United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
{5201G)
EPA-540-B-00-008
OSWER 9285.9-43
August 2000
www.epa.gov/superfund
Introduction to Groundwater
Investigations (165.7)
Student Manual
                          Recycled/Recyclable
                          Printed with SoyCanota Ink on paper :nat
                          contain* at leas: 50^. 'ecycied finer

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                                                                                 9285.9-15C
                                                                           EPA540/R-95/060
                                                                               PB95-963240
                                      FOREWORD
This manual is for reference use of students enrolled  in scheduled training courses of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While it will be useful to anyone who needs information
on the subjects covered, it will have its greatest value as an  adjunct to classroom presentations
involving discussions among the students and the instructional staff.

This manual has been developed with a goal  of providing the  best available current information;
however, individual  instructors may provide additional material to cover special aspects of their
presentations.

Because  of the limited availability of the manual,  it  should not be cited in bibliographies or other
publications.

References to products and manufacturers are  for illustration  only; they do not imply endorsement
by EPA.

Constructive suggestions for improvement of the content and  format of the manual are welcome.

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                                CONTENTS
 Acronyms and Abbreviations

 Glossary

 SECTION 1     STANDARD ORIENTATION AND INTRODUCTION
 SECTION 2

 SECTION 3

 SECTION 4

 SECTION 5

 SECTION 6

 SECTION 7

 SECTION 8

 SECTION 9

 SECTION 10

 SECTION 11

 SECTION 12
SECTION 13
ROCK CYCLE

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS

SOILS

DRILLING METHODS

HYDROGEOLOGY

WELL INSTALLATION

VADOSE ZONE

GEOPHYSICAL METHODS

GEOCHEMICAL MODELS

GROUNDWATER MODELS

PROBLEM  EXERCISES
   Problem 1—Cross-section Exercise
   Problem 2—Sediment Analysis
   Problem 3—Groundwater Model Demonstration
   Problem 4—Hydrogeological Exercises
   Problem 5—Aquifer Stress Tests
   Problem 6—Groundwater Investigation

APPENDICES
   Appendix A—Checklist for a Hydrogeological Investigation
   Appendix B—Sampling Protocols
   Appendix C—References
   Appendix D—Sources of Information
   Appendix E—Soil Profiles
8/95
                                                      Contents

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 QA/QC     quality assurance and quality
            control

 QAMS     quality assurance management
            staff

 QC         quality control

 RA         remedial action

 RAS        routine analytical services

 RCRA      Resource Conservation and
            Recovery Act of 1978

 RI/FS      remedial investigation and
            feasibility study

 ROD        record of decision

 RPM       EPA remedial project manager

 RQ         reportable quantity

 SARA      Superfund Amendments and
            Reauthorization Act of 1986

 SCBA      self-contained breathing
            apparatus

SCS        Soil Conservation Service

SDL        sample detection limit

SDWA      Safe Drinking Water Act

SI          site inspection

SITE        Superfund Innovative
            Technology Evaluation

SOP        standard operating procedure

SP          spontaneous potential
SVOC      semivolatile organic
            compound

SWDA     Solid Waste Disposal Act

TAT       technical assistance team

TCLP      toxiciry characteristic leaching
            procedure

TEGD      Technical Enforcement
            Guidance Document

TDS       total dissolved solids

TLV       threshold limit value

TOC       total organic carbon

TOX       total organic halides

TSCA      Toxic Substances Control Act

TSDF      treatment, storage, and disposal
            facility

UEL       upper explosive  limit

UMTRCA  Uranium Mill Tailing Radiation
            Control Act

USCG      United States Coast Guard

USCS      Unified Soil Classification
            System

USGS      U.S. Geological  Survey

UST        underground storage tank

UV         ultraviolet

VOA       volatile organic analysis

VOC       volatile organic compound
Acronyms and Abbreviations
                                    8/95

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                                       GLOSSARY
 acre-foot


 adsorption


 advection


 alluvium
anisotropic

aquifer
aquifer test
aquitard


artesian


artificial recharge


artesian aquifer

bedload
 enough water to cover 1 acre to a depth of  1 foot; equal to 43,560
 cubic feet or 325,851  gallons

 the attraction and adhesion of a layer of ions from an aqueous solution
 to the solid mineral surfaces with which it is  in contact

 the process by which solutes are transported by the bulk motion of the
 flowing groundwater

 a general term for clay, silt, sand, gravel,  or similar unconsolidated
 material deposited during comparatively recent geologic time by  a
 stream  or other body  of running  water as  a  sorted or semisorted
 sediment  in the  bed of the stream or on its floodplain or delta, or as
 a cone or fan at the base of a mountain slope

 hydraulic conductivity  ("K"), differing with direction

 a geologic formation,  group of formations, or a part of a formation
 that contains  sufficient  permeable  material  to  yield  significant
 quantities of groundwater to wells  and springs.   Use  of the term
 should be restricted to classifying water bodies in accordance with
 stratigraphy or rock types.  In describing hydraulic characteristics such
 as transmissiviry and  storage coefficient,  be careful to refer  those
 parameters to the saturated part of the aquifer only.

 a test involving the withdrawal of measured quantities of water from,
 or the addition of water to, a well (or wells) and the measurement of
 resulting changes in head (water level) in the  aquifer both during and
 after the period of discharge or addition

 a  saturated, but  poorly  permeable  bed,   formation,  or group  of
 formations that does not yield water freely to  a well or spring

 confined;  under pressure sufficient to raise  the water level in a well
 above the top of the aquifer

 recharge at a rate greater than natural, resulting  from deliberate or
 incidental  actions of man

 see confined aquifer

the part of the total stream load that is moved on or immediately above
the stream bed,  such  as  the larger or heavier particles  (boulders,
pebbles, gravel) transported by traction or saltation along the bottom;
the part of die load that is not continuously  in suspension or solution
8/95
                  1
Glossary

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 capillary zone
 capture



 coefficient of storage


 cone of depression


 confined
confined aquifer



confining bed


diffusion


discharge area



discharge velocity



dispersion



drawdown


effective porosity
 negative pressure zone just above the water table where water is drawn
 up from saturated  zone into  soil pores due  to  cohesion  of water
 molecules and adhesion of these molecules to soil particles.  Zone
 thickness may be several inches to several feet depending on porosity
 and pore size.

 the  decrease in water discharge naturally from a ground-water
 reservoir plus  any increase in  water  recharged to the  reservoir
 resulting  from pumping

 the volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per
 unit surface area of the aquifer per unit change in head

 depression of heads surrounding a well caused by withdrawal of water
 (larger cone  for confined aquifer than for unconfined)

 under pressure significantly greater than atmospheric throughout and
 its upper limit is the bottom of a bed of distinctly lower hydraulic
 conductivity  than that of the material in which die confined water
 occurs

 geological formation capable of storing and  transmitting  water in
 usable quantities  overlain  by  a less permeable or impermeable
 formation (confining layer) placing the aquifer under pressure

 a body of "impermeable" material stratigraphically adjacent to one or
 more aquifers

 the process whereby particles of liquids, gases, or solids intermingle
 as a result of their spontaneous movement caused by thermal agitation

 an area in which subsurface water, including both groundwater and
 water  in the  unsaturated zone, is discharged to the land surface,  to
 surface water, or to the atmosphere

 an apparent velocity, calculated  from Darcy's law, which represents
 the flow rate at which water would move through the aquifer if it were
 an open conduit  (also called specific discharge)

 the spreading and  mixing  of chemical constituents in groundwater
 caused by diffusion and by  mixing due to microscopic variations  in
 velocities  within and between pores

 the vertical distance through which the water level in a well is lowered
 by pumping from the well or a nearby well

the amount of interconnected pore space through which fluids can
pass, expressed as a percent of bulk volume. Part of the total porosity
Glossary
                                                            8/95

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 evapotranspiration


 flow line


 fluid potential



 gaining stream


 ground water

 groundwater divide


 groundwater model
 will be occupied by static fluid being held to the mineral surface by
 surface tension, so effective porosity will be less than total porosity.

 the combined loss of water from direct evaporation and through the
 use of water by vegetation (transpiration)

 the path that a particle  of water follows in its movement through
 saturated, permeable rocks (synonym:  streamline)

 the mechanical energy per unit mass of water or other fluid at  any
 given point in space and time,  with respect to an arbitrary  state of
 datum

 a stream or reach of a stream whose  flow is being increased by inflow
 of groundwater (also called an effluent stream)

 water in the zone of saturation

 a ridge  in the water table or other potentiometric surface from which
 groundwater moves away in both directions normal to the ridge line

 simulated representation  of a groundwater system to aid definition of
 behavior and decision-making
groundwater reservoir      all rocks in the zone of saturation (see also aquifer)
groundwater system
head
heterogeneous/geological
formation

homogeneous
hydraulic conductivity
"K"
a groundwater reservoir and its contained water;  includes hydraulic
and geochemical features

combination of elevation above datum and pressure energy imparted
to a column of water  (velocity energy  is ignored  because  of low
velocities of groundwater).   Measured in length units (i.e.,  feet or
meters).

characteristics varying aerially or vertically in a given system
geology of the aquifer is  consistent; not changing with direction or
depth

volume flow through a unit cross-section area per unit decline in head
(measured in velocity units and dependent on formation characteristics
and fluid characteristics)
8/95
                                                        Glossary

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 hydraulic gradient
                            change of head values over a distance

                                          H, -  Hz
hydrograph


impermeable


infiltration


interface

intrinsic permeability
                            where:

                            H = head
                            L = distance between head measurement points

                            graph that shows some property of groundwater or surface water as a
                            function of time

                            having  a  texture that does  not  permit water to  move  through it
                            perceptibly under the head difference that commonly occurs in nature

                            the flow or movement of water through the  land  surface into the
                            ground

                            in hydrology, the contact zone between two  different fluids

                            pertaining to the relative  ease with  which a porous  medium can
                            transmit a liquid under a hydrostatic or potential gradient.   It is a
                            property of the porous medium and is independent of the nature of the
                            liquid or the potential  field.

                            hydraulic conductivity ("K") is  the same regardless of direction

                            low velocity flow with no mixing (i.e., no turbulence)

                            a stream or reach of a stream that is  losing water to the  subsurface
                            (also called an influent stream)

                            in reference  to groundwater,  withdrawals in  excess of  natural
                            replenishment and  capture.   Commonly applied to heavily  pumped
                           areas  in semiarid and arid regions, where  opportunity for  natural
                           replenishment and  capture  is small.   The  term  is  hydrologic  and
                           excludes any connotation of unsatisfactory water-management practice
                           (see, however, overdraft).

nonsteady state-nonsteady  (also called unsteady state-nonsteady shape) the  condition when the
isotropic

laminar flow

losing stream


mining
shape
                           rate of flow through  the aquifer is  changing and water  levels are
                           declining.   It exists during the early stage of withdrawal when the
                           water level throughout the cone of depression is declining and the
                           shape of the cone is changing at a relatively rapid rate.
Glossary
                                                                                      8/95

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 nonsteadv state-steady
 shape
 optimum yield



 overdraft



 perched


 permeability


 permeameter


 piezometer
 porosity


 potentiometric surface



 recharge

 recharge area


 safe yield


 saturated zone
 is the condition that exists during the intermediate stage of withdrawals
 when the water level is still declining but the shape of the central part
 of the cone is essentially constant

 the best use of groundwater that can be made under the circumstances;
 a use  dependent not only on  hydro logic  factors but also on legal,
 social, and economic factors

 withdrawals of groundwater at rates  perceived to be excessive and,
 therefore,  an unsatisfactory water-management  practice  (see  also
 mining)

 unconfmed  groundwater separated  from  an  underlying body of
 groundwater by  an unsaturated zone

 the property of the aquifer allowing for transmission of fluid through
 pores (i.e., connection of pores)

 a  laboratory device  used to measure the  intrinsic permeability  and
 hydraulic conductivity of a soil or rock sample

 a  nonpumping well,  generally of small diameter,  that is used to
 measure  the elevation of the water table or potentiometric surface. A
 piezometer generally has a short well screen through which water can
 enter.

 the ratio  of the volume of the interstices or voids in a rock or soil to
 the total  volume

 imaginary saturated  surface  (potential head of confined aquifer);  a
 surface that  represents the static head; the levels to which  water will
 rise in tightly cased wells

the processes of  addition of water to the zone of saturation

an area in which water that is absorbed eventually reaches the zone of
saturation

magnitude of yield that can be relied upon over a long period of time
 (similar to sustained yield)

zone in which all  voids are filled  with water  (the water table is  the
upper limit)
8/95
                                                        Glossary

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 slug-test
specific capacity



specific yield


steady-state



storage



storage coefficient "S"



storativity



sustained yield


transmissivity


vadose zone
 an aquifer test made by either pouring a small instantaneous charge of
 water into a well or by withdrawing a slug of water from the well
 (when a slug of water is removed from the well,  it is also called a
 bail-down test)

 the rate of discharge from a well divided by the drawdown in it. The
 rate varies slowly with the  duration of pumping, which should be
 stated when known.

 ratio  of volume  of water released under gravity to total volume of
 saturated rock

 the condition when the rate of flow is  steady and  water  levels have
 ceased to decline.  It exists in  the final stage of withdrawals when
 neither the water level nor the shape of the cone is changing.

 in groundwater hydrology, refers  to 1) water naturally detained in a
 groundwater  reservoir,  2)  artificial  impoundment of water  in
 groundwater reservoirs, and 3) the water so impounded

 volume of water taken into or released  from aquifer storage per unit
 surface area per unit change in head (dimensionless) (for confined,
 S  = 0.0001 to 0.001; for unconfined, S = 0.2 to 0.3)

 the volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per
 unit surface area of the aquifer  per unit change in head (also called
 coefficient of storage)

 continuous long-term groundwater production  without progressive
 storage depletion (see also safe yield)

 the rate  at which water is transmitted through a  unit width of an
 aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient

 the zone containing  water  under pressure less   than that  of the
 atmosphere,  including  soil  water, intermediate vadose water, and
 capillary water.   Some references include the capillary water in the
 saturated zone.  This zone is limited  above by the land surface and
 below by the surface of the zone of saturation (i.e., the water table).
 Also called the unsaturated zone or zone of aeration.  According to
 Freeze and Cherry (1979):

 1.  It occurs above the water table and above the capillary  fringe.
2.  The soil pores are  only partially filled with  water;  the moisture
   content 6 is less than the porosity n.
 3.  The fluid pressure/? is less than atmospheric; the pressure head ^
   is less than zero.
4.  The hydraulic  head h must be measured with a tensiometer.
Glossary
                                                            8/95

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                             5. The hydraulic conductivity K and the moisture content 9 are both
                                functions of the pressure head i/*.

 water table                 surface of saturated zone area at atmospheric pressure; that surface in
                             an unconfined water body at which  the  pressure is atmospheric.
                             Defined by the levels at which water stands in wells that penetrate the
                             water body just far enough to hold standing water.
8/95                                          i                                      Glossary

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      Introduction to
Groundwater Investigations
          (165.7)
Orientation and Introduction

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            INTRODUCTION TO
              GROUNDWATER
             INVESTIGATIONS
                   (165.7)

                  Presented by:
               Tetra Tech NUS, Inc.
             EPA Contract No. 68-C7-0033
                                            s-i
Orientation and Introduction
Agenda:

   Environmental Response Training Program (ERTP) overview

   Synopsis of ERTP courses

   Course layout and agenda

   Course materials

   Facility information

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  Notes
Introduction to Grouncfwater Jnv«*tjgatiQ«i
          Introdgctwi

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ERTP Overview


Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation 1
and Liability Act of 1 980 I
(CERCLA) 1


Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 1
(SARA) 1


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1
(EPA) 1


Environmental Response Training Program I
(ERTP) I

S-2
ERTP Overview
In 1980, the U.S. Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as Superfund.  In 1986, the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA) was passed. This act reauthorized CERCLA. CERCLA provides for
liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency response for hazardous substances released into the
environment and for the cleanup of inactive waste disposal sites. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) allocated a portion of Superfund money to training. EPA's Environmental Response Team
(ERT) developed the Environmental Response Training Program (ERTP) in response to the training
needs of individuals involved in Superfund activities.
introduction U) Groundwater I
Qn«ntatx>n and Introduction
 SOS
page*

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  Notes
IntroductfOfl ID Groundwater Invm&gatxxm
Onenttbon and Introductx?"

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ERTP Overview



U.S. Environmental Protection Agency I
(EPA) 1


Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response 1
(OSWER) 1
N.

^

Environmental Response Team 1
(ERT) J
"x.

f

Environmental Response Training Program I
(ERTP) |

V V

S-3
ERTP Overview
ERTP is administered by ERT. which is part of OSWER. ERT offices and training facilities are located in
Cincinnati, Ohio, and Edison. New Jersey.  ERT has contracted the development of ERTP courses to
Tetra Tech XL'S. Inc. (EPA Contract No. 68-C7-0033). The ERTP program provides education and
training for environmental employees at the federal, state, and local levels in all regions of the United
States.  Training courses cover areas such as basic health and safety and more specialized topics such as
air sampling and treatment technologies.
 cicuc:*0" t;- GrQuno-.vater invest g.'K.sr
                                                                                         ass

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    Notes
Introduction ID CtmindwaUr lnv»« jatxxi.                                                                                             SOS
Onenution and Introdueeon                                                                                                      pago?

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  Types of Credit Available
                     Continuing Education Units
                         (2.4CEUs)
     CEU
                                          CEU Requirements

                                100% attendance at this course.
                                >70% on the exam.
Irtroc jction Jo G"OL.rGwa;er i
O*ief.:a:.or arc i-TrcGiiCt.o's
             sii ;a* crs

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   Notes
Introduction to GrouncfwaMr invcocbgabon*                                                                                             3*95
       i and Introduction                                                                                                     page 9

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  ERTP Courses
                     Health and Safety Courses

                         Hazardous Materials Incident Response Operations (165.5)
                         Safety and Health Decision-Making for Managers (165.8)
                         Emergency Response to Hazardous Material Incidents (165.15)
                    Technical Courses
                    •    Treatment Technologies for Superfund (165.3)
                         Air Monitoring for Hazardous Materials (165.4)
                    •    Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (165.6)
                    •    Introduction to Groundwater Investigations (165.7)
                    •    Sampling for Hazardous Materials (165.9)
                         Radiation Safety at Superfund Sites (165.11)
                    Special Courses

                        Health and Safety Plan Workshop (165.12)
                        Design of Air Impact Assessments at Hazardous Waste Sites (165.16)
                    •   Removal Cost Management System  (165.17)
                        Inland Oil Spills (165.18)
                    Courses Offered in Conjunction with Other EPA Offices

                    S   Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office (CEPPO)
                        •  Chemical Safety Audits (165.19)

                    ^   Site Assessment Branch
                        •  Preliminary Assessment
                        •  Site Investigation
                        •  Federal Facilities Preliminary Assessment'Site Investigation
                        •  Hazard Ranking System
                        •  Hazard Ranking System Documentation Record
Orientation and Introduction                                                                    pgpa w

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   Notes
Introduction to Groundwator Investigation*                                                                                                  8186
Orientation and Introduction                                                                                                          page 11

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 Course Goals
                  Identify the components of a groundwater system.

                  List the primary hydrogeological parameters to be considered in a site
                  investigation.

                  Construct a flow net and calculate the hydraulic gradient at a site.
                 Discuss the primary advantages and disadvantages of the most common
                 geophysical survey methods.

                 Identify geochemical profiles in contaminated groundwater.

                 Identify the different types of pumping tests and the information that can
                 be obtained from each.

                 Describe monitoring well drilling and sampling techniques.
IntroductNWi to Groundwater Lrrvftcagaixxil
Onenta&on and Introduction
                                                                                     aes

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    Notes
introduction to Grauncrwatef lrw«sGgabon»
Orientation and Introduction

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 Course Layout and Agenda
              Key Points:
     Agenda times are only approximate. Every effort is made to complete units, and
     finish the day, at the specified time.

     Classes begin promptly at 8:00 am.  Please arrive on time to minimize distractions to
     fellow students.

     Breaks are given between units.

 •    Lunch is 1 hour.

     Each student must take the examination given on Thursday.

     Direct participation in field or laboratory exercises is optional.  Roles are randomly
     assigned to ensure fairness.

 *    Attendance at each lecture and exercise is required in order to receive a certificate.
       rou
Orientation and introduction
                                                                               395

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Notes
          lnv««tH»ation»

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Training Evaluation
    The Training Evaluation is a tool to collect valuable feedback from YOU
    about this course.                                                         !

    We value YOUR comments!! Important modifications have been made to
    this course based on comments of previous students.
                DO

    Write in your comments at the end of
    each unit!

    Tell us if you feel the content of the
    course manual is clear and complete!

    Tell us if you feel the activities and
    exercises were useful and helpful!

    Tell us if you feel the course will help
    you perform related duties back on the
    job!

    Complete the first page at the end of
    the course before you leave!

    Write comments in ink.
          DON'T

Hold back!

Focus exclusively on the presentation
skills of the instructors.

Write your name on the  evaluation, if
it will inhibit you from being direct
and honest.
introduction ED GfOundwater i
      i introduction
                                                                              #35

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   Notes
introduction to Growrt<*vwu*K invvs^gattoni                                                                                                   6/96
Orientation and IncrcxJuctxxi                                                                                                           page 17

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   Facility Information
                                                    Please put beepers in the vibrate mode and
                                                    turn off radios. Be courteous to fellow
                                                    students and minimize distractions.
                                                      Emergency
                                                       Telephone
                                                       Numbers
                                                    Emergency Exits

                                                        Alarms

                                                        Sirens
Introduction to Grountfw»X»r Invttsfcjatoon*
Qnondbon
                                                                                         &S6

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   Notes
Introduction to Groundwatar InvnbgaBons
Onantabon «fld Introduction

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                           ROCK  CYCLE
            STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES


            At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

            1.   Define the Doctrine of Uniformitarianism

            2.   Describe the three basic rock types and their textures within
                 the rock cycle

            3.   Identify the media responsible for the erosion and transport
                 of sediments

            4.   Describe the process of Unification and cementation as
                 related to sedimentary rocks

            5.   Describe how sedimentary particles become rounded, sorted,
                 and stratified.
            NOTE;    Unless  otherwise   stated,  the  conditions  for
                      performance  are using  all references and materials
                      provided  in  the  course,  and  the  standards  of
                      performance are without error.
8/95

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                                NOTES
       ROCK CYCLE
        Doctrine of
     Uniformitarianism
                        s-z
   "The Present is the Key
        to the Past11

    James Mutton, 1785
                        S-3
8/95
Rock Cvde

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       NOTES
                                            LJthificaton
                                                          Haal. pf«*ur*. and
                                                          eh«mlc«l(» aelKr* flukfe
                                  Cryitdliallon
                                   and cooling
                                                                    S-4
                                      IGNEOUS  ROCKS
                                Solidified from molten liquid (magma)

                                Volcanic rocks/extrusive rocks
                                - Obsidian, lava, pumice, tuff

                                Plutonic rocks/intrusive rocks
                                - Batholiths, sills, laccoliths
                                                                    S-5
                                 INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK BODIES
                                                                   3-S
Rock Cvde
8/95

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                                                 NOTES
          IGNEOUS ROCKS
                Texture
    Rocks are composed of interlocking
    mineral grains
    Minerals form in a liquid or magma
    Size of minerals based on cooling rate of
    liquid
                                     S-7
          IGNEOUS ROCKS
                Texture
   Intrusive:  coarse-grained rock
   Visible minerals form in slow cooling liquid
   Examples: granite and gabbro
   Found in batholiths, laccoliths, and sills
          IGNEOUS ROCKS
                Texture
  • Extrusive rocks: fine-grained or glassy
    rocks
  • Small minerals form in fast cooling liquid
  • Lava flows, volcanoes
  • Examples:  basalt and rhyolite
8/95
Rock Cycle

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     NOTES
                               IGNEOUS ROCKS
                              Equivalent Chemistry
                            Coarse-grained
                              Texture

                              Gabbro

                              Granite
Fine-grained
  Texture

  Basalt

  Rhyolite
                            METAMORPHIC ROCKS
                             "Changed Form" Rocks
                               • Heat

                               • Pressure
                                Chemically active fluids

                                Recrystallization
                                                       S-11
                           METAMQRPH1C TEXTURES

                            • Interlocking crystals; marble

                            • Layers of platy minerals; schist
                             (foliation)
                                                       S-12
Rock Cycle
          8/95

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                                             NOTES
      METAMORPHIC ROCKS
       Metamorphism Process
    Original Rock

    Limestone
    Sandstone
    Basalt
    Siltstone/shale
    Granite
 Metamorphic Rock

     Marble
     Quartzite
     Amphibolite
     Slate
     Phyllite
     Schist
     Gneiss
                                  $-13
       SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 "Most Abundant Surficial Rock Type"

  • Derived from preexisting rocks
  • Composed of individual grains cemented
   together or chemically precipitated
  • Most form in water environment
  • Make up most rock aquifers
                                 S-14
     TYPICAL SEDIMENTARY
              ROCKS
      Limestone
      Shale
      Sandstone
      Coal
Dolomite
Siltstone
Conglomerate
Evaporites
8/95
                               Rock Cvcle

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     NOTES
                        RECIPE FOR SEDIMENTARY
                        	ROCKS	
                              • Erosion processes
                              • Deposition
                              • Lithification
                                                   S-16
                          SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
                              Erosion Process
                                  • Wind
                                  • Water
                                  • Ice
                                  • Gravity
                                  • Biology
                                                   S-17
                          SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
                                Deposition
                                  • Wind
                                  • Water
                                  • Ice
                                  • Gravity
                                                   S-iS
Rock Cycle
8/95

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       SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
             Lithification


    "Making into stone"

    Cementation: natural cements dissolved
    in and transported by ground water
                                   s-ie
       SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
          Types of Cement

      1  Silica (types of quartz)

      •  Iron oxides (hematite/limonite)

        Clay mineral groups
        — Kaolinite, vermiculite,
          montmorillonite, illite

        Carbonates (calcite/aragonite)
                                   S-20
       SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

   Composed of particles of any rock type
   - "Pores" form during deposition
                                               NOTES
   Most aquifers are sedimentary rocks
8/95
Rock Cycle

-------
     NOTES
                           PRIMARY POROSITY

                      A measure of the total void space
                      within a rock at the time it was formed

                      It is generally higher in sedimentary
                      rocks and lower in igneous and
                      metamorphic rocks
                                                   S-22
                         SECONDARY POROSITY

                       Void spaces that form after the rock

                       has been formed (e.g., faults, joints,

                       fractures, and conduits)
                             PERMEABILITY
                       The ease with which liquid will

                       move through a porous medium
                                                   S-24
Rock Cycle
8/95

-------
                                      NOTES
      SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
            Sphericity
    Angular
Rounded
                            s-zs
      SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
             Sorting
      Poor
      O
  Well
 v *<
   o
                            S-20
8/95
                      Rock Cycle

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-------
        DEPOSITIONAL  ENVIRONMENTS
           STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES


           At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

           1.    Describe the following depositions! environments:

                a.    Alluvial fans

                b.    Braided streams

                c.    Meandering streams

                d.    Coastal (deltaic and barrier island complexes)

                e.    Wind-blown deposits

                f.    Carbonates

                g.    Evaporites

                h.    Glaciers (continental and alpine).
           NOTE;   Unless  otherwise   stated,   the  conditions   for
                   performance are using  all references and materials
                   provided in  the course,  and  the  standards of
                   performance are without error.
8/95

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-------
       DEPOSITIONAL
      ENVIRONMENTS
                              S-i
                              S-J
    LONGITUDINAL PROFILE

        A Alluvial and landslide
        B Braided stream
        M Meandering stream
        C Coastal
      Stream headwaters
                        Mouth of
               M
                                       NOTES
8/95
Depositional Environments

-------
       NOTES
                                  ROCK TYPE
     ENVIRONMENT
                                  Conglomerate    Landslide, alluvial fan

                                  Sandstone       Rivers, streams, beaches,
                                                deltas, dunes, sand bars

                                  Clay/shale       Lagoon, lake, flood plain,
                                                deeper ocean

                                  Limestone       Coral reef, atoll,
                                                deeper ocean
                                                                         S-4
                                        MEDIAN CHANNEL
                                             Grain Size
                                     Large
                Small
                                                       M
                       Ocean
                                                                         s-s
                                RELATIONSHIP OF STREAM VELOCITY
                                     1000
                                   o
                                   S
                                   ~   1°
                                   'o
                                   2   t-o
                                      0.1
                                          /
                                          //•
   //•
        Erosion
    ///->//////,
Transportation
                                  Size   0.001   0.01    0.1    1.0
                                  (mm)  Clay   Silt     Sand
                   10    100
                   Gravel    s-«
Depositional Environments
                           8/95

-------
                                               NOTES
            SPHERICITY
      Angular <-
Rounded
                                    S-7
                                   S-3
8/95
                   Depositional Environments

-------
    NOTES
                            DEPOSITIONAL
                           ENVIRONMENTS
                           • Alluvial fan
                           • Braided stream
                           • Meandering stream
                           • Coastal deposits
                                                 S-10
                            DEPOSITIONAL
                        ENVIRONMENTS (cont.)
                           • Wind-blown deposits
                           • Carbonates (Karst)
                           • Evaporites
                           • Glacial deposits
                                                 S-1!
                             Alluvial  Fan
                                                 S-12
Depositional Environments
8/95

-------
                                           NOTES
      CHARACTERISTICS OF
          ALLUVIAL FANS
     Depositional environments:
     *  Poor sorting and rounding
     •  High gradients
     •  Shallow and intermittent streams
     •  Hand-shaped
                                 S-13
                                 S-14
        Braided Stream
8/95
Depositional Environments

-------
     NOTES
                       CHARACTERISTICS OF BRAIDED
                      	STREAMS	
                           Depositional environments:
                           • Resembles braided hair
                           • High to low gradients
                           • Shallow streams
                           • Poor to medium sorting
                           • Angular to subangular grains
                                                     s-t«
                                                      S-17
                          Meandering  Stream
                                                     S-18 !
                                                       J
Depositional Environments
8/95

-------
                                           NOTES
      CHARACTERISTICS OF
      MEANDERING STREAMS
        Depositional environments:
        • Low gradients
        • Deep streams
        • Grain size variations
                                 S-1B
      CHARACTERISTICS OF
  MEANDERING STREAMS (cont.)
        Depositional environments:
        •  Oxbow lakes
        •  Levees and floodpiains
        •  Point bars and cut banks
                                 S-20
8/95
Depositional Environments

-------
     NOTES
                           STREAM CHANNEL
                                Sinuosity
                         Low
-> High
                          Coastal Deposits
                                                  S-23
                      TYPICAL COASTAL DEPOSITS
                        Depositional Environments
                              • Barrier islands
                              • Offshore bars
                              • Deltas
                              • Spits
                              • Tidal flats
                              • Reefs/cays
Depositional Environments
      8/95

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                                                NOTES
                                    S-25
          BARRIER ISLAND
                      A
      West Bay
           Gulf of Mexico
                                    5-20
             Barrier Island
                                    S-27
8/95
Deposiiional Environments

-------
      NOTES
                                                      Pamet
                                                 | Monomoy|

                                       NANTUCKET SOUND
                                                            S-28
                         West
                         Cape Cod Bay
         Recharge area
        Cape Cod aquifer
   East
Atlantic Ocean
                                                    Unconsolidated
                                                    sediments
                                        Bedrock
                            Wind-Blown  Deposits
Depositional Environments
10
     8/95

-------
     WIND-BLOWN DEPOSITS
     Depositionai Environments
     * Dunes: continental and coastal
     • Volcanic dust and ash
     • Glacial til! dust (loess)
                                S-31
                                 S-32
                                           NOTES
       Carbonate Rocks
8/95
11
Depositional Environments

-------
     NOTES
                                   CARBONATES
                                       Limestones
                                       Dolomites
                                KARST TOPOGRAPHY
                              Depositional Environment
                           • Soluble rocks at or beneath surface
                            (carbonates, suifates, chlorides)
                           • Chemical solution of soluble rocks
                           • Closed depressions (sink holes, swallets)
                           • Little or no surface drainage
                           • Caves, springs, disappearing streams
                                                            S-3S
                               •-•  Master conduit  --— • • ""
                                                            S-36
Deposiiional Environments
12
8/95

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          Evaporites
          EVAPORITES
           • Carbonates
           • Su [fates
           • Chlorides
                               S-37
                                         NOTES
          Glaciation
8/95
13
Depositional Environments

-------
     NOTES
                      PROCESSES OF GLACIATIQN

                               • Erosion
                               • Transportation
                               • Deposition
                                                    S-40
                        GLACIERS/FREEZE-THAW
                         • Weathering and transport
                         • Large-scale changes
                         * Poor to excellent sorting
                          (e.g., glacial till and outwash)
                                                    S-4!
                            GLACIAL DEPOSITS
                         Depositional Environments
                               • Outwash and till
                               • Moraines
                               • Drumlins
                               • Eskers
                               • Kettle holes
                               • Kames
Depositional Environmems
14
8/95

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                                   SOILS
             STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES


             At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

             1.    Discuss the factors that influence soil formation  processes

             2.    Differentiate between physical and chemical weathering

             3.    Describe the factors that influence soil morphology

             4.    Define the  following physical and chemical properties of
                  soil:
                  a.    Porosity
                  b.    Permeability
                  c.    Cation exchange capacity
                  d.    Bulk density
                  e.    Capillarity

             5.    Describe a common soil profile and the interaction of its
                  component units.
             NOTE:    Unless   otherwise   stated,   the   conditions   for
                       performance are using  all references  and  materials
                       provided  in  the  course,  and  the  standards  of
                       performance are without error.
8/95

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               SOILS
                                     S-1
         WHY STUDY SOILS?
     First media encountered by spills and
     leaks

     Contaminant fate and transport
     - Interaction with air, water, microbes,
       and soil
     - Soil variability
                                     S-2
    CONTAMINANT FATE IN SOIL

      • How much:
       - Adsorbed to clay?
       - Adsorbed to organic matter?
       - Volatilized?
       - Consumed by microbes?
       - Entered water table?
                                                NOTES
8/95
Soils

-------
      NOTES
                                         SOIL
                                       Definition
                           Material that supports the growth of plants
                           Consists of:
                           - Rock and mineral fragments
                           - Organic matter
                           - Water
                           -Air
                                                             S-4
                                  SOIL FORMATION
                                        Controls
                            • Parent rock or sediment
                            • Climate
                            * Topography
                            • Presence/abundance of organisms
                            • Time
                                                             s-s
                                  SOIL FORMATION
                                   Soil from Bedrock
                             • Forms in place
                             • Derived from underlying bedrock
                             • Retains original bedrock structure
                             • Example: saprolitic soil
Soils
8/95

-------
                                                NOTES
          SOIL FORMATION
           Soil from Sediment
             River deposits
             Till deposits
             Outwash deposits
             Loess deposits
                                     S-7
          SOIL FORMATION
          Physical Weathering
    • Breaks "big rocks" into "small rocks"
    • Increases weathered surface
    • Influenced by climate and topography
    • Time
                                     s-s
          SOIL FORMATION
          Chemical Weathering
  • influenced by water and dissolved gases
  • Acidic water
  • Minerals are either gained or lost
8/95
Soils

-------
      NOTES
                                  SOIL FORMATION
                                Chemical Reactions in Soil
                               H yd ration/dehydration

                               Oxidation/reduction (Eh potential)

                               PH

                               Ion exchange (calcium for sodium)

                               Chelation (soil colloids)
                                                              S-10
                                  SOIL FORMATION
                                     Humid Climate	

                            High temperature
                           - Rapid development of soil profile
                           - Rapid oxidation and breakdown of
                             organics

                            Cold temperature
                           - Slow oxidation
                           - High accumulation of organic materials
                                                              S-11
                                  SOIL FORMATION
                                      Arid Climate

                                High temperature
                                - No organic horizon
                                - Slow soil profile development
                                - Rapid oxidation

                                Low temperature
                                - No organic horizon
                                - Sterile soil
                                - Slow oxidation
                                                             S-12
Soils
8/95

-------
                                                NOTES
         SOIL MORPHOLOGY
           •  Color
           •  Texture
           •  Structure
           •  Consistency
           •  Horizon boundaries
                                     S-13
         SOIL MORPHOLOGY
                 Color
       •  Moisture content of soil
       •  Parent rock type
       •  Abundance of organic matter
       •  Degree of oxidation/reduction
                                     S-14
        SOIL MORPHOLOGY
   	Examples of Soil Color	
   Black-brown:  organic material,
   Mn-minerals
   Reddish:  iron oxides, oxidized
   Yellow-brown:  iron oxides, poorly drained
   White: Ca-carbonates, silica/bauxite/clay
8/95
Soils

-------
      NOTES
                                SOIL MORPHOLOGY
                             Examples of Soil Color (cont.)

                         •  Greenish or bluish gray: wetlands, gleyed
                           soil

                         •  Mottled soil:  moving water table, oxidized
                           and reduced
                                                            s-ie
                                SOIL MORPHOLOGY
                                      Soil Texture
                             • Percentage of sand, silt, and clay

                             • Water holding capacity

                             • Soil classification systems
                                                            S-17
DETERMINATION OF GRAIN SIZES
Particle
Type
Boulder
Cobble
Gravel
Sand
Silts and clay
Particle
Size (mm)
>305
76 0 - 305
4.76 - 76.0
0.074 - 4.76
< 0.074
Familiar
Example
Basketball
Grapefruit
Pea to orange
Rock salt to sugar
Talcum powder
^ S-16
Soils
8/95

-------
        SOIL MORPHOLOGY
              Structure
               •  Grade
               •  Shape
               •  Size
            STRUCTURE
               Grade
              Structureless
              Weak
              Moderate
              Strong
           STRUCTURE
               Shape
               Platy
               Prismatic
               Blocky
               Granular
                                           NOTES
                                 S-20
8/95
Soils

-------
      NOTES
                               SOIL MORPHOLOGY
                                    Consistency
                                 • Cementation in soil
                                 • Plasticity
                                 • Strength
                                 • Stickiness
                                                          S-22
                                SOIL PROPERTIES
                               • Infiltration
                               • Permeability
                               • Runoff
                               • Available water capacity
                               • pH/Eh
                                                          S-Z3
                            SOIL PROPERTIES (cont.)
                              • Cation exchange capacity
                              • Base saturation
                              • Mineralogy
                              • Bulk density
Soils
8/95

-------
          SOIL PROPERTIES
              Permeability
    Ability to transmit water and contaminants
    Depends on linkage of pore spaces
                                    S-25
          SOIL PROPERTIES
        Cation Exchange Capacity
        Negative charge on soil particles
        High in clayey soils
        Low in sandy soils
                                    S-28
         SOIL PROPERTIES
              Bulk Density
   • Ratio of the mass to total volume of soil
    (g/cm3)
   • Volume includes air, liquid, and solid
    phases
   • Particle density, solid phase only
                                               NOTES
8/95
Soils

-------
      NOTES
                                 SOIL PROPERTIES
                                Bulk Density Examples
                                •  Sandy soil    2.0 g/cm3
                                •  Siltysoil      1.9 g/cm3
                                •  Clayey soil    2.2 g/cm3
                                                            s-zs
                                 SOIL PROPERTIES
                                       Porosity
                            • Ratio of open space to total volume
                            • Ability to hold or store water
                            • High in sedimentary rocks
                            • Low in crystalline rocks
                                                           S-2B
                                 SOIL PROPERTIES
                                 Porosity Values (High)
                                Styrofoam         > 90 %
                                Gravel              40 %
                                Clay                70 %
                                Shale             < 20 %
                                Limestone (karst)      50 %
                                Fractured rock        50 %
                                                           S-30
Soils
10
8/95

-------
                                           NOTES
SOIL PROPERTIES
Capillarity
• Capillary fringe
• Height water rises


above the water table
• Depends on size of
the pores
• Less water content than saturated zone
• Does not yield water
S-31

CAPILLAR
o
V

'FRINGE
i
T
Sand Silt Clay
S-32

SOIL TYPE VARIABILITY
• Moisture
• Organic
content
content
• Thickness
• Mineral composition
• Microbe
population
• pH and Eh
S-33
8/95
11
Soils

-------
      NOTES
                                     SOIL PROFILE
                           Vertical succession of various soil layers to  |
                           bedrock                               j
                                   • O-horizon
                                   • A-horizon
                                   • B-horizon
                                   • C-horizon
                          a toMs tin* loimul during tfx to* 2 rnMon r*«n                 S-34
                                      O-HORIZON
                                      Characteristics
                            Mainly organic matter (>20%) mixed with
                            rock and mineral fragments
                            Contains decaying animal and plant matter
                            (humus)
                                      A-HORIZON
                                     Characteristics
                         • Rock/mineral fragments mixed with organic
                           matter
                         • Commonly known as "topsoil"
                         • Zone of leaching
                         • Contains large-sized pores
                                                              S-36
Soils
12
8/95

-------
                                                 NOTES
             B-HORIZON
               Soil Profile
 • Zone of accumulation (illuviation)

 • Insoluble minerals leached from A-horizon
             C-HORIZON
               Soil Profile
                                     S-37
      Partially decomposed bedrock

      Grades into unweathered bedrock
                                     S-M
8/95
13
Soils

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-------
                   DRILLING  METHODS
            STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
            At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

            1.    Describe the following drilling methods:
                 a.   Cable tool
                 b.   Hollow-stem auger
                 c.   Mud rotary
                 d.   Air rotary
                 e.   Rotasonic

            2.    List the advantages and disadvantages of the following
                 drilling methods:
                 a.   Cable tool
                 b.   Hollow-stem auger
                 c.   Mud  rotary
                 d.   Air rotary
                 e.   Rotasonic
            NOTE:    Unless   otherwise   stated,  the  conditions   for
                     performance are  using  all references and materials
                     provided  in  the  course, and  the  standards  of
                     performance are without error.
8/95

-------
                                            NOTES
    DRILLING METHODS
         USES FOR WELLS
           Water supply
           Monitoring
           Remediation
           Lithology
           "Ground truthing"
           Hydraulic properties
       SELECTION CRITERIA
       • Hydrogeologic environment
        - Type of formation
        - Depth of drilling
       • Type of pollutant
       • Location
       • Availability
       • Cost
                                  3-1
S-Z
8/95
             Drilling Methods

-------
     NOTES
                                DRILLING METHODS
                                   • Cable tool
                                   • Hollow-stem auger
                                   •Mud rotary
                                   • Air rotary
                                   • Rotasonic
                                                             S-4
                                CABLE TOOL DRILLING METHOD
                                Drilling
Bailing
                                                             s-s
                                    CABLE TOOL
                                     Advantages
                           Good sample recovery
                           Good delineation of water-bearing zones
                           during drilling
                           Highly mobile
                           Good drilling in most formations
                           Inexpensive
                                                             S-8
Drilling Meihods
         8/95

-------
                                                  NOTES
             CABLE TOOL
             Disadvantages
   Slow

   Requires driving casing in unconsolidated
   formations
                                      S-7
                    HOLLOW-STEM
                      AUGER
                      DRILLING
                                      s-s
                                      S-0
8/95
Drilling Methods

-------
     NOTES
                              HOLLOW-STEM AUGER
                             	Advantages	

                             Highly mobile
                             No drilling fluid required

                             Problems of hole caving minimized
                             Soil sampling relatively easy
                                                           S-10
                              HOLLOW-STEM AUGER
                        	Disadvantages	

                        • Cannot be used in consolidated formations
                        • Limited depth capability (-150 feet)
                        • Cross contamination of permeable zones is
                          possible
                        • Limited casing diameter
                                                MUD ROTARY
                                                 DRILLING
                                                           S-12
Drilling Methods
8/95

-------
                                                   NOTES
                        MUD ROTARY
                         DRILLING
                                      S-13
             MUD ROTARY
               Advantages
     Availability

     Satisfactory drilling in most formations

     Good depth capability
             MUD ROTARY
             Disadvantages
       Requires driliing fluid
       -  Difficult to remove
       -  May affect sample integrity

       Circulates contaminants

       Mobility may be limited

       Poor rock or soil sample  recovery
5/95
Drilling Methods

-------
      NOTES
                                                AIR ROTARY
                                                 DRILLING
                                 Air
                               compressor
                                                                S-1S
                                       AIR  ROTARY
                                        Advantages
                              No drilling fluid required
                              Excellent drilling  in hard rock
                              Good depth capability
                              Excellent delineation of water-bearing
                              zones
                                                                S-17
                                       AIR ROTARY
                                       Disadvantages
                          • Casing may be required during drilling
                          • Cross contamination of different formations
                            possible
                          • Mobility may be limited
                          • Difficult formation sampling
                                                                s-ie
Drilling Meihods
8/95

-------
                                                         NOTES
             Oscillator
   High frequency
   sinusoidal force
      Drill bit
     rotates and
      vibrates
                        Counter-rotating weights
                                 Standing
                                 harmonic
                                 wave in drill
                                 pipe
                ROTASONIC DRILLING
                                           S-1Q














^








r
I
Inner drill
pipe and core
bit are
vibrated
and/or
rotated ^
into ground
ROTASO







NI
Outer drill
pipe and core
bit are
vibrated
down over
rinner drill
pipe
C DRILLING b

1 1 '
J
1 •

'--"•

AE
Outer drill
pipe is left
in place
while inner
drill pipe
is extracted
with core
THOD
S-20
               ROTASONIC
                Advantages
   Fast (20 shallow boreholes/day)
   Versatile (easily penetrates cobbly
   materials)
   Drills into consolidated and unconsolidated
   material
   Clean (cuttings and fluid minimized)
   Excellent sampling (quality cores)
S-Z1
8/95
                  Drilling Methods

-------
     NOTES
                                     ROTASONIC
                                     Disadvantages
                            Cost

                            Availability

                            Dense or cobbly materials are heated by
                            vibration (loss of volatiles)
Drilling Methods
8/95

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                      HYDROGEOLOGY
            STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES


            At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

            1.    Describe the hydrologic cycle

            2.    Differentiate between porosity and permeability

            3.    Describe the difference between confined and unconfmed
                 aquifers

            4.    Evaluate the components  of Darcy's  Law,  including
                 hydraulic conductivity

            5.    Describe the differences between  Darcian  velocity  and
                 seepage velocity.
                                            U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
                                                 Mai! code 3201
                                            1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
                                              Washington DC 20460
            NOTE:   Unless   otherwise   stated,   the  conditions   for
                     performance are using all references and materials
                     provided  in  the course,  and  the  standards  of
                     performance are without error.
8/95

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      HYDROGEOLOGY
         HYDROGEOLOGY
           WATER USES
           • Drinking
           • Irrigation
           • Fisheries
           • Industrial
           • Transportation
           • Waste disposal
                                           NOTES
                                  S-1
  The study of the interactions of
  geologic materials and processes
  with water, especially groundwater
                                 s-z
                                 S-3
8/95
Hydrogeology

-------
     NOTES
                          HYDROLOGIC  CYCLE
                                                           S-4
                             HYDROLOGIC
                                CYCLE
                             Transpiration    /
                              Groundwater
                               recharge     Groundwater runoff
                                           /' /'' •' '*'' *'•/'.'
                                   Precipitation  " ' •'•'•'•"•'•
                                                    Infiltration

                                                       Water
                                                       table
Hydrogeology
8/95

-------
                                                       NOTES
  Water
  table
                                           S-7
    CONTROLS ON INFILTRATION
    •  Soil moisture
    •  Compaction of soil
    •  Micro- and macrostructures in the soil
    •  Vegetative cover
    •  Temperature
    •  Topographic relief
                   Ground surface
       Vadose
        zone
•Pore spaces partially,
  filled with water
      Saturated
        zone
                   Capillary fringe
  • Groundwater
                                          s-e
8/95
                                            ffydrogeology

-------
      NOTES
                                Vadose

                                 zone
?ycr ? Capillary
Coarse sand \S s ~ - >« -
    ^^^	^_j ^  vr>^ ^ —
            /- ~ -
                                                          rise
                                Saturated

                                 zone
                                                                 S-10
                                      STREAM FLOW
                                           Q = Av
                                                                 S-11
                                    GAINING STREAM
                                 Discharge = 8 cfs


                             Discharge = 10 cfs.
Hydrogeology
                       8/95

-------
           LOSING STREAM
        Discharge = 10 cfs,
    Discharge = 8 cfs
                                       S-13
               POROSITY
                   (NT)
  The volumetric ratio between the void
  spaces (Vv) and total rock (VJ:
          Vt
               SY = specific yield
               SR = specific retention
     Void space
    Percent   _
    Porosity
      Total Volume - Volume Soil Particles

             Total Volume
                           Soil particle
x 100
                                       S-15
                                                    NOTES
8/95
                          Hydrogeology

-------
      NOTES
                             ROCK AND WATER
                                CAPACITY
                              RELATIONSHIPS
                                  VOID SPACE VOLUME
                                        (Porosity)
                                                            s-tr
                                 WATER SATURATION
                                                            S-18
Hydro geology
8/95

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    WATER RETAINED AFTER GRAVITY
              DRAINAGE
           (Specific retention)
                        F
                  (Specific yield)
        PRIMARY POROSITY
  Refers to voids formed at the time
  the rock or sediment formed
                                              NOTES
                                   S-20
              POROSITY
         Total Porosity  Effective Porosity
             (NT)           (n.)
Clay
Sand
Gravel
           40-85%
           25-50%
           25-45%
 1-10%
10-30%
15-30%
8/95
                         Hydrogeology

-------
     NOTES
                           SECONDARY POROSITY

                       Refers to voids that were formed
                       after the rock was formed
                                                     S-22
                           SECONDARY POROSITY
                                                     S-23'
                               PERMEABILITY
                       The ease with which liquid will
                       move through a porous medium
                                                     S24
Hydrogeology
8/95

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                                               NOTES
    HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY

    The capacity of a porous medium
    to transmit water
                                    S-2S
           CONDUCTIVITY
           Clay
Sand  Gravel  Sandstone
S-2«
              AQUIFER
   A permeable geologic unit with the
   ability to store, transmit, and
   yield water in "usable quantities"
8/95
                                    Hydrogeology

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     NOTES
                                 HOMOGENEOUS
                         Having uniform sediment size and
                         orientation throughout an aquifer
                                HETEROGENEOUS
                         Having a nonuniform sediment size
                         and orientation throughout an aquifer
                                    ISOTROPIC
                                                          s-ze
                                                          S-26
                         Hydraulic conductivity is independent
                         of the direction of measurement at a
                         point in a geologic formation
                                                          S-30
Hydrogeology
10
8/95

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            AN1SOTROPIC
   Hydraulic conductivity varies with the
   direction of measurement at a point in
   a geologic formation
        Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
              AQUITARD
                                      S-31
                                      S-32
   A layer of low permeability that
   can store and transmit groundwater
   from one aquifer to another
                                                  NOTES
8/95
      11
Hydrogeology

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      NOTES
                                     AQUICLUDE
                               An impermeable confining layer
                                                            3.34
                                    TOTAL HEAD
                            Combination of elevation (z) and
                            pressure head (hp)
                                   ht =z +  hp
                           Total head is the energy imparted to a
                           column of water
                                                            S-35

*




t
Pressure
head ' •'
I
4
3f A
Point of I
measurement Slevation
head ,_
4




"l

Hydraulic
or
total '
head |

(usually sea level)
S-3S
Hydrogeology
12
8/95

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      UNCONFINED AQUIFER
            (Water Table)
   A permeable geologic unit having the
   ability to store, transmit, and yield
   water in usable quantities
      UNCONFiNED AQUIFER
             onfining unit - aquitard
                       .-*,-•' /s
        CONFINED AQUIFER
              (Artesian)
                                    S-M
 An aquifer overlain by a confining layer
 whose water is under sufficient pressure to
 rise above the base of the upper confining
 layer if it is perforated
                                    S-38
                                               NOTES
8/95
13
Hydrogeology

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       NOTES
1
CONFINED AQUIFER


Confining
unit
- aquitard
Conf

^S
in!


\
Potentiometric
surface
Confined aquifer
ng unit - aquitard

/Base of
upper
confining
unit
S-40
                                 AQUIFERS AND AQUITARDS
                                    5< Vadose zone Qv ^
                                    Unconfined aquifer
                 Water/
                 table
                                        Aquitard
                                     Confined aquifer
                                        Aquitard
                                     Confined aquifer
                                 Recharge     Vadose 2Qne
                                                         Water table
                                                               aquifer

                                                        Qonfinedaquifer
                                  Confining layers
                                    (aquitards)
                                                                        S-42
Hydrogeology
14
8/95

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    POTENT1OMETRIC SURFACE


   The level to which water will rise in an

   opening (well) if the upper confining

   layer of a confined aquifer is perforated
                                   S-43
    ARTESIAN GROUNDWATER
              SYSTEM •
    Recharge area
                     Recharge area
                                   S-44
    ARTESIAN GROUNDWATER
              SYSTEM
Potantiometfic
  surface
               Flowing
               artesian
                well
     Overburden Aqgiclude
      pressure
                                   S-4S
                                              NOTES
8/95
                        15
Hydrogeology

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     NOTES
                                   DARCY'S LAW
                                       Q = KIA
                               • Q = discharge

                               • K = hydraulic conductivity
                                                   /dh\
                               • I = hydraulic gradient I ^j~ I

                               • A = area
                                                            S-46
                                   DARCY'S LAW
                           The flow rate through a porous material is
                           proportional to the head loss and
                           inversely proportional to the length
                           of the flow path

                           Valid for laminar flow

                           Assume homogeneous and isotropic
                           conditions
                                                            S-47
                            HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
                         	(K)	


                          The volume of flow through a unit cross

                          section of an aquifer per unit decline

                          of head
Hydro geology
16
8/95

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                  dh
                      K = hydraulic conductivity

                      A = cross-sectional area

                      Q = rate of flow

                      I ss hydraulic gradient I—1
               d!
           (length of
           flow path
          DARCY'S LAW
                                                 S-48
             Hydraulic Conductivity

             nfc             Q = K!A
                                                 S-50
                                                                 NOTES
                                                 S-Sl
8/95
17
Hydrogeology

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      NOTES
                               Decreasing the
                               hydraulic head
                               decreases the
                               flow rate
                                           0,>Q2
                                                                   s-s;j
                               Increasing the
                               flow path length
                               decreases the
                               flow rate
                                                                   S-53
                               GROUNDWATER VELOCITY

                              • Darcys Law    Q = KIA or  Q = K!
                                                           A
                                Velocity equation Q = Av  or Q
                                                            A

                                By combining, obtain:

                                v = Kl Darcian velocity
                             ss V
Hydrogeology
18
8/95

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                                                 NOTES
    GRQUNDWATER VELOCITY
    Because water moves only through pore
    spaces that are connected, porosity
    is a factor
    NT=\A, or  NT =SR + SY
        V-
         T
    ne  = SY  = NT - SR ~ effective porosity
        vs = HI     seepage velocity
            ne
                                     s-ss
          TRANSM1SSIVITY
   The capacity of the entire thickness of an
   aquifer to transmit water
                T= Kb
   T = transmissivity
   K = hydraulic conductivity
   b = aquifer thickness
                                     S-Sfi
                            b = 100m
                        TRANSMISSIVITY
                                     S-S7
8/95
19
Hydrogeology

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      NOTES
                                    TRANSMISSIVITY
                                     T = Kb

                                     T = (20m/d)(100m)

                                     T = 2000 m2/d
                                     STORATIVITY
                          • The amount of water available for "use"
                            in an aquifer (storage coefficient)


                          • "Specific yield" in an unconfined aquifer
                                                              s-se
Hydrogeology
20
8/95

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                  WELL  INSTALLATION
            STUDENT PERFORMANCE  OBJECTIVES


            At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

            1.   List the materials necessary for the installation of a well

            2.   Describe the installation of a well in an unconfined aquifer

            3.   Describe the installation of a well in a confined aquifer

            4.   Describe the concept behind nested wells

            5.   Describe the most common well sampling methods.
           NOTE:    Unless  otherwise  stated,   the  conditions  for
                    performance  are using all references and materials
                    provided  in   the  course,  and  the  standards  of
                    performance are without error.
8/95

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                                           NOTES
    WELL  INSTALLATION
   Selection of Filter Pack
       and Well Screen
                                 s-z
          WELL SCREEN
         Surrounded by filter pack

         Filter pack consists of:
         - Coarser materials
         - Uniform grain size
         - Higher permeability
U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
    Mail code 3201
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
  Washington DC 20460
8/95
       Well Installation

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     NOTES
                                  FILTER PACK
                                    Purpose
                          To allow groundwater to flow freely
                          into well

                          To minimize or eliminate entrance of
                          fine-grained materials
                                 FILTER PACK
                                    Selection
                        • Multiply the 70-percent retained grain size
                         of aquifer materials by 4 or 6

                        * Use 4 if formation is fine and uniform

                        • Use 6 if formation is coarser and
                         nonuniform
                                                         s-s
                                 FILTER PACK
                          Uniformity Coefficient (UC)
                                 40 percent retained

                                 90 percent retained
= UC
                               UC should not exceed 2.5
Well Installation
        8/95

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           WELL SCREEN
               Selection
     Select screen slot opening to retain
     90 percent of filter pack material
          WELL MATERIALS
         Well screen/riser/wel! points
         - Teflon®
         - Stainless steel
         - PVC
         Gravel/filter pack
         Bentonite
         Grout/cement
        WELL INSTALLATION
            Unconfined aquifer
            Confined aquifer
                                    s-a
                                                NOTES
8/95
Well Installation

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         MONITORING WELL - UNCONFINED AQUIFER
                                  4-Steel cap
                 Well    	
       e$###Xtf^^
MONITORING WELL - CONFINED AQUIFER
                           Steel cap
                          .Grout
                 .....
                 Well
      Potentiqmetic
         surface
               Well screen
                   Plug
                     "— Gravel pack
   NOTES
Well Installation
                                            8/95

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           NESTED WELLS - MULTILEVEL SAMPLING
                                       S-12
             WELL AND AQUIFER
               DEVELOPMENT
                  Surge block
                  Bailer
                  Pulse pumping
                  Air surging
                                       S-13
   NOTES
8/95
Well Installation

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                POOR WELL DEVELOPMENT
                                  Muddy water
           WELL DEVELOPMENT - SURGE BLOCK
   NOTES
Well Installation
8/95

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                                                  NOTES
        WELL DEVELOPMENT - BAILER
    WELL DEVELOPMENT - PULSE PUMPING
      WELL DEVELOPMENT - AIR SURGING
8/95
Well Installation

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    NOTES
                           SAMPLING METHODS
                              • Bladder pump
                              • Submersible pump
                              • Hand pump
                              • Bailer
                                                    S-10
                        GROUNDWATER SAMPLING
                        	PROTOCOL	

                        Flexible
                        Written and defensible document to be
                        used at all sites
                                                    S-20
                                 PURGING
                         Volume is well specific
                         Verified by temperature, pH,
                         specific conductance, and
                         turbidity
Well Installation
8/95

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                                               NOTES
   DETERMINING WELL VOLUME
             V = 0.041 d2h
       V = Volume of water in gallons
       d = Diameter of well in inches
       h = Depth of water in well in feet
                                   S-22
8/95
Well Installation

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                        VADOSE  ZONE
            STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES


            At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

            1.    Describe the vadose zone

            2.    List three  reasons why the vadose zone is important in
                 groundwater investigations

            3.    Describe the operation of pressure vacuum lysimeters

            4.    Characterize the limitations of vacuum lysimeters

            5.    Describe the principles of soil gas wells

            6.    Characterize the limitations of soil gas wells.
            NOTE:    Unless   otherwise   stated,   the  conditions   for
                     performance are  using all references and materials
                     provided  in  the  course,  and  the  standards  of
                     performance are without error.
8/95

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        VADOSE ZONE
         THE VADOSE ZONE
   That part of the geologic profile
   between the ground surface and the
   water table, including the capillary
   fringe
                                 S 2
               Ground surface
      Vadose
       zone
                           Water table
     Phreatic  i
                                 S-3
                                           NOTES
8/95
                                                Vadose Zone

-------
     NOTES
                            THE VADOSE ZONE
                        • Generally unsaturated
                        • < 100% water content
                        • Capillary pressure predominant
                                                     S-4
                            THE VADOSE ZONE
                         Consists of:
                         • Solid and participate material
                         • Vapors in pore spaces
                         • Liquids on grain surfaces
                                                    S-5
                            THE VADOSE ZONE
                                              Liquid
                                                    S-6
Vadose Zone
8/95

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         CAPILLARY FRINGE
     Transition zone between saturated
     and unsaturated zones

     Result of capillary pressure pulling
     water into unsaturated zone
                                  S-7
            CAPILLARITY
     The result of two forces:

     •  Attraction of water to the walls
       of the pore space (adhesion)

     •  Attraction of water molecules
       to each other (cohesion)
                                  s-a
      CAPILLARY FRINGE
     Sand
Silt
Clay
                                  S-8
                                             NOTES
8/95
                                 Vadose Zone

-------
    NOTES
                            THE VADOSE ZONE
                            Physical Properties
                      Physical properties vary according to:
                      • Atmospheric conditions
                      • Hydrogeologic conditions
                      • Geologic conditions
                                                    3-10
                             THE VADOSE ZONE
                        Cross Section - Ohio River Valley
                         VADOSE ZONE ADJACENT
                                 TO STREAMS
                                 Losing stream
                                           V*do« znn«
                                                    S-12J
Vadose Zone
8/95

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   VADOSE ZONE ADJACENT TO
            WETUVND
       THE VADOSE ZONE
         Unsaturated Flow
       Primarily affected by;
       •  Matric potential
       •  Osmotic potential
       •  Gravitational potential
       •  Moisture content
       THE VADOSE ZONE
          Matric Potential
                                S-14
     Attraction of water to solid
     particles
     Responsible for upward flow of
     water or capillary pressure
                               S-15
                                          NOTES
8/95
Vadose Zone

-------
     NOTES
                            THE VADOSE ZONE
                              Osmotic Potential
                            Attraction of water to ions
                            or other solutes in the soil
                                                     S-1S
                            THE VADOSE ZONE
                            Gravitational Potential
                        Gravitational pull on water

                        Encourages downward flow of water
                        or infiltration
                            THE VADOSE ZONE
                                Soil Potential
                       • Combination of matric and osmotic
                         potentials

                       • Impedes or binds the flow of water
                         in the unsaturated zone
                                                    S--8
Vadose Zone
8/95

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                                        NOTES
       THE VADOSE ZONE
         Unsaturated Flow
    Occurs when the gravitational
    potential is greater than the soil
    potential (matric + osmotic)
                              S-1B
       THE VADOSE ZONE
         Moisture Content
  Increased moisture content decreases
  soil potential (matric + osmotic),
  increasing the ability of water to flow
                              S-20
    Devices for Measuring
    Moisture Content and
      Soil Potential in the
         Vadose Zone
                              S-21
8/95
Vadose Zone

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     NOTES
                              MOISTURE CONTENT
                             Measured by:

                             •  Radioactive devices
                             •  Time domain reflectometry
                                                         S 22
                              MOISTURE CONTENT
                               Radioactive Devices
                          •  Neutron - Neutron
                            - Directly measures soil or rock
                              water content and porosity

                          •  Gamma - Gamma
                            - Determines soil or rock density
                            - Indirectly measures water content
                              and porosity
                                                         S-23
                              MOISTURE CONTENT
                               Radioactive Devices
                         Advantages
                         -  In-situ measurements directly or
                            indirectly related to water content
                         -  Average water content can be
                            determined at depth
                         -  Accommodates automatic recordings
                         -  Near-surface water content
                            measurements possible
                                                        S-24
Vadose Zone
8/95

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       MOISTURE CONTENT
        Radioactive Devices
     Disadvantages:
     - Expensive
     - Radioactive source requires
        special care and license
                                S-2S
       MOISTURE CONTENT
     Time Domain Reflectometry

    Measures an electromagnetic pulse
    emitted from one or more probes

    Determines moisture content
                                3-19
       MOISTURE CONTENT
    Time Domain Reflectometry

   Advantages
   -  Accurate
   -  Variable depth placement
   -  Variety of sensor configurations
   -  Remote and continual monitoring
                                          NOTES
8/95
Vadose Zone

-------
     NOTES
                            MOISTURE CONTENT
                         Time Domain Reflectometry

                        Disadvantages
                        -  Probes must be placed properly
                        -  Long-term use untested
                        -  Cost of remote monitoring
                           equipment relatively high
                                                     S-2«
                              SOIL POTENTIAL
                          Measured by:

                          • Tensiometer
                          • Electrical resistance block
                          • Psych rometer
                                                    3-13
                              SOIL POTENTIAL
                                Tensiometer
                                  Vado»«
                                  zone
                                                    S-3O
Vadose Zone
10
8/95

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                                            NOTES
          SOIL POTENTIAL
            Tensiometer
    Measures the matric potential in soil

    Advantages
    - Inexpensive
    - Durable
    - Easy to operate
          SOIL POTENTIAL
            Tensiometer
   Disadvantages
   -  Ineffective under very dry
      conditions because of air entry
   -  Sensitive to temperature changes
   -  Sensitive to atmospheric pressure
      changes
                                 S-32
          SOIL POTENTIAL
            Tensiometer
    Disadvantages (cont.)
    -  Sensitive to air bubbles in lines
    -  Requires a long time to achieve
       equilibrium
8/95
11
Vadose Zone

-------
      NOTES
SOIL POTENTIAL
Electrical Resistance Blocks


ct




~H Current source

Water


Water \
content

v Field calibration
Resistance

5.34
                                  SOIL POTENTIAL
                            Electrical  Resistance Blocks

                            Advantages
                            - Suited for general use
                            - Inexpensive
                            - Can determine moisture content
                              or soil potential
                            - Requires little maintenance
                                                           S-35
                                  SOIL POTENTIAL
                            Electrical Resistance Blocks
                             Disadvantages
                             -  Ineffective under very dry
                                conditions
                             -  Sensitive to temperature
                             -  Time-consuming field calibration
                             -  Affected by salinity
                             -  Ineffective in coarse or
                                swelling/shrinking soils
                                                           s-aa
Vadose Zone
12
8/95

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                                          NOTES
         SOIL POTENTIAL
           Psychrometer
  Measures soil potential under very
  dry conditions
                                s-sr
         SOIL POTENTIAL
           Psychrometer
   Advantages
   - Continuous recording of pressures
   - Variable depth placement
   - Remote monitoring
                                S-38
         SOIL POTENTIAL
           Psychrometer
     Disadvantages
     - Very sensitive to temperature
       fluctuations
     - Expensive
     - Complex
     - Performs poorly in wet media
                                S-3B
8/95
13
Vadose Zone

-------
     NOTES
                        SAMPLING FLUIDS AND VAPORS
                             Fluids
                             -  Pressure-vacuum lysimeter

                             Vapors
                             -  Soil-gas probe
                               Pressure-Vacuum Lysimeter
                                        Closad
                                        valv«i
                                 Collection of Pore Water
                                                         S-40
                                                        S-4Z
Vadose Zone
14
8/95

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                                            NOTES
           Transfer to Sample Bottle
                                  S-43
 VADOSE ZONE VAPOR SAMPLING
         [  Source|/
                      Vapors
   Saturated
                                 S-4«
         SOIL GAS PROBE
             Schematic
            Vadose
            zone
                       Seal
Boring
                   •Soil gas
                                 S-4S
8/95
       15
Vadose Zone

-------
    NOTES
                    Uses for Vadose Zone
                    Monitoring Equipment
                                           S-48
                  VADOSE ZONE MONITORING FOR
                         NEW TANK FARM
                                       E*rth*n b»rm
                   Earthen b*mn
                                        S«tur**d ion*
                                           S-47
Vadose Zone
16
                                          8/95

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              GEOPHYSICAL  METHODS
            STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
            At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

            1.    Describe the basic principles of operation of the following
                 surface geophysical methods:
                 a.    Magnetics
                 b.    Electromagnetics (EM)
                 c.    Electrical resistivity
                 d.    Seismic refraction
                 e.    Ground-penetrating radar

            2.    Identify the limitations of the following geophysical methods:
                 a.    Magnetics
                 b.    Electromagnetics (EM)
                 c.    Electrical resistivity
                 d.    Seismic refraction
                 e.    Ground-penetrating radar

            3.    Describe the basic principles of operation of the following
                 borehole geophysical methods:
                 a.    Spontaneous potential
                 b.    Normal resistivity
                 c.    Natural-gamma
            NOTE:    Unless   otherwise   stated,  the  conditions   for
                     performance are using  all references and materials
                     provided in  the  course,  and  the  standards of
                     performance are without error.
8/95

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               GEOPHYSICAL  METHODS
            STUDENT  PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
            At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

            1.    Describe the basic principles of operation of the following
                 surface geophysical methods:
                 a.   Magnetics
                 b.   Electromagnetics (EM)
                 c.   Electrical resistivity
                 d.   Seismic refraction
                 e.   Ground-penetrating radar

            2.    Identify the limitations of the following geophysical methods:
                 a.   Magnetics
                 b.   Electromagnetics (EM)
                 c.   Electrical resistivity
                 d.   Seismic refraction
                 e.   Ground-penetrating radar

            3.    Describe the basic principles of operation of the following
                 borehole geophysical methods:
                 a.   Spontaneous potential
                 b.   Normal resistivity
                 c.   Natural-gam ma
            NOTE:    Unless   otherwise   stated,  the  conditions   for
                     performance are  using all references and materials
                     provided  in  the  course,  and  the  standards of
                     performance are without error.
8/95

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             STUDENT PERFORMANCE  OBJECTIVES (cont.)

                  d.    Gamma-gamma
                  e.    Neutron
                  f.    Caliper
                  g.    Acoustic
                  h.    Temperature

             4.    Identify the limitations of the following borehole geophysical
                  methods:
                  a.    Spontaneous potential
                  b.    Normal resistivity
                  c.    Natural-gamma
                  d.    Gamma-gamma
                  e.    Neutron
                  f.    Caliper
                  g.    Acoustic
                  h.    Temperature.
            NOTE:    Unless   otherwise   stated,   the   conditions  for
                      performance  are using all references and materials
                      provided  in   the  course,  and  the  standards  of
                      performance are without error.
8/95

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                                              NOTES
GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
                                    S-i
           GEOPHYSICS
   Nonintrusive, investigative tool

   Site-specific methods

   "Ground truthed" data

   Professional interpretation
      RELATIVE SITE COVERAGE
          I
     Volume of typical     Volume of drilling
   geophysical measurement   or water sampling
S-3
         U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
              Mail code 3201
         1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
           Washington DC 20460
8/95
            Geophysical Methods

-------
    NOTES
                             GROUND TRUTHING
                          Correlation of physical evidence
                          (i.e., rock cores) to geophysical
                          data
                                                        S-4
                                  ANOMALY
                        Significant variation from background
                                                        s-s
                         GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
                         Magnetics
                         Electromagnetics (EM)
                         Electrical resistivity
                         Seismic refraction/reflection
                         Ground-penetrating radar
                         Borehole geophysics
Geophysical Methods
8/95

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              MAGNETICS
    Measurement of magnetic field strength
    in units of gammas

    Anomalies are caused by variations
    in magnetic field strength in the vicinity of
    the sensor
C*9 —
Chart and
magnetic tape
recorders




Amplifier
and
counter
circuits

Excitation
circuits


4
1 	 rri
till
          Ground surface
    Magnetometer
                                        S-7
                                        S-9
                                                    NOTES
           —©—(
        Ground surface
                    -©-
                                   100
                                   80 _'
                                   60 I
                                  20
                                  0
11
S/95
                Geophysical Methods

-------
      NOTES
                                      MAGNETICS
                                      Advantages
                             Relatively low cost (cost-effective)

                             Short time frame required

                             Little, if any, site preparation needed

                             Simple survey sufficient (compass and
                             tape)
                                                               S-10
                                      MAGNETICS
                                     Disadvantages
                             Cultural noise limitations

                             Difficulty in differentiating between steel
                             objects (i.e., 55-gallon drums and a
                             refrigerator)
                                                               S-11
                                ELECTROMAGNETICS
                             Based on physical principles of inducing
                             and detecting electrical flow within
                             geologic strata

                             Measures bulk conductivity (the inverse
                             of resistivity) of geologic materials
                             beneath the transmitter and receiver coils
Geophysical Methods
8/95

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                                                                         NOTES
                                          Station
                                          measurement


                                          Continuous
                                          measurement
                                                        S-13
   CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENTS VS. STATION MEASUREMENTS
     Continuous
     measurements
     Station
     measurements
                          SOUTI
                          NORTH
          Paraml. coninuouciy reco;ae
-------
     NOTES
                               ELECTROMAGNETICS
                                    Advantages
                           Rapid data collection with minimum
                           personnel

                           Lightweight, portable equipment

                           Commonly used in groundwater pollution
                           investigations for determining plume flow
                           direction
                                                            S-1B
                               ELECTROMAGNETICS
                                   Disadvantages
                           Cultural noise limitations (when used for
                           hydrogeologica! purposes)

                           Limitations in areas where geology varies
                           laterally (anomalies can be misinterpreted
                           as plumes)
                            ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
                           Measures the bulk resistivity of the
                           subsurface in ohm-meter units

                           Current is injected into the ground
                           through surface electrodes
                                                           S-18
Geophysical Methods
8/95

-------
                                               NOTES
       ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
           WENNER ARRAY
          Current *ourc*   Curr«n( motor
                                    S-10
     ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
  Depth of investigation is equal to
  one-fourth of the distance between
  electrodes
  ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITIES OF
      GEOLOGIC MATERIALS
   Function of:
   •  Porosity
   •  Permeability
   •  Water saturation
   •  Concentration of dissolved solids in   I
      pore fluids                       !
8/95
Geophysical Methods

-------
     NOTES
                                        Horizontal Distance (meters)

                                       100    200    300     400
                                                             500
                               RESISTIVITY PROFILE ACROSS GLACIAL CLAYS AND GHAVELS
                                                                 S-22
                                 RESISTIVITY SURVEYS

                             Profiling - lateral contacts using
                             constant electrode spacing

                             Sounding  - stratigraphic changes
                             measured with successively larger
                             electrode  spacings
                                                                 S-23
                               ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
                                       Advantages

                             Qualitative modeling of data is feasible

                             Models can be used to estimate depths,
                             thicknesses, and resistivities of
                             subsurface layers
                                                                 S-24
Geophysical Methods
8/95

-------
                                              NOTES
  ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY (cont.)
             Advantages
    Layer resistivities can be used to estimate
    resistivity of saturating fluid

    Extent of groundwater plume can be
    approximated
                                   S 25
     ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
           Disadvantages

   Cultural noise limitations

   Large area free from grounded metallic
   structures required

   Level of effort/number of operational
   personnel
                                   S 26
      SEISMIC TECHNIQUES

   Refraction method

   Reflection method
                                   S.27|
8/95
Geophysical Methods

-------
     NOTES
                                 SEISMIC  REFRACTION


                             Cheaper and easier

                             Determination of velocity and depth of
                             layers
                                 SEISMIC  REFLECTION
                           • More expensive and complex

                           • Resolution of thin layers
                            Seismic
                            source
               Geophonas
                            2500

                            fpSH
                            sand
                            5000
                            fps
                           saturated
                            sand
                                           Reflected wave
          Refracted wave
                                       SEiSMIC WAVE PATHS
                                                                 S-28
                                                                 S-2S
                                                                S-30
Geophysical Methods
10
8/95

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        SEISMIC REFRACTION

  • Measures travel time of acoustic wave
    refracted along an interface

  • Most commonly used at sites where
    bedrock is less than 500 ft below ground
    surface
                                      S 31
        SEISMOGRAPH FIELD LAYOUT
   SHOWING DIRECT AND REFRACTED WAVES
                   Fittt arrival w«v« f
                   S*cond armtl w«w« front*
                                      S-32
                                                  NOTES
8/95
11
Geophysical Methods

-------
     NOTES
                               SEISMIC REFRACTION
                                     Advantages

                           Determine layer velocities

                           Calculate estimates of depths to different
                           rock or groundwater interfaces

                           Obtain subsurface information between
                           boreholes
                           Determine depth to water table
                                                            S34
                              SEISMIC REFRACTION
                                    Assumptions

                           Velocities of layers increase with depth

                           Velocity contrast between layers is
                           sufficient to resolve interface

                           Geometry of geophones in relation to
                           refracting layers will permit detection of
                           thin layers
                                                            S-3S
                              SEISMIC REFRACTION
                                   Disadvantages

                           Assumptions must be made

                           Assumptions must be valid

                           Data collection can be tabor intensive
                                                            S-38
Geophysical Methods
12
8/95

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                                               NOTES
       SEISMIC REFLECTION
  • Measures travel time of acoustic wave
    reflected along an interface
  • Precise depth determination cannot be
    made without other methods
   SEISMIC REFLECTION (cont.)
    Magnitude of energy required is limiting
    factor
    Requires more complex data review
                                   S-38
 GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR
  A transmitter emits pulses of high-
  frequency electromagnetic waves into
  the subsurface which are scattered back
  to the receiving antenna on the surface
  and recorded as a function of time
8/95
13
Geophysical Methods

-------
     NOTES
                               Recorder
                                              Etoctronugrulic toure*
                                              •nd antenna
                                 Ground surface
                                 GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR
                                                            S-40
                         GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR
                           Depth penetration is severely limited by
                           attenuation of electromagnetic waves into
                           the ground
                         GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR
                                       (cont.)
                           Attenuating factors
                           - Shallow water table
                           - Increase in clay content in the
                             subsurface
                           - Electrical resistivity less than
                             30 ohm-meters
                                                           S-42
Geophysical Methods
14
8/95

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                                            NOTES
 GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR
            Advantages

 • Continuous display of data

 • High-resolution data under favorable site
   conditions

 • Real-time site evaluation possible
                                 S-43
 GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR
           Disadvantages

 • Limitations of site-specific nature of
   technique

 • Site preparation necessary for survey

 • Quality of data can be degraded by
   cultural noise and uneven ground surface
                                 S-44
    Borehole Geophysics
                                 S-4S
8/95
15
Geophysical Methods

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                                  5ponl*n*out
                                    f
                                                    GtoJogic
                                                     log
                                                              •my
                                                          ,	,J_
                                                     twid
                                                    few cl*y
                                                     Uy«rs
                                                   (fttih w>t*r|
                                                     IMS
SH Uyirt
(bf«Ck.«h
 w»«r)
                                                    f.- SS
                                                   d«AM rock
                                                   prob«b*y
                                                    gr»nrt«
                                                                       r
                                      COMPARISON OF ELECTRICAL AND
                                      RADIOACTIVE BOREHOLE LOGS
                                                                                                      S-46
NOTES
     Geophysical Methods
 16
S/P5

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                                           NOTES
     BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICS
        • Spontaneous potential
        • Normal resistivity
        • Natural-gamma
        • Gamma-gamma
 BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICS (cont.)
            • Neutron
            • Caliper
            • Acoustic
            • Temperature
   SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL
    Records natural potential between
    borehole fluid and fluid in surrounding
    materials
    Can only be run in open, fluid-filled
    boreholes
                                 S-4S
8/95
17
Geophysical Methods

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      NOTES
                         SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (cont)
                             Primary uses:

                            • Geologic correlation

                            • Determination of bed thickness

                            • Separation of nonporous rocks from
                              porous rocks (i.e., shale-sandstone
                              and shale-carbonate)
                                                               S-50
                                      RESISTIVITY
                            Measures apparent resistivity of a volume
                            of rock or soil surrounding the borehole

                            Radius of investigation is generally equal to
                            the distance between the borehole current
                            and measuring electrodes

                            Can only be run in open, fluid-filled
                            boreholes
                                                               S-51
                                        GAMMA
                          • Measures the amount of natural-gamma
                            radiation emitted by rocks or soils

                          • Primary use is identification of lithology
                            and stratigraphic correlation

                          • Can be run in open or cased and fluid- or
                            air-filled boreholes
                                                               S-S2
Geophysical Methods
18
8/95

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                                                  NOTES
           GAMMA-GAMMA
    Measures the intensity of gamma
    radiation from a source in the probe
    after it is backscattered and attenuated
    in the rocks or soils surrounding the
    borehole
                                      S-S3
       GAMMA-GAMMA (cont.)
   Primary use is identification of lithology
   and measurement of bulk density ana
   porosity of rocks or soils

   Can be run in open or cased  and fluid- or
   air-filled boreholes
                                      S-Si
              NEUTRON
 • Measures moisture content in the vadose
   zone and total porosity in sediments and
   rocks

 • Neutron sources and detector are
   arranged in logging device so that output
   is mainly a function of water within the
   borehole walls
8/95
19
Geophysical Methods

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      NOTES
                                    NEUTRON (cont.)
                            Can be run in open or cased and fluid- or
                            air-filled boreholes
                                                                s-s«
                                         CALIPER
                           •  Records borehole diameter and provides
                             information on fracturing, bedding plane
                             partings, or openings that may affect
                             fluid transport

                           •  Can be run in open or cased and fluid- or
                             air-filled boreholes
                                                                s-57:
                                       ACOUSTIC
                           •  A record of the transit time of an
                             acoustic pulse emitted into the formation
                             and received by the logging tool

                           •  Response is indicative of porosity and
                             fracturing in sediments or rocks

                           •  Can be run in open or cased, fluid-filled
                             boreholes
                                                                S-SSi
Geophysical Meihods
20
8/95

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                                                  NOTES
            TEMPERATURE
    A continuous record of the temperature
    of the environment immediately
    surrounding the borehole

    Information can be obtained on the
    source and movement of water and the
    thermal conductivity of rocks

    Can be run in open or cased, fluid-filled
    boreholes
                                      s-s»
8/95
21
Geophysical Methods

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                GEOCHEMICAL  MODELS
            STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
            At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

            1.    Evaluate the effect organic and inorganic contaminants have
                 on ground water chemistry

            2.    Identify chemical changes in ground water from petroleum
                 hydrocarbon contaminants

            3.    Identify chemical changes in groundwater from sewage and
                 municipal landfill contaminants

            4.    Identify chemical changes in groundwater from  acid, base,
                 and ammonia spills and coal fly ash

            5.    Define the following chemical parameters:
                 a.   Hardness
                 b.   Alkalinity
                 c.   pH
                 d.   Eh

            6.    Describe how hardness, alkalinity, pH, and Eh affect water
                 chemistry

            7.    Describe the effects  of the carbonate buffering  system on
                 groundwater
8/95

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             STUDENT PERFORMANCE  OBJECTIVES  (cont.)

             8.   Define dense nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs) and light
                 nonaqueo us-phase liquids (LNAPLs)

             9.   Describe gas evolution in uncapped landfills.
            NOTE:    Unless   otherwise   stated,   the   conditions   for
                      performance are  using all references  and  materials
                      provided  in  the  course,  and  the  standards  of
                      performance are without error.
8/95

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    GEOCHEMICAL MODELS
                              S-1
  PRIMARY DRINKING WATER
  	STANDARDS	
      • Inorganics
      • Microbiological
      • Pesticides
      • Volatile organic compounds
      • Radioactivity
                              S-2
    SECONDARY DRINKING
     WATER REGULATIONS
    Chloride
    Color
    Copper
    Corrosivity
    Fluoride
    Foaming agents
    Iron
Manganese
Odor
PH
Sulfate
Total dissolved solids
Zinc
8/95
                               Geochetnical Models

-------
      Anatomy of a Plume
                               s~t
    Petroleum Contaminant
                              s-s
          Source
  Oxic
Anoxic
 Slightly
oxygenated
                           increase
                              S-6
Geochemical Models
                                                 8/95

-------
                           Generation of
                           organic acids
      HYDROLYSIS OF ORGANIC
             CHEMICALS
        O2 + H2O —*• HCO- + organic acids   !
                                O
                                 11       I
                              R - C- OH
5/95
                                 LNAPL
              Carbonic
               acid
             generation
Organic acids   i
                                 Geochemical Models

-------
                               LNAPL
                PH
          pH  =  - log [ H+]
                                  s-to
                               LNAPL
 CARBONATE BUFFERING SYSTEM
      Organic chemicals-

      H2O  +  CO2  v=
      H2CO3
     cartonic Kid
      H2C03


      HCOj
H + HCO:
H + COj
        Alkalinity is HCO J + td J
                               LNAPL
      DISSOLUTION OF LIMESTONE
 (CaMg)CO3
   Umestone
      -t-Ca** * Mg++
Geochemical Models
                                                   8/95

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                                  LNAPL
             Source
            HARDNESS
          Type
 mg/L
           Soft

       Moderately hard

           Hard

         Very hard
 0-60

61-120

121-180

 >180
        MOBILITY OF ALUMINUM (Al) AND
             ZINC (Zn) METALS
      c
      1
      £
                              14
8/95
                                  Geochemical Models

-------
          Redox Potential (Eh)
      Oxidizing or reducing environment

      High negative volts - reducing reactions

      High positive volts - oxidizing reactions

      Oxic vs. aerobic

      Anoxic vs. anaerobic
        Eh REDUCTION/OXIDATION
              Source
                                    LNAPL
Ceochemical Models
8/95

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      DENSITY - DNAPL
             Source
        Bedrock
   DNAPL
   Source
LNAPL
Source
                        DNAPL
  Oxic
 Anoxic
 Siightiy
oxygenated
                       increase
        SEWAGE AND
   MUNICIPAL LANDFILLS
    Leachate Containment
8/95
                                    Geochemical Models

-------
                                          Sewage and
                                        Municipal Landfills
    Oxic
Anoxic
  Slightly
oxygenated
                                              increase
                                                   $•£2
                  Source
                    Sewage and
                  Municipal Landfills
   Carbonic
     acid
  generation
                                         Sewage and
                                       Municipal Landfills
                                   ardne&s Ca**. My **
Geochemical Models
                                                                                8/95

-------
                                 Sewage and
                               Muiicipal Landfill*
:  Sulfate reduction
    to sulfide
1                                 Sewage and
                               Municipal Landfills
'  DISSOLUTION OF SHEET ROCK
   CaSQ,
                       Ca
                          ++
   (sheet rock)

''  ION EXCHANGE

    Ca++|	>


  SULFATE REDUCTION
S04
                       +("water softening")
           50=
                                        S-26
              Source
                                Sewage and
                               Municipal Landfills
      Ammonia forms in anoxic environment
         + organic material	»
                                  ---  NO"
                                        3   ,

                                       S-27  |
8/95
                                                                  Geochemical Models

-------
                           Sewage and
                          Municipal Landfills
     GEOCHEMICAL LIFE CYCLE
           OF A LANDFILL
      100%.

     Landfill
     Gas
    (by Volume)
         AmMc
                         AWQtMC
      50%-
 Cellulose
concentration
                 Time
                                  S-2S
                           Sewage and
                          Municipal Landfills
   LANDFILL LEACHATE INDICATORS
Excellent:
Ammonia (NH^)
i DOC
j
Low Eh
NoO2
High Fe* and Mn**
Good:
LowpH
High alkalinity (HCC^)
Low sulfate
cr.Na*,B***
S-29
          Organic-Poor
         Contaminants
Geochemical Models
      10
8/95

-------
 Coal fly ash (andfills; salt storage facilities;
     bhne disposal; acid/base spills
               Source
Organic-poor
contaminants
      Low pH Contaminants
              Source
                                    LowpH
                                 Eh, DO
                                   Nothing to
                                   con so me Q.,
                                 pH
8/95
      11
Geochemical Models

-------
                                  LowpH
              Source
                         Precipitation of Fe, Mn, and
                         Al
                         Precipitation of calcite
                         Scrption of trace metals
                         ion exchange      S-K
     High pH Contaminants
Geochemical Models
12
8/95

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                                          High pH
                                    IDS. cations
                                            Mn**
          "Precipitation of Fe and Mn
           Precipitation of carbonate (?) plugging pores
           iorpjion of trace metals                s.37
8/95
13
                                                                               Geochemical Models

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               GROUNDWATER  MODELS
            STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
            At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

            1.   List the physical  processes  that affect  groundwater and
                 contaminant flow

            2.   List the properties that are included in the retardation factor

            3.   List the parameters that are included in the basic equation
                 used in groundwater computer programs

            4.   List the variables that groundwater models can be used to
                 predict.
            NOTE:    Unless  otherwise   stated,  the  conditions   for
                      performance  are using  all references and materials
                      provided  in  the  course,  and  the  standards  of
                      performance are without error.
8/95

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-------
                                          NOTES
 GROUNDWATER MODELS
                                 S-l
    GRQUNDWATER MODELS
  An attempt to simulate groundwater flow
  conditions mathematically
   • Used to predict groundwater levels
    (heads) over time
   • Used to predict contaminant transport
                                S-2
      PHYSICAL PROCESSES

          • Advection
          • Dispersion
          • Density
          • Immiscible phase
          • Fractured media
8/95
Groundwater Models

-------
     NOTES
                                      ADVECTION
                                 Average groundwater velocity
                                 Depends on:
                                 -  Hydraulic conductivity
                                 -  Porosity
                                 -  Hydraulic gradient
                                                               S-4
                            Q  =  Rate of flow
                            K  =  Hydraulic conductivity
                            A  =  Cross-sectional area of flow
                            I   =  Hydraulic gradient
                            ne =  Effective porosity
                                                               s-s
                           Q
                           Q
                           v
                           vc
KAI
Av
Kl
v  =

Darcy's Law
Velocity equation
Darcian velocity
Advective velocity*
                            Seepage velocity or average linear velocity
                                                               S-fl
Groundwater Models
                           8/95

-------
                                                       NOTES
t
o
10
c
0)
o
c
o
O
0
1
^—^— — — ^ Advpction




•i* Distance from source MB«^^
S-7

DISPERSION
• Tendency for solute to spread
• Caused by:
- Mechanical mixing
- Molecular diffusion
s-s

PATH LENGTH AND PORE SIZE AS
FACTORS IN CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT
_ \^/ \^^J L 	 -J\ 	 J L— — J Small pore size
^ J^"" I I* -\ f - — ~> r^^ S slow moveirient
^
cS
<^N

^d^^c^^
^^^Q L°n9 ^
__\  fast movement
s-e
8/95
Groundwater Models

-------
     NOTES
                          t
                           c
                           o
                           c
                           0)
                           o
                          o
                           I
Advection
  plus
dispersion
                                 Distance from source
                                                          S-10
                                DENSITY - LNAPL
                                     Groundwater flow
                                DENSITY - DNAPL
                                                          S-T2
Groundwater Models
     8/95

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                                                      NOTES
      IMMISCIBLE PHASE FLOW


 •  Mutually insoluble liquids

 •  Interferes with groundwater flow

 •  Liquids can become immobile at residual
   saturation
                                         S-13
      IMMISCIBLE PHASE  FLOW
 Water
                                    Solid
                                   particle
                                 Immiscible
                                   fluid
                                         S-M
          Faulted and Fractured Porous Rock
Potertiat groun&vrat9r flow
                                        S-15
                                                   U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
                                                        Mail code 3201
                                                   1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
                                                      Washington  DC 20460
5/95
Groundwater Models

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     NOTES
                           CHEMICAL PROCESSES

                                   • Sorption

                                   • Hydrolysis

                                   • Cosolvation

                                   • lonization
                                                        S-18
                        CHEMICAL PROCESSES (cont.)



                            • Dissolution and precipitation

                            • Complexation reactions

                            • Redox potential
                                                        S-17
                          BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
                            Microorganisms
                            - Bacteria
                            - Fungi

                            Transformation of contaminants
                            - Aerobic conditions
                            - Anaerobic conditions
                                                       S-18
Groundwater Models
8/95

-------
                                                    NOTES
       RETARDATION FACTOR
     Relates groundwater velocity to
     contaminant velocity

     Current practice: lump chemical and
     biological processes into retardation
                                       S-lfl
RETARDATION
R

R
K'
NT
= 1 + Pb x K<
NT
= retardation factor
= bulk density
= distribution coefficient
= total porosity
S-20
   t
    c
    0)
    o
    c
    o
    O
    I
Advection

   plus

retardation
           I Distance from source i
                                       S-21
8/95
                      Groundwater Models

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     NOTES
                          Groundwater  Modeling
                                CONCENTRATION
                                 AT DISTANCE "L"
                             DL = longitudinal dispersion coefficient
                             C0 = solute concentration at source
                             v =  average linear velocity
                             L ~  distance
                             t = time
                             erfc = complementary error function
                             MODELS CAN PREDICT:
                                   Spatial variation
                                   Temporal variation
                                   Parameter variation
                                                          S 22
                                                          S-23
                                                          S-24
Groundwater Models
8/95

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                                              NOTES
        MODEL DIMENSIONS
     One-dimensional
     Two-dimensional
     Three-dimensional
                                   3-25
      MODELING PROBLEMS
  • Lack of appropriate modeling protocols
    and standards
  • Insufficient technical support
  • Inadequate education and training
  • Widely used, but selection and use
    inconsistent
                                   S-2S
     KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL
         USE OF MODELS

 •  Proper input of data and parameter
   estimates
 •  Effective communication
 •  Understanding the limitations of the model
                                   S-27
8/95
Groundwater Models

-------
     NOTES
                          	G.I.G.O.	

                          Garbage in = Garbage out
                          The first axiom of computer usage
                        MOST COMMON EPA MODELS
                           Name
                           MODFLOW
                           HELP
                           RANDOM WALK
                           USGS-2D
                           USGS-MOC
              Relative Use
                  29
                  24
                  21
                  20
                  19
                                                      S-JB
Groundwater Models
10
8/95

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   PROBLEM 1
Cross-Section Exercise

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                   PROBLEM  1:  CROSS-SECTION EXERCISE
 A.     Student Performance Objectives

        1.      Use a topographic map to locate sites for the installation of monitoring wells at
               specific elevations.

        2.      Draw a topographic profile of a specified area.

        3.      Calculate a vertical exaggeration for a topographic profile.

        4.      Obtain geological information from monitoring well logs.

        5.      Use the GSA Munsell color chart and geotechnical gauge to identify rock sample
               colors and textures.

        6.      Given a geologic map, interpret elevations of geologic formations.

        7.      Draw a geologic cross-section using monitoring well logs and a topographic
               profile.

        8.      Interpret subsurface geology to locate aquifers of concern, identify discontinuities
               in geologic formations, and locate potential monitoring/remediation wells.


 B,      Background Information

        Each group of students will have a set of six rock/sediment samples, labeled A through F,
        to examine.  These samples represent rock/sediment samples from six of the seven
        different geologic formations encountered during the installation of monitoring wells at,
        and in the vicinity of, the Colbert Landfill site in Spokane, Washington.  During the site
        investigation, these samples were collected from cuttings generated by mud rotary
        drilling. Each sample tube is also oriented with an arrow that indicates the top.  DO
        NOT attempt to remove the orange caps and open the tubes!
C.     Geologic Cross-Section

       1.     Using the GSA Munsell color chart and sample mask, match the overall color of
              the rocks, sand, clay, or gravel within the samples to the color chart.  Do not
              determine every color if a sample is multicolored, but look for key sediment types
              or specific marker colors.

       2.     Using the geotechnical gauge, generally determine and match  the grain size of the
              sediments with the written descriptions.  For example, actual fine sand or coarse
              sand sizes can be found on the chart. Sediments  larger than coarse sand, such as
              gravel and cobbles, are NOT shown on the geotechnical card.  Using  the

8/95                                        1                       Cross-Section Exercise

-------
               geotechnical gauge arid the sediment characteristic diagram depicted in Figure 1,
               generally determine the degree of panicle rounding and sediment sorting.  Well
               sorted means most panicles are of similar size and shape, whereas poorly sorted
               particles are of no particular size and vary greatly in size and shape, such as sand
               mixed with gravel or cobbles.

       3.      Using the SAMPLES and well  log together,  match these descriptions and your
               visual observations to the official published U.S.  Geological Survey geologic
               description of the formations. Then identify  each formation on the well logs in
               the space provided under the "STRATA" column; for example, Kiat, sample F.
               START WITH  WELL LOG #6 AND PROCEED TO LOG #1.  EACH TUBE
               REPRESENTS ONLY ONE ROCK FORMATION!   Be sure to read the
               information written under the "REMARKS" column at the right of the log sheet
               for additional sample information. Your instructor will  discuss the correct sample
               identification at the end of this ponion of the exercise.

       4.      Using the appropriate topographic maps and graph paper provided, locate Wells 6
              through 1 along the top of the graph paper from left to right along profile line
               A-A'.  Determine the respective elevations of the wells  (your instructor will
              demonstrate this technique).

       5.     Label the Y-axis of the graph paper to represent the elevation, starting from 2,100
              feet at the top tc  1,400 feet at the  bottom.  Each box on the graph represents 20
              feet in elevation.

       6.     Plot the location, depicting the correct surface elevation of each well on the graph.
              Also determine and plot the elevations of several  easily determined points on the
              profile line between each of the  wells in order to  add more detail to the profile.
              This will generate a series of dots  representing the elevations of the six wells and
              the other elevations you have determined.  Make  sure to select contour lines that
              cross the profile line.  The contour interval of these particular topographic  maps is
              20 feet.

       7.     After plotting these elevations on the graph, connect them with a smooth curve.
              which will represent the shape of the topography from A-A'.

       8.     Using the well logs previously completed and the  colored geologic map,  add the
              existing geology and formation thickness to each well location. Each formation
              thickness is listed on the  left side of the well log and is  measured from the  bottom
              of the next overlying formation.

       9.     Sketch in and  imerpret the geologic layers of  the cross section, starting with the
              lowest bedrock formation.  Connect all of the same geologic formations, keeping
              in mind that some formations have varying thicknesses and areal extent.

       10.     Using available groundwater information, locate the three aquifers in the cross
              section.
Cross-Secrion Exercise                        ~>                                        8/95

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        11.    Using the completed cross section, locate potential sites for the installation of
              additional monitoring wells or remediation wells and identify formation
              discontinuities.

        12.    Compare your interpretation with the "suggested" interpretation handed out by the
              mctT*i if t/"if»
              instructor.
 D.     History of Colbert Landfill

        The Colbert Landfill is located 2.5 miles north of the town of Colbert near Spokane,
        Washington, and is owned by the Spokane County Utilities Department.  This 40-acre
        landfill was operated from 1968 to 1986, when it was filled to capacity and closed.  It
        received both municipal and commercial wastes from many sources.  From 1975 to 1980,
        a local electronics manufacturing company disposed spent solvents containing methylene
        chloride  (MC) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) into the landfill.  A local Air Force base
        also disposed of solvents containing acetone  and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK).  These
        solvents  were trucked to the landfill in 55-gaIlon drums and poured down the sides of
        open and unlined trenches within the landfill.  Approximately 300-400 gallons/month of
        MC and  150-200 gallons/month of TCA were disposed.  In addition, an unknown volume
        of pesticides and tar refinery residues from other sources were dumped into these
        trenches.

        The original site investigation was prompted by complaints from local residents who
        reported  TCA contamination of their private wells.  The population within 3 miles of the
        site is  1,500.  In 1981, a Phase 1 investigation was conducted; a Phase 2 was completed
        in 1982.  Groundwater samples collected from nearby private wells indicated  TCA
        contamination  at 5,600 pg/L, MC contamination at 2,500 pg/L, and acetone at a
        concentration of 445 /*g/L.  Investigation reports concluded that drinking groundwater
        posed the most significant risk to public health.  EPA placed the site  on the National
        Priority List (NPL) in 1983.  Bottled water and a connection to the main  municipal water
        system was supplied to residents with high TCA contamination (above the MCL), and the
        cost was underwritten by the potentially responsible parties (PRPs) involved.

        Hydrogeological Investigation

        The site  lies within the drainage basin of the Little Spokane River, and  residents with
       private wells live on all sides of the landfill.  The surficial cover and subsequent lower
        strata in  the vicinity of the  site consist of glacially derived sediments  of gravel and sand,
        below which lie layers of clay, basaltic lava  flows, and granitic bedrock.  Beneath the site
       there are three aquifers and three aquitards.  The stratigraphic sequence beneath the
        landfill from the top (youngest) to the bottom (oldest)  is:

        Qfg   Upper sand and gravel glacial outwash  and Missoula flood deposits which together
              form a water table aquifer
       Qglf  Upper layers of glacial Lake Columbia deposits of impermeable silt and clay that
              serve as an aquitard; lower layers of older glaciofluvial and alluvial sand and
              gravel deposits that form a confined aquifer


8/95                                         3                        Cross-Section  Exercise

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        Mvwp Impermeable but weathered Wanapuin basalt flow
        Mel   Impermeable and unweathered Latah Formation of silt and clay
        Kiat   Fractured and unfractured granitic bedrock that serves as another confined aquifer

        In the upper aquifer (Qfg), which is 8-15 feet thick, groundwater flows from 4 to 13 feet
        per  day (ft/day). The lower confined sand and gravel aquifer (Qglf) varies from a few
        feet thick to 150 feet thick and is hydraulically connected to the Little Spokane River.
        Groundwater in this aquifer flows from 2 to 12 ft/day.  To the northeast of the landfill,
        the upper aquifer is connected to the lower aquifer.  Both of these aquifers are classified
        as current  sources of drinking water according to EPA and are used locally for potable
        water.  The area impacted  by the site includes 6,800 acres and the contamination plume
        extends 5 miles toward the town of Colbert.  Of the contaminants present, 90 percent
        occur as dense, nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs)  at the bottom of the upper aquifer,
        and  natural DNAPL degradation is  slow.  It has been estimated that only 10 percent of
        the solvents have gone into solution, whereas the remainder occurs in pore spaces and as
        pools of pure product above impermeable layers.  The TCA plume in the upper aquifer
        has extended 9,000 feet in  8-10 years and it moves at a rate of 2-3 ft/day. The flow rate
        of the contamination plume in the lower sand and gravel aquifer (Qglf) has not been
        calculated because of the complexity and variability of the subsurface geology.  However,
        TCA and MC have the highest  concentrations in the lower sand and  gravel aquifer.
Cross-Section Exercise                       4                                         8/95

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      Sediment Characteristics
    O
                 ^
               O
     Well Rounded
                                      A
Poorly Rounded
      Well Sorted
                          i
           \
 Poorly Sorted
                    Stratified
                    FIGURE 1
5/95
       Cross-Section Exercise

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                   B
                  D
                                                             Map
                                                             view
                                                          Cut away
                                                            cross-
                                                            sect i on
                         DEVELOPMENT OF CONTOUR LINES

Consider an island in a lake and the patterns made on it when the water level recedes.  The
shoreline represents the same elevation all around the island and is thus a contour line (see above
Figure, part A).  Suppose that the water levels of the lake drop 10 ft and that the position of the
former shoreline is marked by a gravel beach (Figure B).  Now there are two contour lines, the
new lake level and the old stranded beach, each depicting accurately the shape of the new island
at these two elevations. If the water  level should continue to drop in increments of 10 ft, with
each shoreline being marked by a beach, additional contour lines would be formed (Figures C
and D). A map of the raised beaches is therefore a contour map (Figure E), which  graphically
represents the configuration of the island.
Cross-Section Exercise
8/95

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 PROBLEM 2
Sediment Analysis

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                        PROBLEM  2:  SEDIMENT  ANALYSIS
 A.     Student Performance Objectives

        1.     Determine the grain size distribution of unconsolidated geologic materials
               obtained from an aquifer.

        2.     Calculate a uniformity  coefficient from  the data obtained through sample
               sieving.

        3.     Given a formation's sieve analysis, select filter pack and screen slot size.
 B.     Background Information

        1.      Keck Field-Sieving Kit

               The  Keck Field-Sieving kit will be used to provide information on the grain size
               distribution of the unconsolidated  sediments in the aquifer to be screened by  the
               monitoring well.   It will also be used to determine the correct size of filter pack
               material around the screen of a monitoring well, as well as determine the screen size.
               Sieving is only done using a dry mixture of unconsolidated sediments such as gravel,
               sand, silt, and clay. During the sieving, grain size ranges are retained by each sieve.
               The coarsest materials are retained by the top sieve, whereas the finest are collected
               by the bottom pan.   The  amount of sediment retained by  each sieve is  usually
               determined by weighing each fraction on a balance.  However, with the Keck Field-
               Sieving Kit,  this information is gathered by comparing the volume  within each
               cylinder to the vertical percent scale along the edge of the Keck sieve holder.   By
               initially using a sample volume that equals one full cylinder (100 percent), the percent
               "retained" by  each screen after 5 minutes of sieving can be  easily obtained.  The
               "cumulative"  percent of sand from each cylinder is calculated  and plotted on special
               graph paper.  The  Y or vertical axis on the left side of the graph will represent the
               percent sample retained from 0 to 100  percent (the right side of the graph measures
               cumulative percent sediment passing), and the X or horizontal axis (along the bottom)
               will represent the grain size as measured in either thousandths of an inch or in U.S.
               standard sieve sizes (grain size in millimeters is measured along the top of the graph).
               Once the data points are plotted, they are connected with a  smooth curve.

       2.      Particle Size Distributions

               Because the sample is usually a mixture of sediment types, there is no single way to
               describe the range of particle sizes.  The Wentworth Scale was developed in 1922 to
               classify particle size from boulders to clay.  The Unified Soil  Classification System
               was adopted by the  U.S. Department of Agriculture as an extension of the Wentworth
               Scale to further classify fine-grained material. The panicle size distribution can also
               be used to determine the size of the filter pack material to be used around the well
               screen.  This  material is mainly used with fine-grained sediments to make the area

8/95                                          \                             Sediment Analysis

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               around the screen more permeable, while also increasing the hydraulic diameter of
               the wefl.  The grain size distribution of this material is selected such that 90 percent
               of it is retained by the screen slot opening. This allows the well to produce mostly
               sand-free water.  Finally, the slope of the curve can also be used to determine the
               uniformity of the grain size fay calculating the uniformity coefficient.

        3.      Uniformity Coefficient

               The uniformity coefficient (UC) is calculated by dividing the 40 percent retained size
               of the sediment  by the  90 percent retained size.   For example, 40 percent of the
               sample was  retained  by 0.026 inches, while 90  percent was retained by 0.009
               inches.

                                     40% retained _ 0.026 in.  _ __
                                     90% retained    0.009 in.

               The lower the value, the more uniform the particle size grading; the larger the value,
               the less uniform  the grading.  Values for  UC should be less than 5.
C.     Determine the  Grain  Size Distribution  of Unconsolidated  Geologic Materials
       Obtained from  an Aquifer

       1.     Sieve a sample.
              a.      Get a prepared Keck Field-Sieving kit from the instructors.
              b.      Remove the cylinder stack from the frame by holding the frame at the TOP
                     and unscrewing the knob counterclockwise.
              c.      Fill the beaker with  sand to the 100-ml line. This will equal one  cylinder
                     volume '100 percent).
              d.      Remove the clear cap from the top cylinder and carefully pour approximately
                     one-half of the sample from the beaker into it.  Make sure the box  top is
                     beneath the cylinder to catch any spilled sand.
              e.      Replace the top cap and  carefully replace the cylinder stack into the frame.
              f.      Slowly tighten the cap by turning the top knob clockwise.
              g.      Hold the frame by BOTH ends and shake  in a circular manner.  Add  an
                     occasional vertical shake during this process.
              h.      Shake for 5 minutes.
              i.      CAREFULLY remove the cylinders from the holder, add the remaining sand
                     sample, replace the cylinders into the frame, and continue shaking for another
                     5 minutes.
              j.      Tap the cylinders with your fingers until the  majority of the sample lies
                     roughly flat within each cylinder.
              k.      Using the  vertical scale on the side of the  frame, visually  determine the
                     percent sample fraction within each cylinder and record the data on the sheets
                     provided.
              1.      Carefully remove the cylinders  from the frame,  invert  the stack, and replace
                     the sand into the bag.
              m.     Clean out  each cylinder by tapping it against your hand. DO NOT TAP

Sediment Analysis                            2                                         8/95

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                     AGAINST THE DESK OR ANY HARD SURFACE! Use the paintbrush
                     to remove any remaining sand from the screens and gaskets.
              n.     Replace sieve set into box.
              o.     Calculate the cumulative percent of each cylinder and record the data on the
                     data sheets.
              p.     Using the graph paper provided, plot your data.

       2.     Determine the grain  size distribution of your sediment sample using your data plots
              and the unified soil classification scale on the bottom of the graph paper.
              Calculate the uniformity coefficient for your sample.
8/95                                       3                            Sediment Analysis

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Co
»'
Bottle #

Sediment Sieve Exercise
U.S. Sieve #





Percent Retained





Cumulative Percent





  Uniformity Coefficient: UC = 40%/90%


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   SELECTION OF FILTER
 PACK AND WELL SCREEN
    PURPOSE OF FILTER PACK
      * Allow groundwater to flow
       freely into well
      • Minimize or eliminate entrance
       of fine-grained materials
          WELL SCREEN
     Surrounded by:
     •  Filter pack coarser than the
       aquifer material
     •  Filter pack of uniform grain size
     •  Filter pack of higher permeability
       than the aquifer material
                                S-1
                                S-2
                                         NOTES
8/95
Sediment Analysis

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     NOTES
                         UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT (UC)
                            • Measure of the grading uniformity
                             of sediment

                            • 40% retained size divided
                             by 90% retained size

                            • UC of filter pack material should
                             not exceed 2.5
                            FILTER PACK SELECTION

                            •  Select by multiplying the 70%
                              retained grain size of the aquifer
                              materials by 4 or 6

                            •  Use 4 if aquifer is fine grained
                              and uniform

                            •  Use 6 if aquifer is coarse grained
                              and nonuniform
                           WELL SCREEN SELECTION
                              Select screen slot opening to
                              retain 90% of filter pack material
                                                           S-B
Sediment Analysis
8/95

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        PROBLEM 3
Groundwater Model Demonstration

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     PROBLEM 4
Hydrogeological Exercises

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               PROBLEM 4:  HYDROGEOLOGICAL EXERCISES
 PART  1.

 A.     General Discussion

        Groundwater-level data can be used to determine direction of groundwater flow by
        constructing groundwater contour maps and flow nets. To calculate a flow direction, at
        least three observation points are needed.  First, relate the groundwater field levels to a
        common datum—map datum is usually best—and then accurately plot their position on a
        scale plan, as in Figure 1.  Second, draw a pencil line between each of the observation
        points, and divide each line into a number of short, equal lengths in proportion to the
        difference in elevation at each end of the line.  The third step is to join points of equal
        height on each of the lines  to form contour lines (lines of equal head).  Select a contour
        interval that is appropriate  to the overall variation in water levels  in the study area.  The
        direction of groundwater flow is at right angles to the contour lines from points of higher
        head to  points of lower head.

        This simple procedure can  be applied to a much larger number of water-level values to
        construct a groundwater-level contour map such as the one in the  example.  Locate the
        position of each observation point on a base map of suitable scale and write the water
        level against each well's position.  Study these water-level values  to decide which contour
        lines would cross the center of the map.  Select one or two key contours to draw in first.

        Once the contour map is complete, flow lines  can be drawn by first dividing a selected
        contour line  into equal lengths.  Flow lines are drawn at right angles from this contour, at
        each point marked on it.  The flow lines are extended until the next contour line is
        intercepted, and are  then continued at right angles to this new contour line.  Always select
        a contour that will enable you to draw the flow lines in a downgradient direction.
B.     The Three-Point Problem

       Ground water-flow direction can be determined from water-level measurements made on
       three wells at a site (Figure 1).

       1.     Given:

              Well Number        Head (meters)
                  1                   26.28
                 2                   26.20
                 3                   26.08
8/95                                        i                     Hydrogeological Exercises

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                    N
                     WELL 2
                  ( head. 26.20 m )
                   0   25   SO
                                 100
                  METERS (scale approximate)
                                                              WELL1
                                                            { head. 26.28 m )
                                                  WELL 3
                                                ( head. 26.08 m )
       2.
                                         FIGURE 1
Procedure:
              a.     Select water-level elevations (head) for the three wells depicted in
                     Figure  1.

              b.     Select the well with water-level elevation between the other wells (Well 2).

              c.     Draw a line between Wells 1 and 3. Note that somewhere between these
                     wells is a point,  labeled A in Figure 2, where the water-level elevation at
                     this point is equal to Well 2 (26.20 m).

              d.     To determine the distance X from Well 1 to point A,  solve the following
                     equation (see Figures 3, 4, and 5):
                                                       -   H
              f.
       Distance Y is measured directly from the map (200 m) on Figure 3.  H,,
       H2, and H3 represent head or water-level elevations from their respectively
       numbered  wells.

       After distance X is calculated, groundwater-flow direction based on the
       water-level elevations can be constructed 90" to the line  representing
       equipotential elevation of 26.20 m (Figure 6).
Hydrogeological Exercises
                                                                         8/95

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                   N
                    WELL 2
                  ( head. 26.20 m }
                                                        WELL1
                                                      ( head. 26.28 m )
                                                             Point A
                  0  25  SO      100
    WELLS
  ( head. 26.08 m )
                  METERS (scale approximate)
                                      FIGURE 2
                 N
               WELL 2
             ( head. 26.20 m )
                                                      WELL1
                                                    { head. 26.28 m )
      26.2° to


        Point A
                0   25  50     100
                                                ©
  WELLS
( head, 26.08 m )
                METERS (scale approximate)
                                     FIGURES
8/95
           Hydro geological Exercises

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              (26.28 - 26.20)    (26.28 - 26.08)
                     X
    200
                                X = 80
                               FIGURE 4
               N
                              X = 80m
               WELL 2
              ( head. 26.20 m )
                                               WELL1
                                             ( head, 26.28 m )
              0   25  50     100
 WELLS
( head. 26.08 m )
              METERS (scale approximate)
                               FIGURES
Hydro geological Exercises
                       8/95

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                                                       WELL1
                                                     ( head. 26.26 m )
                 WELL 2
               ( head, 26.20 m )
               0   25  SO
                             100
                                                    Groundwater-Flow
                                                         Direction
                                       WELLS
                                      ( head, 26.08 m )
              METERS (scale approximate)
                                        FIGURE 6
C.    Colbert Landfill Three-Point Problem
       1.
History of Colbert Landfill
       The Colbert Landfill is located 2.5 miles north of the town of Colbert near Spokane,
       Washington, and is owned by the Spokane County Utilities Department.  This 40-acre
       landfill was operated from 1968 to 1986, when it was filled to capacity and closed.  It
       received both municipal and commercial wastes from many sources.  From 1975 to  1980,
       a local electronics manufacturing company disposed spent solvents containing methylene
       chloride (MC) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) into the landfill.  A local Air Force  base
       also disposed of solvents containing acetone and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK).  These
       solvents were trucked to the landfill in 55-gaIlon drums and poured down the sides of
       open and unlined trenches within the landfill.  Approximately 300-400 gallons/month of
       MC and 150-200 gallons/month of TCA were disposed.  In addition, an unknown volume
       of pesticides and tar refinery residues from other sources were dumped into these
       trenches.

       The original site investigation was prompted by complaints from local residents who
       reported TCA contamination of their private wells. The population within 3 miles of the
       site is 1,500.  In 1981, a Phase 1 investigation was conducted; a Phase 2 was completed
       in 1982.  Groundwater samples collected from nearby private wells indicated TCA
       contamination at 5,600 jtg/L, MC contamination at 2,500 Mg/L, and acetone at a
       concentration of 445 jtg/L.  Investigation reports concluded that drinking groundwater
       posed the most significant risk to public health.  EPA placed the site on the National
8/95
                                                   Hydrogeological Exercises

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        Priority List (NPL) in 1983. Bottled water and a connection to the main municipal water
        system was supplied to residents with high TCA contamination (above the MCL), and the
        cost was underwritten by the potentially responsible parties (PRPs) involved.

        2.      Hydrogeological Investigation

        The site lies within the drainage basin of the Little Spokane River, and residents with
        private wells live on all sides of the landfill.  The surficial cover and subsequent lower
        strata in the vicinity of the site  consist of glacially derived sediments of gravel and sand,
        below which He layers of clay,  basaltic lava flows, and granitic bedrock. Beneath the site
        there are three aquifers and three  aquitards.  The stratigraphic sequence beneath the
        landfill from the top (youngest) to the bottom (oldest) is:

        Qfg    Upper sand and gravel glacial outwash and Missoula flood deposits which together
               form a water table aquifer
        Qglf   Upper layers of glacial Lake Columbia deposits of impermeable silt and clay that
               serve as an aquitard; lower layers of older glaciofluvial and alluvial sand  and
               gravel deposits that form a confined aquifer
        Mvwp  Impermeable but weathered Wanapum basalt flow
        Mel    Impermeable and unweathered Latah Formation of silt and clay
        Kiat    Fractured and unfractured  granitic bedrock that serves as another confined aquifer

        In the upper aquifer (Qfg), which  is 8-15  feet thick, groundwater flows from 4 to 13 feet
        per day (ft/day).  The lower confined sand and gravel aquifer (Qglf) varies from a few
        feet thick to 150 feet thick and is hydraulically connected to the Little  Spokane River.
        Groundwater in this aquifer flows from 2 to  12 ft/day.  To the northeast of the landfill,
       the upper aquifer is connected to the  lower aquifer.  Both of these aquifers are classified
        as current sources of drinking water according to EPA and are used locally for potable
       water.   The area impacted by the site includes 6,800 acres and the contamination plume
       extends 5 miles toward the  town of Colbert.  Of the contaminants present, 90 percent
       occur as dense, nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs)  at the bottom of the upper aquifer,
       and natural DNAPL degradation is slow.   It has been estimated that only 10 percent of
       the solvents have gone into solution, whereas the remainder occurs in pore spaces and as
       pools of pure product above impermeable layers.  The TCA plume in the upper aquifer
       has extended 9,000 feet in 8-10 years and it moves at a rate of 2-3 ft/day. The flow rate
       of the contamination plume in the  lower sand and gravel aquifer (Qglf) has not been
       calculated because of the complexity and variability of the subsurface geology. However,
       TCA and MC have the highest concentrations in the lower sand and grave! aquifer.

       3.     Remedial Measures

       The remediation goal for this site is to use an extraction and interception system (pump
       and treat) for removing groundwater contamination and to completely cap and regrade the
       site.  A line of 8 grouncwater extraction wells of variable depth,  located downgradient of
       the site, and 10 extraction wells 100 ft deep will be used for site remediation.  The wells
       in the lower sand and gravel aquifer will pump at a rate of 130 gallons per minute (gpm),
       whereas the wells in the water table aquifer will pump at a rate of 20-30 gpm.
Hydrogeological Exercises                     6                                        8/95

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        Groundwater and soil gas monitoring is scheduled to continue for 30 years to monitor the
        location and movement of the ground water contamination plume.

        4.      Groundwater Flow-direction Calculations

        Using the data in Table 1 from monitoring wells  in the vicinity of the Colbert Landfill
        (see topographic map from the cross-section exercise), determine the groundwater flow
        direction within the shallow and deep aquifers.

        Choose three wells that are relatively  close together and on the  same side of the Little
        Spokane River.  Assume that north is located at the top of the page.  Check your
        calculations.

        a.     Shallow groundwater flow direction:
        b.     Deep groundwater flow direction:
8/95                                         7                    Hydrogeological Exercises

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 TABLE 1.  CONSTRUCTION DATA ON MONITORING WELLS LOCATED IN THE
            VICINITY OF THE COLBERT LANDFILL, SPOKANE. WA
   Table 1
B
Well
Number
(MW#)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Top of
Casing
Elevation
(ft msl)
1923.25
1958.45
1929.88
1868.05
1675.50
2003.70
1948.26
1703.20
1906.11
Ground
Surface
Elevation
(ft msl)
1920.14
1955.50
1926.94
1865.85
1672.15
2000.79
1945.55
1 700.00
1903.60
Ground
Water
Elevation
(ft msl)
1877.14s
1745.50d
1615.94d
1556. 85d
variable
1958.79s
1431.21s
1695.00s
1610.75d
Monitoring
Weil Depth
(ft below
ground)
105.10
263.50
341.20
340.40
210.50
322.80
75.90
120.90
350.70
Bedrock
Depth
(ft below
ground)
83.40
269.40
344.30
343.50
184.10
321.10
80.10
124.60
350.20
s = shallow aquifer
d = deep aquifer
Hydro geological Exercises
                                        8/95

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 PART 2.

 A.     Groundwater Gradient Calculation

        1.     Purpose

        This part of the exercise uses basic principles defined in the determination of
        groundwater-flow directions.  Groundwater gradients (slope of the top of the groundwater
        table) will be calculated as shown in the three-point problem.

        2.     Key Terms

              •      Head—The energy contained in a water mass produced by elevation,
                     pressure, and/or velocity.  It is a measure of the hydraulic potential due to
                     pressure of the water column above the point of measurement and height
                     of the measurement point above datum which is generally mean sea level.
                     Head is usually expressed in feet  or meters.

              •      Contour line—A line that represents the points of equal values (e.g.,
                     elevation, concentration).

              •      Equipotential line—A line that represents the points of equal head of
                     groundwater in an aquifer.

              •      Flow lines—Lines indicating the flow direction followed by groundwater
                     toward points of discharge.  Flow lines are always perpendicular to
                     equipotential lines. They also indicate direction of maximum potential
                     gradient.
     101-9            962              94.8
                 99.6
                                       99.1
       102.0
                      100.8
                 400
     FEET (scale approximate)
                                              102.4
                                                         89.4
                                                                         88 9
                                                             94.8
              .91.0
                                                              101.9
                                                                             101.8
            FIGURE 7.  WELL LOCATIONS AND HEAD MEASUREMENTS
8/95
Hydrogeological Exercises

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       3.     After reviewing Figures 7-9, perform the following:
              a.
Select an appropriate contour interval that fits the water levels available
and the size of the map on Figure 10.  (Twenty-foot contour intervals
should 1x5 appropriate for this problem.)
               100'
       101.9
        FEET (scale approximate)
     FIGURE 8. EQUIPOTENTIAL LINES WITH WELL HEAD MEASUREMENTS
Hydro geological Exercises
                     10
                                                            8/95

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                100'
          101.9
       I  I   I  I   I
       FEET (scale approximate)
        FIGURE 9. FLOW LINES ADDED TO EQUIPOTENTIAL LINES AND
                  CALCULATION OF HYDRAULIC GRADIENT
8/95
11
Hydrogeological Exercises

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Y
Y
      •420
                 ,nn
                •400
     320
                                                   480
           380
           380
                                                      52°
sf280
       400*   360
                       34°
or I     oen
or,     360
*— i      ~.
                                                     500
       360
             oon
             320
                                                 460
                              300
                                     320
                i340    380
      340
                                               380   • 420
                            420
                   400
       340
       I
        N
        360
                420
                                440
                      • 480
                                    '420
                         Figure  10
               MOO

               >
               420
                      '460
                             Y'
                             Y'
                                                              500
                                                                    LLJ
                                                                    UJ
                                                              400  LL
                                                              300
  Hydro geological Exercises
   12
                                 8/95

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              b.     Draw the equipotential lines on the map (see Figure 8), interpolating
                     between water-level measurements.

              c.     Construct flow lines perpendicular to the equipotential lines drawn in step
                     3 (see Figure 9).

              d.     Select a distance on your contour map between two contour lines and
                     compute the gradient.  The hydraulic gradient is calculated by measuring
                     the scale distance between equipotential lines along a flow line that crosses
                     the site, and dividing that value into the calculated  change in head across
                     the same distance (H2 - HJ.
              For example, (see Figure 9):

              Head at A = 100' (Ht)

              Head at B  = 90' (HJ

              Measured distance between the points is 850' (L)

              Head at point A minus head at point B divided by the distance between the points
              equals hydraulic gradient (slope from point A to point B).
                          100 feet -90 feet = J0_  =  Qn feetjfoot
                               850 feet         850
B.     Profile of the Site's Groundwater Surface

       After completing the contour map, plot a profile of the sites groundwater surface at Y-Y1
       on Figure 10.
8/95                                        13                    Hydrogeofagical Exercises

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 PART 3.

 A.    Bakers Quarry Flow Net Construction

       1.      Site History /Operation

       The quarry operation began in 1905 providing local construction-grade granite. The
       quarry was closed in 1928 when the volumes of groundwater seeping into the pit made it
       economically unfeasible to continue mining (Figure 11).  The site was abandoned and the
       pit  filled with water.  The owners of the quarry declared bankruptcy and ownership fell to
       the city of Tippersville in lieu of delinquent tax payments.

       The quarry was used as a swimming hole and occasional dump  site for local citizens until
       1958, when several children drowned.  The site was fenced and patrolled to prevent
       swimming.  Uncontrolled dumping by individuals and local industry  increased
       dramatically with the swimming  ban.  Dumping took place around the rim of the quarry,
       and the bulldozer from the town landfill was periodically used to push material into the
       pit.  Gradually the pit was filled and several fires forced the town to terminate dumping in
       1971.  The surface of the site was covered  with local material,  primarily sand and gravel.

       The site gained notoriety when an area-wide survey identified it as a potential industrial
       dump site. A preliminary site investigation, started on April  14, 1982, included sampling
       a spring located approximately 25 ft from the limits of quarrying. Priority pollutant
       analysis of this water sample identified ppm levels of poly chlorinated biphenyls and
       trichloroethylene.  Results from this preliminary investigation were used  to justify a more
       extensive hydrogeologic study  of the site.

       2.     Elements of the Hydrogeological Investigation

       The first step of this investigation was to do a literature review  of geologic information.
       A discussion with a local amateur geologist revealed a paper from a geologic investigation
       performed during active quarrying.  Information from this study and  observations at an
       outcrop onsite provided a geologic background for the investigation.  The quarry material
       is a slightly gneissoid biotite-muscovite granite.  Several dikes were identified in the
       quarry wall.

       The probable high permeability and infiltration rate of the less-consolidated waste material
       compared to that of the granite could cause groundwater mounding in the pit area.
       Potential mounding,  and  inadequate  information about groundwater flow direction,
       dictated a ringing of the site with monitoring wells.

       Twenty-two monitoring wells were planned and installed at the site from October 1 to
       November 14, 1982.  Eleven monitoring wells were installed  in bedrock, and the
       unconsolidated zone was  sealed with steel casing and grouted. Eleven monitoring wells
       were installed  in the  unconsolidated, heavily weathered bedrock or unconsolidated zones.
       For this exercise, use only the data  from the 11 wells listed in Table 2.  An explanation
       of these data is depicted in Figure 12.
Hydrogeological Exercises                     14                                        8/95

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                            400'
       8001       12001
                                   Site Boundary
       FIGURE 11. SITE MAP - BAKERS QUARRY, TIPPERSVILLE, MAINE
8/95
15
Hydrogeological Exercises

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                     TABLE 2. MONITORING WELL DATA
Well
Number
MW 1
MW2
MW3
MW4
MW5
MW6
MW7
MW8
MW9
MW TO
MW 11
(a)
Top of
Casing
Elevation
(feet)*
87.29
89.94
88.04
82.50
82.50
72.50
80.58
86.03
114.01
108.67
105.07
(b)
Ground
Surfaice (GS)
Elevation
(feet)*
84.79
87.99
85.44
79.80
80.05
69.50
78.28
83.53
111.21
10(5.67
103.37
(0
Ground water
Elevation
(feetr
80.49
84.69
75.29
72.40
73.40
67.50
74.78
76.93
92.36
93.97
94.97
(d)
Well Depth
(feet below
GS}
151.9
103.05
103.1
102.3
102.45
99.6
99.5
99.2
99.9
98.7
102.1
Bottom of
Well
Elevation
(feet)*
-67.11
-15.06
-17.66
-22.50
-22.40
-30.10
-21.22
-15.67
11.31
7.97
1.27
(e)
Bedrock
Depth
(feet below
GS}
7.5
7.5
2.0
14.0
8.5
9.0
8.0
8.5
10.5
10.8
2.5
  Datum: mean sea level
Hydrogeological Exercises
16
8/95

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                                  MW  1
                   c
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 B.     Site Profile Development

        1.      Purpose

        The development and comparison of topographic profiles across the site will help the
        student to understand the variability of the surface terrain usually found on most of the
        larger sites. The water-table profile will also be constructed.

        2.      Procedure

               a.      To construct cross-section lines, lay the edge of a piece of paper along the
                      cross-section iine selected and draw a straight line.  Mark the location of
                      the monitoring wells along the edge of the paper.  (The placement of some
                      wells may need to be projected because not all of the wells lie along a
                      straight line.)

                      A - A'        MW9, MW2, and MW4 (in that order)

                      B-B'        MW1, MW8,andMW7

                      C-C'        MW11, MW3, MW7,  and MW5

                      NOTE: Projection ofwdls to a cross-section line could cause distortions
                      that might affect interpretation of the distribution of subsurface geology or
                      soil.

              b.      Using the graph paper provided, transfer these well locations to the bottom
                      of the page along the horizontal axis.

              c.      The vertical axis will represent elevation in feet.  Mark off the elevations
                      in 10-ft increments.   Each division of the graph will represent an elevation
                      increase of 2 ft.

              d.      Graph the ground surface elevation for each of the chosen monitoring
                      wells.  (This information is found in the monitoring well data, Table 2.)

              e.      Graph the groundwater elevations for these same locations.

              f.      Repeat this procedure for the other cross-sections lines.

              g.      Compare the topographic profile to the water table-profile.  Are they
                      identical? After looking at these data, are there any conclusions that can
                      be drawn?
Hydrogeological Exercises                    18                                        8/95

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 PART 4.

 A.    Student Performance Objectives

       1.      Perform a falling head test on geologic materials.

       2.      Calculate total porosity, effective porosity, and estimated hydraulic conductivity.

       3.      Given groundwater elevations in monitoring wells, determine the equipotential
               groundwater surface.

       4.      Given groundwater's equipotential surface, determine groundwater flow direction.


 B.     Perform a Falling Head Test

       1.      Set up burets using the stands and tube clamps.

       2.      Clamp the rubber tube at the bottom of the burets using the hose clamp. Fold the
               rubber hose to ensure a good seal before clamping (to help eliminate leaking
               water).

       3.      Position the small, round screen pieces in the bottom of the burets. Use the
               tamper to properly position the screens.

       4.      Measure 250 ml of clean water in the 500-mI plastic beaker.

       5.      Pour the water slowly into the buret to avoid disturbing the seated screen.

       6.      Measure 500 ml of gravel or sand material in the 500-ml  plastic beaker.

       7.      Pour the gravel or sand material slowly into the water column in the buret to
               prevent the disturbance of the screen traps and to allow any trapped air to flow to
               the surface of the water in the buret.

       8.      Add additional measured quantities of water or gravel/sand as needed until both
               the water  and sediment reach the zero mark on the buret.  To calculate the final
               total volumes of water and sediment, add the volumes of additional water and
               gravel/sand to the initial volumes of 250 and 500 ml of water and sediment. The
               total volumes of water and sediment are designated W and S respectively.

       9.      Measure the static water level in the buret  to the  base of the buret stand. This is
               the total head of the column  of water at this elevation. This measurement is
               designated hfl.

       10.      Place a plastic, 500-ml graduated beaker below the buret.  (The beaker will be
              used to collect the water drained from the buret.)  The volume of water in the
              beaker is designated WD.


8/95                                        19                    Hydrogeological Exercises

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        11.     Undo the clamp and simultaneously start the timer to determine the flowrate of
               water through the buret. When the drained water front reaches the screen, stop the
               timer, clamp the buret hose, and record the elapsed time. Also record the volume
               of water drained during this time interval. This time is designated t.

        12.     Allow the water level in the buret to stabilize.  Measure the length from this level
               to the base of the buret stand.  This is the total head of the water column at this
               elevation after drainage has occurred.  This measurement is designated h,.

        13.     Subtract the measurement  at h, from the height measurement at h,,. This length  is
               designated L.

        14.    The porosity in the sediment of each buret is  the volume of water necessary to fill
              the column of sediment in the buret to the initial static water mark at ho divided by
              the sediment volume (S). This value is total porosity and is designated N.

        15.    The effective porosity is estimated by dividing the  volume of drained water by the
              sediment volume. Effective porosity is designated n.

        16.    Compare the initial volume of water (W) in the column before draining with the
              drained  volume (WD). The difference  represents the volume of water retained
              (Wg), or the specific retention. The  volume drained represents specific yield.  To
              determine the percent effective porosity, divide the volume of drained water by
              the volume of total sediment volume.

        17.    The equation to estimate the hydraulic conductivity (K) of each buret column is
              derived  from falling head permeameter experiments. The equations for this
              exercise are depicted at the bottom of Table 3.
Hydro geological Exercises                    20

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                    TABLE 3. TOTAL HEAD WORKSHEET




Sample
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
§


u
Volume Sedim








g



Volume Water








i

4i
£
1?
Volume Draine








i
k.
oj
CO
•g
c
"is
ai
"o








S
"S
rt
•3
"55
U
o
£








'S'
f
^;
U
.§•
Effective Poro








s



t








^>



.1








a



'S
i
1








3



c
E












c








g
:»
O
•o
o
U
•o








          Porosity
      N .
            5
Effective  Porosity

         _
         5
n  =
                      £sr. Hydraulic Cortd.

                         "2.3 * L
                     K =
.hi
    *!
S/P5
     21
                          Hydrogeological Exercises

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  PROBLEM 5
Aquifer Stress Tests

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               AQUIFER  STRESS TESTS
            STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
            At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to:

            1.    List the two factors that control aquifer response during an
                 aquifer test

            2.    List four aquifer test methods

            3.    List the purposes of the step-drawdown test

            4.    List the advantages and disadvantages of a slug test

            5.    List  the advantages  and  disadvantages  of a  distance-
                 drawdown test

            6.    List the advantages and disadvantages of a time-drawdown
                 test

            7.    Given graph paper, graphically represent groundwater flow
                 to show the difference between aquifer tests in unconfmed
                 and confined aquifers

            8.    Given aquifer test data, use the Jacob method to calculate a
                 hydraulic conductivity for the given conditions.
            NOTE:    Unless  otherwise   stated,  the  conditions   for
                      performance  are using  all  references and materials
                      provided  in   the  course,  and  the  standards  of
                      performance are without error.
8/95

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                                          NOTES
      AQUIFER TESTS
                                S-l
      GROUNDWATERAND
   CONTAMINANT MOVEMENT
   •  Position and thickness of aquifers and
     aquitards
   •  Transmissivity and storage coefficient
   •  Hydraulic characteristics of aquitard
                                S-2
       GROUNDWATER AND
 CONTAMINANT MOVEMENT (cont.)

 • Position and nature of boundaries
 • Location and amounts of groundwater
   withdrawals
 • Locations, kinds, and amounts of pollutants
8/95
Aquifer Stress Tests

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     NOTES
                         AQUIFER RESPONSE DEPENDS ON:

                          • Rate of expansion of cone of depression
                            -  Transmissivity of aquifer
                            -  Storage coefficient of aquifer

                          • Distance to boundaries
                            -  Recharge
                            -  Impermeable
                                                               S-4
                             Limits of cone
                             of depressio
                                         Land surface
                                       Unconfined Aquifer
                                                               s-s
Limits of c
of depres
Land surface 	
/[
S'°">/^ Potentiomet
/V '
/ /
***
>..__
Drawdown """N
• AqLHCludo-Confining layer
	 >
ric
Q
T
I
1
*
I
.*
surface Ni>^ N^
!x\
\\
''XCone of
depression
4 	
4
:::::. 	 Aquiclude-Confining layer 	
Confined Aquifer
S-6
Aquifer Stress Tests
8/95

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     AQUIFER TEST METHODS


    • Step-drawdown/well recovery tests

    • Slug tests

    • Distance-drawdown tests

    • Time-drawdown tests
                                    S-7
         STEP DRAWDOWN
        Well Recovery Tests
  Well is pumped at several successively higher
  rates and drawdown is recorded

  Purpose
  -  Estimate transmissivity
  -  Select optimum pump rate for aquifer tests
  -  Identify hydraulically connected wells
                                    s-s
         STEP DRAWDOWN
    Well Recovery Tests (cont.)

           • Advantages
            -  Short time span
            -  One well
                                               NOTES
8/95
Aquifer Stress Tests

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     NOTES
                                    SLUG TESTS
                            Water level is abruptly raised or lowered

                            Used in low-yield aquifers (<0.01 cm/s)
                                    SLUG TESTS
                                     Advantages
                          • Can use small-diameter well

                          • No pumping - no discharge

                          • Inexpensive - less equipment required

                          • Estimates made in situ

                          • Interpretation/reporting time shortened
                                                            S-1
                                    SLUG TESTS
                                   Disadvantages
                          Very small volume of aquifer tested

                          Only apply to low conductivities (0.0000001 to
                          0.01 cm/s)

                          Transmissivity and conductivity only estimates
Aquifer Stress Tests
8/95

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                                               NOTES
            SLUG TESTS
        Disadvantages (cont.)
    Not applicable to large-diameter wells
    Large errors if well not properly developed
    Do not give storativity
                                    S-13
  DISTANCE-DRAWDOWN TESTS
             Advantages

 • Can also use time-drawdown
 * Results more accurate than single well test
 • Represent more of aquifer
 • Can locate boundary effects
                                    S-U
  DISTANCE-DRAWDOWN TESTS
           Disadvantages

   •  Requires multiple piezometers or
     monitoring wells (at least three wells)
   •  More expensive than single well test
   •  Must handle discharge water
   •  Requires conductivities >0.01 cm/s
                                    S-15
8/95
Aquifer Stress Tests

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     NOTES
                             TIME-DRAWDOWN TESTS
                                     Advantages

                           Only one well required
                           Tests larger aquifer volume than slug test
                           Less expensive than multiple-well test
                                                            s-ie
                             TIME-DRAWDOWN TESTS
                                   Disadvantages
                           Pump turbulence may interfere with
                           water-level measurements
                           Tests smaller aquifer volume than
                           multiple-well test
                           Must handle discharge water
                           Requires conductivities above 0.01 cm/s
                                                            S-17
                                  THE1S METHOD
                             First formula for unsteady-state flow
                             - Time factor
                             - Storativity
                             Derived from analogy between
                             groundwater flow and heat flow
                                                            S-18
Aquifer Stress Tests
8/95

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      THEIS METHOD (cont.)
    • Laborious method
      - Log-log paper
      - Curve matching
    • More accurate than Jacob method
                                    S-19
      THEIS'S ASSUMPTIONS
    Aquifer is confined
    Aquifer has infinite areal extent
    Aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic
    Piezometric surface is horizontal
                                    S-20
  THEIS'S ASSUMPTIONS (cont.)
  • Carefully controlled constant pump rate
  • Well penetrates aquifer entirely
  • Flow to well is in unsteady state
                                   S-2!
                                               NOTES
8/95
Aquifer Stress Tests

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       NOTES
                                    Confining layer-Aquidudg
                                        Confined aquifer
                                        ••••••••••H
                                    Confining layer-Aquiclude
                                             THEIS EQUATION
                                       T =
                                      S =
        QW(u)
         4Ts
                                           4Ttu
T = transmissivity
Q = discharge (pumping rate)
W(u) = well function of u
s = drawdown
S SB storage coefficient
t = time
r s radial distance
                                                                               5-23
                                         WELL FUNCTION - W(u)
W(u) = -0.577216 - log u + u -;

                 and  u =

   S = storage coefficient
   t = time
                                                                 —
                                                            4Tt
                                                               r = distance
                                                               J = transmissivity
                                   W(u) is an infinite exponential series and cannot
                                   be solved directly
                                                                               S-24
Aquifer Stress Tests
                                          8/95

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                                                     NOTES
           JACOB METHOD
    Somewhat more convenient than Theis's
    method
    -  Semilogarithmic paper
    -  Straight line plot
    -  Eliminates need to solve well function
       W(u)
    -  No curve  matching
                                        S-2S
       JACOB METHOD (cont.)

       • Applicable to:
         -  Zone of steady-shape
         -  Entire zone if steady-state
                                        S-28
          JACOB'S FORMULA
        T =
264 Q
 AS
K =
     T = transmissivity gallons per day per ft (gpd/ft)

     Q = pump rate (gpm)

     As = change in drawdown {ft/log cycle)

     K = hydraulic conductivity in gpd/ft2

     b = aquifer thickness in feet
8/95
                                           Aquifer Stress Tests

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       NOTES
                                  Cone o! depression
                                  (unsteady shape)
                                               NONEQUILIBRIUM
                                                                      River
                                   Unsteady shape
                                         Steady shape
                                               NONEQUILIBRIUM
                                                                     Rivsr
                                                 EQUILIBRIUM
                                                                               S-2S
                                                                              S-30
Aquifer Stress Tests
10
8/95

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                        PERFORMING AN AQUIFER  TEST

                          Jacob Time-drawdown Method

 Each student will be given  a sheet of four-cycle semi logarithmic graph paper. Then, follow these
 directions:

 1.      Label the long horizontal logarithmic axis (the side with the punched holes) of the graph
        paper t-time (minutes).  Leave the first numbers (1 through 9) as is,  Mark the next series
        of heavy lines from 10 to 100 in increments of 10 (10, 20, 30, etc.).  Mark the next series
        from 100 to 1000 in increments of 100 (100, 200, 300, etc).

 2.      Label the short vertical arithmetic axis s-drawdown (feet).  This will be the drawdown (s)
        measured from the  top of the casing (provided in Table 1),  Mark off the heavy lines by
        tens, starting with 0 at the top, then 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 (the bottom line).  Each
        individual mark represents 1 foot.

 3.      Plot the data in Table 1 on the semilogarithmic paper with the values for drawdown on the
        arithmetic scale and corresponding pumping times on the  logarithmic scale.

 4.      Draw a best-fit straight line through the data points.

 5.      Compute the change in drawdown over one log cycle where the data plot as a straight line.

 6.      Using the information given in Table 1 (Q = 109 gpm and b = 30 feet) and Jacob's formula
        (provided in the manual on slide 27), calculate the value for hydraulic conductivity.
                                                              us EPA Headquarters Library
                                                                 '    Mail code 3201
                                                              1200 Pennsylvania Avenue
                                                                 Washington  DC 2<-.4bu
8/95                                       11                          Aquifer Stress Tests

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                      TABLE 1.  PUMPING TEST DATA
Pumping Time (t)
(minutes)
Q = 109 gpm
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18
20
22
24
26
28
32
35
40
45
50
55
60
90
120
Drawdown (s)
Measured from Top of Casing
(ft)
b = 20 ft
6.1
6.5
7.5
8.0
8.6
9.5
10.5
11.2
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.5
17.0
18.0
19.3
20.5
23.5
25.2
26.7
28.2
29.5
30.5
32.0
34.5
36.6
38.5
40.5
42.0
43.5
50.1
54.8
Aquifer Stress Tests
12
8/95

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         PROBLEM 6
Groundwater Investigation Problem

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 PROBLEM 6:  GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION {BETTENDORF, IOWA)


 A.    Student Performance Objectives

       1.    Determine the source(s) of hydrocarbon contamination at a contaminated site.

       2,    Perform a Phase I field investigation using  soil gas surveys, soil borings, and
             monitoring wells.

       3.    Present the results of the field investigation to the class.

       4.    Justify the conclusions of the field investigation.


 B.     Background Information
       Task

       Your environmental consulting  firm has been retained by the attorney representing the
       Leavings to:

       •     Determine the source of the hydrocarbon contamination. This is not an emergency
             response action.

       •     Provide a brief report that includes the names of the source(s) of contamination, the
             total cost of investigation, and a drawing of a representative cross section through the
             contaminant plume.

       •     Justify the data that are obtained and the conclusions of the report.
       Leavings Residence

       On October 12, 1982, the Bettendorf, Iowa, fire department was called to the Leavings
       residence with complaints of gasoline vapors in the basement of the home.

       On October 16, 1982, the Leavings were required to evacuate their home for an indefinite
       period of time until the residence could be made safe for habitation.  The gasoline vapors
       were very strong, so electrical service to the home was turned off.  Basement windows were
       opened to reduce the explosion potential.
08/95                                     1                    Groundwcuer Investigation

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        Pertinent Known Facts

        The contaminated site is  in a residential neighborhood in Bettendorf,  Iowa.   It backs on
        commercially zoned property, which has only been  partially developed to date.   The
        residential area is about 10 years old and contains homes in the $40,000 to $70,000 range.
        There was apparently some cutting and filling activity at the time the area was developed.    1

        Within 1/4 mile  to  the northwest and southwest,  11 reported underground storage tanks
        (USTs) are in use or have only recently been abandoned:
                                                                                              i
        •      Two tanks owned  and operated by the  Iowa Department of Transportation  (IDOT)
              are located 1000 ft northwest of the site.

        •      Three in-place ".anks initially owned by Continental Oil, and now by U-Haul,  are
              located 700 ft southwest of the site.  According to the Bettendorf Fire Department
              (BFD), on of the three tanks reportedly leaked.

        •      Three  tanks owned and operated by an Amoco service station  are located  1200 ft
              southwest of the site.  BFD reports no leaks.

        •      Three  tanks owned and operated by a Mobil Oil service station are located  1200 ft
              southwest of the site.  BFD reports no leaks.

       Neighbors that own lots  8 and 10, which  adjoin the Leavings residence (Lot 9),  have
       complained about several trees dying at the back of their property.  No previous occurences
       of gasoline vapors have been  reported at these locations.

       The general geologic setting is Wisconsin loess soils mantling Kansan and Nebraskan glacial
       till.  Valleys may expose the till surface on the side slope.  Valley soils typically consist of
       the colluvial and alluvial silts.

       Previous  experience  by your  environmental  consulting  firm in  this  area includes a
       geotechnical investigation  of the  hotel complex located  west of Utica Ridge Road  and
       northwest of the Amoco service station.  Loess soils ranged from 22 ft  thick on the higher
       elevations of the property (western half) to 10 ft thick on the side slope.  Some silt fill (5-7
       ft) was noted at the east end of the hotel property.  Loess soils were underlain by a gray,
       lean  clay glacial till  which apparently had groundwater perched on  it.  Groundwater was
       typically  within 10-15 ft of ground surface.  This investigation was performed 8 years ago
       and nothing in the boring logs indicated the observation of hydrocarbon  vapors.  However,
       this type  of observation was not routinely reported at that time.

       Other projects in  the area  included a maintenance yard pavement design and  construction
       phase testing project at the IDOT facility located northwest of the Leavings residence.  Loess
       soils were also encountered in the shallow pavement subgrade project completed 3 years ago.
       Consulting firm records indicated that the facility  manager reported a minor gasoline spill a
       year before and that the spill had been cleaned up when the leaking tank was removed and
       replaced with a new steel  tank. The second tank at the IDOT facility apparently was  not
       replaced at that time.


Groundwater Investigation                    2                                         8/95

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       Budget

       The budget for implementing the field investigation is $25,000.


       Interviews

       •      Lot 9 (the Leavings residence):  Observations outside the residence indicate that the
              trees are in relatively good condition.  The house was vacant.  Six inches of free
              product that looks and smells like gasoline was observed in the open sump pit in the
              basement.  The power to the residence was turned off, so the water level in the sump
              was allowed to rise.  The fluid level in the sump was about 3 feet below the level of
              the basement floor.

       •      Neighbors (Lots 8  and 10):  These property owners reported that several trees in
              their back yards died during the past spring.  They contacted the developer of the
              area (who also owns the commercial property that adjoins their lots) and complained
              that the fill that was placed there several years ago killed some of their trees.  No
              action was taken by the developer.  Both neighbors said that when the source of the
              gas was located, they wanted to be notified  so they could file their own lawsuits.
              The neighbors also  noted that this past September and October were unusually wet
              (lots of rainfall).

       *      IDOT:  The manager remembers employess of your firm testing his parking pad.
              He reported that one UST was replaced in 1979, whereas the other tank was installed
              when the facility was built in 1967.  Both of the original tanks were bare metal tanks.
              The older tank has always contained gasoline, but the newer one contains diesel fuel.
              No inventory records or leak testing records are available.  The manager stated that
              he has  never had any water in his tanks.   He will check with his supervisor to  have
              the USTs precision  leak tested.

       •      U-Haul:  The manager said that the station used to be a Continental Oil station with
              three USTs. The three USTs were  installed by Continental in 1970 when the station
              was built. Currently, only one 6000-gal  UST (unleaded) remains in service for the
              U-Haul fleet, this tank was found to be leaking a month  ago, but the manager does
              not know how much fuel spilled.

       •      Mobil:  The manager was  pleasant  until he found out the purpose  of the interview.
              He did state that he built the station in 1970 and installed three USTs at that time.
              He would not answer any additional questions.

       •      Amoco:  The manager was not in,  but an assistant provided his telephone number.
              In a telephone interview, the manager said he was aware of the leaking tank at the
              U-Haul facility  and was anxious to  prove the product was not from his station.  He
              said they installed three USTs for unleaded, premium, and regular gasoline in 1972.
              An additional diesel UST was installed in  1978.  The tanks are tested every 2 years
              using the Petrotite test method.  The tanks have  always tested tight. No inventory
08/95                                       3                     Groundwater Investigation

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               control system is  being used at present.  He stated that if monitoring wells were
               needed on his property, he would be happy to cooperate.

               Developer (Mr,. M. Forester): Mr. Forester bought the property in question in the
               1960s.   He developed  the  residential area first and some of the commercial
               development followed.  About 40 acres remain undeveloped to date.  He plans to
               build a shopping center on the remaining 40 acres in the future.

               Mr. Forester obtained a lot of cheap dirt and fill when the interstate cut went through
               about 1/2 mile west of the property in the late 1960s.  He filled in a couple of good-
               sized valleys at that time.   He has a topographic map of the area after it was filled.

               He stated that he will cooperate fully with any investigation.  If any wells are  needed
               on the property, he would like to be notified in advance.  There are no buried utilities
               on the property except behind the residential neighborhood.
       Review of Bettendorf City Hall Records

       An existing topographic map and scaled land use map are available.

       Ownership records indicate the land was previously owned by Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Luckless.
       The city hall clerk stated that  she had  known them prior to the sale of the farm in  1964.
       Zoning  at that time was agricultural only.  The section of the farm now in question was
       primarily used for grazing cattle because it was too steep for crops.  The clerk remembered
       a couple of wooded valleys in  that same field.  She also remembered a muddy  stream that
       used to run where Golden Valley Drive is now and that children used to swim in it.  She also
       stated that one valley was between Golden Valley Drive and where all the fill is now (near
       U-Haul  and Amoco).

       The current owner of the undeveloped  property is Mr. M. Forester, a developer with an
       Iowa City, Iowa address.

       There is no record of storm or sanitary sewer lines along Utica Ridge Road south of Golden
       Valley Drive.  Storm and sanitary sewer lines run along Spruce Hills Drive.


       Iowa Geological Survey

       There are  no records of any wells in the section.

       Adjoining section wells indicate top of bedrock at about 650 feet mean sea level (MSL). The
       uppermost usable aquifer is the Mississippian for elevations  from 350 feet to 570 feet MSL.
       The materials overlying the Mississippian are Pennsylvanian shales and limestone.
Groundwater Investigation                    4                                         8/95

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Soil Conservation Survey maps

The  1974 edition  indicates "Made Land" over nearly all of the area not designated  as
commercial zone.  Made Land normally indicates areas of cut or fill.
                                                      Groundwoter Investigation

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          ASSIGNMENT:  PHASE 1 FIELD INVESTIGATION




TABULATION OF FEES FOR PHASE 1 FIELD INVESTIGATION   GROUP
WORK SHEET #1
Recommendation for making residence
habitable
Soil gas survey - mobilization fee
Soil gas survey
Soil boring - mobilization fee
Soil boring with photo ionitation detector -
25 feet deep max - grouted shut
Convert soil boring to PVC monitoring well
(additional cost for each conversion)
Convert soil boring to stainless steel
monitoring well (additional cost for each
conversion)
Monitoring wells - mobilization fee
2" PVC
1 5 ft screen - 25 ft deep
2" stainless steel
15 ft screen - 25 ft deep
Well security - locking protector pipe
Field investigation engineering analysis and
report
# UNITS
1 ea
1 ea

1 ea



1 ea



1 ea
COST
$500 LS
(lump sum)
$500 LS
$1500/ac
$500 LS
$500 ea
$800 ea
conversion
$1300 ea
conversion
$500 LS
$1200 ea
$1700 ea
$300 ea
15%
$2000 mtn
TOTAL COST:
TOTAL
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$

Groundwater Investigation
8/95

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 GROUP
                           MONITORING WELLS
WELL NUMBER
1
GRID LOCATION ||
FILL
LOESS
ALLUVIUM
TILL
NON DETECTED
DISSOLVED PRODUCT
FREE PRODUCT
WATER ELEVATION








2









3









4









5









6









7









8









9









10









                              SOIL BORINGS
SOIL BORING A
GRID LOCATION
FILL
LOESS
ALLUVIUM
TILL
HITI + )
MISS {-)
1






B







C







D







E







F







G







H







1







J







08/95
Groundwater Investigation

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                                                         600 N
                                                         500 N
                                                         400 N
                                                         300 N
                                                         200 N
                                                        100 N
                                       GROUP
          :  1
                               Soil  gas survey

                               hit"   " miss "-"
                           \ Monitoring well
                           fill
                           loess
                           till
                           alluvium
                           nondetection
                           free product
                           gw elevation
                                      Soil borings
                                        fill
                                        loess
                                        till
                                        alluvium
                                        hit "+"
                                        miss "-"
                                                         100 S
                                                         200 S
                                              300 S

                                               1C
                                              400 S

                                               11
                                              500 S



                                              600 S



                                              700 S



                                              800 S
                                                       900 S
                                                       1000 S
Groundwaier Investigation
                                                       8/95

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                                       in
                                          GROUP
           L
       a
       CD
                                                               7
                                                               10

                                                               11
              cm
                                                                4
                                                               vi «3sa
                                                               Do
08/95
Groundwater Investigation

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                                                                      600 N
                                                                       1
                                                                      500 N
                                                    8J  8 K'gL
             idwa DOT
            Maintenance
              Facility
Ground-water Investigation
10
8/95

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 O &\  O
 c\j A  T-
                                                      600 N
                                  Pfedevelopment

                                  Topographic" Map
                                                     1000 S
08/95
11
Groundwater Investigation

-------
                             Existing Topographic Map
Groundwater Investigation
12
S/P5

-------
             APPENDIX A
Checklist for a Hydrogeological Investigation

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         CHECKLIST FOR A  HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
 HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES INFORMATION LIST

 When evaluating  activities at sites  where hazardous  wastes  may be  causing or contributing to
 groundwater  contamination,  it is important to gather  as  much  information as possible.   The
 development of as much site information as possible can often provide valuable  insight about site
 history, waste disposal practices, regional and  local geology, and the potential for impacts to the
 environment in the site vicinity.

 To make your information-gathering efforts easier, the following checklist includes some of the types
 of questions that  could helpful to ask during a site investigation.  Although these questions are
 oriented more toward field activities, they may  also prove to be helpful to those people responsible
 for evaluating  the adequacy of other site assessment documents.
 Sources
       National  Water Well Association.   1991.   Groundwater and  Unsaturated Zone
       Monitoring and Sampling.   45 pp.  In:  Practical Handbook of Groundwater
       Monitoring.

       U.S. EPA.   1986.   RCRA Ground Water  Monitoring  Technical Enforcement
       Guidance Document.  208 pp.

       Stropes, D.F.   1987.   Unpublished Research:  Technical Review of Hazardous
       Wastes Disposal Sites.  25 pp.
I.      SITE/FACILITY HISTORY

       A.     Waste disposal history of the site.

               1.    Is this a material spill or other emergency response activity not at a Toxic
                    Substances Storage and Disposal Facility (TSSDF)?

               2.    What hazardous wastes are being manufactured, stored, treated, or disposed
                    of at the site?

               3.    For active manufacturing operations, what industrial processes are being used
                    and what raw materials are used in the industrial processes?

               4.    Are the raw materials altered or transformed in any way during industrial
                    processes to result  in waste  materials that are different from the  raw
                    materials?

               5.    How long has the facility been in operation?


8/95                                       i             The Hydro geological Investigation

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                6.     Have  the types of  hazardous  wastes manufactured, stored,  treated,  or
                       disposed of at the site changed during the history of the site?

                7.     Have the  industrial processes used at the site changed over the history of the
                       site?

                8.,     If the  industrial processes are different,  what previous industrial processes
                       were used in the past, how long were they used, and what types of wastes
                       were end  products of the processes?

                9.     What environmental media (i.e., air, land, or water) have been or are being
                       affected by the facility/site activities?

               10.     What is the  form of the site wastes (e.g., sludge,  slurry,  liquid, powder,
                       containerized, bulk storage)?

               11.     How much waste is generated or disposed of at the location daily?

               12.     What is the history of aboveground and underground storage tank use  at the
                       site?

               13.    What types of regulated manufacturing or pollution control units exist  at the
                       facility?

               14.    What governmental agencies are responsible for the regulated units?

               15.    Do any historical records about the site exist?  If so, where are these records?

               16.    Has a check of any existing historical maps or aerial photos been performed
                      to  provide  further insight about past site activities?

               17.    Is  there any  history  of groundwater contamination as a result of the site
                      activities?

       B.      Details of the site disposal activities.

                1.     Are the site disposal units currently in compliance with all applicable rules,
                      regulations, and standards?

               2.     Are  disposal areas  isolated from the  subsurface  by the  use  of liners,
                      impermeable  material, etc.?

               3.     What type of isolating material is in use?

               4.     Are multiple  isolation systems in use?

               5.     Is a leachate/contaminant collection system in use?
The Hydro geological Investigation              2                                           B/95

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               6.     Are any monitoring wells installed adjacent to the disposal/collection system
                      units?

               7.     Is there a surface water runoff control system?

               8.     Are any parts of the site/facility capped with an impermeable cover material?

               9.     What is the condition of the cap?

               10.     Are areas of previous waste disposal well defined?

        C.     What is the nature of groundwater usage from aquifers beneath the site or in adjacent
               areas?

               1.     Do any water supply wells exist  in the aquifers beneath the site and adjacent
                      areas?

               2.     Are water supply wells used for potable water  supplies or for industrial
                      process water?

               3.     Is the groundwater  treated prior  to use?

               4.     What are the pump rates of the water  supply wells?   Daily?   Monthly?
                      Annually?

               5.     What are the depths of the wells' screened intervals?

               6.     What other well drilling, well construction, or well completion information
                      is available?

               7.     Do subsurface geologic well logs exist for the  wells?

               8.     Are the wells upgradient,  at, or downgradient of the site/facility?

               9.     Does pumping from these wells modify  the regional groundwater table or
                      potentiometric surface?


II.      HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION

        A.      Has  the purpose of the hydrogeologic  investigation  been  clearly  and adequately
              defined?

               1.     Characterize the hydrogeologic system at  the site.

               2.     Determine whether there has been downgradient degradation of water quality
                      from a potential source of contamination.
8/95                                         3             The Hydrogeological Investigation

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                3.    Determine the upgradient source of contamination at a known downgradient
                      contamination receptor (well, spring, or surface water body).

        B.     Has the site location and all major site features been shown on a map?

                1.    Has the site been located on a state map?

                2.    Has the site been located on a USGS 7-1/2 minute topographic quadrangle
                      map published at a scale  of 1:25,000?

                3.     Have coordinates for further site identification (latitude, longitude, degrees,
                      minutes, seconds, or a site-specific grid system) been provided?

        C.     Has a base map of the site been prepared?

                1.     What is the map source?

                2.     Are aerial photos available?

                3.     Are all components of a  map  (north arrow, scale, map legend) shown and
                      defined on the base map?

               4.     Does the map show elevations and contours?

               5.     Is the scale of the map adequate to delineate dimensions of onsite features
                      adequately?

               6.     Does the map show  features adjacent to the site that may be pertinent to the
                      hydrogeologic investigation?

               7.     Are all natural physical features (e.g., topography, surface waters, surface
                      water flow divides) shown on the map?

       D.      Has the subsurface geology  been  identified?

               1.     Is the geologic interpretation based on soil borings and well drilling logs?

               2.     Have any other reference  materials been used?

               3.     Are aquifers present beneath the site?

               4.     Is the first aquifer encountered confined or unconfmed?

               5.     Are all aquifers and  confining units continuous across the site?

               6.     Have  all  geologic  strata  been described  (e.g.,  thickness,  rock  type,
                      unconsolidated/consolidated materials,  depth)?



The Hydrogeological Investigation             4                                          8/95

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                7.     Do multiple aquifers exist at the site?

                8.     Have any porous vs. fractured flow media been described?

        E.     Do the driller's  logs of the deepest borings at each well cluster show that soil
               material  samples were  collected at 5-ft  intervals?  If not, at what intervals were
               samples taken?

                1.     Is there a stratigraphic log of the deepest boreholes?

                2.     Were the borings extended to a depth below any confining beds beneath the
                      shallowest aquifer?

                3.     Have enough borings  of the area been done  to adequately  define  the
                      continuity and thickness of any confining beds?

                4.     Have all  logs  been prepared by a qualified  geologist,  soil scientist,  or
                      engineer using a standardized classification system?

                5.     Were any laboratory tests conducted on  the soil and soil material samples?
                      What types of tests were performed?

                6.     Were grain size distributions used to determine the size of the gravel pack or
                      was sand filter placed in the annular space opposite the well screen?

        F.      Have field and/or laboratory permeability tests been performed to identify variations
               in aquifer and confining bed properties?

                1.     What type(s) of tests were performed?

                2.     What was the  range of hydraulic conductivity values found in the aquifer?
                      What was the arithmetic mean value?

                3.     What was the range of hydraulic conductivity values found in the confining
                      bed?  What was the arithmetic mean value?

                4.     Where are the most permeable subsurface zones located  relative to the waste
                      disposal facility?

                5.     Have  geologic cross sections been constructed?

        G.      Have field and/or laboratory tests been performed to determine the specific  yield,
               storativity, or effective porosity of the aquifer?

                1.     What  type(s) of tests were performed?

               2.     What  is the range of specific yield, storativity, or effective porosity values?
8/95                                          5             The Hydrogeological Investigation

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                3.    What are the average values?

        H.     Has the horizontal groundwater flow direction been determined?

                1.    Have a  minimum  of three piezometers been installed  to determine the
                      direction of flow in the aquifer?

                2.    Do any water-level  readings show local variations of the water table caused
                      by mounds or sinks?

                3.    Do any identified mounds or sinks result in alterations of the regional or local
                      horizontal groundwater direction of flow?

                4.    Do any surface  features which may have an effect on the horizontal flow
                      exist?

                5.     Have all  piezometer installations  in the uppermost aquifer been screened  at
                      approximately the same depth below the water table?

                6.     Do any discernible seasonal variations  in water levels exist?

               7.     Do any short-term  variations  in  water levels  exist?  If so, what  possible
                      causes may explain  these variations?

       I.      Has the magnitude of the horizontal hydraulic gradient been determined at various
               locations across the site?

                1.     What is die average horizontal hydraulic gradient at the site?

               2.     Where is  the horizontal hydraulic gradient the steepest?

               3.     Does this location correlate to a known area of lower hydraulic conductivity
                      in the aquifer?

               4.     Does this location correlate to a known area of lower aquifer thickness?

               5.     Where is  the horizontal hydraulic  gradient the lowest (flat)?

               6.     Does this  location correlate to a known area of greater hydraulic conductivity
                      in the aquifer?

               7.     Does this location correlate to a known area of greater aquifer thickness?

       J.     If multiple aquifers exist, have wells been installed in each aquifer  to determine the
              vertical component of groundwater flow?

               1.     Have the  wells in each aquifer been installed in a single borehole  or in
                      separate boreholes?


The Hydrogeological Investigation             5                                          8/95

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                2.     If a single borehole was used, what tests were conducted to ensure that no
                      leakage between the upper and lower aquifers exist?

                3.     If a  single borehole  was  used, what  well  installation,  construction, and
                      development  techniques  were used to ensure that no leakage between the
                      upper and lower aquifers exist?

                4.     Based on the  difference in hydraulic head between upper and lower aquifers,
                      can the site be described as:

                      a.     Predominantly a recharge area?

                      b.     Predominantly a discharge area?

                      c.     Predominantly an area of horizontal flow?

                5.     If recharge, discharge, or horizontal  flow areas exist, have these locations
                      been shown on a hydrogeologic map (including supporting cross sections) of
                      the site?

        K.     Has the magnitude of the vertical hydraulic  gradients been  determined at various
               locations across the site?

                1.     What is the average vertical hydraulic gradient at the  site?

                2.     Where  is the  vertical hydraulic gradient the steepest?

                3.     Can this location  be correlated to  any known  areas  of lower hydraulic
                      conductivity?

                4.     Where  is the  vertical hydraulic gradient the flattest?

                5.     Based on the vertical hydraulic gradient, what relationship exists between the
                      shallow and deeper aquifers?

                6.     Is there any regional or  offsite vertical  hydraulic  gradient information that
                      may support or conflict with the site's vertical hydraulic gradient data?

        L.      Determination  of seepage velocities  and  travel times.

                1.     What is the average seepage velocity of water moving from the waste facility
                      to the downgradient site boundary?
                2.     What is the average travel time of water  to move from the waste facility to
                      the nearest downgradient  monitoring wells?

                3.     What is the basis for the seepage velocity and travel time determinations?
8/95                                          7              The Hydro geological Investigation

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        M.     Have potentiometric maps, flow nets, geologic maps, and  cross  sections been
               prepared to show the direction of groundwater flow at the site?

               Horizontal Flow Components (plan view)

                1.     Do  the contours and  contour intervals  between  the  equipotential  lines
                      adequately describe  the flow regime?

                      Suggested Contour Intervals:

                      a.      0.1-0.5  ft if the horizontal flow component is relatively flat.

                      b.      0.5-1.0  ft if the horizontal flow component is moderately steep.

                      c.      1.0-5.0  ft if the horizontal flow component is extremely steep.

               2.     Have the equipotential lines been accurately drawn:

                      a.      With respect to  the  elevations  of water  levels  in  the wells  or
                             piezometers?

                      b.      With respect to nearby  or onsite rivers,  lakes, wells, or  other
                             boundary conditions?

                      c.      With respect to other naturally occurring  or  man-made  physical
                             features  that  might cause groundwater mounds or sinks in the area?

               3.     Do variations in the spacing of equipotential lines correspond to known areas
                      with relative transmissivity variations?

               4.     Do the constructed groundwater-flow lines cross equipotential lines at right
                      angles?

               5.     Can conclusions about the aquifer(s) relative  homogeneity and isotropy be
                      made based on variations  in the flow lines?

              Vertical Flow Components (cross sections)

               1.     Is the transect for the vertical flow component cross section(s)  laid out along
                      the line of a groundwater  flow path as seen in the plan view?

               2.     Is the variation in land-surface topography accurately represented on the cross
                      section(s)?
               3.     Have both vertical and horizontal scales been provided?

               4.     What differences exist between the vertical and horizontal scales?
The Hydro geological Investigation             g                                          8/95

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                5.     Are all monitoring  wells, piezometers, and screened  intervals accurately
                      shown?

        N.     What is the site water quality and geochemistry?

                1.     What are the upgradient groundwater quality conditions?

                2.     What are the downgradient groundwater quality conditions?

                3.     What water-quality parameters have been determined downhoie?

                4.     What water-quality parameters have been determined at  the well head?

                5.     Have all appropriate field water-quality determinations, equipment selections,
                      and procedures been followed?

                6.     Does an adequate QA/QC procedure exist?

                7.     What if any, relationship exists between the site water-quality conditions and
                      the past and/or present activities at the site?


 III.     DETECTION MONITORING SYSTEM

        A.     Are the facility upgradient and downgradient monitoring wells  properly located to
               detect any water-quality degradation from the waste source(s)?

               Horizontal Flow

                1.      Will groundwater from the upgradient well locations flow through or under
                      the waste source in an unconfined aquifer?

               2.      Will groundwater from the upgradient well locations flow beneath the waste
                      source and under an overlying confining bed in a confined aquifer?

               3.      Will groundwater from the upgradient well locations flow beneath the waste
                      source  in an unconfined aquifer separated from the waste source by an
                      impervious liner?

               4.      Will groundwater  from the waste  source area  flow toward downgradient
                      wells?

               Vertical Flow

               1.      Are  the  monitoring  wells  correctly  screened to  intercept  a possible
                      contaminant plume from the waste source based on an accurate interpretation
                      of the  vertical flow regime  (recharge  area, discharge area,  or  area of
                      horizontal flow)?


8/95                                        9              The Plydrogeological Investigation

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        B.      Are the monitoring wells located adequately to provide sufficient groundwater flow
               information?

               1.    Are regional water levels unaffected by local groundwater mounds or sinks?

               2.    Are additional monitoring wells located to provide water-level information
                     from local groundwater mounds or sinks?

               3.    Do upgradient and downgradient monitoring  wells provide representative
                     samples?

        C.     Monitoring Well  Construction

               1.     Were precautions taken during the drilling of the borehole and installation of
                     the well to prevent introduction of contaminants into the well?

               2.     Is  the  well   casing  and screen  material   inert  to  the  probable  major
                     contaminants of interest?

               3.     What type of well casing and screen material was used?

               4.     Does the casing and screen  material  manufacturer  have any  available
                     information about possible leaching of contaminants  from the casing and
                     screen material?

               5.     How are ihe well casing  and screen segments connected?

               6.     If cement or glue has been used,  what is the potential for contaminants to
                     leach into the  groundwater?

               7.     Were all downhole well components steam cleaned prior to installation?

               8.     If another cleaning technique was used, what materials were used?

       D.     Are there as-built drawings or details of each monitoring well nest or cluster showing
              information such  as depth of well, screen  intervals, type and size of screen, length
              of screen and riser, filter packs,  seals, and protective casings?

               1.     Do the figures show design details of as-built wells as opposed to details of
                     proposed wells?

               2.     Are the well depth(s) and diameter(s) shown?

               3.     Are the screened intervals and type and size of screen openings shown?

               4.     Is the length of the screen shown?

               5.     Is the length of the riser pipe and stick-up above the land surface shown?


The Hydrogeological Investigation              \Q                                         8/95

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                6.     Is the filter pack around the screened interval shown?

                7.     Does the filter pack  extend at least 1  ft above and below the screened
                      intervals?

                8.     What type of sealant was placed in the annulus  above the filter pack?

                9.     What is the thickness of the seal?

               10.     How was the seal put  in place?

               11.     Will a  protective casing or  reinforced posts be  necessary  to  protect the
                      monitoring well from damage?

               12.     Is any manufacturer's  information available to verify that all materials used
                      in the  well construction  do  not  represent  potential  sources of water
                      contamination?

               13.     Have samples of well construction materials been kept for future analysis to
                      verify that the materials do  not represent sources of water contamination?

        E.     Are the screened intervals appropriate to the geologic setting and the sampling of a
               potential  problem?

                1.     Is the screen set opposite a  stratigraphic layer with relatively high hydraulic
                      conductivity?

                2.     Is the screened interval set  sufficiently below the water table so that water-
                      level measurements can be taken and water samples can be collected during
                      periods of low water level?

                3.     Is the screened interval placed in the  aquifer(s) of concern?

                4.     If a single long screen was installed over the entire saturated thickness of the
                      aquifer, what effect will this have on analytical data from this  monitoring
                      well?

                5.     Has the entire aquifer thickness been  penetrated  and screened?

                6.     Have piezometers been installed to determine vertical  and horizontal flow
                      directions?

                7.     Is the base of the waste disposal unit  above the seasonal high water table?

                8.     What is the thickness of the unsaturated zone between the base of the waste
                      disposal unit and the seasonal high water table?
8/95                                          \ i             The Hydro geological Investigation

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        F.     Has a professional survey been conducted to determine the elevation and location of
               the measuring point at each well with reference to a common datuni?

                1.     Is the survey at each monitoring well accurate to ±0.01 ft?

                2.     Is each surveyed measuring point located at the top of the well casing?

                3.     What benchmark was used as a starting point for the survey?

                4.     Are the elevations of the measuring point at each well referenced to mean sea
                      level and not to some local datum?

       G.     Has an adequate: sampling and analysis program been written for the site?

                1.     Are the major contaminants inorganic compounds?

                2.     Will  field filtering and preservation be done in the field?

                3.     Are the major contaminants organic coumpounds?

               4.     Where would you expect to find the contaminants in the aquifer?

                      a.     Floating at the top of the aquifer (LNAPLs)?

                      b.     Dissolved in the groundwater and flowing with it?

                      c.     Concentrated at the bottom of the aquifer (DNAPLs)?

               5.     What are  the possible  degradation  end  products of  the original  organic
                      contaminants?

               6.     Is the sampling method adequate to prevent any loss of volatile constituents?

               7.     Are field measurements such as pH,  Eh,  specific conductance, dissolved
                      oxygen, and temperature taken in the field?

               8.     Does a generic sampling and analysis protocol exist?

               9.     Does the sampling and analysis protocol address sample preservation, storage,
                      transport, container identification, and chain-of-custody procedures?
               10.     Is the analytical laboratory certified by  EPA for  the analyses  to  be
                      performed?

               11.     Did the laboratory provide input to the sampling and analysis program?

               12.     Is the sampling and analysis program written, clear, concise, understandable
                     and site specific?



The Hydro geological Investigation            12                                         8/95

-------
        H.     Has a QA/QC plan been written for the groundwater monitoring program?

               Water-Level Measurements

                1.     Have worksheets containing relevant fixed data, some of which are indicated
                      below, been prepared for use by the person taking water-level readings?

                      a.      Well identification number?

                      b.      Location of measuring point of each well?

                      c.      Elevation of measuring point at each well  relative to mean sea level?

                      d.      Elevations of screened interval at each well?

                      e.      Type of measuring instrument to be used?

               2.     Do the worksheets for use by the person taking water-level readings have
                      columns for computation of:

                      a.      Depth to the water table?

                      b.      Measuring point data to be added to or subtracted from  readings of
                             measuring instrument?

                      c.      Adjusted depth to water  surface?

                      d.      Conversion of depth to water surface?

               3.     Do the  worksheets have  a space for pertinent comments?

              Sample Collection

               1.     Are well  purging  procedures  prior  to  sampling described  as  written
                      procedures?

               2.     Is the method of purging specified?

               3.     Is the sample collection technique specified?

               4.     Is the sample storage vessel described?

               5.     Is the sample volume specified?

               6.     Is the sample identification system described?

               7.     Are there provisions for:



8/95                                         13            The Hydrogeoiogical Investigation

-------
                     a.     Trip blanks?

                     b.     Spiked samples?

                     c.     Duplicate, replicate, or blind samples?

               8.     Is the sampling frequency specified?

              Sample Analysis

               1.     Does the laboratory have a QA/QC program for all samples?

               2.     Is the QA/QC program written?

               3.     Does the laboratory provide information on the accuracy and precision of the
                     analytical results?

               4.     Did the laboratory participate in the development of the sampling and analysis
                     plan for the groundwater monitoring program and the QA/QC plan for the
                     nonlaboratory portion of the sampling program?

       I.      Is the QA/QC  plan being followed during implementation of the sampling  and
              analysis program?

               1.     Is the same  consultant who prepared the QA/QC plan responsible for its
                     implementation?

               2.     How many copies are there of the QA/QC plan?

               3.    Who has copies and where are they located?

               4.    Does the field person taking water-level measurements and collecting samples
                    have a copy?

               5.    Does the field person understand the importance of following the QA/QC
                    plan explicitly each time?

               6.    What safeguards and checks are  there to  ensure there will be no  deviation
                    from the QA/QC  plan in the field and the laboratory?

       J.      If any more field work  or data will  be necessary  to  meet the objectives  of  the
              hydrogeologic investigation, what types of additional  field installations and data will
              be needed?
The Hydrogeological Investigation             {4                                        8/95

-------
 APPENDIX B
Sampling Protocols

-------

-------
               GENERALIZED GROUNDWATER SAMPLING PROTOCOL
           Step
              Goal
      Recommendations
  Hydrologic measurements   Establish nonpumping water level
  Well purging
  Sample collection
  Filtration/preservation
 Field determinations
 Field blanks/standards
 Sample storage,
 transportation, and chain
 of custody (COO
Remove or isolate stagnant H20,
which would otherwise bias
representative sample
Collect samples at land surface or
in well bore with minimal
disturbance of sample chemistry


Filtration permits determination of
soluble constituents and is a form
of preservation; it should be done
in the field as soon as possible
after sample collection
Field analyses of samples will
effectively avoid bias in
determining
parameters/constituents that do
not store well (e.g., gases,
alkalinity, and pH)

These blanks and standards will
permit the correction of analytical
results for changes that may
occur after sample  collection.
Preserve, store, and transport
with other samples.


Refrigerate and protect samples to
minimize their chemical alteration
prior to analysis. Document
movement of samples from
collector to laboratory.
 Measure the water level to
 ±0.3 cm (±0.01 ft)

 Pump water until well purging
 parameters (e.g., pH, T, flr1,
 Eh) stabilize to  ± 10% over at
 least two successive well
 volumes pumped

 Pumping rates should be
 limited to ~ 100 mL/min for
 volatile organics and gas-
 sensitive parameters

 For trace metals, inorganic
 anions/cations,  and  alkalinity.
 Do not filter TOC, TOX, or
 other volatile organic
 compound samples; filter other
 organic compound samples
 only when required

 Samples for determining gases,
 alkalinity, and pH should be
 analyzed in the  field if at all
 possible
At least one blank and one
standard for each sensitive
parameter should be made up
in the field on each day of
sampling.  Spiked samples are
also recommended for good
QA/QC.

Observe maximum sample
holding or storage periods
recommended by EPA.
Documentation of actual
holding periods should be
carefully performed.  Establish
COC forms, which must
accompany all samples during
shipment.
Adapted from:  U.S. EPA.  1985.  Practical Guide for Ground-Water Sampling.  EPA/600/2-85/104.
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK.
8/95
                                             Sampling Protocols

-------
APPENDIX C
  References

-------
                                    REFERENCES
 Allen, H.E.,  E.M. Perdue, and D.S.  Brown  (eds).   1993.   Metals in  Groundwater.   Lewis
 Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

 Aller, L., T.W. Bennett, G. Hackett, R.J. Petty, J.H.  Lehr, H. Sedoris, D.M. Nielsen, and I.E.
 Denne.  1989.  Handbook of Suggested Practices for the Design and Installation of Ground-Water
 Monitoring Wells.  EPA 600/4-89/034.   National Ground Water Association Publishers, Dublin,
 OH.

 AIPG.  1985.  Ground Water Issues and Answers.  American Institute of Professional Geologists,
 Arvada,  CO, 1985.

 Bachmat, Y.,  J.  Bredehoeft, B. Andrews, D.  Holtz, and S.  Sebastian.   1980.   Groundwater
 Management:   The  Use of Numerical  Models, Water  Resources Monograph 5.   American
 Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.

 Back, W., and R.A. Freeze.  1983.  Chemical Hydrology.  Benchmark papers in  Geology/v.73.
 Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg, PA.

 Barvis, J.H.,  J.G. McPherson,  and  J.R.J. Studlick.  1990.  Sandstone Petroleum Reservoirs.
 Springer  Verlag Publishing.

 Bear, J.  1972. Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media.  American Elsevier, NY.

 Bear, J.  1979. Hydraulics of Groundwater.  McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

 Bear, J.,  D. Zaslavsky, and S. Irmay.  1968. Physical Principles of Water Percolation and Seepage.
 UNESCO.

 Bennett,  G.D.   1989.  Introduction to Ground-Water Hydraulics:  A Programmed  Text for Self-
 Introduction. Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey.
 United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

 Benson,  R.C., et al.  1984.  Geophysical Techniques for Sensing Buried Wastes and  Waste
 Migration.  EPA 600/7-84/064.

 Bitton, G., and C.P. Gerba.  1984. Groundwater Pollution Microbiology. John Wiley & Sons, New
 York. NY.

 Bouwer,  H.  1978. Groundwater Hydrology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY.

 Carter, L.W., and R.C. Knox. Ground Water Pollution Control.  Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea,
 MI.

Cedergren, H.R. 1977. Seepage, Drainage and Flow Nets.  Second Edition.  John Wiley & Sons,
New York, NY.

8/95                                       1                                  References

-------
 Cole, J.A. (ed).  1974. Groundwater Pollution in Europe.  Water Information Genter Inc., Port
 Washington, NY.

 Collins, A.G., and A.I. Johnson (eds).  1988.  Ground-Water Contamination:   Field Methods.
 American Society for Testing and Materials.

 Davis, S.N., and R.J.M. DeWiest.  1966. Hydrogeology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

 Dawson, K.J., and J.D. Istok.  1991.  Aquifer Testing.  Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

 DeWiest, R.J.M. 1965. Geohydrology.  John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

 Dobrin, M.B. 1960. Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting.  McGraw-Hill, New York,  NY

 Domenico, P.A.  1972. Concepts and Models in Groundwater Hydrology.  McGraw-Hill,  New
 York, NY.

 Domenico, P.A. 1990.  Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology.  John Wiley & Sons,  New York,
 NY.

 Dragun, J.  1988. Soil Chemistry of Hazardous Materials.  Hazardous Materials Control
 Research Institute, Silver Spring, MD.

 Drever, J.I.   1988.  Geochemistry of Natural Waters.  Second Edition.   Prentice-Hall,  Inc.,
 Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

 DriscoII, F.G. 1986. Groundwater and Wells.  Second Edition.  Johnson Division, St. Paul, MN.

 Everett, L.G., L.G.  Wilson, and E.W. Hoylman. 1984.  Vadose Zone Monitoring for Hazardous
 Waste Sites.  Noyes Data Corporation.

 Fetter, C.W., Jr.  1980. Applied Hydrogeology. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co.,  Columbus,
 OH.

 Freeze, R.A., and W. Back. 1983. Physical Hydrogeology,  Benchmark Papers in Geology/v. 72.
 Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg, PA.

 Freeze, R.A., and J. Cherry.  1979. Groundwater.  Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

 Fried, J.J.  1975.  Groundwater Pollution.  Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam.

Garrels, R.M., and C.L. Christ.  1987. Solutions, Minerals, and Equilibria.  Harper and
Corporation Publishers.

Gibson, U.P., and  R.D. Singer.  1971.  Water Well Manual.  Number  4101.   Premier  Press,
Berkeley, CA.

Harr, M.E.  1962.  Groundwater and Seepage.  McGraw-Hill, New York,  NY.


 References                                 2                                       8/95

-------
 Heath,  R.C.  1987.   Basic Ground-Water Hydrology.   USGS Water Supply Paper 2220.  U.S.
 Geological Survey.

 Heath,  R.C.,  and F.W.  Trainer.  1992.  Ground Water Hydrology.   National Ground Water
 Association, Dublin, OH.

 Hem, J.D.  1989.  Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics  of Natural Water.
 United  States  Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2254.   U.S. Government Printing Office,
 Washington, DC.

 Hillel, D.  1971.  Soil and Water: Physical Principles and Processes.  Academic Press, New York,
 NY.

 Hoehn, R.P. 1976-77. Union List of Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps Held by Institutions in the U.S.
 and Canada.  Western Association of Map Libraries.  Santa Cruz, CA.

 Johnson, A.I., C.B. Pettersson, and J.L.  Fulton (eds).  1992.  Geographic Information Systems
 (GIS) and Mapping - Practices and Standards.  American Society for Testing and Materials.

 Kranskopf, K.B.  1967.  Introduction to Geochemistry.  McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, NY.

 Kruseman, G.P., and N. A. de Ridder.  1990. Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data.  ILRI
 Publication 47. International Institute for  Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The
 Netherlands.

 Larkin,  R.G., and  J.M.  Sharp,  Jr.    1992.    On  The  Relationship Between River-Basin
 Geomorphology  Aquifer  Hydraulics and  Ground-Water  Flow  Direction in  Alluvial Aquifers.
 Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, pp. 1608-1620.

 LeBIanc, R.J.   1972.  Geometry of Sandstone Reservoir Bodies,  pp.  133-190. In:  American
 Association of Petroleum  Geologists  Memoir   18.   Underground  Waste  Management and
 Environmental Implications.  T.D. Cook (ed).  412 pp.

 LeRoy, L.W.  1951.  Substance Geologic Methods. Colorado School of Mines.

 Lohman, S.W.  1979.  Ground-Water Hydraulics.  Geological Survey Professional Paper 708. U.S.
 Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

 Mackay, D., W.-Y. Shiu, and K.-C. Ma.   1992.  Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical
 Properties  and Environmental  Fate for Organic  Chemicals.    Volumes  I,  II,  and HI.   Lewis
 Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

 Mandel, S., and Z.L.  Shiftan.  1981. Groundwater Resources:  Investigation and Development.
 Academic Press.

 Marthess,  G.   1982.  The Properties of Groundwater.  John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
8/95                                       3                                  References

-------
 Mazor, E.  1991.  Applied Chemical and Isotropic Groundwater Hydrology.  Halsted Press (a
 division of John Wiley and Sons Inc.), New York, NY.

 McDonald, M.G., and A.W. Harbaugh.  1988.  A Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference
 Ground-Water Flow Model. Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States
 Geological Survey.  United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

 McWhorter, D.,  and D.K. Sunada.  1977.  Ground-Water  Hydrology and Hydraulics.  Water
 Resources Publishing, Ft. Collins, CO.

 Montgomery, J.H., and L.M. Welkom. 1990.  Groundwater Chemicals Desk Reference.  Lewis
 Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

 Morrison, R. 1983.  Groundwater Monitoring Technology.  Timco Mfg. Company, Prairie du Sac,
 WI.

 Morrison, R.T., and R.N. Boyd.  1959. Organic Chemistry.  Allyn and Bacon, Inc.

 NGWA.  1991. Summaries of State Ground Water Quality Monitoring Well Regulations by EPA
 Regions. National Ground Water Association, Dublin, OH.

 NWWA. No date.  Selection and Installation of Well Screens and Ground Packs: An Anthology.
 National Water Well Association, Dublin, OH.

 Niaki, S., and J.A.  Broscious.  1987.  Underground Tank Leak Detection Methods.  Noyes Data
 Corporation Publishers.

 Nielsen, D.M. (ed).  1991.  Practical Book of Ground-Water Monitoring.  Lewis Publishers, Inc.,
 Chelsea, MI.

 Nielsen, D.M., and A.I. Johnson  (eds).   1990.   Ground Water and Vadose Zone Monitoring.
 American Society  for Testing and Materials.

 Nielsen, D.M., R.D. Jackson, J.W.  Cary, and D.D. Evans.  1972. Soil Water.  American Society
of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

 Nielsen, D.M., and M.N. Sara (eds).  1992. Current Practices in Ground Water and Vadose Zone
 Investigations.  American Society for Testing and Materials.

 Palmer,  C.M., J.L. Peterson, and J. Behnke.  1992.  Principles of Contaminant Hydrogeology.
 Lewis Publishing,  Inc., Chelsea, MI.

 Pettyjohn, W.A. (ed).  1973.  Water Quality  in a Stressed Environment.  Burgess Publishing,
 Minneapolis, MN.

 Pettyjohn, W.A.   1987.  Protection  of Public Water Supplies from Ground-Water Contamination.
 Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ.
References                                  4                                       8/95

-------
 Polubarinova-Kochina, P.Y. 1962. Theory of Groundwater Movement. Princeton University Press,
 Princeton, NJ.

 Powers, P.J.  1981.  Construction Dewatering:  A Guide to Theory and Practice. John Wiley &
 Sons, New York, NY.

 Princeton University Water Resources  Program.   1984.   Groundwater  Contamination from
 Hazardous Wastes.  Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Ciiffs, NJ.

 Remson,  I., G.M. Hornberger, and  F.J.  Molz.   1971.   Numerical Methods in Subsurface
 Hydrology.  WHey-Interscience, New York,  NY.

 Sanborn Map Company.  1905.  Description and Utilization of the Sanborn Map.  Pelham, NY.

 Sanborn Map  Company.   1905.  Surveyor's Manual  for the  Exclusive Use and  Guidance of
 Employees of the Sanborn Map Company. Pelham, NY.

 Summers, W.K., and Z.  Spiegel.  1971.   Ground Water Pollution, A Bibliography.  Ann Arbor
 Science Publishing, Ann Arbor, MI.

 Sun, R.J. 1978-84.  Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the U.S. Geological Survey
 Summary of Projects.  U.S. Geological Survey Circular  1002.

 Telford, W.M., L.P. Geldart,  R.E. Sheriff, and D.A. Keys.   1976.   Applied  Geophysics.
 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,  England.

 Todd, O.K.  1980. Ground Water Hydrology. Second Edition.  John Wiley & Sons, New York,
 NY.

 Todd, D.K., and D.E.O. McNulty. 1976.  Polluted Groundwater. .Water Information Center, Inc.,
 Port Washington, NY.

 Travis,  C.C.,  and E.L.  Etnier (eds).  1984.  Groundwater Pollution,  Environmental & Legal
 Problems. American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS Selected Symposium 95.

 U.S. EPA.  1984.  Geophysical Techniques for  Sensing Buried  Wastes  and Waste Migration.
 EPA/600/7-84/064.  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.  1985.   Practical Guide for Ground-Water Sampling,  EPA/600/2-85/104.   U.S.
 Environmental  Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA. 1985. Protection of Public Water Supplies from Ground-Water Contamination:  Seminar
 Publication.  EPA/625/4-85/016.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.   1986. RCRA Ground-Water Monitoring Technical Enforcement Guidance Document.
 OSWER-9950.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
8/95                                       5                                 References

-------
 U.S. EPA.  1986.  Superfunc! State Lead Remedial Project Management Handbook.  EPA/540/G-
 87/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.  1987.  Data Quality Objectives for Remedial Response Activities Example Scenario:
 RI/FS Activities at a Site With Contaminated Soil and Ground Water. EPA/540/G-87/004.  U.S.
 Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S.  EPA.    1987.    Superfund  Federal  Lead  Remedial Project Management  Handbook.
 EPA/540/G-87/001.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.  1988.  Guidance of Remedial Actions for Contaminated Ground Water at Superfund
 Sites.  EPA/540/6-88/003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.  1988.  Selection  Criteria for Mathematical Models Used in Exposure Assessments:
 Ground-Water Models. EPA/600/8-88/075. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.   1988.   Superfund Exposure  Assessment Manual.    EPA/540/1-88/001.   U.S.
 Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.   1988.  Technology Screening Guide for  Treatment of CERCLA Soils and Sludges.
 EPA/540/2-88/004.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.   1989.  Ground-Water  Monitoring in Karst Terranes:   Recommended  Protocols &
 Implicit Assumptions.  EPA/600/X-89/050. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.    1990.    Basics  of  Pump-and-Treat  Ground-Water  Remediation  Technology.
 EPA/600/8-90/003.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.  1990.   Catalog  of Superfund Program Publications.   EPA/540/8-90/015.   U.S.
 Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.   1990.  Handbook:  Ground Water  Volume  I:   Ground Water  and Contamination.
EPA/625/6-90/016a.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

U.S. EPA.   1990.  Quality Assurance  Project Plan.   U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency,
Emergency Response Branch, Region VIII.

U.S.  EPA.   1990.   Subsurface  Contamination  Reference  Guide.    EPA/540/2-90/001.   U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.

U.S. EPA.  1991. Compendium of ERT Ground Water Sampling Procedures.  EPA/540/P-91/007.
U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency.

U.S. EPA.   1991.  Compendium of ERT Soil  Sampling and Surface Geophysics  Procedures.
EPA/540/P-91/006.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
References                                 6                                      8/95

-------
 U.S. EPA.  1991.  Ground-Water  Monitoring (Chapter 11 of SW-846).   Final  Draft.   U.S.
 Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste.

 U.S. EPA.  1991.  Handbook Ground Water Volume II: Methodology.  EPA/625/6-90/016b. U.S.
 Environmental Protection Agency.

 U.S. EPA.  1993.  Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring Techniques:  A Desk Reference
 Guide.  Volume I:  Solids and Ground Water, Appendices A and B.  EPA/625/R-93/003a.  U.S.
 Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.

 U.S. EPA.  1993.  Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring Techniques:  A Desk Reference
 Guide.  Volume II:  The Vadose Zone, Field Screening and Analytical Methods, Appendices C and
 D.  EPA/625/R-93/003b.   U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency,  Office of  Research  and
 Development, Washington DC.

 Van Der Leeden, F., F.L.  Troise, and  O.K. Todd.  1990.  The Water Encyclopedia.  Second
 Edition.  Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

 Practical Applications of Ground Water Models.  National Conference August 19-20,1985.  National
 Water Well Association, Dublin, OH.

 Verruijt, A.  1970.  Theory of Groundwater  Flow.  Gordon & Breach Sciences Publishing, Inc.,
 New York,  NY.

 Walton, W.C.  1962.  Selected Analytical Methods for Well and Aquifer Evaluation.  Bulletin 49,
 Illinois State Water Survey.

 Walton, W.C.  1970.  Groundwater Resource Evaluation.  McGraw-Hill, New York,  NY.

 Walton, W.C.   1984.   Practical Aspects of Ground  Water Modeling.  National Water Well
 Association, Dublin, OH.

 Walton, W.C.  1989.  Analytical Groundwater Modeling.  Lewis Publishers,  Inc., Chelsea,  MI.

 Walton, W.C.  1989.  Numerical Groundwater Modeling: Flow and Contaminant Migration. Lewis
 Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

 Wang, H.F., and M.P. Anderson. 1982.  Introduction to Groundwater Modeling.  W.H. Freeman
 Co., San Francisco, CA.

 Ward,  C.H., W. Giger, and P.L. McCarty (eds).  1985.   Groundwater Quality.  John Wiley &
 Sons, Somerset, NJ.

 Wilson, J.L., and P.J. Miller.  1978. Two-Dimensional Plume in Uniform Ground-Water Flow.
 Journal of Hydraulics Div. A. Soc. of Civil Eng. Paper No 13665. HY4, pp.  503-514.
8/95                                      7                                  References

-------
   APPENDIX D
Sources of Information

-------
                        SOURCES OF INFORMATION
 SOURCES OF U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY DOCUMENTS

 Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) (no charge for documents)

       Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI)
       ORD Publications
       26 West Martin Luther King Drive
       Cincinnati, OH 45268
       513 569-7562
       FTS 8-684-7562
 Public Information Center (PIC) (no charge for public domain documents)

       Public Information Center (PIC)
       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
       PM-211B
       401 M Street, S.W.
       Washington, DC 20460
       202 382*2080
       FTS 8-382-2080
Superfund Docket and Information Center (SDIC)

       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
       Superfund Docket and Information Center (SDIC)
       OS-245
       401 M Street, S.W.
       Washington, DC 20460
       202 260-6940
       FTS 8-382-6940
National Technical Information Services (NT1S) (cost varies)

      National Technical Information Services (NTIS)
      U.S. Department of Commerce
      5285 Port Royal Road
      Springfield, VA 22161
      703 487-4650
      l-800-553-NTIS(6847)

Superintendent of Documents

      Government Printing Office
      202 783-3238

8/95                                    1                     Sources of Information

-------
 SOURCES OF MODELS AND MODEL INFORMATION
 Superfund Exposure Assessment Manual

       EPA/540/1-88/001, April 1988
       Chapter 3 "Contaminant Fate Analysis" - 35 models
 National Ground Water Association

       National Ground Water Association
       6375 Riverside Dr.
       Dublin, OH 43017
       614761-1711
International Groundwater Modeling Center (IGWMC)

       Paul K. M. van der Heijde, Director IGWMC
       Institute for Ground-Water Research and Education
       Colorado School of Mines
       Golden, CO 80401-1887
       303 273-3103
       303 273-3278 (fax)
Groundwater Flow Mode!

      Groundwater Education of Michigan (GEM) Regional Center
      Institute for Water Sciences
      1024 Trimpe Hall
      Western Michigan University
      Kalamazoo, MI 49008
      616 387-4986
      Cost (as of 3/95): $275.00 (including shipping)
UST Video:  Groundwater Cleanup

      Industrial Training Systems Corp.
      20 West Stow Road
      Marlton, NJ 08053
      609 983-7300
      Cost:  $595.00
Sources of Information                      2                                    8/95

-------
 GEOPHYSICS ADVISOR EXPERT SYSTEM VERSION 2.0

       Gary R. Olhoeft, Jeff Lucius, Cathy Sanders
       U.S. Geological Survey
       Box 25046 DFC - Mail Stop 964
       Denver, CO 80225
       303 236-1413/1200

       U.S. Geological Survey preliminary computer program for Geophysics Advisor Expert
       System. Distributed on 3.5" disk and written in True BASIC 2.01 to run under Microsoft
       MS-DOS 2.0 or later on IBM-PC or true compatible computers with 640k or greater memory
       available to the program.  No source code is available.

       This expert system program was  created for the U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency,
       Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.  The expert system is
       designed to assist and educate non-geophysicists in  the use of geophysics at hazardous waste
       sites.  It is not meant to replace the expert advice of competent geophysicists.
 COMPREHENSIVE LISTING OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

       U.S. Department of Agriculture, ASCS
       Aerial Photography Field Office
       2222 West 2300 South
       P.O. Box 30010
       Salt Lake City,  UT 84130-0010
       801 524-5856
8/95                                      3                       Sources of Information

-------
APPENDIX E
 Soil Profiles

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SOIL PROFILE DEVELOPED ON ALLUVIAL FAN DEPOSITS
          fc^alj^l i _Ti liAarV- 111 I i ial •••< 1 i !•* 1*11 I i li fr^M1 1*11 ' • ' • "*^i*—f*v ' - >~ <
                                   Gravelly Sandy clay
                                   Sand, sandy clay
                                   Interbedded (stratified) silt,
                                   sand, and gravel




'-:'•'"-' ::~:
-;y-~- •<-"•-"
/ Y---;.
^^iy




m
v^-Vv>f^v1
V'.VJ** vVt V*X;!a
Silt




U
','\\'\' '*•"'• *«***".
'''.•'iVV.-'iV'i,*-
Sand



C
rool
ODD
.) (\ f\
„„__.; _. . _,
3 rave



1

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SOIL PROFILE DEVELOPED ON VALLEY FILL DEPOSITS
                 [^^WM^Mf<
                                   Sandy clay
                                   Sandy clay
                                   Interbedded (stratified)
                                   fine sand and silt
                                   Interbedded (stratified) silt,
                                   sand, and gravel



.,..__, .......
>>:•". ":-::
V.-'l



'&&W-Q
;£'•£#$£•••&
^{ivifeili'



"••.•;••.•:.•,•:••.•:•".•
.;v;^\v;.'-;-;.
!'vV.''V.'V.'i.":



PTTol
Ooo
!_..--. '2.



y Silt Sand Gravel
                                                            -2

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      SOIL PROFILE DEVELOPED ON ALLUVIUM
          B
                             4'
                                Silty clay
                                Clay
                                Clay
Clay   Silt
S-3

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    SOIL PROFILE DEVELOPED ON COASTAL PLAIN
            DEPOSITS IN A HUMID CLIMATE

           Horizon
             B
                         /—•f"~ ' .' ' . "J7~"

                         f' ,* '
                                    Clayey sand and silty clay;
                                    unsorted and unstratified
Silty sandy clay;
stratified and sloping
toward ocean
                                    Silty sandy clay;
                                    stratified
                                  6'
Clay   Silt   Sand

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SOIL PROFILE DEVELOPED ON COASTAL BEACH DEPOSITS
                    IN A HUMID CLIMATE
                                     Sifty sandy clay
  Clay  Silt   Sand
                                     Stratified quartz sands;
                                     poorly graded with little or
                                     no fines
                         .•••;••.•••.•••.•.• .•••.•••.•••.•••.••.•••.•••.16'
S-5

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SOIL PROFILE DEVELOPED ON SAND DUNE DEPOSITS IN
                 A SEMI-ARID CLIMATE
Horizon


 A
                      LiiiiiiiiiwiJ 6
                               O1
                                  Clayey fine sand and silty
                                  clay
                                  Fine to coarse sand;
                                  poorly graded sediment
 Clay   Silt  Sand

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SOIL PROFILE DEVELOPED ON LIMESTONE IN A HUMID
                       CLIMATE
           Horizon
            B
               i •" >:* '*
               f«-V**"
                      f-<
                           % ^M
                               O1
                                 Silty clay
Silty clay
                                  Clay
                                  Limestone bedrock
                               10'
Clay  Silt   Sand Limestone
                      S-7

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SOIL PROFILE DEVELOPED ON SLATE IN A HUMID CLIMATE
Horizon W
                 B
                    :-ft$!:
                    iftii'iifiit^ '•f{^ii^f(jfiffftj^isi!ifi(f^is!-fti!^fffs''^ft1-
Clay iate'sJit
                                       0'
                                          Slaty clay
                                          Slaty silty clay
                                          Slaty silty clay
                                          Slate bedrock
                                       6'

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SOIL PROFILE DEVELOPED ON GRANITE IN A HUMID
                        CLIMATE
          Horizon M
           A
           B
                J1/.T/XWiv £f&'t~+&fafr'' Hijfzf.'ffiJ+jiff'f**** W
                                0'
                                   Silty clay
                                 Sandy clay
                                 Sandy clay; bedrock
                                 fragments
                                 Granite bedrock
                •«•" + 4- "+
               •f + + -f +
Clay   Silt   Sand  Granite
                                                           S-13

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