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PREFACE
The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of
1986 mandated that permanent cleanup remedies be used at sites
included on the National Priorities List, which ranks hazardous
wastes according to certain criteria set forth in the Hazard
Ranking System. These remedies are intended to reduce the toxicity,
migration and volume of the substances contaminating such sites. Since the
enactment of SARA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA )has
released policy statements or directives which support innovative
technologies mat may lead to permanent solutions over conventional or
containment options. For example, OSWER Directive 9380.0-17, "Furthering
the Use of Innovative Treatment Technologies in OSWER Programs/ June
10,1991, sets forth seven administrative initiatives designed to increase
field applications of innovative technologies and speed the issuance of
performance data resulting from such applications.
Despite the EPA's commitment to long term cleanup solutions, the
Agency's 1989 Management Review of Superfund, (popularly known as the 90-
Day Study), noted that many dedsionmakers involved in remediation
hesitate to select innovative technologies for a variety of institutional,
informational or economic reasons. In 1990 EPA created the Technology
Innovation Office (TIO) within the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response to identify and remove barriers to the broader application of
innovative technologies to remediation of hazardous waste sites. The
primary goal of TIO is to assist those individuals selecting cleanup
technologies to identify and use new or innovative technologies for site
remediation.
One obstacle for dedsionmakers contemplating use of a new innovative or
alternative technology is difficulty in obtaining up-to-date, objective data
with which to initially evaluate the cost and performance of the technology.
This data is vital early in the remedy screening process in order for the
innovative technology to be fully considered during the feasibility study
phase.
This Bibliography of Articles from the NTIS Database Describing
Alternative and Innovative Technologies for Corrective Action and Site
Remediation is intended to fill in the "information gap" for those
dedsionmakers EPA employees and contractors - evaluating permanent
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deamip remedies. The publication is divided into sections which address different
innovative technologies. The last section covers entries focusing on more than one
technology. The technologies are characterized as follows:
Bioremediation
Dechlorination
In Situ Vitrification
Soil Flushing/Washing
Solvent Extraction
Thermal Treatment
Vapor Extraction
A description of the technology is presented followed by abstracted entries. The citations
were retrieved by searching the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) database on
the commercial online database service DIALOG Information Services. The range of years
was limited to 1986 through 1991.
For ordering reports from NTIS, please use the indicated report number for each entry.
The phone number for placing orders at NTIS is 703/487-4650.
This bibliography was produced by the Hazardous Waste Superfund Collection of the EPA
Headquarters Library which is managed by the Information Management Services
Division. For more information about this publication and the Collection, contact Felice
Sacks, Labat-Anderson, Inc., Head Librarian of the Hazardous Waste Superfund Collection
(202/260-3021).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface i
Table of Contents Gi
BforemecBation 1
Dedibrination 7
In Situ Vitrification 14
Son Flushing/Washing 45.
Solvent Extraction 52
Thermal Treatment 63
Vapor Extraction 69
Various Technologies 85
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SECTION ONE: BIOREMEDIATION ""«m^m^mmmi_»i_i
Description
Bioremediation is a process that uses microbes to degrade toxic manmade organic compounds. It
employs proven biological methods for site decontamination and removal of residual toxins from
wastewater streams and is viewed as an ecologically sound solution to toxic waste problems.
- Zitrides, Thoma G. "Bioremediation Comes of Age." Pollution Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 5, May
1990.
Bibliography
NTTS Accession Number: PB91-199778/XAB
Feasibility of Biodegradation of Tetrachloroethylene in Contaminated
Aquifers
(Final rept)
FogelS.
Sponsor: National Science Foundation, Washington, DC Div. of Industrial
Science and Technological Innovation.
Report No.: NSF/ISI-88103
16Sep88
Tetrachloroethylene, a solvent and de-greasing agent is widely spilled
and disposed of on soil. It is easily transported in ground water, causing
wide-spread aquifer contamination. Conventional technology for the
treatment of solvent-contaminated aquifers, which involves pumping out the
water and above-ground treatment by physical/chemical techniques, is slow
and expensive. CAA Bioremediation Systems has carried out experiments to
demonstrate the feasibility of in situ biodegradation of
tetrachloroethliylene. The process would involve controlled addition of
nutrients to the ground water to stimulate the activity of naturally
occurring bacteria. A twenty-three liter laboratory aquifer simulator was
constructed, filled with soil and amended ground water was recirculated
throughout the soil. Methanogenic conditions were brought about in the
reactor within 15 days and terachloroethylene was shown to degrade rapidly
to dichloroethylene. Oxygen was then introduced and the oxidiation of
dichlororethylene by methanotrophic bacteria was initiated. The aquifer
simulator experiment indicated that aquifer conditions can be manipulated
in situ to bring about the complete degradation of terachloroethylene.
NTIS Accession Number: PB91-186197/XAB
Bioremediation for Marine Oil Spills
Report No.: OTA-BP-O-70 May 91
The study examines the potential of bioremediation technologies to clean
up marine oil spills and to minimize the damage they cause. Thus, the study
evaluates a small, but highly visible, subset of the many possible
applications of bioremediation technologies to environmental problems.
Among the other applications for which bioremediation is being considered
or is currently in use are: (1) treatment of non toxic liquid and solid
wastes; (2) treatment of toxic or hazardous wastes; (3) treatment of
contaminated groundwater, and (4) grease decomposition. Although recent
marine oil spills and bioremediation efforts have called attention to the
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potential of bioremediation as an oil spill response technology, some of
the other applications, in particular the treatment of hazardous waste,
appear to have greater potential. Officials at approximately 135 hazardous
waste sites, for example, are now either considering, planning, or
operating full-scale bioremediation systems.
* NTIS Accession Number DE91010008/XAB .
Biological treatment of Hanford groundwater Development of ah ex situ
treatment process
Brouns, T. M.; Koegler, S. S.; Fredrickson, J. K.; LuttreU, S. P.;
Borgeson, K. A.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-19276; CONF-9103114-2
Mar 91
Liquid wastes containing radioactive, hazardous, and regulated chemicals
have been generated throughout the 40 years of operations at the US
Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford Site in southeastern Washington state.
Some of these wastes were discharged to the soil column, and many of the
waste components, including nitrate (NO(sub3(sup (minus)))) and carbon
tetrachloride (CCKsub 4)) have been detected in the groundwater of the
unconfined aquifer at Hanford. The use of facultative anaerobic
microorganisms is a promising technology for the ex situ and in situ
removal of nitrates and organics from contaminated aqueous streams. This
paper describes an ex situ biological process being developed at Pacific
Northwest Laboratory for removal of NO(sub 3{sup (minus))) and CCKsub 4)
from contaminated groundwater, and approaches for in situ denitrification
and CCKsub 4) biodegradation. 7 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
NTIS Accession Number PB9M82279/XAB
EPA Site Demonstration of BioTrol Aqueous Treatment System
(Journal article)
Stinson, M. K.; Chresand, T. J.; Skorronek, H. S.;
Sponsor: BioTrol, Chaska, MN.; Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/J-91/034
C1991
BioTrol's pilot scale, fixed-film biological system was evaluated, under
the EPA's SITE program, for its effectiveness at removing pentachlorophenol
from groundwater. The demonstration was performed in the summer of 1989 at
a wood preserving site in New Brighton, Minnesota. The system employs
indigenous microorganisms amended with a specific pentachlorophenol-degradi
ng bacterium. Groundwater from a well on the site was fed to the system at
1, 3, and 5 gpm with no pretreatment other than pH adjustment, nutrient
addition, and temperature control. Each flowrate was maintained for about
two weeks while samples were collected for extensive analyses. At 5 gpm,
the system was capable of eliminating about % percent of the
pentachlorophenol in the groundwater and producing effluent with
pentachlorophenol concentrations to about 1 ppm. At the lower flows (1 and
3 gpm) removal was higher (about 99 percent) and effluent pentachlorophenol
concentrations were well below 0.5 ppm. The system consistently produced a
completely nontoxic effluent at all three flowrates. Review of other data
provided by BioTrol indicates that the process is also effective on other
hydrocarbons, including solvents and fuels. The system appears to be a
compact and cost-effective treatment for contaminated wastewaters requiring
minimal operating attention once acclimated. (Copyright (c) 1991Air &
Waste Management Association.)
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NTB Accession Number NTN91-0056
Available Models for Estimating Emissions Resulting from Bioremediation:
A Review
(NTISTechNote)
Jan 91
this dtation summarizes a one-page announcement of technology available
for utilization. Biological treatment of organic pollutants offers me
advantage of contaminant destruction rather than transfer to other media.
Thus, biotreatment systems may provide the potential to reduce or eliminate
the human health risks associated with the treatment and/or disposal of
hazardous wastes. However, concern has grown in recent years that many
volatile organic pollutants are emitted to the atmosphere from biotreatment
facilities before they can be degraded. In response to the increased
attention, a number of models have been developed mat predict the fate of
organic pollutants during specific bioremediation processes. The full
report focuses on the potential for bioremediation processes to transfer
contaminants between the soil or water and the air. The intent is to
identify, describe, and evaluate available methods and models for
estimating atmospheric emissions from bioremediation processes used to
treat hazardous waste. This report concentrates on models that incorporate
the competing effects of biological activity, volatilization, and possibly
other mechanisms, such as adsorption and transport, on the fate of organic
pollutants. Models of some non-biological components of the treatment
processes also are included. Bioremediation processes that are currently in
use or in advanced stages of research are listed in the final report, where
each process is briefly described in terms of its operation and component
parts, the types of contaminants treated, advantages and disadvantages
associated with its use, and the likelihood of air emissions.
NTB Accession Number: TIB/A90-82360/XAB
Biologische Reinigung von mit organischen Schadstoffen kontaminierten
Sickerwaessem in {Combination mit Adsorberhatzen. Schlussbericht
(Biological treatment of waste disposal site leachate contaminated with
organic harmful substances, in combination with adsorption resins. Final
report)
Steegmans, R.; Brunswig, W. D.
Sponsor: Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologic, Bonn (Germany,
F.R).
Nov89
Numerous examinations have shown that in all waste disposal site leachate
organic halogenates (AOX) are to be expected. Within the reported project a
process combination consisting of an adsorption-resin stage and a
tandem-arranged two-stage activation system has been examined in order to
develop a technology for the elimination of harmful substances according to
the state-of-the-art For that purpose a semi-industrial pilot plant has
been charged with the leachate of a hazardous waste disposal site in order
to examine the efficiency of the adsorption resin and the effect of its
selective elimination of toxic substances for the following biological
treatment. The efficiency of the examined process combination was good. The
selective elimination of the halogenated compounds exercised a positive
influence on the biological decomposition. Elimination rates of COD = 87%,
BOD sub 5 s 98% and AOX = 87% were respectable. Nevertheless the outlet
concentrations were higher than the limit values of the minimum
requirements. A biological nitrification could not be realized. Matrice
influences on the AOX determination could be quantified, (orig.). (TIB: RO
4438(15Ha.) (Copyright (c) 1990 by FIZ. Citation no. 90:082360.)
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NTIS Accession Number: DE90011989/XAB
Bioremediation of explosives
Unkefer, P. J. ; Alvarez, M. A.; Hanners, J. L.; Unkefer, C J.;
Stenger, M*
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: LA-UR-904930; CONF-0006188-1
1990
The extensive manufacture, packing, and the use of explosives has often
resulted in significant contamination of soils and ground waters near these
activities. Congressional mandate has now required that such sites be
remediated. An especially promising technology for this explosives problem
is biotechnology. When applicable, biotechnology is cheap and provides
complete conversion of hazardous compounds to harmless biomass or carbon
dioxide. The focus of this paper will be on our present understanding of
the microbJal metabolism of the explosives, TNT and RDX, which have been
used most extensively in the United States. To assure that an efficient
process is developed for TNT biodegradation, we are conducting appropriate
lab scale tests with TNT contaminated soil. First, we are testing then-
efficiency in soil/water slurries; we are also testing their efficiency in
a column system designed to simulate composting conditions. A pilot scale
test of this bacterial degradation will be conducted as soon as weather
permits. 36 refs., 5 figs. (ERA citation 15:035829)
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-228610/XAB
Available Models for Estimating Emissions Resulting from Bioremediation
Processes: A Review
(Final rept)
Sharp-Hansen, S.
Sponsor: Environmental Research Lab., Athens, GA. Office of Research and
Development.
Report No.: EPA/600/3-90/031
Mar 90
The use of bioremediation processes to treat hazardous waste has
increased in the last 10 years. Biological treatment offers the advantage
of contaminant destruction rather than transfer to other media. There is
concern, however, that significant amounts of organic pollutants are
emitted to the air from biological treatment activities before they can be
degraded. To estimate the magnitude of emissions from these facilities,
overall fate models that incorporate the effects of several competing
removal mechanisms are needed. The report focuses on the state-of-the-art
in modeling air emissions from bioremediation processes. The biological
treatment systems are described, as are the important pathways that affect
the fate of organic pollutants in those systems. Currently available models
are identified, described, and evaluated for each bioremediation process.
Finally, some limitations of the models and the need for additional
research are discussed.
NTIS Accession Number PB90-164047/XAB
Bioremediation of Contaminated Surface Soils
Sims, J. L.; Sims, R. C.; Matthews, J. E.;
Sponsor: Dynamac Corp., Ada, OK.; Utah State Univ., Logan.
Report No.: EPA/600/9-89/073
Aug89
Biological processes, including microbial degradation, have been
identified as critical mechanisms for attenuating organic contaminants
during transit through the vadose zone to the groundwater. On-site soil
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remedial measures using biological processes can reduce or eliminate
groundwater contamination, thus reducing the need for extensive groundwater
monitoring and treatment requirements. On-site remedial systems that
utilize the soil as the treatment system accomplish treatment by using
naturally occurring microorganisms to treat the contaminants. Treatment
often may be enhanced by a variety of physical/chemical methods, such as
fertilization, tilling, soil pH adjustment, moisture control, etc. Hie
development of a bioremediation program for a specific contaminated soil
system includes: (1) a thorough site/soil/waste characterization; (2)
treatabUity studies; and (3) design and implementation of the
bioremediation plan. Biological remediation of soils contaminated with
organic chemicals has been demonstrated to be an alternative treatment
technology that can often meet the goal of achieving a permanent clean-up
remedy at hazardous waste sites.
NTB Accession Number AD-A183 936/4/XAB
International Conference on Innovative Biological Treatment of Toxic
Wastewatexs Held in Arlington, Virginia on June 24-26,1986
(Final rept)
Scholze, R. J.; Wu, Y. C; Smith, E. D.; Brandy, J. T.; Basilico, J.
Apr 87
This Conference was given to assess the applicability of using the
biotechnology for the treatment of hazardous/toxic wastewaters. The
proceedings are essentially the papers and discussion given by authors and
participants. The papers are divided into eleven (11) major topic areas:
Inhibition Kinetics and Modeling; Biodegradation of Hazardous/Toxic
Wastewaters (Part 1); Report From the Center for Research in Hazardous and
Toxic substances and the Consortium for Biological Waste Treatment Research
and Technology on Hazardous/Toxic Waste Research Projects (Part 1);
Biological Removal of Phenolic Compounds and Heavy metals; Report From the
Center for Research in Hazardous and Toxic Substances and the Consortium
for Biological Waste Treatment Research and Technology on Hazardous/Toxic
Waste Research Projects (Part 2); Biodegradation of Hazardous/Toxic
Wastewaters (Part 2); Research Needs Workshop; Assessment of Integrated
Wastewater Treatment for Toxic; Detoxification of Organic Hydrocarbons by
Selective Microbes and Assessment of Bacterial Toxicity; Biomonitoring of
Toxicity in Wastewater Treatment; Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater and
Leachate; These conference proceedings include only 37 out of 55 papers
presented by the authors as well as the results of the research needs
workshops.
NTIS Accession Number: PB87-198321/XAB
Biological Treatment of Aqueous Hazardous Wastes
Park, J. E.; Koczwara, M. K.; Lesiecki, R. J. ;
Sponsor: Cincinnati Univ., OH. Dept. of Civil and Environmental
Engineering.
Report No.: EPA/600/I>87/183
Jun87
The paper describes tests performed in order to evaluate the fate of
aqueous organic hazardous waste compounds in the activated sludge process.
Gas, liguid, and waste solids samples were taken from acclimated activated
sludge systems to determine amounts that were volatilized, biodegraded, and
associated with the wasted solids. Results discussed here include two
compounds, methyl ethyl ketone and 1,1,1 -trichloroethane.
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NTTS Accession Number: PB87-198313/XAB
Biological Treatment of Hazardous Aqueous Wastes
Opatken, E. J.; Howard, H. K.; Bond, J. J.
** Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/184
Jun87
Studies have been conducted with a rotating biological contractor (RBC)
to evaluate the treatability of leachates from the Stringfellow and New
Lyme hazardous waste sites. The leachates were transported from the waste
sites to Cincinnati at the United States Environmental Protection Agency's
Testing and Evaluation Facility. A series of batches were run with primary
effluent from Cincinnati's Mill Creek Sewage Treatment Facility. The paper
reports on the results from these experiments and the effectiveness of an
RBC to adequately treat leachates from Superfund sites.
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SECTION TWO: DECHLORINATION
Description
Dechlorination is the process whereby chlorine is removed from a substance by chemically replacing
it with hydrogen or hydroxide ions in order to detoxify the substances involved.
Glossary of Environmental Terms and Acronym List. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Communications and Public Affairs, December 1989.
Bibliography
NTIS Accession Number: PB91-921469/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 6): Tenth Street Dumpflunkyard,
Oklahoma City, OK, (Pint Remedial Action), September 1990
(Final rept)
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R06-90/059
27Sep90
The 35-acre Tenth Street Dump/Junkyard site is an inactive landfill in
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, within the North Canadian River's 100-year
fioodplain. From 1951 to 1979, the site was used, in succession, as a
municipal landfill, a privately owned and operated salvage yard, and an
automobile salvage yard. Waste materials accepted by the first salvage yard
included paint thinners, old transformers, and tires. Dielectric fluid that
contained PCBs was drained from old transformers, stored in barrels, and
sold. In 1983, EPA site inspections located 20 drums, some of which were
corroded and leaking contaminated material into the soil. In 1985, EPA
completed removal actions. The Record of Decision addresses soil
contamination at the site. It is estimated mat 8,500 cubic yards of soil
are contaminated by PCBs, with 7,500 cubic yards of the total having PCBs
levels above the TSCA PCB spill cleanup policy level of 25 mg/kg. The
primary contaminants of concern affecting the soil are organics including
PCBs.
NTS Accession Number: PB9M91056/XAB
Reductive Dehalogenation of Organic Contaminants in Soils and Ground
Water. Ground Water Issue
Sims, J. L.; Suflita, J. M.; Russell, H. H.
Report No.: EPA/540/4-90/054 Jan 91
Introduction and large scale production of synthetic halogenated organic
chemicals over the last 50 years has resulted in a group of contaminants
which tend to persist in the environment and resist both biotic and abiotic
degradation. The low solubility of these types of contaminants, along with
their toxicity and tendency to accumulate in food chains, make them
particularly relevant targets for remediation activities. Although the
processes involved in dechlorination of many of these organic compounds are
well understood in the fields of chemistry and microbiology, technological
applications of these processes to environmental remediation are relatively
newparticularly at pilot or field scale. It is well established, however,
that there are several mechanisms which result in dehalogenation of some
classes of organic contaminants, often rendering them less offensive
environmentally. These include; stimulation of metabolic sequences through
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introduction of electron donor and acceptor combinations; addition of
nutrients to meet the needs of dehalogenating microorganisms; possible use
of engineered micro-organisms; and use of enzyme systems capable of
*» catalyzing reductive dehalogenation.
« NTIS Accession Number PB91-182311/XAB
Remediation of Sites Contaminated with TCE
(Journal article)
Russell H. H.; Matthews, J. E.; Sewell, G. W.
Report No.: EPA/600/J-91/030
C1991
Widespread use of trichloroethylene (TCE) in the US. has resulted in its
frequent detection in soil and groundwater. TCE can become a health hazard
after being processed in the human liven or reductive dehalogenation in
the environment may result in production of vinyl chloride, a known
carcinogen. This has generated a high degree of interest in efficient and
cost-efficient technologies that can be used to remediate soil and
groundwater contaminated with TCE. The purpose of me paper is to present
and discuss relevant physicochemical properties and reactive mechanisms of
TCE, and to delineate and discuss promising remediation methodologies that
have been proposed and/or demonstrated for restoring contaminated
subsurface environments. The information in the article has been funded
wholly or in part by the US. EPA under contract No. 68-C8-0058 to Dynamac
Corporation; it has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative
review process and approved for publication.
NTIS Accession Number: PB91-145102/XAB
Update on Building and Structure Decontamination
(Journal article)
Barkley,N.P.
Report No.: EPA/600/J-90/276
cjun90
Cleanup of the nation's hazardous waste sites is one of the top
environmental priorities. Since the ultimate objective of many cleanup
programs is to return the contaminated site and buildings on the site to
active use, additional information regarding both established and emerging
technologies for building decontamination is needed. A pilot scale study
was performed at an actual Superfund Site to evaluate, side by side, the
efficiency of PCB removal using two decontamination processes. One process
entails the use of a shofblasting technique in which contaminated concrete
surfaces are cut away and physically removed. The other process involves
application of an alkali metal/polyethylene glycolate mixture directly to
contaminated concrete surfaces for insitu degradation of PCB's. (Copyright
(c) 1990Air & Waste Management Association.)
NTIS Accession Number: PB91-144873/XAB
Reductive Dehalogenation: A Subsurface Bioremediation Process
(Journal article)
Sims, J. L.; Suflita, J. M.; Russell, H. H.;
Sponsor: Utah Water Research Lab., Logan.; Oklahoma Univ., Norman. Dept
of Botany and Microbiology.
Report No.: EPA/600/J-90/259
C1990
Introduction and large-scale production of synthetic halogenated organic
8
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chemicals over the last fifty years has resulted in a group of contaminants
that tend to persist in the environment and resist both biotic and abiotic
degradation. The low solubility of these types of contaminants, along with
their toxicity and tendency to accumulate in food chains, make them
particularly relevant targets for remediation activities. Among the
mechanisms that result In dehalogenation of some classes of organic
contaminants are stimulation of metabolic sequences through introduction of
electron donor and acceptor combinations; 'addition of'nutrients to meet the
needs of dehalogenating microorganisms; possible use of engineered
microorganisms; and use of enzyme systems capable of catalyzing reductive
dehalogenation. The current state of research and development in the area
of reductive dehalogenation is discussed along with possible technological
application of relevant processes and mechanisms to remediation of soil and
groundwater contaminated with chlorinated organic*. In addition, an
overview of research needs is suggested, which might be of interest for
development of in-situ systems to reduce the mass of halogenated organic
contaminants in soil and groundwater.
NTIS Accession Number: NTN90-1086
Treating Chlorinated Wastes with KFEG Process
(NTIS Tech Note)
Dec 90
This citation summarizes a one-page announcement of technology available
for utilization. The two reports concern a chemical dechlorination process
mat employs a reagent, typically prepared by reacting a base (e.g.,
potassium hydroxide) with one of several polyethylene glycols (e.g., PEG
400). Early laboratory- and drumscale studies are described that proved the
feasibility of die KPEG technology to treat PCB-contaminated soils.
In-depth descriptions are given of the KPEG-process demonstrations that
have been done to date The objectives of the demonstration at the Moreau,
NY, site were to document that the KFEG reagent could effectively
dechlorinate PCBs to acceptable levels at the 40-gal scale (from hundreds
and thousands of parts per million to less than 3 to 4 ppm) and to gather
process data mat would subsequently be used to design a larger (2-cu yd or
400-gal) reactor. The test at Moreau was not intended to be a site cleanup,
only a small portion of the contaminated soil was treated as part of the
test. The US. Navy Public Works Center on Guam was selected for the
field-scale demonstration of the KPEG chemical dechlorination system. The
PCB concentrations in the soil at the site averaged 3535 ppm, with
'hot-spots' as high as 45,860 ppm (4.59%). Soil contamination (found
primarily in a nearby storm drainage ditch) was the result of leaks from a
transformer rework building and waste PCB stored outside the building. The
preceding two KPEG demonstrations were performed to prove the effectiveness
of the KPEG process at larger scales and to promote the development of a
full-scale system. The demonstrations described in this section at the
Bengart & Memel site, New York, and the one that follows concern the in
situ treatment of smaller quantities of contaminated materials that may
have already been placed into drums for storage. This process offers an
alternative to the costly and hazardous process of emptying drums of
hazardous materials. This 1987 EPA study at an Omaha, Nebraska, site was
designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the KPEG process for treating
drummed, contaminated herbicide wastes containing dioxins. The pilot-scale
KPEG demonstration in Moreau, New York, represented the first attempt to
dechlorinate PCBs in a reactor/mixer at a scale larger than that used in
the laboratory. Results of the demonstration indicated that PCBs could be
reduced by an average of 983% (reductions ranged from 93.9% to 993%). The
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field-scale demonstration at Guam proved the effectiveness of the KPEG
technology for treating soils with initial PCB concentrations averaging
. 3535 ppm (3260 to 3828 ppm). PCB concentrations were reduced to an average
* concentration of 6.74 ppm (1.01 to 13.9 ppm), which represents an average
reduction of 99.84% (9958% to 99.98%) with no resolvable PCB congener
exceeding 2 ppm (after retreatment). Conclusions for the Bengart & Memel
site and me Omaha site are also presented.
NH5 Accession Number MIC-90-06124/XAB
Guidelines for mobile poh/chlorinated biphenyl treatment systems
Report No.: SSC-EN108-3/M2E; ISBN-0-662-17658-8
C1990
This report is one in a series dealing with the treatment, destruction
and management of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) wastes in Canada. The
report recommends appropriate procedures for application, siting, and
operational requirements for mobile PCB treatments systems in Canada. The
technologies addressed are chemical dechlorination processes for bulk-oil
PCB decontamination, and in-situ treatment systems.
NTB Accession Number: PB90-274226/XAB
Innovative Technology: Glycolate Dehalogenation
(Fact sheet (Final))
Report No.: EPA/92005-254/PS
Nov89
The fact sheet provides technology description, site characteristics
affecting treatment feasibility, technology considerations, and technology
status for Glycolate Dehalogenation. The sheet describes the process as
being potentially effective in detoxifying specific types of aromatic
organic contaminants, particularly dioxins and PCBs.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-163643/XAB
Comprehensive Report on the KPEG (Potassium Polyethylene Glycolate)
Process for Treating Chlorinated Wastes
Taylor, M. L.; Wentz, J. A.; Dosani, M. A,; Gallagher, W.; Greber, ]S.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OR Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.; Civil Engineering Lab. (Navy), Port Hueneme, CA.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-90/005
Jan 90
The comprehensive report describes the work performed in several
laboratories toward the development of the alkali metal polyethylene
glycolate (APEG) chemical dechlorination technology. The equipment and
operational procedures implemented in various studies (ranging in scope
from laboratory scale to full scale) are described and the results obtained
are presented. Much of the work described herein was funded by the U5.
Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH. The initial laboratory studies that were performed focused
on treatment of oils that were contaminated with PCBs as well as closely
related compounds, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PGDFs). Laboratory-scale studies involving
PCB-, PCDD-, and PCDF-contaminated soils were performed during the early to
mid-1980s; the results of these studies led to the design and
implementation of drum and pilot-scale versions of the APEG process. The
report provides the potential users of me APEG process with information
that can be used to assess which version of the APEG process is best suited
for implementation at a particular site.
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NTB Accession Number: PB90-117219/XAB
Sequential Reductive Dehalogenation of Chloroanilines by Microorganisms
from a Methanogenic Aquifer
(Jounial article) , .
Kuhn,E.P.;Suflita,J.M.
Sponsor Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK.
Report No.: EPA/600/1-89/103
C1989
Chloroaniline-based compounds are widely used chemicals and important
contaminants of aquatic and terrestrial environments. The authors have
found that Chloroanilines can be biologically dehalogenated in polluted
aquifers when methanogenic, but not sulfate-reducing conditions prevail.
The halogens are replaced by protons in a series of reductive steps
catalyzed by microorganisms. The sequential release of halogens from the
para and ortho position of23,43-tetrachloroaniline(23^>tetraCA)
resulted in the formation of 23,5-trichloroaniline (2,3,5-triCA) and
eventually 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-diCA). Similarly, when 3,4-diCA was
used as a parent substrate, it was transformed to 3-chloro-aniline (3-CA).
Metabolites and end products were identified by their chromatographic
mobility and their mass spectral fragmentation pattern. The reaction helps
suggest novel bioremediation approaches for aquifers and other environments
contaminated with these chemicals. (Copyright (c) 1989 American Chemical
Society.)
NTIS Accession Number: PB89-212724/XAB
Field Applications of the KPEG (Potassium Polyethylene Glycolate) Process
for Treating Chlorinated Wastes
Taylor, M. L.; Wentz, J. A.; Dosani, M. A.; Gallagher, W.; Greber, JS.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.; Civil Engineering Lab. (Navy), Port Hueneme, CA.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-89/036
Jul89
The KPEG chemical dechlorination process was identified at the Franklin
Research Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1978 for the
dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in oil. Further process
development, primarily by the US. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, has focused on the dechlorination of PCBs and other potentially
toxic halogenated aromatic compounds such as tetrachlorodibenzodioxin that
contaminate soils. In 1987, in Moreau, New York a pilot-scale treatment
system was demonstrated on PCB-contaminated soil in batches of 35 Ib each.
The demonstration was the first attempt to dechlorinate PCB-contaminated
soil in a reactor/mixer at a scale larger than that used in the laboratory.
Analytical results of the demonstration indicated an average PCB reduction
of 99.7%, thus illustrating the efficacy of the potassium polyethylene
glycolate (KPEG) technology at a larger scale and warranting assessment for
scale-up.
NTS Accession Number: PB89-129381/XAB
Decontamination of Structures and Debris at Superfund Sites
Taylor, M. L.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/243
Nov88
Two building decontamination technologies were demonstrated and
11
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evaluated: a method for in situ degradation of PCB's requiring application
of an alkali metal/polyethylene glycolate mixture directly on concrete
surfaces; and a shotblasting technique using steel shot to cut away
concrete surfaces. Costs of large-scale implementation of each of the two
techniques were calculated and compared.
* NTIS Accession Number. PB88-250204/XAB
Results of Treatment Evaluations of Contaminated Soils
Esposito, P.; Hessling, J.; Locke, B. 6.; Taylor, M.; Szabo, M.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/181
Aug88
Soil and debris fromSuperfund sites must be treated to minimize then-
threat to human health and the environment as part of remedial actions at
such sites. Studies were conducted on the effectiveness with which five
treatment processes removed or immobilized synthetic soils containing
volatile and semivolatileorganics and metals. The treatment technologies
were soil washing, dechlorination with potassium polyethylene glycol
(KPEG), incineration, low temperature thermal desorption and
solidification/fixation. The paper describes the production of four
synthetic soils containing varying levels of contaminants and reports the
effectiveness of the five treatment methods.
NTB Accession Number PB88-223300/XAB
Technical/Economic Assessment of Selected PCB (Poh/chlorinated Biphenyl)
Decontamination Processes
(Journal article)
Carpenter, B. H.; Wilson, D. L.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/J-88/038
C1988
Eleven emerging alternative treatments for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
contaminated sediments have been compared and ranked using technical
performance, status of development, test and evaluation data needs, and
cost as factors. In ranking the processes, weights were assigned the
factors to emphasize the extent of decontamination, the estimated cost of
treatment, and the versatility of the process. On the basis of the
comparisons made, the treatment processes were ranked in the following
order from highest to lowest: KPEG, LARC, Acurex, BioOean, Supercritical
Water, Advanced Electric Reactor, Vitrification, OHM Extraction, Soilex,
Composting, and Dybron Bi-Chem 1006. The first eight processes show
potential for reduction of PCB concentrations to the desired background
levels (1-5 ppm) or less, with minimum environmental impacts and low to
moderate cost All the technologies except the advanced electric reactor
required further development and testing.
12
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NTB Accession Number: PB87-133112/XAB
FCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyl) Sediment Decontamination -
Technical/Economic Assessment of Selected Alternative Treatments
(Final repLJun8S-Feb 86) *.
Carpenter, B. H.
Sponsor. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Lab. .,,,.-.<-
Report No,: EPA/600/2-86/112
Dec 86
Eleven emerging alternative treatments for PCB-contaminated sediments
have been compared and ranked using technical performance, status of
development test and evaluation data needs, and cost as factors. In
ranking the processes, weights were assigned the factors to emphasize the
extent of decontamination, the estimated cost of treatment, and the
versatility of the process. The emerging treatment processes represent six
of the nine potentially applicable types of technologies: low-temperature
oxidation, chlorine removal, pyrolysis, removing and concentration,
vitrification, and microorganisms. On the basis of the comparisons made,
the treatment processes were ranked in the following order from highest to
lowest KPEG, LARC, Acurex, BioOean, Supercritical Water, Advanced
Electric Reactor, Vitrification, OHM Extraction, Soilex, Composting, and
Sybron Bi-Chem 1006. All the technologies except the advanced electric
reactor require further development and testing.
* NTTS Accession Number: PB87-133104/XAB
Catalytic Dehydrohalogenation: A Chemical Destruction Method for
Halogenated Oiganics
(Final rept)
Harden, J. M.; Ramsey, G. C.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-86/113
Dec 86
Dehydrohalogenation shows potential as a means for converting certain
halogenated organics in wastes to inorganic salts and gaseous aliphatic
compounds. Dehydrohalogenation is a dehalogenation/elimination reaction
that is initiated by a strong base. The resulting products are the halide
salt, water, and an elimination compound. A novel reagent, sodium or
potassium hydroxide mixed with a polyethylene glycol, is a very effective
dehydrohalogenation agent. The reagent is shown to dehalogenate six organic
compounds that are representative of low molecular weight compounds
encountered in hazardous wastes: CQ4, CHO3, CH2O2, C2H4Br2, and CO3NO2.
Kinetics data for the reactions of the reagent with the six compounds is
given to allow reactor design and calculation of destruction efficiency.
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SECTION THREE: IN SITU VITRIFICATION ^M^«^^^
Description
In situ vitrification is a process that can be used to treat sous and sludges contaminated with
mixtures of various waste types. The process electrically melts the waste media, creating a stable
glass-like solid.
Innovative Technology: In-Situ Vitrification. Fact Sheet. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, OSWER Directive 92003-25FS, November 1989.
Bibliography
NTIS Accession Number: DE91014093/XAB
In situ vitrification program treatability investigation progress report.
Revision 1
Arrenholz, D. A.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EGG-WTD-9383-REV.l
Feb91
This document presents a summary of the efforts conducted under the in
situ vitrification treatability study during the period from its initiation
in FY-88 until FY-90. In situ vitrification is a thermal treatment process
that uses electrical power to convert contaminated soils into a chemically
inert and stable glass and crystalline product Contaminants present in the
soil are either incorporated into the product or are pyrolyzed during
treatment. The treatability study being conducted at the Idaho National
Engineering Laboratory by EG&G Idaho is directed at examining the specific
applicability of the in situ vitrification process to buried wastes
contaminated with transuranic radionuclides and other contaminants found at
the Subsurface Disposal Area of the Radioactive Waste Management Complex.
This treatability study consists of a variety of tasks, including
engineering tests, field tests, vitrified product evaluation, and
analytical models of the in situ vitrification process. 6 refs., 4 figs., 3
tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91013791/XAB
In situ vitrification: Process and products
Kindle, C.;Koegler,S.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-18820; CONF-910659-24
Jun91
In situ vitrification (ISV) is an electrically powered thermal treatment
process that converts soil into a chemically inert and stable glass and
crystalline product. It is similar in concept to bringing a simplified
glass manufacturing process to a site and operating it in the ground, using
th soil as a glass feed stock. Gaseous emissions are contained, scrubbed,
and filtered. When the process is completed, the molten volume cools
producing a block of glass and crystalline material that resembles natural
obsidian commingled with crystalline phases. The product passes US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) leach resistance tests, and it can be
classified as nonhazardous from a chemical hazard perspective. ISV was
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developed by the Pacific Northwes Laboratory (PNL) for the US Department
of Energy (DOE) for application to contaminated soils. It is also being
adapted for applications to buried waste, underground tanks, and liquid
seepage sites. ISV's men-year development period has included tests on
many different site conditions. As of January 1991 there have been 74 tests
using PNL's ISV equipment; these tests have ranged from technology
development tests using nonhazardous conditions to hazardous and
radioactive tests. 2 refe., 6 figs., 7 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number DE91012925/XAB
In situ vitrification of buried waste sites
Shade, J. W.; Thompson, L. E.; Kindle, C. R
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-18968; CONF-910430-8
Apr 91
In situ vitrification (ISV) is a remedial technology initially developed
to treat soils contaminated with a variety of organics, heavy metals,
and/or radioactive materials. Recent tests have indicated the feasibility
of applying the process to buried wastes including containers,
combustibles, and buried metals. In addition, ISV is being considered for
application to the emplacement of barriers and to the vitrification of
underground tanks. This report provides a review of some of the recent
experiences of applying ISV in engineering-scale and pilot-scale tests to
wastes containing organics, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxic
metals buried in sealed containers, and buried ferrous metals, with
emphasis on the characteristics of the vitrified product and adjacent soil.
9 refe., 2 figs., 3 tabs. (ERA citation 16:019761)
NTIS Accession Number: DE91012811/XAB
In situ vitrification: Application to buried waste
Callow, R. A.; Thompson, L. E.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EGG-M-90450; CONF-910270-60
28 Jan 91
Two in situ vitrification field tests were conducted in June and July
1990 at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. In situ vitrification is a
technology for in-place conversion of contaminated soils into a durable
glass and crystalline waste form and is being investigated as a potential
remediation technology for buried waste. The overall objective of the two
tests was to assess the general suitability of the process to remediate
buried waste structures found at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. In
particular, these tests were designed as part of a treatability study to
provide essential information on field performance of the process under
conditions of significant combustible and metal wastes, and to test a newly
developed electrode feed technology. The tests were successfully completed,
and the electrode feed technology provided valuable operational control for
successfully processing the high metal content waste. The results indicate
that in situ vitrification is a feasible technology for application to
buried waste. 2 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91012806/XAB
Test plan for In situ Vitrification Engineering-Scale Test No. 6, EG&G
Idaho, Inc., Job Number 318230;
Sponsor Geosafe Corp., Kirkland, WA.; Department of Energy, Washington,DC
15
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Report No.: EGG-WTD-9597
Mar 91
The objectives of the test included the effects of in situ vitrification
on containerized sludge contained in a simulated randomly-disposed array.
From this arrangement, the test results obtained the following data
applicable to Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Large Reid Testing:
canister burst pressure and temperature, canister depressurization rate,
melt encapsulation rate of the canister and the hood area plenum
temperatures, pressures, compositional analyses, and flows as affected by
gas releases. 10 figs.; 1 tab.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91012773/XAB
Buried waste remediation: A new application for in situ vitrification
Kindle, C H.; Thompson, L. E.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: FNL-SA-18804; CONF-9104215-2
Apr 91
Buried wastes represent a significant environmental concern and a major
financial and technological challenge facing many private firms, local and
state governments, and federal agencies. Numerous radioactive and hazardous
mixed buried waste sites managed by the US Department of Energy (DOE)
require timely clean up to comply with state or federal environmental
regulations. Hazardous wastes, biomedical wastes, and common household
wastes disposed at many municipal landfills represent a significant
environmental health concern. New programs and regulations that result in a
greater reduction of waste via recycling and stricter controls regarding
generation and disposal of many wastes will help to stem the environmental
consequences of wastes currently being generated. Groundwater
contamination, methane generation, and potential exposures to biohazards
and chemically hazardous materials from inadvertent intrusion will continue
to be potential environmental health consequences until effective and
permanent closure is achieved. In situ vitrification (ISV) is being
considered by the DOE as a permanent closure option for radioactive buried
waste sites. The results of several ISV tests on simulated and actual
buried wastes conducted during 1990 are presented here. The test results
illustrate the feasibility of the ISV process for permanent remediation and
closure of buried waste sites in commercial landfills. The tests were
successful in immobilizing or destroying hazardous and radioactive
contaminants while providing up to 75 vol % waste reduction. 6 refs., 7
figs., 5 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91012770/XAB
Test plan for in situ vitrification engineering-scale test No. 7
Timmerman, C.;
Sponsor: Geosafe Corp., Kirkland, WA.; Department of Energy, Washington,
DC.
Report No.: EGG-WTD-9596
Mar 91
The objectives of the test included the effects of in situ vitrification
on containerized sludge contained in three cans of varying content placed
in a vertical array with soil placed between each can. From this
arrangement, the test results obtained the following data applicable to
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Large Field Testing: canister burst
pressure and temperature, canister depressurization rate, melt
encapsulation rate of the canister and the hood area plenum temperatures,
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pressures, compositional analyses, and flows as affected by gas releases.
10 figs., 1 tab.
« NTIS Accession Number DE91011908/XAB
ISV safety, processing, and starter path Issues
Milliard, D. K.; Kindle, C R
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-7684
Apr91
Numerous experiments and studies related to safety concerns in the in
situ vitrification (ISV) process have been conducted at Pacific Northwest
Laboratory. Topics of interest include (1) combustible inclusions, (2)
sealed containers, (3) radiant heat surge, (4) electrical shock, (5)
general risk analysis, and (6) Pu criticality. The data and analyses are
those used for the initial ISV development and subsequent improvement; the
majority was performed in 1987 or earlier. The purpose of this report is to
document these analyses for reference purposes; knowledge gained more
recently is, or will be, incorporated in other documents. 33 refs., 1 fig.,
9 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number. DE91010022/XAB
In situ Vitrification preliminary haMr
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engineering tests, field tests, vitrified product evaluation, and
analytical models of the ISV process. The data collected in the course of
. these efforts will address the nine criteria sec forth in the Comprehensive
' * Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, which will be used
to identify and select spedfic technologies to be used in the remediation
of the buried wastes at the Subsurface Disposal Area. 6 refs., 4 figs., 3
tabs.
* NTIS Accession Number: DE91010099/XAB
In situ vitrification engineering-scale test ES-INEL-5 test plan
Stoots,P.R.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, IX.
Report No.: EGG-WM-9091
Jun90
In 1952, the Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMQ was established
at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). RWMC is located on
approximately 144 acres in the southwestern comer of the INEL site and was
established as a controlled area for the burial of solid low-level wastes
generated by INEL operations. In 1954, the 88-acre Subsurface Disposal Area
(SDA) of RWMC began accepting solid transuranic-contaminated waste. From
1954 to 1970, transuranic-contaminated waste was accepted from the Rocky
Flats Plant (RFP) near Golden, CO, as well as from other US Department of
Energy (DOE) locations. In 1987, the Buried Waste Program (BWP) was
established by EG & G Idaho, Inc., the prime contractor at INEL. Following
the Environmental Restoration guidelines of the Buried Waste Program, the
In Situ Vitrification Program is participating in a Remedial
Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) for permanent disposal of INEL
waste, in compliance with the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). This study was requested and is
being funded by the Office of Technology Development of the Idaho
Operations Office of DOE (DOE-ID). As part of the RI/FS, an in situ
vitrification (ISV) scoping study on the treatability of mixed low-level
and mixed transuranic-contaminated waste is being performed to determine
applicability of ISV to remediation of waste at SDA. This In Situ
Vitrification Engineering-Scale Test ES-INEL-5 Test Plan considers the data
needs of engineering, regulatory, health, and safety activities for all
sampling and analysis activities in support of engineering scale test
ES-INEL-5.5 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91010075/XAB
In situ Vitrification Engineering-Scale Test ES-INEL-4, ES-INEL-5,
ES-INEL-6, and ES-INEL-7 Test Plan
Weidner, J. R.; Stoots, P. R.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: EGG-WM-9090-REV.l
Oct90
The In Situ Vitrification Engineering-Scale Tests ES-4, ES-5, ES-6, and
ES-7 Product Characterization Test Plan describes the methods and
procedures to be used or the physical and chemical characterization of the
solid product(s) resulting from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
engineering scale in situ vitrification tests ES-4, ES-5, ES-6, and ES-7.
The goals of this Test Plan arc to insure that the product characterization
results are sufficient to meet the data needs of the In Situ Vitrification
Program and are technically and legally defensible. Important issues
addressed by the test plan include sampling and analysis strategy, sampling
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procedures, laboratory analysis, sample control and document management,
equipment, data reporting and validation, quality assurance, specific
routine procedures to assess data representativeness, safety and training
program, and data management 9 refs.,1 fig., 3 tabs.
* NTIS Accession Number: DE91008749/XAB
Vitrified underground banters
Tlxier, J. S.; Stotttemyre, J. A.; Murphy, M. T.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-19014; CONF-910270-25
Feb91
In situ vitrification (ISV), a process for remediation of underground
wastes, is now being developed to generate vitrified underground barriers.
In this application, dean soil surrounding a waste site will be vitrified
in order to isolate the wastes from undesirable contact or transport
Laboratory-scale experiments have demonstrated the following: (1) a
subsurface ISV melt can be initiated and maintained, resulting in a
horizontal, planar, glass block; (2) the downward growth of a vertical ISV
melt can be directed and controlled such that enhanced melt rate and
limited outward growth is achieved, resulting in a vertical, planar, glass
block; and (3) a vertical ISV metal can be vitrified to a subsurface
horizontal ISV block, forming a bond that joins them into one continuous
formation. The results from these experiments demonstrate the feasibility
of generating vitrified underground barriers beside, beneath, and/or around
a waste site. This paper focuses on the experimental results and includes
some discussion of the need for vitrified underground barrier technology
and the course of the project 3 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91008748/XAB
Underground tank remediation by use of in situ vitrification
Thompson, L. E.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-18998; CONF-910270-24
Feb91
Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is developing a remedial action
technology for underground storage tanks through the adaptation of the in
situ vitrification (ISV) process. The ISV process is a thermal treatment
processes that was originally developed for the stabilization of
contaminated soil contaminated with transuranic waste at the Hartford Site
in southeastern Washington for the Department of Energy (DOE). The
application of ISV to underground storage tanks represents an entirely new
application of the ISV technology and is being performed in support of the
DOE primarily for the Hartford site and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(ORNL). A field scale test was conducted in September 1990 at Hanford on a
small cement and stainless steel tank (1-m dia.) that contained a simulated
refractory sludge representing a worst-case sludge composition. The tank
design and sludge composition was based on conditions present at the ORNL
The sludge contained high concentrations of heavy metals including lead,
mercury, and cadmium, and also contained high levels of stable cesium and
strontium to represent the predominant radionuclide species present in the
tank wastes. The test was highly successful in that the entire tank and
surrounding soil was transformed into a highly leach resistant glass and
crystalline block with a mass of approximately 310 tons. During the process,
the metal shell of me tank forms a metal pool at the base of the molten
soil. Upon cooling, the glass and metal phases were subjected to TCLP
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(toxic characteristic leach procedure) testing and passed the TCLP
criteria. Additional sampling and analyses are ongoing to determine the
bulk composition of the waste forms, the fraction of volatile or
'* semi-volatile species released to the off-gas treatment system, and to
determine whether any soil surrounding the monolith was contaminated as a
result of the ISV process. 4 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.
NTB Accession Number DE91006261/XAB
Multiphase/ multi-electrode Joule heat computations for glass melter and
in situ vitrification simulations
Lowery, P. S.; Lessor, D. L.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-19026; CONF-910287-2
Kb 91
Waste glass melter and in situ vitrification (ISV) processes represent
the combination of electrical thermal, and fluid flow phenomena to produce
a stable waste-from product. Computational modeling of the thermal and
fluid flow aspects of these processes provides a useful tool for assessing
the potential performance of proposed system designs. These computations
can be performed at a fraction of the cost of experiment. Consequently,
computational modeling of vitrification systems can also provide and
economical means for assessing the suitability of a proposed process
application. The computational model described in this paper employs finite
difference representations of the basic continuum conservation laws
governing the thermal, fluid flow, and electrical aspects of the
vitrification processi.e., conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and
electrical charge. The resulting code is a member of the TEMPEST family of
codes developed at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (operated by Battelle
for the US Department of Energy). This paper provides an overview of the
numerical approach employed in TEMPEST. In addition, results from several
TEMPEST simulations of sample waste glass melter and ISV processes are
provided to illustrate the insights to be gained from computational
modeling of these processes. 3 refs., 13 figs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91007377/XAB
Modeling of the in-situ vitrification process
Koegler, S. S.; Kindle, C H.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-17911; CONF-900407-7
Apr 90
In situ vitrification (ISV) is a thermal treatment process that converts
contaminated soil into a durable, leach-resistant product similar to
obsidian or basalt The process, which was developed by Pacific Northwest
Laboratory (PNL) for remediation of contaminated soil, is now in the field
demonstration and implementation stage. Demonstration tests using the US
Department of Energy (DOE)-owned large-scale system an? underweight or
planned for applications at Hanford and other DOE sites, including the
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and
the Savannah River Site. In addition, a private company, Geosafe
Corporation, is beginning remediation of commercial contaminated soil
sites. A mathematical and computer model has been developed at PNL as a
predictive tool to assist engineers and researchers in the application of
ISV to different sites. The model, currently configured on a Macintosh
personal computer, predicts vitrification time, depth, width, and
electrical consumption based on user inputs of electrode configuration,
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soil parameters, and molten glass characteristics. The model time and depth
predications are useful for operations planning, cost estimates, and site
selection. Additionally, the depth and width predictions will be used to
direct ISV operations to ensure that the contaminated area is completely
vitrified and to help mitigate die effect of ISV on adjacent structures. 1
ref., Sfigs. *
* NTIS Accession Number DE91006213/XAB
Preliminary numerical study of heat transport during in situ
vitrification of soil
Murray, P. E.; Hawkes, G. L.; MacKinnon, R. J.
Sponsor. Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: EGG-WM-9038
Jun90
The process of soil vitrification has been developed to contain the
hazardous wastes buried underground. This is achieved by melting the soil
using electrical resistance heating and allowing it to solidify into a
vitreous, or glassy solid. As a consequence of this treatment, the
hazardous wastes are held in the vitrified soil so that its harmful effect
on the environment is reduced. A preliminary numerical study of soil
melting is performed. The aim is to use a simplified mathematical model to
simulate the soil temperature and the melting rate. Based on experimental
data, the soil temperature reaches a maximum of about 2000(degrees)C and
the melting rate is about 23 cm per hour. We consider a representative
vitrification process taking 60 hours and obtain results that agree well
with experimental data. 3 refs., 7 figs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91006212/XAB
Parametric studies of off-gas release during in situ vitrification
Mousseau, V. A.; Johnson, R. W.; MacKinnon, R. J.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EGG-WM-9046
Sep90
Off-gases are released from underground sources during the In Situ
Vitrification (ISV) process. Most of these gases will be generated beyond
the melt front where advancing high temperatures will cause pyrolysis and
vaporization of organic and volatile materials. Some of these gases will
enter the bottom of the melt pool and propagate upwards to the surface
where they will enter the ISV confinement hood. A computer code called OGRE
(Off-Gas RElease) has been written to model bubble-rise physics in the melt
pool for given volumetric gas flux rates into the bottom of the pool. The
models incorporated into OGRE have previously been reported. The purpose of
the present document is to report the results of a series of parametric
studies performed with OGRE. The numerical studies involve the variation of
seventeen parameters for each of the two different inlet bubble-size
models. Results indicate that while predictions appear qualitatively
reasonable, additional development of the agglomeration and drift flux
models is needed. This development will require experimental data for
bubble formation and terminal velocity. 5 refs., 36 figs., 2 tabs.
* NTIS Accession Number DE91006178/XAB
Computer modeling of fluid flow and combustion in the ISV confinement
hood
Johnson, R. W.; Paik, S.
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Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: EGG-WM-9040
Sep90
Safety and suitability objectives for the application of the In Situ
Vitrification OSV) technology at the INEL require that the physical
processes involved in BW be modeled to determine their operational
behavior. The mathematical models that have been determined to address the
modeling needs adequately for die ISV analysis package are detailed
elsewhere. The present report is concerned with the models required for
simulating the reacting flow that occurs in the ISV confinement hood. An
experimental code named COYOTE has been secured mat appears adequate to
model the combustion in the confinement hood. The COYOTE code is a
two-dimensional, transient, compressible, Eulerian, gas dynamics code for
modeling reactive flows. It recognizes nonuniform Cartesian and cylindrical
geometry and is based on the ICE (Implicit Continuous-fluid Eulerian)
family of solution methods. It includes models for chemical reactions based
on chemical kinetics as well as equilibrium chemistry. The mathematical
models contained in COYOTE, their discrete analogs, the solution procedure,
code structure and some test problems are presented in the report. 12
refs., 17 figs., 6 tabs.
NTTS Accession Number: DE91006108/XAB
In situ vitrification melt and confinement hood performance review
Stools, CM.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EGG-WM-9047
Sep90
This document consolidates and organizes information available concerning
in situ vitrification (ISV) melt behavior and confinement hood performance.
This information is derived from reports of various scaled ISV tests
conducted at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL), the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL), and the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL).
The objective of this document is twofold: (1) to serve as a central
reference of information concerning the reported melt and confinement hood
performance under various operating conditions and (2) to identify ISV melt
and hood characteristics that require alteration or further investigation
through either additional field tests or laboratory experiments. 16 refs.,
1 fig., 3 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91006107/XAB
Modeling the steady-state ISV process: A 3-D finite element analysis of
coupled thermal-electric fields
Langerman, M. A,
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EGG-WM^9Q52
Sep90
Steady-state modeling considerations for simulating the in situ
vitrification (ISV) process are documented based upon the finite element
numerical approach. Recommendations regarding boundary condition
specifications and mesh discretization are presented. The effects of
several parameters on the ISV process response are calculated and the
results discussed. The parameters investigated include: (1) electrode
depth, (2) ambient temperature, (3) supplied current, (4) electrical
conductivity, (5) electrode separation, and (6) soil/waste
characterization. 13 refs., 29 figs., 1 tab.
22
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NTS Accession Number: DE91006106/XAB
Scaling considerations for modeling the in situ vitrification process
Langerman, M. A.; MacKinnon, R. J.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC .
Report No.: EGG-WM-9039
Sep90
Scaling relationships for modeling the.in situ vitrification waste
remediation process are documented based upon similarity considerations
derived from fundamental principles. Requirements for maintaining
temperature and electric potential field similarity between the model and
the prototype are determined as well as requirements for maintaining
similarity in off-gas generation rates. A scaling rationale for designing
reduced-scale experiments is presented and the results are assessed
numerically. 9 refs., 6 figs.
NTTS Accession Number: DE91006104/XAB
In situ Vitrification Treatability Study Work Plan
Charboneau, B. L.; Landon, J. L.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EGG-WM-8436
Mar 89
The Buried Waste Program was established in October, 1987 to accelerate
the studies needed to develop a recommended long-term management plan for
the buried mixed waste at the Radioactive Waste Management Complex at me
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. The In Situ Vitrification Project is
being conducted in a Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act Feasibility Study format to identify methods for the
long-term management of the mixed waste buried. This In Situ Vitrification
Treatability Study Work Plan gives a brief description of the site, work
breakdown structure, and project organization: the in situ vitrification
technology; the purpose of the tests and demonstrations; and the equipment
and materials required for the tests and demonstration. 5 refs., 6 figs., 3
tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91005705/XAB
In situ vitrification of a mixed radioactive and hazardous waste site
Campbell, B. E.; Koegler, S. S.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-18429; CONF-901155-4
Nov90
A large-scale test of the in situ vitrification (ISV) process was
performed on a mixed radioactive and hazardous-chemical contaminated waste
site on the Hartford Site in southeastern Washington State. A mixed-waste
site was selected for this large-scale test to demonstrate the
applicability of ISV to mixed wastes common to many US Department of Energy
(DOE) sites. In situ vitrification is a thermal process that converts
contaminated soil into a durable, leach-resistant product Electrodes are
inserted into the ground. The goals of the test are to demonstrate at least
99% retention of fission products and hazardous metals in the ISV glass
during the test; demonstrate the ability of the ISV off-gas treatment
system to process a waste site containing significant quantities of
combustible material and demonstrate the ability of ISV to vitrify the site
to a depth of 20 ft or greater. The test was completed in April 1990.5
figs.
23
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NTIS Accession Number: DE91002813/XAB
In-situ vitrification of subsurface containment barriers: An overview
Murphy, M.; Stottlemyre, J. A.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-18199; CDNF-901191-2
Nov90
In situ vitrification OSV) ban environmental engineering process in
which soil or soil/waste mixtures are melted through the direct application
of electrical current and subsequently cooled to a glassy solid. The
technology was developed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) in the 1980s
and has been tested on transuranic, mixed-hazardous, and PCB/organic waste
similar to that found at US Department of Energy (DOE) and other facilities
nationwide. PNL is conducting a wide range of held tests, expanding the
scientific basis of ISV, and assessing its extension into new applications.
One such project is ISVSelective Barriers, an investigation into the
construction and performance of ISVgenerated, vertical and/or horizontal
subsurface barriers to ground-water flow and biogenic intrusion. In some
situations, it may be impractical or unnecessary to either excavate or
vitrify an entire waste site. Vitrified barriers could minimize the
diffusive or fluid transport of hazardous components with either a
ground-water diversion wall or an in situ, "box-like" structure. During
the first year of this project, engineering-scale tests are being conducted
between graphite electrodes within a 1.8-nvdiameter, 2.4-m-high test cell.
Several methods are being tested, including passive metal electrodes,
electrode Heeding systems, fluxed soil, and fluxed boreholes. In addition,
basic data have been collected on the thermal and material properties of
ISV melt and solidified glass. 7 refs., 6 figs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91001824/XAB
Probabilistic risk assessment techniques help in identifying optimal
equipment design for in-situ vitrification
Lucero, V.; Meale, B. M.; Purser, F. E.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: EGG-M-90141; CONF-910213-11
1990
The analysis discussed in this paper was performed as part of the buried
waste remediation efforts at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
(INEL). The specific type of remediation discussed herein involves a
thermal treatment process for converting contaminated soil and waste into a
stable, chemically-inert form. Models of the proposed process were
developed using probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) fault tree and event
tree modeling techniques. The models were used to determine the
appropriateness of the conceptual design by identifying potential hazards
of system operations. Additional models were developed to represent the
reliability aspects of the system components. By performing various
sensitivities with the models, optimal design modifications are being
identified to substantiate an integrated, cost-effective design
representing minimal risk to the environment and/or public with maximum
component reliability. 4 figs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91001998/XAB
Modeling in situ vitrification
Mecham, D. C; MacKinnon, R. J.; Murray, P. E.; Johnson, R. W.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: EGG-M-90021; CONF-9009110-4,1990
24
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In Situ Vitrification (ISV) process is being assessed by the Idaho
National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) to determine its applicability to
transuranic and mixed wastes buried at INEL'S Subsurface Disposal Area
(SDA). This process uses electrical resistance heating to melt waste and
contaminated soil in place to produce a durable glasslike material that
encapsulates and immobilizes buried wastes. This paper outlines the
requirements for die model being developed at the INEL which will provide
analytical support for the ISV technology assessment program. The model
includes representations of the electric potential field, thermal transport
with melting, gas and particulate release, vapor migration, off-gas
combustion and process chemistry. The modeling objectives are to help
determine the safety of the process by assessing the air and surrounding
soil radionudides and chemical pollution hazards, the nuclear criticality
hazard, and the explosion and fire hazards, help determine the suitability
of the ISV process for stabilizing the buried wastes involved, and help
design laboratory and field tests and interpret results. 3 refs., 2 figs.,
1 tab. (ERA citation 16:000174)
NTIS Accession Number: DE91001828/XAB
Numerical studies of heat transfer and gas migration processes in
relation to in situ vitrification
Hawkes, G. L. ; MacKinnon, R. J. ; Murray, P. E.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EGG-WM-9042
Sep90
This document presents numerical studies conducted in support of the In
Situ Vitrification (ISV) testability study. These results will be used for
support of hardware design and performance assessments of ISV processes.
Four models are presented and analyzed using finite element techniques: (1)
heat transport and melting during the ISV process, (2) heat transfer
calculations on the Intermediate Field Test (IFT) off-gas confinement hood,
(3) gas migration in permeable soil surrounding the vitrified zone, and (4)
melt rate calculations. Heat transport in the ISV process describes the
temperature field and melt growth in the soil. Thermal radiation heat
transfer calculations for the IFT hood demonstrate the sensitivity of the
hood temperatures to melt temperature, melt radius, and exterior hood
emissivity. The study of gas migration in permeable soil resulting from a
buried source predicts that gas may migrate to the soil surface. The
one-dimensional melt rate calculations conservatively predict a melt rate
of 6 cm/hr. 11 refs., 20 figs., 3 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE90016557/XAB
In situ vitrification of soil from the Savannah River Site
Campbell, B. E. ; Buelt, J. L.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-7421
Aug90
Contamination associated with seepage basins and other underground
structures at US Department of Energy sites may be effectively remediated
by application of in situ vitrification (ISV) technology. In situ
vitrification converts contaminated soil and buried wastes into a glass and
crystalline block, similar to obsidian commingled with crystalline phases.
Two bench-scale tests performed at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) in
September 1989 demonstrated the feasibility of applying ISV to seepage
basin soils at the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina. The two
25
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tests were performed on soils spiked with heavy metal and organic
contaminants as well as stable radioactive simulants. These soils contain
extremely low concentrations of alkali fluxes such as sodium and potassium
oxides, which are necessary charge carriers for the ISV process. Tests
performed on the low flux-containing soil indicate the soil can be
vitrified with special application of the ISV process. Tests snowed the
hazardous and radioactive simulants were successfully bound in the
vitrified product and the orgardcs were mostly destroyed. Additional larger
scale testing and evaluation are recommended to further study me
feasibility of treating contaminated SRS soil by the ISV process. 13 refs.,
12 figs., 7 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number DE90006%9/XAB
ffrwirqiniTifyitel Restoration Program: In Situ Vitrification Intermediate
Scale Sampling and Analysis Flan
Ginsburg,J.F.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EGG-WM-8661
Aug89
This Sampling and Analysis Flan (SAP) has been prepared in accordance
with the Environmental Restoration Program (ERF) Program Directive (FD) 53.
to define specific field, laboratory, and quality assurance activities
necessary to generate defensible data required to evaluate in situ
vitrification CSV) as an appropriate remedial technology for all or a
portion of the Subsurface Disposal Area (SDA). The SDA is located at the
Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC) of Idaho National Engineering
Laboratory (INEL). This SAP will consider the data needs of operational,
engineering, regulatory, and health and safety activities for two "cold"
intermediate scale tests scheduled for August 1989 to be conducted outside
the fence of the Water Reactor Research Test Facility (WRRTF) site.
Separate SAP's will be generated for an engineering scale test to be
conducted at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) in June 1989 and a "hot"
large scale test scheduled to be conducted at the SDA in 1991.7 refs., 5
figs., 2 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE900Q5231/XAB
In situ vitrification: Test results for a contaminated soil-melting
process. Supplement 1
Buelt, J. L.; Timmerman, C L.; Westsik, J. H.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-15767-SUPPL1
Oct89
In situ vitrification (ISV) is being developed at Pacific Northwest
Laboratory for the Department of Energy to stabilize soils and sludges that
are contaminated with radioactive and hazardous chemical wastes. ISV is a
process mat immobilizes contaminated soil in place by converting it to a
durable glass and crystalline product similar to obsidian and basalt. In
June 1987, a large-scale test of the process was completed at a
transuranic-contaminated soil site. The test constituted the first
full-scale demonstration of ISV at an actual site. This paper summarizes
the results of that test and describes the potential adaptation of the
process to radioactive and hazardous chemical waste-contaminated soils. 15
refs., 9 figs., 3 tabs.
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NTIS Accession Number DE90005232/XAB
Pilot-scale in situ vitrification at Arnold Engineering Development
Center, Arnold AFB, TN
Lominac,J. K,; Edwards, It C; Timmerman, C. L.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-17337; CONFS911108-3
Nov89
Hie Department of Defense has the Installation Restoration Program (IRP)
to identify and permanently remediate hazardous material disposal sites at
its military bases across the United States. Pursuant to mis guidance/
Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) selected In Situ Vitrification
(ISV) to remediate an old fire training area, Fire Protection Training Area
(EPTA) No. 2. The ISV technology was developed by Pacific Northwest
Laboratory, Richland, W A, for the US Department of Energy (DOE) and will
allow for the destruction and encapsulation of the petroleum-oil-lubricants
(POL) and heavy metal-constituents found at the FPTA and adjacent overflow
pond. ISV operates by passing a measured current of electricity into the
ground through a set of electrodes. The resulting heat causes the soil to
melt and form a solid vitreous (glass) mass similar to naturally occurring
obsidian or basalt. In the process, organic constituents will be pyrolyzed
(changed by heat) by the ensuing heat whereas the non-organic material will
be incorporated into the glass matrix. 2 refs., 9 figs.
NTJS Accession Number: PB90-274192/XAB
Innovative Technology: In-situ Vitrification
(Fact sheet (Final))
Report No.: EPA/9200.5-251/FS
Nov89
The fact sheet provides technology description, site characteristics
affecting treatment feasibility, technology considerations, and technology
status for In-Situ Vitrification (ISV). The sheet describes how ISV can be
used to treat soils and sludges contaminated with mixtures of various waste
types (e.g. radioactive, inorganic and/or organic).
NT1S Accession Number: PB90-264664/XAB
Removal of Hydrocarbon Contaminates by Soil Remediation
(Final zept 1989-90)
Orokunle, D. S.
Sponsor: Federal Highway Administration, Atlanta, GA. Georgia Div.
Report No.: SPECIAL RESEARCH STUDY-8908; FHWA/GA-90/8908
Jan 90
Soil saturated with gasoline will drain under the forces of gravity until
petroleum reaches a point called residual saturation. Gasoline present in
unsaturated soil can mitigate with normal leaching to groundwater supplies.
The contaminated groundwater supplies would pose a possible health hazard.
It may also migrate as vapors to enclosed structures and pose either health
and/or explosion hazards in these structures. The corrective actions that
are potentially applicable to soil contaminated with gasoline and other
petroleum hydrocarbon such as (1) excavation and disposal, (2) asphalt
incorporation or removal of hydrocarbon in an asphalt drum drier with the
use of the processed soil as shoulder fill, (3) in situ volatilization, (4)
in situ vitrification, (5) in situ leaching, and (6) biodegradation are
discussed. Because of the ability of microbes to degrade gasoline and other .
petroleum fuels, without excavation, corrective actions such as
biodegradation should be favored in appropriate circumstances.
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" NTIS Accession Number: DE90013507/XAB
Underground tank vitrification: Engineering-scale test results
Campbell, B. E.; Timmerman, C L.; Bonner, W. F.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-7295
Jtm90
Contamination associated with underground tanks at US Department of
Energy sites and other sites may be effectively remediated by application
of in situ vitrification (ISV) technology. In situ vitrification converts
contaminated soil and buried wastes such as underground tanks into a glass
and crystalline block, similar to obsidian with crystalline phases. A
radioactive engineering-scale test performed at Pacific Northwest
Laboratory in September 1989 demonstrated the feasibility of using ISV for
this application. A 30-on-diameter (12-inxiiameter) buried steel and
concrete tank containing simulated tank sludge was vitrified, producing a
solid block. The tank sludge used in the test simulated materials in tanks
at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Hazardous components of the tank sludge
were immobilized or removed and captured in the off-gas treatment system.
The steel tank was converted to ingots near the bottom of the block and the
concrete walls were dissolved into the resulting glass and crystalline
block. Although one of the four moving electrodes "froze" in place about
halfway into the test, operations were able to continue. The test was
successfully completed and all the tank sludge was vitrified. 7 refs., 12
figs., 5 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE90011779/XAB
Initial tests on in situ vitrification using electrode feeding techniques
Famsworth, R. K.; Oma, K. R; Bigelow, C. E.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-7355
May 90
This report summarizes the results of an engineering-scale in situ
vitrification (ISV) test conducted to demonstrate the potential for
electrode feeding in soils with a high concentration of metals. The
engineering-scale test was part of a Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL)
program to assist Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) in
conducting treatability studies of the potential for applying ISV to the
mixed transuranic waste buried at the INEL subsurface disposal area. The
purpose of this test was to evaluate the effectiveness of both gravity fed
and operator-controlled electrode feeding in reducing or eliminating many
of the potential problems associated with fixed-electrode processing of
soils with high concentrations of metal. Actual site soils from INEL were
mixed with representative concentrations of carbon steel and stainless
steel for this engineering-scale test. 18 refs., 14 figs., 3 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE90011774/XAB
Viscosity, electrical conductivity, and cesium volatility of ORNL
vitrified soils with limestone and sodium additives
Shade, J. W.; Piepel, G. F.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: PNL-7331
May 90
Engineering- and pilot-scale tests of the in situ vitrification (ISV)
process have been conducted for Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to
successfully demonstrate the feasibility of applying ISV to seepage
28
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trenches and pits at ORNL. These sites contain soil that overlies crushed
limestone fill; therefore, the ISV process is applied to a soil-limestone
mixture. Previous testing indicated that while a good retention level of
(sup 137)Cs and (sup 90)Sr was achieved in the melt, it would be desirable
to improve (sup 137)Cs retention to 99.99% if possible to minimize activity
in the off-gas system. Previous testing was limited to one soiMimestone
composition. Both Cs volatility and ISV power requirements are in part
dependent on melt temperature and viscosity, which depend on melt
composition. The study described in mis report determined the effect of
varying soil and limestone compositions, as well as the addition of a
sodium flux, on melt viscosity, electrical conductivity, and Cs volatility.
10 refs., 15 figs., 9 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number DE90011767/XAB
Crucible melts and bench-scale ISV (in situ vitrification) tests on
simulated wastes in INEL soils
Farnsworth, R. K.; Oma, K. H.; Reimus, M. A. K
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: FNL-7344
May 90
This report summarizes the results of eight crucible melt tests and three
bench-scale in situ vitrification (ISV) test that were performed on
simulated metals/soils mixtures containing actual site soils from the Idaho
National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). The crucible melt and bench-scale
ISV tests are a part of efforts by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL)
to assist the INEL in conducting a treatability study on ISV for
application to the mixed waste buried at the INEL subsurface disposal area
(SDA). The crucible melt tests were performed to evaluate the effect of
various chemical additives and metal oxidation techniques on soil melting
temperatures, melt viscosities, metals versus electrode oxidation
potentials, and metals incorporation in the glass. The bench-scale ISV
tests were performed to supplement the existing ISV data base with
information on certain hazardous materials that have not been adequately
evaluated in previous ISV tests. These materials included five EP toxicity
metals, various volatile organic materials fixed in a cementitious matrix
(including carbon tetrachloride (CQ(sub 4)), trichloroethylene (TCE), and
tetrachloroethylene (PCE)), and asbestos. In addition, the bench-scale test
were used to evaluated the effect of the proposed chemical additive on ISV
processing performance and product quality. 8 refs., 24 figs., 19 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE90007987/XAB
Pilot-scale testing of in situ vitrification of Arnold Engineering
Development Center Site 10 contaminated soils
Timmerman, C. L; Peterson, M. E.;
Sponsor: Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA.; Department of Energy,
Washington, DC
Report No.: ORNL/SUB-89-14384/2; PNL-7211
Feb90
In situ vitrification (ISV), was initially developed to demonstrate a
potential technology for disposal of soil contaminated with transuranic
waste at the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington. This report presents
evidence that ISV also has applicability to Arnold Engineering Development
Center (AEDC) contaminated soils, which are contaminated with fuel oils and
heavy metals from fire training exercises. This report presents the results
of a pilot-scale ISV test conducted for Martin Marietta Energy Systems and
29
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AEDC. The primary objective of this study was to verify the applicability
of the ISV process to soils contaminated with fuel oils, heavy metals, and
other organics. To accomplish this objective, a pilot-scale ISV test was
performed on a portion of the Site 10 Fire Training Area soil. Testing
results determined die destruction of organics and the retention of
inorganics in the vitrified product. Fractional release of contaminants to
the off-gas treatment system and leaching characteristics of the vitrified
materials were also determined. 19 refs., 28 figs., 7 tabs.
* NTIS Accession Number. DE90008628/XAB
In situ vitrification of soils containing various metals
Buelt, J. L.; Famsworth, R. K.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-17242; CONF-900210-35
Feb90
In situ vitrification (ISV) converts contaminated soil into a glass and
crystalline product by melting it with electrical energy. Pacific Northwest
Laboratory, the developer of ISV, is currently conducting research to
extend the technology to buried wastes and underground tanks for the US
Department of Energy. Since these types of wastes are anticipated to
contain high concentrations of metals, new processing techniques are being
developed and tested. In addition, the effects of metals on melt shape and
on the solubility of heavy metals are being studied and tested. An
electrode feeding technique has been developed and tested for processing
high concentrations of metals. This concept has been successfully tested
four times on engineering-scale equipment. 9 refs., 5 figs., 5 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE90005004/XAB
Vitrification Technologies for Weldon Spring Raffinate Sludges and
Contaminated Soils
Nakaoka, R. K.; Famsworth, R. K.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-7125
Nov89
This report is intended to aid the Weldon Spring Project Management
Contractor in screening two vitrification technologies developed by Pacific
Northwest Laboratory (PNL) for the remediation of raffinate sludges and
contaminated soils at the Weldon Spring site in St Charles County,
Missouri. A previous report (Koegler, Oma, and Perez 1988) described the
joule-heated ceramic melter (JHCM) and in situ vitrification (ISV)
F"3cesses and their applicability to remediation of the Weldon Spring site
based on existing information and previous PNL experience with similar
wastes. Subsequent treatability tests and product analysis were conducted
by PNL to further evaluate the JHCM and ISV processes. The treatability
tests involved laboratory and bench-scale tests with actual raffinate
sludge and uncontaminated soil from the Weldon Spring site. The vitrified
product from the JHCM and ISV treatability tests was analyzed for a wide
range of characteristics, including durability (leach resistance),
strength, and toxicity. Both the process performance test and product
quality were used to assess the two PNL vitrification technologies to
determine their effectiveness, implementability, and cost 11 refs., 16
figs., 23 tabs.
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NTIS Accession Number DE90004399/XAB
Evaluation of an In situ Vitrification Field Demonstration of a Simulated
Radioactive Liquid Waste Disposal Trench
SpaldingrB. P.; Jacobs, G.K.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: ORNL/TM-10992 ..--.,
Oct89 .. .
In July 1987, a field demonstration of in situ vitrification (15V) was
carried out at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The project was a
collaborative venture between ORNL and Battelle Pacific Northwest
Laboratory (FNL) using the PNL pilot-scale processing unit A 3/8-scale
model of an ORNL radioactive liquid waste disposal trench was constructed
and chemical additions of Cs(sub 2KXXsub 3) and SKXXsub 3) were used to
simulate the (sup 137)Cs and (sup 90)Sr contained in the seven abandoned
ORNL seepage disposal trenches. A 20-Mg mass of vitrified product was
produced from the demonstration trench. The objectives of the demonstration
were (1) to evaluate the operational performance of ISV within the local
geologic and hydrologjc regime with the earthen materials used in ORNL
seepage trench construction; (2) to determine the soil retention factors
(i.e., the ratio of me elemental amounts in the vitrified mass to that
released to the process off-gas) for Cs and Sr so that the radiological
safety for ISV application to large inventories of (sup 137)Cs and (sup
90)Sr can be assessed; and (3) to determine the durability of the resulting
ISV product as a waste form and compare it to the durability of the form of
(sup 137)Cs and (sup 90)Sr presently in the ORNL seepage trenches. 26
refs., 59 figs., 30 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE90003379/XAB
In situ Vitrification: A Review
Cole, L. L.; Fields, D. E.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: ORNL/TM-11293
Nov89
The in situ vitrification process (ISV) converts contaminated soils and
sludges to a glass and crystalline product. The process appears to be
ideally suited for on site treatment of both wet and dry wastes. Basically,
the system requires four molybdenum electrodes, an electrical power system
for vitrifying the soil, a hood to trap gaseous effluents, an off-gas
treatment system, an off-gas cooling system, and a process control station.
Mounted in three transportable trailers, the ISV process can be moved from
site to site. The process has the potential for treating contaminated soils
at most 13 m deep. The ISV project has won a number of outstanding
achievement awards. The process has also been patented with exclusive
worldwide rights being granted to Battelle Memorial Institute for
nonradioactive applications. While federal applications still belong to the
Department of Energy, Battelle transferred the rights of ISV for
non-federal government, chemical hazardous wastes to a separate corporation
in 1989 called Geosafe. This report gives a review of the process including
current operational behavior and applications.
NTIS Accession Number: DE90001854/XAB
Demonstrations of Technology for Remediation and Closure of Oak Ridge
National Laboratory Waste Disposal Sites
Spalding, B. P.; Jacobs, G. K.; Davis, E. C
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
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Report No.: ORNL/TM-11286
Sep89
The environmental restoration of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
sites, that have been contaminated by previous waste disposal operations,
win require extensive remedial actions to protect human health and the
environment from continuing and future releases. However, many of these
waste management sites do not have obvious solutions to reduce the
contamination of the environment and to provide long-term performance of
contaminant measures. Many potential techniques for stabilization and
closure of these contaminated sites have unanswered questions about their
effectiveness, method of implementation, and costs. Few techniques have
established case histories mat would provide assurance for their
applicability to ORNL sites. Given this present state of evolution of
remedial technology, the planners of environmental restoration are faced
with the problem of proceeding with the best available or established
technology, which inherently assumes a large risk because long-term,
performance is not assured. Considering the huge potential costs of a
second future round of environmental restoration, a compelling
justification can be made for closure techniques so that their
effectiveness can be established before the implementation of environmental
restoration projects. Such techniques under evaluation at ORNL include in
situ vitrification, in situ grouting, and dynamic compaction. 22 refs., 30
figs., 18 tabs.
NTS Accession Number: DE89014928/XAB
Project Summary, 116-B-6-1 Crib ISV Oh situ Vitrification) Demonstration
Project
KoegIer,S.S.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-16553; CONF-8901134-1
Jan 89
The 116-B Crib Demonstration Project is intended to demonstrate the
emerging in situ vitrification (ISV) technology to immobilize or destroy
hazardous and radioactive chemicals at an actual site. In situ
vitrification is the conversion of contaminated soil into a durable glass
and crystalline product through joule heating. The 116-B crib site was
chosen for the demonstration because it contains both radioactive and
hazardous chemicals (e.g., chromium) and presents a potential threat to
environment. The project will involve sampling and analysis of the soil
beneath the crib, a small-scale ISV test to verify operating parameters,
vitrification of the crib, and analysis of the vitrified soil. 5 figs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE89009380/XAB
In situ Vitrification Project
BueltJ. L.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-16327; CONF-8810349-1
Oct88
The Columbia Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is
pleased to submit the In Situ Vitrification (ISV) Project to the Pacific
Northwest Council for consideration as the Outstanding Civil Engineering
Achievement The ISV process, developed by Battelle-Northwest researchers
beginning in 1980, converts contaminated soils and sludges to a glass and
crystalline product. In this way it stabilizes hazardous chemical and
radioactive wastes and makes them chemically inert. This report describes
32
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the process. A square array of four molybdenum electrodes is inserted into
the ground to the desired treatment depth. Because soil is not electrically
conductive when the moisture has been driven off, a conductive mixture of -.- .
flaked graphite and glass frit is placed among the electrodes as a starter
path. An electrical potential is applied to theelectrodes to establish an
electric current in the starter path. The resultant power heats the starter -* '-'
path and surrounding soil to 2000/degree/C, wen above the initial
soil-melting temperature of 1100/degree/C to 1400/degree/C The graphite ''
starter path is eventually consumed by oxidation, and the current is
transferred to the molten soil, which is electrically conductive. As the
molten or vitrified zone grows, it -incorporates radionudides and
nonvolatile hazardous elements, such as heavy metals, and destroys organic
components by pyrolysis. 2 figs. (ERA citation 14:026364)
* NTIS Accession Number DE89008976/XAB
Feasibility Testing of In situ Vitrification or Arnold Engineering
Development Center Contaminated Soils
Hmmerman, C. L.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: ORNL/SUB-88-14384/1; PNL-6780
Mar 89
Process feasibility studies using in situ vitrification (ISV)were
successfully performed on two different site soils from the southern
portion of middle Tennessee. In situ vitrification is a thermal treatment
process that converts contaminate soils and wastes into a durable glass and
crystalline form. During processing, heavy metals or other inorganic
constituents are retained and immobilized in the glass structure; organic
constituents are typically destroyed or removed for capture by the off-gas
treatment system. The bench-scale ISV testing results,reported herein,
indicate that the two AEDC sites may be successfully processed by ISV. Site
1 is a general landfill area for which ISV processed dean soil to prove
that ISV could melt the soil type from that area. The other area, Site 10,
is a fire training pit that is contaminated with fuel oils and heavy metals
from fire training exercises. Actual site material was processed by ISV to
determine its feasible application to (hose contaminated soils. Initial
testing and analyses of the soils determined that a lower melting,
electrically conductive, fluxing additive (such as sodium carbonate) is
required as an addition to the soil for ISV processing to work effectively.
With the additive, ISV processing was successful on both soil types. With
the high destruction or organics and high retention of inorganics in the
melt, the small percentage of paniculate and gaseous releases can be
effectively retained by a conventional wet scrubbing and filtering system
appropriately designed to meet necessary criteria established for airborne
releases. 7 refs., 15 figs., 4 tabs. (ERA citation 14:023093)
« NTIS Accession Number: DE89008247/XAB
Treatment of Hazardous Metals by In situ Vitrification
Koegler, S. S.; Buelt, J. L.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-16603; CONF-890285-1
Feb89
Soils contaminated with hazardous metals are a significant problem to
many Defense Program sites. Contaminated soils have ranked high in
assessments of research and development needs conducted by the Hazardous
Waste Remedial Action Program (HAZWRAP) in FY1988 and FY1989. In situ
33
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nfication (ISV) is an innovative technology suitable for stabilizing
soils contaminated with radionucUdes and hazardous materials. Since ISV
treats the material in place, it avoids costly and hazardous preprocessing
*.* exhumation of waste. In situ vitrification was originally developed for
immobilizing radioactive (primarily transuranic) soil constituents. Tests
indicate that it is highly useful also for treating other soil
contaminants, including hazardous metals. The ISV process produces an
environmentally acceptable, highly durable glasslike product In addition,
ISV includes an efficient off-gas treatment system mat eliminates noxious
gaseous emissions and generates minimal hazardous byproducts. This document
reviews the Technical Basis of this technology. 5 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
(ERA citation 14*21815)
NTIS Accession Number DE88015542/XAB
Program Overview: Remedial Actions at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Bates, L. D.; Trabalka, J. R.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-880850-7
27Jul88
Research on and development of civilian and defense uses of nuclear
materials and technologies have occurred at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(ORNL) since its creation as part of the World War H Manhattan Project in
1943. A diverse legacy of contaminated inactive facilities, research areas,
and waste management areas exists; many are candidates for remedial action.
Most attention is focused on waste management sites which contain the bulk
of ORNL's environmental contamination. A wide variety of liquid and solid
wastes, primarily radioactive wastes or mixed wastes in which radioactivity
was the principal hazardous constituent, have been disposed of on-site in
the past 45 years. One potential approach to remedial problems at ORNL is
to design primarily for control and decay in situ (during an institutional
control period of 100 years or more) of intermediate-lived wastes such as
sup 3 H, sup 90 Sr, and sup 137 Cs. Passive measures designed to provide
greater long-term confinement (for example, in situ vitrification) could be
exercised at sites contaminated with TRU wastes or high concentrations of
hazardous constitutes. This approach would (a) provide a period
sufficiently long for evaluation of the effectiveness of environmental
processes and passive remedial measures in controlling the migration of
long-lived materials, (b) allow additional time needed for development of
new technologies for more permanent site stabilization, and (c) reduce the
need for immediate implementation of the more-expensive exhumation and
disposal option. (ERA citation 13:050849)
NTIS Accession Number: DE89007769/XAB
Support for the In situ Vitrification Treatability Study at the Idaho
National Engineering Laboratory: FY1988 Summary
Oma, K. H.; Reimus, M. A. H.; Timmerman, C. L.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: PNL-6787
Feb89
The objective of this project is to determine if in situ vitrification
(ISV) is a viable, long-term confinement technology for previously buried
solid transuranic and mixed waste at the Radioactive Waste Management
Complex (RWMC). The RWMC is located at the Idaho National Engineering
Laboratory (INEL). In situ vitrification is a thermal treatment process
that converts contaminated soils and wastes into a durable glass and
34
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crystalline form. During processing, heavy metals or other inorganic
constituents are retained and immobilized in the glass structure, and
organic constituents are typically destroyed or removed for capture by an
off-gas treatment system. Hie primary FY 1988 activities included
engineering-scale feasibility tests on INEL soils containing a high metals
loading. Results of engineering-scale testing indicate that wastes with a
high metals content can be successfully processed by ISV. The process
successfully vitrified soils containing localized metal concentrations as
high as 42 wt % without requiring special methods to prevent electrical
shorting within the melt zone. Vitrification of mis localized
concentration resulted in a 15.9 wt % metals content in the entire ISV test
block. This ISV metals limit is related to the quantity of metal that
accumulates at the bottom of the molten glass zone. Intermediate
pilot-scale testing is recommended to determine metals content scale-up
parameters in order to project metals content limits for large-scale ISV
operation at INEL. (ERA citation 14:017134)
NTIS Accession Number: DE89001480/XAB
In situ Vitrification Processing of Soils Contaminated with Hazardous
Wastes
Timmerman, C L.; Buelt, J. L.; FitzPatrick, V. F.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-15168; CONF-8709366-1
Sep87
In-situ vitrification CSV) is a thermal treatment process that converts
contaminated soil into a chemically inert and stable glass and crystalline
product. Figure 1 illustrates how the process operates. A square array of
four electrodes is inserted into the ground to the desired treatment depth.
Because the soil is not electrically conductive once the moisture has been
driven off, a conductive mixture of flaked graphite and glass frit is
placed among the electrodes to act as the starter path. An electrical
potential is applied to the electrodes, which establishes an electrical
current in the starter path. The resultant power heats the starter path and
surrounding soil up to 3600/degree/F (2000/degree/C), well above the
initial melting temperature or fusion temperature of soils. The normal
fusion temperature of soil ranges between 20002500/degree/F
(11101400/degree/C). The graphite starter path is eventually consumed by
oxidation, and the current is transferred to the molten soil, which is now
electrically conductive. As the vitrified zone grows, it incorporates
nonvolatile elements and destroys organic components by pyrolysis. The
pyrolyzed by-products migrate to the surface of the vitrified zone, where
they combust in the presence of oxygen. A hood placed over the processing
area provides confinement for the combustion gases, and the gases are drawn
into the off-gas treatment system. This paper describes the large-scale ISV
system, discusses its capabilities, and summarizes the results of testing
to date. 11 refs., 10 figs., 2 tabs. (ERA citation 14:002873)
NTIS Accession Number: DE89005507/XAB
Vitrification Technologies for Weldon Spring Raffinate Sludges and
Contaminated Soils: Phase I Report Development of Alternatives
Koegler, S. S.; Oma, K. H.; Perez, J. M.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-6704
Dec 88
This engineering evaluation was conducted to evaluate vitrification
35
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technologies for remediation of raffinate sludges, quarry refuse, and
contaminated soils at the Weldon Spring site in St Charles County,
Missouri. Two technologies were evaluated: in situ vitrification (ISV) and
the joule-heated ceramic melter (JHCM). Both technologies would be
effective at the Weldon Spring site. For ISV, there are two processing
options for each type of waste: vitrify the waste in place, or move the
waste to a staging area and then vitrify. The total time required to
vitrify raffinate sludges, quarry refuse, and contaminated soil is
estimated at 5 to 6 years, with operating costs of $65.7M for staged
operations or $110M for in-place treatment This estimate does not include
costs for excavation and transportation of wastes to the staging location.
Additional tests are recommended to provide a more in-depth evaluation of
the processing options and costs. For the JHCM process, about 65 years
would be required to vitrify the three waste types. Total operating costs
are estimated to be $73M if the glass is produced in granular form, and
$97M if the glass is cast into canisters. Costs for the excavation and
transportation of wastes are beyond the scope of this study and are not
included in the estimates. Additional tests are also recommended to better
define technical issues and costs. 10 refs., 2 figs., 5 tabs. (ERA citation
14:010809)
NTB Accession Number: DE89005132/XAB
Field Demonstration of In situ Vitrification for Application to ORNL (Oak
Ridge National Laboratory) Liquid Waste Disposal Trenches
Spaiding, B. P.; Jacobs, G. K.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-881054-40
1988
A field-scale vitrification of a 'cold' (nonradioactive) model of an old
seepage trench was completed on July 20,1987, by personnel of Battelle
Pactfc Northwest Laboratories in cooperation with ORNL. An estimated 20
to -f soil and crushed limestone backfill were melted. The desired
nn. ig depth of 2 m was achieved. The molten mass tended to grow parallel
to - .e long axis of the trench rather than symmetrically around the square
array of electrodes. All melt geometry, safety, and process performance
objectives were achieved satisfactorily. A 2-month cooling period was
required before core sampling of the vitrified product was initiated.
Samples of the off-gas scrub solutions have indicated that 99.88% and
>99.99% of the cesium and strontium tracers, respectively, were retained in
the trench. Samples of the field-produced material were found to be as good
or better than two standard high-level nuclear vitreous waste forms using
standard leach tests. Approximately half of the block devitrified or
crystallized to pseudowoUastonite and anorthite mineral phases during
cooling. However, devitrification produced no significant change in the
leach properties of the material. (ERA citation 14:010761)
NTIS Accession Number: DE89001511/XAB
In situ Vitrification: A Candidate for Immobilization and Destruction of
Low-Level, Transuranic, and Chemically Contaminated Soils
Buelt, J- L.; Timmerman, C. L.; Westsik, J. H.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-15865; CONF-8806116-4
Oct88
In Situ Vitrification (ISV) is an emerging process that, through numerous
development tests, has proven its applicability to a wide variety of
36
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radioactively and chemically contaminated soils. The first large scale
radioactive test of this process has been completed, and preliminary
results are summarized in this report. The ISV process melts contaminated
soils in place, immobilizing radionudides and heavy metals and destroying
organics by pyrolysis. This report provides a summary of the process and
its operational behavior, projected costs, and applications. 10 refe., 10
figs, 3 tabs. (ERA citation 14:000263)
* NTTS Accession Number DE88014081/XAB
In Situ Vitrification: Recent Test Results for a Contaminated Soil
Melting Process
Buelt, J. L; Timmerman, C L.; Westsik, J. H.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-15767; CONF-8806186-1
Jun88
In Situ Vitrification (ISV) is being developed at Pacific Northwest
Laboratory for the Department of Energy and other clients for the
stabilization of soils and sludges contaminated with radioactive and
hazardous chemical wastes. BV is a process that immobilizes contaminated
soil in place by converting it to a durable glass and crystalline product
that is similar to obsidian. In June 1987, a large-scale test of the
process was completed at a transuranic- contaminated soil site. This
constituted the first full-scale demonstration of the ISV process at an
actual site. This paper summarizes the preliminary results of this test and
describes the processes' potential adaptation to radioactive and hazardous
chemical waste contaminated soils. 10 refs., 10 figs. (ERA citation
13.O48296)
NTIS Accession Number: DE88012511/XAB
Process Performance of the Pilot-Scale in Situ Vitrification of a
Simulated Waste Disposal Site at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Carter, J. G.; Koegler, S. S.; Bates, S. O.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: PNL-6530
Jun88
Process feasibility studies have been successfully performed on three
developmental scales to determine the potential for applying in situ
vitrification to intermediate-level Gow-level) waste placed in seepage
pits and trenches at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). In the
laboratory, testing was performed in crucibles containing a mixture of 50%
ORNL soil and 50% limestone. In an engineering-scale test at Pacific
Northwest Laboratory a /l-12/-scale simulation of an ORNL waste trench was
constructed and vitrified, resulting in a waste product containing soil and
limestone concentrations of 68 wt % and 32 wt %, respectively. In the
pilot-scale test a /3-8/-scale simulation of the same trench was
constructed and vitrified at ORNL, resulting in soil and limestone
concentrations of 80% and 20%, respectively, in the waste product. Results
of the three scales of testing indicate that the ORNL intermediate-level
flow-level) waste sites can be successfully processed by in situ
vitrification; the waste form will retain significant quantities of the
cesium and strontium. Because cesuim-137 and stronn'um-90 are the major
components of the radionuclide inventory in the ORNL seepage pits and
trenches, final field process decontamination factors (i.e., losses to the
off-gas system relative to the waste inventory) of 1.0 E + 4 are desired to
minimize activity buildup in the off-gas system. 17 refs., 34 figs., 13
tabs. (ERA citation 13:039383)
37
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NTIS Accession Number: DE87009333/XAB
Transuranic Measurements for In situ Vitrification
Subrahmanyam, V. B.
Sponson Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: KHO-RE-SA-191-P; CONF-880601-1
May 87
Radioactivity in soil below the crib 216-2-12 in 200 West Area of Hanford
was characterized. Four collinear wells in East-West direction were drilled
for mis investigation. Soil samples from different locations of three
cores from 18 to 28 feet depths were analyzed. Actinides, sup 241 Am, sup
239 Pu, and sup 237 U and fission products sup 154 Eu and sup 137 Cs were
detected in a well-defined narrow layer (<2 feet) at the crib bottom.
Spatial distribution of activity and moisture content were also
investigated. The major component of observed radioactivity was due to
transuranium isotopes, with three to four orders of magnitude lower
activity from the other nuclides. The maximum detected specific activity of
3000 +- 300 nCig may represent the retention capacity of the soil. The
highest activity position varied in depth from 205 to 22.6 feet with
higher activity occurring at deeper locations away in both directions from
the effluent discharge pipe. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) activity
was 02 foot in the western well and increased gradually to 12 feet in the
eastern well. The activity layer in the investigated vertical plane could
be represented by average values, for specific activity and FWHM,
respectively, of 3000 nCig and 0.82 foot 14 refs., 9 figs. (ERA citation
13KB7774)
* NTIS Accession Number: DE88008182/XAB
In Situ Vitrification: Preliminary Results from the First Large-Scale
Radioactive Test
Buelt, J. L.; Westsik, J. H.
Sponson Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-15277; CONF-880354-5
FebSS
The first large-scale radioactive test (LSRT) of In Situ Vitrification
(ISV) has been completed. In Situ Vitrification is a process whereby joule
heating immobilizes contaminated soil in place by converting it to a
durable glass and crystalline waste form. The LSRT was conducted at an
actual transuranic contaminated soil site on the Department of Energy's
Hanford Site. The test had two objectives: (1) determine large-scale
processing performance and (2) produce a waste form that can be fully
evaluated as a potential technique for the final disposal of
transuranic-contaminated soil sites at Hanford. This accomplishment has
provided technical data to evaluate the ISV process for its potential in
the final disposition of transuranic-contaminated soil sites at Hanford.
Because of the tesf s successful completion, within a year technical data
on the vitrified soil will be available to determine how well the process
incorporates transuranics into the waste form and how well the form resists
leaching of transuranics. Preliminary results available include retention
of transuranics and other elements within the waste form during processing
and the efficiency of the off-gas treatment system in removing contaminants
from the gaseous effluents. 13 refs., 10 figs., 5 tabs. (ERA citation
13:030093)
38
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" NTIS Accession Number: DE88001963/XAB
In Situ Vitrification: A New Process for Waste Remediation
Fitzpatrick, V. F. ; Timmerman, C L. ; Buelt, J. L.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-14066;CONF-870941-1
Jul87 .
In situ vitrification is a thermal treatment process mat converts
contaminated sofl into a chemically inert, stable glass and crystalline
product A square array of four electrodes are inserted into the ground to
the desired treatment depth. Because the soil is not electrically
conductive once the moisture has been driven off, a conductive mixture of
flaked graphite and glass frit is placed among the electrodes to act as the
starter path. An electrical potential is applied to the electrodes, which
establishes an electrical current in the starter path. The resultant power
heats the starter path and surrounding soil up to 3600 sup OF, well above
the normal fusion temperature of soil of between 2000 and 2500 sup 0 F. The
graphite starter path is eventually consumed by oxidation, and the current
is transferred to the molten soil, which is now electrically conductive. As
the vitrified zone grows, it incorporates nonvolatile elements and destroys
organic components by pyrolvsis. The pyrolvzed byproducts migrate to the
surface of the vitrified zone, where they combust in the presence of
oxygen. A hood placed over the processing area provides confinement for the
combustion gases, and the gases are drawn into the off-gas treatment
system. 8 refe., 7 figs., 2 tabs. (ERA citation 13.408603)
NTIS Accession Number DE88001418/XAB
In Situ Vitrification Demonstration for the Stabilization of Buried
Wastes at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Jacobs, G. K. ; Spalding, B. P. ; Carter, J. G. ; Koegler, S. S.
Sponsor: Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA.; Department of Energy,
Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-871075-12
1987
A demonstration of In Situ Vitrification (ISV) technology for the
stabilization of radioactively contaminated soil sites at the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (ORNL) was successfully completed during July 1987.
This demonstration is the first application of the ISV process not
performed at the Hanford Site, where the technology was developed. The
joint ORNL-PNL pilot-scale demonstration was performed on a 3/8-scale
trench (2 m deep x 1 m wide x 10 m long) that was constructed to simulate a
typical seepage trench used for liquid low-level radioactive waste disposal
at ORNL from 1951 to 1966. In the ISV process, electrodes are inserted
around a volume of contaminated soil, power is applied to the electrodes,
and the entire mass is melted from the surface of the soil down through the
contaminated zone, thus making a glassy-to-microcrystalline waste form that
incorporates the contaminants. Gases produced during the melting are
collected, treated, monitored, and released through an off-gas process
trailer. In the ORNL demonstration, a 25-t mass of melted rock
approximately 1.2 m thick x 2.1 m wide x 4.9 m long was formed during 110 h
of operation mat consumed approximately 29 MWh of power. Data obtained on
the operational performance of the test and waste-form durability will be
used to assess the feasibility of applying the ISV technology to an actual
waste trench. (ERA citation 13.005458)
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NTCS Accession Number: DE87012169/XAB
In Situ Vitrification: An Innovative Thermal Treatment Technology
Fitzpatrick, V. F.; Timmerman, C L; Buelt, J. L.
' Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-14843;CONF-S70695-8
Mar 87
In situ vitrification is a thermal treatment process that converts
contaminated soil into a chemically inert, stable glass and crystalline
product A square array of four electrodes are inserted into the ground to
the desired treatment depth. Because the soil is not electrically
conductive once the moisture has been driven off, a conductive mixture of
flaked graphite and glass frit is placed among the electrodes to act as the
starter path. An electrical potential is applied to the electrodes, which
establishes an electrical current in the starter path. The resultant power
heats the starter path and surrounding soil up to 3600 sup OF, well above
the initial melting temperature or fusion temperature of soils. The normal
fusion temperature of soil ranges between 2000 and 2500 sup 0 F. The
graphite starter path is eventually consumed by oxidation, and the current
is transferred to the molten soil, which is now electrically conductive. As
the vitrified zone grows, it incorporates nonvolatile elements and destroys
organic components by pyrolysis. The pyrolyzed byproducts migrate to the
surface of the vitrified zone, where they combust in the presence of
oxygen. A hood placed over the processing area provides confinement for the
combustion gases, and the gases are drawn into the off-gas treatment
system. (ERA citation 12:041970)
NTS Accession Number: AD-A183 490/2/XAB
Evaluation/Selection of Innovative Technologies for Testing with Basin F
Materials
(Final rept. Jul 86-Feb 87)
Balasco, A. A.; Stevens, J. I.; Lamb, T. J.; Stahr, J. J.; Woodland,
L.R.
Sponsor: Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, MD. Technology Div. '
Report No.: ADL-REF-54148; AMXTH-TE-CR-87117
28Feb87
The objectives of Task Order No. 8 to: review the industrial data base
for promising hazardous materials treatment technologies; select an
ultimately evaluate the candidate technologies with laboratory testing; and
prepare a preliminary process design and cost estimate for the most
promising technologies. Attention was to be directed particularly to three
innovative thermal destruction technologies as typified by: In-situ
vitrification; circulating bed combustion; and glass furnace incineration.
However, we were also instructed to evaluate other technologies which we
might consider to be equally innovative. Subsequent selection and
evaluation of technologies in laboratory /pilot-scale equipment was to be
directed especially to the materials in Basin Fat Rocky Mountain Arsenal
(R MA). Based on the conceptualized flowsheets and the criteria for
performance of the various technologies, it became apparent that
encapsulation and high temperature processes were the leading contenders
for future evaluation in small-scale and /or pilot plant tests.
NTIS Accession Number: DE87007894/XAB
In Situ Vitrification of Oak Ridge National Laboratory Soil and Limestone
Carter, J. G.; Bates, S. O.; Maupin, G. D.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
40
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Report No.: PNL-6174
Mar 87
Process feasibility studies were successfully performed on two different
developmental scales to determine the technical application of in situ
vitrification OSV) to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
intermediate-level waste. In the laboratory, testing was performed on
crucibles containing quantities of 50% ORNL soil and 50% ORNL limestone. In
the engineering-scale testing, a 1/12-scaled simulation of ORNL Trench 7
was constructed and vitrified, resulting in waste product soil and
limestone concentrations of 68% and 32%, respectively. Results from the two
scales of testing indicate that the ORNL intermediate-level waste sites may
be successfully processed by ISV; the waste form will retain significant
quantities of the cesium and strontium. Because sup 137 Cs is the major
component of the radionudide inventory in the ORNL seepage pits and
trenches, final field process decontamination factors (i.e., off gas at the
ground surface relative to the waste inventory) of 10 sup 4 are desired to
minimize activity buildup in the off-gas system. These values were realized
during the engineering-scale test for both cesium and strontium. The
vitrified material effectively contained 99.9%% of the cesium and
strontium placed in the engineering-scale test. This is equivalent to
decontamination factors of greater than 10 sup 4. Volume reduction for the
engineering-scale test was 60%. No migration of the cesium to the
uncontaminated surrounding soil was detected. These favorable results
indicate that, once verified in a pilot-scale test, an adequately designed
ISV system could be produced to treat the ORNL seepage pits and trenches
without excessive activity accumulation in the off-gas treatment system.'
(ERA citation 12:024627)
NTS Accession Number: DE87007356/XAB
In Situ Vitrification of Transuranic Wastes: An Updated Systems
Evaluation and Applications Assessment
Buelt, J. L. ; Timmerman, C. L.; Oma, K. H.; FitzPatrick, V. F.;
Carter, J.G.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: PNL-4800-SUP.1
Mar 87
In situ vitrification (ISV) is a process whereby joule heating
immobilizes contaminated soil in place into a durable glass and crystalline
waste form. Numerous technological advances made during the past three
years in the design, fabrication, and testing of the ISV process are
discussed. Performance analysis of ISV focuses on process equipment,
element retention (in the vitrified soil during processing), melt geometry,
depth monitors, and electrodes. The types of soil and waste processed by
ISV are evaluated as process parameters. Economic data provide the
production costs of the large-scale unit for radioactive and hazardous
chemical wastes (wet and dry). The processing of transuranic-contaminated
soils are discussed with respect to occupational and public safety.
Alternative applications and operating sequences for various waste sites
are identified. The technological data base warrants conducting a
large-scale radioactive test at a contaminated soil site at Hanford to
provide a representative waste form that can be evaluated to determine its
suitability for in-place stabilization of transuranic-contaminated soils.
(ERA citation 12:022307)
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NTB Accession Number: DE87003328/XAB
In Situ Vitrification of PCB (Polychlorinated BiphenyD-Contaminated
Soils: Final Report
Tunmennan,CL. .
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EPRI-CS4839
Oct86
In Situ Vitrification OSV) is a patented process developed by Pacific
Northwest Laboratory for the US Department of Energy asanin-place
stabilization technique for radioactive contaminated soils. In addition,
the process is being evaluated for potential application to soils
contaminated with hazardous wastes, such as PCBs. An engineering-scale ISV
test with PCB-contaminated soil has been successfully performed for the
Electric Power Research Institute to determine the fate of PCBs when the
process is applied. Small process off-gas releases of 0.06% can be
effectively retrained by a conventional treatment system, which utilizes a
carbon filter. Limited amounts of PCBs (0 to 0.7 ppM) were detected in the
surrounding soil and none were founded in the vitrified block, indicating
mat migration away from the vitrification zone during processing may not
be a significant concern. Initial testing has determined the technical
applicability of ISV to soil sites contaminated with 500 ppM PCBs. 7 refs.,
6 figs., 4 tabs. (ERA citation 12:009940)
NTIS Accession Number DE87003099/XAB
In Situ Vitrification: A Candidate Process for in Situ Destruction of
Hazardous Waste
FitzPatrick, V. F.; Hmmerman, C. L.; Buelt, J. L
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-14065; CONF-861227-2, Oct 86
This report describes the large-scale in-situ vitrification (ISV) system,
discusses its capabilities, and summarizes the results of testing to date.
PNL recognizes that ISV is not the solution to all hazardous waste
management problems. But judiciously applied, ISV can offer technical and
economic improvements to state-of-the-art remedial action technology. With
understanding of the process design and functions, the waste manager can
make sound judgements about the applicability of ISV to site-specific
disposal problems. (ERA citation 12.008979)
* NTTS Accession Number: DE86015792/XAB
In-Situ Vitrification: A Status of the Technology
FitzPatrick, V.R
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-14281; CONF-860905-12
Sep86
The In Situ Vitrification (ISV) process is a new technology developed
from its conceptual phase to selected field-scale applications in the last
5 years. The US Department of Energy (DOE) has sponsored the ISV program to
develop alternative technology for potential application to contaminated
soil sites. The ISV process converts contaminated soils and wastes into a
durable glass and crystalline waste form in place by melting using joule
heating. The ISV process has been developed through a series of 25
engineering-scale (laboratory) tests, 10 pilot-scale (small field) tests,
and four large-scale (full-scale field) tests. Its major advantages for
stabilizing radioactive and hazardous wastes are found to be: safety in
terms of minimizing worker and public exposure; long-term durability of
42
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waste form (more than 1 million years); cost effectiveness ($150 to $300/m
sup 3 >; applicability to a wide variety of soils and inclusions; and
potential for eliminating exhumation, transport, and handling. (ERA
citation 11:053591)
NTTS Accession Number: DE86012215/XAB
In Situ Vitrification Large-Scale Operational Acceptance Test Analysis
BueltJ.L; Carter, J.G.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-5828
May 86
A thermal treatment process is currently under study to provide possible
enhancement of in-place stabilization of transuranic and chemically
contaminated soil sites. The process is known as in situ vitrification
QSV). In situ vitrification is a remedial action process that destroys
solid and liquid organic contaminants and incorporates radionuclides into a
glass-like material that renders contaminants substantially less mobile and
less likely to impact the environment A large-scale operational acceptance
test (LSOAT) was recently completed in which more than 1801 of vitrified
soil were produced in each of three adjacent settings. The LSOAT
demonstrated mat the process conforms to the functional design criteria
necessary for the large-scale radioactive test (LSRT) to be conducted
following verification of the performance capabilities of the process. The
energy requirements and vitrified block size, shape, and mass are
sufficiently equivalent to those predicted by the ISV mathematical model to
confirm its usefulness as a predictive tool. The LSOAT demonstrated an
electrode replacement technique, which can be used if an electrode fails,
and techniques have been identified to minimize air oxidation, thereby
extending electrode life. A statistical analysis was employed during the
LSOAT to identify graphite collars and an insulative surface as successful
cold cap subsidence techniques. The LSOAT also showed that even under
worst-case conditions, the off-gas system exceeds the flow requirements
necessary to maintain a negative pressure on the hood covering the area
being vitrified. The retention of simulated radionuclides and chemicals in
the soil and off-gas system exceeds requirements so that projected
emissions are one to two orders of magnitude below the maximum permissible
concentrations of contaminants at the stack. (ERA citation 11:037616)
NTIS Accession Number: DE86007732/XAB
In-Situ Vitrification: A Large-Scale Prototype for Immobilizing
Radioactively Contaminated Waste
Carter, J. G.; Buelt, J. L.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: PNL-SA-13356; CONF-860317-28
Mar 86
Pacific Northwest Laboratory is developing the technology of in situ
vitrification, a thermal treatment process for immobilizing radioactively
contaminated soil. A permanent remedial action, the process incorporates
radionuclides into a glass and crystalline form. The transportable procss
consists of an electrical power system to vitrify the soil, a hood to
contain gaseous effluents, an off-gas treatment system and cooling system,
and a process control station. Large-scale testing of the in situ
vitrification process is currently underway. (ERA citation 11:025394)
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NTIS Accession Number: DE86007199/XAB
Description and Capabilities of the Large-Scale In Situ Vitrification
Process
Buelt,J.L.; Carter, J.G.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-5738
An
tment
known as in situ vitrification is
rging thermal tr
being developed to immobilize selected portions of radioactivdy
contaminated soils. The process is a permanent remedial action that
destroys solid and liquid organic- contaminants and incorporates
radionudides and heavy metals into a glass and crystalline form. The
process's flexibility in design and broad capabilities make it potentially
adaptable to mixed and chemical wastes, as well. The process consists of an
electrical power system for vitrifying contaminated soil, a hood to contain
gaseous effluents, an off-gas treatment system, an off-gas cooling system,
and a process control station. The process is mounted in three
transportable trailers that can be easily moved from site to site. The
process is capable of treating contaminated soils at least 13 m deep. The
system components are designed to accommodate waste inclusions in the soil
such as metals, combustibles, and large voids. Selectively applied to the
more troublesome radioactively contaminated soils, in situ vitrification
provides a potentially useful and permanent tool for remedial action. (ERA
citation 11:019242)
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SECTION FOUR: SOIL FLUSHING/WASHING »^^i^
Description
Soft washing extracts contaminants from excavated soil and sludge using a liquid medium, such as
water, orgmic solvents, water/chelating agents, water/surface The process .
involves high energy contacting and mixing of excavated soils with an aqueous-based washing
solution in a series of mobile washing units. Soil flushing is applied in situ using an injection!
recalculation system. In bom technologies, the washing solution is treated for removal of
contaminants through a conventional wastewater treatment system.
- ROD Annual Report: FY1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency
and Remedial Response, EPA/540/8-90/006, April 1990, p. 15; Innovative Technology: Soil
Washing. Fact Sheet. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response, OSWER Directive 92003-250FS, November 1989.
Bibliography
NTIS Accession Number: PB91-206599/XAB
Evaluation of Soil Washing Technology: Results of Bench-Scale Experiments
on Petroleum-Fuels Contaminated Soils
Loden,M.E.
Sponsor Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-91/023
Jun91
The US. Environmental Protection Agency through its Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory's Releases Control Branch has undertaken research
and development efforts to address the problem of leaking underground
storage tanks (USTs). Under mis effort, EPA is currently evaluating soil
washing technology for cleaning up soil contaminated by the release of
petroleum products from leaking underground storage tanks. Soil washing is
a dynamic physical process which remediates contaminated soil via two
mechanismsparticle separation and dissolution of the contaminants into
the washwater. Asaresultof the washing process, a significant fraction
of the contaminated soil is cleaned and can be returned into the original
excavation or used as cleaned 'secondary' fill or aggregate material. Since
the contaminants are more concentrated in the fine soil fractions, their
separation and removal from the bulk soil increases the overall
effectiveness of the process. Subsequent treatment will be required for the
spent washwaters and the fine soil fractions. The soil washing program
evaluated the effectiveness of soil washing technology in removing
petroleum products (unleaded gasoline, diesel/home heating fuel, and waste
crankcase oil) from an EPA-developed Synthetic Soil Matrix (SSM) and from
actual site soils. Operating parameters such as contact time, washwater
volume, rinsewater volume, washwater temperature, and effectiveness of
additives were investigated.
NT1S Accession Number PB91-921413/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region Ik Tinkham's Garage Site,
Londonderry, New Hampshire. (First Remedial Action), March 10,1989
45
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10 Mar 89
The Tinkham's Garage site includes 375 acres of residential and
undeveloped land in Londonderry, New Hampshire. EPA site investigations in
1981 revealed onsite soil and ground water contaminated with VOCs resulting
from onsite surface dumping of liquids and sludge in 1978 and 1979. The
major contaminated soil area is in a field behind Tinkham's Garage. The
first remedial action selected for the site was documented in a 1986 Record
of Decision (ROD), which included excavation of approximately 10,800 cubic
yards of contaminated soil with onsite treatment using either thermal
aeration, composting or soil washing. Local wetlands impacted by soil
excavating activities and contaminated ground water were also to be
remediated. Information generated during a pre-design study led EPA in 1988
to propose the amendment to the 1986 ROD. As a result of the pre-design
study findings, the remedial action selected in the 1986 ROD was never
implemented. The primary contaminants of concern affecting the soil and
ground water are VOCs including TCE and PCE. The selected remedial action
for the site is included.
NTIS Accession Number: PB91-921412/XAB
Supeifund Record of Decision (EPA Region 5): Rose Township, Oakland
County, Michigan. (First Remedial Action), September 18,1989
(Final rept)
18 Jan 89
The Rose Township Site is in rural Rose Township, Oakland County,
Michigan. The 110-acre site comprises an upland area almost completely
surrounded by wetlands, with an abundance of wildlife onsite. Testing
between 1980 and 1987 indicated the presence of organic chemical
contamination in soil and ground water. The Record of Decision (ROD) amends
a September 30, 1987 ROD that addressed the remediation of onsite soil
contamination using thermal destruction. EPA has determined that
incineration of surface soil will remove most of the insoluble contaminants
present, and the Agency has determined that in-situ soil washing or soil
flushing should be tested as a viable option to thermal destruction of
subsurface soil contamination. The primary contaminants of concern
affecting soil and ground water are VOCs including benzene; other organics
including PCBs and PAHs; and metals including arsenic and lead. The
selected remedial action for the amendment is included.
NTIS Accession Number: AD-A227980/0/XAB
Field Scale Investigation of Enhanced Petroleum Hydrocarbon
Biodegradation in the Vadose Zone Combining Soil Venting as an Oxygen
Source with Moisture and Nutrient Addition
(Doctoral thesis)
Miller, R. N.
Report No.: AFIT/CI/CIA-90-031D
1990
Soil venting is effective for the physical removal of volatile
hydrocarbons from unsaturated soils, and is also effective as a source of
oxygen for biological degradation of the volatile and non-volatile
fractions of hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Treatment of soil venting
off-gas is expensive, constituting a minimum of 50% of soil venting
remediation costs. In this research, methods for enhancing biodegradation
through soil venting wereinvestigated, with the goal of eliminating the
need for expensive off-gas treatment. A seven-month field investigation was
conducted at Tyndall Air Force Base (AFB), Florida, where past jet fuel
46
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storage had resulted in contamination of a sandy soil. The contaminated
area was dewatered to maintain approximately 1.6 meters of unsaturated
soil. Soil hydrocarbon concentrations ranged from 30 to 23,000 mg/kg.
Contaminated and uncontaminated test plots were vented for 188 days.
Venting was interrupted five times during operation to allow for
.measurement of biological activity (CO2 production and O2 consumption)
under varying moisture and nutrient conditions, (js)
i* A
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-274184/XAB
Innovative Technology: Soil Washing
(Fact sheet (Final))
Report No.: 1PA/9200 J-250/ES
Nov89
The fact sheet provides technology description, site characteristics
affecting treatment feasibility, technology considerations, and technology
status for soil washing. The fact sheet describes how soil washing can be
potentially beneficial in the separation/segregation and volumetric
reduction of hazardous materials in solids, sludges, and sediments.
* NTIS Accession Number: PB90-199514/XAB
Innovative Processes for Reclamation of Contaminated Subsurface
Environments
(Final rept Aug 86-Aug 89)
Canter, L W.; Streebm, L. E.; Carlota Arquiaga, M.; Carranza, F. E.
; Miller, D.E.
Sponsor Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-90/017
1989
Research to better assess the capabilities and limitations of fixed-film
bioreactors for removing selected organic contaminants from ground water or
from contaminated vapor streams produced by air stripping of polluted
ground water and by soil venting operations is described. Work was focused
on volatile chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons and light aromatic
constituents of distilled petroleum products, two groups of compounds which
have been identified in polluted ground water more frequently and usually
in higher concentration than other organic pollutants. The biodegradation
processes involved and the effects of bioreactor operating parameters and
systems configurations on contaminant removal were evaluated. Results
obtained indicate a significant potential for employment of fixed-film
bioreactors in systems for above ground treatment of contaminated ground
water and vadose zone gases.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-187220/XAB
Assessing UST Corrective Action Technologies: Site Assessment and
Selection of Unsaturated Zone Treatment Technologies
(Kept for Oct 87-Sep 89)
Lyman, W. J.; Noonan, D. C
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-90/011
Mar 90
A methodology is presented for evaluating the likely effectiveness of
five soil treatment technologies at sites where petroleum products have
contaminated the unsaturated zone. The five soil treatment technologies
47
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are: soil venting, biorestoration, soil flushing, hydraulic barriers, and
excavation. The evaluation consists of a site assessment, selection of a
treatment technology, and performance monitoring and follow-up
measurements. The overall focus of the manual is on making a preliminary
screening of what soil treatment technologies would likely be effective at
a given underground storage tank site. Factors that are critical to me
successful implementation of each technology are presented and site
conditions which are favorable for each factor are discussed.
NTIS Accession Number: DE90003989/XAB
Surfactant Flooding Technology for In situ Cleanup of Contaminated Soils
and Aquif ers-A Feasibility Study
Porzucek,C
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: LA-11541-MS
Nov89
The process of in situ, surfactant-enhanced soil washing has been
investigated to determine its usefulness and limitations. Previous work on
this subject has been reviewed critically. Entrapment/displacement
mechanisms of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in porous media have been
identified and are discussed. The effect of surfactant on each of these
mechanisms has been investigated. A joint research project has been
initiated with Howard University personnel to determine the effect of
surfactant on contaminants mat have sorbed onto soil surfaces. Results of
this research are necessary to more fully determine the limitations of in
situ, surfactant-enhanced soil washing. However, based on field
observations of NAPLs and modification of an existing mass-transfer-based
model, it is apparent that in situ, surfactant-enhanced soil washing alone
will not be a sufficient remedial action plan because it cannot displace
enough contaminant to dean the soil to within the Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA's) guidelines of cleanliness. The process shows the most
promise when it is used in conjunction with another remedial action plan
such as biorestoration. 47 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-855230/XAB
Indoor Radon Pollution: Control and Mitigation. June 1978-December 1989
(Citations from the NTIS Database)
(Kept for Jun 78-Dec 89)
Jan 90
This bibliography contains citations concerning the control and
mitigation of radon pollution in homes and commercial buildings. Citations
cover radon transport studies in buildings and soils, remedial action
proposals on contaminated buildings, soil venting, building ventilation,
sealants, filtration systems, water degassing, reduction of radon sources
in building materials, and evaluation of existing radon mitigation programs
including their cost effectiveness. Analysis and detection of radon and
radon toxicity are covered in separate published bibliographies. (Contains
129 citations fully indexed and including a title list.)
48
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NIB Accession Number: PB90-114653/XAB
Supexfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 4): Cape Fear Wood Preserving,
NC (First Remedial Action), June 1989
(Final rept)
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R04-89/048
30Jun89
The 9-aore Cape Fear Wood Preserving site is in Cumberland County, North
Carolina. The primary contaminants of concern affecting die soil, sediment,
ground water, and surface water are VOCs including benzene, other organics
including PAHs, and metals including arsenic and chromium. The selected
remedial action for the site includes offsite disposal of CCA salt crystals
found in the drainage system and solidified creosote at a RCRA landfill and
offsite disposal of asbestos-containing pipe insulation in the county solid
waste facility; removal and decontamination of onsite pipes and tanks to be
sold for scrap metal or disposed of in the county solid waste facility;
excavation and onsite treatment of soil and sediment using soil flushing as
the preferred alternative or a low thermal desorption process to remove
organics followed by soil washing or fixation/stabilization/solidification
to address inorganics followed by placement of treated soil and sediment in
the excavated area and revegeiation; pumping with onsite treatment of
ground water and surface water with offsite discharge at a POTW or a
surface stream; sale of 50,000 gallons of CCA solution to a buyer; if no
buyer is found, CCA solution and CCA-contaminated wastewater will be
treated using the ground water treatment system; and ground water
monitoring.
NTIS Accession Number: PB89-225502/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 5): U.S. Aviex, ML (First
Remedial Action), September 1988
(Final rept)
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R05S8/073
7Sep88
The six-acre VS. Aviex site is located in the City of Niles, Howard
Township, Cass County, Michigan. Surface runoff from the site and
surrounding areas flows toward Bome-Huntly Drain, a tributary of St. Joseph
River, and ultimately Lake Michigan. VS. Aviex produced non-lubricating
automotive fluids from the early 1960s until 1978. During operations at the
plant, chlorinated hydrocarbons, including trichloroethane (TCA), were
released into the vadose zone south of the process room. The subsurface
soil still contains significant quantities of TCA, TCE, and PCE. The
selected remedial action for this site includes: soil flushing of
approximately 11,500 cu yd of contaminated onsite soil; and collection of
onsite and offsite ground water and fluids from the soil flushing process
with treatment onsite by air stripping, and discharge to surface water.
NTIS Accession Number: PB89-212757/XAB
Cleaning Excavated Soil Using Extraction Agents: A State-of-the-Art
Review
(Final rept Jun 85-Jan 89)
Raghaven, R.; Coles, E.; Dietz, D.
Sponsor Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-89/034
Jun 89
49
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The report presents a state-of-the-art review of soil washing
technologies and their applicability to Superfund sites in the United
States The review includes Superfund site soil and contamination
characteristics, as well as soil cleaning technologies, their principles of
operation, and process parameters. The technical feasibility of using soil
washing technologies at Superfund sites in the United States is accessed.
Contaminants are classified as volatile, hydrophilic, or hydiophobic
organics; PCBs; heavy metals; or radioactive material. Soils are classified
as either sand, silt, day, or waste fill. Three generic types of
extractive treatments are identified for cleaning excavated soils: water
washing augmented with a bask or surfactant agent to remove organics, and
water washing with an acidic or chelating agent to remove organics and
heavy metals; organics-solvent washing to remove hydrophobic organics and
PCBs; and air or steam stripping to remove volatile organics.
NTIS Accession Number FB88-146808/XAB
Field Studies of In situ Soil Washing
NashJ.K
Sponsor Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-87/110
Dec 87
The EPA and US Air Force conducted a research test program to demonstrate
the removal of hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons from a sandy soil
by in situ soil washing using surfactants. Contaminated soil from the fire
training area of Volk Air National Guard Base, WL was first taken to a
laboratory for characterization. At the laboratory, the soil was
recompacted into glass columns creating a simulated in situ environment
Under gravity flow, 12 pore volumes of aqueous surfactant solutions were
passed through each of the columns. Gas chromatograph (GO analyses were
used on the washing effluent and soil to determine removal efficiency (RE).
The results of these tests were highly encouraging. Treated effluent was
discharged dr ^ctly to the on-base aerobic treatment lagoons.
NTIS Accession Number PB90-106428/XAB
Assessment of International Technologies for Superfund Applications:
Technology Review and Trip Report Results
Nunno, T. J.; Hyman, J. A.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response.
Report No.: EPA/540/2-88/003
Sep88
Several international technologies were identified and investigated for
their applicability to hazardous waste site remediation in the United
States. The field team visited with twelve research groups, consultants and
manufacturers at 15 locations in The Netherlands, Belgium and the Federal
Republic of Germany (FRG). Results of the individual site visits are
summarized and a capsule summary of each technology includes a brief
process description, discussion of process limitations, performance data,
costs, and status of process development Identified were site cleanup
technologies not currently used in the US., as well as unique applications
of techniques used in the US. Among the most important findings were five
different soil washing techniques in Holland and the the FRG. Another key
finding was the High Temperature Slagging Incinerator technology reviewed
in Belgium. In addition, the field team reviewed unique applications of in
50
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situ biological treatment and composting techniques, vacuum extraction and
in situ air stripping, in situ extraction of cadmium from soils,
application of rotating biological contractors, and electrochemical
dehalogenation techniques.
,"/
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SECTION FIVE: SOLVENT EXTRACTION ^"^^^^»«
Description
In this process chemical extraction processes are used to separate contaminated soil and sludge into
their respective phase fractions: organic?, water and particulate solids. Types of solvent extraction
include B.E.S.T., which uses a secondary or tertiary amine as the solvent, and critical fluid, which
uses liquified gases at high pressure.
ROD Annual Report: FY1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency
and Remedial Response, EPA/540/8-901006, April 1990, p. 16.
Bibliography
* NTTS Accession Number: DE91010110/XAB
Hanfard Site annual waste reduction report 1990
Nichols, D.H.
Report No.: DOE/RL-91-18
Mar 91
The US Department of Energy-Richland Operations (DOE-RL) has developed
and implemented a Hanford Site Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention
Awareness Plan mat provides overall guidance and direction on waste
minimization and pollution prevention awareness to the four contractors who
manage and operate the Hanford Site for the DOE-RL. Waste reduction at
DOE-RL will be accomplished by following a hierarchy of environmental
protection practices. First, eliminate or minimize waste generation through
source reduction. Second, recycle (i.e., use, reuse, or reclaim) potential
waste materials mat cannot be eliminated or minimized. Third, treat all
waste that is nevertheless generated to reduce volume, toxicity, or
mobility before storage or disposal. The scope of the waste reduction
program will include non-hazardous, hazardous, radioactive-mixed, and
radioactive wastes. Hazardous waste generation was reduced by 148,918 kg
during the 1990 reporting period, which was primarily the result of source
reduction efforts involving excess materials and product substitution.
Radioactive-mixed waste production was reduced by more than 4,000 metric
tons. The driving force for this increased savings over previous years was
an anticipated shortage of adequate tank storage space. Adjusting the
solvent extraction start-up parameters at the PUREX facility and better
management of waste during transfers to tank storage account for more than
90% of the total reduction. Recycling of low-level waste amounted to 612
kg, and source reduction of TRU waste contributed another 800 kg in
savings. A detailed breakdown of waste reduction accomplishments by waste
type and method is provided. 10 refs., 3 figs., 6 tabs.
NTB Accession Number: PB91-145110/XAB
SITE Demonstration of the CF Systems Organics Extraction System
(Journal article)
Valentinetti, R.; McPherson, J.; Staley, L. ;
Sponsor: Science Applications International Corp., McLean, VA.; Vermont
Agency of Natural Resources, Waterbury.
Report No.: EPA/600/J-90/275, c!990
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The CF Systems Organic Extraction System was used to remove PCBs from
contaminated sediment dredged from the New Bedford Harbor. This work was
done as part of a field demonstration under the Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) program. The purpose of the SITE program is to
provide an independent and objective evaluation of innovative processes.
The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the SITE
demonstration of this technology. Results of the demonstration tests show
that the system, which uses high pressure liquefied propane, successfully
removed PCBs from contaminated sediments in New Bedford Harbor. Removal
efficiencies for all test runs exceeded 70%. Some operational problems
occured during the demonstration which may have affected me efficiency
with which PCBs were removed from the dredged sediment Large amounts of
residues were generated from the demonstration. Costs for using mis
process are estimated to be between $150/ton and $450/ton. (Copyright (c)
1990Air & Waste Management Association.)
* NTIS Accession Number: PB91-113845/XAB
Applications Analysis Report: SITE Program, CF Systems Organics
Extraction System, New Bedford, Massachusetts
(Final rept)
VaJentinetti, R.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OR Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/540/A5-90/002
Aug90
The report summarizes the results of a Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) demonstration of the CF Systems critical fluid organics
extraction system at the New Bedford Harbor, Mass., Superfund site. It also
provides a review of those conditions which this technology is best suited
for, as well as comments by CF Systems Corp. The technology depends on the
ability of organic pollutants to solubilize in the process solvent, a
liquified gas. The pollutants treated include polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB's) and polvnuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
NTIS Accession Number DE90007027/XAB
Hexone remediation demonstration
Heine, W. F.; Rasmussen, O. R.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: WHC-SA-0738; CONF-900210-9
Jan 90
The Hexone Remediation Demonstration is funded by the US Department of
Energy Hazardous Waste Remedial Action Program to show complete remediation
of an industrial-scale quantity of radioactively contaminated hazardous
solvent waste. The specific material to be remediated consists of 34,000
gal of hexone (methyl isobutyl ketone), normal paraffin hydrocarbon, and
tributyl phosphate complexes as well as 2,000 gal of solvent-saturated
water. The solvents, utilized as extractants in nuclear fuel reprocessing
plants at the Hanford Site, have been stored in two underground tanks for
more than 20 years. The remediation approach is to separate the radioactive
.constituents, totaling approximately 025 Ci, from the waste by two-stage
simple distillation and then incinerating the essentially nonradioactive
distillate in a hazardous waste incinerator. The distillation operations
will be carried out in sacrificial vessels 300-gal-capaciry steel tanks
with heating coils that will become the storage containers for the
solid radioactive tar residues. The sacrificial distillation vessels will
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minimize the handling of radioactive tars and the radiation exposure to
workers. The distilled condensate, with more than 99.9% of the original
, radioactivity removed, will be incinerated in a leased or purchased
& commercial hazardous waste incinerator modified to recover the remaining
trace amounts of radiomiclides from the offgas. The incinerator will be
decontaminated or partially rebiu^t for retina to riortradioactive service
dean closure of the waste tank site will be carried out by excavating the
tanks, sandblasting the vessel interiors to remove transuranic rust and
sludge, and finally by disposing of me tanks in a low-level radioactive
waste burial ground. 4 figs., 1 tab.
NTIS Accession Number MIC-90-05648/XAB
of mineral industry effluent treatment sludges/
Sponsor: Gionet, Mellor, Liebich Associates Limited (Canada).
C1989
The mineral industry generates large volumes of effluent treatment
sludges, some of which may be classified as hazardous wastes based on
previous studies. This study considered a number of means for dealing with
the problem including sludge dewatering, treatment of effluents by ion
exchange with subsequent metal recovery, and reprocessing of sludges either
on-site by the use of solvent extraction, or in mineral industry smelters
and refineries. Flowsheets for these processes wen? derived, and cost
estimates were prepared.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-274218/XAB
Innovative Technology: BEST Solvent Extraction Process
(Fact sheet (Final))
Report No.: EPA/920O5-253/FS
Nov89
The fact sheet provides technology description, site characteristics
affecting treatment feasibility, technology considerations, and technology
status for the BEST solvent extraction process. The sheet describes the
BEST process as using one or more secondary or tertiary amines to separate
toxic wastes and oils from sludges or soils.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-234642/XAB
Final Response to BOAT Related Comments Document K043-K052, K036, K037.
Volume l-O
Rosengrant, L.; Craig, R.
Report No.: EPA/530/SW-90/061Q
May 90
Contents: Petroleum refining industry wastes (basis for BOAT selection,
BOAT treatment standards, variability of wastes used to establish BOAT
treatment standards, treatment data, and general regulatory comments);
Organophosphorous wastes (nonwastewaters); WW treatment sludges from the
production of disulfoton.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-234451/XAB
Amendment to the Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background
Document for Wastes from the Petroleum Refining Industry K048, K049, KD50,
K051,K052
(Final rep t)
Kinch,R.;Vorbach,J.
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Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency/Washington, DC. Office of Solid
Waste.
Report No.: EPA/530/SW-90/060R
May90
The background document provides the Agency's technical support and
rationale for me development of treatment standards for the constituents
to be regtikted for the abovennentioned wastes. The amendinent presents the
KD48-KQ52 solvent extraction and incineration data used to develop the
treatment standards for nonwastewaters; presents the K048 incinerator
scrubber water data used to develop the treatment standards for cyanide in
wastewaters; and provides EPA's rationale and technical support for various
treatment standards.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-2341%/XAB
Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document
for Vanadium-Containing Wastes (P119 and P120). Volume 19
Rosengrant, L.; Craig, R. M.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Office of Solid
Waste.
Report No.: EPA/530/SW-90/Q59S
May 90
The background document presents the Agency's technical support and
rationale for developing regulatory standards for these wastes. Sections 2
through 6 present waste-specific information for PI 19 and P120 wastes.
Section 2 presents the number and location of facilities affected by the
land disposal restrictions, the waste-generating processes, and waste
characterization data. Section 3 discusses the technologies used to treat
the wastes (or similar wastes), and Section 4 presents available
performance data, including data upon which the treatment standards are
based. Section 5 explains EPA's determination of BpAT. Treatment standards
for vanadium wastes are determined in Section 6.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-234055/XAB
Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background Document
for 10)73. Volume 5
Rosengrant, L.; Eby, E.
Sponsor Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid
Waste.
Report No.: EPA/530/SW-90/059E
May 90
The document explains how EPA determines BDAT, selects constituents for
regulation, and calculates treatment standards. Section 2 presents
waste-specific informationthe number and location of facilities affected
by the land disposal restrictions, the waste-generating process, and waste
characterization data. These data serve as a basis for determining whether
a variance from treatment standards may be warranted for a particular type
of K073 that is more difficult to treat than the wastes that were analyzed
in developing the treatment standards for K073. Section 3 discusses the
technologies used to treat the waste (or similar wastes), and Section 4
presents available performance data, including data on which the treatment
standards are based. Section 5 explains EPA's determination of BDAT, while
Section 6 discusses the selection of constituents to be regulated. The
treatment standards are determined in Section 7.
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NTTS Accession Number: PB90-186503/XAB
Technology Evaluation Report: SITE Program. CF Systems Organics
Extraction System, New Bedford, Massachusetts. Volume 2
(Final rept)
Valentinetti, R.
Sponsor. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/540/5-90/002
Jan 90
The report summarizes the results of a Superhind Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) demonstration of the CF Systems critical fluid organics
extraction system at the New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts Superfund site.
The technology depends on the ability of organic pollutants to solubilize
in the process solvent, a liquefied gas. The pollutants treated include
poh/ehlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polynudear aromatic hydrocarbons. The
report examines the performance of the process in terms of PCB extraction
efficiency, variation in process operating conditions, potential health and
safety impacts, equipment and handling problems, and projected system
economics. Volume n contains sampling and analytical reports and operating
log data.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-186495/XAB
Technology Evaluation Report SITE Program. CF Systems Organics
Extraction System, New Bedford, Massachusetts. Volume 1
(Final rept)
Valentinetti, R.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OR Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/540/5-90/002
Jan 90
The report summarizes the results of a Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) demonstration of the CF Systems critical fluid organics
extraction system at the New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts Superfund site.
The technology depends on the ability of organic pollutants to solubilize
in the process solvent, a liquefied gas. The pollutants treated include
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The
report examines the performance of the process in terms of PCB extraction
efficiency, variation in process operating conditions, potential health and
safety impacts, equipment and handling problems, and projected system
economics. Volume I covers process design, field activities, sampling and
analytical program, and results and discussion.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-183393/XAB
Efficiency of Dioxin Recovery from Fly Ash Samples during Extraction and
Cleanup Process, March 1989
(Final rept 1 Aug 87-30 Sep 88)
Finkel, J. M.; James, R. R; Baughman, 1C W.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/3-90/010
Mar 89
The work supported Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, US.
Environmental Protection Agency in its effort to monitor the hazardous
composition, if any, of fly ash from various types of incinerators using
different types of combustible materials. The analytical determination of
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dioxins in environmental samples in the parts per billion, trillion, and
quadrillion levels requires meticulous, time-consunung, and very complex
sample preparation and analysis procedures. A major part of the task was
devoted to me evaluation of various extraction techniques of fly ash and
cleanup of sample extracts by column chromatography. Several
chromatographic media and eluting solvents were investigated. Each step in
the sample preparation was evaluated by using 14C-radiolabeled
23/7^4etraddorodibeTizo-p-dioxin and octodUorocUbenzo-p-dioxin as a
tracer. Radiolabeled dioxin allows the analyst to stop and evaluate each
step of the procedure, each extract, and each column eluate fraction by
liquid scintillation computing. To validate the radiometric assay, dioxin
was confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The report contains
recovery data of spiked 23/7,8-tetrachlorcdibenzo-p-dioxin and
octochlorodibenzo-pHlioxin in carbon-free fly ash and fly ash containing
from 0.1% to 10% carbon.
NTTS Accession Number: PB90-166562/XAB
Proposed Amendment to Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT)
Background Document for Wastes from the Petroleum Refining Industry K048/
KD49, K050, K051, K052. Volume 18
Berlow, J. R.; Vorbach, J.
Report No.: EPA-530/SW-90/012R
Nov89
The amendment presents the 13)48 and K051 solvent extraction data used to
develop the proposed treatment standards for nonwastewaters; presents the
K048 incinerator scrubber water data used to develop the proposed treatment
standards for wastewaters; and provides EPA's rationale and technical
support for developing proposed revised treatment standards for regulated
organic constituents and adding treatment standards for xylene and
naphthalene in K048-K052 nonwastewaters and for selecting cyanide as a
proposed regulated constituent in wastewater forms of K048-K052. The
document amends sections in the Final BOAT Background Document for
K048-K052 by presenting additional waste characterization data, treatment
performance data, accuracy-corrected data, selection of cyanide as a
proposed regulated constituent in K048-KQ52 wastewaters, and calculation of
proposed treatment standards, respectively.
* NTIS Accession Number: PB90-166505/XAB
Proposed Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background
Document for Stripping Still Tails from the Production of Methyl Ethyl
Pyridine K026. Volume 12
Berlow, J. R.; Labiosa, J. '
Report No.: EPA-530/SW-90/012L
Nov89
The background document presents waste-specific information on the number
and locations of facilities that may be affected by the land disposal
restrictions for K026, the processes generating this waste, the waste
characterization data, the technologies used to treat the waste (or similar
wastes, if any), and the treatment performance data on which the proposed
treatment standards are based. The document also explains how EPA
determines BDAT, selects constituents to be regulated, and calculates
treatment standards.
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NTIS Accession Number: PB90-166422/XAB
Proposed Best Demonstrated and Available Technology (BDAT) Background
Document lor Wastes from the Production of Epichlorohydrin K017. Volume 4
Berlow,J.R.;Eby,E.
Report No.: EPA-530/SW-90/012D
NOT 89 ' .
The background document provides the Agency's rationale and technical
support for selecting the constituents for proposed regulation inK017and
for developing treatment standards for these constituents. The document
also provides waste characterization data that serve as a basis for
determining whether a variance from a treatment standard may be warranted
for a particular type of K017 that is more difficult to treat than the
wastes mat were analyzed in developing the treatment standards for K017.
* NTIS Accession Number: PB90-166406/XAB
Proposed Treatment Technology Background Document Volume 2
Berlow, J. R.; Rosengrant, L.
Report No.: EPA-530/SW-90/012B
Nov89
The document provides a discussion of the purposes and contents of each
of the various elements presented in each technology section. The document
explains what information is provided in each technology subsection, how
the Agency intends to use the information as part of its BOAT program, and
how the Agency intends to modify the treatment technology discussions as
more treatment data and information become available.
NTIS Accession Number DE90003557/XAB
Development of a Process for Treating Red Water by Organic/Inorganic
Separation and Biodegradation
Chaiko, D. J.; Reichley-Yinger, L.; Orth, E. R.; Van Deventer, E. R;
Vandegrift,G.F.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-8911112-2
1989
The final stage of TNT production involves the purification of TNT by
selective conversion of the unsymmetrical isomers into water-soluble
sulfonates by reaction of the crude TNT with an aqueous sulfite (sellite)
solution. This treatment generates an intense, red-colored waste stream
commonly referred to as "red water," which has been listed as a hazardous
waste by the EPA. Its composition is primarily soluble organic sulfonates
and the sodium salts of sulfate, sulfite, nitrate and nitrite. Argonne
National Laboratory (ANL) is developing a process for treating red water.
This process couples the separation of the organic and inorganic
constituents of red water, followed by treatment of the organics by
biodegradation to nonhazardous products. Sludge formation in the
biotreatment step is further minimized by conversion of the
sodium-containing organics to their respective acidic forms during the
organic/inorganic separation. The level of separation will be such that the
inorganic residues can qualify as nonhazardous byproducts. Initial efforts
have been directed towards performing proof-of-concept demonstrations of
processes that can achieve these goals. Candidate technologies that are
being examined for separating the organic constituents from actual red
water samples are (1) flocculation, (2) foam fractionation, and (3) aqueous
Diphasic solvent extraction. 22 refs.
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NITS Accession Number: PB90-1Q3516/XAB
Evaluation of Modifications to Extraction Procedures Used in Analysis of
Environmental Samples from Supexfund Sites
(Journal article)
Valkenbiir&C A. ;Mimslow,W.D.; Butter, L.C
Sponsor Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV.
Report Na:EPA/600/J-89/061 , .
C1989
Recoveries from ah aqueous sample of the semi-volatile analytes listed on
the EPA Target Compound List are compared using 6 different methylene
chloride extraction procedures. Four experimental designs incorporating a
continuous extraction apparatus are evaluated, and 2 experimental designs
using separatory funnel methods are tested. In addition, 2 concentration
procedures are compared, and the loss of analytes associated with both
extraction and concentration procedures are determined. These studies
indicate mat the most efficient and economical technique for the
extraction of these compounds from an aqueous matrix is a single continuous
extraction procedure performed at 2 pH.
NTIS Accession Number PB89-237366/XAB
Technologies for the Recovery of Solvents from Hazardous Wastes
(Journal article)
Olexsey, R. A. ; Blaney, B. L. ; Turner, R. J. ; Brown, L. M.
Report No.: EPA/600/J-88/365
c!988
About 1.5 billion gallon of hazardous waste solvents were disposed of to
the land in 1985. The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984
required that EPA prohibit the direct land disposal of these materials
after November 8, 1986. Alternatives to direct land disposal include source
reduction, destruction, treatment, and recovery. The paper describes
several technologies that can be used to recover solvent materials from
hazardous wastes. Such technologies include evaporation, distillation,
solvent extraction, critical fluids processing, steam and air stripping,
and carbon adsorption. Data from USEPA studies are presented on recovery
efficiencies for several of the unit processes.
NTS Accession Number: PB89-212757/XAB
Cleaning Excavated Soil Using Extraction Agents: A State-of-the-Art
Review
(Final repL Jun 85-Jan 89)
Raghaven, R. ; Coles, E. ; Dietz, D.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OR Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-89/034
Jun 89
The report presents a state-of-the-art review of soil washing
technologies and their applicability to Superfund sites in the United
States. The review includes Superfund site soil and contamination
characteristics, as well as soil cleaning technologies, their principles of
operation, and process parameters. The technical feasibility of using soil
washing technologies at Superfund sites in the United States is accessed.
Contaminants are classified as volatile, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic
organics; PCBs; heavy metals; or radioactive material. Soils are classified
as either sand, silt, day, or waste fill. Three generic types of
extractive treatments are identified for cleaning excavated soils: water
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washing augmented with a basic or surfactant agent to remove organics, and
water washing with an acidic or chdatmg agent to remove organics and
heavy metals; oiganics-solvent washing to remove hydrophobia oiganics and
** PCBs; and air or steam stripping to remove volatile organics.
« NTIS Accession Number PB89-142376/XAB
Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document for
K048,K049,K050>K051,K052
(Final rept)
Report No.: EPA/530/SW-88/031C
Aug88
The background document provides the Agency's rationale and technical
support for selecting the constituents to be regulated in K048, K049, K050,
K05I, and K052 wastes and for developing treatment standards for those
regulated constituents. The document also provides waste characterization
information mat serves as a basis for determining whether variances may be
warranted for a particular waste having the same waste code as one of the
five wastes above but with characteristics such mat the particular waste
is more difficult to treat than the waste for which the treatment standards
have been established.
NTIS Accession Number: PB89-122121/XAB
Technological Approaches to the Cleanup of Radiologicaliy Contaminated
Saperfund Sites
Report No.: EPA/540/2-88/002
Aug88
The report identifies technologies that may be useful in removing or
stabilizing radiological contamination at those uncontrolled hazardous
waste (Superfund) sites that contain radionuclides. The report addresses
remediation of contaminated soils; it does not address remediation of
contaminated buildings or ground water. The report is not intended to
provide any legal or policy basis for the selection or use of technology
for cleanup of a hazardous waste site. Several technologies have potential
for eliminating or stabilizing radionudides at radiologically contaminated
sites. These include both on-site and off-site disposal, on-site treatment
radon control, chemical extraction, physical separation, and combined
physical separation and chemical extraction technologies. Applicability of
these technologies is controlled by site-specific factors, so their
suitability must be determined on a site-by-site basis.
NTIS Accession Number: NTN88-1071
Treatment of Solvent Extraction Solvents with Activated Alumina
(NTIS Tech Note)
Dec 88
This citation summarizes a one-page announcement of technology available
for utilization. Solvents used in solvent extraction become contaminated by
chemical degradation and, when used with radioactive materials, by
radiation damage. Specifically, the solvent used in the Purex process
(tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP)) is degraded by reactions with nitric acid and
by radiation to give two classes of impurities: those that can be removed
by treatment with sodium carbonate solutions (used in virtually all Purex
plants) and those that cannot. Those that cannot be removed have long
organic chains and are not readily transferred to an aqueous treatment
solution. If these materials are not removed, me operation of the plant
slowly degrades until it becomes advantageous to replace the solvent
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However, the cost of solvent disposal and replacement is relatively high
because the solvent will likely be regarded as mixed (hazardous and
radioactive) waste. The use of secondary cleanup methods developed at ORNL
allows continued use of the solvent .
NTIS Accession Number. PB88-245907/XAB
Evaluation of the B.&S.T. (Trade Name) Solvent Extraction Sludge
Treatment Technology Twenty-Four Hour Test
Sudell,G.W.
Sponsor Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-88/051
Aug88
A twenty-four hour sampling and analytical effort was conducted on
Resources Conservation Co.'s Solvent Extraction Sludge Treatment Technology
prototype full-scale commercial facility while operating at die General
Refining Superfund site in Garden City, Georgia. The site was contaminated
with oily residues resulting from waste oil re-refining and reclamation
operations. The B^S.T.(tm) sludge treatment technology was tested to
determine its suitability as a transportable on-site treatment technology
for spill and waste site cleanups, with special potential for oily
hazardous waste materials. The process separates oily sludges into their
component oil, solids, and water fractions, and conditions them for
disposal or for further treatment. The test data confirm the system's
capability to separate the sludges, often in efficiencies of over 98
percent Comparison of laboratory simulation data to field data indicate
that laboratory-scale simulations can be useful in predicting system
performance. Further testing is needed to confirm the system efficiencies
and develop complete operating cost data.
~-ff-
NTIS Accession Number: DE87010903/XAB
Fossil Energy Environmental Research Including Innovative Concepts for
Wastcwater, Sludge, and Product Treatment
Scott, C.D.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-870994-1
1987
Some of the components of the waste stream, including hydrogen sulfide,
ammonia, and phenol, may be present in sufficiently high concentrations to
be recoverable by stripping processes or solvent extraction. However, the
dephenolated liquors may require further treatment before the aqueous
stream can be released or recycled. Biooxidation processes are under
development for this application. At first, activated sludge systems with
large, stirred-tank reactors were used. However, this method required many
hours of residence time, and thus large tanks, to achieve the very low
phenol levels that were required. More efficient fluidized-bed bioreactor
systems, using microorganisms immobilized as a fixed film on suspended
particles, seem to be much more appropriate for this application.
Typically, microorganisms such as the commercial preparation PHENOBAC
(Polybac Corporation, Berlin, NJ), are used to initiate the active
bioreactor system. This immobilized biocatalyst is effectively retained in
the bioreactor at high microbial concentration, and when oxygen or air is
also introduced in sufficient quantities, the bioreactor system is much
more efficient than the conventional stirred tank. For example, phenol
degradation in the fluidized bed generally ranged from 10 to 50 kg/(m sup 3
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. d) with inlet phenol concentrations of 20 to 200 g/tn sup 3. This rate is
10 to 50 times higher than conventional activated sludge systems in
stirred-tank bioreactors. Effluent phenol levels as low as 25 mg/m sup 3
were observed and other hazardous organic chemicals were also oxidized,
including thiocyanates which were removed at a rate about 0.1 mat of
phenol This type of bioreactor has exhibited stable biological activity
for periods of several monms with few operating problems. 9 refs. (ERA
citation 12*44822)
NTIS Accession Number: AD-A183104/9/XAB
Selective Dissolution and Recovery of Depleted Uranium from Armor Plate
(Final rept 26 Jun 86*5 May 87)
Czupryna, G.; Levy, R. D.; Gold, H.
Report No.: MER-0017-FMI-8644-80
5 May 87
The impacted armor targets used in testing high density armor-piercing
ammunition containing depleted uranium (DU) are subject to disposal as low
level radioactive waste. Because of the costs associated with disposal of
the entire armor plate and the limited use of secured commercial sites in
the future, the US. Army is seeking to identify and evaluate new
technologies for decontaminating these armor plates. The objectives of this
Phase I SBIR program are two-fold, namely: To develop a selective solvent
that can decontaminate impacted armor targets containing DU for disposal or
recycle. To identify and characterize technologies that can remove depleted
uranium from the solvent for solvent recycle and uranium recovery for
easier hazardous waste disposal. Keywords: Decontamination, Depleted
uranium. Recycle, Solvent extraction, Ion exchange. Precipitation, Chelate,
Radioactive waste, Dissolution.
NITS Accession Number: DE87005914/XAB
Recycle and Biodestruction of Hazardous Nitrate Wastes
Napier, J. M.; Kosinski, F. E.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No,: Y/DZ-234; CONF-870377-1
12 Jan 87
The US Department of Energy (DOE) owns the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant located
in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The plant is operated for DOE by Martin Marietta
Energy Systems, Inc. One of the plant's functions involves the purification
and recycling of uranium wastes. The uranium recycle operation uses nitric
acid in a solvent extraction purification process, and a waste stream
containing nitric acid and other impurities is generated. Before 1976 the
wastes were discarded into four unlined percolation ponds. In 1976,
processes were developed and installed to recycle 50% of the wastes and to
biologically decompose the rest of the nitrates. In 1983 process
development studies began for in situ treatment of the four percolation
ponds, and the ponds were treated and discharged by May 1986. The treatment
processes involved neutralization and precipitation to remove metallic
impurities, followed by anaerobic denitrihcation to reduce the 40,000 ug/g
nitrate concentration to less than 50 ug/g. The final steps included
flocculation and filtration. Approximately 10 million gallons of water in
the ponds were treated and discharged. (ERA citation 12:021137)
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SECTION SIX: THERMAL TREATMENT ^^
Description
Thermal processes are designed to destroy hazardous wastes through combustion or pyrofysis by
exposing the contamiinated materials to high temperatures in a controlled environment.
Freeman, Harry M.f ed., Thermal Processes: Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment Technology
Series: Volume 1. Lancaseter, PA Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1990, p. mi.
Bibliography
NTIS Accession Number. DE91009143/XAB
Physical/chemical treatment of mixed waste soils
Morris, M. I.; Alperin, £. S.; Fox, R. D.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-910659-2
1991
This report discusses the results and findings of the demonstration
testing of a physical/chemical treatment technology for mixed wastes. The
principal objective of the tests was to demonstrate the capability of the
low temperature thermal separation (LTTS) technology for rendering
PCB-contaminated mixed waste soils as nonhazardous and acceptable for low
level radioactive waste disposal. The demonstration testing of mis
technology was a jointly-conducted project by the US Department of Energy
(DOE), the Martin Marietta Energy Systems (Energy Systems) Waste Management
Technology Center at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and IT Corporation.
This pilot-scale demonstration program testing of ITs thermal separator
technology in Oak Ridge was conducted as part of the DOE Model Program.
This program has private industry, regulators, and universities helping to
solve DOE waste management problems. Information gained from the DOE Model
is shared with the participating organizations, other federal agencies, and
regulatory agencies. The following represent the most significant findings
from these demonstration tests: Thermal separation effectively separated
PCB contamination from a mixed waste to enable the treated soil to be
managed as low level radioactive waste. At the same operating conditions,
mercury contamination of 0.8 ppM was reduced to less than 0.1 ppM. The
majority of uranium and technetium in the waste feeds oil remained in the
treated soil. Radionuclide concentration in cyclone solids is due to
cany-over of entrained particles in the exit gas and not due to
volatilization/condensation. Thermal separation also effectively treated
all identified semi-volatile contaminants in the waste soil to below
detection limits with the exception of di-n-butylphthalate in one of the
two runs. 4 refs., 1 fig., 6 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: PB91-136929/XAB
Overview of Conventional and Innovative Land-Based Thermal Technologies
lor Waste Disposal
Oberacker, D. A.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-90/214 c!990
For more than the past two decades, the USEPA has been aggressive in its
research, development, performance testing, and in encouragement of the
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regulated use of proven thermal destruction (or incineration) technologies
for the environmentally acceptable treatment and disposal of combustible
waste streams. Nationally, significant percentages of residential solid
waste, municipal sewage sludge, and a variety of industrial, chemical, and
agricultural wastes are routinely treated by thermal systems. The paper is
an overview of the state-of-the-art of land-based incineration, emphasizing
bom conventional and innovative hazardous waste thermal treatment
technologies and regulatory performance standards. High temperature
systems, low-temperature thermal desorption, pyrolysis units, heat
recovery, and newer systems involving fluidized beds, oxygen-enriched
combustion, plasma-arc units, and solar-assisted incineration, etc. are
discussed.
» NITS Accession Number AD-A222 235/4/XAB
Demonstration of Thermal Stripping of JF-4 and Other VOCs from Soils at
Tinker Air Force Base Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
(Final rept Sep 88-Mar 90)
Marks, P. J.; Noland, J. W.; Nielsen, R. K.
Report No.: CETHA-TE^-90026
Mar 90
The patented Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3) System was
previously proven to be successful in treating soils contaminated with
volatile organic compounds and petroleum hydrocarbons. This demonstration
broadened the applicability to include soils contaminated with aviation
fuel and other halogenated solvents. Several test were conducted to verify
the effectiveness of the LT3 system. While meeting all goal cleanup
objectives, a processing rate of 20,000 Ib/hr was demonstrated with a
projected LT3 System processing cost of $86/ton. A number of system changes
and process improvements are recommended. The system proved to be an
efficient cost-effective, and commercially available remediation
alternative for decontaminating soils. Keywords: Volatile organic
compounds, Fuel, Thermal treatment, Trichloroethene, Low temperature
thermal treatment
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-172529/XAB
Engineering-Scale Evaluation of Thermal Desorption Technology for
Manufactured Gas Plant Site Soils. Topical Report July-1988-August 1989
Helsel, R.; Alperin, E.; Groen, A.
Sponsor: Gas Research Inst., Chicago, IL.; Illinois Hazardous Waste
Research and Information Center, Savoy.
Report No.: GRI-89/0271
Nov89
As part of a program to evaluate and develop technologies for remediation
of contaminated soils at manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites, pilot plant
tests of a thermal desorption treatment technology were performed.
Coal-tar-contaminated soil samples from three MGP sites were characterized,
and bench-scale treatability tests were performed to establish treatment
conditions to use for the pilot tests. A series of 11 pilot tests were
completed using an indirectly heated rotary desorber operating at 30 to 60
kilograms/hour of soil. Treatment conditions of 300 C and 400 C and soil
residence times of 5 and 9 minutes were used. Total polycydic aromatic
hydrocarbon concentrations were reduced to between 150 and 1 part per
million (ppm) from initial levels of 2000 to 400 ppm, depending on
treatment conditions. Temperature, residence time, and soil type all had a
significant effect on treatment efficiency. Reasonable agreement was found
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among results from the static, batch, bench-scale test apparatus and the
dynamic, continuous pilot plant
* NTIS Accession Number: PB90-160714/XAB
Engineering-Scale Demonstration of Thermal Desorption Technology for
Manufactured Gas Plant Site Soils
Helsel,R.;Alperin,E.;Groen,A.
Sponsor: Illinois State Water Survey Div., Savoy. Hazardous Waste
Research and Information Center.; Gas Research hist, Chicago, IL.
Report No.: HWRIC-RR-038
Nov89
As part of a program to evaluate and develop technologies mat are
applicable for remediation of contaminated soils at manufactured gas plant
(MGP) sites, pilot plant tests of a thermal desorption treatment technology
were performed. Coal-tar-contaminated soil samples from three MGP sites
were characterized, and bench-scale treatability tests were performed to
establish treatment conditions to use for the pilot tests. Residual
concentrations of polycydic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed for
all treated soil samples to determine treatment performance of the
bench-scale and pilot plant test systems. Temperature, residence time, and
soil type all had a significant effect on treatment efficiency. Reasonable
agreement was found among results from the static, batch, bench-scale test
apparatus and the dynamic, continuous pilot plant. The report presents the
test results and describes the experimental procedures.
NTB Accession Number: PB90-114653/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 4): Cape Fear Wood Preserving,
NC (First Remedial Action), June 1989
(Final rept)
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R04-89/048
30Jun89
The 9-acre Cape Fear Wood Preserving site is in Cumberland County, North
Carolina. The primary contaminants of concern affecting the soil, sediment,
ground water, and surface water are VOCs including benzene, other organics
including PAHs, and metals including arsenic and chromium. The selected
remedial action for the site includes offsite disposal of CCA salt crystals
found in the drainage system and solidified creosote at a RCRA landfill and
offsite disposal of asbestos-containing pipe insulation in the county solid
waste facility; removal and decontamination of onsite pipes and tanks to be
sold for scrap metal or disposed of in the county solid waste facility;
excavation and onsite treatment of soil and sediment using soil flushing as
the preferred alternative or a low thermal desorption process to remove
organics followed by soil washing or fixation/stabilization/solidification
to address inorganics followed by placement of treated soil and sediment in
the excavated area and revegetatiqn; pumping with onsite treatment of
ground water and surface water with offsite discharge at a POTW or a
surface stream; sale of 50,000 gallons of CCA solution to a buyer; if no
buyer is found, CCA solution and CCA-contaminated wastewater will be
treated using the ground water treatment system; and ground water
monitoring.
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NTTS Accession Number: DE89013172/XAB
Potential of Continuous Emission Monitoring of Hazardous Waste
Incinerators Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Denurgian, J. C; Erickson, M. D.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-890521-10
1989
Hie testing of stack gas from hazardous waste incinerators is required
during trial bums and in on going process monitoring. This paper discusses
the use of Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy (FITR) as a continuous
emission monitor (CEM) for stack gas. Currently, the principal organic
hazardous constituent (POHO in stack gas is not monitored continuously.
During a trial burn, the POHC from the waste, often carbon tetrachloride or
chloroform, is sampled on sorbent cartridges by a volatile organic sampling
train (VOST) followed by lab analysis using thermal desorptionGC/MS.
Results are typically available in a few weeks. Hence, the demonstration of
99.99% destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) cannot be done in real
time. A CEM would provide instant feedback when upsets occur and allow
corrective action to be initiated immediately. This should result in
reduced public concern about hazardous waste incineration, quicker approval
of incineration sites, and rapid growth of total incineration capacity. Due
to advances in instrumentation, cell design, and software, FTIR has great
potential for use as a CEM of vapor phase components. Although infrared
Spectroscopy was first used over 20 years ago to identify vapor phase
components, it is only now, as a result of these advances, that vapor
samples can be characterized qualitatively and quantitatively for multiple
components at ppB levels. FTIR also has a large dynamic measurement range,
which is important, since upsets may introduce sudden large increases in
POHCs.llrefs.,3tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: AD-A206 273/5/XAB
Proceedings for the Annual Environmental Quality R&D (Research and
Development) Symposium (13th) Held in Williamsburg, Virginia on 15-17
November 1988
(Progress rept)
Report No.: CETHA-TE-CR-89006
Nov88
Partial contents: Implementation of the Dept of the Army environmental
program; Waste minimization case histories at three USAF Air Training
Command bases; Hazardous Waste Minimization (HAZMIN) studies at AMC
installations; Proven performance of the sodium sulfide/ferrous sulfate
metals treatment system; McCellan AFB plating shop rinse water recyle
system; Composting of explosives contaminated sediments; Annular
centrifugal contactors as rapid oil-water separation devices; Treatment of
heavy metals contaminated soils by roasting; Hazardous organic waste
destruction by electrochemical oxidation; Vacuum extraction of volatile
organic compounds from soils; Low temperature thermal treatment of volatile
organic compounds; USATHAMA analytical chemistry program; Lab investigation
of the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and the extraction
procedure toxicity characteristic; EPA treatability database; Navy aquatic
hazardous waste sitesThe problem and possible solutions; Field experiment
of groundwater transport in a heterogeneous aquifer; Pilot-scale testing of
paint waste incineration; Pilot-scale demonstration of laboratory developed
operating conditions for alkaline hydrolysis (Caustic digestion) of
nitrocellulose fines; Biological treatment plant efficiency study; Use of
alternate chemical paint strippers to reduce Total Toxic Organics (TTO)
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discharges; Kinetics and mechanism of methane oxidation in supercritical
water, (edc)
NTIS Accession Number AD-A202 267/1/XAB
Thermal Desorption/Ultraviolet Photolysis Process Technology Research,
Test and Evaluation Pezfonned at tiie Naval Constmction Battalion Center,
Gulfport, Mississippi, for the USAF Installation Restoration Program.
Volume 4 -
(Final rep t May-Jul 85)
Helsel, R. W.; Thomas, R. W.
Sponsor: Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, FL
Engineering and Services Lab.
Report No.: AFESC/ESL-TR-87-28-VOL-4
Dec 87
The objective of this effort was to examine the feasibility of using a
thermal desorption/ultraviolet (TD/UV) destruction technology to treat
Herbicide Orange (HO)-contaminated soil at the Naval Construction Battalion
Center (NCBO, Gulfport, Mississippi. The IT Corporation pilot -scale TD/UV
apparatus was used to successfully treat 1700 pounds of sandy-loam, cement
stabilized, soil that had been contaminated with HO and 2,3,7,8
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The TD/UV process volatilizes organic
compounds from the soil matrix; collects the desorbed organicsina
solvents; and destroys the contaminants with high-intensity ultraviolet
light Volume IV contains appendices Q through V. The appendices pertain
to: Creosote chromatogram; Battelle Columbus laboratories analytical
methodologies for dioxin/Furans in NCBC soil and solvent samples;
Review/evaluation of analytical results for TD/UV photolysis process
verification samples at NCBC; Battelle Columbus laboratories priority
pollutant metals and cyanide analytical results for six NCBC soil samples;
Detailed cost estimate for TD/UV photolysis treatment of dioxin -
contaminated soil; and Analysis backup for cost estimate, (aw)
NTB Accession Number: AD-A202 266/3/XAB
Thermal Desorption/Ultraviolet Photolysis Process Technology Research,
Test and Evaluation Performed at the Naval Construction Battalion Center,
Gulfport Mississippi, for the USAF Installation Restoration Program.
Volume 3
(Final rept May-Jul 85)
Helsel, R. W.; Thomas, R. W.
Sponsor: Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, FL
Engineering and Services Lab.
Report No.: AFESC/ESL-TR-87-28-VOL-3
Dec 87
The objective of this effort was to examine the feasibility of using a
thermal desorption/ultraviolet (TD/UV) destruction technology to treat
Herbicide Orange (HO)-contaminated soil at the Naval Construction Battalion
Center (NCBC), Gulfport, Mississippi. The IT Corporation pilot-scale TD/UV
apparatus was used to successfully treat 1700 pounds of sandy-loam, cement
stabilized, soil that had been contaminated with HO and
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The TD/UV process volatilizes organic
compounds from the soil matrix; collects the desorbed organicsina
solvent; and destroys the contaminants with high-intensity ultraviolet
light This report is organized into four volumes: Volume I presents the
final report on the performance of the Thermal Desorption/Ultra violet
Photolysis process for use in decontaminating soil containing Herbicide
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Orange/Dioxin. Volume n contains appendices A through O. Volume IK
contains appendix P: Investigation of the applicability of the EPA mobile
incinerator system for treating soils contaminated with herbicide orange.
Contents of this appendix include: Soil characterization; laboratory
treatability test; Batch pilot KILN tests; Heat transfer evaluation; and
Evaluation of (MIS) Mobile Incineration System treatment capabilities, (aw)
NTTS Accession Number AD-A202 265/5/XAB
Thermal Desorption/Ultraviolet Photolysis Process Technology Research,
Test and Evaluation Performed at the Naval Construction Battalion Center,
Gulfport, Mississippi, for the USAF Installation Restoration Program.
Volume 2
(Final rept May-Jul 85)
Hdsel, R. W.; Thomas, R. W.
Sponsor Air Force Engineering and Services Center, TyndallAFB, FL.
Engineering and Services Lab.
Report No.: AFESC/ESL-TR-87-28-VOL-2
Dec 87
The objective of this effort was to examine the feasibility of using a
thermal desorption/ultraviolet (TD/UV) destruction technology to treat
Herbicide Orange (HO)-contaminated soil at the Naval Construction Battalion
Center (NCBC), Gulfport, Mississippi. The IT Corporation pilot-scale TD/UV
apparatus was used to successfully treat 1700 pounds of sandy loam, cement
stabilized, soil that had been contaminated with HO and
tetradriorobenzo-pndioxin (TCDD). The TD/UV process volatilizes organic
compounds from the soil matrix; collects the desorbed organicsina
solvent; and, destroys the contaminants with high-intensity ultraviolet
light The desorption process occurs between 850 to 1150 degrees F. in a
nitrogen atmosphere to prevent combustion of the organics. Analysis of
feedstock showed TCDD levels ranged from 233-272 parts per billion (ppb).
Concentration in the treated soil, measured as the sum of all dioxin/furan
congeners, was less man Ippb, the USAF criterion. Herbicide orange,
Dioxin, Analytical methods, Thermal treatment, Incineration, Agent orange.
(mjm)
NT1S Accession Number: PB89-102S18/XAB
Laboratory Study of Thermal Desorption Treatment of Contaminated Soils
from Former Manufactured Gas Plant Sites
(Topical rept)
Hdsel, R. W.; Groen, A.
Sponsor: Gas Research Inst, Chicago, IL.
ReportNo.:GRI-88/0161
Aug88
To evaluate and develop technologies which are potentially applicable for
remediation of former manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites, bench-scale
treatability tests of thermal desorption were performed. Soil samples from
four MGP sites were characterized and subjected to various time-temperature
conditions in a static laboratory oven. Residual concentrations of
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and cyanide were measured and
compared to initial levels to establish the relationship between removal
efficiency and treatment conditions. The report presents the test results
and describes the experimental procedures.
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SECTION SEVEN: VAPOR EXTRACTION ^^^m^^^^mm
Description
This process is used to remove volatile organic compounds from soil. "The system operates by
applying a vacuum through production wetts, forcing VOCs in the contaminated soil media to
diffuse into the production wells. As the VOC-contaminated air is withdrawn for treatment, fresh
air is simultaniously drown down form the soil surface into the soil. ...
ROD Annual Report: FY1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency
and Remedial Response, EPA/540/8-90/006, April 1990, p. 16.
Bibliography
NTLS Accession Number: PB91-921477/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 7): Waverly Ground Water
Contamination Site, Waverly, NE. (First Remedial Action), September 1990
(Final rept)
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R07-90/039
26Sep90
The Waverly Ground Water Contamination site is in Waverly, Lancaster
County, Nebraska. At this municipally owned site, the ground water aquifer
provides 100 percent of the drinking water for the community of
approximately 2,000 people through the municipal water system. Between 1952
and 1974, a Federal grain facility, located on a portion of the site, was
the source of ground water contamination. From 1955 to 1965, the fumigant
80/20, composed of 80 percent carbon tetrachloride and 20 percent carbon
disulfide, was used onsite on stored grain. The contaminants of concern
affecting the soil and ground water are VOCs including carbon tetrachloride
and chloroform. The selected remedial action for the site includes
continued operation and maintenance of the ground water air stripping
system and the soil vapor extraction system; ground water monitoring to
delineate the magnitude and extent of contamination; evaluation of the
construction of PWS 3 to explain the contamination in the well; sampling
existing and new monitoring wells; development of a ground water flow and
transport model to determine the correct pumping rate for the existing
ground water extraction well, and investigation of the potential uses for
the treated water discharged offsite.
NTIS Accession Number: PB91-171538/XAB
Bioremediated Soil Venting of Light Hydrocarbons
(Journal article)
Ostendorf, D. W.; Kampbell, D. H.
Sponsor: Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK.
Report No.: EPA/600/J-90/397
C1990
The effectiveness and feasibility of bioremediated soil venting of light
hydrocarbons in the unsaturatcd zone was investigated. Degradation
mechanics were considered as a one dimensional balance of storage, linear
sorption, vertical advection, and Michaelis-Menton kinetics. The resulting
analytical solution was tested successfully against field performance data
of an unsaturated clay soil bioreactor for a pollpellant waste gas mixture
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of propane, n-butane, and isobutane. A series of venting simulations was
run to assess the biodegradation of vapors above an aviation gasoline spill
h. in sandy soil at Traverse City, Michigan, based on field and microcosm
"-*? estimates of the kinetic parameters. Acclimated, nutrient rich soil
effectively and feasibly reduced effluent vapor concentration from the
strong influent concentration associated with dispersed residual gasoline
in the contaminated capillary fringe. Aggregated residual contamination
required a stronger airflow for a longer duration while natural kinetics
were too slow for feasible and effective treatment by bioremediated soil
venting at Traverse Gty.
NTIS Accession Number: DE9100I995/XAB
Application of soil venting at a large scale: A data and modeling
analysis
Walton, J. C; Baca, R. G.; Sisson, J. B.; Wood, T. R.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EGG-M-89539; CONF-90Q5149-7
27Feb90
Soil venting will be applied at a demonstration scale to a site at the
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory which is contaminated with carbon
tetrachloride and other organic vapors. The application of soil venting at
the site is unique in several aspects including scale, geology, and data
collection. The containmented portion of the site has a surface area of
over 47,000 square meters (12 acres) and the depth to the water table is
approximately 180 meters. Migration of contaminants through the entire
depth of the vadose zone is evidenced by measured levels of chlorinated
solvents in the underlying aquifer. The geology of the site consists of a
series of layered basalt flows interspersed with sedimentary interbeds. The
depth of the vadose zone, the nature of fractured basalt flows, and the
degree of contamination all tend to make drilling difficult and expensive.
Because of the scale of the site, extent of contamination, an'd expense of
drilling, a computer model has been developed to simulate the migration of
the chlorinated solvents during plume growth and cleanup. The demonstration
soil venting operation has been designed to collect pressure drop and plume
migration data to assist with calibration of the transport model. The model
will then be used to help design a cost-effective system for site cleanup
which will minimize the drilling required. This paper discusses
mathematical models which have been developed to estimate the growth and
eventful cleanup of the site. 12 refs., 4 figs.
NTS Accession Number: NTN90-0576
State of Technology Review: Soil Vapor Extraction Systems
(NTIS Tech Note)
Jul90
This citation summarizes a one-page announcement of technology available
for utilization. Soils may become contaminated in a number of ways with
such volatile organic chemicals as industrial solvents and gasoline
components. Alternatives for decontaminating unsaturated soil include
excavation with on-site or off-site treatment or disposal, biological
degradation, and soil flushing. Soil vapor extraction is also an accepted,
cost-effective technique to remove volatile organic chemicals from
contaminated soils. Among the advantages of the soil vapor extraction
process are that it minimally disturbs the contaminated soil, it can be
constructed from standard equipment, it has been demonstrated at pilot- and
field-scale, it can be used to treat larger volumes of soil than are
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practical for excavation, and it has a potential for product recovery. With
vapor extraction, spills can be cleaned up before the chemicals reach the
ground water table. Soil vapor extraction technology is often used with
other dean up technologies to provide complete restoration of contaminated
sites. A large number of pilot- and full-scale soil vapor extraction
systems have been constructed and studied under a wide range of conditions.
One of the major objectives of the Report is to review available reports
describing current practices critically and to summarize this information
as concisely as possible. A brief description of a typical vapor extraction
system is presented. Irte experience with existing extraction systems has
been reviewed, and information about each system is briefly summarized in a
standard form.
NTIS Accession Number: NTN90-0643
Cleaning Excavated Soil Using Extraction Agents: A State-of-the-Art
Review
(NTIS Tech Note)
Aug90
This citation summarizes a one-page announcement of technology available
for utilization. EPA is now sponsoring research on new treatment
technologies to destroy, detoxify, or incinerate hazardous waste; on ways
to recover and reuse hazardous waste; and on methods to decrease the volume
of hazardous waste requiring treatment or disposal. One of the research
areas initiated by the EPA is use of extraction agents for washing
excavated contaminated soil. Washing excavated soil holds promise for being
applicable to all contaminants. Soil washing employing extraction agents
consists of soil excavation, above-ground treatment, isolation and removal
or destruction of the contaminant, and redeposit of the cleaned soil. Each
of the above-ground treatment techniques for separating the contaminant
from the soil uses an extraction agent a liquid, gas, chemical additive,
or combination of agents that mobilizes the contaminant, which is
chemically or physically attached to the soil particles. Specifically, this
report: (1) surveys the contaminants (by type and concentration) and soil
(by type and quantity) at the various National Priority List (NPL) sites to
define the most frequently occurring problems at these sites; (2) reviews
the extractive treatment technologies that have potential for cleaning the
contaminants from soils; and (3) recommends areas for future research.
* NTIS Accession Number: DE91004347/XAB
Model for economically based conceptual design of soil vapor extraction
systems
DePaoli, D. W. ; Thomas, C O.
Sponsor. Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-900828-10
1990
Soil vapor extraction, also known as in situ soil venting, is rapidly
becoming a widespread technique for the remediation of sites containing
soils contaminated with volatile compounds. In mis process, the soil is
decontaminated in place by inducing air flow through the contaminated soil
zones. Air, removed from the soil through extraction vents using a vacuum
blower, may be resupplied by infiltration from the surface or through
forced or passive inlet vents. This air flow sweeps out the soil gas,
disrupting the equilibrium existing between contaminants which are (1)
sorbed onto the soil particles, (2) dissolved in soil pore water, (3) held
in a separate contaminant phase, and (4) existing in the vapor phase. This
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causes vaporization of the contaminants and removal in the extracted gas
stream. Emissions control devices are often necessary for treatment of the
gas stream prior to discharge. By preventing the hazards caused by
subsurface vapor movement and by removing the contaminants before they
reach groundwater, soil vapor extraction is extremely useful in
decontaminating unsaturated zone soils. The technology may also be used in
conjunction with pump-and-treat groundwater remediation techniques for
complete cleanup of soU and groundwater in cases where me contaminants
have reached the water table. 22 refs., 9 figs.
NTIS Accession Number: PB91-921453/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region Sh Pristine, Inc, Reading, OH.
(First Remedial Action), March 1990. (Amendment)
(Final rept)
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R05-90/132
30 Mar 90
The 2-acre Pristine site is in Reading, Hamilton County, Ohio. The site
is bordered by industrial and residential areas, including a trailer park
three hundred feet northeast of the site. In 1979, State investigations
identified as many as 8,000 to 10,000 drums and several thousand gallons of
liquid wastes onsite. Types of waste included adds, solvents, pesticides,
and PCBs. From 1980 to 1983, EPA and Pristine removed onsite wastes
including paint and solvent sludge, solvents, pesticides, organics,
PCB-contaminated soil, and incinerator ash. The ROD amends the soil
component remedy of the 1987 ROD from in-situ vitrification to incineration
and soil vapor extraction. The primary contaminants of concern affecting
the soil, sediment, debris, and ground water are VOCs including benzene,
PCE, TCE, and xylenes; other organics including dioxin and pesticides such
as DDT; metals including lead, chromium, and arsenic; and other inorganics.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91011439/XAB
Early implementation of the Los Alamos National Laboratory Environmental
Restoration Program at Technical Area 54
Krueger,J.W.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: LA-UR-91-1303; CONF-9105175-1
1991
The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Environmental Restoration (ER)
Program at Technical Area (TA) 54 is currently in the RCRA Facility
Investigation (RFI) phase of an expanded Resource, Conservation, and
Recovery Act (RCRA) corrective action program. Site characterization will
focus on rilling data gaps in a conceptual model constructed from existing
information. An interim remedial measure involving vacuum extraction of a
known organic vapor vadose zone plume will be modeled this year and
hopefully implemented in fiscal year 1993. Long-term environmental
restoration will probably involve vadose zone monitoring to confirm
modeling predictions on the performance of existing disposal unit caps.
However, it is possible that removal or in-situ treatment of some isolated
"bad actors" will be necessary to ensure the long-term success of vapor
extraction, or to remove surface hot spots that are unacceptably
contributing contaminants to the surface water on air pathways. Public
sentiment related to the long-term dedication of TA 54 as a waste disposal
facility will have to be factored in early in the process to ensure that
the most appropriate data are gathered during site characterization, and to
instill confidence, both internally and external to LANL, that the ER
Program Office is headed in the right direction at TA 54.7 refs., 5 figs.
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NITS Accession Number: DE91002003/XAB
Remediation cleanup options for the Hoe Creek UCG site
Nordin, J.; Griffin, W-; Chatwin, T.; Undblom, S.; Grader, S.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: DOE/MC/11076-2955
Mar 90 -
The US Department of Energy must restore groundwater quality at the Hoe
Creek, Wyoming, underground coal gasification site using the best proven
practicable technology. Six alternative remediation methods are evaluated
in this project (1) excavation, (2) three variations of groundwater plume
containment, (3) in situ vacuum extraction, (4) pump and treat using a
defined pattern of pumping wells to obtain an effective matrix sweep, (5)
in situ flushing using a surfactant, and (6) in situ bioremediation.
Available site characterization data is insufficient to accurately project
the cost of remediation. Several alternative hypothetical examples and
associated costs are described in the text and in the appendices. However,
not enough information is available to use these examples as a basis for
comparison purposes. Before a cleanup method is selected, core borings
should be taken to define the area! extent and depth of contaminated matrix
material. Segments of these core borings should be analyzed for organic
contaminants in the soil (e.g., benzene) and their relationship to the
groundwater contamination. These analyses and subsequent treatability
studies will show whether or not the contaminants can be effectively
removed by surface on in situ volatilization, leached from the matrix using
washing solutions, or removed by bioremediation. After this information is
obtained, each technology should be evaluated with respect to cost and
probability of success. A decision tree for implementing remediation
cleanup at the Hoe Creek site is presented in this report. 26 refs., 11
figs., 3 tabs.
NTK Accession Number: PB9M82097/XAB
EPA Site Demonstration of the Terra Vac In situ Vacuum Extraction Process
in Groveland, Massachusetts. (Site Program Update: Part VH)
(Journal article)
Stinson, M. K.
Report No.: EPA/600/J-89/520
C1989
The paper presents an EPA evaluation of the patented Terra Vac, Inc/s in
situ vacuum extraction process that was field-demonstrated on a
trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminated soil in Groveland, MA, under the EPA
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program. The Terra Vac
process employs vacuum for removal and venting of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), such as TCE, from the subsurface soil without excavation.
The demonstration site was a property of an operating machine shop in
Groveland, MA. The site was contaminated with VOCs, mainly TCE, which had
been used as a degreasing solvent. The Terra Vac system was designed,
installed, and operated by Terra Vac, Inc. Evaluation of the process was
performed by EPA based on the results from an extensive sampling and
analytical program and on daily observation of the operations.
NTIS Accession Number: PB91-921411 /XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 9k Watkins-Johnson (Stewart
Division), Scotts Valley, California (First Remedial Action), Final Report
June 29,1990
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R09-90/046
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29Jun90
The Watkins-Johnson site is an active research and development,
manufacturing, and industrial complex in Santa Cruz County, five miles
north of Santa Cruz, California. The Watkins-Johnson Company has owned and
operated the complex since 1963, conducting such activities as: metal
machining, degreasing, metal plating, and photo laboratory activities.
During these activities, a variety of organics, inorganics and metals were
used. The primary contaminants of concern affecting the soil and ground
water are VOCs including PCE and TCE, and metals including silver. The
selected remedial action for the site includes soil vapor (vacuum)
extraction with pretreatment of extracted vapors using GAC prior to ambient
discharge; capping and grading contaminated soil areas to minimize the
potential for mobilization of soil contaminants to the ground water;
installing infiltration leachfields to prevent offsite migration of ground
water contaminants in the perched zone; installing gravity drains to
transfer the contaminated ground water from the perched zone to the
regional aquifer zone for subsequent extraction; ground water pumping and
onsite treatment to remove contamination from bom the perched and regional
zones using GAC adsorption with offsite regeneration of spent carbon. The
estimated present worm cost for this remedial action is $2,156,243, which
includes an estimated annual O and M cost of $167,820.
NTIS Accession Number DE91008600/XAB
Soil vapor extraction enhanced by oscillatory flow
Neeper,D. A.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: LA-UR-91-638; CONF-9105136-2
1991
The rate of contaminant removal by soil vapor extraction becomes low when
diffusion limits the transfer of vapor from the soil to the channels in the
soil where air preferentially flows. This paper suggests that adding an
oscillatory component to the pressure and velocity of the subsurface air
may increase the transport to the channels of flow, and thereby increase
the rate of extraction, when the diffusion limit occurs. Three physical
mechanisms by which oscillatory flow may increase the transport are
described. Algebraic expressions and numerical estimates are given for the
penetration of oscillatory pressure into various soils. Exploratory
f .-pertinents with a laboratory soil column indicate enhanced extraction when
au oscillatory component is superimposed upon nonequilibrium steady flow.
30 refs., 4 figs,, 2 tabs.
* NTIS Accession Number: PB91-168476/XAB
Soil Vapor Extraction Technology: Reference Handbook
(Final repL Jun 89-Mar 90)
Pedersen, T. A.; Curtis, J. T.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/540/2-91/003
Feb91
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems are being used in increasing numbers
due to many advantages these systems hold over other soil treatment
technologies. SVE systems appear to be simple in design and operation, yet
the fundamentals governing subsurface vapor transport are quite complex In
view of the complexity, an expert workshop was held to discuss the
state-of-the-art of me technology, the best approach to optimize systems
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application, and process efficiency and limitations. As a result of the
workshop, an SVE Technology Assessment report was produced. The report
discusses the basic science of the subsurface environment and subsurface
monitoring, emission control, and costs. The report also serves as the
proceedings of the expert workshop. Additional research activities being
conducted include a ffeld demonstration erf a stmrturedSVE system design
approach; a laboratory column study to determine and characterize residuals
following vapor extraction; an assessment of secondary emissions and
regulations governing releases from SVE systems; cost of SVE implementation
and operation; and a survey of techniques to enhance vapor removal.
* NTIS Accession Number. DE91006145/XAB
Summary report of results of the vapor vacuum extraction test at the RWMC
Sisson,J.B.;Ellis,G.C
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EGG-WM-9301
Nov90
A test scale vapor vacuum extraction system was operated for four months
at the Radioactive Waste Management Complex. The extraction system removed
more man 65 million fKsup 3) of soil gas containing 429 Kg of Carbon
Tetrachloride and 164 Kg of TOE. Hydraulic properties of the basalts were
estimated and input into a numerical transport model. The model simulations
indicated that a rubble zone at 190 ft dominated the soil gas flow pattern.
Refined calibration of transport models will allow enhancement of the
production system design to increase operational efficiency and
effectiveness. 7 refs,, 18 figs.
NTIS Accession Number: DE91004347/XAB
Model for economically based conceptual design of soil vapor extraction
systems
DePaoli, D. W.; Thomas, C O.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-900828-10
1990
Soil vapor extraction, also known as in situ soil venting, is rapidly
becoming a widespread technique for the remediation of sites containing
soils contaminated with volatile compounds. In this process, the soil is
decontaminated in place by inducing air flow through the contaminated soil
zones. Air, removed from the soil through extraction vents using a vacuum
blower, may be resupplied by infiltration from the surface or through
forced or passive inlet vents. This air flow sweeps out the soil gas,
disrupting the equilibrium existing between contaminants which are (1)
sorbed onto the soil particles, (2) dissolved in soil pore water, (3) held
in a separate contaminant phase, and (4) existing in the vapor phase. This
causes vaporization of the contaminants and removal in die extracted gas
stream. Emissions control devices are often necessary for treatment of the
gas stream prior to discharge. By preventing the hazards caused by
subsurface vapor movement and by removing the contaminants before they
reach groundwater, soil vapor extraction is extremely useful in
decontaminating unsaturated zone soils. The technology may also be used in
conjunction with pump-and-treat groundwater remediation techniques for
complete cleanup of soil and groundwater in cases where the contaminants
have reached the water table. 22 refs., 9 figs.
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NTB Accession Number: DE91001909/XAB
Probabilistic risk assessment techniques help identify potential hazards
in vapor vacuum extraction
** Lucero, V.; Wierman, T. E.; Purser, F. E.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: EGG-M-90139; CONF-910213-15
1991
The analysis discussed in this paper was performed as part of the buried
waste remediation efforts at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
ONEL). The specific type of remediation involved the extraction of
volatile organics from the ground using a specially-designed system.
Computer models of the proposed system were developed using probabilistic
risk assessment (PRA) fault tree and event tree modeling techniques. These
models were used to confirm the usefulness of the system design and to
identify potential hazards of use of the system. In addition to identifying
dominant contributors to risk, the models were also used to show,
quantitatively, the associated levels of risk from other expressed sources
of concern. 1 ref., 2 figs.
NTES Accession Number: DE90017659/XA6
Performance evaluation of a groundwater and soil gas remedial action
Hansen, M. C; Harmett, S. L.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-900925M
Jul90
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) continue to be remediated by a
groundwater extraction system and an in-situ vapor extraction system at a
Midwest agricultural site. Carbon tetrachloride (CCKsub 4)) and chloroform
(CHCKsub 3)) contamination levels were detected at maximum concentrations
of 4000 parts per billion (ppb) and 360 ppb, respectively, for on-site
groundwater samples and 6000 ppb and 1800 ppb, respectively, for on-site
gas samples. Groundwater from a domestic well and a monitoring well located
at least 2300 ft. downgradient from the site also had CCKsub 4) and
CHCKsub 3) contamination. Furthermore, a public water supply well, located
downgradient of the site, was found to have groundwater contaminated with
CCKsub 4). During two years of operation of the remedial action,
groundwater and soil gas samples have been analyzed to monitor potential
migration of contaminants from the site and to track the overall progress
toward cleanup. Results demonstrate a decrease in groundwater contamination
in both on- and off-site monitoring wells and a decrease in soil gas air
emissions from the site. This paper presents the sampling results for the
site over the last two years and discusses trends indicating the
effectiveness of the remedial action system in controlling contaminant
migration and overall progress toward reducing the source of contamination
in the unsaturated subsoils. 7 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.
NTIS Accession Number: NTN90-0576
State of Technology Review: Soil Vapor Extraction Systems
(NTIS Tech Note)
Jul90
This citation summarizes a one-page announcement of technology available
for utilization. Soils may become contaminated in a number of ways with
such volatile organic chemicals as industrial solvents and gasoline
components. Alternatives for decontaminating unsaturated soil include
excavation with on-site or off-site treatment or disposal, biological
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degradation, and soil flushing. Soil vapor extraction is also an accepted,
cost-effective technique to remove volatile organic chemicals from
contaminated soils. Among the advantages of the soil vapor extraction
process are that it minimally disturbs the contaminated soil, it can be
constructed from standard equipment, it has been demonstrated at pilot- and
field-scale, it can be used to treat larger volumes of soil than are
practical for excavation, and it has a potential for product recovery. With
vapor extraction, spills can be cleaned up before the chemicals reach the
ground water table. Soil vapor extraction technology is often used with
other clean up technologies to provide complete restoration of contaminated
sites. A large number of pilot- and full-scale soil vapor extraction
systems have been constructed and studied under a wide range of conditions.
One of the major objectives of the Report is to review available reports
describing current practices critically and to summarize this information
as concisely as possible. A brief description of a typical vapor extraction
system is presented. The experience with existing extraction systems has
been reviewed, and information about each system is briefly summarized in a
standard form.
NTK Accession Number: FB90-216995/XAB
Soil Vapor Extraction VOC Control Technology Assessment
(Final rept)
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Report No.: EPA/450/4-89/017
Sep89
Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) is an emerging technology in which volatile
organic chemicals (VOC) are extracted from soil through use of a vacuum
system. The decision to employ a VOC control system treatment is largely
dependent upon VOC concentrations and applicable regulations. The selection
of a particular VOC treatment option may be somewhat more complicated and
based upon individual site characteristics. Pacific Environmental Services,
Inc. (PES) was contracted by the US. EPA to investigate and evaluate
potential VOC control techniques for use at SVE sites. The purpose of the
investigation is to gain insight into the operation of SVE systems in
general and to develop and summarize information on the factors associated
with determining applicable VOC control systems. These factors include the
feasibility, relative cost, and performance of various air pollution
control techniques.
NTIS Accession Number: DE90001767/XAB
Model for the Future: Innovative Combination of Technologies for Soil and
Groudwater VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) Remediation
Reeme, T. L.; Hartnett, S. L.; Miller, S. F.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-8909170-2
6Jul89
Elevated levels of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform were detected in
1982 in a public water supply serving a small agricultural community in the
Midwest. The US Environmental Protection Agency subsequently initiated an
"expedited response action" and identified the contaminant source as a
former grain storage facility where carbon tetrachloride had been used as a
fumigant from 1955 to 1965. An innovative remedial system, operating at the
facility site since early 1988, simultaneously removes volatile organic
compounds from extracted groundwater by air stripping and reduces subsoil
source contamination by in situ vapor extraction. This paper presents a
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case history of the contamination and the remedial action and discusses
plans to expedite cleanup operations and increase their cost-effectiveness.
2 figs., 2 tabs.
« NTTS Accession Number PB90-139221/XAB
Health Assessment lor
p^*iy fUMC),
Puerto Rico, Region 2. CERCLJS No. PRD980301154
(Final rept)
9Aug88
In September 1982, an approximately 15,000 gallon leak of waste material
(65% carbon tetrachloride, 35% acetonitrile) from an underground storage
tank resulted in the contamination of soil and groundwater. Domestic wells
downgradient of the site were found to be contaminated shortly after the
leak was discovered. Alternate water supplies were provided. Since
permeation of the soil was rapid, corrective action was instituted
immediately to protect the water table aquifer, including vacuum extraction
of the contaminants from the soil, and extraction and recharge of the
groundwater after air-stripping of contaminants. A monitoring program was
implemented to track the migration of contamination within the aquifer, and
any residences with water supply wells found to be contaminated at levels
greater than 20 ppb were to be provided with alternate sources. The actions
taken appear to be adequately protective of public health.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-126665/XAB
Tena Vac In situ Vacuum Extraction System: Applications Analysis Report
Stinson,M.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OR Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/540/A5-89/003
Jul89
The document is an evaluation of the Terra Vac in situ vacuum extraction
system and its applicability as a treatment method for waste site cleanup.
The report analyzes the results from the Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) Program's 56-day demonstration at the Valley Manufactured
Product Company's site in Groveland, Massachusetts and data from other
applications. Conclusions were reached concerning the technology's
suitability for use in remediations involving both similar and different
materials at other sites. Operational data and sampling and analysis
information were monitored carefully to establish a database against which
vendor's claims for the technology could be evaluated. The conclusions from
the results of the Groveland demonstration test and from other available
data are: (1) the process can be used to remediate a site contaminated with
VOCs; (2) the process can remove VOCs from soils with permeabilities as low
as 10 to the minus eighth power on/s; (3) the process operates well in all
weather conditions; and (4) the process implementation costs can be as low
as $10/ton, depending on various site-specific conditions.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-119744/XAB
Terra Vac In situ Vacuum Extraction System: Applications Analysis Report
Michaels, P. A.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/540/A5-89/003
Jul89
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The report analyzes the results from the SITE Program's 56-day
demonstration at the Valley Manufactured Product Company's site in
Groveland, Massachusetts. Conclusions were reached concerning the
technology's suitability for use in remediations involving both similar and
different materials at other sites. Operational data and sampling and
analysis information were monitored carefully to establish a database
against which vendor's claims for the technology could be evaluated.
Additional data on the technology's performance at other sites is also
discussed. The conclusions from the results of the Groveland demonstration
test and from other available data are: the process can be used to
remediate a site contaminated with VOCs; the process can remove VOCs from
soils with permeabilities as low as 10 to the 8th power cm/s; the process
operates well in all weather conditions; and the process implementation
costs can be as low as $20/ton, depending on various site-specific
conditions.
NTIS Accession Number DE89014757/XAB
in situ Venting of Jet Fuel-Contaminated Soil
Elliott, M. G. ; DePaoli, D. W.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-89G526-1
1989
The Air Force Engineering and Services center is performing a field
demonstration of in situ soil venting at a 27,000-gaIIon jet fuel spill
site at Hill AFB UT. In situ soil venting is a soil cleanup technique which
uses vacuum blowers to pull large volumes of air through contaminated soil.
The air flow sweeps out the soil gas, disrupting the equilibrium existing
between the contaminants on the soil and in the vapor. This causes
volatilization of the contaminants and subsequent removal in the air
stream. In situ soil venting has been used for removing volatile
contaminants such as gasoline and trichloroethylene, but a full-scale
demonstration for removing jet fuel from soil has not been reported. This
paper describes our initial site characterization, the one-vent pilot test,
and the design and preliminary results of our full-scale in situ soil
venting system. 5 refs., 7 figs.
NTIS Accession Number DE89015870/XAB
Performance of In situ Soil Venting System at Jet Fuel Spill Site
DePaoli, D. W. ; Herbes, S. E. ; Elliott, M. G.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-8906190-1
1989
The Air Force Engineering and Services Center and Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) are performing a field demonstration of in situ venting
at a 27,000-gal jet fuel spill site at Hill Air Force Base (AFB), Utah. In
situ soil venting is a soil cleanup techniques that uses vacuum blowers to
pull large volumes of air through contaminated soil. The air flow sweeps
out the soil gas, disrupting the equilibrium existing between the
contaminants on the soil and in the vapor. This causes volatilization of
the contaminant and subsequent removal in the air stream. In situ soil
venting has been used for removing volatile contaminants such as gasoline
and trichloroethylene, but a full-scale demonstration for removing jet fuel
from soil has not been reported. This paper briefly describes the jet fuel
spill site and the design and results to date of our full-scale in situ
soil venting system. 8 refs., 9 figs.
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NITS Accession Number: PB90-114836/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 9fc Fairchild Semiconductor (S
San Jose), CA. (First Remedial Action), March 1989
(Final rept)
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R09-89/Q28
20 Mar 89
The Fairchild Semiconductor site is a former semiconductor manufacturing
facility in San Jose, California. In late 1981, Fairchild discovered mat
an underground organic solvent waste tank had failed, resulting in sofl and
on- and offsite ground water contamination. Fairchild has been
investigating and cleaning up soil and ground water pollution at the
facility since contamination was first detected in 1981. The primary
contaminants of concern affecting the soil and ground water are VOCs
including PCE, TCA, DCE, and xylenes. The selected remedial action for the
site includes onsite soil vapor extraction (aeration); onsite shallow
ground water and offsite ground water pumping and treatment using air
stripping, followed by offsite reinfection of treated ground water and
discharge to surface water after aquifer reuse capacity has been exhausted;
deep ground water from offsite, followed by discharge of untreated ground
water to surface water via storm drains; conducting laboratory and field
study of biodegradation of onsite chemicals; implementing institutional
controls including deed restrictions to limit ground water and land use;
and ground water monitoring.
NTIS Accession Number PB90-112236/XAB
Health Assessment for Waverfy Groundwater Contamination, Waverry,
Nebraska, Region 7. CERCLIS No. NED980862718
(Final rept)
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.; Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, G A.
14Nov88
A groundwater contamination site containing a former United States
Department of Agriculture grain storage facility in Waverly, Nebraska was
placed on the National Priorities List in May 1986. A grain fumigant
containing 80% carbon tetrachloride was used at the facility between 1955
and 1965. Soil contaminants at the site have leached into the groundwater;
and Waverly's public water supply well, PWS-3, was discovered to be
contaminated. Soils on-site are contaminated with carbon tetrachloride and
chloroform. Groundwater on-site and off-site contains carbon tetrachloride,
chloroform, selenium, and nitrate at concentrations greater than their US.
EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels. The remedial action chosen for
implementation at the site consist of a ground water extraction system and
an air stripping system, which will remove the volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) from the groundwater. A vapor extraction system will provide source
control and remove VOCs located in the soil above the water table.
NTS Accession Number: PB90-108481/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 9): IBM (International Business
Machines), San Jose, CA. (First Remedial Action), December 1988
(Final rept)
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R09-89/029
15 Dec 88
International Business Machines (IBM) has owned and operated a facility
in San Jose, California, since December 1956 using organic chemicals
including TCA, acetone, xylene, and petroleum naphthas. The organics have
been handled and stored onsite in drums, and above-ground and underground
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tanks. In addition, waste organic solvents were stored in concrete or steel
underground tanks or drums; however, the concrete tanks were designed only
to store organic wastes. In October 1980, while excavating tanks, IBM
discovered soil contaminated with organics. Furthermore, investigations in
November 1981 revealed extensive ground water contamination. The selected
remedial action for the site includes onsite soil vapor extraction; onsite
shallow and deep ground water, and offeite deep ground water pumping and
treatment using air stripping, followed by onsite discharge of treated
ground water to me aquifer and offsite discharge to surface water after
the reuse capacity of the aquifer is exhausted.
* NTTS Accession Number PB89-192033/XAB
Technology Evaluation Report: SITE (Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation) Program Demonstration Test Terra Vac In situ Vacuum Extration
System, Groveland, Massachusetts. Volume 2
Michaels, P. A.
Sponsor Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No,: EPA/540/5-89/003B
Apr 89
Sampling and analysis was conducted during the Terra-Vac In-situ Vacuum
Extraction Project in Groveland, Massachusetts. The Terra-Vac process was
demonstrated and tested under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA's) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program. The
major objectives of the demonstration were: (1) determine the ability of
the technology to reach an acceptable low level of contaminant
concentration in the soil; (2) to assess the effectiveness in various soil
types; (3) to gather capital and operating costs; and (4) to gain
performance and reliability information. A secondary objective was to
establish a correlation between volatile organic concentrations in soils
and concentration in extracted vapor. The report has been organized into
three volumes. Volume n, Field Data Sheets, contains copies of the
original daily sample data sheets which were used to record process
conditions and sampling information. In addition, copies of the
chain-of-custody sheets used during the project are also included.
NTIS Accession Number: PB89-192025/XAB
Technology Evaluation Report: SITE (Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation) Program Demonstration Test Terra Vac In situ Vacuum Extraction
System, Groveland, Massachusetts. Volume 1
Michaels, P. A.
Sponsor Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OR Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/540/5-89/OG3A
Apr 89
An evaluation was made of Terra Vac Inc/s vacuum extraction system
during a 56-day demonstration test run at Valley Manufactured Product
Company's site in Groveland, Massachusetts. This site is part of the
Groveland Wells Superfund site and is contaminated mainly by
trichloroethylene. The report, one of three volumes, includes a detailed
discussion of the operations of the vacuum extraction unit, a process
description and diagram of the system and a summary of the sampling and
analytical protocols. The final sampling and analytical report and the
quality assurance project plan are included. An overall evaluation of the
process cost and its applicability to other Superfund sites across the
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country is included. Both shallow soil gas and soil VOC concentrations
showed a decline with time which was correlatable. The process worked well
in soils of both high and low permeability. The system operation was very
reliable during the 56-day demonstration test run and the only operation
attention required was to replace the spent activated carbon canisters with
fresh canisters. - .
NTJS Accession Number: FB89-206262/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 2fc Upjohn Manufacturing
Company, Barceloneia, Puerto Rico (First Remedial Action) September 1988
(Final rept)
Report No.: EPA/ROD/RQ2-88/071
30Sep88
The Upjohn Manufacturing Company (UMC) site is located in me Barceloneta
industrial park on the north coast of Puerto Rico. Land use in the
surrounding area is industrial, agricultural, and rural residential.
Between August and September 1982, UMC dispatched approximately 15300
gallons of a manufacturing by-product waste mixture estimated to be
comprised of 65% carbon tetrachloride and 35% acetonitrile to a leaking
underground storage tank (USD, resulting in the release of all of the
waste into the ground. Investigation by UMC determined that carbon
tetrachloride contamination had migrated offsite approximately 2 miles to
the north and occupied an area of about 2.1 sq miles. In 1983, UMC began
implementing remedial actions to remove carbon tetrachloride from the solid
and ground water. This included the installation and operation of a vacuum
extraction system until March 1988. The possibility of residual
contamination in the soil as a continuing source of carbon tetrachloride
contamination in the ground water will be addressed later by the EPA RCRA
program. The primary contaminant of concern affecting the ground water is
carbon tetrachloride. The selected remedial action for this site is given.
NTIS Accession Number: PB89-195184/XAB
State of Technology Review Soil Vapor Extraction Systems
(Final rept)
Hutzler, N. J.; Murphy, B. E.; Gierke, J. S.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OR Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-89/024
Jun89
Soil vapor extraction is a cost-effective technique for the removal of
volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from contaminated soils. Among the
advantages of the soil air extraction processes are that they create a
minimal disturbance of the contaminated soil, they can be constructed from
standard equipment, mere is demonstrated experience with soil vapor
extraction at pilot- and field-scale,., they can be used to treat larger
volumes of soil than can be practically excavated, and there is a potential
for product recovery. The experience with existing extraction systems has
been reviewed and information about each system is briefly summarized.
NTIS Accession Number: PB89-188932/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 1): Groveland Wells Nos. 1 and 2
Site, Valley Site Source-Control Organic Operable Unit; Groveland,
Massachusetts (First Remedial Action), September 1988
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R01-88/030
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30Sep88
The 850-acre Groveland Wells site is located in the Town of Groveland,
Essex County, Massachusetts within the lower Johnson Creek drainage basin.
The site includes Die watershed and aquifer which recharge two municipal
supply wells, Station Nos. 1 and 2, and three known sources of soil,
surface water, and ground water contamination: the Valley site, me A.W.
Chesterson site, and the Havenhill Municipal Landfill site. The selected
remedial action for me Valley site operable unit includes: in situ vacuum
extraction of approximately 20,000 cu yds of unsaturated soil followed by
activated carbon treatment of the extracted VOCs; onsite ground water pump
and treatment by carbon adsorption and aeration, with recharge to the
aquifer of a portion of the treated ground water.
NTTS Accession Number: PB89-182471/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 7h Hastings Ground Water .
Contamination. Colorado Avenue, NE. Hastings, Nebraska (First Remedial
Action), September 1988
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R07-88/018
28Sep88
The Colorado Avenue subsite of the Hastings Ground Water Contamination
site is located in the City of Hastings, Adams County, Nebraska. From 1967
to May 1982 the site was used by Dravo Corporation for manufacturing of
heating and air conditioning equipment. Metals were cleaned prior to
finishing with a vapor-degreasing process, and the waste solvents were
discharged directly into the sanitary sewer and the storm sewer. Ground
water contamination was discovered when an out-of-service drinking water
well was put back in service. The selected remedial action for this site
includes: in situ soil vapor extraction, utilizing vacuum extraction
technologies; treatment of extracted vapor with an activated carbon system,
and air and ground water monitoring.
NTIS Accession Number: PB89-182463/XAB
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 7fc Hastings Ground Water
Contamination, FAR-MAR-CO, NE. Hastings, Nebraska. (First Remedial Action),
September 1988
Report No.: EPA/ROD/R07-88/OI7
30Sep88
The FAR-MAR-CO subsite of the Hastings Ground Water Contamination site is
located east of the City of Hastings, Adams County, Nebraska. The site is
currently owned by Farmland Industries, Inc., who acquired the property
through a merger with FAR-MAR-CO, Inc. in 1967. The current and previous
owners used various chemicals onsite for fumigation of stored grain.
Contamination was discovered when complaints about water quality.
Contaminated soil at the subsite are believed to be the result of
accidental spills and may be the direct result of a 1959 grain dust
explosion which damaged a fumigation tank system, releasing 997 gallons of
fumigant. The selected remedial action for this site includes: in situ soil
vapor extraction, utilizing vacuum extraction technologies; treatment of
extracted vapor with an activated carbon system, and air and ground water
monitoring.
NTIS Accession Number: DE88016058/XAB
Program Plan: Testing of Vacuum Extraction and In-Situ Air Stripping
Technologies
Kaback, D. S. ; Looney, B. B.
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Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DPST-87-561
24 Jul 87
Recent hydrological investigations at the Savannah River Plant (SRP) have
shown that operation of the plant has resulted in contamination of the
groundwater and the vadose zone in various locations across the plant
Volatile organic solvent (VOO contamination has been observed at a number
of locations across SRP. A remedial action program consisting of
above-ground air stripping of groundwater is underway to address
contamination in M Area. A recent pilot study to clean up the soils above
the water table was completed in M Area (for location see Figure 1). A new
technique, in-situ vacuum extraction, successfully removed significant
quantities of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene from the soils
along a portion of the abandoned process-sewer line in M Area. The
vacuum-extraction test was conducted for a period of three weeks. It is
calculated mat almost 1500 pounds of solvents were removed from the soils
during the test. The radius of influence for the. vacuum process is
estimated to be greater titan 75 feet. 5 figs. (ERA citation 13:054945)
NTIS Accession Number: DE89000010/XAB
Research Study on Horizontal Well Drilling and in-Situ Remediation: Final
Program Plan
Kaback, D. S.; Looney, B. B.
Sponsor Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: DPST-88-346
22Feb88
Vacuum extraction and air-stripping are new technologies that have broad
applications at sites of volatile organic contaminated soils and
groundwater. These types of sites are very common across the United States.
A research study to test the combined effect of both technologies in an
in-situ setting is planned. Vacuum extraction has been demonstrated as an
effective technique to remediate the vadose zone both at SRP and at
numerous sites across the country. Air stripping has also been demonstrated
as an effective technique in an above-ground setting at SRP and across the
country. However, to our knowledge it has not been tested as an in-situ
method. The proposed research is on the leading edge of groundwater/vadose
zone remediation technology and has great potential to impact available
technology in this field. 3 refs., 13 figs., 1 tab. (ERA citation
13:057522)
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SECTION IKiHT: VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES
* NTB Accession Number PB91-190975/XAB
Air/Superrund National Technical Guidance Study Series. Emission Factors
Av Snpezfund Remediation Technologies
Thompson, P.; Ingiis, A.; Eklund, B.
Sponsor Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response.
Report No.: EPA/450/1-91/001
Mar 91
The report contains procedures and example calculations for estimating
air emissions that occur from treating contaminated material at Superfund
sites. Emission factors for .six treatment technologies are presented. These
are: (1) Thermal Treatment (2) Air Stripping, (3) Soil Vapor Extraction,
(4) Solidification and Stabilization, (5) Physical and Chemical Treatment,
and (6) Biotreatment and Land Treatment For each of the six technologies,
a literature review was conducted to develop a flow diagram and identify
emission points, as well as to analyze available air emissions data. For
most of the technologies examined, emission factors were based on available
data as well as assumed'typical'operating conditions. Where possible,
however, emission factors were presented on actual operating data from the
site studies. Emission factors are presented for volatile organic compounds
(VOC), metals, paniculate matter, SO2, NOx, CO, Hd, and HP. The report
also contains an extensive bibliography related to waste treatment
technologies.
NT1S Accession Number: PB91-181818/XAB
Feasibility of Hydraulic Fracturing of Soil to Improve Remedial Actions
Murdoch, L. C; Losonsky, G.; duxton, P.; Patterson, B.; Klich, I.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-91/012
Apr 91
Hydraulic fracturing, a method of increasing fluid flow within the
subsurface, should improve the effectiveness of several remedial
techniques, including pump and treat, vapor extraction, bio-remediation,
and soil-flushing. The technique is widely used to increase the yields of
oil wells, but is untested under conditions typical of contaminated sites.
The project consisted of laboratory experiments, where hydraulic fractures
were created in a triaxial pressure cell, and two field tests, where
fractures were created at shallow depths in soil. The lab tests showed that
hydraulic fractures are readily created in clayey silt, even when it is
saturated and loosely-consolidated. Many of the lab observations can be
explained using parameters and analyses based on linear elastic fracture
mechanics. Following the field tests, the vicinity of the boreholes was
excavated to reveal details of the hydraulic fractures. Maximum lengths of
the fractures, as measured from the borehold to the leading edge, averaged
4.0 m, and the average area was 19 sqm. Maximum thickness of sand ranged
from 2 to 20 mm, averaging 11 mm. As many as four fractures were created
from a single borehold, stacked one over the other at vertical spacing of
15 to 30 cm.
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* NITS Accession Number PB91-185041 /XAB
PCB Management Technologies for Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution
5* stems. Topical Report, October 1989-March 1990
Woodyard, J. P.; Fitzgerald, M.; Jones, G.; Sheehan, G.; Davisson, G
Sponsor: Gas Research Inst, Chicago, IL
Report No.: GRI-90/0103
Dec90
As part of a program to assist gas companies in selecting and
implementing cost effective PCB management technologies, a review of
available technologies for a variety of contamination scenarios in gas
transmission and distribution was performed. Fluids containing PCBs were
used as lubricants in gas and air compressor systems throughout the gas
transmission and distribution industries. Treatment technologies for the
potentially contaminated media (pipelines, condensate, soil, sludge, water,
building, equipment, and tanks) include thermal treatment, chemical
dechlorination, landfill, physical separation, and bioremediation. Pigging
technology has been the traditional method for decontaminating pipeline,
though solvent flushing and swabbing are available for precut pipeline
sections. Pipeline PCB contaminated condensate is commonly incinerated, but
chemical dechlorination is another option for treatment PCB contaminated
soils and sludges have been either disposed of through use of landfills or
by thermal treatment. Several other technologies have been investigated and
some are commercially available. PCB contaminated water is typically
treated through commercial incineration or filtration/carbon absorption.
Decontamination of equipment and buildings includes a varity of fundamental
effective techniques. Relevant sampling and analysis techniques were also
reviewed.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-106428/XAB
Assessment of International Technologies for Superfund Applications:
Technology Review and Trip Report Results
Nunno, T. J.; Hyman, J. A.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response.
Report No.: EPA/540/2^88/003
Sep88
Several international technologies were identified and investigated for
their applicability to hazardous waste site remediation in the United
States. The field team visited with twelve research groups, consultants and
manufacturers at 15 locations in The Netherlands, Belgium and the Federal
Republic of Germany (FRG). Results of the individual site visits are
summarized and a capsule summary of each technology includes a brief
process description, discussion of process limitations, performance data,
costs, and status of process development. Identified were site cleanup
technologies not currently used in the U.S., as well as unique applications
of techniques used in the US. Among the most important findings were five
different soil washing techniques in Holland and the the FRG. Another key
finding was the High Temperature Slagging Incinerator technology reviewed
in Belgium. In addition, the field team reviewed unique applications of in
situ biological treatment and composting techniques, vacuum extraction and
in situ air stripping, in situ extraction of cadmium from soils,
application of rotating biological contractors, and electrochemical
dehalogenation techniques.
86
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NTIS Accession Number PB88-131271/XAB
Technical Resource Document Treatment Technologies for Halogenated
Organic Containing Wastes. Volume 1
Suiprenant, N.; Nunno, T.; Kravett, M. M.; Breton, M.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-87/098
Dec 87
The halogenated organics technical resource document (TRD) is one of a
series of five TRDs that are being prepared by the Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Laboratory. It provides information that can be used
by environmental regulatory agencies and others as a source of technical
information describing alternatives to the land disposal of nonsolvent
halogenated wastes. These alternatives include waste
minimization/recovery., treatment, and disposal of waste streams. Although
emphasis is placed on the presentation of performance data for proven
technologies, information dealing with the applicability of other emerging
technologies is presented as well. The treatment technologies discussed in
the TRD include biological treatment as well as the following physical,
chemical, and thermal treatment technologies: Physical treatment:
(Distillation, Evaporation, Steam-stripping, Solvent extraction, Carbon
adsorption); Chemical treatment: (Wet air oxidation. Supercritical water,
UV/ozone oxidation, Chemical dechlorination, In situ vitrification);
Thermal treatment: (Incineration, Molten glass, Molten salt, Pyrolysis).
NTIS Accession Number PB91-181818/XAB
Feasibility of Hydraulic Fracturing of Soil to Improve Remedial Actions
Murdoch, L. C; Losonsky, G.; Quxton, P.; Patterson, B.; Klich, I.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-91/012
Apr 91
Hydraulic fracturing, a method of increasing fluid flow within the
subsurface, should improve the effectiveness of several remedial
techniques, including pump and treat, vapor extraction, bio-remediation,
and soil-flushing. The technique is widely used to increase the yields of
oil wells, but is untested under conditions typical of contaminated sites.
The project consisted of laboratory experiments, where hydraulic fractures
were created in a triaxial pressure cell, and two field tests, where
fractures were created at shallow depths in soil. The lab tests showed that
hydraulic fractures are readily created in clayey silt, even when it is
saturated and loosely-consolidated. Many of the lab observations can be
explained using parameters and analyses based on linear elastic fracture
mechanics. Following the field tests, the vicinity of the boreholes was
excavated to reveal details of the hydraulic fractures. Maximum lengths of
the fractures, as measured from the borehold to the leading edge, averaged
4.0 m, and the average area was 19 sq m. Maximum thickness of sand ranged
from 2 to 20 mm, averaging 11 mm. As many as four fractures were created
from a single borehold, stacked one over the other at vertical spacing of
15 to 30 on.
87
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NTIS Accession Number PB88-131271/XAB
Technical Resource Document: Treatment Technologies for Halogenated
Organic Containing Wastes. Volume 1
Surprenant, N.; Nunno, T.; Kravett, M. M.; Breton, M.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-37/098
Dec87
The halogenated organks technical resource document (TRD) is one of a
series of five TRDs that are being prepared by the Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Laboratory. It provides information that can be used
by environmental regulatory agencies and others as a source of technical
information describing alternatives to the land disposal of nonsolvent
halogenated wastes. These alternatives include waste
mmimization/recovery., treatment; and disposal of waste streams. Although
emphasis is placed on the presentation of performance data for proven
technologies, information dealing with the applicability of other emerging
technologies is presented as well. The treatment technologies discussed in
the TRD include biological treatment as well as the following physical,
chemical, and thermal treatment technologies: Physical treatment
(Distillation, Evaporation, Steam-stripping, Solvent extraction, Carbon
adsorption); Chemical treatment: (Wet air oxidation, Supercritical water,
UV/ozone oxidation, Chemical dechlorination, In situ vitrification);
Thermal treatment: (Incineration, Molten glass, Molten salt, Pyrolysis).
NTIS Accession Number PB90-269721/XAB
European Soil and Groundwater Legislation: Implications for the Oil
Refining Industry
Beuming, G. ; Baverstock, S. J.; Bison, P.; Guillerme, M.; Lilie, R.
H.
Report No.: CONCAWE-4/90
C1990
The report interprets the European situation regarding soil and
groundwater protection legislation and techniques. The implications to the
oil refining industry currently vary widely, but harmonization of
legislation by the European Community may be leading to a more consistent
approach to the clean-up of contaminated sites. Priority will remain on
prevention of contamination occurrences, minimizing the need to take
remedial measures. There is a wide range of techniques available to prevent
the spread and to restore the sites of any spillages. To select a clean-up
strategy, firstly a thorough survey involving groundwater and soil analysis
has to be made of the contaminated area and its surrounds. The other key
determinants of clean-up actions are the standards set for the allowable
residual contamination, which depend on the degree of risk of harmful
effects, and the costs of the various options. Costs of in-situ treatment
range from $3 to $400 per ton of soil treated by soil venting or soil
flushing, respectively. Ex-situ treatment can range from $100/tonto
$500/ton for soil removed and treated by various means, depending on the
nature of the particular hazardous contaminant involved. (Copyright (c)
CONCAWE Brussels July 1990.)
88
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NTIS Accession Number: PB90-202656/XAB
Innovative Operational Treatment Technologies for Application to
Superfund Site: Nine Case Studies
(Final rept) ";
Young, C ; Schmoyer, B. ; Edison, J. ; Roeck, D. ; Ball, J.
Report No.: EPA/540/2-90/006
Apr90
Nine case studies are presented ma report mat was designed to identify
and obtain operational data from ongoing and completed remediation efforts.
The case studies are presented as appendices, and provide process
descriptions, performance, operational and cost data. The nine appendices
present case studies on the following topics. Incineration of Explosives
and Contaminated soils. Groundwater Extraction with Air Stripping,
Groundwater Biodegradation Treatment System, Ground Extraction and
Treatment, Groundwater Extraction with Air Stripping and Soil Vacuum
Extraction, Groundwater Extraction with Physical Chemical and Biological
Treatment, and Chemical Treatment of Groundwater and Soil Flushing.
NTIS Accession Number PB90-156225/XAB
Technologies of Delivery or Recovery for the Remediation of Hazardous
Waste Sites
Murdoch, L. ; Patterson, B. ; Losonsky, G. ; Harrar, W.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-89/066
Jan 90
Techniques to recover contaminants or deliver treating material at
contaminated sites are described in the report. Few of the 17 described
delivery or recovery techniques are in use today. New technologies, used in
other industries such as petroleum extraction or mining, show promise for
remediation of contaminated sites, but require investigation to affirmation
of their suitability for in-situ remediation. The following 17 technologies
are described: Colloidal gas aphrons; Hydraulic fracturing; Radial
drilling; Ultrasonic methods; Kerfing; Electro-kinetics; Jet slurrying; CO2
injection; Polymer injection; Vapor extraction; Steam stripping; Hot brine
injection; In-situ combustion; Radio frequency heating; Cyclic pumping;
Soil flushing; Ground freezing. Each description of a technology includes
an explanation of the basic processes involved, the optimal site conditions
for use, the current status of research, the personnel currently involved
in research, and a list of references.
NTIS Accession Number: PB90-106428/XAB
Assessment of International Technologies for Superfund Applications:
Technology Review and Trip Report Results
Nunno, T. J. ; Hyman, J. A.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response.
Report No.: EPA/540/2-88/003
Sep88
Several international technologies were identified and investigated for
their applicability to hazardous waste site remediation in the United
States. The field team visited with twelve research groups, consultants and
manufacturers at 15 locations in The Netherlands, Belgium and the Federal
Republic of Germany (FRG). Results of the individual site visits are
summarized and a capsule summary of each technology includes a brief
89
-------
process description, discussion of process limitations, performance data,
costs, and status of process development. Identified were site cleanup
technologies not currently used in the U5-, as well as unique applications
of techniques used in the US. Among the most important findings were five
different soil washing techniques in Holland and me the FRG. Another key
finding was me High Ten^jeratiireSlaggmgmdnerator technology reviewed
In Belgium. In addition, the field team reviewed unique applications of in
situ biological treatment and composting techniques, vacuum extraction and
in situ air stripping, in situ extraction of cadmium from soils,
application of rotating biological contractors, and electrochemical
dehalogenation techniques.
NTIS Accession Number PB87-152518/XAB
Fretreatment of Hazardous Waste
Oppelt, E. T.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/047
Jan 87
Hie report describes the waste applicability and performance
characteristics of hazardous waste pretreatment processes. Pretreatment
processes are those unit operations which must often be carried out on
hazardous wastes to make mem amenable to subsequent materials or energy
recovery steps, to chemical or biological detoxification, thermal
destruction or safe land disposal. The pretreatment processes covered are
primarily phase separation (floatation, filtration, distillation, etc.) and
component separation (adsorption, stripping, solvent extraction, etc.)
techniques. Methods for selecting the appropriate pretreatment process are
provided as a function of waste characteristics, treatment objective,
technical adequacy, performance, and cost and energy considerations.
Detailed summaries are provided for the various techniques along with
relevant performance data.
* NTIS Accession Number: PB89-221410/XAB
Treatment Technology Background Document
Berlow, J. R; Vorbach, J.
Report No.: EPA/530/SW-89/048A
Jun89
The document, consisting of descriptions of 23 treatment technologies,
includes information relevant to the use and understanding of the
background documents for each group of listed hazardous wastes subject to
the RCRA Land Ban restrictions. These treatment technology descriptions
represent a revision to previously published versions. Typically the
revisions made were editorial in nature. The reader should note that the
document has not been peer reviewed.
NTIS Accession Number PB88-250204/XAB
Results of Treatment Evaluations of Contaminated Soils
Esposito, P.; Hessling, J.; Locke, B. B.; Taylor, M.; Szabo, M.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/181
Aug88
Soil and debris from Superfund sites must be treated to minimize their
threat to human health and the environment as part of remedial actions at
such sites. Studies were conducted on the effectiveness with which five
90
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treatment processes removed or immobilized synthetic soils containing
volatile and semivolatile organics and metals. The treatment technologies
were soil washing, dechlorination with potassium polyethylene glycol
(KPfiG), incineration, low temperature thermal desorption and
solidification/fixation. The paper describes the production of four
synthetic soils containing varying levels of contaminants and reports the
effectiveness of the five treatment methods.
NTIS Accession Number PB9M90975/XAB
Aix/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series. Emission Factors
for Superfund Remediation Technologies
Thompson, P.; Inglis, A.; Eklund, 8.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response.
Report No.: EPA/450/^91/001
Mar 91
The report contains procedures and example calculations for estimating
air emissions that occur from treating contaminated material at Superfund
sites. Emission factors for six treatment technologies are presented. These
are: (1) Thermal Treatment, (2) Air Stripping, (3) Soil Vapor Extraction,
(4) Solidification and Stabilization, (5) Physical and Chemical Treatment,
and (6) Biotreatment and Land Treatment For each of the six technologies,
a literature review was conducted to develop a flow diagram and identify
emission points, as well as to analyze available air emissions data. For
most of the technologies examined, emission factors were based on available
data as well as assumed 'typical' operating conditions. Where possible,
however, emission factors were presented on actual operating data from the
site studies. Emission factors are presented for volatile organic compounds
(VOQ, metals, particulate matter, SO2, NQx, CO, HO, and HF. The report
also contains an extensive bibliography related to waste treatment
technologies.
NTIS Accession Number PB91-181818/XAB
Feasibility of Hydraulic Fracturing of Soil to Improve Remedial Actions
Murdoch, L. C; Losonsky, G.; Quxton, P.; Patterson, B.; Mich, I.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OR Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-91/012
Apr 91
Hydraulic fracturing, a method of increasing fluid flow within the
subsurface, should improve the effectiveness of several remedial
techniques, including pump and treat, vapor extraction, bio-remediation,
and soil-flushing. The technique is widely used to increase the yields of
oil wells, but is untested under conditions typical of contaminated sites.
The project consisted of laboratory experiments, where hydraulic fractures
were created in a biaxial pressure cell, and two field tests, where
fractures were created at shallow depths in soil. The lab tests showed that
hydraulic fractures are readily created in clayey silt, even when it is
saturated and loosely-consolidated. Many of the lab observations can be
explained using parameters and analyses based on linear elastic fracture
mechanics. Following the field tests, the vicinity of the boreholes was
excavated to reveal details of the hydraulic fractures. Maximum lengths of
the fractures, as measured from the borehold to the leading edge, averaged
4.0 m, and the average area was 19 sq m. Maximum thickness of sand ranged
-------
from 2 to 20 mm, averaging 11 nun. As many as four fractures were created
from a single borehold, stacked one over the other at vertical spacing of
15 to 30 cm.
* NTIS Accession Number PB90-202656/XAB
Innovative Operational Treatment Technologies for Application to
Snpexfond Site: Nine Case Studies
(Final rept)
Young, C; Sdundyer, B.; Edison, J.; Roeck, D.; Ball, J.
Report No.: EPA/540/2-90/006
Apr 90
Nine case studies are presented in a report that was designed to identify
and obtain operational data from ongoing and completed remediation efforts.
The case studies are presented as appendices, and provide process
descriptions, performance, operational and cost data. The nine appendices
present case studies on the following topics. Incineration of Explosives
and Contaminated soils. Groundwater Extraction with Air Stripping,
Groundwater Biodegradation Treatment System, Ground Extraction and
Treatment, Groundwater Extraction with Air Stripping and Soil Vacuum
Extraction, Groundwater Extraction with Physical Chemical and Biological
Treatment, and Chemical Treatment of Groundwater and Soil Flushing.
NTIS Accession Number PB90-156225/XAB
Technologies of Delivery or Recovery for the Remediation of Hazardous
Waste Sites
Murdoch, L.; Patterson, B.; Losonsky, G.; Harrar, W.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-89/066
Jan 90
Techniques to recover contaminants or deliver treating material at
contaminated sites are described in the report Few of the 17 described
delivery or recovery techniques are in use today. New technologies, used in
other industries such as petroleum extraction or mining, show promise for
remediation of contaminated sites, but require investigation to affirmation
of their suitability for in-situ remediation. The following 17 technologies
are described: Colloidal gas aphrons; Hydraulic fracturing; Radial
drilling; Ultrasonic methods; Kerfing; Electro-kinetics; Jet slurrying; CO2
injection; Polymer injection; Vapor extraction; Steam stripping; Hot brine
injection; In-situ combustion; Radio frequency heating; Cyclic pumping;
Soil flushing; Ground freezing. Each description of a technology includes
an explanation of the basic processes involved, the optimal site conditions
for use, the current status of research, the personnel currently involved
in research, and a list of references.
NTIS Accession Number AD-A206273/5/XAB
Proceedings for the Annual Environmental Quality R&D (Research and
Development) Symposium (13th) Held in Williamsburg, Virginia on 15-17
November 1988
(Progress rept)
Report No.: CETHA-TE-CR-89005
Nov88
Partial contents: Implementation of the Dept of the Army environmental
program; Waste minimization case histories at three USAF Air Training
92
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Command bases; Hazardous Waste Minimization (HAZMHM) studies at AMC
installations; Proven performance of the sodium sulfide/ferrous sulfate
metals treatment system; McCellan AFB plating shop rinse water recyle _ _, .
system; Composting of explosives contaminated sediments; Annular
centrifugal contactors as rapid oil-water separation devices; Treatment of
heavy metals contaminated soils by roasting; Hazardous organic waste
destruction by electrochemical oxidation; Vacuum extraction of volatile
organic compounds from soils; Low temperature thermal treatment of volatile
organic compounds; USATHAMA analytical chemistry program; Lab investigation
of the tcodcity characteristic leaching procedure and the extraction
procedure toxidty characteristic; EPA treatability database; Navy aquatic
hazardous waste sitesThe problem and possible solutions; Reid experiment
of groundwafer transport in a heterogeneous aquifer; Pilot-scale testing of
paint waste incineration; Pilot-scale demonstration of laboratory developed
operating conditions for alkaline hydrolysis (Caustic digestion) of
nitrocellulose fines; Biological treatment plant efficiency study; Use of
alternate chemical paint strippers to reduce Total Toxic Organics (TTO)
discharges; Kinetics and mechanism of methane oxidation in supercritical
water, (edc)
93
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