 published in May 1976.
9. Evans, John E. 1978. FEASIBILITY OF USING BACTERIAL STRAINS (MUTAGENESIS) TO
TEST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS. Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-78-042. 118 p.
This literature review includes published data on the feasibility
of using bacteria as screening agents to detect environmental car-
cinogens. Mutagenicity data are included because growing experi-
mental evidence indicates that most chemical carcinogens are muta-
gens, and many mutagens may be carcinogens. This report indicates
that bacterial mutagenesis can be used to initiate studies de-
signed to screen for potential mutagens and carcinogens in mixed
chemical wastes.
10. Hansen, D.J. 1978. LABORATORY CULTURE OF SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODQN
]£AEIEfiAUI£). In: Bioassay Procedures for Ocean Disposal Permit Program,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological
Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010. pp. 107-108.
Techniques used at the U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory
in Gulf Breeze for the culture of sheepshead minnows in aquaria
with under-substrate filters or in aquaria supplied with salt-
water are described. The procedure accommodates planning for
tests to assure availability of required embryos for life-cycle
tests, as well as sufficient juveniles for acute static or flow-
through tests after acclimation for 2 weeks.
11. Hansen, David J. 1978. IMPACT OF PESTICIDES ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT. In:
First American-Soviet Symposium on the Biological Effects of Pollution on
Marine Organisms, Thomas W. Duke and Anatoliy I. Simonov, editors.
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological
Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-007. pp. 126-137.
Effects of toxicants on the entire life cycle of an oviparous
estuarine fish, Cyorinodon varieeatus. can now be studied; pre-
liminary experiments reveal that this fish typically develops
from an embryo to maturity in 10 to 14 weeks, with about 70$
survival in the laboratory. Females produce an average of eight
eggs per day and fertilization success exceeds 90$. Effects of
polychlorinated biphenyl, AroclorxD^S1*, and of a pesticide,
toxaphene, on developing communities of estuarine animals have
been investigated. These studies provide data for predicting
pollution-induced shifts in composition of estuarine and animal
communities.
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12. Hansen, D.J., P.R. Parrish, S.C. Schimmel, and L.R. Goodman. 1978.
LIFE-CYCLE TOXICITY TEST USING SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODON
VARIEGATUS). In: Bloassay Procedures for Ocean Disposal Permit
Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S.
EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010. pp. 109-11?.
The method described determines effects of continuous expo-
sure of a toxic material on sheepshead minnow embryos and fry:
their survival and growth to adulthood, and spawning success.
Spawning success is measured by the ability of the fish to
spawn naturally, number of eggs spawned, fertilization success,
and survival of embryos and fry. Experiment requires % to 6
months.
13. Hansen, David J., Steven C. Schimmel, Del Wayne Nimmo, Jack I. Lowe, Patrick
R. Parrish, and William H. Peltier. 1978. STATIC METHOD FOR ACUTE TOXICITY
TESTS USING FISH AND MACROINVERTEBRATES. In: Bioassay Procedures for Ocean
Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.
U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600-9-78-010. pp. 89-96.
Procedures are described for acute toxicity tests with fish in
containers 15 to 20 cm in depth. Tests require saltwater in
which healthy animals can survive throughout acclimation and
testing without stress as evidenced by unusual behavior or dis-
cloration. Appropriate test animals and test materials are
specified.
14. Hansen, David J,,, Steven C. Schimmel, Del Wayne Nimmo, Jack I. Lowe, Patrick
R. Parrish, and William H. Peltier. 1978. FLOW-THROUGH METHODS FOR ACUTE
TOXICITY TESTS USING FISH AND MACROINVERTEBRATES. In: Bioassay Procedures
for Ocean Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010. pp.
97-106.
Continuous-flow (often referred to as flow-through) bioassays are
preferred over static tests in evaluating certain types of wastes
to be disposed of at sea, particularly those with high biochemical
oxygen demands and those that are unstable or volatile. Many test
species of fish and macroinvertebrates have high metabolic rates
and are difficult to maintain in jars or tanks of standing sea-
water. A method is described for a 96-hr, flow-through bioassay
on marine fish and macroinvertebrates appropriate for the evalu-
ation of wastes.
15. Jackson, Betty P., editor. 1978. RESEARCH REVIEW. 1977. Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-600/9-78-014, 64 p.
This report summarizes results of aquatic research conducted by
the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida,
Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
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Agency from January 1 to December 30, 1977. The research program
examines the impact of pesticides and other organic compounds on
marine species and communities, and seeks to develop new metho-
dology for determining ecological hazards of chemical substances
under simulated natural conditions. Projects are outlined under
four categories: research related to toxicological testing; bio-
logical processes and effects; development of offshore oil re-
sources; and Kepone in the marine environment. Investigations
conducted at the laboratory's Atlantic Coast field station at
Bears Bluff, South Carolina, also are reviewed for the year 1977.
16. Jackson, Betty P., editor. 1978. SYMPOSIUM ON PROTECTING THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT: RESEARCH AND REGULATION. Environmental Research Laboratory,
Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Reporting Series, EPA-600/9-78-006.
38 p.
This symposium focuses on the essential role of research and
regulatory agencies in protecting marine ecosystems. Purpose
of the symposium is to commemorate dedication of a new toxi-
cological test facility at the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Environmental Research Laboratory in Gulf Breeze,
Florida, on October 7, 1977. Participants define the special
function of the federal agency scientist, the social responsi-
bility of the scientist, and the need for research in support
of environmental regulation. Historical and future objectives
of the Gulf Breeze Laboratory are also reviewed.
17. Koch, Robert B. 1978. DETERMINATION OF THE SITE(S) OF ACTION OF SELECTED
PESTICIDES BY AN ENZYMATIC-IMMUNOBIOLOGICAL APPROACH. Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
SPA-600/3-78-093. 29 p.
This report describes development of an antibody to an organo-
chlorine pesticide to be used in studies related to its inhibi-
tion of the ATPase system. Kelevan, the condensation product
of ethyl levulinate and Kepone, was successfully conjugated to
bovine serum albumin (BSA), fibrinogen (BF), and gamma globulin
(BGG). Rabbits and chickens preimmunized with BSA and then immu-
nized with BSA-Kelevan produced antibodies to both the hapten,
Kelevan, and the carrier protein BSA. Antiserum to Kelevan pro-
tected ATPase activity against Kepone and its derivatives. The
titer of antibody to Kelevan was critical since antiserura with
only trace amounts of Kelevan antibody failed to protect the
ATPase activity against Kepone inhibition. Antibody was con-
centrated by Na2SOij fractional precipitation of the antiserura
and obtained in pure form by affinity chromatography with BGG-
Kel covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. Pure antibody was ob-
tained from untreated blood serum or plasma with no prior pre-
treatment or fractionation with the BGG-Kel affinity column.
Complete protection of mitochondrial rag^+ATPase activity from
inhibition of Kepone was obtained with a 1.2 rag
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quantity of Na2S04 fractionated antibody and only 120 yg of
pure antibody. Reversal of ATPase inhibition was readily ob-
tained by addition of antibody prior to addition of substrate
to the reaction mixture.
18. Nimmo, D.R., T.L. Hamaker, and C.A. Sommers. 1978. CULTURING THE MYSID
(MYSIDQPSIS BAHIA) IN FLOWING SEAWATER OR A STATIC SYSTEM. In: Bioassay
Procedures for Ocean Disposal Permit Program. Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-600/9-73-010. pp. 59-60.
Methods are described for the culture of the bay mysid, Mysidoosis
bahia, for life-cycle toxicity tests in (1) flowing seawater and
(2) a re-circulating aquarium. The mysid is considered a practical
organism for toxicological and physiological studies during sensitive
stages of development.
19. Nimmo, D.R., T.L. Hamaker, and C.A. Sommers. 1978. ENTIRE LIFE-CYCLE
TOXICITY TEST USING MYSIDS (MYSIDQPSIS BAHIA) IN FLOWING WATER. In: Bioassay
procedures for Ocean Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-600/9-73-010. pp. 64-68.
Procedures of a method are outlined for determining effects of
continuous exposure of a pollutant on the survival, reproduction,
growth, and behavior of a crustacean, MvsidoDsis _b_ahia, through-
out a life cycle. The test species can be captured from small
shallow ponds fed by saltwater with a small fish net or a 3- to
4-foot push net of small mesh.
20. Parrish, Patrick R., Elizabeth E. Dyar, Joanna M. Enos, and William G. Wilson.
1978. CHRONIC TOXICITY OF CHLORDANE, TRIFLURALIN, AND PENTACHLOROPHENOL TO
SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINQDQN VARIEGATUS) . Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-600/3-78-010. 53 p.
Test results are reported of exposures of sheepshead minnows
(Cvprinodon variejga.tus) to three chemicals—chlordane, triflur-
alin, or pentachlorophenol—in flowing, natural seawater to deter-
mine acute and chronic (full life-cycle) effects.
Mortality of parental fish exposed to mean measured chlordane
concentrations 2.2.8 yg/1 was significantly greater than that
of control fish. Hatch of juveniles from embryos of parental
fish exposed to 2.0-8 ug/1 was significantly less than hatch
of control juveniles. The estimated maximum acceptable toxi-
cant concentration (MATC) was >0.5<0.8 yg/1 and the applica-
tion factor (AF) limits, 0.04-0.06.
Exposure zo mean measured trifluralin concentrations 29.6 yg/1
significantly decreased growth of parental fish. Fecundity of
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parental fish exposed to concentrations ^.U.8 yg/1 was signifi-
cantly less than that of control fish. Survival and growth of
second generation fish were significantly less than the control
in concentrations 2.9.6 vig/1. The estimated MATC was >1.3<^.8
pg/1 and the AF limits, 0.007-0.025.
Mortality of parental sheepshead minnows exposed to mean measured
pentachlorophenol concentrations >88 yg/1 was significantly greater
than mortality of control fish. The estimated MATC was >U7<88 yg/1
and the AF limits, 0.11-0.20.
21. Tyler-Schroeder, Dana Beth. 1978. CULTURE OF THE GRASS SHRIMP (fALAEMONETES
PUGIO) IN THE LABORATORY. In: Bioassay Procedures for Ocean Disposal Permit
Program, Environmental Research Labortory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecologi-
cal Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010. pp. 69-72.
The grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugior is useful in assessing
toxicity of various materials. It is (1) easily cultured in the
laboratory and sensitive to toxicants, and (2) can be exposed to
toxicants in flow-through aquaria throughout its life cycle.
Culture and holding procedures are described.
22. Tyler-Schroeder, D.B. 1978. STATIC BIOASSAY PROCEDURE USING GRASS SHRIMP
(PALAEMQNETES SP.) LARVAE. In: Bioassay Procedures for Ocean Disposal Permit
Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA
Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010. pp. 73-82.
Procedures are outlined for static 96-hr bioassays with the grass
shrimp larvae, Palaemonetes sp. Three species of the genus, £..
pugjo. vulgarisr and intermedius are easily collected in the
field and maintained in the laboratory. Spawning can be induced in
the laboratory by manipulating temperature and light. Developing
larvae have demonstrated a greater susceptibility to polychlori-
nated hydrocarbons than observed in adults or juveniles.
23. Tyler-Schroeder, Dana Beth. 1978. ENTIRE LIFE-CYCLE TOXICITY TEST USING
GRASS SHRIMP (PALAEMQNETES PUGIQ HOLTHUIS). In: Bioassay Procedures for
Ocean Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,
FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-010. pp. 83-88.
A method to assess toxicity of a material to all life stages of
the grass shrimp in flow-through systems is described. Tests are
conducted throughout the life cycle of the shrimp—from juvenile
stage of the parental generation, sexual maturation and reproduc-
tion, through hatching, larval development and growth of the F-j
generation to juvenile stage. Thereafter, tests may terminate,
or exposures can be continued if a determination of effects on
F-] reproduction and F2 larval development is required.
24. Vernberg, F.J., W. Kitchens, H. McKellar, K. Summers, and R. Bonnell. 1978.
THE DYNAMICS OF AN ESTUARY AS A NATURAL ECOSYSTEM, VOL. II. Environmental
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Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-600/3-78-092. 29 p.
This report describes two separate but interrelated substudies:
an update of the macroecosystem model of the North Inlet Estuary
near Georgetown, SC, and a continuing study of experimental salt-
marsh microecosystems. The model is under development to help
understand the interactions of various parts of a natural eco-
system. The principal objective of the study is to develop and
test replicate experimental salt-marsh units at the microecosys-
tem level as diagnostic tools for assessing long- and short-term
pollution effects on the Soartina alterniflora salt-marsh commu-
nity.
Because of the complexity, this study was conceived as a five-
year work. Two years of study (March 1, 1976, to February 28,
1978) are reported. A summary of the first phase of this research
is contained in the Ecological Research Series (EPA-600/3-77-016,
January 1977).
25. Walker, William W. 1978. INSECTICIDE PERSISTENCE IN NATURAL SEAWATER AS
AFFECTED BY SALINITY, TEMPERATURE, AND STERILITY. Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-
600/3-78-044. 25 p.
Effects of temperature, salinity, and sterility on the degrada-
tion of malathion, parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon, and
methoxychlor in fresh and estuarine water under controlled con-
ditions are reported. Surface water samples of 1, 10, 20, and 28
°/oo salinity were amended with these insecticides and incubated
in the dark at 30°, 20°, and 10°C under sterile and nonsterile
conditions. Insecticide abatement was followed by electron-capture
gas-liquid chromatographic techniques.
No significant differences between sterile and nonsterile treat-
ments were observed for any of the insecticide studies; the
effect of increasing temperature was highly significant with
regard to increased degradation of malathion, parathion, methyl
parathion, and diazinon. Methoxychlor reflected the recalci-
trance characteristic of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecti-
cides throughout 84 days of incubation and was not significantly
affected by salinity, temperature, or sterility. Salinity effects
were varied among the four organophosphates: highly significant
for malathion and diazinon, significant for methyl parathion,
and not significant for parathion.
26. Wilkes, Frank G. 1978. MICROCOSMS AS BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF POLLUTION.
In: First American-Soviet Symposium on the Biological Effects of Pollution on
Marine Organisms, Thomas W. Duke and Anatoliy I. Simonov, editors.
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological
Research Series, EPA-600/9-78-007. pp. 155-56.
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Research conducted and supported by the Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, to develop microcosms as a method for
investigating pollutant fate and effects in the environment is
described. Ecosystem compartments under investigation include
direct accumulation from water and food by organisms at all
trophic levels, bioaccumulation through food chains, direct
effects of pollutants on organisms, i.e., mortality, reproduc-
tion and behavior, and indirect effects of sublethal levels of
pollutants, such as changes in predator-prey relationships.
Microbial processes at both air-water and sediment-water inter-
faces are investigated as well as physical and chemical trans-
formations .
1977
27. Ahearn, Donald G., S.A. Crow, and W.L. Cook. 1977. MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS
WITH PESTICIDES IN ESTUARINE SURFACE SLICKS. Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, PL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-
77-050. 22 p.
This report describes estuarine surface films from Escambia Bay,
Florida, and adjacent waters sampled by the membrane adsorption
technique to enumerate microbial populations. Samples of the
upper 10 urn of estuarine surface films yielded microbial popula-
tions up to 10^ ml~1 or 10^ cm~2. These populations were 10
to 100 times greater than those in underlying waters of 10 cm. Pre-
dominant bacteria in surface films as isolated on Marine Agar were
motile, nonpigmented, gram-negative rods. Colony-forming units
of yeasts and molds on Mycological Agar prepared with 50$ seawater
were found in concentrations to 101* ml'1 or 28 cm~2. The predomi-
nant surface film isolates from Marine agar were proeolytic and
amylolytic but exhibited only weak to negligible hydrocarbono-
clastic and lipolytic activities. A greater proportion of the
surface-film bacteria, as compared to those at 10 cm depth, were
capable of growth on freshwater media.
With selective isolation media, amylolytic, and lipolytic bac-
teria appeared to comprise a more significant proportion of the
total population. Twenty-one representative bacteria, yeasts,
and filamentous fungi from initial sampling of surface micro-
layers were tested for the effects of selected pesticides on
utilization of various substrates. One bacterium was sensi-
tive to PCB formulations. In subsequent studies with 53 iso-
lates representative of more diverse physiological groups,
o-chloro-napthalene, PCB 1016, and pentachlorophenol were inhibi-
tory to a large portion of the isolates and heptachlor, biphenyl,
pyrene, and PCB 1016 significantly reduced hexadecane utilization.
10
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28. Caldwell, Richard S. 1977. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON THE DUNGENESS
CRAB. Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA
Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-77-131. 125 p.
The toxicity of nine pesticides to various life history stages
of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magistert is examined to estab-
lish the most sensitive life stage of the crab, and the highest
concentration of each pesticide having no discernible effect on
the most sensitive stage during prolonged exposures. The com-
pounds tested were the insecticides carbofuran, chlordane,
malathion, and methoxychlorj the herbicides 2,4-D, DEF, propanil,
and trifluralin; and the fungicide captan.
29. Colwell, Rita R., and Gary S. Sayler. 1977. EFFECTS AND INTERACTIONS OF
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCB) WITH ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS AND SHELLFISH.
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological
Research Series, EPA-600/3-77-070. 45 p.
This report describes the role of estuarine bacteria in the
mobilization, transport, and removal of polychlorinated biphe-
nyls (PCB's) in estuarine environments. A secondary impact of
PCB contamination of estuarine systems is reported: the PCB-
stress-induced accumulation and depuration of enteric bacteria
by shellfish, i.e., the Chesapeake Bay oyster, Crassostrea
virginica.
In this report, bacteria uninhibited by PCB, but capable of
growth in the presence of PCB, are defined as PCB-resistant.
PCB-resistant bacteria are shown to be distributed ubiqui-
tously throughout the estuarine and marine environments
sampled. Residence time of PCB in estuarine and marine envi-
ronments is considered to be sufficiently long to induce stress
upon estuarine animals.
30. Crane, Allan M., and Anne E. Freeman. 1977. WATER-SOFTENING AND CONDITIONING
EQUIPMENT: A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF WATER CONTAMINATION. Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-
77-107. 8 p.
Chloroform, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene as well as two
unidentified compounds were adsorbed from contaminated ground water
onto anion-cation exchange resins during their regeneration and
cleaning at the distributing plant. Contaminants leached into
water passed through the resins after distribution resulted in
contamination of deionized water supplies of users. Concentra-
tions of chloroform and trichloroethene, greater in filtered
water than concentrations observed in contaminated ground water,
indicate the ability of resins to concentrate these compounds.
Regeneration and cleaning of contaminated resins by commercial
procedures with clean water is ineffective. Contaminated resins,
which leached 60 yg/1 of chloroform into water, leached M7 yg/1
11
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after being returned to the distributor and regenerated with
clean water. Need for an increased awareness of the limits of
ion resins and stricter water quality control of distributors
are indicated.
31. Davis, William P., Douglas P. Middaugh, James H. Carpenter, George R. Helz,
and Morris H. Roberts, Jr. 1977. THE CHEMISTRY AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
CHLORINATION OF SEAWATER: A SUMMARY OF EPA RESEARCH PROJECTS. In: Program
Review Proceedings of Environmental Effects of Energy Related Activities on
Marine/Estuarine Ecosystems. EPA Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry and
Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. U.S. EPA Ecological
Research Series, EPA-600/7-77-111. pp. 175-185.
Since 1975, The Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory's
Bears Bluff Field Station near Charleston, SC, has coordinated
a study of the marine aspects of chlorination. This research,
and grants supported by EPA's Office of Energy, Minerals and
Industry (OEMI) are designed to establish a scientific basis
for decisions guiding future energy production and usage, as
well as environmental protection measures. This report sum-
marizes results of this research. Needs of further investiga-
tions are discussed.
32. Engler, Robert M., and Frank G. Wilkes, editors. 1977. ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION
OF PROPOSED DISCHARGE OF DREDGED MATERIAL INTO OCEAN WATERS: IMPLEMENTATION
MANUAL FOR SECTION 103 OF PUBLIC LAW 92:532 (MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH, AND
SANCTUARIES ACT of 1972). U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, MS. 19 p.
Procedures are presented for evaluating potential environmental
impacts of the discharge of dredged materials in ocean waters.
This evaluation is required in applications for permits for ocean
disposal of dredged materials. The manual contains guidelines
developed by the EPA/Corps of Engineers Technical Committee on
Criteria for Dredged and Fill Material,
33. Hansen, David J., Del Wayne R. Nimmo, Steven C. Schimmel, Gerald E. Walsh, and
Alfred J. Wilson, Jr. 1977. EFFECTS OF KEPONE ON ESTUARINE ORGANISMS. In:
Recent Advances in Fish Toxicology, a Symposium. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, EPA-600/3-77-085. pp. 20-30.
Results of laboratory toxicity tests to determine the effects
and accumulations of Kepone in estuarine algae, mollusks, crus-
taceans, and fishes are reported. In these tests, nominal
Kepone concentrations calculated to decrease algal growth by
50$ in static, 7-day bioassays are: 350 yg/1, Chlorococoum
sp.; 580 ug/1, Duna,liella tertiolecta: 600 pg/1, Nitzschia
sp.; and 600 pg/1, Thalassiosira pseudonana. Measured Kepone
concentrations calculated to cause 50% mortality in flowing-
seawater toxicity tests lasting 96 hr are: 10 pg/1 for the
mysid shrimp (Mvsidopsis bahia); 120 pg/1 for the grass shrimp
12
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(Palaemonetea pugj.9); >210 yg/1 for the blue crab (Caljinectea
70 pg/l for the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon
variegatu,s) ; and 6.6 yg/1 for the spot (Leioatomus
Bioconcentration factors (concentration in whole animals divided
by concentration measured in water) in these tests are shown to
be greatest for fishes (950 to 1,900) and least for grass shrimp
(420 to 930).
34. Parrish, Patrick R., Elizabeth E. Dyar, Mark A. Lindberg, Chiara M. Shanika,
and Joanna M, Enos, 1977. CHRONIC TOXICITY OF METHOXYCHLOR , MALATHION, AND
CARBOFURAN TO SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODOH VARIEGATUS) . Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-600/3-77-059. 36 p.
Sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon variegatus) were exposed to each
of three pesticides — methoxychlor, malathion, and carbofuran — in
flowing seawater to determine the acute and chronic (partial
life-cycle) effects.
Mortality of adult fish exposed to concentrations of methoxychlor
>23 yg/1 and hatching success of fry from eggs spawned by fish
exposed to 23 yg/1 were significantly different from the control.
The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was estimated
to be >12<23 yg/1; application factor (AF) limits were 0.21-0.47.
Mortality of adult fish exposed to concentrations of malathion
X18 yg/1 and mortality of fry hatched from eggs spawned by
fish exposed to 9 and 18 yg/1 were significantly different from
the control. The MATC was estimated to >4<9 ug/1; AF limits were
0.08-0.18.
Mortality of adult fish exposed to concentrations of carbofuran
>49 v-g/1, hatching success of fry from eggs spawned by fish
exposed ~o 49 yg/1, and mortality of fry hatched from eggs
spawned by fish exposed to 23 and 49 yg/1 were significantly
different from the control. The MATC was estimated to >15<23
yg/1; AF limits were 0.04-0.06.
35. Sikka, Harish C., and Gary L. Butler. 1977. EFFECTS OF SELECTED WASTEWATER
CHLORINATION PRODUCTS AND CAPTAN ON MARINE ALGAE. Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-
77-029. 38 p.
Effects of stable chloro-organic compounds formed during chlori-
nation of sewage effluents on growth of marine unicellular algae
are reported. Captan suppressed growth of Dunaliella tertiolecta
and Porphyridium cruentum at 5 parts per million (ppm). Growth of
Skeletonema costatum was inhibited by 0.25 ppm captan; 3-Chloro-
benzoic acid inhibited growth of £• costatum at 10 ppm but had
no effect on D_. tertiolecta or £. cruentum. There was no effect
of 1-10 ppm 5-chlorouracil on £. costatum r but growth of
13
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£< tertiolecta was stimulated initially. Growth of 2.. costatum
was inhibited by 1 ppm 4-chlororesorcinol, and 10 ppm inhibited
growth of £. cruentum. At 1 ppm, 3-chlorophenol stimulated
growth of all three species, but growth of £.. costatum was
inhibited by 2.5 ppm. A combination of 3-chlorophenol and
4-chlororesorcinol interacted synergistically to reduce growth
of 5.. costatum.
It is concluded that chloro-organic compounds formed during chlor-
ination of sewage effluent are not an immediate threat to marine
unicellular algae.
36. Summers, Max D. 1977. CHARACTERIZATION OF SHRIMP BACULOVIRUS. Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, PL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-600/3-77-130. 36 p.
The research described involves the partial characterization of a
baculovirus of the pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum. The signifi-
cance of the study relates to the fact that the shrimp baculovirus
is morphologically similar to insect baculoviruses that were con-
sidered unique to insect arthropods prior to the discovery of
shrimp nuclear polyhedrosis baculovirus (NPV). Further, insect
baculoviruses are being developed and applied as microbial pesti-
cides for the control of certain agricultural insect pests.
Baculovirus diseases in pests of agricultural or medical impor-
tance are considered a desirable relationship, but a baculovirus
infection in shrimp is undesirable.
The biochemical, structural, and, when appropriate, biological
properties of the shrimp virus are compared to known and charac-
terized properties of insect baculoviruses, both granulosis and
NPV's. Evidence for any structural relatedness of the shrimp
NPV to insect NPV's is confirmed in cross-reactions of purified
shrimp NPV polyhedrin and infected shrimp tissues.
37. Vernberg, F.J., R. Bonnell, B. Coull, R. Dame, Jr., P. DeCoursey, W. Kitchens,
Jr., B. Kjerfve, H. Stevenson, W. Vernberg, and R. Zingmark. 1977. THE
DYNAMICS OF AN ESTUARY AS A NATURAL ECOSYSTEM. Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-
77-016. 86 p.
This report summarizes the first two years of a proposed five-year
study of the dynamics of a relatively undisturbed estuary-marshland
ecosystem, the North Inlet Estuary near Georgetown, SC. Two sub-
studies are described: a macroecosystem substudy and a microeco-
system substudy. Objectives of the macroecosystem study include:
(1) to establish baseline data on an undisturbed estuary as a
basis for comparative studies on effects of various pollutant
stress on other estuarine environments; (2) to develop models of
an estuarine ecosystem to predict probable effects of environ-
mental perturbation. Principal objective of the microecosystem
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study include development and testing of replicate experimental
saltmarsh units at the microecosystem level as diagnostic tools
to assess long- and short-term pollution effects on the Soartina
alterniflora salt-marsh community.
A conceptual model of energy flow for the entire marsh estuarine
ecosystem developed as three sub-models is described. Completion
of a simulation of the water column submodel and a linear systems
model of an inter-tidal oyster community is reported.
38. Wilkes, Frank G., and Robert M. Engler, editors. 1977. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT:
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY/CORPS OF ENGINEERS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON
CRITERIA FOR DREDGED AND FILL MATERIAL. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. 41 p.
The EPA/Ccrps of Engineers Technical Committee on Criteria for
Dredged and Fill Material coordinates and disseminates results
of research related to criteria and guidelines for regulating
the discharge of dredged and fill material as mandated by Public
Laws 92-500 and 92-532. The committee's first annual report out-
lines the purpose of its six subcommittees and its research pri-
orities. Ongoing research programs of participating agencies
are listed.
1976
39. Bookhout, Cazlyn G., and John D. Costlow, Jr. 1976. EFFECTS OF MIREX,
METHOXYCHLOR, AND MALATHION ON DEVELOPMENT OF CRABS. Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-
76-007. 85 p.
Results of laboratory experiments to determine the effects of
mirex, methoxychlor, and malathion on the first larval develop-
ment of Callinectes sapidus from hatching until the first crab
stage are described. Comparison is made with similar investiga-
tions to ascertain effects of methoxychlor and malathion on lar-
val development of Rhithropanopeus harrisii.
The effect of a range of concentrations of each insecticide on
survival of larvae of C_. sapidus and R.. harrisii is shown as
well as sublethal and lethal concentrations. Zoeal and total
development to the first crab stage of R.. harrisii and £.
sapidus are found to be prolonged in relation to increased con-
centrations of methoxychlor and malathion. Other sublethal
effects of methoxychlor and malathion observed include abnormal
development of the pleopods of male R.. harrisii and male C_.
sapidus early crab stages, and autotomy of the legs of R..
harrisii megalopa and early crab stages. The developmental
15
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stages in which larvae are particularly sensitive vary in the
two species and with the three insecticides. Mirex residues of
£.. saoidus larvae reared in different concentrations of rairex,
and methoxychlor residues of £.. harrisii and £. saoidus larvae
reared in concentrations of methoxychlor are described.
40. Bourquin, Al W., and D.G. Ahearn. 1976. MICROBIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF
ESTUARINE SURFACE MICROLAYERS. In: Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Marine Pollution Research, January 27-29, 1976, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL, Samuel P. Meyers, editor. U.S. EPA
Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-032. pp. 89-96.
Organic microlayers occur at the air-water interface at most
bodies of water. This paper reviews microbiological analyses
of surface microlayer that show inshore films yielding microbial
populations up to 10^/ml"1 or TO^/cm"2. Concentrated surface
slick samples separated on a silica gel column, and various frac-
tions, indicate the presence of electrophilic compounds coupled
with the higher abundance of hydrocarbons. It is hoped that con-
firmed identification of these compounds will yield information on
the possible fate of chlorinated hydrocarbons in surface films.
41. Butler, Philip A. and Jack I. Lowe. 1976. FLOWING SEAWATER TOXICITY TEST
USING OYSTERS (CRASSQSTREA VIR6INICA). In: Bioassay Procedures for the Ocean
Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.
U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-010. pp. 81-83.
A "specific bioassay" for evaluating short-term effects of speci-
fic wastes on marine mollusks is described. The procedure is
recommended only for use with the commercial Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virginica, and requires flowing, unfiltered sea-
water. The test is used at the Environmental Research Laboratory,
Gulf Breeze, to evaluate the effects of insecticides, herbicides,
and other toxic organics on oysters.
42. Coppage, David L. 1976. FISH BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION ASSAY.
In: Bioassay Procedures for the Ocean Disposal Permit Program, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-600/9-76-010. pp. 91-95.
Procedure is described for determining the effect of materials
to be dumped in the ocean on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in fish
brains. This test pertains to nerve poisons that disrupt nerve
impulse transmission by inhibiting AChE, the enzyme that modulates
levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This procedure is
not necessary for materials containing no AChE-inhibiting poisons.
43. Coppage, David L. 1976. BIOASSAYS AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION EFFECTS. In:
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Marine Pollution Research,
January 27-29, 1976, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL,
16
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Samuel P. Meyers, editor. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-600/9-76-0-12. pp. 131-139.
Marine bioassays are used to determine a pollutant's (a) poten-
tial to harm organisms, (b) persistence and degradability, (c)
rate of accumulation and loss in organisms consumed by other
organisms, (d) mode of action on organisms. This paper describes
three interrelated bioassays (macroscopic, microscopic, and meta-
bolic) used at the U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory,
Gulf Breeze. Results of bioassays are cited as examples of their
variety arid application.
44. EPA Ocean Disposal Bioassay Working Group. 1976. BIOASSAY PROCEDURES FOR THE
OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMIT PROGRAM. Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-010. 121 p.
This manual contains bioassay procedures developed for toxicity
evaluations of waste materials under consideration for an Ocean
Disposal Permit. Nine tests are described; three are considered
"special" and are not recommended for routine use. Methods vary
in utility and complexity and are to be used in accordance with
the judgment of the EPA Regional Administrator responsible for
the management of EPA's Ocean Disposal Permit Program.
45. Hansen, David J. 1976. TECHNIQUES TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF TOXIC ORGANICS ON
MARINE ORGANISMS. In: Water Quality Research of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-
600/3-76-079. pp. 63-76.
This report describes bioassay techniques that can be used to
determine long-term effects of one or more toxicants on the sur-
vival, growth, and fertility of individual species of mollusks,
arthropods, or fish and on communities of estuarine organisms.
These studies provide data for predicting pollution-induced
shifts in composition of estuarine animal communities.
46. Hansen, David J., and Steven C. Schimmel. 1976. CHRONIC BIOASSAY USING
SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS). In: Bioassay Procedures for the
Ocean Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,
Fl. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-010. pp. 69-80.
A procedure is described for determining the effect of a material
on survival of sheepshead minnow embryos and fry, their growth
to adulthood, and spawning success. The latter is measured by the
ability of pairs of fish to spawn naturally, fecundity, fertiliza-
tion success, and survival of embryos and fry. This test has
several limitations and is not considered valid for toxicity
assessment of all materials.
47. Hansen, David J., Steven C. Schimmel, Del Wayne Nimmo, Jack I. Lowe, Patrick
R. Parrish, and William H. Peltier. 1976. CONTINUOUS-FLOW METHOD FOR ACUTE
17
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TOXICITY TESTS USING FISH AND MACROINVERTEBRATES. In: Bioassay Procedures
for the Ocean Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-010. pp.
69-80.
Continuous-flow (often referred to as flow-through) bioassays
are preferred over static tests in evaluating certain types of
wastes to be disposed of at sea, particularly those with high
biochemical oxygen demands and those that are unstable or vola-
tile. Many test species of fish and macroinvertebrates have
high metabolism rates and are difficult to maintain in jars or
tanks of standing seawater. A method is described for a 96-hr,
flow-through bioassay on marine fish and macroinvertebrates
appropriate for the evaluation of wastes.
48. Lincer, Jeffrey L., Marita E. Haynes, and Marian L. Klein. 1976. THE
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF SYNTHETIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS.
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological
Research Series, EPA-600/3-76-075. 353 p.
This review and indexed bibliography concerns the presence and
effects of pesticides (i.e., insecticides, herbicides, fungi-
cides, etc.) and industrial toxicants in the estuarine eco-
system. Industrial toxicants primarily include polychlorinated
biphenyls, although phthalate esters, polychlorinated terphenyls,
chlorinated dibenzo-dioxins, and dibenzofurans also are discussed.
The review covers literature of the last decade, emphasizing the
most recent 5 years. However, the 700-plus references in the
bibliography span a wider range. A permuted keyword retrieval
system (SPINDEX) allows practical use of the bibliography.
49. Meyers, Samuel P., editor. 1976. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
ON MARINE POLLUTION RESEARCH, January 27-29, 1976, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-
76-032. 171 p.
The International Symposium on Marine Pollution Research focuses
on the continual and increasing pollution of the marine environ-
ment, particularly the adverse effects of marine pollution on the
production of protein from the sea. Participants examine environ-
mental problems of global and national interest, including:
effects of urban development, mercury, and petrochemicals on
the marine environment; effect of natural siltation and petro-
chemicals on shrimp and other marine life; mass-balance equa-
tions dealing with the movement of pollutants from air masses
to the ocean; movement of mercury and petroleum in large "water-
shed areas" into the marine environment.
50. Middaugh, D.P., and W.P. Davis. 1976. IMPACT OF CHLORINATION PROCESSES ON
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS. In: Water Quality Criteria Research of the U.S.
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Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.
Series, EPA-600/3-76-079. pp. 46-82.
U.S. EPA Ecological Research
The use of chlorine as a disinfectant and antifouling agent is
reviewed. Chemical reactions of chlorine in aquatic environments
are discussed, with particular emphasis on the formation of halo-
genated organic constituents in freshwater and marine systems.
Studies of the effect of chlorinated sewage effluents and cooling
water fron generating stations on marine organisms and ecosystems
are summarized.
51. Richards, Norman L. 1976. RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MARINE POLLUTION RESEARCH
WITHIN FEDERAL AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES. In: Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Marine Pollution Research, January 27-29, 1976,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL, Samuel P. Meyers, editor,
U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/9-76-032. pp. 5-11.
The role of federal agencies delegated responsibilities in off-
shore oil exploration and development is discussed. Major pro-
grams being implemented by ERDA, NOAA, the Fish and Wildlife
Service (FWS), and EPA are described, and problems related to
the assessment of the potential impact of offshore oil explora-
tion are reviewed.
52. Sikka, Harish C.t Gary L. Butler, and Clifford P. Rice. 1976. EFFECTS,
UPTAKE, AND METABOLISM OF METHOXYCHLOR, MIREX, AND 2,4-D IN SEAWEEDS.
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological
Research Series, EPA-600/3-76-OU8. 39 p.
This study concerns the effects, uptake, and metabolism of mirex,
methoxychlor, and 2,4-D in the seaweeds Ulva sp., Enteromoroha
sp. and Rhodvmenia sp. The pesticides, at concentrations corre-
sponding to their maximum solubility in seawater, had no signifi-
cant effect on photosynthesis, protein, carbohydrate, lipid,
chlorophyll, carotenoid or trace metal content of the algae. All
three algae removed substantial amounts of mirex and methoxy-
chlor from the medium, but uptake of 2,4-D was extremely low.
The rate of uptake of methoxychlor was considerably greater
than that of mirex. Enteromoroha accumulated considerably more
mirex and methoxychlor than Ulva or Rhodvmenia. Both Ulva and
Enteromoroha failed to metabolize either mirex or 2,4-D.
Enteromorpha metabolized methoxychlor to a limited extent.
After 7 days of incubation with carbon-labelled methoxychlor, a
major portion of the label in the tissue and medium was present
in unchanged methoxychlor. A small amount of radioactive metabo-
lite, 2,2-bis (j3-methoxyphenyl}-1,1-dichloroethylene, was de-
tected in both the tissue and medium. In addition, medium con-
tained 2,2-bis (p.-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane and four
unidentified minor radioactive metabolites. Unlike Enteromorphar
Ulva did not metabolize methoxychlor.
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53. Teas, Howard J. 1976. HERBICIDE TOXICITY IN MANGROVES. Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-600/3-76-004. 33 p.
Effects resulting from the application of atnine salts of 2,4-D
and picloram are investigated with the Florida species of man-
groves: white (Laeuncularia racemosa), red (Rhizophora mangle),
and black (Avicennia eerminans). Treatments are applied to soil
or water by aerial spray and as droplets to single leaves. Results
reported for white, red, and black mangroves, respectively, are:
"lethal doses"—seedlings, 2.7, 13, and 13 kg/ha; mature plants,
2.7, 13 and >53 kg/ha; "tolerance doses"—seedlings, 0.01, 5.3,
5.3 kg/ha; mature plants, 0.5, 5.3, and 53 kg/ha; "no-effect
doses"—seedlings, 0.01 kg/ha all species; mature plants, <0.1,
0.5, and 2.7 kg/ha. Tests show that spray applications of 6.3
to 12.2 kg/ha to the canopy of a mixed-species forest cause
partial defoliation within three weeks. Within 16 months, all
white mangroves and 78 to 100J of the mature red mangroves were
killed, but mature black mangroves were not. Radiocarbon-
labelled picloram concentrated in dormant buds of red mangroves,
indicating that the tree is killed by effects of the mixture.
54. Tyler-Schroeder, Dana Beth. 1976. STATIC BIOASSAY PROCEDURE USING GRASS
SHRIMP (PALAEMQNETES SP.) LARVAE. In: Bioassay Procedures for the Ocean
Disposal Permit Program, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.
U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600-76-010. pp. 50-60.
Procedures are outlined for static 96-hr bioassays with the grass
shrimp larvae, Palaemonetes sp. Three species of the genus, £.
Duaio. vulgaris, and intermedius are easily collected and main-
tained in the laboratory. Spawning can be induced in the labora-
tory by manipulating temperature and light. Developing larvae
have demonstrated a greater susceptibility to polychlorinated
hydrocarbons than that observed in adults or juveniles.
1975
55. Bourquin, Al W. 1975. MICROBIAL-MALATHION INTERACTION IN ARTIFICIAL
SALT-MARSH ECOSYSTEMS: EFFECT AND DEGRADATION. Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-660/3-
75-035. 41 p.
In a simulated salt-marsh environment, malathion is degraded by
the indigenous bacterial community. Bacteria capable of degrading
malathion in the presence of additional nutrients increase in the
sediments with increasing frequency of application and in the water
column with the increasing level of treatment. Numbers of
20
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bacteria that degrade malathion as a sole carbon source are linked
to the level of treatment in sediments and the frequency of treat-
ment in the water column; however, these bacteria do not appear
to play a significant role in the dissipation of malathion.
Frequency of treatment apparently increases the number of
malathion co-metabolizing bacteria that catalyze a more rapid
dissipation of the compound, thus resulting in fewer sole
carbon degraders.
The disappearance of malathion in the salt-marsh environment
is influenced by both chemical and biological degradation. At
temperatures below 26°C and salinities below 20 °/oo, chemi-
cal mechanisms appear to be less important than biological degra-
dation.
56. Bourquin, Al W., Donald G. Ahearn, and Samuel P. Meyers, editors. 1975.
IMPACT OF THE USE OF MICROORGANISMS ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-660/3-75-001. 259 P.
Subject of this report is examined in a symposium-workshop spon-
sored in April 1974 by the Environmental Research Laboratory,
Gulf Breeze, to assess the possible impact of artificially intro-
ducing microbial insect control agents or oil-degrading agents
into the aquatic environment. Panelists representing govern-
ment, academia, and industry discuss problems related to non-
target aquatic organisms in the use of bacteria, viruses, fungi,
and protozoa to control insect pests. Attention is given to the
persistence of pathogens in aquatic environments and the control
of weeds and other non-insect pests. Use of microorganisms to
clean up oil spills in aquatic environments is also discussed.
57. Brown, Lewis R., Earl G. Alley, and David W. Cook. 1975. THE EFFECT OF MIREX
AND CARBOFURAN ON ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS. Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-660/3-
75-024. 47 p.
This report describes a conceptual model of the movement and dis-
position of pesticides in the environment. A multi-media model is
built up from simple modules representing basic processes and com-
ponents of air, soil, and water. More specific models are expo-
sited for the atmospheric/terrestrial, freshwater/aquatic, and
estuarine/marine environments. Through iterative operations of
expansion and systematic reduction of the components and processes
these models of segments of the environment can be joined to pro-
vide a holistic view of the disposition of a chemical and its
attendant effects. Ultimately systems analysis and mathematical
simulation techniques can be employed to evaluate the fate of a
specific chemical in a particular environment. The authors empha-
size the commonalities of the basic processes and components in
the various environments.
21
J.S E^'A He:;ocu'i;it";; Library
y?i!f;oy- 3
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58. Hansen, David J. 1975. PCB'S: EFFECTS ON AND ACCUMULATION BY ESTUARINE
ORGANISMS. In: National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls, November
19-21, 1975. U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, EPA Ecological Research Series,
EPA-560/6-75-004. pp. 282-283.
Effects of PCB's on and accumulation by estuarine organisms in
laboratory bioassays are described. Aroclors 1016, 1242, and 1254
were acutely toxic to certain estuarine organisms at concentrations
greater than 10 ug/1, but these bioassays underestimated toxicities
of PCB's, as shown by data from exposures that lasted longer than
2 weeks. Concentrations that were lethal to selected invertebrates
and fishes in chronic exposures ranged from 0.1 to 5 ug/1. Repro-
duction of sheepshead minnows was impaired by concentrations of
Aroclor 1254 in their eggs >5 pg/1, but this was not observed in
eggs that contained up to 77 ug/g of Aroclor 1016. Bioaccuraula-
tion of PCB's in estuarine organisms generally exceeded
X the concentration in water in laboratory studies and
X in the estuary.
59. Lee, Jong H., Colin E. Nash and Joseph R. Sylvester. 1975. EFFECTS OF MIREX
AND METHOXYCHLOR ON STRIPED MULLET, MUGIL QEPHALUS L. Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. U.S. EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-660/3-
75-015. 18 p.
The effects of two chlorinated insecticides, mirex and methoxy-
chlor, on striped mullet, Mugil cephalus L., are studied. Test
concentrations of both insecticides were 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0
ppm in the dynamic bioassay. Young juveniles were more susceptible
to mirex exposure than were older juveniles or adults. No mortali-
ties occurred in older juveniles and adults exposed to mirex for
96 hr. For young juveniles, mortalities were highest in concen-
trations of 0.1 and 1.0 ppm and were less in concentrations of
0.01 and 10.0 ppm. Significant amounts of mirex residues were
accumulated in the body tissues of the test fish; concentrations
increased with increased environmental concentrations. Methoxy-
chlor was more toxic to mullet than mirex. Mortalities were
greater than 90% over a 96-hr period for all life stages studied
at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 ppm. Mortality at a con-
centration of 0.01 was 5.1$ or less for 96 hr. Relative to mirex,
small amounts of raethoxychlor residues accumulated in the tissues
of the test fish. Results of the experiments on eggs and larvae
were inconclusive: egg survival was slightly better in mirex
than in methoxychlor over a 96-hr period; larval survival was
generally better in mirex than methoxychlor.
60. Walsh, Gerald E. 1975. UTILIZATION OF ENERGY BY PRIMARY PRODUCTS IN FOUR
PONDS IN NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA. In: Proceedings: Biostimulation-Nutrient
Assessment Workshop, October 16-17, 1973. U.S. EPA National Environmental
Research Center, Corvallis, OR, EPA-660/3-75-034. pp. 249-274.
22
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This paper describes research concerned with seasonal changes
in energy utilization. The amounts of solar energy absorbed by
photosynthetic processes in four small ponds in northwestern
Florida in 1968 are compared with energy required for fixation
of COj. In this investigation, blue-green algae are the domi-
nant phytoplanketers in all ponds during most of the year and
attain greatest numbers between April and October; photosynthe-
tic quotients are highest during the blue-green algae blooms.
It is hypothesized that increased production of fat may explain
why the energy required for C02 fixation increased in the
summer.
1974
'51. Gillett, James W., James Hill, IV, Alfred W. Jarvinen, and W. Peter Schoor.
1974. A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR THE MOVEMENT OF PESTICIDES THROUGH THE
ENVIRONMENT: A CONTRIBUTION OF THE EPA ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS PROGRAM. U.S.
EPA, Cincinnati, OH, Ecological Research Series, EPA-660/3-74-024. 79 p.
This investigation relates to the chemical, physical, and micro-
biological fate of mirex and carbofuran in the estuarine environ-
ment and their effect(s) on important estuarine microorganisms and
their activities. Chemical studies on the adsorption, fate and
hydrolysis were conducted. The microbiological studies involved
the use of both pure cultures and mixed cultures in a microcosm
system and included 12 distinct physiological groups of micro-
organisms..
Authors conclude that neither mirex nor carbofuran have a dele-
terious effect on estuarine bacteria under normal conditions; no
evidence of bioaccumulation is found. Degradation products of
both compounds are shown to be toxic to some microorganisms.
62. Schoor.W. Peter. 1974. THEORETICAL MODEL AND SOLUBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
AROCLOrfc)1254. In: Water: Problems Associated with Low-solubility Compounds
in Aquatic Toxicity Tests. U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, EPA-660/3-74-013. 30 p.
A theoretical model of the behavior of substances having low water-
solubility is presented and discussed with respect to aqueous bio-
assay. Ultracentrifugal techniques are used in an attempt to study
size distributions of Aroclor® 1254 aggregates in aqueous emul-
sions. Results indicate strong adsorption from emulsion by sur-
faces and a water-solubility at 20°C of less than 0.1 yg/1 in
distilled water and approximately 40$ of that value in water con-
taining 30 yg/1 NaCl. Implications with regard to aqueous bioassay
are examined.
23
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1973
63. Bourquin, Al W. 1973. IMPACT OF MICROBIAL SEED CULTURES ON THE AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT. In: Proceedings of the First Microbiology Seminar on
Standardization of Methods. U.S. EPA Forms and Publications Center, Raleigh,
NC. EPA Environmental Monitoring Series, EPA-R4-73-022. pp. 140-142.
This paper focuses on studies related to the use of microbial
seed cultures as microbiological pesticides. Need for further
investigation of the impact of these pesticides on the aquatic
environment is emphasized.
64. Butler, Philip A. 1973. BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN ESTUARINE MONITORING. In:
Proceedings of Seminar on Methodology for Monitoring the Marine Environment,
Seattle, Washington, 1973. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington,
DC, EPA-eOO/l^-OOl. PP. 126-128.
A surveillance program to assess the extent of persistent organo-
chlorine pollution in the physical environment and in biota is
discussed. Studies conducted in the National Estuarine Monitoring
Program show that the uptake and retention of persistent residues
in the marine environment can vary unpredictably with the environ-
mental element sampled. Need for the careful design of surveil-
lance or monitoring systems to provide answers to specific objec-
tives is emphasized.
65. Wilson, Alfred J., Jr., and Jerrold Forester. 1973. METHODS AND PROBLEMS IN
ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDES IN THE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT. In: Proceedings of
Seminar on Methodology for Monitoring the Marine Environment. U.S. EPA,
Washington, D.C., EPA Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/4-7U-004. pp.
108-123.
Research by the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,
on effects of pesticides in the marine environment is reviewed
from 1958 to publication date. Analytical methods employed
under the National Pesticide Monitoring Program are defined.
The need for adequate analytical quality control in marine
monitoring is discussed.
24
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Journal Articles
Articles listed below have been published in scientific journals. The
research described has been performed by staff of the Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze (ERL, GB) and its Bears Bluff Field Station or by
researchers aided by EPA grants or contracts administered by ERL, GB. Limited
copies are available for most articles identified as a reprint through the
ERL, GB Library. Other publications can be found in journals or collections
maintained by college and university libraries.
1978
66. Bourquin, A.W., P.M. Pritchard, and W.R. Mahaffey. 1978. EFFECTS OF KEPONE
ON ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS. Dev. Ind. Microbiol., Vol. 19, pp. 489-497.
(ERL, GB Reprirr; #345).
Low concentrations of the insecticide Kepone, approaching those
found in contaminated James River sediment, are shown to be inhi-
bitory to "he growth and oxygen uptake of microorganisms randomly
selected from estuarlne environments. No significant correlations
are noted between growth inhibition by Kepone and cell morphology,
Aliphatic hydro-carbon utilization, pesticide tolerance, selected
enzyme activities, nitrate reduction, and urea hydrolysis. Oxygen
uptake by pure cultures grown on glucose or hydrocarbons at cell
densities equivalent to 1C)3 - 101* cells/ml is shown to decrease
by 60 to 100$ at Kepone concentrations of 0.02 to 2.0 mg/1. Total
viable counts from estuarine water or sediments grown aerobically
on agar media containing 0.02 mg/1 are reduced by 8 to 78%. In
this study, the inhibitory effect is eliminated partially when
sediment populations are grown anaerobically.
67. Butler, Philip A., Charles D. Kennedy, and Roy L. Schutzmann. 1978.
Pesticide Residues in Estuarine Mollusks, 1977 versus 1972—National Pesticide
Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monit. J. 12(3):99-101.
This report summarizes 1524 analyses of juvenile fish collected
semiannually in 144 estuaries nationwide from July 1972 through
June 1976. Pooled samples of 25 whole fish were screened for
20 common pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's).
25
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The three most common residues, DDT, PCB's, and dieldrin, were
found in 39, 22, and 5% of the samples, respectively. Data
indicate that estuarine pollution levels continue to decline.
68. Caldwell, R.S., D.A. Armstrong, D.V. Buchanan, M.H. Mallon, and R.E.
Millemann. 1978. TOXICITY OF THE FUNGICIDE CAPTAN TO THE DUNGENESS CRAB
CANCER MAGISTER. Mar. Biol. 48(1) :11-18.
Captan did not affect the survival of Dungeness crab (Cancer
magister Dana) zoeae exposed to 30 yg 1~^ during a chronic
toxicity test lasting 69 days, but larvae were quickly killed
(mean survival time = 9 days) in the same test by exposure to
450 pg I'l of the fungicide. Delay of molting occurred for
later stages at 30 yg 1~1. Survival of juvenile crabs was not
reduced by exposure to captan for 36 days at 510 yg 1~^ or, in a
second test, for 80 days at 290 yg 1~1. No deaths of adults
exposed for 75 days to 340 yg 1~1 of captan were observed.
Captan appeared to accelerate hatching of eggs at all concentra-
tions tested from 100 to 10,000yg 1~1 . The development from
prezoeae during a 24-hr period was not inhibited by the fungicide,
but at 3,300 and 10,000 ug 1~1, the two highest concentrations
tested, developing zoeae exhibited a morphological deformity and
were largely inactive. Under conditions in the toxicity tests,
the half-life of captan was estimated to be from 23 to 54 hr.
Because of the relatively low toxicity of captan to crab stages
and its high rate of degradation in seawater, it is suggested
that the agricultural application of captan near marine waters
is not likely to affect natural crab populations or crabs in
laboratory culture. Furthermore, the prophylactic use of captan
as a fungicidal treatment for Lagenidium sp. in larval crab
cultures is considered safe when used at recommended dosages.
69. Cooley, Nelson R. 1978. AN INVENTORY OF THE ESTUARINE FAUNA IN THE VICINITY
OF PENSACOLA, FLORIDA. Florida Dept. of Natural Resources, St. Petersburg,
FL, Florida Marine Research Publication No. 31. 119 p. (ERL, GB Contribution
#102).
This first inventory of the fauna of the Pensacola Estuary,
Florida, records 654 species of benthic and pelagic animals
obtained by systematic collecting from 1961 through 1963 and by
casual collecting in other years. Sampling dates approximate
times of annual extremes and midpoints of the spring rise and
autumnal decline in water temperature. Biological sampling
at 6 stations located along the salinity gradient was corre-
lated with seasonal studies of hourly variation in salinity
and water temperature during a single maximum amplitude tidal
cycle recorded simultaneously at all stations. Data for each
species include salinity of sampling station, habitat and season
in which collected, and relative abundance.
26
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Predominate animals collected were mollusks (181 species), anne-
lids (91 species, chiefly polychaetes), arthropods (91 species,
chiefly crustaceans), and bony fishes (180 species). Spawning
of a turbellarian, 7 species of mollusks, and 25 species of
crustaceans and breeding of horseshoe crabs are reported, but
limited data do not define the duration of any of their spawning
or breeding seasons. Season, duration, and intensity of setting
of larvae of oysters, barnacles, bryozoans, and serpulid worms
in Santa Rosa Sound during 1962-63 and in Little Sabine Bay
during 1960-63 are also reported,
70. Couch, John A. 1978. DISEASES, PARASITES, AND TOXIC RESPONSES OF COMMERCIAL
PENAEID SHRIMPS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO AND SOUTH ATLANTIC COASTS OF NORTH
AMERICA. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish Serv. Fish. Bull. 76(1):1-41. (ERL, GB
Reprint #283) .
A reference work and review of both infectious and noninfectious
diseases of commercial penaeid shrimps of the Gulf and South
Atlantic region of the United States are presented. Disease is
second only to predation and periodic physical catastrophes in
limiting numbers of penaeid shrimps in nature and second only to
nutritional and reproductive requirements in limiting aquacul-
tural successes with penaeid shrimps.
Noninfectious disease agents in penaeid shrimps are chemical
pollutants, heavy metals, and environmental stresses. Organo-
chlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate pesticides all have
adverse effects in penaeids. Fractions of petroleum, particu-
larly the napthalenes, are very toxic to shrimp. Little other
work has been done on the effects of petroleum on penaeid shrimps.
Cadmium causes black gills in shrimp by killing gill cells.
Mercury is accumulated by penaeids and may interfere with their
osmoregulatory abilities. Many chemotheropeutic chemicals used
routinely in treatment of fish diseases are toxic to shrimp at
certain determined concentrations.
Spontaneous pathoses found are a benign tumor, muscle necrosis,
and gas bubble disease. "Shell disease" is discussed from points
of view of possible causes. A syndrome of "broken backs" is
reported in penaeid shrimps for the first time. An overview is
presented for general needs in penaeid shrimp health research.
71. Cripe, C.R., and B. Stokes. 1978. DEVICE TO DETECT POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS
ELECTRICAL CURRENTS IN SALTWATER HOLDING TANKS. Prog. Fish-Cult.
MO(2):7U-75. (ERL, GB Reprint #335).
Use of 60-Hz, 120-V alternating current in a laboratory with
saltwater holding tanks presents a possible hazard to personnel.
An apparatus described in this paper is designed to detect a
voltage differential between a container of saltwater and a
ground. It activates an alarm and turns off the current to a
27
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heating element relay; the voltage remains off, and the alarm
continues until a reset button is pressed.
72. Farr, James A. 1978. THE EFFECT OF METHYL PARATHION ON PREDATOR CHOICE OF
TWO ESTUARINE PREY SPECIES. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107(0:87-91.
Fundulus grandig , the gulf killifish, was provided a prey choice
of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio , and juvenile sheepshead
minnows, Cvprinodon variegatus. Fundulus grandis consumed a
greater proportion of grass shrimp when both prey species were
exposed to the pesticide methyl parathion than when prey were not
exposed. The relative number of shrimp eaten increased with the
concentration of methyl parathion. Such an effect in an estuary
could result in altered species composition and species diversity.
73. Farr, James A. 1978. ORIENTATION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN THE SUPRALITTORAL
ISOPOD HfilA JLXQII£A (CRUSTACEA: ONISCOIDEA) . Bull. Mar. Sci. 28(4) :659-666 .
Lieia exotica is aggregative, tending to seek out conspecifics.
It is hypothesized that Lieia must seek new shelters repeatedly
with changing tides because of their restricted water requirements,
and that attraction to conspecifics already in a suitable habitat
is an additional orientational mechanism to those external environ-
mental factors influencing microhabitat selection. Experiments on
object orientation demonstrated a strong tendency to move toward
contrasting landmarks, the result being occupation of rocky areas
on the shoreline. Brief descriptions of sexual and agonistic be-
havior are included.
74. Helz, George R., and Rong Y. Hsu.
COASTAL WATERS. Limnol. Oceanogr.
1978. VOLATILE CHLORO- AND BROMOCARBONS IN
23(5) :858-869 .
Contaminated coastal waters can contain nanomolar levels of C^
and Cj halocarbons originating through in situ synthesis from
chlorine and through waste discharge. Haloforms are the major
volatile products formed from chlorine. In freshwaters, CHClg
dominates with lesser amounts of CHBr^ and the mixed Cl-Br halo-
forms; however, above about 5 g-kg"^ salinity, CHBr3 is vir-
tually the only product when typical chlorine doses (10-100 MM)
are used. On a molar basis, >H% conversion of chlorine to halo-
forms was observed in some experiments. Samples from the Back
Biver estuary (Maryland) , which receives effluent from a very
large urban wastewater treatment plant, contained CH2C12, CHClj,
CC14 CClj = CHC1, and CC12 = CC12 at concentrations exceeding
1 nM. Even when winter ice cover minimized loss by volatilization,
downstream mixing was nonconservative, suggesting that chemical
or biological degradation processes occur. Under normal circum-
stances, however, volatilization followed by chemical degradation
in the atmosphere is probably the most important loss mechanism.
Data on possible biologic effects of these compounds are criti-
cally needed.
28
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75. Laughlin, Roger A., Claude R. Gripe, and Robert J. Livingston. 1978. FIELD
AND LABORATORY AVOIDANCE REACTIONS BY BLUE CRABS (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS) TO
STORM WATER RUNOFF. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107(1):78-86 .
A combined field and laboratory study was conducted to determine
the avoidance reactions of blue crabs (£allinectes sapidus) to
highly colored, acidic runoff from clear-cut timber areas above
a productive north Florida estuary.
Blue crabs of two age groups showed marked laboratory avoidance
of runoff (pH 4.6, 5.8) and of test water with experimentally
reduced pK, Within the pH range 4.5-7.0, there was an inverse
relationship between pH and avoidance. Water color appeared to
play a minor role in the avoidance reactions.
Field data gave divergent results. Small crabs were abundant in
areas characterized by pH levels strongly avoided under laboratory
conditions. Large crabs, however, were conspicuously absent from
such areas in the field, indicating possible avoidance. Factors
other than pH were thought to be functional in the field distribu-
tion of the crabs. This study indicates that laboratory experi-
ments without associated field studies may cause misleading re-
sults if applied to a determination of impact criteria.
76. Middaugh, Douglas P., and Genie Floyd. 1978. THE EFFECT OF PREHATCH AND
POSTHATCH EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM ON SALINITY TOLERANCE OF LARVAL GRASS SHRIMP,
PALAEMONETES PUGIO. Estuaries, 1(2):123-125. (ERL, GB Reprint #260).
Groups of embryonic grass shrimp, Palaemonetes ougio, were exposed
to 0.1 and 0.3 mg/1 cadmium at 30 °/oo salinity and 25°C for the
last 1, 4, or 8 days prior to hatching. Other groups of embryos
were cultured in uncontaminated seawater.
Prehatch exposure to cadmium is shown to have no additive effect
on the sensitivity of the larvae to cadmium exposure and salinity
stress for 14 days after hatching. Only one group of larvae,
exposed to 0.1 mg/1 cadmium for 4 days before hatching and trans-
ferred to 10°/oo salinity water containing 0.1 mg/1 cadmium after
hatching, showed a significant (X^; p < 0.05) decrease in sur-
vival, compared to control survival. No significant decreases
in survival are reported for any larvae transferred to 15 and
30 °/oo salinity at a pre- and posthatch cadium concentration of
0.1 mg/1.
At a pre- and posthatch cadmium concentration of 0.3 mg/1, sig-
nificant decreases in survival were observed for all of the
larvae transferred to 10 and 15 °/oo salinity after hatching.
Significant decreases in survival were observed for only 2 of
the groups exposed before hatching and transferred to 30 °/oo
salinity and 0.3 mg/1 cadmium after hatching.
29
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77. Middaugh, D.P., J.M. Dean, R.G. Domey, and G. Floyd. 1978. EFFECT OF THERMAL
STRESS AND TOTAL RESIDUAL CHLORINATION ON EARLY LIFE STAGES OF THE MUMMICHOG
FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS. Mar. Biol. 46(1):1-8. (ERL-GB Reprint #308).
Effects of simultaneous short-term (7.5 to 60 min) thermal stress
(24° to 34°C) and total residual chlorination (0.05 to 1.0 mg 1~1)
on specific development stages of the mummichog Fjaa4uJ.ujj
heteroclitus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) are investigated. For
the embryonic stages, the total number of successfully hatched
larvae was used as the criterion to measure effect. For the
larval stages, survival 24 hr after exposure was used. In the
embryonic stages, temperature was the most important main vari-
able. Only one embryonic stage (gastrula) was confounded by
second-order interactions (temperature x duration of exposure x
total residual chlorination). Both 0-day and 7-day-old larval
stages showed significant higher-order interactions for all com-
binations of test parameters, suggesting the presence of syner-
gistic effects of the three main experimental variables.
78. Nimmo, D.R., R.A. Rigby, L.H. Banner, and J.M. Sheppard. 1978. THE ACUTE AND
CHRONIC EFFECTS OF CADMIUM ON THE ESTUARINE MYSID, MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19(1):80-85. (ERL, GB Reprint #287).
Mysids, small -shrimp-like Crustacea, are used as practical/bioassay
animals for investigating the effects of cadmium in seawater. In
laboratory tests, the mysid (Mysidopsis bahia) was more sensitive
to cadmium than other crustaceans tested. LC50 values were
15.5 yg/1 within 96 hr and 11.3 yg/1 during a 17-day life cycle;
LC50's for other selected crustaceans were between 120 and 720
pg/1. Results of life-cycle bioassays with mysids can aid in
establishing water quality criteria for marine and estuarine
organisms.
79. Reish, Donald J.t Thomas J. Kauwling, Alan J. Mearns, Philip S. Oshida, Steven
S. Rossi, Frank G. Wilkes, and Marjorie J. Ray. 1978. MARINE AND ESTUARINE
POLLUTION. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 50(6): 1424-1469 .
This literature review summarizes current data on the effects of
pesticides on marine organisms, aquatic environmental research
methods, bioaccumulation of pesticides by estuarine and marine
organisms, and biota residue. Results of studies of the environ-
mental effects of dredging and the occurrence of diseases and
tissue abnormalities in fish, shellfish, and marine plants also
are reported.
80. Tagatz, Marlin E., and Michael Tobia.
DEVELOPMENT OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES.
407. (ERL, GB Reprint #340).
1978. EFFECT OF BARITE (BaSO^) ON
Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci. 7(4):401-
30
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Barite (BaSOjj), the primary component of oil drilling muds,
affected the composition of estuarine communities developed
from planktonic larvae in aquaria containing sand and flowing
estuarine water. Aquaria contained: sand only; a mixture (by
volume) of 1 part barite and 10 parts sand; 1 part barite and 3
parts sand; or sand covered by 0.5 cm of barite. For all en-
vironments, annelids and mollusks were the numerically dominant
phyla collected in a 1-mm-mesh sieve after 10 weeks exposure; a
total of 3020 animals, representing 59 species, was collected.
Significantly fewer animals and species (a = 0.01) developed in
aquaria sand covered by barite than in aquaria unexposed or
exposed to 1 barite:10 sand. Number of animals in aquaria con-
taining 1 barite:3 sand also differed (ct = 0.05) from that in
control aquaria. Annelids were particularly affected and signif-
icantly fewer (a = 0.01) were found in all treatments than in the
control. Mollusks decreased markedly in number only in barite-
covered aquaria. Barite, however, did not impede growth (as
height) of the abundant clam, Laevicardium mortonir or decrease
abundance of six other phyla. Our data indicate that large
quantities of this compound, as discharged in offshore oil
drilling, possibly could adversely affect the colonization of
benthic animals.
81. Tagatz, M.E., J.M. Ivey, H.K. Lehman, and J.L. Oglesby. 1978. EFFECTS OF A
LIGNOSULFONATE-TYPE DRILLING MUD ON DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ESTUARINE
MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES. Northeast Gulf Science 2(1):35-42. (ERL, C2
Reprint #370).
Drilling mud, as used in exploratory drilling for oil offshore,
affected the composition of estuarine communities that developed
from planktonic larvae in aquaria containing sand and flowing
estuarine water. Aquaria contained: sand only; a mixture (by
volume) of 1 part mud and 10 parts sand; 1 part mud and 5 parts
sand; or sand covered by 0.2 cm mud. For all environments,
annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and coelenterates were the nu-
merically dominant phyla collected in a 1-rara mesh sieve after
eight weeks exposure; a total of 1,025 animals, representing 45
species, was collected. Annelids and coelenterates were signifi-
cantly fewer (K = 0.05) in aquaria containing drilling mud than
in the control aquaria. Arthropods were significantly affected
only by mud cover over sand; mollusks also were diminished in
this environment, but not significantly. Exposure to concen-
trations of drilling mud reduced not only the number of individ-
uals, but also the frequency of occurrence of macrobenthic
species. Thus, the average number of annelid species in 1 part
mud:5 parts sand aquaria or in mud-covered aquaria was signifi-
cantly less than in control aquaria. The average number of
arthropod species per aquarium was also significantly less in
the mud-cover exposure than in the control. Discharge of large
quantities of drilling mud at levels tested in the laboratory
31
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-------
could adversely affect the colonization of various substrata by
benthic animals in nature.
82. Walsh, G.E. 1978. TOXIC EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON PLANKTON. In: Principles
of Ecotoxicology, G.E. Butler, editor. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. pp.
257-27**. (ERL, GB Reprint #341).
Pollution is considered as it affects plankton communities and
species. Plankton (Gr. 'wandering') is a general term for orga-
nisms that drift or swim feebly in the surface water of ponds,
lakes, streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans. It is composed
of organisms with chlorophyll (phytoplankton) and animals (zoo-
plankton) . A large scientific literature deals with the effects
of pollutants on planktonic species of fresh and marine waters;
less has been reported about effects of pollution on plankton
communities. Mathematical models can be used to predict such
effects; a few simple models are cited to suggest possible
effects of selected pollutants.
83. Wilson, Alfred J., and Jerrold Forester. 1978. PERSISTENCE OF AROCLOR 1254
IN A CONTAMINATED ESTUARY. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19(5):637-640.
(ERL, GB Reprint #339).
This brief report summarizes the concentrations of PCB's in oyster
tissue (Crassostrea virginica) observed from April 1969 to June
1976 at three locations in the Escambia Bay estuary, following
elimination of an accidental leak of Aroclor®11254 from an indus-
trial site. Data show that PCB's in oyster tissue decreased after
the leak was eliminated, and a steady-state concentration was
reached. No Aroclor 1254 was detectable in water at stations
sampled, but sediments were found to contain relatively low
amounts (>0.31 ppm) in 1970 and 1971. The study demonstrates
the persistence of PCB's long after point-source discharges are
eliminated.
1977
84. Alexander, Shelley, and Keitz Haburay. 1977. FIRST RECORD OF QPHIQPHRAGMUS
MQOREI (ECHINODERMATAf OPHIURQIDEA) IN FLORIDA COASTAL WATERS. Florida
Scientist 40(3):254-255.
First sighting of the amphiurid brittle star Ophiophragmus m_o_prei
is reported in shallow coastal Gulf waters off Santa Rosa Island,
approximately 2.6 km west of Pensacola Beach, FL. The known range
of this species is extended 75 km eastward.
32
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85. Bahner, Lowell H., Alfred J. Wilson, Jr., James M. Sheppard, James M. Patrick,
Jr., Larry R. Goodman, and Gerald E. Walsh. 1977. KEPONE® BIOCONCENTRATION,
ACCUMULATION, LCSS, AND TRANSFER THROUGH ESTUARINE FOOD CHAINS.
Sci. 18(3):299-308. (ERL, GB Reprint #294).
Chesapeake
Accumulation, transfer, and loss of Kepone in estuarine organisms
are studied in laboratory bioassays. Results show that Kepone is
bioconcentrated by oysters (Crassostrea virginica), mysids
(Mysidopsis bahia), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), sheepshead
minnows (Cyprinodon varieeatus), and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus)
from concentrations as low as 0.023 pg/1 seawater. Bioconcentra-
tion factors ranged from 10 to 340 in static exposures and 900 to
13,500 in flow-through bioassays, depending on species and expo-
sure duration. Depuration of Kepone from oysters in Kepone-free
water was rapid (35% loss in 24 hr); however, depuration of Kepone
was slow in crustaceans and fish, with tissue concentrations de-
creasing 30-50$ in 24-28 days. Bioaccumulation factors
(concentration of Kepone in predator/concentration in prey) at
30 days were equal (0.85 spot/mysid; 0.53 mysid/brine shrimp) in
high and low concentrations tested. The initial bioconcentration
of Kepone from water by plankton was the dominant source of
Kepone to each member of this food chain, but data indicate
that significant (>85$) quantities of Kepone transfer from prey
to predatory fish.
86. Block, Ronald M., George R. Helz, and William P. Davis. 1977. THE FATE AND
EFFECTS OF CHLORINE IN COASTAL WATERS: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
Chesapeake Sci. 18(0:97-101. (ERL, GB Reprint #344).
Objectives of The Chlorination Workshop held March 15-18, 1976,
at the Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies of the
University of Maryland are summarized. Research needs regarding
the chemistry and the biological impact of chlorine in coastal
waters are identified. The workshop, supported by funds from
EPA and the Maryland Power Plant Siting Program, is described
as an extension of the Conference on Environmental Impact of
Water Chlorination sponsored by EPA, the Energy, Research, and
Development Administration (ERDA), and the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory on October 22-24, 1975.
87. Bourquin, A.W. 1977. DEGRADATION OF MALATHION BY SALT-MARSH MICROORGANISMS.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33(2) : 356-362. (ERL, GB Reprint #291).
Numerous bacteria from a salt-marsh environment are capable of
degrading malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, when
supplied with additional nutrients as energy and carbon sources.
Seven isolates exhibit ability (48-90$) to degrade malathion as
a sole carbon source. Gas and thin-layer chromatography and
infrared spectroscopy confirm malathion to be degraded via
malathion-aionocarboxylic acid to the dicarboxylic acid and then
to various phosphorothionates. These techniques also identify
33
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desmethyl-malathion, phosphorothionates, and four-carbon dicar-
boxylic acids as degradation products formed as a result of
phosphatase activity.
88. Bourquin, Al W. 1977. EFFECTS OF MALATHION ON MICROORGANISMS OF AN
ARTIFICIAL SALT-MARSH ENVIRONMENT. J. Environ. Qual. 6(4):373-378, (ERL, GB
Reprint #312).
Laboratory salt-marsh environments are treated with malathion,
an organophosphate insecticide, and aerobic heterotrophic bacteria
are monitored to determine changes in their microbial ecology.
Several physiological activities are assayed in both treated and
untreated controls, but no reliable trends in numbers of micro-
organisms are detected. Conversely, populations of malathion
sole-carbon-degrading bacteria are found to increase signifi-
cantly with increasing treatment levels. Malathion cometabo-
lizing bacteria is found to increase significantly in the water
column with increasing treatment levels and frequency of treat-
ment.
89. Bourquin, A.W., and V.A. Przybszewski. 1977. DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIA WITH
NITRILOTRIACETATE-DEGRADING POTENTIAL IN AN ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 32(4):411-418. (ERL, GB Reprint #323).
Attempts to isolate estuarine bacteria capable of raetabolzing
nitrilotriacetate (NTA) as a sole carbon source from areas within
Escarabia Bay, FL, were unsuccessful; however, bacteria from
freshwater streams and from estuarine surface microlayers were
easily adapted to degradation of NTA in freshwater medium. A
Pseudomonas sp. strain (ATCC 29600), capable of growth on NTA as
a sole carbon source, metabolized NTA at a reduced rate in a
saline medium (15 °/oo), compared with a freshwater medium
(0 to 15°/oo). Microorganisms capable of degrading NTA exist
in estuarine surface microlayers and in fresh subsurface waters
just before entering the estuary; these data indicate an inter-
ference with NTA catabolism by some unknown factors of the
estuarine environment rather than an absence of potential NTA-
degrading bacteria.
90. Bourquin, A.W., M.A. Hood, and Richard L. Garnas. 1977. AN ARTIFICIAL
MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM FOR DETERMINING EFFECTS AND FATE OF TOXICANTS IN A
SALT-MARSH ENVIRONMENT. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 18:185-191. (ERL, GB Reprint
#309).
An artificial laboratory environment designed to determine
microbial interactions with pollutant chemicals is proposed.
The system is designed to obtain maximum reproducibility
between replicates by dividing a single tank into separate
closed chambers. Radiolabeled toxicants are added directly
to the core-chambers and monitored for metabolic breakdown.
34
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Further information is obtained easily on changes in microbial,
physiological indexes induced by the toxicants. Techniques
for monitoring effects of the methyl parathion on the microbial
population and the fate of this chemical are given.
91. Carpenter, James H. 1977. PROBLEMS IN MEASURING RESIDUALS IN CHLORINATED
SEAWATER. Chesapeake Sci. 18(1):112.
The widely used procedure of measuring the iodine produced by
reacting millimolar KI at pH4 with "residual oxidants" was
found to underestimate the total oxidants in chlorinated sea-
water by up to 50$. Approximately 4 hr are required for
complete reaction of the KI with the oxidants and rapid titra-
tions are in serious error. The total oxidants can be measured
by making the samples pH2 and KI 20 millimolar.
The slow reacting species could be some form of bromine. Ultra-
violet spectra do not show any chlorine species in chlorinated
seawater, but rather show the hypobromite peak. The spectra
give no indication of bromine chloride complexes at pH8. Polaro-
graphic measurements do not show significant concentrations of
bromate, unless the samples are exposed to sunlight. Oxyanions
or chloride complexes of bromine do not appear to be the slow
reacting "residual oxidant."
92. Carpenter, J.H., C.A. Moore, and D.J. Macalady. 1977. ERRORS IN
DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL OXIDANTS IN CHLORINATED SEAWATER. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 11(10):992-994.
The iodometric titration procedure for residual chlorine under-
estimates the true values for residual oxidants in seawater by
threefold or more. Chlorine added to seawater causes oxidation
of the natural bromide ion. The erroneous results appear to be
due to partial oxidation of iodide ion to iodate ion by bromine
and hypobromous acid. Modifications of the procedure by increasing
the acidity and KI concentration or the use of a back titration
procedure eliminate the spuriously low results that have been
false indications of a large and rapid chlorine demand in
unpolluted seawater.
91. Couch, John A. 1977. ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF LESIONS IN GILLS OF A MARINE
SHRIMP EXPOSED TO CADMIUM. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 29:267-288. (ERL, GB
Reprint #298).
Pathologic black gills of pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum, exposed
to 763 j.ig/1 of cadmium chloride for 15 days, are studied with trans-
mission electron microscopy and compared with normal gills of con-
trol pink shrimp. Local as well as extensive area of cell death
and necrosis were found in the distal gill filaments of black gills
from cadmium-exposed shrimp. It is proposed that necrosis of
specialized epithelial cells and septum cells in black gill fila-
35
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94.
merits and contintiguous nonblack gill tissue could cause osmoregula-
tory, detoxifying, and respiratory dysfunction in Crustacea,
particularly in individuals undergoing environmental stress such
as salinity fluctuation.
Couch, John A., and Lee Courtney. 1977. INTERACTION OF CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS
AND VIRUS IN A CRUSTACEAN: A NOVEL BIOASSAY SYSTEM. Annu. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
298:497-504. (ERL, GB Reprint #300).
Pathogen-host interactions are investigated with a simple "host-
pathogen-interaction" system. Tentative criteria of interaction
are: increase in viral prevalence, increase in infection intensity,
increase in mortality, and enhanced cyptopathic effects in exposed-
infected shrimp as compared to control-infected shrimp. A large
group of shrimp (23.3$ of which had light patent Baculovirus
infections) was divided equally into two groups. One group was
exposed to the chemical stressor Aroclor 1254 at 0.7 parts per
billion (ppb) for 35 days in flowing seawater. The other group
was maintained as control in flowing seawater. Viral prevalence
in exposed shrimp samples increased with time at a significantly
greater rate than in control shrimp. Viral prevalence in Aroclor-
exposed shrimp survivors was 75$ after 35 days, whereas only
45.7$ of control shrimp had patent viral infections. This finding
suggests an interaction among the chemical stressor (Aroclor
1254), host, and virus. Nature or mechanism of the interaction
has not been defined, but the shrimp-virus system shows promise for
future bioassays to determine influence of low concentrations of
pollutants on natural pathogen-host interactions.
95.
Couch, John A., James T. Winstead, and Larry R. Goodman. 1977.
KEPONE-INDUCED SCOLIOSIS AND ITS HISTOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN FISH.
197:585-587. (ERL, GB Reprint #327).
Science
96.
Scoliosis in fish is caused by several diverse agents that
possibly act on the central nervous system, neuromuscular func-
tions, or ionic metabolism. The organochlorine pesticide Kepone
induces scoliosis in the sheepshead minnow. Some effects associ-
ated with Kepone-induced scoliosis in these fish are disruption
of myotomal patterns, inter- and intramuscular hemorrhage, frac-
tured centra of vertebrae, and death. The histological syndrome
of Kepone poisoning in fish and the clinical syndrome in humans
suggest that the nervous system is a primary target for Kepone
and that scoliosis is a secondary effect of Kepone poisoning in
fish.
Cripe, Claude R., and R.J. Livingston. 1977. DYNAMICS OF MIREX AND ITS
PRINCIPAL PHOTOPRODUCTS IN A SIMULATED MARSH SYSTEM. Arch. Environ. Contam.
5:295-303.
Three simulated marsh systems containing sediment, marsh plants,
oysters, blue crabs, fiddler crabs, and two species of top
36
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minnows are described. Seawater enters each of the pools by
flowing across a trough; two troughs contain mirex bait. Tidal
fluctuations are simulated. Samples of water, bait, and animals
are periodically analyzed. Results show that all animals concen-
trated rairex. Three photoproducts accumulated on the bait parti-
cles, and both oysters and one species of fish accumulated one of
the photoproducts.
97. Farr, James A. 1977. IMPAIRMENT OF ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR IN PALAEMONETES
PUGIQ BY EXPOSURE TO SUBLETHAL DOSES OF PARATHION, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
106(3) :287-290. (ERL, GB Reprint #306).
Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugj,o, when exposed to sublethal con-
centrations of methyl or ethyl parathion, become more susceptible
to predation by gulf killifish, Fundulus grandjs. An increase
in spontaneous activity renders them more easily detected by a
predator, and they fatigue more quickly when being pursued. Such
changes in a multi-prey community could result in altered predator
preferences and subsequently could change community structure and
trophic relationships.
S8. Goodman, Larry R. 1977. OCCURRENCE OF ESOX NIGER IN SANTA ROSA SOUND,
FLORIDA. Florida Scientist 40(4):392. (ERL, GB Reprint #282).
This note is the first report of £.. niger collected from the
normally saline portion of the lower Pensacola estuary. A 109-mra
standard length chain pickerel was seined on 7 August 1975 from
Santa Rosa Sound, in Santa Rosa County, Florida, from Thalassia
beds about 300 m W of the N end of State Highway 399 bridge. The
specimen is in the Environmental Research Laboratory Museum as
catalog No.. GBERL-1914.
99. Hansen, David J,,, Larry R. Goodman, and Alfred J. Wilson, Jr. 1977. KEPON^E):
CHRONIC EFFECTS ON EMBRYOS, FRY, JUVENILE, AND ADULT SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS
(CYPRINQDQN VARIEGATUS). Chesapeake Sci. 18(2) :227-232. (ERL, GB Reprint
#295).
Toxicity of Kepone to, and uptake by embryo, fry, juvenile, and
adult sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon variegatus) are investigated
in intermittent-flow toxicity tests. Concentrations of Kepone and
percentage of adult fish surviving in a 28-day exposure were:
Control, 95*; 0.05 pg/1, 95$; 0.16 ug/l, 100*; 0.80 yg/1, 78$;
1.9 yg/1, 20$; and 7.8 pg/1 and 24 yg/1, 0$. Concentration fac-
tors (concentrations in fish divided by concentrations measured in
water) for adult fish averaged 5,200 (range 3,100 to 7,000).
Symptoms of poisoning included scoliosis, darkening of the pos-
terior one-third of the body, hemorrhaging near the brain and
on the body, edema, fin-rot, uncoordinated swimming, and cessa-
tion of feeding. Adults surviving the first exposure were
spawned, and the embryonic development, hatching, and survival
and growth of fry and juveniles were monitored in a 36-day
37
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exposure to Kepone concentrations of 0.08, 0.18, 0.72, 2.0, 6.6,
and 33 yg/1. A significant number of embryos from adult fish
exposed to 1.9 yg of Kepone/1 of water developed abnormally and
died even when incubated in Kepone-free water. Kepone in water
was not as lethal to progeny as to adults: 36-day LC50 for juve-
niles was 6.7 yg/1; 28-day LC50 for adults, 1.3 yg/1. However,
the average standard length of juvenile fish was significantly
reduced by exposure to 0.08 yg of Kepone/1 of water; some fish
developed scoliosis. Concentration factors in juvenile sheeps-
head minnows averaged 7,200 and increased from 3,600 to 20,000
as exposure concentrations decreased.
100. Hansen, David J., Steven C. Schimmel, and Jerrold Forester. 1977. ENDRIN:
EFFECTS ON THE ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE OF A SALTWATER FISH, CYPRINODQN VARIEGATUS.
J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 3:721-733- (ERL, GB Reprint #333).
The sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) was continuously
exposed for 23 wk to the organochlorine insecticide endrin, from
the embryonic stage through hatching until adulthood and spawning.
The resultant progeny were monitored to determine the effects of
the toxicant on their survival, growth, and reproduction. Aver-
age measured exposure concentrations were 0 (control), 0.027,
0.077, 0.12, 0.31, and 0.72 ug/1. Embryos exposed to 0.31 and
0.72 yg/1 hatched early; all fry exposed to 0.72 yg/1 died by
day 9 of exposure. At 0.31 yg/l» frY were initially stunted
and some died. Survivors seemed unaffected until maturity,
when some females died during spawning; fewer eggs were fer-
tile and survival of exposed progeny decreased. No signifi-
cant effects were observed throughout this fish's life cycle
at an exposure concentration of 0.12 ug/1. Four-week-old juve-
nile fish accumulated 2,500 X the concentration of endrin
in the exposure water; adults, 6,400 X; and their eggs,
5,700 X. The specific application factor (calculated by
dividing the limits on the maximum acceptable toxicant concen-
tration, >0.12 and <0.31 yg/1, by the concentration lethal to
50$ of the juvenile fish in 96 hr, 0.3^ yg/D ranged from 0.35
to 0.91. To our knowledge this is the first toxicity test
carried out through the entire life cycle of an oviporous
estuarine fish. Data from this experiment, and from experi-
ments with another estuarine fish and four freshwater fish,
demonstrate that there is little difference between endrin
concentrations that produce acute effects and concentrations
that do not affect the fish in chronic exposures lasting *» or
more weeks.
101. Macalady, Donald L., James H. Carpenter, and Cynthia A. Moore. 1977.
SUNLIGHT-INDUCED BROMATE FORMATION IN CHLORINATED SEAWATER. Science
195:1335-1337.
Chlorinated waters are being introduced into estuarine and
coastal areas in increasing quantities. In such systems, the
38
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chlorine reacts with the natural bromide and ammonia to produce
the highly toxic hypobromous acid, hypobromite ion, and halo-
amines. Sunlight causes up to 50$ conversion to bromate ion,
which is persistent in natural waters and has an unknown toxicity.
1.02. Middaugh, Douglas P., and John M. Dean. 1977. COMPARATIVE SENSITIVITY OF
EGGS, LARVAE, AND ADULTS OF THE ESTUARINE TELEOSTS, FUNDULUS HETERQCLITUS AND
MENIDIA MENIDIA. TO CADMIUM. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 17(6) :645-652.
(ERL, GB Reprint #231).
The sensitivity of two common species of estuarine fish, the mummi-
chog, Fundulus heteroclitus. and the Atlantic silverside, Menidia
menidia, to cadmium is investigated at specific stages in their
life histories. Results of tests with developing Fundulus eggs
indicate that they are not very sensitive to cadmium toxicity during
the first 48 hr after fertilization. In tests at both 20 and
30 °/oo salinity, the maximum mortality (non-emergence) was 54$
for the highest exposure concentration of 32 mg/1 cadmium. A
similar resistance to cadmium was observed for developing Menidia
eggs. Mortality for eggs exposed to 32 mg/1 cadmium was 66$ at
20 °/oo salinity and 60$ at 30 °/oo salinity.
Control mortalities in excess of 10$ for each of the bioassays
with developing Fundulus and Menidia eggs prevented statis-
tical treatment (probit analysis) of test results. However, a
trend of decreasing mortality with decreased cadmium concentra-
tions is indicated in each of the bioassays.
103. Middaugh, Douglas P., John A. Couch, and Allan M. Crane. 1977. RESPONSES OF
EARLY LIFE HISTORY STAGES OF THE STRIPED BASS, MQRONE SAXATILIS, TO
CHLORINATION. Chesapeake Sci. 18(1):141-153- (ERL, GB Reprint #304).
The toxicity of total residual chlorination (TRC) to early life
stages of the striped bass, Morone saxatilis. was determined by
percent embryo hatchability, incipient LC50 bioassays, histo-
pathology, and avoidance responses.
Beginning 8 to 9 hr after fertilization, developing embryos
were exposed continuously to TRC in flowing water at 1.0-3.0
°/oo salinity and 18 ± 1°C; 56$ of the control group
(no TRC exposure) hatched. None of the embryos exposed to a
measured TRC concentration of 0.21 mg/1 hatched. Only 3.5$ of
the embryos exposed to 0.07 mg/1 TRC and 23$ of those exposed
to 0.01 rag/1 TRC hatched.
Incipient LC50 bioassays were used to determine the sensitivity
of 2-, 12- and 30-day-old striped bass to concentrations of TRC
in flowing water (1.0-3.0 °/oo salinity at 18 ± 1°C). The
estimated incipient LC50 was 0.04 mg/1 TRC for 2-day-old pro-
larvae, 0.07 mg/1 for 12-day-old larvae, and 0.04 mg/1 for 30-
day-old juveniles.
39
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Histological examination of 30-day-old juveniles that survived
exposure in the incipient LC50 bioassay indicated gill and
pseudobranch damage for fish exposed to 0.21 to 2.36 mg/1 TRC.
Statistical analysis of avoidance tests conducted at 1.0-3.0 °/oo
salinity and 18 ± 1°C with 24-day-old larvae showed significant
(X2, p < 0.05) and reproducible avoidance responses to measured
TRC concentrations of 0.79-0.82 mg/1 and 0.29-0.32 mg/1. No avoi-
dance was indicated at TRC concentrations of 0.16-0.18 mg/1.
104. Middaugh, D.P., A.M. Crane, and J.A. Couch. 1977. TOXICITY OF CHLORINE TO
JUVENILE SPOT, LEIQSTQMUS XANTHURUS. Water Res. 11:1089-1096. (ERL, GB
Reprint #364).
The sensitivity of juvenile spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, to TRC in
flowing seawater was investigated. Incipient LC50 bioassays,
histopathology, avoidance tests, and the combined effect of thermal
stress and TRC were used to assess sensitivity.
Estimated incipient LC50 values were 0.12 mg 1~1 TRC at 10°C
and 0.06 mg 1-1 TRC at 15°C. Histological examination of spot
used in the incipient LC50 bioassay at 15°C and sacrificed while
alive indicated pseudobranch and gill damage occurred in individ-
uals exposed to a measured TRC concentration of 1.57 mg 1~1. Spot
exposed to lower concentrations of TRC, 0.02-0.06 mg 1~1 at 15°
and sacrificed alive showed no consistent tissue damage.
Spot demonstrated temperature dependent avoidance responses to
TRC. At 10°C, a concentration of 0.18 mg 1~1 was required
for significant (X2; P < 0.05) avoidance; at 15° and 20°C, spot
showed significant avoidance of TRC concentrations as low as 0.05
mg I-1.
Simultaneous exposure of spot to thermal stress (5°, 10°, or
13°C above the acclimation temperature of 15°C) at measured
TRC concentrations of 0.05-0.07 and 0.31-0.52 mg 1~1 demonstrated
a significant, (X2 with Yates correction, P < 0.05) increase in
sensitivity to TRC with increased temperature and exposure times
for some of the groups tested.
105. Schimmel, Steven C. 1977. NOTES ON THE EMBRYONIC PERIOD OF THE PINFISH
LAGODON RHQMBQIDES (LINNAEUS). Florida Scientist 40(1):3-6. (ERL, GB Reprint
#281).
Adult pinfish, Laeodon rhomboides f were collected during September
and October, 1974 and 1975. Following a minimum one-week holding
period, females were initially injected with 200 IU human chorionic
gonadotropin and injected with 400 IU every second day thereafter
until mature ova (0.90-0.93 nun diameter) were produced. Ova were
artificially fertilized and the embryonic period (sensu Balon,
1975) described and illustrated. Emergence occurred 48 hr after
40
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fertilization at 18°C and eye pigmentation appeared 144 hr after
fertilization. Larval total length at emergence was 2.3 mm; at
96 hr post-emergence, 2.7 mm; and at 120 hr post-emergence, 2.5
mm. Decrease in length and death of larvae after 96 hr post-
emergence was probably due to malnutrition and subsequent infec-
tion.
106. Schimmel, Steven C., and Alfred J. Wilson, Jr. 1977. ACUTE TOXICITY OF
KSPONE©TO FOUR ESTUARINE ANIMALS. Chesapeake Sci. 18(2):224-227. (ERL, GB
Reprint #293).
Results of acute flow-through bioassays to determine the 96-hr
toxicity of the insecticide Kepone to four estuarine species native
to the James River estuary, Virginia, are reported. The species
and their 96-hr LC50 values are given: grass shrimp (Palaemonetes
BiigAG, 121 yg/1; blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), >210 yg/1;
sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon varieeatus)T 69.5 yg/1; and
spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) 6.6 yg/1. Surviving animals were
analyzed for Kepone. Average bioconcentration factors (the con-
centration of Kepone in tissues divided by the concentration of
Kepone measured in seawater) are determined in grass shrimp, 698;
blue crab, 8.1; sheepshead minnow, 1,548; and spot, 1,221.
107. Schimmel, Steven C., James M. Patrick, Jr., and Jerrold Forester. 1977.
UPTAKE AND TOXICITY OF TOXAPHENE IN SEVERAL ESTUARINE ORGANISMS. Arch.
Environ. Contcim. Toxicol. 5:353-367. (ERL, GB Repint #269).
The organochlorine insecticide, toxaphene, was tested in flow-
through bioassays to evaluate its toxicity to estuarine orga-
nisms. The organisms tested and their respective 96-hr LC50s
(based on measured concentrations) are: pink shrimp (Penaeus
duorarum), 1.4 yg/1; grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), 4.4
yg/1; sheepshead minnow (Cvprinodon variegatus), 1.1 ug/1; and
pinfish (Laeodon rhomboides)f 0.5 yg/1. Toxaphene concentra-
tion estimated to reduce shell deposition in American oysters
(Grassostrea virginica) by 50$ (EC50) was 16 yg/1. Concen-
tration factors (concentration of toxaphene in tissues divided
by concentration measured in water) for fishes and oysters
in 96 hr ranged from 3,100 to 20,600 and for shrimp, from
400 to 1 ,200.
Individuals from various ontogenetic stages of longnose killi-
fish (Fundulus similis) were exposed to toxaphene for 28 days in
flow-through bioasays. Toxaphene was toxic to embryos, fry, ju-
veniles, and adult fish, but fertilization of ova in static tests
was not affected by the concentrations tested (0.32 to 10 yg/1).
The 28-day measured LCSOs for all stages ranged from 0.9 to 1.4
yg/1. Toxaphene was accumulated in ova and other body tissues of
the longnose killifish; concentration factors in ova were 1,000
to 5,500, and in whole-body tissues, 4,200 to 60,000.
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108. Schimniel, Steven C., James M. Patrick, Jr., and Jerrold Forester. 1977.
TOXICITY AND BIOCONCENTRATION OF BHC AND LINDANE IN SELECTED ESTUARINE
ANIMALS. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 6(2/3):355-363. (ERL, GB Reprint
#288).
Flow-through, 96-hr bioassays were conducted to determine the
acute toxicity of technical BHC and lindane to several estuarine
animals. Test animals and their respective 96-hr lindane LC50
values were: mysid (Mvsidopsis bahia). 6.3 ug/1; pink shrimp
(Penaeus duorarum). 0.17 pg/1; grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio).
4.4 ug/1; sheepshead minnow (Cvprinodon variegatus), 104 ug/1;
and pinfish (Laaodon rhotnboides), 30.6 ug/1. The 96-hr LC50
values for pink shrimp and pinfish exposed to BHC were 0.34 and
86.4 ug/1, respectively. Two BHC bioconcentration studies were
conducted with the oyster, Crassostrea virginicaf and pinfish.
After 28 days exposure, oysters bioconcentrated an average of 215
X the BHC measured in exposure water, while pinfish bioconcentrated
130 X in their edible tissues and 617 X in offal. After one week
in BHC-free seawater, no detectable residues were measured in
oysters or pinfish.
109. Tagatz, Marlin E., Joel M. Ivey, James C. Moore, and Michael Tobia. 1977.
EFFECTS OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES. J.
Toxicol. Environ. Health 3:501-506. (ERL, GB Reprint #310).
Pentachlorophenol affected the composition of communities of
estuarine organisms developed in sand from planktonic larvae in
estuarine water that flowed through ten control aquaria and ten
aquaria per exposure concentration averaging 7, 76, or 622 ug/1.
Annelids, arthropods, and mollusks were the numerically dominant
phyla when animals were collected in a l-mm-mesh sieve after 9 wk
of exposure. Mollusks were markedly fewer at 7 u?/1? annelids and
arthropods at 76 ug/1. Almost no animals occurred at 622 ug/1.
The total numbers of individuals and species were significantly
less (a = 0.01) in aquaria exposed to 76 ug/1 than in those un-
exposed or exposed to 7 ug/1.
110. Walsh, Gerald E. 1977. EXPLOITATION OF MANGAL. In: Wet Coastal Ecosystems,
W.J. Chapman, editor, The Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, pp.
347-362. (ERL, GB Reprint #228).
Historical and current uses of mangroves are reviewed. Importance
of mangroves as habitats, nurseries, and sources of food are empha-
sized. Recommendations of the Australian Conservation Foundation
on use of mangal are summarized, and the need for extension of
studies on the effects of pollutants on mangrove woodlands is
emphasized.
111. Walsh, Gerald E., Karen A. Ainsworth, and Linda Faas. 1977. EFFECTS AND
UPTAKE OF CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES IN MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGAE. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18(3) :297-302. (ERL, GB Reprint #302).
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This paper describes studies on effects and uptake of three
commercial, mixtures of chlorinated napthalens in marine uni-
cellular algae. Results show that a chlorinated naphthalene
formulation containing a mixture of mono- and dichloro isomers
is more toxic to marine algae than are formulations of tri-,
tetra-, penta-, and hexachloro isomers.
112. Walsh, Gerald E., Karen Ainsworth, and Alfred J. Wilson. 1977.
UPTAKE OF KEPONE IN MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGAE. Chesapeake Sci.
(ERL, GB Reprint #292).
TOXICITY AND
l8(2):222-223.
Four species of marine unicellular algae were exposed to Kepone
in laboratory bioassays. EC50 values after seven days' growth,
in mg/1 (ppm), were: Chlorocoocum sp., 0.35; Dunaliella ter-
tiolecta, 0.58; Nitzschia sp., 0.60; Thalassiosira oseudonana.
0.60. When exposed to 100 pg/1 (ppb) Kepone for 24 hr, residues
associated with the algae, in mg/kg (ppm) wet weight, were:
Chlorococcum sp., 80; I), tertiolecta, 23; Nitzschia sp., 41;
T_. Dseudonana, 52.
1976
113. Bahner, Lowell, and Del Wayne R. Nimmo. 1976. PRECISION LIVE-FEEDER FOR
FLOW-THROUGH LARVAL CULTURE OR FOOD CHAIN BIOASSAYS. Prog. Fish-Cult.
38(1):51-52. (ERL, GB Reprint #246).
This report describes an inexpensive automatic feeder that features
precise timing of a wide choice of food delivery period's and time
intervals between food delivery. The feeder can also control si-
multaneous delivery of a variety of foods, is suitable for de-
livering 'soxicant-laden live foods, and is compatible for use in
flow-through water systems. Although several automatic feeders
have been described for culturing fish and crustaceans, this
model is considered more versatile.
114. Cook, Gary H., and James C. Moore. 1976. DETERMINATION OF MALATHION,
MALAOXON, AND MONO- AND DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS OF MALATHION IN FISH, OYSTER, AND
SHRIMP TISSUE. J. Agric. Food Chem. 24(3) :631-634. (ERL, GB Reprint #273).
A method is described for monitoring the presence of malathion
and its metabolites in the aquatic environment. Malathion,
malaoxon, malathion monoacid, and malathion diacid were deter-
mined in fish, oyster, and shrimp tissues by gas-liquid chroma-
tography JGLC). GLC analyses were performed without cleanup by
a flame photometric detector operating in the phosphorus mode.
Acid compounds were methylated with diazomethane. Pinfish
exposed to 75 ug/1 of malathion in flowing seawater for 24 hr
-------
contained no residues of malathion or malaoxon, although the
concentration of the malathion monoacid in the gut was 31.^ yg/g-
The data illustrate that pinfish rapidly convert malathion to
the mono- and dicarboxylic acids of malathion.
115. Cook, Gary H., James C. Moore, and David L. Coppage. 1976. THE RELATIONSHIP
OF MALATHION AND ITS METABOLITES TO FISH POISONING. Bull. Environ. Contam. &
Toxicol. 16(3):283-290. (ERL, GB Reprint #275).
This report describes the relation of short-term measurability
of malathion and some of its metabolites in fish to poisoning
of fish in the laboratory. Degree of poisoning is determined by
brain acetycholinesterase inhibition and deaths in exposed popu-
lations.
116. Coppage, D.L., and T.E. Braidech.
CHOLINESTERASE AGENTS. Water Res.
1976. RIVER POLLUTION BY ANIT-
10(1):19-24. (ERL, GB Reprint #227).
The effects of effluent discharged into the Blue River, near
its confluence with the Missouri River in Kansas City, MO, by
a manufacturer of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides are
described. Since these pesticides act as nerve poisons by inhib-
iting the neurotransmitter modulating enzyme acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) in the nervous system, poisoning of fishes was diagnosed
by measurement of brain-AChE in fishes collected from the Missouri
River upstream and downstream from the mouth of the Blue River.
Chemical analyses showed substantial amounts of AChE-inhibiting
pesticides in the effluent relative to their toxicities. These
data indicate that the effluent is a contributing factor in the
reduced brain-AChE activity of Missouri River fishes and that
brain-AChE measurement in fishes is a sensitive and reliable
indicator of such pollution.
117. Hansen, David J., Alfred J. Wilson, Jr., Del Wayne R. Nimmo, Steven C.
Schimmel, Lowell H. Bahner, and Robert Huggett. 1976. KEPONE: HAZARD TO
AQUATIC ORGANISM. Science, 193(4253) :528. (ERL, GB Reprint #307).
This letter documents concern about the hazard posed by
Kepone to aquatic organisms in the James River and the
Chesapeake Bay. Long-term bioassays reveal that the
hazard to these organisms is greatly underestimated by the
96-hr toxicity tests. Long-term exposures to Kepone have
reduced survival, reproduction, or growth of the sheepshead
minnows and mysids.
118. Middaugh, D.P. and P.W. Lempesis. 1976. LABORATORY SPAWNING AND REARING OF A
MARINE FISH, THE SILVERSIDE MENIDIA MENIDIA MENIDIA. Mar. Biol.
35(4):295-300. (ERL, GB Reprints #252).
Laboratory spawning methods are described for adult silver-
sides, Menidia roenidia menidia (Linnaeus), collected
44
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119.
in March 1974 and maintained in 3 recirculating seawater tanks
in the laboratory. There was a significant increase (^ , a =
0.05) in the number of ripe males at all three feeding levels,
compared to an initial field-collected group that was checked
at the beginning of the conditioning period. Females also
showed significant increases in ripeness at the 7 and 10$
but not at the 3% feeding level. Techniques for maintaining
eggs from field-ripened adults in the laboratory have been
developed, and the effect of salinity on the percentage
emergence of larvae determined. The highest emergence rate
of larvae was 6151 when eggs were maintained at 30 °/oo sa-
linity (S). Emergence was 56$ at 20 °/oo S and 47$ at
10 °/oo S. The effect of delayed feeding on survival and
growth of larvae was determined at 20 and 30 °/oo S and 25°C.
Experimental evidence shows that survival and growth is
best for larvae fed Artemia sp. nauplii immediately after
emergence at 30 °/oo S.
Parrish, Patrick R., Steven C. Schimmel, David J. Hansen, James M. Patrick,
Jr., and Jerrold Forester. 1976. CHLORDANE: EFFECTS ON 'SEVERAL ESTUARINE
ORGANISMS. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1(4)1485-494. (ERL, GB Reprint .
#234).
Dynamic marine toxicity tests are performed with technical grade
chlordane and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginjca) , pink
shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) , grass shrimp (Palaemonetes
JBligia) , sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon varieeatus) , and
pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides). The 96-hr LC50s (and 95$
confidence limits) based on measured concentrations of chlordane
(in yg/1) are: pink shrimp, 0.4 (0.3-0.6); grass shrimp,
4.8 (4.0-6.0); sheepshead minnows, 24.5 (19.9-28.6); and pinfish,
6.4 (5.0-7.3). The 96-hr EC50 for eastern oysters was 6.2
(4.8-7.9). In a flow-through test, embryos and fry of sheepshead
minnows were exposed to average measured concentrations of chlor-
dane from 1.3 to 36.0 yg/l for 28 days. Neither fertilization
success nor embryo survival was affected by the concentrations
of chlordane to which these life stages were exposed. However,
sheepshead minnow fry did not survive for more than 10 days
in chlordane concentrations greater than 7.1
120.
Schimmel, Steven C., James M. Patrick, Jr., and Jerrold Forester. 1976.
HEPTACHLOR: UPTAKE, DEPURATION, RETENTION, AND METABOLISM BY SPOT,
LEIQSTOMUS XANTHUBUS. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 2(1 ): 169-178. (ERL, GB
Reprint #264)
The estuarine fish, spot (Leiostomu,g xanthurua), was exposed
to 0.27, 0.52, 1.01, 1.99, and 3-87 yg/l technical grade heptachlor
(65$ heptachlor, 22$ trans-chlordane, 2$ cis-chlordane, 2$ nonachlor,
and 9$ unidentified compounds) for 24 days in a flow- through bioassay,
-------
followed by 28 days in heptachlor-free seawater. Concentrations
of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and trans- and cis-chlordane in
edible tissues were monitored at day 3 and weekly thereafter
throughout the bioassay and at the end of the postexposure
period. All four chemicals were accumulated by spot.
Maximum concentrations of heptachlor were observed on day 3;
maximum concentrations of the other three compounds were
observed on day 17. The average bioconcentration factors
for heptachlor and trans-chlordane were 3,600 and 4,600,
respectively. Only 10$ or less of the maximum concentra-
tions of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and trans-chlordane
accumulated during the exposure period remained after
28 days in pesticide-free seawater; an average of 35% of
the cis-chlordane remained. Relative total amounts of
heptachlor and cis-chlordane changed during the exposure
and post-exposure periods. Nearly all of the heptachlor
was eliminated or metabolized to its epoxide. Cis-
chlordane, which averaged 4-7% of the total residues
(chlordanes and heptachlors) in edible tissues during
the exposure, increased to 18-23$ of the total residues
by the end of the postexposure period.
121. Schimmel, Steven C., James M. Patrick, Jr., and Jerrold Forester. 1976.
HEPTACHLOR: TOXICITY TO AND UPTAKE BY SEVERAL ESTUARINE ORGANISMS. J.
Toxicol. Environ. Health 1(6):955-965. (ERL, GB Reprint #265)
Technical-grade heptachlor (65$ heptachlor, 22$ trans-
chlordane, 2$ cis-chlordane, and 2$ nonachlor) was
tested in 96-hr bioassays to determine its toxicity
to estuarine animals. The test organisms and the 96-hr
LCSOs or ECSOs Cbased on measured concentrations in
water) are as follows: American oyster (Crassostrea
vireinica). 1.5 yg/1; pink shrimp (Penaeus
duorarum). 0.11 ug/1; grass shrimp (Palaemonetes
vulearis), 1.06 Mg/1; sheepshead minnow (Cyorinodon
varieeatus)f 3.68 yg/1; pinfish (Laeodon rhomboides)r
3.77 ug/1; and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus)T 0.85
pg/1. Analytical-grade heptachlor (99.8$ heptachlor) and
heptachlor epoxide (99$) were also studied. The analytical-
grade heptachlor 96-hr LC50 for pink shrimp and spot was
0.03 ug/1 and 0.86 ug/lf respectively, while that for pink
shrimp exposed to heptachlor epoxide was O.OM yg/1. Hepta-
chlor was accumulated and some metabolized to its epoxide
by all animals tested. Fish and oysters accumulated hepta-
chlor in their tissues 2,800-21,300 times the measured
concentration in water; shrimp, only 200-700 times.
122. Schoor, W.P., and S.M. Newman. 1976. THE EFFECT OF MIREX ON THE BURROWING
ACTIVITY OF THE LUGWORM (ARENICOLA GBISTATA). TRANS. AMER. FISH. SOC.
105(6):700-703. (ERL, GB Reprint #268).
46
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An inexpensive bioassay system is developed to estimate
pollutant effects on a benthic animal. Mirex, a fire ant
toxicant, is taken into the substrate by the burrowing and
feeding activity of the lugworm, Arenioplq cristata, and
significantly affected this activity. Mirex is present
in the adult worm as well as in its juvenile stage.
123. Tagatz, Marlin E. 1976. EFFECT OF MIREX ON PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION IN AN
EXPERIMENTAL ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105(4):516-5*9.
(ERL, GB Reprint #276).
Tests of 14- to 16-days' duration were conducted to determine the
distribution and sublethal effects of mirex in an experimental
estuarine ecosystem. The insecticide was translocated from
water at concentrations of 0.011 to 0.13 Pg/1 to sand, plant,
and animal components. An alteration of predator-prey inter-
action due to mirex was manifested by a significant difference
(X^ test, a = 0.05) in survival of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes
vulgaris, in control and treated tanks after one, two, or three
days of predation by pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides.
124. Tagatz, M.E., P.W. Borthwick, J.M. Ivey, and J. Knight. 1976. EFFECTS OF
LEACHED MIREX ON EXPERIMENTAL COMMUNITIES OF ESTUARINE ANIMALS. Arch.
Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 1(4):435-442. (ERL, GB Reprint #229).
Experimental communities of various estuarine animals in out-
door tanks were exposed to a continuous flow of water containing
mirex for 10 weeks. The mirex was leached from fire ant bait
(0.3* active ingredient) by fresh water that was then mixed
with saltwater to yield exposure concentrations averaging
0.038 yg/1. The experiment simulated runoff from treated
land into estuarine areas. Mortality of grass shrimp
(Palaemonetea vulearis), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum),
common mud crabs (Panopeus herbstii), and striped hermit
crabs (Clibanarius vittatus) was significantly higher in
tanks containing the toxicant. Mortality of ribbed mussels
(Modiolus demissus) and American oysters (Crassostrea virginj.Qa)
was significantly lower in treated tanks, probably because
numbers of both species of crabs that ate the bivalves were
reduced. Sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon varieeatus) were
least affected by mirex. Almost all deaths occurred after
10 or more days of exposure. All exposed animals accumulated
mirex, with maximum concentrations ranging from 5.500X (pink
shrimp) to 73.700X (soft tissues of oysters) above the concen-
tration in the water. Sand substratum contained mirex up to
1,500X that in the water. The study demonstrates that mirex
can be leached from bait by fresh water and be concentrated
by and affect survival of members in an experimental estuarine
community.
47
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125. Water Quality Committee American Fisheries Society (D. Hansen, member).
1976. A SURVEY OF EFFORTS TO ABATE WATER POLLUTION IN FISCAL 1973 BY NORTH
AMERICAN AGENCIES. Fisheries 1(1):15-21. (ERL, GB Reprint #285).
This survey examines the FY-73 manpower, funds, activities,
and attitudes of natural resource agencies toward water pollu-
tion abatement and research to develop water quality criteria
for aquatic life. Respondents represent 53 state agencies, 25
U.S. Federal agencies, and 13 Canadian agencies. Summarized
results indicate that environmental protection activities
generally comprise only a modest share of agency budgets and
that funds and manpower devoted to research related to water
quality criteria are comparatively small and are expended
mainly in Federal laboratories.
126. Wilson, Alfred J. 1976. EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED MATERIAL ON MEASUREMENT OF DDT
IN ESTUARINS WATER. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15(5):515-521. (ERL,
GB Reprint #258).
This study investigates the effect of suspended material on
measurement of DDT in estuarine water. The efficiency of
serial LLE of DDT-fortified estuarine water is assessed and
the recovery rate of fortified samples is evaluated. The
experiments demonstrate the pitfalls of sample fortification:
liquid-liquid extraction of estuarine water immediately after
fortification yielded acceptable recovery levels with all
solvent systems tested; analyses several days later gave only
partial recovery.
1975
127. Bahner, Lowell H., and Del Wayne R. Nimmo. 1975. A SALINITY CONTROLLER FOR
FLOW-THROUGH BIOASSAYS. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 10H(2):388-389. (ERL, GB
Reprint #21U).
An electro-mechanical device has been constructed to monitor
and dilute seawater to a constant salinity for flowing-water
bioassays. It has been used successfully in pesticide bio-
assays and requires little maintenance.
128. Bahner, L.H., C.D. Craft, and D.R. Nimmo. 1975. A SALT-WATER FLOW-THROUGH
BIOASSAY METHOD WITH CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY. Prog. Fish-Cult.
37(3):126-129. (ERL, GB Reprint #239).
Flow-through bioassays offer many advantages over static
exposure methods. Continuously flowing seawater simulates
more closely the natural estuarine or marine environment. A
bioassay described in this paper is readily adaptable to a
48
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wide variety of estuarine and marine macroinvertebrates and
fishes.
129. Borthwick, Patrick W., Marlin E. Tagatz, and Jerrold Forester. 1975. A
GRAVITY-FLOW COLUMN TO PROVIDE PESTICIDE-LADEN WATER FOR AQUATIC BIOASSAYS.
Bull. Environ,. Contam. Toxicol. 13(2): 183-187. (ERL, GB Reprint #189).
A column containing granular pesticide, bait, or inert
material coated with pesticide may be used to achieve realis-
tic concentrations of pesticides in assay water without a
solvent. This report shows that mirex can be introduced
into flow-through aquatic bioassay systems without a solvent
by means of a gravity-flow column containing mirex bait.
130. Bourquin, Al W., and S. Cassidy. 1975. EFFECT OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL
FORMULATIONS ON THE GROWTH OF ESTUARINE BACTERIA. Appl. Microbiol.
29(1):125-127. (ERL, GB Reprint #217).
Polychlorinated biphenyl formulations inhibited the growth
of certain estuarine bacteria. The sensitive strains, although
exhibiting some similar physiological characteristics, con-
tained both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
131. Bourquin, Al W., L.A. Kiefer, N.H. Berner, S. Crow, and Donald G. Ahearn.
1975. INHIBITION OF ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS BY POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS.
Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 16:256-261. (ERL, GB Reprint #230).
Over 100 isolates of representative estuarine bacteria and
fungi were screened for their ability to grow in the presence
of commercial preparations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).
Super absorbant sensitivity discs impregnated with up to 0.5
mg of PCB were placed on the surface of freshly inoculated
solid media. Twenty-six bacteria, representing both gram-
positive and gram-negative strains of varying morphology,
showed varying degrees of sensitivity to PCB. In contrast
to insensitive isolates, sensitive strains were mainly amy-
lolytic and proteolytic. PCB had negligible effect on the
growth of fungi. The sensitivity of select cultures of heter-
otrophic bacteria to PCB may be of considerable importance to
nutrient turnover in estuarine ecosystems.
132. Coppage, David L., Edward Matthews, Gary H. Cook, and Johnnie Knight. 1975.
BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION IN FISH AS A DIAGNOSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POISONING BY MALATHION, 0,0-DIMETHYL S-(1 ,2-DICARBETHOXYETHYL) PHOSPHORODI-
THIOATE. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 5(6) :536-5^2. (ERL, GB Reprint #237).
Brain acetylcholinesterase (EC 3-1.1.7) activities were compared
in groups of an estuarine fish Laaodon r^omboides (pinfish)
exposed in seawater to sublethal and lethal concentrations of
malathion [0,0-dimethyl S-(1,2-dicarbethoxyethyl) phosphorodi-
thioate] to determine enzyme inhibition values for diagnosis
49
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of poisoning. Lethal exposures caused greater enzyme inhibi-
tion than sublethal exposures through 72 hr. Consistent
levels of enzyme inhibition (72-79? inhibition) occurred when
40-60$ of replicate exposed groups were killed at 3.5, 24, 48
and 72 hr at mean concentrations of 575, 142, 92, and 58 \ig/l,
respectively. A mean concentration of 31 yg/1 was sublethal
through 72 hr exposure and caused a maximum enzyme inhibition
of only 3456. The correlation of brain acetylcholinesterase
inhibition with exposure and deaths is of value in diagnosing
poisoning in fish populations and has been applied to actual
environmental situations. Enzyme inhibition in fishes is
positively correlated with spraying of an estuary with mala-
thion.
133. Coppage, David L., and Edward Matthews. 1975. BRAIN-ACETYLCHOLINESTSRASE
INHIBITION IN A MARINE TELEOST DURING LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EXPOSURES TO 1,2-
DIBROMO-2,2-DICHLOROETHYL DIMETHYL PHOSPHATE (NALED) IN SEAWATER. Toxicol.
Appl. Pharraacol. 31:128-133. (ERL, GB Reprint #199).
Brain-AChE inhibition by sublethal exposure in seawater is
compared to brain-AChE inhibition caused by lethal exposure
to determine if brain-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition
in a marine teleost Lagodon rhomboides (pinfish) by an organo-
phosphate pesticide (naled) is specific enough to diagnose
anticholinesterase poisoning. A sublethal exposure did not
inhibit brain-AChE as much as lethal exposure in periods of
24, 48, and 72 hr. Consistent levels of inhibition (84-89$
inhibition) occurred when 40-60$ of an exposed population of
pinfish was killed. This correlation of brain-AChE inhibi-
tion with exposure and death in a fish population shows that
brain-AChE measurements are of value in diagnosing anticholi-
nesterase poisoning in a marine fish.
134. Couch, John A., Max D. Summers, and Lee Courtney. 1975. ENVIRONMENTAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF BACULOVIRUS INFECTIONS IN ESTUARINE AND MARINE SHRIMP. Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci. 266:528-536. (ERL, GB Reprint #253).
Biochemical and serological investigations are underway to
compare the nucleic acid, virus structural proteins, and
inclusion body proteins of the shrimp virus to several species
of insect Baculoviruses. This paper considers the significance
of the shrimp virus in regard to the ecology of its crustacean
host.
135. Crow, S.A., D.G. Ahearn, W.L. Cook, and A.W. Bourquin. 1975. DENSITIES OF
BACTERIA AND FUNGI IN COASTAL SURFACE FILMS AS DETERMINED BY A MEMBRANE-
ADSORPTION PROCEDURE. Limnol. Oceangr. 20(4):644-646. (ERL, GB Reprint
#232).
A membrane-adsorption technique for counting surface slick
microbial populations is evaluated. The simple procedure
50
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gives bacterial and fungal populations several orders of magni-
tude greater than those previously reported for surface slicks.
136. Hansen, David J.f and Steven C. Schimmel. 1975. ENTIRE LIFE-CYCLE BIOASSAY
USING SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINQDON VARIEGATUS). In: Proposed EPA
Pesticide Guidelines for Programs Registering Pesticides, U.S. Federal
Register 40(123):26904-26905. (ERL, GB Reprint #267).
A procedure is proposed to provide a method of determining the
effect of a material on survival of sheepshead minnow embryos
and fry, their growth to adulthood, and reproductive success.
Reproductive success is measured by monitoring the ability of
pairs of fish to spawn naturally, their fecundity, fertiliza-
tion success, and survival of embryos and fry.
137. Hansen, David J., Steven C. Schimmel and Jerrold Forester. 1975. EFFECTS OF
AROCLOrfS) 1016 ON EMBRYOS, FRY, JUVENILES, AND ADULTS OF SHEEPSHEAD MIMNOWS
(CYPRINODQN VARIEGATOSK Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104(3):584-588. (ERL, GB
Reprint #206).
We investigated the toxicity of Aroclor 1016 to, and uptake
by, fry and juvenile and adult sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon
variegfrtus) in intermittent-flow bioassays lasting 28 days.
Survival of eggs, of fry hatched from them, and of juvenile and
adult fish, apparently was not affected by 0.1, 0.32, 1.0, 3.2,
10 pg/1 of Aroclor 1016 added to aquaria, but 32 and 100 pg/1
killed newly hatched fry and juvenile and adult fish. Sheeps-
head minnows accumulated the chemical in proportion to its
concentration in the test water. Fry contained 2,500 to 8,100
X the concentration of Aroclor 1016 added to the test water,
adults 4,700 to 14,000 X, and juveniles 10,000 to 34,000 X.
As much as 77 ug/g of Aroclor 1016 in eggs from exposed adults
apparently did not affect survival of embryos and fry.
1.38. Hollister, Terrence A., Gerald E. Walsh, and Jerrold Forester. 1975. MIREX
AND MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGAE: ACCUMULATION, POPULATION GROWTH, AND OXYGEN
EVOLUTION. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14(6):753-759. (ERL, GB Reprint
#248).
Selected estuarine unicellular algae were exposed to mirex under
various conditions of salinity and nutrient concentrations to
determine effects on population growth and oxygen evolution and
to determine if mirex can be accumulated by the algae. Our
studies show that mirex had no significant effect on population
growth or oxygen evolution of algae. It was, however, accumulated
from the water by algae.
1.39. Jensen, A.L. 1975. COMPUTER SIMULATION OF EFFECTS ON ATLANTIC MENHADEN
YIELD OF CHANGES IN GROWTH, MORTALITY, AND REPRODUCTION. Chesapeake Sci.
16(2):139-142. (ERL, GB Reprint #188).
51
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A self-regenerating dynamic pool model fitted to the Atlantic
menhaden population was applied to simulate yield as a function
of the parameters for growth, reproduction, and mortality. A
random variable was applied to simulate random environmental
fluctuations. For each combination of parameters the yield
for 50 replicates of 50 generations was calculated. Under
normal conditions, considerable fluctuation in yield from the
menhaden population can be expected. Decrease in the growth
parameter produced the largest decrease in yield and an increase
in adult mortality produced the smallest decrease in yield.
The combined effects of simultaneous changes in more than one
parameter were approximately additive.
140. Middaugh, Douglas P., Wayne R. Davis, and Ruth L. Yoakum. 1975. THE
RESPONSE OF LARVAL FISH, LEIOSTQMUS XANTHURUS. TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
FOLLOWING SUBLETHAL CADMIUM EXPOSURE. Contrib. Mar. Sci. 19:13-19. (ERL,
GB Reprint #223).
The toxicity of cadmium to larval fish, LeAogtomus xanthurus.
was studied. An incipient LC50 concentration of approximately
0.2-0.3 mg/1 cadmium was first estimated. Subsequent short-
term sublethal tests were conducted to determine the relation-
ship of cadmium exposure and accumulated whole body residues
of the metal on the response of larval to thermal stress and
low-dissolved oxygen. Results of this study indicated a signif-
icant decrease (ot=0.05, t-Test) in the critical thermal maxi-
mum (CTM) for larvae exposed to 0.5 and 0.8 mg/1 cadmium for
96 hr at 20°C. Significant decreases (ct=0.05, x2) in sur-
vival of larvae subjected to a dissolved oxygen (DO) level of
1.6 mg/1 after exposure to 0.5 and 0.8 mg/1 cadmium were also
observed.
141. Nimmo, D.R., D.J. Hansen, J.A. Couch, N.R. Cooley, P.R. Parrish, and J.I.
Lowe. 1975. TOXICITY OF AROCLOlCD 1254 AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN
SEVERAL ESTUARINE ORGANISMS. Arch. Environ. Contam. 3(D:22-39. (ERL, GB
Reprint #162).
The occurrence of high concentrations of a PCB (Aroclor 125*0
in the Pensacola estuary prompted field and laboratory studies
by the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze (EPA).
Monitoring of the estuary indicates the chemical is present
in all components—particularly in sediments and fishes.
Residues appear to be diminishing in sediments. Toxicity
tests show estuarine species sensitive at ppb concentrations
in water, with a ciliate protozoan (Tetrahvmena pyrjtformis W),
shrimps (Penaeus duorarumf f_. aztecusr and Palaemonetes ougio),
and a fish (Fundulus qimilis) affected at or near 1.0 ppb.
Tissue concentrations of Aroclor 1254 similar to those found in
natural populations of shrimps from the contaminated estuary
were successfully duplicated in laboratory experiments.
Shrimps also concentrated the PCB from very low concentrations
52
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(0.04 ppb) in the water. Three estuarine species demonstrated
pathologic changes at tissue and cellular level after chronic
exposure to the chemical. Oysters fCraasosfrrea virainica)
developed abnormal infiltration of leukocytes in the connec-
tive tissue, spot (Leiostomus xanthjjirus) developed fatty
changes in their livers, and shrimp (pena^us duorarum) devel-
oped crystalloids in hepatopancreatic nuclei.
142. Schimmel, Steven C., and David J. Hansen. 1975. AN AUTOMATIC BRINE SHRIMP
FEEDER FOR AQUATIC BIOASSAYS. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32(2):314-316.
(ERL, GB Reprint #224).
An electrically operated brine shrimp feeder is described.
The devise may be set to cycle 1-12 times each day for tests
in fish and invertebrate culture and bioassay. Major advan-
tages of the feeder are: (1) it is readily adapted to flow-
through bioassay and culture apparatuses that require equal
quantities of food be delivered to animals in two or more
test aquaria; and (2) the number of feedings may be recorded.
The components, all readily available, cost approximately
$190.
143. Schoor, W.P. 1975. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW-SOLUBILITY COMPOUNDS IN
AQUATIC TOXICITY TESTS: THEORETICAL MODEL AND SOLUBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
AROCLOR®1254 IN WATER. Water Res. 9:937-944. (ERL, GB Reprints #208a).
A theoretical model of the behavior of substances having low
water-solubility is presented and discussed with respect to
aqueous bioassay. Ultracentrifugal techniques are used in
an attempt to study size distributions of Aroclor 1254 aggre-
gates in aqueous emulsions. Results indicate strong adsorp-
tion from emulsion by surfaces and a water-solubility at 20°C
of less than 0.1 yg 1~1 in distilled water and approximately
40Jt of that value in water containing 30 g 1~1 NaCl. Implica-
tions with regard to aqueous bioassay are discussed.
144. Smith, N.G., A.W. Bourquin, S.A. Crow, and D.G. Ahearn.
HEPTACHLOR ON HSXADECANE UTILIZATION BY SELECTED FUNGI.
Microbiol., 17:331-336. (ERL, GB Reprint #255).
1975. EFFECT OF
Dev. Ind.
Various concentrations of heptachlor dissolved in hexadecane
were added to cultures of fungi grown in yeast-nitrogen base
prepared with synthetic seawater and with deionized water.
Candida maltosa and Candida lipolvtica showed greatest uti-
lization of hexadecane (20-91$) whether heptachlor was present
or absent. Isolates of Pichia soartinae, Cladosporium sp.,
Cephaloasorium sp., and Penicillium sp. also utilized the
hydrocarbon, but to a lesser extent. Species of Kluyveromycea
failed to grow with hexadecane as a carbon source. Compared
with low concentrations, high concentrations of heptachlor
53
-------
appeared to have a slight stimulating effect on utilization of
hexadecane by £. maltosa. but had no effect with C_. lipolvtica.
145. Tagatz, M.E., P.W. Borthwick, and J. Forester. 1975. SEASONAL EFFECTS OF
LEACHED MIREX ON SELECTED ESTUARINE ANIMALS. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol,
3(3):371-383. (ERL, GB Reprint #222).
Four 28-day seasonal experiments were conducted with selected
estuarine animals in outdoor tanks that received continuous
flow of mirex-laden water. Mirex (dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,^~
metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd] pentalene) leached from fire ant bait
(0.3$ mirex) by fresh water and then mixed with saltwater was
toxic to blue crabs (Callinectes saoidus), pink shrimp (Penaeus
duorarum), and grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) but not to
sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon variegatus), at concentrations
less than 0.53 yg/1 in water. The amount of leaching was
greatest in summer and least in spring. Greatest mortality
occurred in summer at the highest water temperature and con-
centration of mirex; least mortality occurred in spring at
next to the lowest temperature and at the lowest concentra-
tion. Earliest deaths of blue crabs occurred after'six days
of exposure and shrimps after two days. Among animals that
survived for 28 days, sheepshead minnows concentrated mirex
40.800X above the concentration in the water, blue crabs
2,300X, pink shrimp 10,OOOX, and grass shrimp 10,800X. Sand
substrata contained mirex up to 770X that in the water. Most
control and exposed animals in samples examined histologically
had normal tissues, but alteration in gills of some exposed
fish and natural pathogens in some exposed and control crabs
and shrimp were observed. The experiments demonstrate that
mirex can be leached from bait by fresh water, concentrated
by estuarine organisms, and can be toxic to crabs and shrimps.
1974
146. Bahner, Lowell H. 1974. A SALINITY CONTROLLER FOR FLOWING-WATER BIOASSAYS.
ASB Bull. 21(2):37 (ERL, GB Reprint #200).
Salinity and temperature are rate-determining factors for
many physiological functions and these variables affect the
toxicity of several pesticides to marine organisms. Because
some compounds that alter or interfere with osmoregulatory
mechanisms in estuarine organisms appear more toxic as salinity
changes, it is often desirable in estuarine bioassays (flow-
through) to adjust salinity to a constant level.
54
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A salinity controller consisting of a seawater hydrometer,
photocell detector, and a relay controlled by an electronic
amplifier has been developed to monitor and adjust salinity
continuously in flow-through systems. The controller regu-
lates electrical pumps or valves to adjust salinity within
± 1$ of the desired level, and, with minor modifications,
can control temperature, water height, or light intensity.
147. Borthwick, Patrick W. 1974. A CLINICAL CENTRIFUGE TUBE FOR SMALL BLOOD
SAMPLES. Prog. Fish-Cult. 36(3):184. (ERL, GB Reprint #238).
In many microanalytical procedures (e.g. electrophoresis),
only a few microliters of serum are needed, but the serum
must be free of other blood components. A simple and inexpen-
sive device is described for separating components of small
amounts of blood in a clinical-type centrifuge.
148. Borthwick, P.W., G.H. Cook, and J.M. Patrick, Jr. 1974. MIREX RESIDUES IN
SELECTED ESTUARIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA—June 1972. Pestic. Monit. J.
7(3/4):144-145. (ERL, GB Reprint #168).
Estuarine sediments, crabs, shrimps, and fishes were collected
in June 1972 at 11 stations 2 years after aerial applications
of mirex bait for control of fire ants in coastal areas near
Charleston, SC. These stations had previously been monitored
(October 1969 to June 1971) when levels of mirex in animal
samples were: crabs, 0-0.60 ppm; shrimps, 0-1.3 ppm; and
fishes, 0-0.82 ppm.
The recent study showed that mirex was present in three
species of fishes (white catfish, 0.021 ppm; bluegill, 0.047
ppm; carp, 0.12 ppm) and blue crabs (0.026 ppm) at two fresh-
water stations. However, mirex was not detected in 36 animal
samples, most of which were taken from nine saline stations
in the estuaries after a period of restricted use of the
pesticide. Analysis of bottom sediment samples at all sta-
tions detected no mirex. The lower limit of detection for
mirex was 0.01 ppm.
149. Cooley, Nelson R. 1974. OCCURRENCE OF SNOOK ON THE NORTH SHORE OF THE GULF
OF MEXICO. Florida Scientist 37(2):98-99. (ERL, GB Reprint #192).
The known range of snook is extended about 100 miles westward
to Santa Rosa Sound.
150. Coppage, David L., and Edward Matthews. 1974. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF
ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES ON CHOLINESTERASES OF ESTUARINE FISHES AND PINK
SHRIMP. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11(5):483-488. (ERL, GB Reprint
#169).
55
S EL-:/ ••-.••-.• ociu:r>. .'-;; Libiary
;>;>•--•;.-' r.-/- --nueNW
vVPsr,i:vi;:.-,r. JL 20460
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This report concerns AChE inhibitory effects of short-term
laboratory exposures of four species of estuarine fishes and
a commercial shrimp to malathion. The acetylcholine hydro-
lyzing enzymes from brains of spot (Leiostomus xanthurus: 65-
150 mm total length), pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides: 65-125 nrn) ,
Atlantic croaker (Mj-cropogon undulatua; 85-150 mm), and sheeps-
head minnows (Cvorinodon variegatus; 45-70 mm), and the ventral
nerve cord (VNC) of pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum; 78-122 mm)
were characterized and assayed. Relatively consistent levels
of AChE inhibition occurred in fishes even with different com-
pounds and different species. The survivors of populations of
fish in which 40-60$ were killed by exposure to organophosphate
pesticide had mean brain AChE reductions of 70-96$. These
inhibitions indicate that mean reductions in AChE activity of
about 80$ are critical in short-term organophosphate poisoning
of the fishes tested and possibly to fishes in general. Spec-
ific levels of reduction of AChE show that it is unnecessary to
rely on the dubious interpretation of residues alone to deter-
mine poisoning and cause of "kills" in the environment.
151. Couch, John A. 1974. AN ENZOOTIC NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS OF PINK SHRIMP:
ULTRASTRUCTURE, .PREVALENCE, AND ENHANCEMENT. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 24(3):
311-331. (ERL, GB Reprint #215).
A nuclear polyhedrosis virus exists in pink shrimp, Penaeus
duorarum., from wastes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. This
virus is rod-shaped, 269 nm long, and possesses an outer enve-
lope surrounding its nucleocapsid. The nucleocapsid is 50 nm
in diameter. The virus occurs in nuclei of host hepatopan-
creatic and midgut cells, and is both free in the nucleus and
occluded within pyramidal-shaped polyhedral inclusion bodies
(PIB's). Histochemically and ultrastructurally, the shrimp
PIB's appear to be ribonucleoprotein and in fine structure bear
close resemblance to polyhedral inclusion bodies of Baculovirus
species from insects. However, the lattice line-to-line spacing
is greater than that usually reported for insect PIB's. In
limited experiments, shrimp fed heavily infected hepatopancreatic
tissues had much higher mortality than controls fed only fish.
The virus appears to be enzootic in pink shrimp in nature. Cyto-
pathological changes in infected cells of shrimp appear similar
to those in insects infected with certain species of Baculovirus.
The name Baculovirus penaei n. sp. is proposed for the shrimp
virus.
152. Couch, John A. 1974. FREE AND OCCLUDED VIRUS, SIMILAR TO BACULQVIRUS. IN
HSPATOPANCREAS OF PINK SHRIMP. Nature 247 (5438):229-231. (ERL, GB Reprint
#213).
Rod-shaped virus particles and related inclusion bodies in cells
observed in pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) experimentally exposed
to the polychlorinated (PCB) Aroclor 1254 are described. Their
56
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similarity is compared with certain noninclusion viruses and with
nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of the Baculovirua group previously
described only from insects and mites. A close relationship of
the shrimp virus to the Baci^ovirus group is demonstrated.
153. Couch, John A. 1974. PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF UROSPQRIDIUM (HAPLOSPORIDA)
INFECTION IN MICROPHALLID METACERCARIAE. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 23:389-396.
(ERL, GB Reprint #211).
Extensive pathological changes occur in Megalophallus metacer-
cariae as a result of natural infections by the haplosporidan
hyperparasite Urosporidium creacens. Infected and uninfected
metaceriae, recovered from blue crabs from Chincoteague Bay,
MD, are compared histologically in regard to condition of
metacerearial cyst wall, tegument, and specialized parenchymal
cells. Changes from normal found in heavily infected metacer-
cariae are: (1) suppression and replacement of possible secre-
tory and parenchymal cells by the hyperparasite, (2) lack of
reticulin stomata, polysaccharides and acid mucopolysaccharides,
(3) reduction in thickness of cyst wall, tegumental, and connec-
tive tissue structure, and (4) loss of mobility and resistance
to mechanical pressures. Though severe pathological changes
occur in heavily infected metacercariae, most infected metacer-
cariae remain viable within the blue crab and thereby serve as
a vector for Urosporidium until the death of the blue crab.
At the time of the crab's death and disorganization, infected
metacercariae rupture and release spores of the hyperparasite.
154. Davies, Tudor T., and Nelson A. Thomas. 1974. THE U.S. CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY
PROGRAM IN THE INTERNATIONAL FIELD YEAR FOR THE GREAT LAKES. Mar. Tech. Soc,
J. 8(1):23.
This paper describes the operation and methods of the Chemistry-
Biology Program for the Great Lakes in the International Field
Year. Three major objectives are described for the multidisci-
plinary program: material balance studies, evaluation of the
current ecologio status of the lake, and the development of pre-
dictive mathematical models.
155. Duke, Thomas W. 1974. CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING IMPORTANCE AND EFFECTS OF
PESTICIDES ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: A BRIEF OVERVIEW. Mar. Tech. Soc. J.
8(1):21-22. (ERL, GB Reprint #180).
Criteria developed to assess the effect of pesticides through lab-
oratory research, experimental ecosystems, and environmental
studies are described. An example is presented for the use of
laboratory bioassays and field observations to better understand
the impact of a particular pesticide on the marine environment.
Need for development of predictive models to assess possible
effects of specific environmental stresses is emphasized.
57
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156. Hansen, David J. 1974. AROCLOrfB) 1254: EFFECT ON COMPOSITION OF DEVELOPING
ESTUARINE ANIMAL COMMUNITIES IN THE LABORATORY. Contrib. Mar. Sci. 18:19-33-
(ERL, GB Reprint 1164).
Aroclor® 1254, a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), affected the
composition of communities of estuarine animals that developed
from planktonic larvae in saltwater that flowed through 10 con-
trol aquaria and 10 aquaria contaminated with 0.1, 1 or 10 yg/1
of this PCB. Communities that developed in control aquaria and
aquaria that received 0.1 yg/1 of PCB in water for four months
were dominated (>75%) by arthropods, primarily the amphipod
Corophium volutator. In aquaria receiving 1 and 10 yg/1, the
number of arthropods decreased and the number of chordates, pri-
marily the tunicate Mogula manhattensis, increased; over 75$ of
the animals in 10 pg/1 aquaria were tunicates. Numbers of phyla,
species, and individuals (particularly amphipods, bryozoans,
crabs, and mollusks) were decreased in this PCB, but there was
no apparent effect on the abundance of annelids, brachiopods,
coelenterates, echinoderms, or nermerteans. The Shannon-Weaver
index of species diversity was not altered by Aroclor 1254.
157. Hansen, D.J., P.R. Parrish, and J. Forester. 1974. AROCLOR 1016: TOXICITY
TO AND UPTAKE BY ESTUARINE ANIMALS. Environ. Res. 7:363-373. (ERL, GB
Reprint #172).
Bioassays were conducted to determine the acute toxicities of
the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Aroclor 1016 in flowing sea-
water to American oysters (Crassostrea virginica), brown shrimp
(Penaeus aztecus), grass shrimp (Palaejn
-------
minnows (Cyprinodon varieeatus) and mosquitofish
affinis) could avoid water contaminated with 0.001, 0.01, 0.1,
1, or 10 mg/1 of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB).
139. Jensen, A.L. 1974. LESLIE MATRIX MODELS FOR FISHERIES STUDIES.
30(3):547-551. (ERL, GB Reprint #183) .
Biometrics,
Two modifications of the Leslie matrix model are developed. In
the first modification the egg stage as well as the age groups
of a fish population are included in the vector of state. In
the second modification only the recruited members of the popu-
lation are included in the vector of state.
160. Jensen, A.L. 1974. PREDATOR-PREY AND COMPETITION MODELS WITH STATE
VARIABLES: BIOMASS, NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS, AND AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL WEIGHT. J.
Fish. Res. Board Can. 31 (10) : 1669-1674. (ERL, GB Reprint #184).
Applying the identity that biomass equals number of individuals
multiplied by average individual weight, simultaneous equations
for change with respect to time in biomass, number of individuals,
and average individual weight are obtained for Kostitzin's preda-
tor-prey equations and for the Lotka-Volterra competition equa-
tions. By the same procedure applied here, simultaneous equations
for these three variables can be obtained for other predator-prey
and competition equations. These equations can be applied to
determine the biomass, number of individuals, and average individ-
ual weight of interacting fish populations under different rates
of exploitation.
161. Middaugh, Douglas P., and Ruth L. Yoakum. 1974. THE USE OF CHRIONIC
GONADOTROPIN TO INDUCE LABORATORY SPAWNING OF THE ATLANTIC CROAKER, MICROPOGON
UNDULATUS f WITH NOTES ON SUBSEQUENT EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. Chesapeake Sci.
The feasibility of spawning and rearing the Atlantic croaker,
Micropoeon undulatus, is examined in the laboratory. Adult
croaker were collected during mid-October 1972, placed in
flowing seawater holding tanks, and administered injections
of either 125 or 250 I.U. of chorionic gonadotropin three times
per week for three weeks. An apparent period of latency (6-7
days) was observed between the initial hormone injections and
successful ovulation. Fish dosed at the 125 I.U. level were
successfully spawned and eggs and larval development monitored.
Larvae were carried through to 4 days after hatching when mass
mortalities occurred, apparently as a result of nutritional
deficiencies.
162. Nimmo, D.R., J. Forester, P.T. Heitmuller, and G. Cook. 1974. ACCUMULATION
OF AROCLOH&1254 IN GRASS SHRIMP (PALAEMQNETES PUGIO) IN LABORATORY AND FIELD
EXPOSURES. Bull. Environ. Contain. & Toxicol. 1 1 (4) :303-308. (ERL, GB
Reprint #170) .
59
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Results of several experiments on chronic toxicity of Aroclor
1254 to Palaemonetes pueior an estuarine grass shrimp, are
reported. In this investigation, test species are exposed in
the laboratory and to Aroclor 1254-contaminated sediments in
Escambia Bay, near Pensacola, PL.
163. Parrish, Patrick R., David J. Hansen, John A. Couch, James M. Patrick, Jr
and Gary H. Cook. 1974. EFFECTS OF THE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL, AROCLO
1016, ON ESTUARINE ANIMALS. ASB Bull. 21(2):74. (ERL, GB Reprint #196).
Acute toxicity and rate of uptake and depuration of the poly-
chlorinated biphenyl (PCB), Aroclor® 1016, were determined for
certain estuarine animals in flowing seawater bioassays. The
96-hr ECSOs were: American oyster (Crassostrea virainica).
10.2 pg/1; brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus), 10.0 yg/1; and grass
shrimp (P.aAaemc-oetgs pugio), 9.1 ug/1. Pinfish (Laeodon rJIQmodies)
did not died when exposed to 100 yg/1 for 96 hr, but significant
mortality occurred when pinfish were exposed to 32 yg/1 for 42
days. Further, alterations in the pancreatic exocrine tissue
surrounding the portal veins occurred in pinfish from the 42-day
exposure. Maximum whole-body residue (wet-weight) in pinfish was
17,000 X the nominal concentration in test water and whole-body
residue after a 56-day depuration period in PCB-free water de-
creased 61$. Oysters exposed to 10 ug/1 for 84 days accumulated
the chemical 13,000 X the concentration in test water and no PCB
residue was detectable after a 56-day depuration period.
164- Schimmel, Steven C., David J. Hansen and Jerrold Forester. 1974. EFFECTS OF
AROCLOR® 1254 ON LABORATORY-REARED EMBRYOS AND FRY OF CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS.
ASB Bull. 21(2):81. (ERL, GB Reprint #207).
Eggs of the sheepshead minnow (Cvorinodon varieeatus) were arti-
ficially fertilized (wet method) and maintained at 15° to 30°C
and 0 to 35 °/oo to determine efficient culture conditions. Fer-
tilization was not affected within the temperature or salinity
ranges tested, but hatching success was greatest (x^J a= 0.01)
within the 24° to 35°C range and 15 °/oo to 30 °/oo range.
Artifically fertilized sheepshead minnow eggs were exposed to
logarithmic series of concentrations of the polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCB), Aroclor 1254, (0.1 to 10 yg/1) in seawater
averaging 30°C and 24 °/oo in a flow-through bioassay. Ferti-
lization was not affected, but significantly fewer embryos devel-
oped in the 10 yg/1. Fry were more susceptible to this PCB than
were embryos, juveniles, or adults.
165. Schimmel, Steven C., David J. Hansen, and Jerrold Forester. 1974. EFFECTS OF
AROCLOR® 1254 ON LABORATORY-REARED EMBRYOS AND FRY OF SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS
(CYPRINQDQN VARIEGATUS). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103(3):582-586. (ERL, GB
Reprint #175).
60
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Eggs of the sheepshead minnow (Cvprinodon variegatus) were arti-
fically fertilized and maintained at temperatures from 15 to 35°C
and in salinities from 0 to 35 °/oo to determine efficient cul-
ture conditions. Fertilization was not affected by temperature
or salinity ranges chosen, but hatching success was greatest
(X2; a = o.OD at a temperature range of 24 to 35°C and a
salinity range of 15 to 30 °/oo.
Artificially fertilized sheepshead minnow eggs were exposed to
logarithmic concentrations of Aroclor 1254 (10.0 to 0.1 jjg/D in
aeawater averaging 30°C and 24°/oo in a flow-through bioassay.
Fertilization was not affected but significantly fewer embryos
developed in the 10.0 yg/1 concentration, and fewer fry survived
in concentrations greater than 0.1 ug/1. Fry were more suscep-
tible to Aroclor 1254 than were embryos, juveniles, or adults.
166. Schoor, Wilhelrn P. 1974. ACCUMULATION OF MIREX'^C IN THE ADULT BLUE CRAB
(CALLINSCTES SAPIDUS). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12(2):13&-137. (ERL,
GB Reprint #190).
Carrier-solubilized mirex has been shown to be absorbed from a
disperse aqueous system by juvenile and larval stages of the
blue crab. Since in both cases only whole-body residues were
determined, it was thought to be of interest to establish the
actual distribution of mirex in the tissues.
157. Schoor, W.P. 1974. SOME ASPECTS OF MYOSIN ADENOSINE TRIPOSPHATASE OF PINK
SHRIMP (PENAEUS DUQRARUM). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 498:375-379. (IRL, GB
Reprint #163).
1. Myosiri ATP'ases of shrimp and rabbit muscle behave similarily
except at temperatures above 30°C where the activity in shrimp
started to decline rapidly. 2. There is a correlation between
the effects of temperature on myosin ATP'ase and behavior of
shrimp in nature; this compares well with similar observations in
crayfish. 3- Data obtained emphasize that under certain condi-
tions caution must be used in determining initial enzymatic ac-
tivities.
168. Tagatz, M.E., P.W. Borthwick, G.H. Cook, and D.L. Coppage. 1974. EFFECTS OF
GROUND APPLICATIONS OF MALATHION ON SALT-MARSH ENVIRONMENTS IN NORTHWESTERN
FLORIDA. Mosq. News 34(3):309-315. (ERL, GB Reprint #179).
Effects of thermal fog [6 wt. oz/acre (420 g/ha)] and ULV
aerosol spray [0.64 fl. oz/acre (57 g/ha)] applications of
malathion 95 (o,o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate of diethyl mereapto-
succinate) on salt-marsh environments near Pensacola Beach, FL,
are investigated. Studies are conducted on selected plots after
each of three treatments with a portable thermal fogger and three
ultra low volume (ULV) sprays with a truck-mounted generator.
The ULV sprays are typical of usual mosquito-control operations.
61
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Deaths due to malathion were not observed among confined blue
crabs, Callinectes sapidus: grass shrimps, Palaemonetes vulearis
and £.. pucio; pink shrimp, Penaeus duprarum; or sheepshead
minnows, Cvorinodon varieeatus. Brain acetylcholinesterase
activity was not reduced in confined £. varieeatus exposed to
one or more treatments. Confined animals and the snail, Littorina
irrorata, contained no measurable malathion at our limit of
detectability. The chemical was not detected in sediment, but
concentrations as high as 4.10 ppm were found in Juncus sp.,
trace amounts persisting as long as 14 days O0.05 but <0.10 ppm).
Highest concentration in marsh water after fogging was 5.2 ppb;
after ULV spraying, 0.49 ppb. For each method of application,
only trace amounts O0.1 but <0.3 ppb) persisted in marsh water
as long as 1 day.
169. Walsh, Gerald E., Terrence A. Hollister, and Jerrold Forester. 1974.
TRANSLOCATION OF FOUR ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS BY RED MANGROVE (RHIZOPHQRA
MANGLE L.) SEEDLINGS. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12(2):129-135. (ERL,
GB Reprint #193).
The translocation of the insecticides dieldrin, tnethoxychlor,
and mirex and the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCE) Arolccr® 1242
by red mangrove seedlings was investigated. Mangrove seedlings
from the field were found to contain DDD, dieldrin, and PCB's.
In the laboratory, mangrove seedlings translocated dieldrin,
methoxychlor, mirex, and Aroclor 1242 from soil to various plant
parts. Dieldrin was detected in hypocotyls and leaves of
seedlings exposed to application r^ates of 0.06 kg/ha and above;
methoxychlor in hypocotyls at rates of 0.28 kg/ha and above;
Aroclor 1242 in hypocotyls and leaves at rates of 0.56 kg/ha
and above; and mirex in roots, hypocotyls, stems, and leaves
only at the highest treatment rate of 11.20 kg/ha.
The data show that these persistent organochlorine compounds
can be translocated to seedlings. If the compounds are present
in the natural mangrove environment, it is possible that they
could enter seedlings and pass to higher trophic levels when
seedlings are eaten by estuarine organisms.
1973
170. Borthwick, P.W., T.W. Duke, A.J. Wilson, Jr., J.I. Lowe, J.M. Patrick, Jr.,
and J.C. Oberheu. 1973. ACCUMULATION AND MOVEMENT OF MIREX IN SELECTED
ESTUARIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1969-71. Pest. Monit. J. 7(0:6-26. (ERL, GB
Reprint #156).
Collections of background and periodic posttreatment samples of
water, bottom sediments, shrimp, crabs, fish, and estuary-
62
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dependent birds and mammals are analyzed for mirex with electron-
capture gas chromatography. The data reveal that (1) mirex is
translocated from treated lands and high marsh to estuarine biota—
all animal classes sampled contained mirex: and (2) biological
concentration of mirex occurs—especially in predators such as
racoons and birds. Mirex residue ranges for respective sample
categories were: water (<10.01 ppb); sediment (0-0.07
crabs (0-0.60 ppm); fishes (0-0.82 ppm); shrimps (0-1.3
mammals (0-4.4 ppm); and birds (0-17.0 ppm). No mass mortalities
were observed during the study.
171. Butler, Philip A. 1973. ORGANOCHLORINE RESIDUES IN ESTUARINE MOLLUSKS,
1965-72—NATIONAL PESTICIDE MONITORING PROGRAM. Pestic. Monit. J.
6(4):23&-362. (ERL, GB Reprint #155).
This paper describes the development of the national program
for monitoring estuarine mollusks in 15 coastal States and reports
the findings for the period 1965-72. Analyses of 8,095 samples
for 15 persistent organochlorine compounds show that DDT residues
were ubiquitous; the maximum DDT residue detected was.5.39 ppro.
Dieldrin was the second most commonly detected compound with a
maximum residue of 0.23 ppm. Endrin, mirex, toxaphene, and poly-
chlorinated biphenyls were found only occasionally. Results in-
dicate a clearly defined trend towards decreased levels of DDT
residues, beginning in 1969-70. At no time were residues ob-
served of such a magnitude as to imply damage to mollusks; how-
ever, residues were large enough to pose a threat to other ele-
ments of the biota through the processes of recycling and magni-
fication.
172. Cooley, Nelson R. James M. Keltner. Jr., and Jerrold Forester. 1973.
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS, AROCLOR^S)1248 and 1260: EFFECT ON AND
ACCUMULATION BY TETRAHYMENA PYRIFQRMIS. J. Protozool. 20(3):443-445.
GB Reprint #158).
Effects of 2 polychlorinated biphenyls, Aroclor 1248 and 1260,
on axenic Ie.trahynie_ria_ cvriformis strain W were investigated and
compared with published data on Aroclor 1254. Aroclors 1248 and
1260 at 1 mg/1 in the presence of 0.1 it (v/v) polyethylene glycol
200 reduced significantly (P < 0.005) growth rates and 96-hr
populations of T_. ovriformis grown at 26°C. Both toxicants were
0.001 as toxic as Aroclor 1254. Ciliates were exposed for 7 days
to concentrated Aroclors 1248 40X, 1254 60X, and 1260 79X over
initial concentrations in the media. Accumulation of Aroclors
increased with increased chlorination. It is suggested that if
levels in the environment reached those used in these studies,
the chief ecologic effect of Aroclor 1254 would be reduction of
availability of the ciliates as food and as nutrient regenerators,
but with Aroclors 1248 and 1260, this effect would be secondary
to accumulation of the toxicants by the ciliates. Accumulation
of polychlorinated biphenyls by ciliates would permit the
THE
(ERL,
63
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toxicants to enter aquatic food chains. Thus the compounds could
exert toxic effects at higher trophic levels.
173. Couch, John A. 1973- ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND PROTARGOL STUDIES OF LAGENOPHRYS
CALLINECTES (CILIOfriQRA: PERITRICHIDA). J. Protozool. 20(5):638-6M7. (ERL,
GB Reprint #220).
Ultrastructural and protargol studies reveal that the trophont of
Lagenoohrvs callinectes, though highly specialized, generally con-
forms to the basic peritrich structural pattern.
Features described for L_, callinectes trophonts unique for the
genus are the fine structure and arrangeaent of the lorica and lips,
the attachment organelle of the peristoinial cytoplasm, its attach-
ment to the loricastome walls, and the arrangement of the aboral
kinetosomes of the trophent. Lack of a distinct scopularized
region and of a ventral lorica wall also characterize .L.. eallinectes
trophonts. The 4-row terminal peniculus, as revealed by protargol
staining, differs from the 6-row terminal peniculus of L.. nassa.
suggesting that the patterns of infundibular structure, as revealed
by protargol, should be useful in future taxonomic studies of
Lagenophrys species.
174. Duke, Thomas W. 1973. REVIEWS: RADIOACTIVITY IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT.
Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 102(1) :197-198. (ERL, GB Reprint #173).
The report, RADIOACTIVITY IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT by the
National Academy of Sciences, is reviewed. The report summa-
rizes new information acquired about radionuclides in the marine
environment since publication of a report on the subject by the
National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC)
in 1957. W. H. Freeman and Co., California, is publisher for the
report described as a valuable environmental reference.
175. Hansen, David J., Steven C. Schimmel, and James M. Keltner, Jr. 1973.
AVOIDANCE OF PESTICIDES BY GRASS SHRIMP (PALAEMQNETES PUGIO). Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 9(3) :129-133. (ERL, GB Reprint #1H7).
Crustaceans are usually more sensitive to pesticides, particu-
larly insecticides, than are fishes, but little is known about
their ability to avoid pesticide pollution. This paper describes
a study to evaluate the capacity of the euryhaline grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugioT to avoid DDT, endrin, Dursban, malathion,
Sevin, and 2,4-D. This shrimp was selected because of its impor-
tance in the food web and its abundance in waters near the
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.
176. Hollister, Terrence A., and Gerald E. Walsh. 1973. DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES OF
MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON TO HERBICIDES: OXYGEN EVOLUTION. Bull. Environ. Contam.
4 Toxicol. 9(5):291-295. (ERL, GB Reprint #159).
64
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Marine unicellular algae were investigated to determine if they
differed in their response to herbicides. Eighteen species were
tested against the substitute ureas, neburon and diuron, and the
triazines, atrazine, and ametryne. Data show that when bioassay
analyses are conducted for effects of herbicides on marine uni-
cellular algae, two factors are particularly important: (1) the
response in relation to taxonomic position, and (2) the wide
range of responses by individual species within a given family.
It is necessary, therefore, to use several species from each
of several families in algal bioassay studies to obtain realis-
tic data concerning effects of herbicides on algae.
177. Jensen, A.L. 1973. RELATION BETWEEN SIMPLE DYNAMIC POOL AND SURPLUS
PRODUCTION MODELS FOR YIELD FROM A FISHERY. J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
30(7):998-1002. (ERL, GB Reprint #157).
Dynamic pool models without self-generating properties are con-
tinuous age models, and surplus production models are continuous
time models. Self-regenerating dynamic pool models are continuous
age-discrete generation models and, also, discrete time-discrete
age models. In a steady state, specification of the regulatory
function and direct estimation of biomass result in the surplus
production model. Estimation of biomass by specifying the func-
tions with respect to age for size of a cohort and individual
weight and application of the coefficient of fishing mortality
result in the dynamic pool model. A third approach, not applied
in fisheries, is to specify the regulatory function and functions
with respect to age of cohort size and individual growth in
weight. In a steady state, all methods for calculating yield give
the same results if the functions specified are realistic. Spec-
ification of the functions requires that many assumptions be made.
The dynamic pool model may be more accurate than the surplus pro-
duction model because the regulatory function may be more diffi-
cult to determine than the functions with respect to age of cohort
size and growth in individual weight.
178. Schoor, W. P. 1973- IN VIVO BINDING OF P.P'-DDE TO HUMAN SERUM PROTEINS,
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9(2):70-74. (ERL, GB Reprint #131).
Although it is convenient to estimate chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticide levels in man by determining the amount present in
serum, few investigators have questioned possible interactions
of these compounds with serum proteins and the resulting conse-
quences. A review is presented of reports emphasizing that
direct evidence of serum protein binding under physiological
conditions should be obtained.
179. Tagatz, Marlin E. 1973. A LARVAL TARPON, MEGALQPS ATLANTICUS. FROM
PENSACOLA, FLORIDA. Copeia 1:140-141. (ERL, GB Reprint #167).
65
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A larval tarpon, Meealopa atlanfricus, was collected in the
upper reaches of the East Bay, about 45 km from the Pensacola
Inlet, PL, on October 20, 1970. It represents the second and
most northern record of a larval tarpon from the Gulf of Mexico
and suggests late spawning in the Gulf.
Tagatz, Marlin E., and E. Peter H. Wilkens. 1973- SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF
YOUNG GULF MENHADEN AND OTHER FISHES IN A NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA ESTUARY. U.S.
Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-672. 14 p.
Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia oatronust and other species of fishes
were collected by plankton net, seine, and surface trawl from
Pensacola Bay, East Bay, and East Bay River from December 1969
to October 1971. Relative abundance, distribution, and relative
growth of menhaden are given from the time they enter the estuary
as larvae in December to the time they emigrate to the Gulf of
Mexico as juveniles in September: 84 species of fishes, repre-
senting 46 families, were captured. The number and length range
of each species by month are presented; 4 species were not pre-
viously recorded from Pensacola estuaries.
Walsh, Gerald E. and Thomas E. Grow. 1973. COMPOSITION OF THALASSIA
TESTUDINUM and RUPPIA MARITIMA. Q. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 35(2):97-108.
GB Reprint #126).
(ERL,
This report summarizes an investigation of turtle grass (Thala.ssia
testudinum) and widgeon grass (Ruppia marit4ma^: seasonal
distributions of protein, carbohydrates, trace elements, and energy
content of leaves and rhizomes. The potential nutritive value of
the seagrasses also is evaluated.
Walsh, Gerald E., Regina Barrett, Gary H. Cook, and Terrence A. Hollister,
1973. EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON SEEDLINGS OF THE RED MANGROVE, RHIZOPHORA
MANGLE L. BioScience 23(6):3&1-364. (ERL, GB Reprint #143).
Effects of a commercial formulation of 2,4-D and picloram on
seedlings of the red mangrove, Rhizoohora mangle L, are described.
In these experiments, a combination of 4.4 kg/ha 2,4-D and 1.6 kg/ha
picloram killed all seedlings. Data indicate that relatively low
concentrations of auxin-type herbicides inhibit mangrove develop-
ment. Reclamation of a mangrove forest may be difficult if low
residues from previous spraying persist in soil.
1972
Bookhout, C. G., Alfred J. Wilson, Jr., Thomas W. Duke, and Jack I. Lowe.
1972. EFFECTS OF MIREX ON THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF TWO CRABS. Water Air
Soil Pollut. 1(1972):165-180. (ERL, GB Reprint #132).
66
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The effects of mirex, a chlorinated hydrocarbon used to kill the
imported red ant, Solenopsis saevissima richterir on the complete
larval development of two crabs, Rhithropanopeus harriaii and
Menippe meroenariaT are described. The duration of developmental
stages of Rhithropanopeus and the total time of development is
generally lengthened with an increase in concentration of mirex
from 0,01 to 10.0 ppb. There are highly significant differences
between survival of larvae in the control and in each concentra-
of mirex. In Menippe, there were no pronounced differences in
duration of developmental stages with increased concentrations
of mirex, but the percentage of extra 6th zoeae was greater as
concentrations were increased. There was differential survival
of the developmental stages in relation to concentration of mirex,
and Menippe larvae were much more sensitive to mirex than
Rhithropanooeus larvae, especially in the megalopal stage.
Residue analysis indicates that Menippe concentrates mirex more
efficiently during development to crab stages than does Rhithro-
panopeus.
1&4. Bourquin, Al W., S.K. Alexander, H.K. Speidel, J.E. Mann, and J.F. Fair.
1972. MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH CYCLODIENE PESTICIDES. Dev. Ind.
Microbiol. 13:264-276. (ERL, GB Reprint #166).
Studies were conducted on mixed cultures of Pseudomonas sp. and
individual isolates in an attempt to support growth on the chlori-
nated hydrocarbon pesticide, heptachlor, in aqueous systems. Gas
chromatographic analysis of the aqueous system demonstrated signif-
icant reduction in the concentration of pesticide. Cultures were
characterized by moderate growth and significant flow formation.
Attempts to correlate growth with reduction in pesticide concen-
trations were conducted with lJ*C-labeled simulated technical
heptachlor. Isotopic analyses revealed a liberation of ^C02>
implicating oxidative dissimilation by the microbial system.
Radiochemlcal assay of cellular constituents showed only low-
level, nonspecific incorporation. Additional low-level activity
was found in association with glutamate and aspartate in the
aqueous phase of the supernatant. Most of the activity remained
in original pesticides that were found in close association with
the lipid phase of the cellular fraction. Three pesticide metabo-
lites—chlordene, 1-hydroxy-2,3-epoxychlordene, and heptachlor
epoxide—in addition to nine unknown by-products were identified.
Possible metabolic pathways are discussed. Accumulation of com-
ponents of simulated technical heptachlor in the lipid-soluble
cellular fractions was observed to correlate with degree of
chlorination rather than concentration.
185. Butler, Philip A. 1972. DDT IN ESTUARINE MOLLUSKS. BioScience
22(12):690-691. (ERL, GB Reprint #155a).
Samples of mollusks were collected at about 30-day intervals at
183 permanent estuarine sites for periods ranging from 2 to 8
67
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years in 15 coastal states. The occurrence of DDT residues
demonstrated its association primarily with agricultural prac-
tices. Maximum DDT residues detected (1.0-5.4 ppm) occurred in
less than 0.5% of the samples; 62$ of all samples contained DDT
at levels above 0.005 ppm. In New York and Alabama there was a
100$ incidence of DDT residues. In the least polluted areas
there was a DDT residue incidence of 15$ in Georgia and 11$ in
Washington.
The data demonstrate that the decline in DDT residues in molluscs
has been nearly universal on the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and
Pacific coasts, although beginning at different times in different
places. In some areas DDT has disappeared from this filter-feeding
level of the trophic web within 12 months of the termination of
its local use. This suggests that barring further input, DDT
will disappear biologically within one or two generations of sen-
sitive estuarine fauna.
186. Butler, P.A., I.E. Andren, G.J. Bonde, A.B. Jernelov, and D.J. Reish. 1972.
TEST MONITORING AND INDICATOR ORGANISMS. In: A Guide to Marine Pollution,
Edward D. Goldberg, editor. Gordon and Breach, London, pp. 117-159. (ERL, GB
Reprint #148).
These guidelines concern the selection of bioassay organisms
useful for the detection and evaluation of pollution. Ideally,
the selected species or community of different species should
reflect the presence or absence of specific pollutants, relative
pollution levels, and their periodic fluctuations, and perhaps
other factors that contribute to environmental degradation.
The species selected should be of value in circumscribed geo-
graphic locations, as well as larger water areas. Such an
ideal does not exist; therefore, bioassay organisms may be
grouped functionally into two general categories as either moni-
toring or indicator types.
187. Cooley, Nelson R., and James M. Keltner, Jr. 1972. EFFECT OF AROCLOR® 12M8,
A POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL, ON GROWTH OF POPULATIONS OF TETRAHYMENA PYRIFQRMIS
W (CILIATEA: HYMENOSTOMATIDA: HYMENOSTOMATIDAE). ASB Bull. 19(2}:61.
(ERL, GB Reprint #140).
Populations of Tetrahvmena pvriformis W were grown in optically
matched test tubes at 26°C in broth (2$ proteose peptone, 0.1$
yeast extract, 0.5$ dextrose) that contained 0.1$ polyethylene
glycol 200 and 10, 100, or 1,000 ppb Aroclor 1248, a polychlori-
nated biphenyl (PCB). Population density was measured in a spec-
trophotometer as absorbance at 540 mu. Growth rate during expo-
nential growth of the population was estimated as the quantity .b_
of the least squares estimate by the line JL = a + £x of the expo-
nential portion of the graphed data. In addition, population
densities at 96 hr, when control population density is maxi-
mal, were compared. Significant reductions in growth rate (18.9$)
68
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and population density (9.650 (P < 0.05, randomized block analy-
sis of variance plus Scheffe procedure) were produced by 1,000
ppb of the PCB, but not by lesser concentrations tested.
188. Cooley, Nelson R., James M. Keltner, Jr., and Jerrold Forester. 1972. MIREX
AND AROCLOR® 1254: EFFECT ON AND ACCUMULATION BY TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS
STRAIN W. J. Protozool. 19(4)5636-638. (ERL, GB Reprint #137).
Effects of 2 toxicants, Mirex and Aroclor 1254, on Tetrahvmena
pyriformjg strain W in axenic cultures are investigated. Mirex
is a chlorinated hydrocarbon effective against the fire ant, and
Aroclor 1254 is a compound structurally related to DDT and used
extensively in various industrial processes. Both toxicants re-
duced growth rates and population densities of X. ovriformis
grown at 26°C generally in proportion to concentrations of the
chemicals, their effects becoming statistically significant
(P < 0.05) at 0.9 pg/1 for Mirex and 1.0 and 10.0 yg/1 for
Aroclor 1254. Ciliates exposed to the toxicants for 7 days con-
centrated Mirex 193 X and Aroclor 60 X as compared to the ini-
tial concentrations of these compounds. It is suggested that
the chief effect of the 2 toxicants on populations of J_.
ovriformis and of similarly responding ciliates in nature
would be to reduce the availability of these protozoa as food
organisms and nutrient regenerators. The ability of the ciliates
to concentrate the tested compounds would permit the toxicants
to enter into and to be translocated through aquatic food chains.
In this manner the compounds could exert toxic effects at higher
trophic levels.
189. Coppage, David L. 1972. ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES: SPECIFIC LEVEL OF BRAIN
AChfi INHIBITION RELATED TO DEATH IN SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS. Trans. Am. Fish .
Soc. 100(3):534-536. (ERL, GB Reprint #113).
Inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in sheepshead
minnows, Cvprinodon variegatus, by static exposures to acute
doses of 3uthion, phorate, and parathion that killed 40 to 60%
of the fish in 2, 24, 48, and 72 hr indicates that effect is a
function of pesticide concentration and length of exposure. Inhi-
bition to less than 87$ of normal activity is necessary to indi-
cate exposure. The greatest inhibition caused by sublethal
exposures is not as great as that caused by lethal exposures.
Death occurs when AChE activity falls below 17.7$ of normal, and
levels below this value indicate impending death from exposure
even when pesticide concentration and exposure times are unknown.
In single test, phosphamidon, Cygon, malathion, EPN, Dursban,
DDVP, Diazinon, Dibrom, and methyl parathion caused inhibition
to less than 17.7$ of normal activity when 40 to 60$ of the
fish were killed. These data indicate that brain AChE levels,
when properly assayed, are dependable indicators of exposure
and death.
69
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190. Erickson, Stanton J. 1972. TOXICITY OF COPPER TO THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDQNANA IN
UNSNRICHED INSHORE SEAWATER. J. Phycol. 8:318-323-
Toxicity of copper to J.. pseudonana (formerly Cyolotella nana,
clone 13-1) was examined in inshore seawater in a 96-hr bioassay.
Raw unenriched seawater was filtered through a 22- membrane filter
and then pasteurized for 30 min at 60°C. Following this treat-
ment, samples contained 0.68-1.14 tig Cu/1. Copper was added as
the chloride in 5 pg increments over the range of 5 to 30 pig/1
(about 0.1-0.5 M). Population densities, mean cell volume, and
^C bicarbonate uptake were measured.
Population growth and ^C uptake by ,1. pseudonana displayed
inhibition over the entire range of added copper. Growth rate
constant (k) of 1. pseudonana decreased with increasing copper
concentration and during the course of growth at each concentra-
tion. Correspondingly, mean cell volumes increased with copper
concentration and time. Copper toxicity varied in different
water samples. The presence of decomposed natural plankton and
detritus decreased toxicity. In the absence of enrichment, bac-
teria had little effect on copper toxicity. Results were influ-
enced by glassware treatment, collection and storage of seawater,
and absence of enrichments.
191. Hansen, David J. 1972. DDT AND MALATHION: EFFECT ON SALINITY SELECTION BY
MOSQUITOFISH. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 101(2) :346-350. (ERL, GB Reprint #108).
Behavior of fish is altered after exposure to some pesticides.
The response of fish to salinity gradients is important because
it affects movement and distribution of species in an estuary.
The effect of DDT and malathion on salinity selection by mosquito-
fish, Gambusia afClQiat therefore was investigated.
192. Hansen, D.J., E. Matthews, S.L. Nail, and D.P. Dumas. 1972. AVOIDANCE OF
PESTICIDES BY UNTRAINED MOSQUITOFISH, GAMBUSIA AFFINIS. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 8(1):46-51. (ERL, GB Reprint #136).
Some fish possess the capacity to avoid polluted water, but their
ability to avoid pesticides has not been extensively studied.
In experiments at ERL, GB, sheepshead minnows, Cvorinodon
varieeatus, avoided DDT, endrin, Dursban®, and 2,4-D, but did
not avoid malathion or SeviriS). This paper summarizes results
of similar experiments conducted to determine if mosquito-
fish, Gambusia aff^qis, could avoid these pesticides.
193. Heitmuller, Paul T., and Del Wayne R. Nimmo. 1972. A CAGE FOR EXPOSING
AQUATIC ANIMALS TO BOTTOM SEDIMENTS. Prog. Fish-Cult. 34(2):120. (ERL, GB
Reprint #134).
A holding cage constructed to assess uptake of organic pollu-
tants from estuarine bottom sediments by penaeid shrimp is
70
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described. The cage incorporates a two-tier arrangement that
enables control animals to be held above the bottom sediment,
while experimental animals in the lower compartment are directly
exposed to the bottom sediments. Tests show shrimp can survive
in the cage for 3 weeks.
1?»4. Lowe, J.I., P.R. Parrish, J.M. Patrick, Jr., and J. Forester. 1972. EFFECTS
OF THE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL AROCLOp) 1254 ON THE AMERICAN OYSTER
CRASSQSTHEA VIRGINICA. Mar. Biol. 17(3) :209-214. (ERL, GB Reprint #146).
Young oysters (Crassostrea virainica) were continuously exposed
to Aroclcr® 1254, a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), in flowing,
unfiltered seawater. Growth rate (height and inwater weight) was
significantly reduced (a= 0.05) in oysters exposed to 5 yg/1 (ppb)
for 24 weeks. Growth rate was not affected in oysters exposed to
1 ppb for 30 weeks. Mortality was not significant in exposed and
control groups. In oysters exposed to 5 ppb, greatest PCB residue
(whole body) was 425 mg/kg (ppm), 85,OOOX the concentration in the
water, and less than 0.3 ppm was retained after 28 weeks depuration
in PCB-free water. In oysters exposed to 1 ppb, greatest residue
was 101 ppm, 101 ,OOOX the concentration in the water, and less
than 0.2 ppm was retained after 12 weeks depuration. Examination
of oysters exposed to 5 ppb of this PCB for pathogenesis revealed
atrophy of digestive diverticular epithelium and degeneration of
vesicular connective tissues concomitant with leukocytic infil-
tration, but tissue recovery seemed excellent after a 12-week
depuration.
195. Nimmo, D.R., and R.R. Blackman. 1972. EFFECTS OF DDT ON CATIONS IN THE
HEPATOPANCREAS OF PENAEID SHRIMP. Trans. Am.. Fish. Soc. 101(3):547-549.
(ERL, GB Reprint #117).
Symptoms of DDT poisoning in penaeid shrimp are described. In
acute bioassays (concentrations of 0.15 ppb or more), shrimp
showed the nervous impairments—tremors, hyperexcitability, and
finally paralysis—which are characteristic of arthropods. In
chronic tests, when less DDT was used, shrimp became lethargic,
refused food, and finally died, but no nervous disorders were
noted. Analyses of shrimp in all tests showed that shrimp
accumulated more DDT in the hepatopancreas than in other organs.
Data demonstrate that when living shrimp are exposed to DDT,
concentrations of some cations in the hepatopancreas became
depressed.
196. Parrish, Patrick R., Jack I. Lowe, Alfred J. Wilson, Jr., and James M.
Patrick, Jr. 1972. EFFECTS OF AROCLOR® 1254, A PCB, ON OYSTERS, CRASSOSTREA
VlfiGINICA (BIVALVIA: PROTOBRANCHIA: OSTREIDAE). ASB Bull. 19(2):90. (ERL,
GB Reprint #141).
Oysters were continuously exposed to Aroclor 1254, a polychlori-
nated biphenyl, in flowing, unfiltered seawater. Growth rate
71
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(height and in-water weight) was significantly reduced (Student's
t-test; variation = 0.05) in oysters exposed to 5.0 yg/1 parts
per billion (ppb) for 24 weeks, but was not affected in oysters
exposed to 1.0 ppb for 30 weeks. Mortality was not significant
in any group. In oysters exposed to 5.0 ppb, greatest PCB resi-
due (whole-body) was 425 mg/kg (ppm), a concentration factor of
8.5 x 10\ and a trace was retained after 32 weeks depuration
in PCB-free water. In oysters exposed to 1.0 ppb, greatest
residue was 101 ppm, a 10.1 x 101* concentration factor, and a
trace was retained after 12 weeks depuration. Pathological
examination of exposed oysters revealed degeneration of vesic-
ular connective tissues concomitant with leukocytic infiltration.
Tissue alterations were much greater in oysters exposed to
5.0 ppb, but tissue recovery seemed excellent after 12 weeks
depuration.
197. Speidel, H.K., A.W. Bourquin, J.E. Mann, and E.O. Bennett. 1972.
MICROBIOLOGICAL REMOVAL OF PESTICIDES FROM AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS. Dev. Ind.
Microbiol. 13:277-282. (ERL, GB Reprint #l66a).
Two mixtures of microorganisms were isolated and formed floe
particles in the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides.
One mixture contained three organisms. The other contained the
three found in the first mixture plus one additional organism.
The individual organisms were found to vary as to nutritional
requirements. Electron microscope studies indicated that the
type of floe particle produced depends on the medium used for
growth. Exocellular polymers were produced when glucose was
used as the carbon source. No polymers were seen with hepta-
chlor as the carbon source. Glucose-grown cells have the abil-
ity to remove large amounts of the components of technical hep-
tachlor from pesticide-saturated water.
198. Walsh, Gerald E. 1972. EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND GROWTH OF
MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGAE. Hyacinth Control J. 10:45-48. (ERL, GB Reprint
#130).
Little is known concerning effects of pesticides on marine uni-
cellular algae. This study describes effects of several classes
of herbicides upon growth and photosynthesis by four genera of
marine unicellular algae.
199. Walsh, Gerald E. 1972. INSECTICIDES, HERBICIDES, AND POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS IN ESTUARIES. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 62(2):122-139. (ERL, GB Reprint
#139).
Pesticides are present in estuaries throughout the world, and it
is probable that they will remain there for an indefinite period of
time. Production rate of chemical pesticides has increased by about
16% each year since 1964. About 390 chemicals are used in pest
control. They reach estuaries through runoff from land, discharge
72
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of municipal and industrial wastes, direct application to marshes,
aerial drift, and accidental discharge. Residues of pesticides
are found in water, sediment, and at all levels of estuarine
trophic pyramids, but there is still uncertainty as to what
these residues mean in terms of toxicity, reproduction, and other
factors relating to estuarine organisms in the field. Data from
both laboratory and field studies suggest a few beneficial and
many harmful effects of pesticides in estuaries. In this presen-
tation, insecticides, herbicides, and polychlorinated biphenyl
compounds are discussed in relation to survival, photosynthesis,
behavior, metamorphosis, resistance, and chemical changes in
tissues of estuarine organisms.
1971
200. Coppage, David L. 1971. CHARACTERIZATION OF FISH BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
WITH AN AUTOMATED pH STAT FOR INHIBITION STUDIES. Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 6(U):304-310. (ERL, GB Reprint #125).
This report concerns characterization of brain AChE of sheepshead
minnows, Cvprinodon varieeatus. by an automated pH stat for inhi-
bition studies. The function of enzyme and choline ester concen-
tration, the action of enzyme on specific choline esters, and the
effects of pH and temperature on AChE activity were investigated
to determine suitable assay conditions for brain AChE. Also, the
effects of several inhibitors were studied in vitro and compared
with toxicity. A method for in vivo inhibition studies is pro-
posed.
201. Duke, Thomas W., and Alfred J. Wilson, Jr. 1971. CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN
LIVERS OF FISHES FROM THE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN. Pest. Monit. J.
5(2):228-232. (ERL, GB Reprint #127).
Occurrences of pesticides in seafood, such as Jack mackerel from
California, prompted the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (BCF), now
the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), to conduct a prelim-
inary survey of the pesticide content of some coastal fish from
the Northeastern Pacific. The purpose of the survey was to deter-
mine if these fish had recently accumulated or were in the process
of accumulating commonly used chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides
and to point out some specific problem areas: a comprehensive
monitoring program could be established later on the basis of
these and other results. Investigators at the Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, coordinated the survey as
planned by BCF and analyzed the samples. Samples were collected
and prepared for analysis by personnel from NMFS Laboratories
at La Jolla, CA, Seattle, WA, and Auke Bay, AK.
73
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This report presents the levels of pesticides found in the fish
livers.
202. Hansen, David J. 1971. EVALUATION OF STOCKING CUTTHROAT TROUT, SALMQ CLARKIT
IN MUNSEL LAKE, OREGON. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 100(1 ) :55-60. (ERL, GB
Reprint #103).
Natural mortality, emigration, and yield to anglers were assessed
in 1962 for three releases of cutthroat trout (Salmo olarki) in
Munsel Lake, Oregon. Stocked fish were caught emigrating from
March 30, the start of trapping, to July 3. Natural mortality,
16 to 75%, was the dominant factor determining the number of fish
available to anglers , and this mortality was greatest when anglers
could not fish immediately after stocking. Yield of trout to
anglers, estimated by creel census, indicated that after release
fish were removed rapidly from the lake.
Catch by anglers could be increased and catch per unit effort
stabilized by liberating trout just before the fishing season
and once or twice in the summer. This policy could reduce
losses of fish from natural mortality and emigrations.
203. Hansen, D.J., P.R. Parrish, J.I. Lowe, A.J. Wilson, Jr., and P.P. Wilson.
1971. CHRONIC TOXICITY, UPTAKE, AND RETENTION OF AROCLOR® 1254 IN TWO
SSTUARINE FISHES. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6(2) : 113-1 19. (ERL, GB
Reprint #120).
Chronic toxicity tests are conducted to determine effects of
low levels of Aroclor 1254 on pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides ) and
spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) . Results suggest that chronic
exposure to Aroclor 1254 increased susceptibility of test pin-
fish and spot to disease, and also appeared to be toxic to these
fish. This PCB is rapidly stored by pinfish and spot, and per-
sists in tissues for approximately three months. These findings
emphasize the need for further study on the effect of chronic
exposure of aquatic organisms to polychlorinated biphenyls.
204. Hochberg, F.G., and John A. Couch. 1971. BIOLOGY OF CEPHALOPODS. In:
Scientists-in-the-Sea, J.W. Miller, J.G. VanDerwalker, editors. U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, pp. VI-221-VI-228. (ERL, GB
Reprint #118).
Few studies of cephalopod mollusks have been made in
Mission 8-50, TEKTITE II, made possible a three-week study
(July-August) of octopods and squids in Greater Lameshur Bay,
St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, A cross sectional study revealed
the presence of at least three species of Octopus: £U briareus;
£• macropus; and £.. vulgar is. Observations on activity periods,
territoriality, feeding, and general behavior of these octopods
were made. Three different genera and species of squid were
observed : Sepiotheuthis sepioidea; Piokfordiateuthis oulohella:
74
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and Loligo J2le_i.. Observations on schooling behavior, space
requirements, mating, and feeding are presented on these squid.
205. Nimmo, D.R., R. Blackman, A.J. Wilson, Jr., and J. Forester. 1971. TOXICITY
AND DISTRIBUTION OF AROCLOR© 1254 IN THE PINK SHRIMP PENAEUS DUQRARUM. Mar.
Biol. 11(3):191-197. (ERL, GB Reprint #128).
The polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor© 1254 was released in an
accidental leakage of heat-exchange fluid from an industrial plant,
into the Escambia River, near Pensacola, FL. This material was
carried downstream, and is now found in the fauna of Escambia Bay
and its contiguous waters, prime nursery areas for fishes and
invertebrates such as penaeid shrimp. The significance of pollu-
tion by this chemical was assessed by establishing toxicity
levels, determining routes of entry, and investigating its move-
ment and distribution in various tissues of shrimp under con-
trolled conditions in the laboratory. Aroclor 1254 added to the
water was toxic to the juvenile pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum at
a concentration of 1.0 ppb within 15 days, but was less toxic to
adult pink shrimp. Shrimp obtained the contaminant from water
and food and concentrated it to 510.0 ppm in the hepatopancreas.
Aroclor 1254 residue data from shrimp collected in the estuary
are included in the study.
206. Nimmo, D.R., P.O. Wilson, R.R. Blackman, and A.J. Wilson, Jr. 1971.
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL ABSORBED FROM SEDIMENTS BY FIDDLER CRABS AND PINK
SHRIMP. Nature 231(5297): 50-52. (ERL, GB Reprint #111).
Fiddler crabs and shrimp exposed to sediments contaminated by
Aroclor® 1254, a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), are shown to
accumulate the PCB in their tissues by ingesting contaminated par-
ticles or by absorbing the leached chemical from water. It is
demonstrated experimentally that Aroclor 1254 can enter the estu-
arine food chain from sediments.
207. Sprague, Victor, and John A. Couch. 1971. AN ANNOTATED LIST OF PROTOZOAN
PARASITES, HYPERPARASITES, AND COMMENSALS OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEA. J. Protozool.
18(3):526-5S7. (ERL, GB Reprint #106).
This taxonomic paper presents a complete list of protozoa known
to be associated with decapods and covers a few problems in classi-
fication and nomenclature. Subjects of host and site of infec-
tion, locality, and pathogenecity also are included.
:>08. Tagatz, Marlin E. 1971. OSMOREGULATORY ABILITY OF BLUE CRABS IN DIFFERENT
TEMPERATURE-SALINITY COMBINATIONS. Chesapeake Sci. 12(1):14-17.
Adult male and immature, mature, and ovigerous female blue crabs,
Callinectes sapjdujg, prefer different portions of estuaries.
Total osmotic concentrations of blood samples from crabs held in
5, 50, or 100$ seawater (salinity 34 °/oo) at 10, 20, or 30oc
75
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209.
indicated that some differences in osmoregulatory capabilities
were related to differences in distribution. Ovigerous females
did not regulate as well as mature females or adult males at 5
or 50% seawater, at all temperatures. In 50 or 100) seawater,
osmotic concentrations of immature females generally were less
than those of mature females. At almost all temperature-salinity
combinations, however, differences in the osmoregulatory ability
of adult males and mature females were not significant. The blue
crab showed good hyperosmotic regulation in 5 and 50) seawater
but regulated its blood hyposmotically in 100) seawater.
Tagatz, Marlin E., and Ann Bowman Hall. 1971. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE
FISHING INDUSTRY AND BIOLOGY OF THE BLUE CRAB, CALLINECTES £A£IDJiS_. National
Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-640:1-94.
This bibliography provides scientific and industrial investiga-
tors an updated and comprehensive list of references to the litera-
ture on the blue crab, Callinectes saoidus. Authors are listed
alphabetically, and each author's work is listed chronologically
by year of publication.
210.
Walsh, Gerald E. 1971.
Ecology, 52(2):298-304.
ENERGY BUDGETS OF FOUR PONDS IN NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA.
(ERL, GB Reprint #105).
211.
The annual energy budgets of four small ponds in northwestern
Florida were calculated from the amounts of 1) solar radiation,
2) atmospheric long-wave radiation, 3) back radiation, 4) evap-
orative energy, 5) conducted energy, and 6) sensible heat that
was lost from the water. Long-wave radiation constituted between
62.1 and 63.9) of the total incoming radiative energy and 80.8
to 85.0) of the total energy loss. Evaporative loss was between
14.6 and 18.3) of the total. Between 370,498 and 631,970 kcal
m~2yr~1 (37,050-63,197 cal cm~2yr~1) were stored. Atmospheric
radiation counteracts a portion of the radiative loss from water,
thus reducing loss of stored solar energy.
Walsh, Gerald, and Ralph L. Bowers. 1971. A REVIEW OF HAWAIIAN ZOANTHIDS
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 50(2): 161-180,
(ERL, GB Reprint #92).
This paper describes zoanthids collected from coral reefs and
shores of the Hawaiian Islands between June 1965 and June 1967.
Isaurus eloneatus Verrill (1928) and Palythoa tuberculosa Esper
(1971) are redescribed and Zoanthus vestitua Verrill (1928) is
reclassified as Palvthoa vestitus. Zoanthua confertus Verrill
(1928) and Z.. nitidus Verrill (1928) are combined under the new
species name Zoanthus pacificus. New species described are £.
psammnpMlla, p_. toxica, and i. kealakekuaensis. A list of
zoanthid species from the southwestern Pacific Ocean is given.
76
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212. Walsh, Gerald E., and Thomas E. Grow. 1971. DEPRESSION OF CARBOHYDRATE IN
MARINE ALGAE BY UREA HERBICIDES. Weed Science. 19(5):568-570. (ERL, GB
Reprint #121).
Representative species of six genera of marine unicellular algae
(Chlorococcuii} sp., Dicrateria Inornata Parke, punaliella
tertlolecta Butcher, Nannochloris sp.f Isochrvsls aalbana Parke,
and Monochrysia lutherl Droop) were treated in unialgal culture
with 3-(3,M-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), 1-butyl-3-
(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-raethylurea (neburon), 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-
1,1-dimethylurea (monuron), and 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea {fen-
uron). Tests were conducted at salinities of 5, 10, 20, and 30
°/oo. The herbicides depressed concentration of carbohydrate in
all species. fiujn,a,liella tertiolecta was most resistant; its
carbohydrate content deceased 9.2$ at 5 °/oo salinity and 17.9$
at 30 °/oo. Chlorococcum was most susceptible; its carbohydrate
content decreased 49.1$ at 5 °/oo and 65.6$ at 30 °/oo salinity.
213. Walsh, Gerald E., Charles W. Miller, and P.T. Heitmuller. 1971. UPTAKE AND
EFFECTS OF DICHLOBENIL IN A SMALL POND. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.
6(3):279-288, (ERL, GB Reprint #123).
The herbicide 2, 6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil, Casoron®)
is used throughout the United States for control of submerged
aquatic weeds. It is not effective against filamentous algae and
has little effect upon plankton and fish except at high concen-
trations. In this study, a small pond is treated with dichlobenil
in order to measure uptake by organisms and effects of treatment
upon oxygen production, plankton dynamics, and water chemistry.
77
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Presentations
Papers listed below were published in conference and workshop proceedings
under authorship of researchers employed at the Gulf Breeze Laboratory and its
field station, or supported by EPA grants, contracts, or interagency
agreements. Selected articles are available in limited quantities at the ERL
Library, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561.
1978
214. Block, Ronald M., Dennis T. Burton, Steven R. Gullans, and Leonard B.
Richardson. 1978. RESPIRATORY AND OSMOREGULATORY RESPONSES OF WHITE PERCH
(MQRONE AMERICANA) EXPOSED TO CHLORINE AND OZONE IN ESTUARINE WATERS. In:
Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 2, Robert
L. Jolley, Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr., editors. Ann Arbor
Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 351-360.
Investigations of the acute toxicity of chlorine and ozone to an
euryhaline teleost are described. Ozone appears to produce a more
rapid breakdown of physiological processes of the white perch,
Moroqg amerioanar than chlorine. Both oxidants produce a dele-
terious effect on gill tissue, and ultimately affect gill func-
tions. Their mode of action appears to be the same in that osmo-
regulatory and respiratory mechanisms are affected in the same
manner.
215. Borthwick, Patrick W., and Steven C. Schimmel. 1978. TOXICITY OF
PSNTACHLOROPHENOL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS TO EARLY LIFE STAGES OF SELECTED
SSTUARINE ANIMALS. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, 2nd
Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
pp. 141-146. (ERL, GB Reprint #343).
Newly hatched individuals of four estuarine species were exposed
to pentachlorophenol (PCP), sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP), or
Dowicide® G (79J Na-PCP), in static toxicity tests.
The 96-hr LC50 values for sheepshead minnow (Cyprj,no4on
varieeatua) fry exposed to PCP at ages 1-day, 2-week, 4-week,
and 6-week were 329, 392, 240, and 223 Pg/1, respectively. The
96-hr LC50 value for 2-week-old fry exposed to Dowicide®G was
516 yg/1. The larvae (48-hr post hatch) of pinfish, Laeodon
rhomboidesf were particularly sensitive to Na-PCP (96-hr LC50:
38 ,£/!} and Dowicide®G (96-hr LC50:66 yg/1). For 24-hr-old
grass shrimp (Palaemonetea pugio) larvae exposed to NA-PCP the
78
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96-hr LC50 was 649 ug/1. Na-PCP caused abnormal development of
eastern oyster (Crassostrea vireinica) embryos; the 48-hr EC50
was 40 yg/1.
216. Bourquin, Al W., and David T. Gibson. 1978. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS. In: Water Chlorination, Environmental Impact and
Health Effects, Vol. 2, Robert L. Jolley, Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward
Hamilton, Jr., editors. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. pp.
253-258. (ERL, GB Reprint #361).
Biochemical and soil microbiology studies indicate that numerous
mechanisms exist for the dehalogenation of both aliphatic and
aromatic hydrocarbons. Tests described in this paper demonstrate
that enzymatic systems are capable of dehalogenation. The report
does not answer the question of the biodegradability of halogenated
hydrocarbons, but illustrates the need for more information in
order to identify compounds likely to undergo enzymatic cleavage
of the carbon-halogen bond.
217. Brannon, Anita C., and Philip J. Conklin. 1978. EFFECT OF SODIUM
PENTACHLOROPHENATE ON EXOSKELETAL CALCIUM IN THE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMQNETES
PyjjtIQ. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental
Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor. Plenum Press, New York, NY. pp. 205-211.
Exposure of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugjg, to media con-
taining sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) led to an apparent
increase in the dry weight of exuvia as well as an increase in
the total quantity of calcium. The actual calcium concentration
(yg Ca/mg dry exoskeleton) in exuvia did not vary significantly
in relation to Na-PCP exposure. Whether the observed changes in
exuvia from shrimp exposed to Na-PCP are due to a decrease in the
resorption of the old exoskeleton preceding ecdysis remains to be
clarified.
218. Cantelmo, Angela C., Philip J. Conklin, Ferris R. Fox, and K. Ranga Rao.
1978. EFFECTS OF SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE AND 2,4-DINITROPHENOL ON
RESPIRATION IN CRUSTACEANS. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology,
and Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor. Plenum Press, New York,
NY. pp. 251-263.
The oxygen consumption of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio,
was determined at different stages of the molt cycle. At each
stage of the molt cycle, the oxygen consumption varied in rela-
tion to periods of activity. In order to minimize the errors in
establishing basal (control) rates of oxygen consumption, measure-
ments were made over extended periods (18 to 24 hr). In contrast
to the previous reports of progressive increases in oxygen con-
sumption during proecdysial stages in other crustaceans, we noted
significant increases in oxygen consumption just prior to and
during the actual shedding of exoskeleton (ecdysis) in grass
shrimp. The effects of sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) on
oxygen consumption varied depending on the stage of the molt
cycle, concentration of Na-PCP, and extent of pre-exposure of
shrimp to Na-PCP.
79
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The effects of Na-PCP and DNP on tissue respiration in. vitro
were studied with the blue crab, Calljnectea aaoidus. At con-
centrations of 1 x 10-6 M an(j 5 x 10~5 M, these compounds did
not alter the oxygen consumption of the muscle, gill, and hepato-
pancreas. At a concentration of 5 x 10~3 M, both Na-PCP and
DNP caused an inhibition of oxygen consumption of isolated tissues.
219. Cantelmo, Frank F., and K. Ranga Rao. 1978. EFFECTS OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL ON
THE MSIOBENTHIC NEMATODES IN AN EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM. In: Pentachlorophenol:
Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor.
Plenum Press, New York, NY. pp. 165-174.
Aquaria containing clean sand received a continuous supply of
seawater from Santa Rosa Sound, Florida, mixed with known quan-
tities of PCP for 9 weeks (May 10 - July 12, 1976) for the first
experiment and Dowieide® G-ST for 13 weeks (December 27, 1976 -
March 28, 1977) for the second experiment. The measured concen-
trations of PCP in the former experiment were 7,76, and 622 yg/1
while the concentrations of 1.8, 15.8, and 161 pg/1 were used in
the latter experiment. At the end of each experiment the meio-
fauna established in the control and experimental aquaria were
examined. Nematodes were the dominant group and averaged 83% of
all the meiofauna encountered, Concentrations of 1.8, 7, and
15.8 yg PCP/1 did not affect the biomass and density of nema-
todes. Marked changes in nematode species composition and
shifts in nematode feeding types were noticed in the aquaria
exposed to 161 and 622 yg PCP/1. Nematodes classified as epi-
strate feeders were most abundant in the control aquaria and
those exposed to 1.8, 7, 15.8, and 76 pg PCP/1. Deposit feeders
were relatively abundant among the nematodes in aquaria exposed
to 161 and 622 pg PCP/1. The alterations in nematodes observed
in this investigation appeared to be due to the variations in
macrobenthic fauna and food (algae) supply caused by the
biocidal effects of PCP and also due to the toxic effects of PCP
on meiofauna.
220. Carpenter, James H., and Donald L. Macalady. 1978. CHEMISTRY OF HALOGENS IN
SEAWATER. In: Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects,
Vol. 1, Robert L. Jolley, editor. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.
pp. 161-179.
There has not been sufficient research to provide a satisfactory
understanding of the reactions that occur when +1 oxidation state
chlorine is added to seawater. However, present information sug-
gests that the bromide ion is oxidized and, perhaps, dispropor-
tionates to several oxidation states. Formation of brominated or
mixed brominated-chlorinated organic compounds can be expected,
but the extent and speciation of such reactions remain to be deter-
mined .
221. Carpenter, James H., and Carroll A. Smith. 1978. REACTIONS IN CHLORINATED
SEAWATER. In: Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Impacts,
80
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Vol. 2, Robert L. Jolley, Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr., editors.
Ann Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 195-207.
Observations of the conditions for the accurate measurement of
residual oxidants in chlorinated seawater are described. Results
of the investigation suggest that chlorination of seawater may
produce toxicity and growth reduction through the indirect mecha-
nism of modifying the copper complexing capacity of the treated
water.
22'>. Conklin, Philip J., and K. Ranga Rao. 1978. TOXICITY OF SODIUM PENTACHLORO-
PHENATE TO THE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES PUGIO. IN RELATION TO THE MOLT
CYCLE. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental
Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor. Plenum Press, New York, NY. pp. 181-192.
The toxicity of sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) to the grass
shrimp, Palaemonetes ougio. was evaluated at different stages
of the molt cycle. In 96-hr bioassays, the shrimp in later stages
of the proecdysial period exhibited a greater sensitivity to Na-
PCP than that exhibited by shrimp in the intermolt and early pro-
ecdysial stages of the molt cycle. The shrimp in later proecdy-
sial stages generally molted during the 96-hr test period and died
shortly after. The 96-hr LC50 value obtained for these shrimp
(0.436 ppm) is the lowest of all the LC50 values reported previ-
ously for adult crustaceans and is comparable to those for fish
and larval crustaceans. Studies with 1^C-PCP indicate that an
abrupt increase in the uptake of PCP during the period shortly
after ecdysis may cause increased mortalities during this period.
223. Davis, William ?., and William F. Mcllhenny. 1978. MARINE WORKSHOP SUMMARY.
In: Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 2,
Robert L. Jolley, Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr., editors. Ann
Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 859-862.
Proceedings of the Marine Workshop held during the second con-
ference on the Environmental Impact of Water Chlorination, October
31-November 4, 1977, in Gatlinburg, TN, under sponsorship of the
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and the Department of Energy. Papers and discussion
describe research considerations, problems, and viewpoints re-
garding chlorination impacts in marine and freshwater ecosystems.
224. Davis, William P., and Douglas P. Middaugh. 1978. A REVISED REVIEW OF THE
IMPACT OF CHLORINATION PROCESSES UPON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS. In: Water
Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 1, Robert L.
Jolley, editor. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 283-310.
This paper presents a theoretical degradation model of chlorine
added to marine waters. Additionally, it summarizes literature
reporting laboratory or ecological effects of chlorination. The
revisions attempt to incorporate pertinent literature through 1977.
225. Doughtie, Daniel G., and K. Ranga Rao. 1978. ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES INDUCED
BY SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE IN THE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES PUGIQf IN
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RELATION TO THE MOLT CYCLE. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology,
and Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor. Plenum Press, New York.
pp. 213-250.
Intermolt (stage C) grass shrimp were exposed to 1.0 ppm Na-PCP
for the duration of a molt cycle. Gills, hepatopancreas, midgut
(portion of the digestive tract surrounded by hepatopancreas), and
hindgut (portion of the digestive tract in the abdomen) from con-
trol and experimental shrimp at known stages of the molt cycle
were examined at the ultrastructural level. Although signs of
pathology were evident in late proecdysial shrimp, extensive
pathological changes were not observed until after ecdysis.
The extent of pathological changes varied with the tissue examined
and the interval between ecdysis and the time of fixation for
electron microscopy.
226. Erickson, Stanton J., and Anne E. Freeman. 1978. TOXICITY SCREENING OP
FIFTEEN CHLORINATED AND BROMINATED COMPOUNDS USING FOUR SPECIES OF MARINE
PHYTOPLANKTON. In: Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health
Effects, Vol. 2, Robert L. Jolley, Hend Gorchev, D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr.,
editors. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 307-310. (ERL, GB
Reprint #359).
No distinction has been made in the scientific literature be-
tween the effects of the oxidative stages of chlorination and
the effects of halogenated compounds formed as by-products.
Screening tests of compounds, which are known by-products of
chlorination, were performed on four species of marine phyto-
plankton. Eight concentrations of the test compound were
studied over a seven-day period. Different responses such as
stimulatory, inhibitory, or no effect were determined on algal
cell division. These tests identified organism sensitivity
to the test compounds and established the working range for
more comprehensive studies.
227. Fox, Ferris R., and K. Ranga Rao. 1978. EFFECTS OF SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE
AND 2,4-DINITROPHENOL ON HEPATOPANCREATIC ENZYMES IN THE BLUE CRAB,
CALLINECTES SAPIDUS. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and
Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor. Plenum Press, New York. pp.
265-275.
In view of the lack of information on the mechanism of PCP-induced
toxicity in crustaceans, this investigation was undertaken to evalu-
ate the effects of sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) in yivo and
JLn vitro on certain hepatopancreatic enzymes in the blue crab,
Callinectes sapidus. Fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, and sucoinate
dehydrogenase were inhibited by Na-PCP and DNP In vivo, whereas
isocitrate dehydrogenase was stimulated. Of those tested, lactic
dehydrogenase was the least affected cytoplasmic (soluble) enzyme
in yj.vo while pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydro-
genase were inhibited at least 50* by Na-PCP. Glutamate-pyruvate
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transaminase was also inhibited. Na-PCP and DNP had an inhibi-
tory effect on the various enzymes tested id vitro at
concentrations of 10"1* M or higher. In general, the mitochon-
drial enzymes were more susceptible than cytoplasmic enzymes to
DNP and Na-PCP. The calcium activated ATPase from the microsomal
fraction of the crab hepatopancreas was inhibited by Na-PCP and
DNP la vitro and in vivo. Na-PCP was more potent than DNP in
inhibiting the ATPase activity. The effects of PCP on the blue
crab enzymes are compared to the results of previous investiga-
tions on other organisms.
228. Goodman, Larry R., David J. Hansen, John A. Couch, and Jerrold Forester.
1978. EFFECTS OF HEPTACHLOR AND TOXAPHENE ON LABORATORY-REARED EMBRYOS AND
FRY OF THE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW. Proc. 30th Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game
Fish Comm., October 24-27, 1976, Jackson, MS, Wilmer Rogers, editor.
pp. 192-202. (ERL, GB Reprint #297).
Flow-through seawater bioassays of 28-days duration were conducted
with the organo-chlorine pesticides heptachlor and toxaphene to
determine their toxicity to and bioconcentration by embryos and
fry of the sheepshead minnow (Cvorinodon variegatus). At tech-
nical heptachlor measured concentrations of 4.3, 3.5, 2.2, 2.0,
and 1.2 ug/1 (ppb), test animal survival was 1, 5, 61, 79, and 88$,
respectively. At toxaphene measured concentrations of 2.5, 1.1,
0.6, 0.3, and 0.2 ug/1, test animal survival was 10, 85, 79, 88,
and 80%, respectively. Average standard length of fry continu-
ously exposed from fertilization to heptachlor concentrations of
4.3 and 3.5 yg/1 was significantly reduced (<* = 0.01). Concen-
tration factors (concentration in fish/measured concentration
in water) for heptachlor averaged 3,600 and for transchlordane
averaged 8,600. Heptachlor epoxide and cis-chlordane were also
present in the fish. Concentration factors for toxaphene in fry
averaged 9,800.
229. Helz, George R.f Richard Sugam, and Rong Y. Hsu. 1978. CHLORINE DEGRADATION
AND HALOCARBON PRODUCTION IN ESTUARINE WATERS. In: Water Chlorination:
Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 2, Robert L. Jolley, Hend
Gorchev, and D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr., editors. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc.,
Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 209-222.
Questions related to the chemical processes that create chlorine
demand and control chlorine decay in estuarine waters are discussed.
Authors conclude that analytical methods must be developed or im-
proved in order to quantitatively account for all chlorine that
is added to a water body.
230. Rao, K. Ranga, Philip J. Conklin, and Anita C. Brannon. 1978. INHIBITION OF
LIMB REGENERATION IN THE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES PUGIQ, BY SODIUM
PENTACHLOROPHENATE. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and
Environmental Toxicology, K. Rango Rao, editor. Plenum Publ. Corp., New York,
pp. 193-203.
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The Initiation and progress of regeneration following the removal
of the left fifth pereiopod were studied in the grass shrimp,
Palaemonefrea £U£io_. The regeneration patterns of 400 shrimp
subjected to various treatments revealed that sodium
pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) affects the initiation and progress
of limb regeneration. Depending on the concentration used,
Na-PCP caused either a complete inhibition of regeneration, a
delay of initiation of limb bud development, or a reduction of
limb bud growth without altering the intermolt duration. The
inhibitory effects of Na-PCP were more pronounced on the initial
phases of limb regeneration (involving wound healing, cell divi-
sion and dedifferentiation) than on the later phases of regenera-
tion (involving further differentiation and cellular enlarge-
ment). Crustacean limb regeneration can be used as a sensitive
bioassay for studying the effects of chemical pollutants.
231. Roberts, Morris H., Jr. 1978. EFFECTS OF CHLORINATED SEAWATER ON DECAPOD
CRUSTACEANS. In: Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health
Effects, Vol. 2, Robert L, Jolley, Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr.,
editors. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 329-334.
This study assesses the acute and subacute effects of chlori-
nated seawater on Panopeus herbstii and gagurya laneioarpus eggs
and larvae. Exposure of eggs and larvae of the two crab species
to reasonably uniform concentrations of chlorine-induced oxi-
dants in a continuous-flow system showed a greater tolerance of
eggs compared to zoeae. A seasonal change in the acute toxicity
for Panopeus herbstii zoeae was apparent: larvae produced late
in the normal breeding season were more sensitive than those pro-
duced during the remainder of the breeding season.
232. Rubinstein, Norman I. 1978. EFFECT OF SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE ON THE
FEEDING ACTIVITY OF THE LUGWORM, ARENICQLA CRISTATA STIMPSON. In:
Pentaehlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology, K.
Ranga Rao, editor. Plenum Publ. Corp., New York. pp. 175-180.
A benthic bioassay utilizing time-lapse photography was used to
measure the effect of four concentrations of Na-PCP (45, 80, 156,
and 276 yg/1) on the feeding activity of Arenicola criatata.
There was no marked effect on feeding activity at 45 Ug/1.
Na-PCP significantly affected feeding activity at concentrations
of 80, 156, and 276 yg/1. As the lugworm feeds, it mixes organic
material and oxygenated water into the substrate. Inhibition
of this activity could affect benthic community trophic struc-
ture and substrate-water column dynamics.
233. Schimmel, Steven C., James M. Patrick, Jr., and Linda F. Faas. 1978. EFFECTS
OF SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE ON SEVERAL ESTUARINE ANIMALS: TOXICITY, UPTAKE,
AND DEPURATION. In: Pentaehlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and
Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga Rao, editor. Plenum Publ. Corp., New York.
pp. 147-155. (ERL, GB Reprint #336).
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Several estuarine animals were exposed to sodium pentachlorophenate
(Na-PCP) in flow-through toxicity tests. The following are test
animals and their 96-hr LC50 values: grass shrimp (Palaemonetes
pugio)f >515 yg/1; brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus), >195 yg/1;
longnose killifish (Fundulus similis), >306 ug/1; pinfish (Lagodon
rhomboides), 53.2 ug/1; and striped mullet (Muail cephalus).
112 yg/1. The 192-hr EC50 (effect measured was shell deposition)
for the eastern oyster (Crassostrea vircinica) was 76.5 yg/1.
Eastern oysters exposed to Na-PCP concentrations of 25.0 and 2.5
yg/1 accumulated the chemical in their tissues an average of 41
and ?8 times, respectively. After Na-PCP delivery was discon-
tinued, however, the oysters purged themselves of the pesticide
within four days.
234. Scott, Geoffrey I., and Douglas P. Middaugh. 1978. SEASONAL CHRONIC TOXICITY
OF CHLORINATIOK TO THE AMERICAN OYSTER, CRASSQSTREA VIRGINICA (G). In: Water
Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 2, Robert L.
Jolley, Hend Gorchev, and D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr., editors. Ann Arbor Sci.
Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 311-327. (ERL, GB Reprint #360).
Lethal and sublethal effects of chlorination to adult oysters
(Crassostrea virginica) were observed during chronic exposures
on a seasonal basis. Results show that chronic exposures of
oysters to chlorine-produced oxidants (CPO's) can produce mor-
tality at high concentrations and severe sublethal effects at
lower levels. Toxicity varies from season to season and is
related to seasonal changes in measured CPO concentrations,
temperature, and the physiological condition of the oyster.
Sublethal effects appear to be related to reductions in feeding
and increased avoidance of CPO's. This results in reduced
tissue production, causing severe reductions in the size of
gonadal tissues and increased dependence in glycogen reserves
during exposures to CPO's.
235. Tagatz, M.E., J.M. Ivey, and M. Tobia. 1978. EFFECTS OF DOWICIDE® G-ST ON
DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ESTUARINE MACRO-BENTHIC COMMUNITIES. In: Penta-
chlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology, K. Ranga
Rao, editor. Plenum Publ. Corp., New York. pp. 157-163. (ERL, GB Reprint
#352).
Aquaria containing clean sand received a continuous supply of
flowing seawater from Santa Rosa Sound, FL, mixed with known
quantities of Dowicide® G-ST (79$ sodium pentachlorophenate)
for 13 weeks. The measured concentrations of pentachlorophenol
(PCP) in the aquaria were 1.8, 15.8, and 161 yg/1. At the end
of the experiment, macrofauna established in control and experi-
mental aquaria were examined. Mollusks, arthropods, and anne-
lids were numerically dominant among the macrofauna. Although
exposure to 1.8 yg/1 PCP had no effect, the higher concentrations
of PCP caused marked reduction in the numbers of individuals and
species. Mollusks were the most sensitive taxonomic group to
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PCP. These results and our previous studies on the effects of
a nine-week exposure to PCP on the establishment of macrobenthic
communities indicate that discharge of PCP into natural waters
could alter the normal colonization by benthic animals and could
impact various ecological relationships among localized popula-
tions.
236. Wilkes, Frank G. 1978. LABORATORY MICROCOSMS FOR USE IN DETERMINING
POLLUTANT STRESS. In: Aquatic Pollutants: Transformation and Biological
Effects, 0. Hutzinger, I.H. Van Lelyveld, and B.C.J. Zeeteman, editors.
Pergamon Press, New York. pp. 309-321. (ERL, GB Reprint #357).
Tests under development at ERL, GB to determine effects of pol-
lutants on ecosystem compartments and processes are described.
The tests are termed "microcosms" and are comprised of minia-
ture ecosystems designed to investigate the origin, flow, fate,
and effects of materials released in the environment. Exam-
ples of various tests and data obtained in their use are
presented.
1977
237. Banner, L.H., A.J. Wilson, J.M. Sheppard, J.M. Patrick, L.R. Goodman, and G.E.
Walsh. 1977. KEPONE ACCUMULATION AND FOOD CHAIN TRANSFER. In: Proceedings
of the Kepone Seminar II. U.S. EPA- Region III, Philadelphia, PA. pp.
291-329.
Accumulation, transfer, and loss of Kepone in estuarine organisms
were studied in laboratory bloassays. Data show that Kepone was
bioconcentrated by oysters (Crasaostrea virginica), mysids
(Mysidopsia bahia), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), sheepshead
minnows (Cyprinodon varieeatus), and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus)
from concentrations as low as 0.023 vg/1 seawater. Bioconcentra-
tion factors ranged from 10 to 3^0 in static exposures and 900 to
13,500 in flow-through bioassays and were dependent on species and
exposure duration.
238. Butler, Philip A. 1977. NATIONAL ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM. In:
Estuarine Pollution Control and Assessment, Proceedings of a Conference, Vol.
II. U.S. EPA, Office of Water Planning and Standards, Washington, DC. pp.
519-521. (ERL, GB Reprint #263).
About 8,000 samples of estuarine mollusks were monitored for
pesticide residues in the period 1965-72. Residue trends and
typical pollution situations are briefly described. Beginning
in 1972, fish were substituted for mollusks. The basic needs
for a continuing monitoring program are described.
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239. Coppage, David L. 1977. ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTION OF PESTICIDAL CARBAMATES
IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF POISONED FISHES. In: Physiological
Responses of Marine Biota to Pollutants. Academic Press, Inc., New York, pp.
93-102. (ERL, GB Reprint #331).
In this report, kinetic enzyme methods and statistical analyses
are used to define the relationship between brain acetylcholines-
terase inhibition and near-median kills in replicate groups of
marine fish in the laboratory by five carbamate pesticides.
2^0. Davis, William P., and D.P. Middaugh. 1977. IMPACT OF CHLORINATION PROCESSES
ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS. In: Estuarine Pollution Control and Assessment:
Proceedings of a Conference, Vol. II. U.S. EPA, Office of Water Planning and
Standards, Washington, DC. pp. 415-423. (ERL, GB Reprint #326).
The use of chlorine as a disinfectant and antifouling agent is
reviewed. Chemical reactions of chlorine in aquatic environments
are discussed, with particular emphasis on the formation of halo-
genated organic constituents in freshwater and marine systems.
Studies of the effect of chlorinated sewage effluents and cooling
water from generating stations on marine organisms and ecosystems
are summarized.
241.
Davis, William P., Betty S. Hester, Ruth L. Yoakum, and Richard G. Domey.
1977. MARINE ECOSYSTEM TESTING UNITS: DESIGN FOR ASSESSMENT OF BENTHIC
ORGANISM RESPONSES TO LOW-LEVEL POLLUTANTS. International Symposium:
Biologische Anstalt. Helgol. wiss. Meeresunters 30:673-681. (ERL, GB Reprint
#321).
This paper describes Marine Ecosystem Testing Units (METU), an
experimental design for integrating responses of communities of
marine organisms to low-level pollutants under natural conditions
of temperature, weather, season, precipitation, sunlight, etc.
Ninety-six testing units are arranged in a regimen for pollutant
exposure and systematic sampling. Organisms harvested are sorted
and enumerated first to major taxa, subsequently to species level.
Data are subjected to multi-variate statistical analysis to elu-
cidate relative effects of pollutant, duration of test (harvest),
season, and type of organism. Sampling is replicated in time and
space. The first year of operation has demonstrated distinct
responses to chlorination at levels below chemical detectability.
5.42.
Duke, Thomas W. 1977. PESTICIDES IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS: AN OVERVIEW.
Pesticides in Aquatic Environments, Mohammed Abdul Quddus Khan, editor.
Plenum Press, New York. pp. 1-8.
This general review covers subjects and issues under discussion
at the Symposium for the International Congress of Entomology in
Washington, DC, August 22, 1976. These issues include: state-
of-the-art for extrapolating studies to the natural environment;
possibility of generalizing pollutants in categories for "short-
In:
87
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cut predictions"; need for research with unstressed aquatic sys-
tems; and the need to elucidate the more vital and vulnerable
processes in aquatic systems to predict fate of pollutants in
aquatic environments.
243. Garnas, R.L., A.M. Bourquin, and P.H. Pritchard. 1977. THE FATE AND
DEGRADATION OF 14C-KEPONE IN ESTUARINE MICROCOSMS. In: Proceedings of the
Kepone Seminar II. U.S. EPA, Region III, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 330-362.
(SRL, GB Reprint #351).
An investigation of the fate of ^C-Kepone in static and contin-
uous-flow estuarine microcosms is described. Kepone desorbed
readily from salt-marsh sediments and James River sediments. While
this desorption was independent of environmental temperatures and
salinity ranges, Kepone residues in sediment influenced concentra-
tions in the water column. Radioactivity was not extractable from
some James River sediments with recognized analytical procedures.
In larger continuous-flow systems, benthic polychaetes (Arenieola
cristata) accumulated high residues of Kepone, died, and decom-
posed. These data should allow better prediction of the fate of
Kepone in the aquatic environment.
244. Group IV (Thomas W. Duke, member). 1977. LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS ON ECOSYSTEMS. In: Ecosystem Processes & Organic Contaminants:
Research Needs and an Interdisciplinary Perspective. U.S. Government Printing
Office (GPO), Washington, DC. pp. 27-31.
Long-term effects of organic pollutants on ecosystems are discussed
on the premise that metabolism, structure, and behavior are three
unifying concepts common to all levels of organization from the
cell to an ecosystem. The mandate to develop the capacity to
extrapolate from microcosm to nature is clear. It is important
to first ascertain what processes should be measured for the
greatest extrapolation potential, and field verification of re-
sults should follow.
245. Hansen, D.J., and P.R. Parrish. 1977. SUITABILITY OF SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS
(CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS) FOR LIFE-CYCLE TOXICITY TESTS. Aquatic Toxicology
and Hazard Evaluation, ASTM STP 634, F.L. Mayer and J.I. Hamelink, editors,
American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 117-126. (ERL, GB Reprint
#301).
Entire life-cycle toxicity tests are practical with sheepshead
minnows, Cvorinodon varieeatus. This is the only estuarine fish
that has been utilized successfully in life-cycle toxicity test
methods formulated since 1973. Salinity, temperature, and
spawning requirements were determined, and initial life-cycle
toxicity tests with endrin were conducted at the Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze. Subsequent tests with hepta-
clor, carbofuran, methoxychlor, and malathion were conducted at
Gulf Breeze or at EG4G, Bionomics. All studies confirmed the
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feasibility of using this estuarine fish for determining maximum
acceptable toxicant concentrations and application factors.
Results of our tests also corroborate data on application factors
obtained in studies completed elsewhere with freshwater fishes
and the same pesticides.
246. Hansen, D.J., D.R. Nimmo^S.C. Schimmel, G.E. Walsh, and A.J. Wilson, Jr.
1977. EFFECTS OF KEPONS&'ON ESTUARINE ORGANISMS. In: Proceedings of the
Kepone Seminar II. U.S. EPA, Region III, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 266-282.
(ERL, GB Reprint #311).
Effects of Kepone and its accumulation are investigated in toxi-
city tests with estuarine algae, mollusks, and crustaceans. These
tests indicate that chronic toxicity and bioconcentration potential
of Kepone are more important factors than its acute toxicity in
laboratory evaluations of environmental hazard. These factors
should be considered in assessing impacts and attempting to limit
future impacts of this insecticide on the aquatic environment.
2i-l. Huggett, Robert J. 1977. THE ROLE OF SEDIMENTS IN THE STORAGE, MOVEMENT, AND
BIOLOGICAL UPTAKE OF KEPONE IN ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS. In: Proceedings of
the Kepone Seminar II. U.S. EPA, Region III, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 363-456.
This report describes the Virginia Institute of Marine Science
staff's investigation of the role of sediments in the storage,
movement, and biological uptake of Kepone in estuarine environ-
ments. Results are presented in three sections titled: "Kepone
in James River Sediment," by Maynard M. Nichols and Richard C.
Trotman; "Kepone Water-Sediment Elutriates," by Robert J. Huggett;
and "Uptake of Kepone from Suspended Sediments by Oysters,
Rangia and MacomaT" by Dexter S. Haven and Reinaldo Morales-
Alamo. The report is included in Proceedings of Kepone Seminar
II sponsored by EPA, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and
NOAA in Easton, MD, September 19-21, 1977.
248. Nimmo, Del Wayne R., and Lowell H. Bahner. METALS, PESTICIDES AND PCB's:
TOXICITIES TO SHRIMP SINGLY AND IN COMBINATION. In: Estuarine Processes,
Vol. 1, Uses, Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary, Martin W. Wiley,
editor. Academic Press, New York. pp. 523-532. (ERL, GB Reprint #271).
This study examines potential deleterious effects of certain toxi-
cants, singly and in combination, to penaeid shrimp. In nature,
these shrimp are exposed to combinations of toxicants from indus-
trial and municipal outfalls, from agricultural runoff, or from
dredge-and-fill operations.
The combined toxicities of methoxychlor and cadmium to penaeid
shrimp, Peqaeus duorarum, were either independent or additive,
and varied with the method(s) of bioassay. Conclusions were
based on the results of 10-, 25- and 30-day bioassays conducted
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with the toxicants added singly or in combination to flowing
water of constant salinity and temperature.
Cadmium, but not methoxychlor, was accumulated by shrimp, and
methoxychlor appears to influence the processes of accumulation
or loss of cadmium from tissues of shrimp.
249. Nimmo, Del Wayne R., Donald V. Lightner, and Lowell H. Banner. 1977. EFFECTS
OF CADMIUM ON THE SHRIMPS, PENAEUS DUORARUM, PALAEMQNETES PUGIOf AND
PALAEMQNETES VULGARIS. In: Physiological Responses of Marine Biota to
Pollutants. Academic Press Inc., New York, pp. 131-183. (ERL, GB Reprint
#332).
Data from this experiment show that grass shrimp, Palaemonetes
vulgaris. were acutely and chronically more sensitive to cadmium
than the pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum. Bioaccumulation of
cadmium from water occurred at concentrations as low as 2 yg/l
in £. duoracum and 7.9 pg/1 in £.. vulgaris. Pink shrimp, exposed
to cadmium concentrations near LC50's, consistently developed
blackened foci or blackened lamelae on the branchia. When the
brine shrimp, Artemiar containing cadmium were used as food, the
transfer of cadmium to grass shrimp was much less efficient than
transfer of cadmium directly from the water. To produce equivalent
whole-body residues in the shrimp, about 15,000 times more cadmium
must be introduced in food than could be obtained from seawater.
250. Nimmo, D.R., L.H. Banner, R.A. Rigby, J.M. Sheppard, and A.J. Wilson, Jr.
1977. MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA: AN ESTUARINE SPECIES SUITABLE FOR LIFE-CYCLE
TOXICITY TESTS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF A POLLUTANT. Aquatic Toxicology
and Hazard Evaluation, ASTM STP 632, F.L. Mayer and J.L. Hamelink, editors.
American Society for Testing Materials, pp. 109-116. {ERL, GB Reprint #296).
This study documents the successful use of a mysid, Mysidopsis
bahiar for life-cycle toxicity tests. These tests were conducted
to determine acute and chronic toxicities of metal (cadmium) and
pesticide (Kepone). Delay in the formation of mysid brood pouches
and release of young were noted in low concentrations .<6.4 ug/1
cadmium. Fewer young produced per female and decreased growth
were other indicators of effects of Kepone.
251. O'Connor, Donald J., and Kevin J. Farley. 1977. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF
KEPONE DISTRIBUTION IN THE JAMES RIVER. In: Proceedings of the Kepone
Seminar II. U.S. EPA, Region III, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 457-180.
Significant concentrations of Kepone are shown to be present in
various phases of the estuarine system—in solution, in suspen-
sion, in sediment, and in the food chain—of the James River,
VA. Further work will attempt to provide a quantitative frame-
work to evaluate time required to reduce Kepone concentrations
to acceptable levels.
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252. Parrish, Patrick R., James M. Patrick, Jr., and Jerrold Forester. 1977.
EFFECTS OF THREE TOXICANTS ON OYSTERS (CRASSQSTREA VIRGINICA) EXPOSED
CONTINUOUSLY FOR TWO YEARS. Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc. 67:121-122. (ERL,
GB Reprint #317).
Three separate populations of oysters were exposed continuously
for 104 weeks in flowing, natural seawater in the laboratory to
0.01 yg/1 of Aroclor®1254 or p,p'-DDT and its metabolites, or
dieldrin. Maximum residues (based on yg of toxicant per g of
tissue) occurred after 8 weeks of exposure; average whole-body
residues (wet weight) of five oysters from each treatment ana-
lyzed individually were: Aroclor® 1254, 1.65yg/g; DDT (and
metabolites ODD and DDE), 0.46 yg/g; and dieldrin, 0.08 yg/g.
Seasonal patterns of accumulation and loss of the three tox-
icants were similar and were apparently related to spawning.
Toxicant residues decreased 45 to 81$ in early July and late
October, 1972, and 44 to 91$ in late October, 1973. Growth
rate (height and in-water weight) of exposed oysters was
not significantly different from that of control oysters (Student's
t-test; P<0.05) after 72 weeks of exposure. Mortality was not
significant (.19$) in any group during the entire study.
253. Schimmel, S.C., and A.J. Wilson, Jr. 1977. ACUTE TOXICITY OF KEPONE TO FOUR
SSTUARINE ANIMALS. In: Proceedings of the Kepone Seminar II. U.S. EPA,
Region III, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 283-294. (ERL, GB Reprint #293).
Kepone contamination of the James River estuary, VA, prompted
acute flowthrough bioassays to determine 96-hr toxicity of
Kepone to four estuarine species. The 96-hr LC50 values for
species tested follow: grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio)T
121 pg/1; blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), 210 yg/1; sheeps-
head minnow (Cyprinodon varjegatus), 69.5 yg/1; and spot
(Leiostomus xanthurus)f 6.6 yg/1. Surviving animals were ana-
lyzed for Kepone. Average bioconcentration factors (the concen-
tration of Kepone in tissues divided by the concentration of
Kepone measured in seawater) were: grass shrimp, 698; blue
crab 8.1; sheepshead minnow, 1,548; and spot, 1,221.
254. Schimmel, S.C., J.M. Patrick, Jr., and A.J. Wilson, Jr. 1977. ACUTE TOXICITY
TO AND BIOCONCENTRATION OF ENDOSULFAN BY ESTUARINE ANIMALS. In: Aquatic
Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation, ASTM STP 634, F.L. Mayer and J.L. Hamelink,
editors. American Society for Testing Materials, pp. 241-252. (ERL, GB
Reprint #289).
Acute (96-hr) flow-through toxicity tests with endosulfan (Thiodan)
were conducted with several estuarine animals. The test species and
their 96-hr lethal concentration for 50$ of the organisms (LC50)
values were: pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), 0.04 yg/1; grass
shrimp (Palaemonetes oueio), 1.3vg/l; pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides)r
0.3 yg/1; spot (yeiostomus xanthurus)T 0.09yg/l; and striped
mullet (Muail ceohalus) T 0.38yg/l. In a 56-day bioconcentration
91
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study (28-day uptake, 28-day depuration), striped mullet were
exposed to 0.008 and 0.08 pg endosulfan/1 seawater. The two
endosulfan isomers (endosulfan I and II) were rapidly metabolized
to endosulfan sulfate; only trace amounts of each isomer were
detected in edible tissue or offal of mullet exposed to 0.08 yg/l
(0.035 yg/l measured) for 28 days. Our studies suggest that
endosulfan in the estuarine environment would be a hazard be-
cause of its acute toxicity and bioconcentration potential, but
animals surviving exposure and moving to areas free of endosul-
fan would lose the chemical rapidly.
1976
255. Couch, John A. 1976. ATTEMPTS TO INCREASE BACULQVIRUS PREVALENCE IN SHRIMP
BY CHEMICAL EXPOSURE. In: Progress in Experimental Tumor Research, F.
Homburger, editor. S. Karger, Basel, Switzerland. 20: 304-314. (ERL, GB
Reprint #240).
The shrimp-virus system is described, particularly in regard to
the physical, chemical, and biological characterization of the
virus and interactive effects of the virus and chemical agents,
such as pesticides and PCB's. Results are reported of test expo-
sures of samples of shrimp to several pesticides and industrial
chemicals identified as stressing pollutants in aquatic eco-
systems: Aroclor 1254® (PCB), rairex (insecticide), methoxy-
chlor (insecticide), and cadmium (metal).
256. Crow, S.A., W.L. Cook, and D.G. Ahearn. 1976. MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN
COASTAL SURFACE SLICKS. In: Proceedings Third International Biodegradation
Symposium, J.M. Sharpley and A.M. Kaplan, editors. Applied Science Publishers
Ltd., London, pp. 93-98. (ERL, GB Reprint #254).
Samples of the upper 10 ym of inshore surface films obtained by
adsorption to membranes yielded microbial populations up to 10°
ml'1 or 10^ cm~2. These populations were typically 10-100 times
greater than those in underlying waters at a depth of 10 cm. Pre-
dominant bacteria in surface films were motile, nonpigmented, gram-
negative rods. Colony-forming units of yeasts and moulds were
found in concentrations to 10^ ml""' or 28 cm~2. The predomi-
nant species in surface films were proteolytic and amylolytic but
exhibited only weak to negligible hydrocarbonoclastic and lipoly-
tic activities. A greater proportion of the surface film bacteria,
as compared to those at 10 cm depth, were capable of growth on
fresh-water media.
257. Davies, Tudor T. 1976. ENERGY-RELATED GREAT LAKES RESEARCH PROGRAMS OF THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. In: Proc. Second Fed. Conf. on the Great
Lakes, J.S. Marshall, editor. Interagency Committee on Marine Science and
92
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Engineering of the Federal Council for Science and Technology (ICMSE), Argonne
National Laboratory, Chicago, IL. pp. 499-531.
EPA research applicable to the Great Lakes are reviewed. Activ-
ities include: national programs based on the theme of the March
1975 Federal Conference on the Great Lakes; new and accelerated
national initiatives in energy research and development; and spe-
cific projects related to the water quality of the lakes.
258. Duke, Thomas W. 1976. CYCLING OF POLLUTANTS. In: Estuarine Processes, Vol.
1, Uses, Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary, Martin W. Wiley, editor.
Academic Press, New York. pp. 481-482. (ERL, GB Reprint #320).
Environmental distribution of pesticides, their pathways of
transfer and bioaccumulation, are known in many instances, yet
their ultimate effects on organisms are relatively unknown.
Importance of the impact of oil, heavy metals, and pesticides on
ecosystems and on biological systems ranging from micro-organisms
to fishes is emphasized in this introduction to a symposium on
the "Cycling of Pollutants," convened by Thomas W. Duke at
Galveston, TX, under the sponsorship of Estuarine Research Federa-
tion, October 9, 1975. The combined toxicities of methoxychlor,
cadmium, and polychlorinated biphenyls are discussed.
259. Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP),
(David J. Hansen, member). 1976. WORKING GROUP ON THE PRINCIPLES FOR
DEVELOPING COASTAL WATER QUALITY CRITERIA. Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), United Nations. GESAMP VIII/6. 23 p. (ERL, GB Reprint #270).
This document records the working group's second session held
October 20-25, 1975, in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, to discuss coastal
water criteria. Members agreed to attempt to develop criteria
for specific compounds, such as DDT and petroleum hydrocarbons,
as examples for the application of principles. Principles
applicable to the development and application of water quality cri-
teria are presented.
260. Nimmo, Del Wayne R. 1976. POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCS). Hearings before
the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of
the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives.
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Serial No. 94-24. (ERL, GB
Reprint #299).
Research conducted by EPA at its Environmental Research Laboratory,
Gulf Breeze, on PCB's in estuarine environment is described. Data
presented show that PCB's: (1) occur in the marine environment,
(2) are readily dispersed from point sources, (3) are relatively
persistent, and (4) are concentrated in animals, plants, and
sediments. Controlled experiments conducted in the laboratory
indicate: (1) various PCB's are toxic (at the ppb level in
water) to shrimp, fish, and other organisms, (2) animals can
93
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obtain PCB's from water, sediment, or food organisms, and (3)
these chemicals are bioaccumulated.
261. Nimrao, Del Wayne R., and Lowell H. Banner. 1976. METALS, PESTICIDES, AND
PCB'S: TOXICITIES TO SHRIMP SINGLY AND IN COMBINATION. In: Estuarine
Processes, Vol. 1, Uses, Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary, Martin W.
Wiley, editor. Academic Press, New York. pp. 523-532. (ERL, GB Reprint
#271).
The objective of this study was to assess potential deleterious
effects of certain toxicants, singly and in combination, to
penaeid shrimp. In nature, these shrimp are exposed to combina-
tions of toxicants from industrial and municipal outfalls, from
agricultural runoff or from dredge-and-fill operations. The
combined toxicities of methoxychlor and cadmium to penaeid
shrimp, Penaeus duorarumT were either independent or additive,
and varied with the method(s) of bioassay. Conclusions were
based on the results of 10-, 25- and 30-day bioassays conducted
with the toxicants added singly or in combination to flowing
water of constant salinity and temperature. Cadmium, but not
methoxychlor, was accumulated by shrimp and methoxychlor appears
to influence the processes of accumulation or loss of cadmium
from tissues of shrimp.
262. Walsh, Gerald, Samuel Snedaker, and Howard Teas, editors. 1976. PROCEEDINGS
OF INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVES, Vols. I
and II. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL. 846 p. (ERL, GB Reprint #290).
These volumes contain proceedings of the International Symposium
on Biology and Management of Mangroves held October 8-11, 1974,
at the East-West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. Participants describe
the biogeography, biology, geomorphology and soils, anatomy, and
physiology of mangroves and also discuss some effects resulting
from man's use of these resources.
1975
263. Bahner, Lowell H., and Del Wayne R. Nimmo. 1975. METHODS TO ASSESS EFFECTS
OF COMBINATIONS OF TOXICANTS, SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON ESTUARINE ANIMALS.
In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health-IX: a Symposium, June 10-12,
1975. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. pp. 169-177. (ERL, GB Reprint
#259).
Aquatic species are exposed to toxicants singly, but more often
in combinations, under varying environmental regimes. Conse-
quently, an experimental flowing-water bioassay system was
94
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developed to control salinity and temperature while testing toxicants
either singly or in combination. These controls allow rates of
toxicant accumulation, translocation, loss, or acute and chronic
toxicity bo animals to be better assessed. Our bioassays were
conducted with pink shrimp (Penaeus du.Qr.arum) exposed to the
following toxicant combinations: cadmium-malathion, cadmium-
methoxychlor, cadmium-methoxychlor-Aroclor© 1254 and a complex
that contained both inorganic and organic constituents. The
toxicities of the pesticide-metal combinations, when compared to
those of each constituent singly, appeared to be independent of
each other.
234. Couch, John A. 1975. DISCUSSION FROM SELECTED PAPERS PRESENTED AT EPA-USDA
WORKING SYMPOSIUM. In: Baculoviruses for Insect Pest Control: Safety Con-
siderations, Max D. Summers, Rilo Engler, Louis A. Falcon, and Patrick Vail,
editors, Am. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, DC. pp. 58-62, 111-114. (ERL, GB
Reprint #262).
Importance of a critical investigation from a conceptual point
of view of baculovj.ruges> particularly in regard to Crustacea,
is discussed. Questions are posed regarding the chief criteria
of their effects and whether scientists should investigate latent
infections, other sublethal effects, and possible infections from
these insecticides in larval nontarget species (i.e., Crustacea).
Discussions at the EPA-USDA symposium held April 15-18, 1974, in
Bethesda, MD, also center on the urgent need to publish results
of tests and test methods used in investigating the impact of
insect viruses on noninsect invertebrates.
265. Couch, John A. 1975. HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES AND RELATED
CHEMICALS ON THE LIVERS OF FISHES. In: The Pathology of Fishes, William E.
Ribelin and George Migski, editors. The University of Wisconsin Press,
Madison, WI. pp. 559-584. (ERL, GB Reprint #152).
Evidence for the accumulation of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems
is abundant. Certain pesticides (i.e., organochlorines and their
metabolites) accumulate in fish, particularly in liver and fatty
tissues. This paper reviews the histopathology of the livers of
fishes in reference to pesticide exposure.
266. Parrish, Patrick R., Gary H. Cook, and James M. Patrick, Jr. 1975.
HEXACHLOROBENZENE: EFFECTS ON SEVERAL ESTUARINE ANIMALS. Proc. 28th Annu.
Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Coram. pp. 179-186. (ERL, GB Reprint #226).
Tests were conducted to determine (1) the acute (96-hr) toxicity
of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum)t
grass shrimp (Palaemonetes puaio), sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon
varieeatus) r and pinfish (Lag.Qd.o_n rhomboides) and (2) the rate of
HCB uptake and depuration by pinfish. Hexachlorobenzene was not
acutely toxic to any of the animals tested at measured concentra-
tions in seawater to 25 pg/1. However, both species of shrimps
95
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in the highest HCB concentration were lethargic as compared to
controls and exhibited an uncharacteristically white hepatopan-
creas at the end of the 96-hr exposure. Pinfish exposed to
average measured HCB concentrations of 0.06, 0.15, 0.65, 1.87, or
5.2 yg/1 for 42 days accumulated the compound throughout the
exposure. Maximum residue in muscle (wet-weight) was 34,OOOX the
measured concentration in test water. Pinfish retained most
(>50$) of the HCB after a 28-day depuration period in HCB-free
water.
267. Schimmel, Steven C., and David J. Hansen. 1975. SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW
(CYPRINQDON VARIEGATUS): AN ESTUARINE FISH SUITABLE FOR CHRONIC (ENTIRE
LIFE-CYCLE) BIOASSAYS. Proc. 28th Ann. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish
Comm. pp. 392-398. (ERL, GB Reprint #205).
The sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon varieeatus), an estuarine fish
of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, is suitable for both partial
chronic and chronic (egg-to-egg) bioassays. The fish is easily
held at high population densities in the laboratory, and at about
30°C, produces numerous eggs. The average 30-day survival of the
fish from fertile egg to fry is 15% . Generation time for this
species is short (3-4 months) and its small adult size (male
average standard length = 48 mm) provides for relatively inexpen-
sive bioassays. This killifish's susceptibility to organochlorine
toxicants is similar to that of other estuarine fishes tested
and thus should produce significant information on the effects
of these toxicants on the estuarine community.
268. Schimmel, Steven C.f Patrick R. Parrish, David J. Hansen, James M. Patrick,
Jr. and Jerrold Forester. 1975. ENDRIN: EFFECTS ON SEVERAL ESTUARINE
ORGANISMS. Proc. 28th Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. pp.
187-194. (ERL, GB Reprint #218).
Acute (96-hr) bioassays were performed ith endrin and the fol-
lowing estuarine organisms: American oyster (Crassostrea
virginica), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), grass shrimp
(Palaemonetes ougio), sailfin molly (Poecilia latioinna), and
sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon varieeatus). Endrin was acutely
toxic to all organisms tested, except oysters, whose shell growth
was appreciably inhibited by 56 yg/1 ppb of the chemical. Pink
shrimp were the most sensitive animal tested, but significant
numbers of both species of shrimps and fishes died when exposed
to concentrations of one yg/1 or less. In a separate test,
embryos and fry of the sheepshead minnow were exposed to concen-
trations of endrin ranging from 0.046 to 1.0 yg/1 (nominal) for
33 days in an intermittant-flow bioassay. Embryos were not
affected by the concentrations to which they were exposed, but
the estimated LC50 (probit analysis, a= 0.05) of fry was 0.27
yg/1.
96
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1974
2'59. Atema, Jelle, Charles C. Coutant, Patricia DeCoursey, David Hansen, James S.
Kittredge, John J. Magnuson, Don Miller, Bori L. Olla, Mark J. Schneider, and
Winona B. Vernberg. 1974. BEHAVIORAL BIOASSAYS. In: Marine Bioassays.
Proceedings of Workshop Sponsored by the Marine Technology Society,
Washington, DC. pp. 1-31. (ERL, GB Reprint #251).
This workshop focuses on various aspects of applying behavioral
measures to water quality bioassay techniques. Although in a few
instances the use of behavioral bioassays has reached the standard
test stage, the state-of-the-art is very young. Consequently,
the scope of this discussion is intended as a beginning in the
integration of a variety of basic research techniques into logi-
cal steps in development of standard tests.
270. Butler, Philip A. 1974. TRENDS IN PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SHELLFISH. Proc.
Natl. Shellfish. Assoc. 64:77-81. (ERL, GB, Reprint #176).
The National Estuarine Monitoring Program, a cooperative effort
between the State and Federal Governments, collected and analyzed
shellfish samples for persistent synthetic pesticides at monthly
intervals during the years 1965-1972 in 15 coastal states. The
recently completed study of the 8000-plus analyses reveals: (1)
residues, primarily DDT and its metabolites, that are too low to
have human health significance, (2) areas of both high and low
residues that were clearly defined geographically, (3) a trend
in some areas towards a wider distribution of smaller residues,
and (4) a marked decline generally in DDT residues since peak
levels in mollusks were detected in 1968.
271. Butler, Philip A. 1974. ESTUARIES. In: Guidelines on Sampling and
Statistical Methodologies for Ambient Pesticide Monitoring. Federal Working
Group on Pest Management, Washington, DC. pp. V1-V5. (ERL, GB Reprint #245).
Estuarine monitoring objectives are defined for specific program
objectives. The decision to monitor an estuary for pesticides may
derive from one or several specific needs that will largely deter-
mine the character and modus operandi of the monitoring program.
272. Couch, John, and D.R. Nimmo. 1974. DETECTION OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NATURAL
PATHOGENS AND POLLUTANTS IN AQUATIC ANIMALS. Proc. Gulf Coast Regional
Symposium on Diseases of Aquatic Animals, Baton Rouge, LA, April 16-17, 1974.
Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, LSU-SG-74-05, pp.
261-268. (ERL, GB Reprint #219).
This paper presents two examples of the detection of possible
interactions between natural pathogens and chemical pollutants
in selected Gulf of Mexico estuarine animals. Results of
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experimental laboratory work and field observations of the pink
shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) and the shrimp virus (Baculovirug
penaei) in the vicinity of Gulf Breeze, FL, are described.
273. Couch, John A., and Del Wayne R. Nimmo. 1974. ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF
SHRIMP EXPOSED TO THE POLLUTANT CHEMICAL POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (AROCLOR
1254). Bull. Soc. Pharmacol. Environ. Path. 11(2):17-20. (ERL, GB Reprint
#216).
This paper, presented at the 63rd annual meeting of the Interna-
tional Academy of Pathology, March 13, 1974, in San Francisco, CA,
describes ultrastructural studies of shrimp exposed to the chemical
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), Aroclor 1254. In experiments at
ERL, GB, the pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), exposed for 30 to
50 days to 3 yg of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) per liter in
flowing seawater, accumulated up to 40 mg of PCB per kg in
hepatopancreatic tissue. Light and electron microscopy of shrimp
surviving 30-day exposure revealed two forms of hepatopancreatic
cellular alterations that may reflect toxic responses. The most
prevalent cytopathic alteration was the occurrence of small (20 to
50 nm) and large (100 to 700 nm) vesicles in nuclei of absorp-
tive cells. The other significant difference between exposed
and control shrimp was the presence of a Baculovirus in 5 to 8$
of the hepatopancreatic nuclei of exposed shrimp. This virus
was associated with several nuclear and cytoplasmic alterations,
and is the first Baculovirus to be reported in animals other
than insects or mites.
274. Couch, John A., George Gardner, John Harshbarger, M.R. Tripp, and Paul Yevich.
1974. HISTOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS IN SOME MARINE FAUNA. In:
Marine Bioassays. Proceedings of Workshop Sponsored by the Marine Technology
Society, Washington, DC. pp. 156-173. (ERL, GB Reprint #250).
The development of pathology, as applied to aquatic toxicology,
depends heavily on the knowledge of normal histology and physiolo-
gy if anomalies due to pollutants or disease are to be accurately
defined. However, at present, knowledge of normal morphology or
metabolic activities is either incomplete or lacking for most
marine or coastal organisms.
This paper presents techniques and examples of methods required
to characterize and interpret the morphological or physiological
responses of aquatic organisms to various factors, including
pollutants.
275. Cross, F.A., and T.W. Duke. 1974. CONTAMINATION OF MARINE RESOURCES FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION. In: Marine Bioassays. Proceedings of Workshop Sponsored
by the Marine Technology Society, Washington, DC. pp. 32-108.
This workshop panel deals with research and monitoring needs for
current and potential residue problems in marine organisms. Long-
98
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term effects of contaminants on marine ecosystems also are con-
sidered. Special needs and research problems are assessed for
petroleum hydrocarbons, toxic metals, and synthetic organic
compounds,,
276. Duke, Thomas W., and David P, Dumas. 1974. IMPLICATIONS OF PESTICIDE
RESIDUES IN THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT. In: Pollution and Physiology of Marine
Organisms, F. John Vernberg and Winona B. Vernberg, editors. Academic Press,
New York. pp. 137-164. (ERL, GB Reprint #195).
The coastal zone interfaces with man's activities on land and,
therefore, is especially susceptible to exposure to acute doses
of degradable pesticides, as well as chronic doses of persistent
ones. This paper reports the state-of-the-art of research on the
effects of pesticides on coastal aquatic organisms.
277. Hansen, David J., Steven C. Schimmel, and Jerrold Forester. 1974. AROCLOR®
1254 IN EGGS OF SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS: EFFECT ON FERTILIZATION SUCCESS AND
SURVIVAL OF EMBRYOS AND FRY. Proc. 27th Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game
Fish Comm. pp. 420-426. (ERL, GB Reprint #177).
The effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), Aroclor 1254,
in eggs of the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatusf on
fertilization success and survival of embryos and fry was inves-
tigated. Adult fish were exposed for four weeks to 0.1, 0.32,
1.0, 3.2, or 10.0 Mg/1 of PCB, then injected twice with 50 IU of
human chorionic gonadotrophin to stimulate ee;g production. The
eggs were fertilized, placed in PCB-free flowing seawater and
observed for mortality. Fertilization success was unimpaired
by concentrations in eggs as high as 201 Mg/g but survival of
embryos and fry was reduced. If this PCB affects other species
similarly, then populations of fish that presently have compar-
able concentrations in their eggs may be endangered.
278. Murray, E. Don, and Al W. Bourquin, editors. 1974. DEVELOPMENTS IN
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, Vol. 15. Am. Instit. Biological Sciences,
Washington, DC. 426 p. (ERL, GB Reprint #244).
Contributed papers and symposia presented at the 30th general
meeting of the Society for Industrial Microbiology at Evanston,
IL, on August 19-24, 1973, are included in this volume. Partici-
pants discuss both basic and practical aspects of microbiological
research. Environmental problems, such as the detection of
viruses in waste water, are among the subjects under discussion.
279. Nimrao, D.R., and L.H. Banner. 1974. SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL- AND SALINITY-STRESS IN PENAEID SHRIMP. In:
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms, F. John Vernberg and Winona B.
Vernberg, editors. Academic Press, New York. pp. 427-443. (ERL, GB Reprint
#198).
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This paper is concerned with the possible interaction of Aroclor©
1254 and environmental stress, particularly the effect of PCB
on the ability of shrimp to regulate osmotieally and ionically
at reduced salinities.
280. Parrish, Patrick R. 1974. AROCLOR® 1254, DDT, DDD, AND DIELDRIN:
ACCUMULATION AND LOSS BY AMERICAN OYSTERS (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA) EXPOSED
CONTINUOUSLY FOR 56 WEEKS. Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assoc, 64:7. (ERL, GB
Reprint #174).
Separate populations of oysters were exposed continuously for
56 weeks to 0.01 yg/1 of Aroclor® 1254, p,p'-DDT and DDD, or
dieldrin and sampled at 8-week intervals for residues. Maximum
concentrations based on body weight (yg/g) occurred after 8 weeks
exposure, but maximum concentrations based on absolute amount of
toxicant accumulated (yg) occurred after 56 weeks of exposure.
After 8 weeks, average whole-body residues (wet weight) from
five oysters analyzed individually were: Aroclor 1254, 1.65
yg/g, 4.0 pg; DDT (and metabolites DDD and DDE), 0.46 yg/g,
1.0yg; and dieldrin, 0.08 yg/g, 0.2 yg. After 56 weeks, resi-
dues were: Aroclor 1254, 0.89 yg/g, 25.7yg; DDT and metabo-
lites, 0.37 yg/g, 7.0 yg; and dieldrin, 0.03 yg/g, 0.6 yg.
Seasonal patterns of accumulation and loss of the three toxi-
cants were similar. Residues based on body weight (yg/g) de-
creased 45-81$ in early July and late October, apparently as
the result of spawning, and increased following these periods.
This investigation shows that the life history of oysters must
be considered when evaluating residue data from monitoring
programs.
281. Parrish, Patrick R., John A. Couch, Jerrold Forester, James M. Patrick, Jr.,
and Gary H. Cook. 1974. DIELDRIN: EFFECTS ON SEVERAL ESTUARINE ORGANISMS.
Proc. 27th Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. pp. 427-434. (ERL,
GB Reprint #178).
Tests were conducted to determine (1) the acute toxicity of
dieldrin in flowing seawater to American oysters (Crassostrea
virginica), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), grass shrimp
(Palaemonetes pugjg) and sheepshead minnows (Cvprinodon variegatus)
and (2) the rate of dieldrin uptake and depuration by spot
(Leiostomus xanthurua). Acute (96-hr) ECSO's were: oysters,
12.5 yg/1; pink shrimp, 0.9 yg/1; grass shrimp, 11.4 yg/1; and
sheepshead minnows 23.6 yg/1. Spot exposed to 0.0135, 0.075,
0.135, 0.75 or 1.35 yg/1 for 35 days accumulated the chemical
with maximum concentrations attained in 11 to 18 days. Maximum
whole-body residue (wet-weight) was 6,OOOX the concentration in
test water. Spot contained no detectable dieldrin residues at
the end of a 13-day depuration period in dieldrin-free water.
Tissue alterations, such as subepithelial edema in gill lamellae
and severe lysis and sloughing of the small intestine epithelium,
occurred in spot exposed to 1.35 yg/1 for four days.
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232. Walsh, Gerald E. 1974. MANGROVES: A REVIEW. In: Ecology of Halophytes, W.
Ribelin and G. Migaki, editors. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison
Wisconsin, pp. 51-174. (ERL, GB Reprint #154).
This review describes mangrove vegetation and its ecosystem. It
is included in the proceedings of a symposium, Physiological
Ecology of Halophytes, held under auspices of the Physiological
Ecology section of the Ecological Society of America in August
1972 at the University of Minnesota.
1973
233. Bourquin, A.W. 1973. ESTUARINE MICROBES AND ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES (A
BRIEF REVIEW). In: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, D.G. Ahearn
and S.P. Meyers, editors. Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA. LSU-SG-73-01, pp. 237-243. (ERL, GB Reprint
#165).
Little is known about microbiological degradation of organo-
chlorine pesticides in estuarine and oceanic environments. This
paper reviews areas of research required to further elucidate mi-
crobial degradation processes in aquatic environments. Such data
are needed to determine the role of microorganisms on the fate of
organic pollutants.
284. Buckley, John L., and Tudor T. Davies. 1973. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY'S ROLE IN GREAT LAKES RESEARCH. Proceedings of the First Federal
Conference on the Great Lakes, Tudor T. Davies, editor. Great Lakes Basin
Commission, Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 78-82.
This paper describes EPA's responsibilities in supporting research
to further understand the water system as a basis for a comprehen-
sive management system for the Great Lakes. Task-oriented research
in the Great Lakes region and national research efforts relevant to
the Great Lakes are discussed.
285. Cooley, Nelson R. 1973. EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON PROTOZOA. In: Progress in
Protozoology, Fourth International Congress of Protozoology, Universite de
Clermont, UER-Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Clermont-Ferrand, France,
September 2-9, 1973. p. 91. (ERL, GB Reprint #202).
Results of studies of the effects of mirex and three polychlori-
nated biphenyls on protozoa are presented. The data suggest that
pesticides and related toxicants entering aquatic ecosystems
could reduce the availability of ciliates as food and as nutrient
regenerators, thereby disrupting nutrient cycles and perhaps al-
tering species composition of ciliate communities. The ability
101
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of responsive ciliates to accumulate persistent compounds could
permit translocation of the chemicals through food chains. In
this manner, effects of the chemicals could be exerted at higher
trophic levels.
286. Davies, Tudor T., editor. 1973. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST FEDERAL CONFERENCE
ON THE GREAT LAKES. Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, MI. 33s* p.
Delegates to the First Federal Conference on the Great Lakes
define the magnitude and rationale of federal agency activities
on the Great Lakes. Conferees represent federal agencies com-
prising the Interagency Committee on Marine Science and Engi-
neering (ICMSE), sponsor of sessions held December 13-15, 1972,
in Ann Arbor, MI.
287. Davies, Tudor T., and Nelson A. Thomas. 1973. GREAT LAKES PROGRAMS OF THE
GROSSE ILE LABORATORY. Proceedings of the First Federal Conference on the
Great Lakes, Tudor T. Davies, editor. Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann
Arbor, MI. pp. 82-89.
U.S. EPA research on the Great Lakes, directed by its Grosse
lie Laboratory, is described. Specific research needs addressed
in the planned program are defined. Program objectives are con-
cerned with: eutrophication and nutrient control; predictive
management models for the transport of nutrients, hazardous
material, and other pollutants; and the evaluation of the eco-
logical impact of thermal pollution of the Lakes.
1972
288. Butler, Philip A., Ray Childress, and Alfred J. Wilson. 1972. THE
ASSOCIATION OF DDT RESIDUES WITH LOSSES IN MARINE PRODUCTIVITY. In: Marine
Pollution and Sea Life, Mario Ruivo, editor. Fishing News (Books) Ltd.,
London, pp. 262-266. (ERL, GB Reprint #101d).
Data from surveillance programs of marine species to determine
the kinetics and accumulation of DDT and its metabolites are
reviewed. This paper was presented at a congress convened by
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations
in Rome on December 9, 1970, to discuss global aspects of marine
pollution.
289. Cooley, Nelson R. 1972. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ON PESTICIDES AT THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FLORIDA. Proc. Pest
Control Conference. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 6:72-75. (ERL, GB Reprint #144).
102
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This paper defines the research mission of the EPA Laboratory
in Gulf Breeze, FL. Its investigations focus on three areas:
ecological studies, physiological effects, and estuary monitoring.
Data on the effects of pollutants on aquatic organisms obtained
by the laboratory aid in decisions on the registration of pesti-
cides for use in or near the aquatic environment.
290. Coppage, D.L., and T.W. Duke. 1972. EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES IN ESTUARIES ALONG
THE GULF AND SOUTHEAST ATLANTIC COASTS. Proc. Second Gulf Coast Conference on
Mosquito Suppression and Wildlife Management, Claude H. Schmidt, editor.
National Mosquito Control - Fish and Wildlife Management Coordination
Committee, pp. 21-31. (ERL, GB Reprint #138).
The presence of persistent pesticides in Gulf and Southeast
Atlantic estuaries is well-documented. Examples of these are
the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides DDT, dieldrin, endrin,
aldrin, BHC-Lindane, heptachlor, toxaphene, and mirex. Pesti-
cides are detected through monitoring programs in which
organisms, sediment, and water are collected and analyzed. With
these data and laboratory data on response of living organisms
to pesticides, we can determine effects of environmental levels
of the chemicals in an ecological and physiological context.
This report reviews (i) some of the findings on residues of persis-
tent pesticides in estuaries, (ii) some effects of these pesti-
cides found in field and laboratory studies, and (iii) research
on effects of malathion, a less persistent organophosphate pesti-
cide used for mosquito control.
291. Rice, T.R., J.P. Baptist, F.A. Cross, and T.W. Duke. 1972. POTENTIAL HAZARDS
FROM RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION OF THE ESTUARY. In: Marine Pollution and Sea
Life, Mario Ruvio, editor. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, pp. 272-276.
Although generally small amounts of radioactive wastes are dis-
charged into estuaries or reach them from river drainage areas,
the volume of these discharges is expected to increase in the
next 20 years. This paper examines this problem and summarizes
results of experiments related to the effects of radioactive pollu-
tion on the aquatic ecosystem.
1971
2')2. Butler, P.A. 1971. INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS. Proc.
Royal Society of London, England. Series B, 177:321-329. (ERL, GB Reprint
#129).
A bioassay program undertaken in 1958 has evaluated the toxici-
ty of about 240 pesticides to estuarine fauna. Studies indicate
that chronic levels of sublethal amounts of pesticides may have
.iv.
103
venue NW
20460
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more damaging effects than transitory changes due to acutely toxic
levels of pollution. The first five years of a program monitoring
the incidence of synthetic pesticide residues in populations of
North American shellfish has been completed. The run-off of sur-
face waters from agricultural districts is indicated as the chief
source of this type of pollution; municipal and industrial wastes,
and the control of noxious insects, are regionally important
sources. Observations of laboratory populations experimentally
contaminated with DDT indicate, by extrapolation, that pesticide
pollution is causing significant changes in mortality, growth
rates, or resistance to disease in some marine populations.
293. Lowe, J.I., P.R. Parrish, A.J. Wilson, Jr., P.O. Wilson, and T.W. Duke. 1971
EFFECTS OF MIREX ON SELECTED ESTUARINE ORGANISMS. Trans. 36th N. Am. Wildl.
Nat. Resour. Conf. pp. 171-186. (ERL, GB Reprint #124).
This paper summarizes the results of several laboratory experi-
ments in which shrimp, blue crabs, fiddler crabs, and pinfish were
exposed to mirex in food, in water, or in both. Information con-
cerning the movement of mirex in simple food chains and the per-
sistence of mirex in fire ant bait is presented also.
294. Lowe, Jack I., Paul D. Wilson, Alan J. Rick, and Alfred J. Wilson, Jr. 1971.
CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF OYSTERS TO DDT, TOXAPHENE, AND PARATHION. Proc. Am.
Shellfish. Assoc. 61:71-79. {ERL, GB Reprint #116).
Oysters, Cr_asjs_o..a£r_e_a virginica, were reared from juveniles (27
mm mean height) to sexual maturity in flowing seawater chronically
polluted with low levels (3.0 ppb, yg/1, or less) of DDT,
toxaphene, and parathion. The study was performed in two phases for
2 years; the insecticides were administered as a mixture during
the first phase and separately in the second phase of the
experiment. The weights of oysters grown in a mixture (1.0 ppb
each of DDT, toxaphene and parathion) of the three insecticides
were significantly less ( « = 0.05) than control oysters after 9
months. This loss of weight was about 10$ of the total body
weight (including shell) of the oysters. Weights and heights of
separate groups of oysters reared in seawater containing about
1.0 ppb of either DDT, toxaphene, or parathion were not statis-
tically different from controls.
Oysters reared in the pesticide mixture had tissue changes asso-
ciated with kidney, visceral ganglion, gills, digestive tubules,
and tissues beneath the gut. A mycelial fungus was also present,
indicating a breakdown in the oyster's natural defense against
this parasite.
295. Panel on Monitoring Persistent Pesticides in the Marine Environment (Philip
Butler, member). 1971. CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. 42 p.
104
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This report surveys the literature related to problems arising
from the dispersal of man's material to his surroundings, with
emphasis on DDT and its degradation products. The panel attempts
to point out lacunae in man's knowledge and suggest remedial ac-
tions. It is one of a series of studies published under aus-
pices of the Ocean Affairs Board.
296. Parrish, Patrick R. 1971. A RESPIROMETER FOR DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF
PESTICIDES AND RELATED POLLUTANTS ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF ESTUARINE FISHES.
Proc. 25th Ann. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Coram. pp. 602-606. (ERL,
GB Reprint #135).
A continuous-flow respirometer was constructed to measure the
effect of pesticides and related pollutants on oxygen consump-
tion of estuarine fishes. The parts of the respirometer in con-
tact with pollutants were constructed of glass and teflon for
efficiency in cleaning. Filtered, irradiated seawater of con-
stant temperature and salinity was gravity-fed through 10
experimental and 10 control respiration chambers in which individual
fish were held. Flow rates through the chambers were controlled
controlled by stopcocks and measured by flowmeters; dissolved
oxygen was determined by the Winkler method before and after
water passed through each chamber. Pollutants were metered
into the experimental chambers by syringe pump.
105
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KEY WORD INDEX
A
Algae 33, 35, 60, 111, 112, 138, 176, 190, 198, 212, 213, 226, 246
Annelida 69, 80, 81, 109, 122, 232, 235
Application factor (AF) 20, 34
Aquatic communities 11, 24, 37, 45, 80, 81, 123, 156
Aquatic toxicology 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 33, 34, 35,
41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 58, 78, 99, 100, 103,
106, 107, 108, 112, 117, 119, 137, 140, 141, 164, 165,
203, 205, 215, 219, 222, 226, 228, 233, 237, 245, 246,
249, 250, 253, 254, 261, 263, 266, 267, 274, 277, 280,
281, 292, 293, 294
Arthropods 45, 69, 156, 235
B
Bacteria 29, 56, 87, 88, 89, 130, 131, 135
Behavior 61, 72, 73, 75, 97, 232, 269
Benzo{a}pyrene 1
BHC 108
Bioassay 4, 8, 43, 78, 103, 104, 106, 107, 112, 113, 117, 122, 127, 128,
129, 136, 137, 146, 157, 165, 176, 186, 190, 195, 228, 237, 261,
263, 267, 268, 292
Biphenyl 27
C
Cadmium 76, 78, 93, 140, 249, 250, 255, 261
Captan 28, 35, 68
Carbofuran 28, 34, 56, 61
Carcinogens 1, 9
Chlordan 20, 28, 119, 120
Chlorination 31, 35, 50, 74, 77, 86, 91, 92, 101, 103, 104, 214, 216, 220,
221, 223, 224, 226, 229, 231, 234, 240, 241
Chlorobenzenes 35, 108
Chlorohydrocarbons 30, 35, 40
Coelenterata 81
Copper 190, 221
Crabs 28, 33, 35, 39, 68, 75, 106, 123, 145, 148, 152, 166, 168, 170, 183,
206, 208, 209, 218, 227, 231, 253, 293
Crustacea 33, 69, 79, 230, 231, 246
D
DDT 25, 28, 34, 39, 52, 58, 126, 171, 175, 185, 186, 191, 193, 195, 252,
270, 280, 288, 294, 295
Diazonon 25
Dichobenil
Dieldrin 171, 252, 280, 281
Dredging 32, 38
Drilling fluids 80, 81
106
-------
Endosulfan 254
Endrin 100, 175, 192,
Enzymes 1, 17, 42, 115, 116, 133, 150, 167, 168, 189, 200, 216, 227, 239
Fishes 10, 13, 20, 33, 34, 45, 46, 47, 49, 58, 59, 67, 69, 72, 77, 79, 85,
95, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 115, 116, 118, 139,
140, 149, 159, 160, 161, 170, 179, 180, 239, 265, 268, 296
Food chains 85, 113,
Fungi 135, 144
Fungicides 28, 48, 68, 266
H:
Halogens 216, 220
Heptachlor 27, 120, 121, 144, 184, 228
Herbicides 4, 28, 41, 48, 176, 182, 199, 212, 213
I
Industrial wastes 48
K
Kelevan 17
Kepone 17, 33, 66, 95, 99, 106, 117, 237, 243, 246, 247, 250, 251, 253
Killifish 72, 77, 97, 107, 233
L
Life cycles 11, 19, 20, 22, 23, 46, 58, 78, 100,245, 250
M
Malathion 25, 28, 34, 39, 55, 87, 88, 114, 115, 132, 168, 175, 189, 191,
192,
Mangroves 53, 110, 169, 182, 262, 282
Marine research 15, 16, 31, 49, 51, 65, 125, 154, 155,236, 242, 257, 269,
275, 284, 286, 287, 289
Marshes 24, 37, 55
Mercury 70
Methyl parathion 25, 90, 97, 189,
Microbiology 36
Microcosms 26, 236, 243, 244
Microorganisms 27, 40, 55, 56, 60, 61, 66, 87, 88, 90, 131, 135, 144, 184,
197, 216, 256, 278, 283
Mirex 39, 52, 56, 59, 61, 96, 122, 123, 138, 145, 148, 166, 169, 170, 183,
188, 285, 293
Modeling 2, 6, 24, 37, 56, 61, 62, 177,
Mollusca 33, 45, 69, 80, 81, 109, 171, 185, 204, 235, 238, 246, 270
Mosquito fish 191, 192
Mullet 59, 233, 254
Mutagens 9,
Kysid shrimp 3, 18, 33, 78, 85, 108, 117, 237, 250
K
Kaled 133
Kaphthalene 111
National Estuarine Monitoring Program 64, 65, 67, 171,238, 270, 271
Nitrilotriacetate 89
107
-------
o
Ocean Disposal Permit Program 8, 13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 41, 42, 43
Ocean dumping 3, 32
Oil spills 5, 56
Oyster 1, 4, 29, 37, 41, 83, 85, 108, 114, 119, 121, 141, 157, 163, 194,
196, 233, 234, 237, 252, 263, 280, 281, 294
Ozone
P
Parathion 25, 294
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) 20, 109, 215, 217, 218, 219, 222, 225, 227, 230,
232, 235
Pesticides 1, 4, 11, 15, 17, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 39, 41, 48, 52, 55, 56, 57,
61, 62, 63, 65, 70, 79, 116, 122, 123, 133, 150, 155, 169, 171,
175, 178, 189, 192, 197, 199, 201, 228, 242, 248, 252, 255, 258,
259, 261, 263, 265, 276, 283, 285, 289, 290, 295, 296
Petroleum products 49, 51, 70,
Phytoplankton 7, 82, 85, 176,
Pinfish 105, 107, 114, 119, 121, 123, 132, 150, 157, 158, 163, 203, 215,
233, 254, 266, 293
Pollution 7, 15
Polychlorinated biphenal (PCB) 1, 11, 27, 29, 48, 54, 58, 62, 67, 83, 94,
130, 137, 141, 143, 156, 157, 158, 163, 164,
165, 169, 171, 172, 187, 188, 194, 196, 199,
203, 205, 248, 252, 255, 260, 261, 273, 277,
279, 280, 285
Ponds 60, 210, 213
Protozoa 172, 187, 188, 207, 285
Pyrenes 2 7
S
Scoliosis 95
Sea grasses 181
Sevin 175, 192
Sheepshead minnows 10, 11, 12, 20, 33, 34, 45, 58, 72, 95, 99, 100, 106,
107, 108, 117, 119, 121, 136, 137, 145, 150, 158, 164,
165, 168, 200, 215, 245, 253, 266, 267, 268, 277, 281
Shrimps 21, 33, 35, 49, 54, 70, 72, 76, 85, 93, 94, 97, 106, 107, 108, 114,
119, 121, 123, 134, 141, 145, 148, 150, 151, 152, 157, 158, 163,
168, 170, 175, 195, 205, 206, 214, 217, 218, 222, 225, 230, 233,
237, 248, 249, 253, 254, 255, 261, 263, 266, 268, 272, 273, 279,
281, 293
Solar energy 60, 210
Spot 35, 85, 100, 104, 120, 121, 141, 237, 253, 254, 281
Surface slicks 27, 40, 89, 135, 256
T
Thermal stresses 77, 104
Total residual chlorination (TRC) 103, 104
Toxaphene 11, 107, 228, 294
Trifluralin 20, 28
Trout 202
108
-------
V
Viruses 36, 56, 94, 134, 151, 152, 255, 264, 272, 273
V!
Wastes 3
X
Xenobiotics 1
Z
Sloanthids 76
109
-------
Author Index
Ahearn, D.G. 27, 40, 56, 131, 135, 144, 256
Ainsworth, K.A. Ill, 112
Alexander, S. 84
Alexander, S.K. 184
Alley, E.G. 57
Anderson, R.S. 1
Andren, I.E. 186
Armstrong, D.A. 68
Atema, J. 269
B
Banner, L.H. 78, 85, 113, 117, 127, 128, 146, 237, 248, 249, 250, 261, 263,
279
Baptist, J.P. 291
Barrett, R. 182
Bennett, E.G. 197
Berner, N.H. 131
Bierman, V. 2
Blackman, R.R. 195, 205, 206
Block, R.M. 86, 214
Bonde, G.J. 186
Bonnell, R. 24, 37
Bookhout, C.G. 39, 183
Borthwick, P.M. 3, 124, 129, 145, 147, 148, 168, 170, 215
Bourquin, A.W. 40, 55, 56, 63, 66, 87, 88, 89, 90, 130, 131, 135, 144, 184,
197, 216, 243, 278, 283
Bowers, R.L. 211
Braidech, T.E. 116
Brannon, A.C. 217, 230
Brown, L.R. 57
Buchanan, D.V. 68
Buckley, J.L. 284
Burton, D.T. 214
Butler, G.L. 35, 42
Butler, P.A. 4, 41, 64, 67, 171, 185, 186, 238, 270, 271, 288, 292, 295
C
Caldwell, R.S. 28, 68
Cantelmo, A.C. 218
Cantelmo, F.R. 219
Carpenter, J.H. 31, 91, 92, 101, 220, 221
Cassidy, S. 130
Childress, R. 288
Colwell, R.R. 29
Conklin, P.J. 217, 218, 222, 230
110
-------
Cook, D.W. 57
Cook, G.H. 114, 115, 132, 148, 162, 163, 168, 182, 266, 281
Cook, W.L. 27, 135, 256
Cooley, N.R. 69, 141, 149, 172, 187, 188, 285, 289
Coppage, D.L. 42, 43, 115, 116, 132, 133, 150, 168, 189, 200, 239, 290
Costlow, J.D. 39
Couch, J. 70, 93, 94, 95, 103, 104, 134, 141, 151, 152, 153, 163, 173, 204,
207, 228, 255, 264, 265, 272, 273, 274, 281
Ccull, B. 37
Courtney, L. 94, 134
Coutant, C.C. 269
Craft, C.D. 128
Crane, A.M. 30, 103, 104
Cripe, C.R. 71, 75, 96
Cross, F.A. 5, 275, 291
Crow, S.A. 27, 131, 135, 144, 256
D
Dzme, R. 37
Dcvies, T.T. 2, 6, 154, 257, 284, 286, 287
Davis, W.P. 5, 31, 50, 86, 223, 224, 240, 241
Dc.vis, W.R. 140
Dean, J.M. 77, 102
DeCoursey, P. 37, 269
Domey, R.G. 77, 241
Doughtie, D.G. 225
Duke, T.W. 7, 155, 170, 174, 183, 201, 242, 244, 258, 266, 275, 276, 290,
291, 293
Diimas, D.P. 192, 276
Dyar, E.E. 20, 34
E
EPA Ocean Disposal Bioassay Working Group 8, 44
Engler, R.M. 32, 38
Er.os, J.M. 20, 34
Erickson, S.J. 190, 226
Evans, J.E. 9
F
Fc.rr, J.A. 72, 73, 97
Fc.as, L.F. Ill, 233
Fs.ir, J.F. 184
Fs.rley, K.J. 251
Floyd, G. 76, 77
Forester, J. 65, 83, 100, 107, 108, 119, 120, 121, 129, 137, 138, 145, 157,
162, 164, 165, 169, 172, 188, 194, 205, 228, 252, 268, 277,
281
Fox, F.R. 218, 227
Freeman, A.E. 3C, 226
G
Ga.rdner, G. 274
Gc.rnas, R.L. 90, 243
Gibson, D.T. 216
Gillett, J.W. 61
Goodman, L.R. 12, 85, 95, 98, 99, 228, 237
111
-------
Grow, T.E. 181, 212
Gullans, S.R. 214
H
Haburay, K. 84
Hall, A.B. 209
Hamaker, T.L. 18, 19
Hansen, D.J. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 33, 45, 46, 47, 58, 99, 100, 117, 119, 125,
136, 137, 141, 142, 156, 157, 158, 163, 164, 165, 175, 191,
192, 202, 203, 228, 245, 246, 259, 267, 268, 269, 277
Harshbarger, J. 274
Haynes, M.E. 48
Heitmuller, P.T. 162, 193, 213
Helz, G.R. 31, 74, 86, 229
Hester, B.S. 241
Hill, J. 61
Hochberg, F.G. 204
Hollister, T.A. 138, 169, 176, 182
Hood, M.A. 90
Hoss, D.E. 5
Hsu, R.Y. 74, 229
Huggett, R.J. 117, 247
I
Ivey, J.M. 81, 109, 124, 235
J
Jackson, B.P. Ib, 16
Jarvinen, A.W. 61
Jensen, A.L. 139, 159, 160, 177
Jernelov, A.B. 186
K
Kauwling, T.J. 79
Keltner, J.M. 172, 175, 187, 188
Kiefer, L.A. 131
Kitchens, W. 24, 37
Kittridge, J.S. 269
Kjerfve, B. 37
Klein, M.L. 48
Knight, J. 124, 132
Koch, R.B. 17
L
Laughlin, R.A. 75
Lee, J.H. 59
Lehman, H.K. 81
Lempesis, P.W. 118
Lightner, D.V. 249
Lincer, J.L. 48
Lindberg, M.A. 34
Livingston, R.J. 75, 96
Lowe, J.I. 4, 13, 14, 41, 47, 141, 170, 183, 194, 196, 203, 293, 294
Lozanskiy, V.R. 6
112
-------
M
Macalady, D.J. 92, 101, 220
Magnuson, J.J. 269
Mahaffey, W.R. 66
Mcllhenny, W.F. 223
McKellar, H. 24
Mallon, M.H. 65
Mann, J.E. 184, 197
Matthews, E. 132, 133, 150, 158, 192
Kearns, A.J. 79
Keyers, S.P. 49, 56
Kiddaugh, D.P. 31, 50, 76, 77, 102, 103, 104, 118, 140, 161, 224, 234, 240
Killemann, R.E. 68
Killer, C.W. 213
Killer, D. 269
Koore, C.A. 92, 101
Koore, J.C. 109, 114, 115
Kurray, E.D. 278
N
yall, S.L. 192
yash, C.E. 59
yealson, K. 291
yewman, S.M. 122
yimmo, D.R. 13, 14, 18, 19, 33, 47, 78, 113, 117, 127, 128, 141, 162, 193,
195, 205, 206, 246, 248, 249, 250, 260, 261, 263, 272, 273, 279
O
Oberheu, J.C. 170
C'Conner, D.J. 251
Cglesby, J.L. 81
Clla, B.L. 269
Cshida, P.S. 79
F
Earrish, P.R. 12, 13, 14, 20, 34, 47, 119, 141, 157, 163, 194, 196, 203,
245, 252, 266, 268, 280, 281, 293, 296
Patrick, J.M. 85, 107, 108, 119, 120, 121, 141, 148, 163, 170, 194, 196,
233, 237, 252, 254, 266, 268, 281
Peltier, W.H. 13, 14, 47
Fritchard, P.H. 66, 243
Erzybszewski, V.A. 89
FL
Rao, K.R. 218, 219, 222, 225, 227, 230
Ray, M.J. 79
Reisch, D.J. 79, 186
Rice, C.P. 52
Rice, T.R. 291
Richards, N.L. 51
Richardson, L.B. 214
Richardson, W. 2 . -HA He.-
Rick, A.J. 294 ~ " ~ \J^I ^
Rigby, R.A. 78, 250
113
.•,.::iueNW
20460
-------
Roberts, M.H. 31, 231
Rossi, S.S. 79
Rubinstein, N.I. 232
S
Sayler, G.S. 29
Schimmel, S.C. 12, 13, 14, 33, 46, 47, 100, 105, 106, 107, 108, 117, 119,
120, 121, 136, 137, 142, 158, 164, 165, 175, 215, 233, 246,
253, 254, 267, 268, 277
Schneider, M.J. 269
Schoor, W.P. 61, 62, 122, 142, 166, 167, 178
Schutzmann, R.L. 67
Scott, G.I. 234
Sheppard, J.M. 78, 85, 237, 250
Shanika, C.M. 34
Sikka, H.C. 35, 52
Simonov, A.I. 7
Smith, C.A. 221
Smith, N.G. 144
Snedaker, S. 262
Sommers, C.A. 18, 19
Speidel, H.K. 184, 197
Sprague, V. 207
Stevenson, H. 37
Stokes, B. 71
Sugam, R. 229
Summers, K. 24
Summers, M.D. 36, 134
Sylvester, J.R. 59
T
Tagatz, M.E. 80, 81, 109, 123, 124, 129, 145, 168, 179, 180, 208, 209, 235
Teas, H. 53, 262
Thomas, N.A. 154, 287
Tobia, M. 80, 109, 235
Tripp, M.R. 274
Tyler-Schroeder, D.B. 21, 22, 23, 54
V
Vernberg, F.J. 24, 37
Vernberg, W.B. 37, 269
W
Walker, W.W. 25
Walsh, G.E. 33, 60, 82, 85, 110, 111, 112, 138, 169, 176, 181, 182, 198,
199, 210, 211, 212, 213, 237, 246, 262, 282
Wilkins, E.P.H. 180
Wilkes, F.G. 26, 32, 38, 79, 236
Wilson, A.J. 33, 65, 83, 85, 99, 106, 112, 117, 126, 170, 183, 196, 201,
203, 205, 206, 237, 246, 250, 253, 254, 288, 293, 294
Wilson, W.G. 20
Wilson, P.O. 203, 206, 293, 294
Winstead, J.T. 95
Wolfe, D.A. 5
114
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Y
Yevich, P. 274
Yoakum, R.L. 140, 161, 241
'I
Singmark, R. 37
115
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1 TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
| (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPOR-NO. 2.
EPA-600/3-79-036
1. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
publications
Eulf Breeze Laboratory
|. AUTHOR(S)
Betty P. Jackson & Andree F. Lowry
1. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Laboratory
office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
bulf Breeze, FL 32561
"2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
[J. S. Environmental Protection Agency
3ulf freeze, FL 32561
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
January 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Ri hi i nqraphy 1971-78
14. SPONSORING AGENCV CODE
EPA-ORD
-IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
|16. ABSTRACT
This bibliography, inclusive from 1967 through 1973, lists all publications authored
researchers employed by the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, and its
field station on St. Johns Island, SC, or by researchers conducting studies under fund-
,Lng or direction of the laboratory.
Dlications are grouped in three categories: RESEARCH REPORTS published in the EPA
:3esearch Reporting Series; JOURNAL ARTICLES from the scientific literature; and
PRESENTATIONS published in proceedings of conferences and symposia. Publications are
jarranged alphabetically by year under the senior author's name. The bibliography also
I Includes an author index for reprints and an index of key words (as listed in the
rihesarus of Engineering and Scientific Terms, 1967, Office of Naval Research and
pngineers Joint Council, editors, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC), Entries
are nuntoered consecutively throughout the three sections, and those numbers are used
I in the indices.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Aquatic toxicology Fishes
Bioassays Molluscs
Pesticides
Microcosms
Herbicides
Fungicides
Shrimps
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
unlimited
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Environmental Researc
Laboratory-Gulf Bree:
Bibliography
Publications summary
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
unclassified
c. COSAT) Held/Group
h 05/B
e 06/C
06/F
06/T
06/S
21. NO. OF PAGES
115
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R«», 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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EP 600/3
79-036 EPA
979 Rnv. Fes. Lab.
AUTHOR
Gulf
TITLE
cati
DATE DUE
GAVLORD 49
Breeze Laboratory publi-
cans, 1979
BORROWER'S NAME
T> A,JK|fi|^iJBW?J/^
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DATE DUE
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