-------
'Capping and Containment
CONTAINMENT (cont.)
Applicatio ns
- Slows tire movement of
groundwater- borne contaminants
using subsurface walls
- Can be used to dewater a site for
remediation
Limitations
- Does not directly remediate
contaminants
SLURRY TRENCH CUTOFF WALL
Me rwtoring
well
Production
well
Aquitard
Keyed slurry trench
cutoff wall
HANGING WALL
Monitoring
well
Recovery well
GrounOwoter
fbw
Hanging slurry Uench
cutcf wa i
Production
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
PAGE 3
-------
Capping and Containment
; Groundwater
flow
UPGRADIENTWALL
Waste
Drain
DOWNGRADIENT WALL
Soil
GROUT CURTAIN
Grout
curtain
Irjecton
tube
ENVIRONMENTAL?, REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
-------
GROUT INJECTION
Injection tube
Zone of influence
STEEL PILING SHAPES AND
INTERLOCKS
Straight web type
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
-------
-------
BASIC
WATER TREATMENT
Basic Water Treatment
Advantages
Treats most contaminants
Highly flexible and reliable
Basic Water Treatment
Disadvantages
Could be very expensive
Energy- and labor-intensive
Regulatory problems with discharge
Fine-grained material a problem
-------
Basic Water Treatment
System Diagram
PH
Control
Oil/Water Reactor Sand Air Carbon
Separator Tank Filter Stripper Contactor
Oil / Water Separator
Weir-type Oil / Water Separator
Water
TION TECHNOLOGIES
-------
.Baste Water Treatment
Weir-type Oil / Water Separator
Water
>r. « ^
(» . \» .
v " : "\ . "
Sludge
r
(
^
n
Oil Filter
Reaction Tank
-------
Saste Water Treatment V*v
Sodium Hypochlorite Storage Tank
Sand Filter
Clarifier Diagram
ECHNOLOGIES
-------
^
Clarifier and Settling Basin
Clarifier
Settling Tank
-------
Air Stripper
Air Stripper Diagram
Contaminated
water influent
Discharge
to air
Air
''°" i Air-stripping
.:;. i column
Effluent to water
or further treatment
Air Stripper Diagram
Internal Components
-------
Packing Saddles
Packing Rings
Packing Snowflakes
-------
Bask; Water Treatment v^
Air Stripper (another view)
Carbon Dioxide Cylinders
Carbon Adsorption Unit
-------
^^
Carbon Adsorption
aDsorption
Carbon Adsorption
Carbon Adsorption Unit
-------
«aslc Water Treatment^ £-**
Magnified Carbon Particle
Magnified Carbon Particle In Use
Carbon Adsorption Unit and Prefilters
mounted on a flatbed trailer
ENVIRONM
MEDIATION TECHNO
-------
Reactions and Separations
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND SEPARATIONS
CHEMICAL REACTION SYSTEMS
Neutralization
Precipitation
Reduction
Oxidation
NEUTRALIZATION
Advantage
- Eliminates corrosives
Disadvantages
- Process chemicals are hazardous
- Generates a lot of heat
- Heavy-duty process equipment
may be needed
-------
:Chemfcal;lleacrtietoswMl Separation*'^
PRECIPITATION
Advantage
- Removes dissolved heavy metals
Disadvantages
- Produces metal sludge
- Often produces high pH wastewater
- Doesn't always work on highly soluble
metals
ECHNOLOGIES
-------
SAMPLE PRECIPITATION SYSTEM
Flocculating
fw chiles
M.xrng tank
Source: U.S. EPA 19S1
Flocc
ciarifier
lulator- *
-------
jChemteal Reacttons
REDUCTION/OXIDATION
Chemical reactions
Advantages:
- Reduces solubility of heavy metals
- Oxidizes and destroys organics
Disadvantage:
- Unintended reactions
Cr (IV) REDUCTION SYSTEM
Acid teed
CriroTie (eduction \sr'
E 'fluent
! _ ^. H/drox de sludge
Chforr* pfeciprtation
ECHNOLOGtES
-------
ULTRAVIOLET
OXIDATION
SYSTEM
UV OXIDATION SYSTEM
H,O-
UV lamps
j i
... i ~: I ' ! i I '! i
:::::rpq i
Influent
r"j Effluent
SEPARATION
Microfiltration
Reverse osmosis
Ion exchange
IEHI C»EL
-------
MICROFILTRATION
Advantage
- Removes very small particles
Disadvantage
- Does not remove dissolved
contaminants
DU PONT/OBERLIN
MICROFILTRATION TREATMENT
Groun^aler
SYSTEM
L nit- SUIT,- L
Microfirtration ^Filter caNe
inil
>
\_ Fi »er cake
ProFix s'.irn,11 H
L1 S EPA I;KI
ON TECHNOLOGIES
-------
OSMOSIS
-------
^Chemical Reactions and Separations
REVERSE OSMOSIS
Advantages:
- Ion removal
- Treats large volumes
Disadvantages:
- Non-destructive
- Costly
REVERSE OSMOSIS
(Pressure
REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT
Contaminated water
Trpatgd
water
Concentrated
wastewater
-------
REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM
Et;:;i:-'*w ^
^*2 '
R
|
j ipn
Sludge
...v. : ft . ;
-------
Chemical Reactions and Separations^»
ION EXCHANGE
Removes dissolved metals
via transfer of ions
Uses resin beads
ION EXCHANGE ADVANTAGES
Removes low concentrations of
soluble metals
Recovers concentrated metal
streams for recycling
ION EXCHANGE DISADVANTAGES
Suspended solids and organics
Regeneration chemicals are
hazardous
-------
and Separations-
ION EXCHANGER
Acid
rogeicrant
Removal:
H'- [Cat{s)) + M*
M'~ [Cat(s)] + H-
Rogcnoration:
M" [Call's)] » H' '
H" jCo^I + M-
Rcmova!:
OH" [An(s)| +X" »
X'- [An(s)] + OH-
Rogcneration:
X'" 'An(s)J +
OH-- [An(s)] +
-------
-------
AQUEOUS
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
DEFINITIONS
Biodegradation-all processes where
microorganisms break down compounds
Bioremediation-site cleanup using
biodegradation processes
APPLICATIONS FOR AQUEOUS
Soils/sediment
Leachate
Runoff
Dewatering
* Groundwater
1NV1RONMENTAL REMEDIATIONTECHNOLOGIES ' >#W
PAGE 1
-------
Aqueous Biological Treatment -$3irs
ADVANTAGE OF
B1ODEGRADATION
Destnjctive treatment
Usually lower cost
Onsite treatment
Native/indigenous organisms
DISADVANTAGES OF
BIODEGRADATION
May require pretreatment or
additional treatment
Sludge generation/solids
treatment and handling
REMOVAL PROCESS
Physical, Chemical, and Biological
Volatilization
9
«'*
\ J Air source for mixing and oxygen
ENV«ONMENTAI>REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
-------
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
BIODEGRADATION
Waste composition
Water solubility
Modes of respiration
Temperature
Nutrients
WASTE COMPOSITION
Aerobic
- Gaseous compounds
- Aliphatic hydrocarbons
- Sulfides and cyanides
- Neutral pH
Anaerobic
- Organic waste mixtures
- Halogenated hydrocarbons
- Neutral pH
SOLUBILITY
Controls bioavailability
Polarity
PH
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
PAGE3
-------
MODES OF RESPIRATION
Anerobic = fermentation/methanogenesis
C HY microofganisn's » CO, + CH4 + Biomass
A ' nutrients ' 4
MODES OF RESPIRATION (cont.)
Aerobic
Y 2
microcrg.n.sms
nutrients
ATP PRODUCTION
Anaerobic (less efficient process)
CeHi:,O6+ 12NO3
Aerobic
GCO
: + 6HO + 12NO + 26 ATP
6HO + 38 ATP
PAGE 4-^^
ENVIROMMENTW^REMEDIATION TECHNOliOGJES
-------
Aqueous Biological Teatment
TEMPERATURE
Organisms have higher metabolic
rate at slightly elevated temperature
Too high causes cell death
Aerobic (68°- 95°F)
Anaerobic (86°-158°F)
NUTRIENTS
Essential nutrients: C, H, N, O, P, S
Electron acceptors
Nitrogen and phosphorus are
usually deficient in systems
Added to enhance microbes
pH
Maintained so organisms can survive
Optimal pH is between 6 and 8
Acid or alkaii conditions can kill
microbes
Buffer needed to maintain optimal pH
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
PAGES
-------
Aqueous Biological Treatment
COMMON AQUEOUS
TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Aerobic
- Trickling filters/fixed film reactor
- Activated sludge/slurry phase reactor
- Aerated lagoons/oxidation ponds
Anaerobic
- Digestors/bioreactors
PAGE 6
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
-------
Bkunediation for Soils and Sludges
BIOREMEDIATION
FOR SOILS AND
SLUDGES
SITE CONSIDERATIONS
Soil properties
Soil conditions
Microbe types
Nutrients
Contaminants
SOIL PROPERTIES
Particle size
Types
» Tilth
Moisture
ENV1RONMENTALHEMEDIATION/TECHNOLOGIES
PAGE1
-------
Btoremediatioh fbr^Soils and SI-
SOIL CONDITIONS
Temperature
pH
Salinity
Redox potential
MICROBES
Bacteria
Fungi
Indigenous
Aerobic / anaerobic
NUTRIENTS
Fertilizers
Co-substrates
Bulking agents
Animal manure
PAGE2<
EIWIRONMEMTAIKHEMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
-------
*!» '&-: * -Biomedtabon for Sous and Sludges.
CONTAMINANTS
Heavy metals
Corrosives
Oxidizers / reducers
Concentrations
EX-SITU SYSTEMS
Composting
Land farming
Two-stage systems
Slurry systems
COMPOSTING/LAND FARMING
Composting
- Open windrow
- Static windrow
- In-vessel
Land farming
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
PAGE 3
-------
SLURRY B1ODEGRADATION
Sim'lar to aqueous
Most organics
Inorganic cyanides
SLURRY BIODEGRADATION
SYSTEM
Contaminated soil Slurry
~
Water ;
Nutrients
Mixer
Emission eon'.rol
...1
Bioreactor
* | Centrifuge i-
', Water
Clean soil
BIOVENTING
In-situ
Unsaturated zone
Soil vapor extraction
; ENVIRONMENTAL ^REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
-------
.r.;» ' - Btomediatton for Soils and Sludges
BiOVENTING
CONSIDERATIONS
Homogeneous soils
Soil gas readings
Soil permeability
Other conditions
BIOVENTING
SYSTEM Vapor
treatment
Ground water
TRADITIONAL
1N-SITU SYSTEM
Unsaturated / saturated zones
Pumping /soil flushing
Petroleum and solvents
Wood-treating wastes
Chlorinated solvents
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
PAGE 5
-------
TRADITIONAL
iN-SITU SYSTEM
Pre-
treatment
Microbes Nutrients Oxygen
T Y I
TTTTTT"
_ Valc.os.e .zone__
BIOREMEDIATION FOR SOILS
Considerations
Composting / land farming
Two-stage systems
Slurry systems
Bioventing
Traditional in-situ systems
ENWRONMENTALtREMEDIATION TCCHNOt-OGIES
-------
'is- v. Soil Washing and Solvent Extraction'.
SOIL WASHING AND
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
SOIL WASHING TREATMENTS
SOIL TREATMENTS
In-situ soil flushing
Soil washing
Solvent extraction
-------
IN-SITU SOIL FLUSHING
In-situ soil flushing is the
extraction of contaminants
from the soil with water or
other suitable aqueous
solutions
,r I')
US EPA 1991.
EDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
-------
-------
Soil Washing and Solvent Extraction'₯«*.%*
-
I-"-!'
SOLVENT SELECTION
Water
- Soluble (hydrophilic) organics
- Octanol/water partition
coefficient <10
Water with surfactant
- Low solubility (hydrophobic)
organics
SOLVENT SELECTION (cont.)
Acids, chelating agents, or
reducing agents
- Metals
- Inorganic metal salts
ENVIRON
CHNOLOGIES
-------
Soll Washing and Solvent Extraction
DEMONSTRATED
EFFECTIVENESS
Volatile halogenated organics
(perchioroethyiene, chloromethane)
Semivolatile nonhalogenated
organics (phenols, nitrobenzene)
Nonvolatile metals (arsenic, lead)
US E;>A139U
SOIL PARAMETERS
Permeability - affects treatment
time and efficiency of contaminant
removal
- >1 x 1 o~3 cm/sec = effective soil
flushing
- <1 x 10 5 cm/sec = limited soil
flushing
SOIL PARAMETERS (cont.)
Moisture content - affects flushing
fluid transfer requirements
Groundwater hydrology - critical in
controlling the recovery of injected
fluids and contaminants
113 «J Ullll] i B liflll^J VJ
-------
!^W^ng"wkr$b*^
PROCESS RESIDUALS
Groundwater treatment
Flushing additives:
- Reuse
- Degradability
SITE REQUIREMENTS
Underground injection Control
(UIC) permit
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Slurry walls or sheet piling for
containment
Berms, dikes, or caps for surface
water control
SOIL FLUSHING LIMITATIONS
1-2 years as concentrations decrease
Hydraulic control required
High silt and clay content not applicable
Surfactants or organic solvents removed
Bacteria and/or iron fouling
Additives may interfere with wastewater
treatment
EMEDIATtON TECHNOLOGIES
-------
^&y£f»;'MK£ ?*'>:&''V
MM^3&3mSt*i Washing and Solvent Extraction
SOIL WASHING
Soil washing is a water-based
process for mechanically
separating and scrubbing soils
ex-situ to remove undesirable
contaminants
SOIL WASHING TREATMENT
Onsite, ex-situ, water-based process
Contamination reduction by particle
size separation
Mechanical washing and separation
techniques
Combines mining and chemical
plant technologies
APPLICABILITY
Stand alone or treatment train
Effective for coarse sand and gravel
Demonstrated contaminant removal
- Halogenated volatile organics
(perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene)
- Nonhalogenated volatile organics
(phenols, nitrobenzene)
- Volatile and nonvolatile metals
(mercury-volatile, lead-nonvolatile)
-------
WASTE SOIL CHARACTERIZATION
PARAMETERS
Particle Size
Distribution
>2 mm
0 25-2 mm
0.063-0.25 mm
<0.063 mm
Comments
Oversize pretreatment
requirements
Effective soil washing
Limited soil washing
Clay and silt fraction, difficult
soil washing
SOIL WASHER
ir SQ»
Soil Ines
i'fit fluid
FINES WASHER
1 r~*
r|,._| ,
.._ j*i
CHNOLOGIES
-------
'--^y^^^^^^^^^^^\^^;f:^^ff: -$, ";>r?₯'
i . *- SurtjUrtin | -*
/*
'I10,"
-IjoJj
TO DISPOSAL l
-------
'^oU Washing and Solvwt and Extraction
SOIL WASHING RESIDUALS
Wastewater - treatment and recycle
Vapors - collect and treat
Oversize soils - return to site
Fines - further treatment
SOIL WASHING LIMITATIONS
High percentage of silt and clay
particles
Hydrophobic contaminants
Complex contaminant mixtures
Additives may interfere with
wastewater treatment
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Solvent extraction uses an
organic solvent in combination
with standard soil washing
techniques to remove and
concentrate organic
contaminants for further
treatment
-------
'Son Washing and Solvent Extraction
SOLVENT EXTRACTION (cont.)
Contaminants separated for
volume reduction
One in a series of unit operations
Organic chemical solvent
Site-specific solvent selected
APPLICABILITY
Sediments, sludges, and soils
Semivolatile halogenated organics
(dichlorobenzene)
Volatile nonhalogenated organics
(benzene)
Semivolatile nonhalogenated
organics (phenols)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Pesticides
PRETREATMENT
Physical
- Size reduction and classification
- Dewater or water addition
Chemical
- pH adjustment
-------
Son Washing and Solvent
SOLVENT SELECTION
Standard solvents
Liquefied gas (LG)
Critical solution temperature
(CST) solvents
PROCESS STEPS
Extraction
Separation
Desorption
Solvent recovery
STANDARD SOLVENT
EXTRACTION PROCESS
Concammai&d
me*a
(pretreatment
maybe
necessary)
SoNent
make-up
J Clean
»Q'«"t
I Seoarau n I "same j Solent j
traction I I iO^tof.3,\ contamJnBnlst recovery j
(1) p~*j (2) ' | " (distillation)!
Concentrated
contaminants
Deso'pt on ;
| stripping1, .-
AL REMEDIATION
-------
PROCESS RESIDUALS
* Treated solids
- Dewatering
- Residual solvent removal
- Metal contaminant removal
Organic solvents
- Organically bound metals
Solvent/water mixture
Air emissions
PROCESS LIMITATIONS
Organically bound metals
Detergent and emulsifiers
Extraction solvents on treated solids
High molecular weight organics
Hydrophilic substances
-------
-------
IMMOBILIZATION
GENERAL APPLICATIONS
Soils, sludges, and sediments
Lead, cadmium, and similar heavy metals
Limits mobility (leachability)
-------
3^^
GENERAL LIMITATIONS
Increases waste volume
Notfororganics
Non-destructive
PREDOMINANT TECHNOLOGIES
Physical
Chemical
Thermal
Biological {emerging technology)
PHYSICAL IMMOBILIZATION
Solidification
Sludges and sediments
Ciays, vermiculite, and saw dust
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGI
-------
Immobilization
-------
CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION
Stabilization
Cement technologies
Phosphate technologies
Matrix formation
I, ,
, , *:-,i" ^,*-,
"/tei^"'
v , f ", wr t v y
X1 - v,_ v
-------
rh-h
-------
-------
-------
THERMAL IMMOBILIZATION
Vitrification
Primarily radioactive waste
E ectrical resistance or combustion heating
CHNOLOGIES
-------
Immobilization.
i£>H
CHNOLOGIES
-------
BIOLOGICAL IMMOBILIZATION
Contains as well as immobilizes
Treats large volume mine tailings in place
-------
.Immobilization
-------
k Immobilization** "^r,i
IMMOBILIZATION ADVANTAGES
Treats metals in soils, sludges, and sediments
Can be used for radioactive and mixed wastes
Treats large volume mine tailings
-------
Immobilization
IMMOBILIZATION DISADVANTAGES
Increases waste volume
Not suitable for treating organics
Requires secondary containment
U-S. EPA Headquarters uorary
Mail code 3201
wPTnSylvaniaAvenue
Washington DC 20460
CHNOCOGtES'- '''
-------
-------
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
A absorption eocfhcicm
A A atomic absorption
AA Assistant Administrator (LPA)
AAOCD Ambient Air Oualitv Criteria Document (LPA. CAA)
ACG1H American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
AC'I II' Advisory Council on I listoric Preservation
AC'I. allenuite concentration limit (EPA. RCRA)
ACO administrative consent order
AD! acceptable dailv intake (LPA)
AHA Atomic Energv AcuNRC. l-RDA. DOE)
AG Attorney General
AHI-RA Asbestos Ma/ard Emergency Response Act (EPA. TSCA)
AUPA Archaeological and Historical Preservation Act
AIC acceptable intake for chronic exposure (EPA)
All IA American Industrial 1 Ivgicnc Association
A!Ri;A American Indian Religious F-'reedom Act
A IS acceptable intake For suhchronic exposure (EPA)
AL action level (EPA)
A1..I administrative law judge
ANPRM advance notice of proposed rulemaking
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AO administrative order
AOC area of contamination
AOC area of concern
APA Administrative Procedure Act
APA Acid Precipitation Act
AQCR airqualitv control region
AQMI) airqualitv management district
A(,)l IRI! acute aquatic lo.xicity values database (CIS)
ARAR applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements
ARCS Alternative Remedial Contracting Strategy
ARPA Archaeological Resources Protection Act
A I" averaging lime
ATSDR Agencv for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
AW(,)C Ambient \\ aler Oualitv Criteria (l.PA. C\\ A)
A\\ (,)CI) Ambient Water Oitaiitv C'riteria Document (I-PA. CWA)
1^ bodv \\eiglitol receptor
BAC I best available control technology (I-PA. C'AA)
IJA'l'd-iA) best available teclinologv (economically achievable) (F-PA. CWA)
BCPC I best conventional pollutant control technology (I:PA. CAA)
IK"T best conventional technology (I-PA, C\\'A)
IJ[)A I best demonslrated available technology (KPA. RCRA)
HLM Bureau of Land Management (!)()!)
BM (bureau of Mines
BMP best managemeiu practices
-------
BO!)
BPAII
BPJ
BPT(CA)
rm.-\
BQRA
BTC
RTEX
BTX
C
C
CA
CAA
CA.EO
CAG
CAM I'
CAP
CAP
CAPA
CATEX
CCRIS
CDC
CERCEA
CERCEIS
CliRI
CESARS
CEQ
CESQG
CFC
CFR
C! 1KMH)
(HEMLINE
OILMTRAC
CHEMTREC
CHRIS
CMS
CM.
CIS
CM A
CM I
CMS
CO
CO
COD
CUE
( p
CP
biochemical (or hiologicab ox\gcn demand
'hosi practicable available technology
hc>t protessicna: jikijjmciil
bc-,\ prajticahlc :ochnoloL!> (currcnib. a\ailahlc( (L.'PA. CA\ A)
hasciiiK1 risk n»scssment
'baseline quantitative risk assessment
briellx tolerable concentration (NRC)
bc'i/ene. toluene, ethylbenzene. and xylenos
bcn/ene. toluene, and xylcnes
co:Tosi\ity ha/ardous uaste code (1-PA. RCRA)
conccnfation of a pollutant in the environment
correcti-,c action {[-;PA. RCRA)
Clean Air Act
consent agrecment-'Hual order
Carcinosen Assessment Group (F:PA. ORD)
correcti\e action management unit (LPA. RCRA)
correcti'-e action plan (IJ'A. RCRA)
capaciu assurance plan (I'.PA. C'f'.RCLA)
critical aquifer protection area
categorical exclusion (lil'A. NT!PA)
Chemical Careinogenesis Research Information System (\LM. Toxnet)
Centers for Disease Control (HHS. PUS)
Comprehensive Environmental Response. Compensation and L.iabiliu Act
CliRCLA Information S\stem
Center for En\ ironmental Research information (EPA-ORD. Cincinnati)
Chemical Evaluation Search and Retrieval System (C'lS)
Council on Environmental Quality
conditionally exempt small quantity generator
Chlorof uorocarbon
Code of Federal Regulations
Chemical Identification (includes SUPEREIS f) (NLM. i;i.HII.I.)
C'liemical Dictionary Online (NEM. ElElilEE)
Chemical emissions toxicitx inventory database (EPA)
Chemical Transportation Emergent'} Center
Chemical Ha/ard Response Information System (USCG)
CERCEA ha/ardous substance
Chemical Inventory Eist (EPA. EPCRA)
Computer Information S\stem (commercial user network)
Chemical Manufacturers Association
corrective measures implementation (EPA. RCRA)
corrective measures stuJv (EPA. RC'RA)
compliance order
carbon monoxide
chemic;:! oxvgen demand
Corps of Engineers
conventional pollutant (EPA. CVVA)
criteria xillulant (I-J'A. CAA)
-------
t i'l c.ipjer iCii:viivge:i v' poter.CN factor
< I'M (. oiiMimcr Product Satetv Commission
COAP construction qualil\ assurance plan
CRA classification re\ icv\ area (EPA. SDWAl
(RAVI carcinogen risk assessment verification endeavor (HPA. EC'AO)
CRP communitv relations pkm(ningMEPA. CERCEA)
CRS Congressional Research Services
i SI- cancer slope factor
C IC'P Clinical Toxicolog) of'Commercial Products (Gleason el at.. C'lS)
I'VYA C'lean \Viitor Act
C'/AIA Coastal /one Management Act
I) disposer, disposal
i) dose of a pollutant in a receptor (mg/kg/da\)
D waste ID for characteristic hazardous wastes (HPA. RCRA)
DAP dilution-attenuation factor (HPA. RCRA)
DART Development and Reproductive Toxicolog} (NI.M. Toxnet)
DCQAI* data collection qualit\ assurance plan
Di. (.iestruclion eftlcienc\
DKIS draft em ironmenta! impact statement
DI-.RA defense em ironmcnial restoration account
DI-RMAI. dermal absorption and toxicity database (CIS)
Dl-.RP defense environmental restoration program
DIRLIM Director) of Information Resources Online (NI.M)
D\IP data management plan
DMR discharge monitoring report (HPA, C\VA)
DM A determination of no further action (HPA. RC'RA)
DOC I'.S. Department of Commerce
DOD l;.S. Department of Defense
DO1: I '.S. Department of Hnergy
DOI L.S. Department of the Interior
DO.I I'.S. Department of Justice
DO!. t !.S. Department of l.ahor
DOR Determination of Release (HPA. RCRA)
DOI U.S. Department of Transportation
DQO data quality objective (EPA)
DRH destruction removal efficiency
D\\ drinking water
D\VCD Drinking Water Criteria Document (EPA. SIHVAt
D\\ HAS Drinking Water Health Advisory Summary (EPA. SDW.A)
toxicilv characteristic hazardous waste code (HPA. RCRA)
environmental assessment (HPA. NHPA)
endangerment assessment
median effective concentration
ecological assessment
I in iroiimenlal C.'rileria and Assessment Office (EPA I
exposure duration
-------
I. IX
I -I CA
EFGL
L
Rl
EE
E-:FD
EMS
EIA
I-;IF:.S
HIS
MM 1C
EMICBACK
EMU
ENVIROFATE
i-:o
EP
EP-TOX
EPA
EPCRA
i! PTC
ERCS
ERT
I.SA
!-;SD
ETICBACK
Ex A
F
F;ACA
FCL
ECO
FMIS
i EM A
I EPCA
FFA
I-TCA
FFCM
Fl SRA
Ml RA
FIT
I LPMA
FOIA
FONSI
I R
! RG
I RI.
I RSS
median c!'fcc'.i\,' J«>sc
cnyinccriny c\aluiHion cost ;UIU!\MS
cnicryc:icy exposure guidance level (NRC)
cmergc:ic> exposure level (\\'IIO)
f:n\ironmenta! Emergency Response I nit
exposure frequencv
exposure frequency and duration
extremdy hazardous substance (EPA. EPCRA)
environmental impact assessment (EPA, NEPA)
Electronic Information Exchange S\stem (EPA)
environmental impact statement (study!' (EPA. NEPA)
Environmental Mutagen Information Center (NLM. Toxnet)
Environmental Mutayen Information Center Backfilc {NLM. Toxnet)
elementary neutrali/ution unit (EPA, RCRA)
bioconcentration and half-life factors database (CIS)
executive order
extraction procedure (EPA. RCRA)
extraction procedure toxicity (1!PA. RCRA)
(i.S. I:nvironmental Protection Agencv
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Knou Act
extraction procedure loxicit) characteristics
Emergency Response Cleanup System
Environmental Response Team
Endangered Species Act (RVS)
explanation of significant differences (EPA. CMRCEA)
Environmental 'leratology Information Center Backllle (NEM. Toxnet)
exposure assessment
waste I1!) for nonspecific-source hazardous wastes (EPA. RCRA)
financial assurance for corrective action (EPA. RCRA)
final cleanup level
Federal Coordinating Officer
final environmental impact, statement
Federal Emergency Management Agenc\
Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act
federal facilities agreement
federal facilities compliance agreement
federal facilities compliance manual
federal facilities site remediation agreement
Federal Insecticide, fungicide, and Rodentieide Act
Field Investigation Team
Federal Land Polic\ Management Act
freedom of Information Act
finding of no signillcant impact (EPA. NEPA)
Federal Register
Una! re ticdiution goals
final re nedkuion level (EPA. CI.RCI.A)
Federal Register Search Svslem
-------
] s
I \M'(. A
I \\'S
(i
Ci Ip
CiAC'
(.ACT
(K
CiC MS
(i!.N! -TOX
CHABS
CiOCO
(iSA
Ci\V
(J\VA
(i\VI»S
NJIA ice
sjcncralor
gcncralor transporter
granular activated earhon
yenerall\ a\'ailahlo control teehnolog\
Lias chroniatot:raph(v )
ya> chromaiotjraph} mass spcctromcir\
genetic to\icolo»\ database (NLM. Toxnet)
tjastrointestinal absorption database (CIS)
yo\crninonl-o\\ncd. contractor-operated facility
(imcniment Services Administration
uroimd\\ater
(iroundnater Act of 19S7
jjrounduater protection standard (HPA. RCRA)
grounduater qiialit} assessment (KPA. RCRA)
acute baxardous \\aste code (KPA. RC'RA)
ha/ard (i>r health) assessment
Health Assessment Document (liPA)
ha/.ardous air pollutant (I;PA. C'AA)
ha/ard assessment rating mcthodolog}
health and saiel\ plan
Ma/ardous C'hcmical Information and Disposal Guide (I', of Alberta)
ha/ardous uaste operations and emergency ser\ ice
ha/.ardous constituent {i:PA, RC'RA)
h\drocarbons
ha/ardous chemical (OSHA)
health eflects assessment (TPA)
health and em ironment assessment (KPA)
Health lJlect>. Assessment Document (KPA)
Health liffects Assessment Summary Tables (HPA)
I leakb and luivironmenl t;fleets Document (KPA)
Health and I^nvironmental l:ftects Profile (LPA)
human health and the em ironment
t:.S. Department of Health and Human Services
human health. v\ el fare and the en\ ironment
ha/ard index
ha/ardous material (DOT. 1IMTA)
Ha/ardous Materials Transportation Acl (DOT)
ha/ard quotient
lla/ard Ranking System (i;PA. C'1-RCI.A)
ha/ardous substance (lil'A. CWA)
1 la/.ardous Substances Data Bank (Nl.M. Toxnet)
i h/ardous and Solid Waste Amendmcnl-. (I- PA. RC'RA)
ha/ardi'u> ua^te (1 T-\. RC'RA )
-------
I! WMF
HWMl
I
I
1AG
(ARC
in.
IDI.H
in?
1HCS
ILR
IRIS
IRP
IS
[&SE
ISHOW
IUPAC
K~
LALR
I.C.,
LI),,
1.1)1
LLH
1.1.PC
I.F
I.FD
LLRWPA
LOG P
LOIS
I .QG
I.T
L.TU
LUST
MAC I
MARPOL
MCI
MCLG
MC S
ML!
MEDLARS
MLP
Ml
ha/;:rd>ui". uasic niun.tgen'i,:nt facilitv tLPA. RC'RA)
lia/ard-His uaMi.1 management unit iLPA. RC'RA)
iynitahle ha/ai-J'.uis \\astc code (I-PA. RC'RA)
intake rate
' interugjncy ayreotncnl (I-PA. L'1-RCLA)
International Agency tor Research on Cancer
initial cleanup level
immediately dangerous to life or health (NiOSH)
ln\ Station for Bids
imminently hazardous chemical substance (LPA. TSCA)
individual lifeline risk
Integrated Risk Information System (NLM. Toxnet)
installation restoration program
interim status (EPA. RCRA)
imminent and substantial endangcrmcnt
Information System for Ha/ardous Organies in \\'ater (CIS)
International L:nion of Pure and Applied Chemists
\\aste 10 for specific-source ha/ardour \\astes (EPA. RCRA)
louest achievable emission rate (LPA. CAA,)
median lethal concentration
median lethal Jose
land disposal facilih (I-PA. RCRA)
land disposal unit (I-PA. RCRA)
local eniergenc\ planning committee (I-!PA. KPCRA)
landfill
local fire department
Lou Level Radioactive Waste Poiicv Act
hioconcentration factors database
loss of .nterim status (EPA. RC'RA)
large quantity generator
lifetime
land treatment unit
leaking underground storage tank(s)
maximum achievable control teehnolog) (EPA. CAA)
Marine Pollution Treat) (USCG)
maximum contaminant level (LPA, S[)\\ A)
maximum contaminant level goal (EPA. SDWA)
media cleanup standard (EPA, RC'RA)
maximum exposed individual (EPA. RC'RA)
Medial Literature AnaKsis and Retrieval S\stem (NLM)
maximum extent practicable
modifying factor (EPA)
milligrams per kilogram
ligr;-ms per liter
-------
\in \
M< >s
MPSR \
MI'S
MSDS
MSIIA
MTI)
MIR
MS\V
NAAQS
NAS
NBAR
NCA
NCI
NCR
NKPA
NKSHAPlSi
M PA
MII'A
Mil
MUSH
N1PDVVS
MAI
NOAA
NOALi
NOD
NOKL
NO I
NONC
NOY
NUx
NPDKS
MM.
NRC
NRC
NRC
NRDA
NR'l
NSI
NSPS
XIIS
NIP
NAM5 A
memorandum i'I agreement
margin of-vile!)
Marine Protection. Research. anJ Sanctuaries Act (KPA)
media protfL'tio:) siaiularj (I'PA)
material salet> data sheet (USIIA)
Minini; Saletx niul Health Administration
maximum tolerated dose (I\PA)
minimum technology requirements (KPA. RC'RA)
Municipal Solid \\ aste
National Ambient AirUualit\ Standard (i-I'A. CAA)
National Academ\ of Science
nonhinding allocation of responsihilit\
Noise Control Act (I-PA)
National Cancer Institute (N1H)
National (oil and ha/ardous substances) Contingene\ (Man (C'liRCl.A)
National [-in ironmcntal Po!ic\ Act (all federal agencies)
national emission .standards lor ha/ardous air pollutants (KPA. C'AA)
National I''ire Protection Association
National Historic Prescription Act
National Institute of Health
National Institute of Occupational Satet\ and Health
national interim primar\ drinking uater standards (KPA. SI)\VA)
National l.ibrars of Medicine (HUS. PUS)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (DOC)
no observed ad\er>e ei'fecl le\el
notice ofdelicicncx (CPA. RC'RA)
no observed effect lc\el
notice of intent (to prepare an MIS)
notice of noncompliance
notice otA iolation
nitrogen oxides
National Pollution Discharge Elimination S\stem (I-!1'A. CA\ A)
National Priorities List (I'PA. CI-RC'LA)
Nuclear Regulator) Commission
National Response Center
National Research Council (NAS)
natural resource damage assessment
National Response Team
National Science I'oundation
ncu source performance standards (KPA. CAA)
National Technical Information Sen ice
National To.xicologx Program
Nuclear Waste Polic\ Act
01 :
(til and grease
operation and maintenance
Uflice of iMiforcemenl (I'PA]
-------
OKCM
OKRK
OCiC
OHM TADS
OMB
O&MP
O'O
ORD
OSC
OS HA
OSHA
OSM
OS\V
OS\V[-:R
OTA
OTS
01-
OUST
OWPK
PA
PAAT
PAC
PAN
PCBs
PCD!)
PCDF
PCP
PDR
PKCMT
PIT.
PHRKD
PS! IA
PHYTOTOX
PI
PiAT
PIC
PIG
PIP
PI
PM
PMN
PMP
PN
PNA
PNC
( iffice (if KnlotYcmcnt aiui Compliance Monitoring (KPA I
Office of Knicrgjnc} Response and Remediation (KPA, OS\\ \:.R)
OtMLX'ofCienci';-] Counsel (KPAK)
Oil and fla/ardous Materials Technical Assistance Data S\ Mem (I'PA)
Office of Management and Budget
operation and maintenance plan
culler/operator (KPA. RC'RA)
Office of Research and Development
On-Scere Coordinator
Occupational SaicU and Health Admin stration (D()l.)
Occupational Sa'ety and Health Act
Office of Surface Vlininsj (DOI)
Office of Solid V\'aste (Kl'A. OSWLR)
Office of Solid \\aste and Fimcryencv Response U'-PA)
Office of Teehnolog\ Assessment (Congress)
Office ofTo\;c Substances (KPA. OPTS)
operable unit (Kl'A. CKRC1.A)
Office o "Underground Storage Tanks (KPA)
Office o:" Waste Programs Knforcement (liPA. OSWKR)
\\aste \D fbraculel\ !ia/ardous commercial chemical products (RC'RA)
pretimmjr\ assessment (KPA. CKRCLA)
Public Affair Assistance Team
poudered actisated carbon
po!\c>c!ic aromatic hyjroearhons
pol\ chlorinated biphen\ Is
pol>chlorinated d:ben/o-/'-dio.\in
po!\chlorinated d;ben/ofurans
pentachlorophenoi
Ph\sieians' Desk Reference
preliminary evaluation of corrective measures technology
permissible exposure limit (OSMA)
Public Health Risk Kvalualion Database (KPA)
Public Service Health Act
Terrestrial plant toxicology database (CIS)
preliminary injunction
Public Information Assistance Team
producU;;) of incomplete combustion
program implementation guidance
public involvement plan
public la'A
project manager
premanufacture notices
program management plan
public nt'tiee
pohnuclear aromatic (use PAH)
public notice and opportunity of comment
-------
poin'. of co!V,rli.HK'e i I' PA )
'point of departure 11 PA i
point of exposure
principle organic ha/ardous constituent
poly cyclic organic matter
'public-ally owned treatment works (KPA. (A\ A )
PP priority pollutant (KPA. CYV A)
PP proposed plan (KPA. CKRCI.A)
pph parts per billion
PPK personal protective equipment
PP1C Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse (F.P.A)
ppm parts per million
PPP pollution prevention planning (KPA)
ppt parts per trillion
POK practical quantitation limit
PR preliminary review (KPA. RCRA)
PRAO preliminary remedial action objectives (KPA. CERCKA)
PRCt preliminary remediation goal {KPA. CKRCKA)
PRP potentially responsible party (KPA. CKRCI.A)
PSD prevention of significant deterioration (KPA. CAA)
q. q*. q, Same as SF and CPI:
QAPP quality assurance project plan (KPA)
QA OC quality assurance quality control
QRA quantitative risk assessment
OSAR Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (Montana State Univ.)
R reactiv ity ha/ardoiis waste code (KPA. RCRA)
R acceptable risk lev el (KPA)
RA remedial action (KPA. CKRCI.A)
RA risk assessment
RA Regional Administrator
R.AC I reasonably available control technology (KPA. CAA)
RAn risk analysis
RAO remedial action objective (KPA. CKRCI.A)
RAP remedial action plan
RBC rotating biological contactor
RC risk communication
RCh risk characteri/ation
RComp remedy completion
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RI) remedial design (KPA. CKRCI.A)
RD&D research, development and demonstration
RK! risk evaluation
RKI recommended exposure limit (NIOSII)
RIA1I I I I ield Investigation Team lor KPA Remedial Action
RI A RCRA facility assessment I KPA. RCRA)
Rf( (Inhalation) reference concentration generic or chronic) (KPA)
-------
Kfc..
KIT.
KID
RID,!,
RID.
RFI
RFP
Rl
Rl/FS
RIM
RJ
RM
RNH-:
RM!
RMCE
RN
RO
ROD
RP
RP
RPAR
RIM
RPM
RO
RR
RR
RKC
RRS
RR!
RS
RS
RS
RSI)
RTECS
Rl,
R\V
RWNH'
S
SAB
SARA
SC
S1)\VA
SERC
si:s
si
si
SIIPO
reference corccnmuion (developmental iera!>'genie) (EPA)
reference concentration (>ubchron!ei (EPAi
(Oral) reference Jose (generic or chronic! (EPA)
reference dose (dcxclopmeniul teratogcnici (LPA)
reference dose (subchronie) (IJ'A)
RCRA laci!ii> iincstigation (hPA. RCRA)
Rcquosi. for I'roposal
remedial investigation (EPA. C'LRCLA)
remedial invcstis;alion/tcasihilily study
reuuialorv inierpretati\e memorandum
risk j ud amen:
risk management
reasonable maximum exposure (EPA)
risk management implementation (EPA. RCRA)
recomrrended maximum contaminant level (same as MCLO)
risk negotiation
reverse osmosis
record of decision (EPA. CERCLA)
risk perception
responsible part> (EPA. C'ERCl.A)
rebuitable presumption against registration (EPA. FIFKA)
risk perception and judgment
Regional Project Manager
reportahle qu;mtit> (EPA. CERCEA)
residua! risk
risk reduction
Regional Response Center
risk reductior studies
Regional Response I earn
regulated substances (EPA, liST)
remedy selection
risk substitution
risK specific dose (EPA)
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (NEM. Toxnct)
regulated unil (EPA. RCRA)
remediation waste
remediation waste management unit (EPA. RCRA)
storer. storage
Science Advison. Board
Superfund Amendments and Reauthori/alion Act
specillc condjctance
Safe Drinking Water Act
Stale Emergency Response Commission (EPA. EPCRA)
Senior Executive Service
saletv factor (EPA)
slope factor (EPA)
State Historic Preservation Officer
R .O
-------
M sampling inspection (EPA, RCRAi
Si site in>peetion (I:PA. CI.RC1. A I
SI .Mirface impoundment
Sit' Mandard industrial classification (cede)
SI I* state implementation plan (EPA. CAA i
SI I i\ Superfund lnnovaii\c Technology Evaluation Program (EPA-ORD)
SMC'l, secondary maximum contaminant level
SNICK A Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (POI-OSNI)
SNARL suggested no adverse reaction ie\el
SNC significant noncompiier (EPA)
S\l 'R significant new use rule (EPA. TSCA)
SOI.I B aqueous solubility database (Univ. of Ari/ona)
SPC(' spill prevention, control, and countermeasure (plan) (EPA. CWA)
SO(> Small quantity generator
SSC Scientific Support Coordinator
S \V so 1 id waste (E PA. RC R A)
SWDA Solid Waste Disposal Act
SWN1I solid waste management facility (EPA. RCRA)
S\\'NH solid waste management unit (EPA. RCRA)
I toxicitv ha/ardous waste code (I-PA. RC'RA)
I treater. treatment
1 A toxieitv assessment
TA(i technical assistance grant (LPA. Cl-RC'i.A)
I AR technical amendment to the regulations
I A 1 Technical Assistance Team
1 BC advison . criteria, or guidance to be considered ( KPA. CKRCLA)
1C toxieitv characteristic (KPA. RCRA)
TCA trichloroethane
TCT trichloroethylenc
I'C'h toxic chemical (EPA. EPCRA)
T(\,, median toxic concentration
TCf)l) 2.3.7,8-Tctrachlorodibcn/o-/>-dioxin
I CM. toxic chemical list (EPA. EPCRA)
TCI. target cleanup level (EPA. RCRA)
TCI .P toxieitv characteristic leaching procedure (HPA. RCRA)
11)50 median toxic dose
'IDS total dissolved solids
I
-------
I OX
TOXI INI.
Toxi.n
TOXNTT
TP
IP
TPQ
TRI
TRII-ACIS
TRO
TS
TSCA
TSCAIS
TSD
TSDC
TSP
TSS
TSS
TU
TUHC
TV
U
IT
I 1C
ur"
I SC
USC A
uscxi
USinV
uses
11ST
VOA
voc
VSI
\Y
WHO
Wl
\VP
WOA
\vgc
\\gs
w\vn
tot.i! organic tndogen
"Io\icolog\ lr format ion Online (NI.M. f-l.l 111.1.)
lo\icolog> litcralure from special sources (NI.M. IiUIIl.1.)
Tosicolog> Data Nctuork (NI.M. M!-:i)I.AKS)
transporter
toxic pollutan:(LPA. C\VA)
threshold planning quantity iT:PA. 1-Pt'RA)
Toxic Cnemical Release Inventorx (1:11'A. EPCRA. NLM. Toxnet)
Toxic Ciiemical Release Inventory Fact Sheets {NLM. Toxnet)
tempera*}1 restraining order
toxic substance (EPA, TSCA)
Toxic Substances Control Act
Toxic Substances Control Act submissions
treatment, storage, or disposal
treatment, storage, or disposal facilit}
total suspended particulates
total suspended solids
total settleable solids
temporary uni: (hiPA. RCRA)
total unhurried h\drocarbons
toxicit\ value
waste ID for toxic commercial chemical products
uncertainty factor
rnderground Injection Control Program d:PA. SD\\ A)
use. reuse, recycle, reclaim
I nited States Code
United States Code Annotated
U.S. Coast Guard
underground source of drinking v\aler (MPA. SDWA)
United States Geological Survey
underground storage tank (HPA. RCRA)
volatile organic analy/er
volatile organic carbon (or compound)
visual site inspection (liPA. RCRA)
\\eight of receptor
VN'orld Health Organi/ation
warning letter
uaste pile
\\atcrQuality Act
water quality criterion (HPA. C\VA)
water quality standard (EPA. CY\ A)
uasteuater treatment unit (f-lPA. RCRA}
R8200IJ
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