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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Research and
Development
February 1979
              Energy, Minerals and Industry
DOE Program Transfer
Abstracts of
Fossil Fuel Related
Health and
Environmental  Effects
Research Projects

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     0 0 3 5
DOE  Program Transfer

Abstracts of
Fossil Fuel Related
Health and  Environmental
Effects Research Projects
              Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry
              Office of Research and Development
              U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
              Washington, D.C. 20460
U.S. Envlronnmntal Protection
Library, Poonj 2404 PM-211-A
401 M Street, S.ff.
Washington, DC  80460
                              February, 1979
                . _. *-» iieaujuauers
                  Mail cede 32C1
              130 Pennsylvania Avenue
                      DC 20460

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                                     FOREWORD


     The Interagency Energy/Environment R&D  Program was inaugurated in FY 1975 for
energy-related environmental  research  and  development.   The Interagency Program is
planned  and  coordinated  by   the  Office of  Energy, Minerals  and Industry but  is
implemented through  interoffice and interagency resource  transfers  throughout the
entire Office of  Research and Development  and between the EPA and 17 other Federal
agencies and departments.

     In  accordance  with  the  President's FY  1979  budget, there has  been  a program
transfer of  approximately $14  million of  fossil  energy-related  environmental and
health effects  research projects  from the Department  of Energy  (DOE) to the En-
vironmental Protection  Agency (EPA).   The  intent of this  transfer,  which was con-
curred with by  Congress,  is  to consolidate and improve the overall Federal effort
in determining the health and environmental impacts of energy development.

     The research areas and  their associated FY 1979 funding that have been trans-
ferred to EPA consist of the following:

          •    Ecological Effects -- $3,984 K

          »    Health Effects — $7,208 K

          *    Atmospheric Transport -- $2,695 K

     The purpose  of  this  document is  to present a description of the projects and
funding  involved  in the DOE  to  EPA transfer.  To this  end,  all  pertinent project
information has been  included.   The report is organized into three major sections
corresponding  to  the  research  areas  listed  above.   Project  information includes
project  titles,  applicable  funding,  designated  EPA  project officer,  performing
organization, principal investigator and phone number, and abstract.

     Of  special  note is  the Atmospheric  Transport  section which  consists  of the
Multistate  Atmospheric  Power  Production  Pollution  Study  (MAP3S).   Due to  the
uniqueness of this study, a program description is included which gives an overview
of the goals and objectives of MAP3S.

     For additional information on the entire program, contact:

          Clinton W. Hall (Director) or
          William Frietsch (Deputy Director)

          Energy Coordination Staff
          Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry
          Washington, D.C.  20460
          FTS 426-4567

     Following is a  list of  the performing organizations  involved in the transfer
and their addresses:

          Argonne National Laboratory  (ANL)
          9700 South Cass Avenue
          Argonne, Illinois  60439

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Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) •
P.O. Box 999 I
Richland, Washington 99352 1
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) •
Upton, New York 11973 I

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) 1
University of California •
Berkeley, California 94720 I
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) I
University of California I
Livermore, California 94550 I
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) I
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 I
U.S. Department of Agriculture I
Plant Stress Laboratory 1
Agricultural Research Center 1
Beltsville, Maryland 20705 1
Boston University 1
Department of Biology 1
881 Commonwealth Avenue 1
Boston, Massachusetts 02215 1
Boyce Thompson Institute 1
Environmental Biology 1
1086 North Broadway I
Yonkers, New York 10701 •
University of California - Davis •
Energy Related Health Research Laboratory •
Davis, California 95616 I
University of Georgia •
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory •
Savannah River Plant I
Drawer E •
Aiken, South Carolina 29801 I
University of Rochester •
Radiation Biology and Biophysics Department 1
Rochester, New York 14642 1
University of Tennessee (UT-CARL) 1
Comparative Animal Research Laboratory 1
1299 Bethel Valley Road •
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 •
Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute (ITRI) •
P.O. Box 5890 •
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87115 I
ii I

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H                  Oak Ridge Associated Universities  (ORAU)
                    Marmoset Research Center
                    P.O. Box 117
•                  Oak Ridge, Tennessee  37830

                    New York University
                    •College of Medicine
                    Department of Environmental Medicine
                    New York, New York  10016

^1                  University of Washington
™                  College of Arts and Sciences
                    Department of Oceanography
•                  Seattle, Washington  98195




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                                          TABLE OF CONTENTS
         FOREWORD
                                                                             FY 1979
                                                                              Funds      Page
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          ECOLOGICAL  EFFECTS                                                  3,984 K       2
•              Terrestrial Effects                                                         4
                Combustion Pollutant  Stress  on  Terrestrial Ecosystems                       4
•              Marine  Effects                                                              7
                Petroleum Hydrocarbons  in  the Marine Environment                            7
                Marine  Effects  of  Biocides                                                 9
•              Freshwater Effects                                                         10
                Ecosystem Analysis                                                         13

          HEALTH EFFECTS                                                      7,208 K       15
•              Biological Effects of Coal Combustion Pollutants                            17
                Pulmonary Deposition  of Coal Dusts                                          21
™              Carcinogenic  Polycyclic Hydrocarbons                                        22
•|              Fundamental Research  in Biological Test  Systems                             23
_        ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT:                                              2,695 K       34
•           MAP3S  (Multistate  Atmospheric Power  Production Pollution Study)
                Program Description                                                         35
                                                         GRAND TOTAL         13,887 K
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Ecological
Effects

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•••r


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ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
FY 1979
EPA Project Officer Funds

Alfred A. Galli
FTS 426-4567
OEMI
Washington, D.C.
Terrestrial Effects
Combustion Pollutant Stress on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Effects of Chronic SO^ Exposure on Economically Important
Crops in Midwest 232 K

Effects of Acid Rain on Northeast Forests 258 K
Effects of Episodic Fluctuations in S0? Concentrations
in Presence or Absence of Ozone 131 K
Effects of SO. and N0» on Vegetation in Four Different
Areas 176 K
Theoretical Approach to Assessment of Pollutant Stress
on Plant Function 405 K
Agriculture — Absorption by Vegetation 48 K
Terrestrial Subtotal 1,250 K
Marine Effects

Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment
Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Behavior of Marine
Organisms 90 K
Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
—Puget Sound 83 K
Long-Term Hydrocarbon Effects on Organisms and Communities
in NW Coastal Ecosystems 165 K
Fate and Effects of Hydrocarbons in California Coastal
Environment 83 K
Natural Hydrocarbon Distribution in Puget Sound 170 K
Effects of Sublethal Levels of Oil on Behavior and
Chemo reception of Aquatic Animals 66 K

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•       ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS (Continued)                                      FY 1979
                                                                               Funds       Page

^1       Marine Effects of Biocides                                                        9

                Toxicant Formation in Condenser Cooling Systems                  207 K        9

•                                                     Marine Subtotal          864 K


^1       Freshwater Effects                                                               10

_             Long-term Input of Mortality on Fishery Population and Yield     109 K       10
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                Nature and Quantity of Pollutants Reaching Aquatic Environment
                From Coal Combustion                                            258  K       10
                Ecosystem Resilience                                            186 K      11

                Great Lakes  Pollutant  Transport  Processes                       431 K      11

                Great Lakes  Pollutant  Transport  Processes                       179 K      12

fl|              Great Lakes  Biological Effects of Energy-Related Pollutants     397 K      12

                Great Lakes  Research Vessel  Support                              52 K      12

H                                                 Freshwater Subtotal       1,612 K
II       Ecosystem Analysis                                                               13

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                Methodology for  Collecting  and  Interpreting Ecological
                Data                                                            258 K      13
                                            Ecosystem Analysis  Subtotal          258 K
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                                         ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS  GRAND  TOTAL        3,984 K
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                                         Terrestrial Effects

          Combustion Pollutant Stress on Terrestrial Ecosystems


          Title:   Effects  of Chronic S0« Exposure on Economically Important Crops in Midwest
          (232 K)
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          Performing Organization:   Argonne National Laboratory
B        Principal Investigator:  Joseph Miller,  FTS 972-4206
          •Abstract:  Although damage to crop plants  in certain industrialized  regions  is  well
          documented (primarily as  the  result  of acute episodes of  SCL  exposure),  much  less
          is known with regard to  chronic,  long-term exposures at concentrations  of  the order
          11-10 pphm  which frequently  occur.   The  primary  emphasis  of  these  studies is  to
          determine the effects of  such chronic exposure to  SCL  on  the growth and yield  of
          economically important crop plants common to the  midwest.   An open  air fumigation
•          system will  be  utilized  to  treat uniform plots of  soybeans  with 0, 2, 5,  and  10
          PPHM of  SCL  regularly  throughout  the growing  season.    Effects  of this  chronic
          exposure on crop morphology,  development, physiology,  and  yield,  plus  the nutrient
I          and elemental composition  of individual plants,  will be studied.   Actual flux rates
          of SCL  into the  plant canopy will be  obtained by measuring  SCL profiles  in both the
          treated plots and  in untreated regions several hundred meters downwind.   In addi-
          •tion,   growth  chamber studies will be  carried out  to  evaluate  the relationships
          between  the  absorbed  dose   (uptake)  and  response  under  controlled  conditions.
          Stomatal diffusion resistances of  test plants and other  physiological  and environ-
I          mental  variables will be monitored closely as quantitative  indicators of stress and
          in  order to make  possible  objective  comparisons  of field  and chamber  results.
          Title:   Effects of Acid Rain on Northeast Forests  (258 K)

          Performing Organization:   Brookhaven National  Laboratory

          Principal Investigator:  George R.  Hendrey,  FTS 666-3262

          Abstract:  There  is  evidence  that  acid  rainfall  and  acid particulates  as  by-
          products of  energy-related  activities are  imposing  a considerable stress on  eco-
          systems in the northeastern  region  of the United States.   Forest  ecosystems of  Long
          Island  are particularly  sensitive   as  they  have poorly buffered soils.  Acid  rain
          can have effects both  on the vegetation and on the  soil.   Changes in pH of  stem-
          flow and through fall  can change the nutrient  flux  from vegetation to the soil and
          influence the  growth  of  bark-living  and leaf-surface organisms.  Changes in  soil
          chemistry will  result  in changes  in  microbial activities.   These changes in  turn
          affect   the   rates  of  mineralization  and nitrification  and of other  processes.
          Decreases in  the  rates  of  these processes will  have a direct  effect on nutrient
          levels  in  the soil and  therefore upon the  productivity of plant and  animal  life.
          To begin  to  understand  the  effects of  acid  rain and acid precipitation on plant
          species of the  forest, a laboratory program has been  established.   Experiments are

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HI       focused to  (1)  measure effects of acid  rain  and acid precipitation on  foilage  at
          acute and  protracted dose  rates,  (2) establish visual and  histological  responses
          •after exposure to both  acid rain and acid precipitation,  (3)  set threshold limits
          of acid  rain and acid  aerosols that plants  can withstand with no visual  or  ana-
          tomical malfunctions  and  no growth  inhibition,  (4)  follow  rates  of nitrate  and
          sulfate accumulation  after  exposure to  compare with  injury  responses,  and  (5)
          •determine effects on  leaf  surfaces  by use of  scanning  electron microscopy and the
          leaching of elements through increased cell permeability.
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Title:  Effects  of  Episodic  Fluctuations  in  SO   Concentrations  in  Presence  or
Absence of Ozone (131 K)

Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  W.F.  Harris, III, FTS 624-7444
          Abstract:  This project examines the influence of dosage kinetics on plant response
          •to  individual  and  combined exposures  with  sulfur  dioxide,  ozone, and  acidified
          precipitation.   With  gaseous pollutants,  emphasis  is being placed  on  determining
          the role of  episodic  fluctuations  in S0? concentrations in the presence or absence

          •of  ozone.   Both single and  multiple  exposures are being conducted  to  explore  the
          role of  exposure history  on plant response.   Concentrations of  S02 being utilized

          are at or below the current secondary NAAQS (3-H avg more or less 0.50 ppm).   Plant
          •response is  being  measured  in  terms of  both altered rates of  physiological pro-
          cesses (photosynthesis and  transpiration)  and plant growth and yield.   Experiments
          with simulated acid rain are examining both the range of responses produced by high
          (pH 3.2) acidity levels  and the influence of lower dosage levels, as determined by
 H       rainfall acidity and  frequency.   In addition to gas exchange processes  and altered
 ••       plant  growth and  yield,  effects  on  root modulation,  weathering of leaf surface
          waxes, leaf  wettability and reflectance  are  being  examined.   Initial  experiments
          •are being  conducted with  kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with additional species
          (yellow poplar, white oak, and shortleaf pine) to be included ultimately.
Title:  Effects of S02 and NO  on Vegetation in Four Different Areas (176 K)

Performing Organization:  Boyce Thompson Institute

Principal Investigator:  Dr. Leonard H. Weinstein, 914-965-0390

Abstract:  Research is  proposed  for a study of the effects of SO- and NO- on vege-

tation  in four  different but  integrated  areas.  These  areas of  research,  which
include  both  basic and applied aspects, are  (1)  the route and rate  of  uptake and
metabolic transformation of SO  in plants,  (2) the effect of SO  on the plant as it

affects  its  suitability as  a  host  for  plant diseases,  (3)  the effect  of SO. on

secondary products  of plant metabolism  and  the  relation of  these  changes to the
susceptibility of  the plant to invasion by  insects,  and (4)  the effect  of NO,, on
the phytotoxicity  of  S0?  with  respect to leaf lesions and yield.   These investiga-

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          Title:   Theoretical  Approach to  Assessment of Pollutant  Stress on Plant Function
                  (405  K)
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tions will utilize  various  cultivars or hybrid lines  of  plant species of economic
importance (conifers, corn,  soybeans, wheat).  Benefits realized from these studies
will include a broad data base on both direct and indirect effects of S0_ in plants
and how  they  are  affected by NO .   This kind of information will be very useful to
assess the impacts  of  fossil-fueled power generators  on  agriculture  and forestry.
Performing Organization:  Lawrence Livermore Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Joseph H. Shinn, FTS 532-6806

Abstract:  A combination experimental and theoretical approach to the assessment of
environmental stress on plant function in the ecosystem is described.  The approach
ultimately relies on validated theoretical process models supplemented by empirical
models where  theoretical conceptualization of environment x  plant  interactions is
weak or lacking.  Experimental equipment and systems have been developed to provide
the necessary data  base.   These methods are currently being utilized in a study of
air pollution stress  effects on ponderosa pine  in  the San Bernardino Mountains of
California.


Title:  Absorption by Vegetation  (48 K)

Performing Organization:  U.S. Department of Agriculture

Principal Investigator:  Dr. Jesse H. Bennett, 301-344-3143

Abstract:  This  is  a  proposal to conduct basic research into physiological effects
of  S0? and N0_  and various  pollutant combinations  on  crop plants.   The primary

purpose  is  to assess  the foliar absorption  rates and  to determine minimum doses
that  can inhibit  photosynthesis and  alter  plant  growth without  causing visible
injury.  Some experiments  will  be directed toward assessing the possible fertility
value  of low exposure  doses  of  these  pollutants on S/N deficient  plants.   Use of
radioactive tracer  techniques is anticipated in the  research with  sulfur dioxide.
Varieties varying  in  tolerance  to SO- and NO- will be used in some of the studies.
Plants will be  grown  and fumigated  in  controlled  environments  which will be moni-
tored  with  respect to  temperature,  humidity, light, wind, and  carbon dioxide and
pollutant content.

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                                  Marine Effects

Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment


Title:  Effects of  Petroleum Hydrocarbons  on  Behavior of Marine  Organisms  (90 K)

Performing Organization:  Pacific Northwest Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Charles I. Gibson, 206-683-4151
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          Abstract:   The  basic  aim  of the  research  is  to  observe and describe patterns  of
          •behavior in marine organisms as  related to life habits  and  environmental  require-
          ments.   Once established, the various  strategies  possessed by  the  organism to  deal
          with the total  range  of selected  environmental  factors  can be identified, including
          those levels which may  be  stressful.   Such understanding of  behavior  under natural
          •conditions may be used  to  design experiments in the laboratory, with the  formula-
          tion of questions  and  interpretation  of results derived  from and related to  the
          field observations of natural  behaviors.  From  these  findings the effect  of  man-
I          induced perturbations may be predicted,  with the  highest probability  of predictive
          success on  those  which approximate natural  stresses.   Based on findings  to date,
          the research will  center on defining  comprehensively  the  natural flexibility  of
          behavioral patterns expressed under various environmental regimes.
Title:  Effects of  Petroleum  Hydrocarbons  in Marine Ecosystems--Puget Sound (83 K)

Performing Organization:  Pacific Northwest Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  J.R.  Vanderhorst,  206-683-4151

Abstract:  Production and  transport  of petroleum in the  coastal  and  inland waters
of the Pacific Northwest is in the process of a dramatic increase due to completion
of  the  Trans-Alaska Pipeline,  present  and  anticipated offshore  oil  leases  in
Alaska, and exploration of offshore leasing activities on the Oregon and Washington
coasts.   These  activities will  result in  a significant  increase  in  the petroleum
hydrocarbon content  of  the marine ecosystems.   The objectives  in  this program are
to  identify potential  population and community  response  parameters  and  provide
estimates  of  changes  in  these  parameters  in the field.   Emphasis  is  placed  on
identification of parameters for which statistically valid estimates can be made at
specific  field  sites in proximity to petroleum industry operations.  This is being
accomplished  by field  sampling,  field manipulative  studies,  development  of  pro-
cedures for indirect estimation of population vital statistics, and by manipulation
of  statistical  design.   Laboratory  experiments  are being conducted  to define the
relative  magnitude  of  change  which  may be  expected   in  parameters from specified
inputs  of petroleum hydrocarbons.   At  present,  these  studies are  examining the
response  of marine  intertidal  communities  and  populations  of  clams  to  chronic
low-concentration contamination by petroleum.

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Title:  Long-Term Hydrocarbon  Effects on  Organisms  and Communities  in  NW Coastal
Ecosystems (165 K)
•        Performing Organization:  Pacific Northwest Laboratory
          Principal Investigator:  D.R. Anderson, FTS 444-7511 (ask for 946-2934)

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Abstract:  This  research  program has  been designed to  provide data  necessary  to
access effects of  long-term exposure to petroleum  hydrocarbons  on  selected organ-
isms  and communities  from the  northwest  U.S. coastal  ecosystems.   The  types  of
studies  in progress  include long-term lab exposure of cultures of selected species
to  sublethal  levels  of the aqueous  phase  of Prudhoe Crude Oil  (PBC),  exposure  of
organisms in  field or  laboratory to  sediments  contaminated  with  hydrocarbons  in
varying degrees,  and in situ depuration studies on rates of release of hydrocarbons
from  both  sediment and  organisms previously  contaminated  and,  at  the  same time,
monitoring of  the recruitment  rate  of benthic organisms in  these  sediments.   The
program  closely   integrates  analytical  expertise  of  the  environmental  chemistry
section  with  experimental approaches  of marine  biologists in  the  marine sciences
section.  While  utilizing state-of-the-art techniques,  development is taking place
to  produce  better analytical  methods and experimental  approaches  to  more closely
define  the  transport of  hydrocarbons and their  effects  under  natural conditions.


Title:  Fate and Effects  of Hydrocarbons  in California  Coastal  Environment (83  K)

Performing Organization:  Lawrence Livermore Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Robert B. Spies, FTS 532-5792

Abstract:  This  marine  science  activity  investigates  the  fate  and effects  of
petroleum  hydrocarbons  on the California  coastal environment.   It responds  to
increased  offshore oil  drilling  in southern  California,  particularly  the Santa
Barbara  Channel.   It is  designated  to  complement  the B.L.M.  study  of  the entire
southern California bight.  By focusing attention on ecological phenomena around a
natural  oil  seep, hydrocarbon  effects and processes can be  realistically studied
that  would be  anticipated by increased oil pollution in the Santa Barbara Channel.
For  the past  2  years,  we have been  studying  faunal  communities living  in  the
well-oiled sediments  of  the  seep and  a  nearby  control area.   The  new  study will
answer questions  raised  by the baseline study.   These  include  possible adaptation
of  communities to  chronic oil pollution;  fractionation of hydrocarbons among sedi-
ments, water, and organisms; and trophic transfer of hydrocarbons from sediments to
organisms.   Therefore,  this  project represents  a  significant  redirection  of  the
former effort supported by EPA passthrough funding.
                                                                           *

Title:  Natural Hydrocarbon Distribution in Puget Sound (170 K)

Performing Organization:  University of Washington

Principal Investigator:  Dr. Roy Carpenter, 206-543-8535

Abstract:  Seasonal samplings  of phytoplankton,  zooplankton,  and neuston are being
made  in  a  number of areas within  Puget  Sound  and off the west  coast of Washington
State  north  of  the  Columbia  River.   The  samples  are  being  subjected  to solvent

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extraction to remove the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, which are then being
characterized by gas chromatography, UV fluorescence spectroscopy, and high pres-
sure liquid chromatography. Selected samples are being analyzed by combined gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry and/or by having 14C and 13C/12C ratios deter-
mined. The purpose of these measurements is to establish the natural distribution
of hydrocarbons in local marine organisms and sediments and to determine the extent
to which they may be already contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons from chronic
oil spills. Some of the regions being sampled are in comparatively remote areas
which are unlikely to have received significant oil pollution while other samples
come from areas near petroleum refineries or along tanker routes where spills are
more likely. In addition to the organisms, cores of sediment are being collected
and analyzed in a similar manner. With the lead-210 technique, we are also deter-
mining sediment accumulation rates in these cores over the last 100 years. We are
thus determining profiles of changes in hydrocarbons types and amounts during the
last 100 years.
Title: Effects of Sublethal Levels of Oil on Behavior and Chemoreception of
Aquatic Animals (66 K)
Performing Organization: Boston University
Principal Investigator: Dr. Jelle Atema, 617-353-2442
Abstract: Studies will be made of the effects of temperature and of petroleum
hydrocarbon fractions on the behavioral responses of catfish, lobsters, and marine
snails. Heat shock studies on catfish at different acclimation temperatures have
led to the hypothesis that temperature affects the fish's hormone level. Elevated
hormone levels result in formation of breeding territories which are based on male
aggression. Abnormal levels of aggression appear to be the result of both
abnormally high temperatures and abnormally crowded conditions. The investigator
proposes to separate the two parameters in a naturalistic study where crowding will
not be a determining factor. A model is proposed to determine the mechanisms by
which petroleum hydrocarbons interfere with marine animal behavior which predicts
that specific compounds or classes of compounds will cause specific behavioral
changes. Some of these changes will be mediated via chemoreceptors, either as
perceived compounds confusing the natural chemical environment or as blocking
compounds damaging receptor structures.
Marine Effects of Biocides
Title: Toxicant Formation in Condenser Cooling Systems (207 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: R.W. Brocksen, FTS 624-7399
Abstract: The overall goal of this research is development of the ability to
predict the environmental effects of toxicants resulting from efficient operation
of condenser cooling systems . The research in progress involves chlorine optimi-
zation for which two criteria are important: (]) Determination of the minimum dose
requirements needed to control fouling and (2) estimation of the environmental
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effects of releases at that level. Steps toward the first goal above have been
initiated using data from operating power plants in the Southeast and Michigan.
These data will be supplemented as required by research studies both in the labora-
tory and in situ, using the important fouling communities which are identified.
Efforts toward the second goal have begun to identify and quantify the important
chlorine reaction products (both residual chlorine and chlorinated organics) pro-
duced under various field conditions. Toxicity of these products at realistic
dose-time combinations will be estimated using carp eggs, daphnia, and fathead
minnows, among others. Acute and chronic toxicity as well as bioaccumulation will
all receive some emphasis. Results will be important in making decisions regarding
optimum design and operation of power plants.
Freshwater Effects
Title: Long-Term Input of Mortality on Fishery Population and Yield (109 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: R.W. Brocksen, FTS 624-7399
Abstract: The objective of this research program is to develop and apply modeling
and statistical methodologies for fish populations that will be of value (a) in
evaluating the consequences of manmade stresses, (b) in placing previously qualita-
tive statements into a quantitative framework, and (c) in defining issues where
field and laboratory research are essential for more accurate estimates of impacts.
The methodologies will be sufficiently flexible so as to be applicable to more than
one site and one fish species. Two interrelated approaches are used in our com-
puter simulation modeling of fish populations. First, a population transport model
is developed and applied in cases where it is important to consider spatial phenom-
ena in addition to temporal phenomena. Second, an age-dependent, life-cycle popu-
lation model is developed and applied to estimate the long-term impact of increased
mortality on the size and age structure of the total population and, where appro-
priate, on the yield to the fishery.
Title: Nature and Quantity of Pollutants Reaching Aquatic Environment From Coal
Combustion (258 K)
Performing Organization: Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Principal Investigator: D.R. Anderson, FTS 444-7511 (ask for 946-2934)
Abstract: The objective of our present research is to obtain predictive infor-
mation on potential impacts of coal combustion and coal conversion (i.e., solvent
refining) on water quality and aquatic biota. Essentially, we are attempting to
identify the byproducts that reach aquatic environments, determine which ones occur
in greatest concentrations, assess their potential for adverse impacts, and quan-
tify the direct and indirect effects that can result. Categories of potentially
adverse toxicants include heavy metals, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic
compounds, basic hydrocarbons, and various trace elements. Our program consists of
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          five  interrelated  projects:   (1) assessment of current  state-of-the-art,  (2)  site
          surveys of western coal-fired plants, (3) laboratory studies  of  selected  effluent
          constituents,  (A)   studies   of  developing  technologies  (SRC),  and  (5)  sublethal
          effects (behavioral, physiological) of coal effluents on freshwater biota.


          Title:  Ecosystem Resilience  (186 K)

          Performing Organization:  University of Georgia at Athens

          Principal Investigator:  Dr. Michael H. Smith, FTS 239-2959

          Abstract:  The  objective of  this program  is  to  address  questions  related  to the
          response of environment systems to stress.  In particular, which characteristics of
          ecosystems or  populatons are  most vulnerable, resistant, and have  the  most rapid
          recovery  rate  following ecological  disturbance?   These  questions  are of  vital
          importance  during   the  present period  of escalating energy  demands as all  power
          generating  facilities will  produce thermal  or  other environmental  stresses.   At
          SREL  we  have studied long- and  short-term  effects  of thermal stress in both field
          and  laboratory  conditions.    We  will  continue to  focus on  aquatic ecosystems and
          species populations.   The  development of a capability to direct and control heated
          effluent  from  a thermal  canal to  a  natural  creek  will expand  our  field experi-
          mentation  opportunities.   This  experiment will  concentrate  on  plant  and  animal
          populations  normally occurring in  the  stream.  The program will be  set up  to es-
          tablish  prealteration conditions of selected  parameters  for  later comparison with
          control and altered portions  of the system.
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          Title:  Great Lakes Pollutant Transport Processes (431 K)

          Performing Organization:  Argonne National Laboratory

          Principal Investigator:  Paul Frenzen, FTS 972-4143
          Abstract:   This program  examines  the role  of the  principal  physical  transport
          processes which  combine  to define the  average  pathways  followed by energy-related
          pollutants in the Great Lakes.  These mechanisms include (a) wet and dry deposition
          at the air-water interface, (b) resuspension and redistribution of sediments on the
          bottom,  and  (c) large-scale mixing  associated  with  wind-driven upwelling circula-
          tions.   Field  experiments  are conducted  to obtain  data  sets  sufficient  to test
          available models of these mechanisms, the goal being to develop quantitative infor-
          mation  on the  average  pathways followed  by pollutant material  as  they  move from
          atmospheric or  stream inputs,  through  the water column  to the sediments.  Dry and
          wet  deposition  data  are collected at  the  air-water  interface by equipment mounted
          on spar  buoys  in the open lake; sediment resuspension studies are conducted in the
          lower boundary  layer  by suitable instruments near the  bottom.  Existing models of
          these  transport and  mixing mechanisms will  be tested and  modified  as required to
          obtain  realistic  simulations  of the average pollutant pathways in the Great Lakes.
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Title:  Great Lakes Pollutant Transport Processes (179 K)

Performing Organization:  Argonne National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Paul Frenzen, FTS 972-4143

Abstract:   This program  examines  the  role  of  the  principal physical  transport
processes which  combine to  define the average pathways  followed  by energy-related
pollutants in the Great Lakes.  These mechanisms include (a) wet and dry deposition
at the air-water interface, (b) resuspension and redistribution of sediments on the
bottom,  and  (c) large-scale mixing associated with  wind-driven upwelling circula-
tions.   Field  experiments  are conducted  to obtain  data  sets sufficient  to  test
available models of these mechanisms, the goal being to develop quantitative infor-
mation on  the  average  pathways followed by pollutant material  as  they  move  from
atmospheric or  stream  inputs,  through the water column  to  the sediments.  Dry and
wet deposition  data  are collected at the air-water  interface  by equipment mounted
on spar  buoys  in the open lake; sediment resuspension studies are conducted in the
lower boundary  layer  by suitable instruments near the  bottom.   Existing  models of
these  transport and mixing mechanisms  will  be tested and  modified  as  required to
obtain realistic  simulations  of the average pollutant pathways in the Great Lakes.


Title:  Great Lakes Biological Effects of Energy-Related Pollutants (397 K)

Performing Organization:  Argonne National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Paul Frenzen, FTS 972-4143

Abstract:  Field  investigations  which represent a major portion of the Great Lakes
research  program require  the periodic  use  of  research  vessels for  sampling and
other  in  situ experimental  activities.   These vessels  are  required to be equipped
for deep-water  limnological studies  and  must be capable of operating  in the  open
lakes.  Up to now, ship-time has been leased from other midwestern research groups.
This  situation  will  be changed in  FY  1978  since ANL will have used FY 1977 equip-
ment  funds  to  purchase a 50-foot  fast work boat  equipped for  lakewide research
activities.  The  vessel will  be based relatively near ANL, will be operated in all
seasons  of  the year,  and will  be  able to  accommodate most  of  the activities in
progress  or planned  for  the  Great  Lakes   research  program.   The total  costs of
operating, maintaining,  and  staffing this vessel will not be unlike those incurred
in chartering larger vessels  from  other organizations.   However,  since  the  use-
factor of a vessel based near ANL and available on short notice year-around will be
greater, daily  costs will be correspondingly lower.


Title:  Great Lakes Research Vessel Support  (52 K)

Performing Organization:  Argonne National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Paul Frenzen, FTS 972-4143

Abstract:  Field  investigations  which represent a major portion of the Great Lakes
research  program require  the periodic  use  of  research  vessels for  sampling and
other  in  situ  experimental  activities.   These vessels  are  required to be equipped
for deep-water  limnological studies  and  must be capable of operating  in the  open


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lakes.  Since up  to  now ANL has not owned such a vessel, ship-time has been leased
from other midwestern  research  groups who are so equipped.   This situation will be
changed in FY  1978  since ANL will  have  used  FY 1977 equipment funds to purchase a
50-foot fast work boat equipped for lakewide research activities.   The vessel will
be based  relatively  near to ANL, will be  operated  in all seasons  of the year, and
will be able  to  accommodate most of  the  activities  in progress or planned for the
Great  Lakes  research  program.   The  total  costs  of  operating,  maintaining,  and
staffing this vessel will not be unlike those incurred in chartering larger vessels
from other organizations.   However, since the use-factor of a vessel based near to
ANL and available on short notice year-around will  be greater, daily costs will be
correspondingly lower.


                                Ecosystem Analysis


Title:  Methodology for Collecting and Interpreting Ecological Data (258 K)

Performing Organization:  Pacific Northwest Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  L.L. Eberhart, FTS 942-3251

Abstract:   The purpose of  this  study is  to  provide  improved quantitative method-
ology  for the description  and  interpretation of ecological data and  to provide a
suitable  analytical  framework for  field and  laboratory research  activities.   The
problems  dealt  with  include (l)  design  of   sampling  programs,   (2)  experimental
design, (3)  structuring of computer simulation models,  (4)  formulation of methods
of estimation, (5)  hypothesis testing, and (6)  analyses of relevant data.  Justi-
fication  for  the project  rests on  the  crucial  need  for  improved  quantitative
methods in  ecology.    To  be truly effective,  such methodology must encompass sam-
pling, statistical methods, modeling,  and real data  without  undue  emphasis on any
one aspect.   The increased scope  of  impact  evaluation problems which need to be
addressed  has  led  us   to include  questions  having  to  do  with the  assessment of
abundance of natural populations in the vicinity or region of energy related activ-
ities as a part of this project.
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Health
Effects

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HEALTH EFFECTS
EPA Project Officer
Gerald J. Rausa
FTS 426-4567
OEMI
Washington, D.C.
Biological Effects of Coal Combustion Pollutants
Pathology of Respiratory Epithelium
Cocarcinogenesis in Hamsters
Cocarcinogenesis in Mice
Respiratory Toxicology
Carcinogenesis Screening-Respiratory Toxicology
Cellular (in vivo) and Biochemical Changes

Lung Clearance Mechanisms
Acute-Chronic Loss of Lung Function
Interspecies Transport and Fate as Function of Age
Multispecies Metabolic Transport Models
Subtotal

Pulmonary Deposition of Coal Dusts
Deposition, Transposition, and Fate of Associated
Components
Lung Deposition and Transport Modeling
Subtotal

Carcinogenic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Ultrastructural Changes - Lung Epithelium
Effects on Tracheal Implant Cultures

Carcinogenesis and Cocarcinogenesis Dose/Effect
Subtotal
15


FY 1979
Funds Page




17
94 K 17
104 K 17
94 K 17
139 K 18
248 K 18
62 K 19

62 K 19
104 K 20
465 K 20
310 K 21

1,682 K

21

237 K 21
124 K 21

361 K

22
108 K 22
94 K 22

380 K 23
582 K


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HEALTH EFFECTS (Continued)

Fundamental Research in Biological Test Systems

Chemical Activation of Tumor Virus
Chemical Activation of Tumor Virus
Develop Mutagenesis Marker
Develop Mutagenesis Marker
Develop Carcinogenesis Biochemical Markers
Develop Carcinogenesis Biochemical Markers
Develop Markers Reproductive--Teratological Damage
Develop Markers Reproductive Damage
Develop Organ-Cell Cultures-Lung
Develop Organ-Cell Cultures-Lung and Skin
Develop Markers for Damage to Immune System
Baseline Studies to Support Carcinogenesis
Baseline Studies to Support Carcinogenesis
Baseline Studies to Support Hematological Effects
Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism
Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism
Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism

Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism
Baseline Studies to Support Mutagenesis
Baseline Studies to Support Mutagenesis
Chemical Carcinogenic Cells In Vitro
Methylated Metals Mutagenesis

Subtotal
HEALTH EFFECTS GRAND TOTAL
16



FY 1979
Funds


221 K
116 K
139 K
77 K
206 K
94 K
67 K
289 K
94 K
155 K
310 K
496 K
57 K
622 K
176 K
174 K
102 K

140 K
434 K
253 K
211 K
150 K

4,583 K
7,208 K






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                 Biological Effects of Coal CombustionPollutants


Title:  Pathology of Respiratory Epithelium (94 K)

Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:   John B. Storer, FTS 624-0212

Abstract:  The purpose of the investigation is to determine (1) the role of several
highly  suspect  gaseous  and particulate  fossil  fuel  combustion  products in  the
induction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema in particular,  (2)
the effect of  residual  injury due to  exposure  to one toxic air contaminant on the
susceptibility  to  another in induction of emphysema,  and (3)  to  examine  the pro-
gression  of  the disease  processes leading to  emphysema production  after the  ex-
posure to the main etiological  agents has ceased.  The main air contaminants which
will be  studied singly  and in combination are cadmium, sulfuric acid, and nitrogen
dioxide.


Title:  Cocarcinogenesis in Hamsters (104 K)

Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:   A. Marchok, FTS 624-3966

Abstract:  The  studies  have two  major objectives:  (1)  to  investigate the cocar-
cinogenic activity of  irritant  gases  derived from combustion  of  fossil  fuels  and
(2) to  study  biochemical  changes in the  lungs  following exposure to such air con-
taminants.   In  the  first  group  of  studies,  the  effects  of nitrogen  dioxide  and
formaldehyde  on the tumor  response  induced by  the  systemic  carcinogen diethylni-
trosamine (DEN)  in hamsters  are being investigated.  Animals  are  exposed at dif-
ferent  time  intervals  before  and after  a single injection  of DEN,  which causes
tumors in all major segments of the respiratory tract.  The use of this tumor model
is  being explored  for  testing  air contaminants  for  cocarcinogenic activity.  The
second  group  of studies  is  concerned  with  the effects of NXL  on lung surfactant
synthesis and catabolism.   Particular attention is given to the biosynthetic activ-
ity in  the  lungs  of NO- tolerant  animals.  This work is carried out in collabora-
tion with the lipid biochemistry group at ORAU.


Title:  Cocarcinogenesis in Mice  (94 K)

Performing Organization:  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Principal Investigator:   Margaret R. White, FTS 451-5811

Abstract:  In the development of energy sources, airborne contamination arises from
mining,  combustion, and  industrial processing.   Some  of these  contaminants  are
potentially carcinogenic.  A  major problem in cancer research has been the evalua-
tion of  risks  from carcinogens at very  low  levels.  In  recent  studies  (1-4),  we
have reported on  an apparently  general dependence of the latent period in carcino-
genesis on an  inverse power of the dose  of  carcinogen.   It follows that there may
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be dose  levels  below which the latent period is longer than the life expectancy of
the affected population.   If  this tentative conclusion can be verified for a given
carcinogen,  a  level  of  negligible hazard  can be  established.   To test  very low
levels of  carcinogens in  the laboratory, many thousands  of  animals are  required.
By superimposing  the action of air pollutants on tumor induction by other carcino-
gens  and  studying  the effects  on latent  periods  as  well  as the  possibility of
multiplicative effects on  the total tumor incidence, we hope to evaluate  the risks
of potentially carcinogenic agents found in the human environment at levels too low
for direct experimental  testing.   This  may lead to better ways  of evaluating the
hazards  of environmental  pollutants  and protecting the  public while  at the same
time now unnecessarily restricting the development of energy sources.


Title:  Respiratory  Toxicology (139 K)

Performing Organization:    Inhalation Toxicology Research

Principal  Investigator:  Dr. Raymond C. Pfleger, FTS 475-9139
          •Abstract:   One of  the  environmental pollutants associated with  combustion of coal
          is NO   which  is  known  to  induce  lung  injury.   Particulate materials  from coal
          combustion contain a variety  of  potentially toxic agents  including heavy metals.
          This  study  is  designed  to  examine  the  toxicity of  NO  and particles  following
•       inhalation by experimental  animals.   Particles to be usea include those typical of
i"       emissions  from conventional combustion of coal and from fluidized-bed combustion of
          coal  so that  comparisons can be made.  Emphasis  in  this study  is  being  placed on
          •determining effects  of these materials on pulmonary surfactant  and pulmonary sur-
          factant synthesis and their effect on lung collagen and elastin synthesis breakdown
          and quantity.  It  is anticipated  that initial studies will be conducted on animals
_       exposed to these materials  over relatively short time periods.  Later they will be
H       extended to animals  exposed to lower levels  for  longer  periods  of time.   Correla-
          tions  will  be  made between biochemical,  morphological,  and physiological  meas-
          urements conducted on the  exposed  animals.  Information obtained  will be used to
fl       determine the relative hazards of N0v, S0v, particles and hydrocarbons from FBC and

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•    Evaluation of the  site  and sequence of biochemical, immunological, and cellu-
     lar mechanisms responsible for the injury.

•    Determination of cellular  and  subcellular  mechanisms of adaptation and repair
     according to intensity and duration of injury, and to plot the extent to which
     recovery is possible as  a function of exposure concentration and time.

•    Examination of the  relationships  between the factors involved  in  the  balance
     between  injury and adaptation/repair,  and  assessment of  their  relative roles
     in the  development of  chronic bronchitis, emphysema,  instertitial fibrosis,
     and  proliferative  states  capable of  increasing  the risk  of  carcinogenesis.


Title:  Cellular (in vivo) and Biochemical Changes (62 K)

Performing Organization:  Inhalation Toxicology  Research

Principal Investigator:   Dr.  David Brownstein, FTS 475-1005
         •Abstract:  These studies  are  directed at determining the response of the mammalian
         lung  to  inhaled  particulate acid sulfates.  Morphologic, intracellular, and extra-
         cellular enzymatic alterations resulting from acute, repeated and chronic exposures
         are  being  evaluated and  correlated with  physiological  changes.   Methodologies to
H      provide  acute,  repeated  and chronic exposures of animals at various concentrations
^*      of  acid sulfates  with  concomitant variations  in humidity  have been  completed.
         Investigations  have  been  initiated to elucidate  the  respiratory anatomic  site at
         •risk, the population of cells predominantly affected, and their response to various
         acid  sulfates.   These  sites at risk are being  examined  for morphologic alteration
         at  the  light microscope  and  ultrastructural level.  They  are  also  being investi-
•         gated for intracellular enzymatic alterations and changes in alveolar fluid and its
         constituents  due  to  insult  by  these environmental  pollutants.   The  sequential
         observations  being made  provide  insight  into the  mechanisms  responsible for pul-
         monary disease following  inhalation of sulfates.


         Title:  Lung Clearance Mechanisms (62 K)
Performing Organization:  Inhalation Toxicology Research

Principal Investigator:  Dr. Fletcher F. Hahn, FTS 475-4040

Abstract:  Epidemiological  studies  have indicated  an  increased incidence  of mor-
tality  from  respiratory disease  during periods of  elevated sulfur  oxide  levels.
Since laboratory studies have not shown SO- alone to significantly affect pulmonary
clearance, this  project is  examining  the effect  of oxidation products  of SO-  on
pulmonary clearance  mechanisms.   Specifically,  acid sulfates such  as  zinc  sullate
or zinc  ammonium  sulfate  and sulfuric acid aerosols are being evaluated.  Mice are
being chronically exposed  by inhalation to graded  levels  of sulfates ranging from
ambient  air  concentrations  to high concentrations.  Pulmonary clearance mechanisms
are being examined  including the removal of  particles  from  the deep lung,  and the
ability  to  survive   respiratory  infections  such as  influenza or mycoplasma.   The
results  will  indicate whether  or not  acid  sulfates reduce  the  susceptibility  of
animals  to pulmonary infections  and thus whether existing health protection stand-
ards  and control  technology are  adequate.   In addition,  their role  in reducing


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•H       clearance of  particles from the deep  lung  may be an additive  factor  in  assessing
          hazards from toxic particulates.
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          Title:   Acute-Chronic  Loss  of  Lung  Function  (104  K)

          Performing Organization:   Inhalation  Toxicology Research

          Principal  Investigator:   Dr. Joe  L. Mauderly, FTS 475-1169

          Abstract:   Estimates  of health effects of inhaled sulfates  have been derived  from
          data  on respiratory changes during acute exposures  of  guinea pigs.  These data are
          difficult  to interpret because of  disagreement  as to uniformity of response,  out-
          dated aerosol  technology,  and  inadequate  monitoring  of  temperature  and relative
          humidity.   This project  involves use  of animal models  of acute  exposure  to compare
          aerosols used at  ITRI  with those used by others  and  to  determine  the response of
          •the   guinea  pig and  other  species  using  state-of-the-art  aerosoL generation and
          characterization  techniques.   Guinea  pigs   exposed  to  1.0  mg/m   H~SO,  at 40%
          relative humidity  were unaffected,  in contrast to marked changes reported by AMDUR.
•          Guinea  pigs  are now  being  exposed  to 1.0  mg/m   H?SO. at  80%  relative humidity,
          using graded concentrations of histamine aerosol  as  a  positive control and to  grade
          individual reactivity.   Guinea  pigs  will be exposed  to  other  sulfate and sulfite
_        species  to  rank responses.   Rats and dogs  will  be  similarly exposed  as a species
•        comparison.   Initial  results  indicate average guinea  pig  sensitivity to be  lower
^*        than  previously reported, with a  few highly reactive  individuals among the popula-
          tion.  Results of acute  studies  will  be  evaluated to  determine if  long-term  expo-
IB        sure  studies are required.


•        Title:   Interspecies Transport and  Fate as Function  of  Age  (465  K)

          Performing Organization:   UT-DOE  Comparative Animal  Research

•        Principal  Investigator:   Dr. Robert J. Chertok, FTS  626-4043

          Abstract:   The  broad  objective of this program  is  to investigate  in a  systematic
          manner  the interactions  of specific energy-related pollutants with essential nutri-
          ents  under a variety of nutritional and physiological  stresses at several levels of
          biological organization  in an effort to  understand these  interactions  and  their
          mechanisms of control.   To  accomplish this  broad objective, experiments are  being
          conducted  to  examine   the  absorption of toxic  agents from  the gastro  intestinal
          tract of  several  species;  clarify  the  interrelationships  of   toxic  agents   with
          essential  nutrients  (Ca, P, Fe,  Vitamin D,  etc.) and  physiological stresses  (ane-
          mia,  pregnancy)  in  absorption,  metabolism, and subcellular deposition; identify
          metabolic  alterations  caused   by  specific   toxic agents;  and   study  the prenatal
          metabolism of pollutants and  their interaction with essential nutrients.  In  addi-
          tion, studies  at a  fundamental  level  are  being conducted to contribute  to the
          elucidation  of  the  subcellular  and molecular  biology  underlying  the multistep
          processes  of metal absorption.   Special emphasis is  placed  on the protein-mediated
          and   membrane-associated  steps of  transport in   the  intestinal brush  border and
          influence  of  toxic  agents  on the absorption of amino acids  into  isolated  renal
          vesicles.
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Title:  Multispecies Metabolic Transport Models (310 K)

Performing Organization:   UT-DOE  Comparative Animal  Research  Laboratory  (CARL)
         Principal Investigator:  Dr. Gary E. Spalding, FTS 626-4077
Abstract:  CARL has a major program directed toward ascertaining the uptake,  trans-
port, and distribution  of important energy-related environmental pollutants.   This
program involves strong interaction between data collection and data analysis,  with
the  objective  of developing  whole-body transport models of various  pollutants  in
several animal  species  and for several developmental stages.   Ultimately, we  wish
to fit man into the modeling process by interspecies comparisons of model structure
and model parameters.   Current studies include gastrointestinal uptake and metabo-
lism  of  95NB,   239PU,  and 115MCD  in  sheep,  swine, guinea pigs, rats,  and mice  as
fetuses,  neonates, weanlings, and adults.


                        Pulmonary Deposition of Coal Dusts


Title:   Deposition,   Transportation,   and  Fate  of Associated  Components (237  K)

Performing Organization:  University of Rochester

Principal Investigator:  Dr. Paul E. Morrow, FTS 430-3861

Abstract:  The  principal  objective  of this research project is  the procurement  of
basic information on  the  deposition,  clearance, and fate of inhaled materials.  Of
special  relevance  are  specific  materials  which are major  toxicologic  concerns  in
various energy-related  technologies  and those substances which, by virtue of their
special physiochemical  properties,  serve  as investigative probes or prototypes for
the pursuit  of  mechanistic information generally applicable to inhalation toxicol-
ogy.  The success  of  this dual approach depends  considerably  upon the preparation
•of well-controlled and  fully-characterized aerosols,  their administration to labo-
ratory animals or human subjects by the respiratory route under circumstances which
allow quantification,  and the  subsequent  evaluation of  the  retention, transloca-
tion, and elimination processes.  The last-mentioned effort is concerned with every
level  of biological  organization  which  is  amenable  to investigation,  i.e.,  the
organism, organ,  cellular,  and subcellular, and it seeks  to  elucidate functional,
cytologic, biochemical,  and pathogeneic mechanisms and  interactions.   These  kinds
of  information  contribute  directly  to  the  quantification  and  understanding  of
dose-effect  relationships.   They  are  fundamental to the development of toxicologic
and  radiologic  protection standards  and  the establishment  of practices  for  both
occupational and public health protection.
Title:  Lung Deposition and Transport Modeling (124 K)

Performing Organization:  University of Rochester

Principal Investigator:  Dr. Juraj Ferin, FTS 430-3726

Abstract:  The  increased  prevalence of chronic, nonspecific  pulmonary  disease has
expanded  interest  regarding pathogenic mechanisms and  biologic  characteristics of


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™       the  lung.   Realizing the  vast number  of  potentially-damaging agents,  researchers
          have begun  to  focus attention on the  defense  mechanisms  of the respiratory tract.
          The  organism's  defense against environmental  factors  involves efficient pulmonary
          clearance mechanisms  whereby  the  deep parts of  the  lungs  are kept clear and ster-
          ile.  Since  the  cells of the alveolar membrane and the internal environment of the
          alveolar are directly exposed to the  external environment  by inhalation,  the pro-
          tection of  these  structures and the maintenance of alveolar integrity are of great
          concern.   Different  lung  pathologies, including  lung  cancer, have  been  related,
          mostly in a hypothetical way, to inefficient clearance function.
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                                 Carcinogenic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons


          Title:  Ultrastructural Changes—Lung Epithelium (108 K)

          Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

          Principal Investigator:  C.A. Heckman, FTS 624-0830

^1       Abstract:  The main  objective  of this effort is to  study changes occurring during
          the early development  of polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced carcinomas of the conduct-
,_       ing airways.  The studies are an integral part of our efforts (1) to identify early
^B       markers  of  respiratory  tract  neoplasia  and  (2)  to develop  iji vitro  models  for
^*       respiratory  carcinogenesis.   As  part  of  this  effort,  we  are  investigating  the
          characteristics  of  normal,  preneoplastic,  and neoplastic  epithelial  cells  in vivo
          •and iji vitro.  The biological basis of decreased intercellular adhesiveness and its
          importance  in carcinogenesis  will be  studied.    In  particular, cell  surface  and
          cytoskeletal  features  will be  investigated by  transmission  and scanning electron
          microscopy.   Efforts will be made to study the mechanism of invasion using in vitro
          systems.
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          Title:   Effects of Trachael Implant Cultures (94 K)

          Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

          Principal Investigator:  B.C. Pal, FTS 624-0813

          Abstract:  The  purpose of  the  studies is  to  develop  a  simplified model  for the
          investigation of  the  etiology and pathogenesis of bronchogenic carcinoma.  Hetero-
          topic tracheal  transplants  are  used as targets  for  carcinogenic  polycyclic hydro-
          carbons and  other fossil-fuel related carcinogens.  The  system has already proven
          to be extremely useful to study the evolution of preneoplastic and early neoplastic
          lesions.  However, a  better carcinogen delivery system needs to be developed which
          will release  the  carcinogen from either a  solid  pellet or a capsule into the tra-
          cheal lumen at a  constant rate,  for protracted periods of time.  Various approaches
          are tested in an  .in vitro system as well as in the tracheal transplants.  Silastic,
          polystirene,  cellulose acetate,  and  other polymers  are being  tested  as  either
          matrix  for   incorporation  of carcinogen  or as  "coat"  to  encapsulate  carcinogen
          pellets.  Studies with cocarcinogenic substances have also been initiated.
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Title:  Carcinogenesis and Cocarcinogenesis Dose/Effect (380 K)


Performing Organization:  New York University Medical Center


Principal Investigator:  Dr. Roy E. Albert, 914-351-2396


Abstract:  The  temporal  kinetics of  tumor induction when two  or  more carcinogens

are present  simultaneously or  sequentially  are  studied in mouse and  rat  skin and

hamster  lung.   Experimental  tumor induction curves are being  analyzed in  terms of

mathematical models  that  relate the probability of tumor development to carcinogen

dose and time of exposure.




                  Fundamental Research in Biological Test Systems




Title:  Chemical Activation of Tumor Virus (221 K)
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          Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

II       Principal Investigator:  R.W. Tennant, FTS 624-0823

          Abstract:  Cancer  is  the  major  long-term  health-related  consequence  of  energy
^|       generation  and utilization  and  can result  from the  interaction  between multiple
^"       gene  loci  and various environmental factors.  In rodents this interaction involves
          loci which are endogenous RNA tumor viruses and other  loci which control expression
          •of  the  virus,  both  of which  can be  affected  by  several,  defined environmental
          factors.  Therefore,  it is important to  determine  the mechanisms  of environmental
          carcinogen-endogenous  virus  interactions  in model  systems  and this  pursuit con-
•          tinues  to  form  the  basis  of  our proposal.  Specifically,  we are  attempting to
          determine  if  various  chemicals  and radiation act  as carcinogens primarily through
          interaction with endogenous RNA  tumor viruses and other cellular genes, using three
          complementary  approaches:   (1)  the mechanisms of  radiation  and chemical induction
          •of  endogenous  tumor viruses in  cell cultures, (2) the potential role of endogenous
          RNA  tumor  virus  induction by chemical  carcinogens  in cell culture transformation,
          and  (3)  the mechanisms of  cellular control over RNA tumor virus expression tumori-
          genesis.
_       Title:  Chemical Activation of Tumor Virus  (116 K)


"^"       Performing Organization:  Brookhaven National Laboratory
Principal Investigator:  Maria T. Pavlova, FTS 666-3634


Abstract:  In  order  to define the dose-effect  relationship  for  a variety of acute

and late effects, including carcinogenic effects, it is necessary to understand the

interaction of  manmade pollutants with living organisms and  ecosystems.   The pur-

pose  of  this  research  is  to determine whether  energy-related pollutants,  such as

polycyclic  hydrocarbons,  metals  and metallic  compounds,  ozone, and  nitrogen and

sulfur  oxides,  (1)  enhance  viral  transformation  of  cells  in  vitjro,  and/or (2)

enhance  viral  tumor formation  in vivo.  If  so,  quantitative information directly

applicable  to  estimation of  health  risks from  these  pollutants  will  be obtained.

The objectives  are  to  develop  reliable  methods  for  rapid  in vitro screening for




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          carcinogenic  and  mutagenic potential of chemical agents associated with all facets
          of fossil energy  technologies.  The  studies will also provide information about the
^1       molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and mutagenesis.
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          Title:  Develop Mutagenesis Marker (139 K)

          Performing Organization:  Lawrence Livermore Laboratory

          Principal Investigator:  Barton L. Gledhill, FTS 532-6299

          Abstract:  Sperm can be used to indicate the presence of mutagens, carcinogens, and
          teratogens in the mouse and hamster.  They also may be useful as part of a protocol
          that  monitors  humans  for  occupational,  accidental,  or  therapeutic  exposure  to
          noxious  agents.   In this project we are determining if changes in sperm morphology
^^       and variability in DNA content are sufficiently sensitive indicators to signal such
^M       hazards.  Particular attention will be focused toward monitoring humans involved in
»•       fossil-fuel production.  The genetic implications of abnormally shaped sperm in the
          mouse as a mammalian model are being defined, and some of the genotypic differences
          •in metabolism  of  hydrocarbons are under study.  Automated methods for the recogni-
          tion,  counting,  and  separation  of  abnormal  sperm must be  developed  for the prac-
          tical  implementation  of a   screening  protocol  for human  exposure  to  hazardous
          agents.  Since  flow systems  are the most  appropriate  means for automation, we are
          engaged  in  the development  and application of improved  flow  instruments for this
          task.


IP       Title:  Develop Mutagenesis Marker (77 K)

M       Performing Organization:  Lawrence Livermore Laboratory

          Principal Investigator:  Elbert W. Branscomb, FTS 532-5681

          •Abstract:  The purpose  of  this project is to  develop  and apply automated cytolog-
          ical methods  for  monitoring  the rate of somatic point mutation in humans.  Initial
          efforts  will  be  directed towards measuring the frequency of mutant erythrocytes in
          •samples  of  peripheral blood.   In this approach fluorescent antibodies will be used
          to label  rare  red cells that  contain  certain  mutant forms of hemoglobin, and flow
          microfluorometry will be used to count the frequencies of such rare cells in normal
          •blood  samples.   The  project  has  three  primary objectives:   (1) to  develop and
          purify  specific  antisera capable of distinguishing  hemoglobins  containing any one
          of a  number of specific amino acid  substitutions  and  to confirm the applicability
          of these  red  blood cell markers for detection by automated flow cytometry, (2) to
          •apply  these methods  in  testing blood samples  from  several occupationally exposed
          worker  populations,  particularly those  involved in coal  gasification,  and (3) to
          develop  corresponding  immunologic   markers  for  detecting  mutant  hemoglobins  in
          •rabbit  or mouse  erythrocytes and to use these markers to perform the arrival stud-
          ies needed to validate and interpret the human data.



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Title:  Develop Carcinogenesis Biochemical Markers (206 K)

Performing Organization:  Lawrence Liverraore Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Martin Vanderlaan 532-5721
          •Abstract:  These  studies  will   further  our  understanding  of  the early  cellular
          events in chemical Carcinogenesis by developing analytical cytochemical methods and
          applying  them  to the  study  of  tumor induction by  complete  carcinogens  and tumor-
I          promoting  agents.   We  will  measure  enzymatic activity, DNA,  and other  cellular
          markers  by  fluorescent  cytochemical  methods,  using  light  and  electron microscopy
          and flow cytology.   Early cellular changes and preneoplastic cell markers will be
^_       identified  in  rat  livers, mouse skin,  and  cultured cells  after exposure  of the
•       animals  and  cultures to  carcinogens.   The generality of the observed cytological
^"       changes  will be  explored in  these varied  biological  systems, using representative
          chemicals  from  several  classes  of  carcinogens  and  promoting  agents.   Emphasis,
          •however,  will  be  on  polycyclic  hydrocarbon  carcinogens  and  on  tumor  promoters
          because  of the likely role of  these  agents  in human Carcinogenesis and their pos-
          sible  introduction  into  the  environment by the use  of  fossil  fuels.   Ultimately,
          •these  studies  may  provide (1)   sensitive inexpensive  assays  for both  complete car-
          cinogens and for promoting agents, (2) a basis for identification of tumor cells in
          diagnostic  cytology and  in  monitoring  of  high  risk  human populations,  and (3)
          insight  into the mechanism of Carcinogenesis and tumor promotion.
Title:  Develop Carcinogenesis Biochemical Markers (94 K)

Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  M. Uziel, FTS 624-0838

Abstract:  Broad  study of interaction of  cellular macromolecules  with carcinogens
with the goal of determining irregular events in nucleic acid metabolism.  Monitor-
ing modified  nucleosides  after treatment of resistant  and  susceptible tissues and
cells will elucidate  early biochemical alterations that may  be  critical to malig-
nant transformation.   Existing techniques  in our lab will  monitor uridine, methi-
onine, inosine,  adenine,  and quanirie to fully map perturbations in RNA metabolism.
Separation  of RNA  populations  by  gel  electrophoresis will  facilitate examining
intracellular  variance  in  systems  both  resistant  and  susceptible  to  malignant
transformation.


Title:  Develop Markers Reproductive--Teratological Damage (67 K)

Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  A.P. Pfuderer, FTS 624-1200

Abstract:  Phenol is  the  major single toxicant from coal conversion process water.
We studied the  action of phenol and substituted phenols on the goldfish as a model
system.  Above 10 ppm  phenol, the goldfish darken in color.  Higher concentrations
intensify this,  causing  the  fish to swim  erratically  and  to die.   The melanophore
in teleost fish is an alpha-adrenergic nerve cell.  Severing the nerve causes it to
darken; stimulating it causes  it to lighten.   Phenol  appears to act  as a  toxin on


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^^        the adrenergic  system  in the goldfish.  A sample  of  purified acetylcholinesterase
          was found  unchanged  in activity in phenol concentrations  up  to 200 ppm.  Synthoil
•        #4, fraction #3  (weak  acids) behaved much like  the  other phenols, causing an ini-
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          tial darkening at  10 ppm,  and maximum darkening  at  50 ppm.  We believe we  have a
          good model system to study neurological effects of coal conversion products.   These
          effects are not confined to fish, but have been observed in man also.  We also have
          found an  active  analog to  a natural neurotoxic growth inhibitor in Xenopus laevis.
          We  intend to simulate  aging  by  inhibiting  growth and following  the  incidence of
          tumors and other indicators of age.
          Title:  Develop Markers Reproductive Damage (289 K)

•        Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

          Principal Investigator:  R.A. Wallace, FTS 624-1207

«i        Abstract:   A major  thrust  of our  previous  work  has  been the  demonstration  that
          macromolecular yolk  precursors as  well  as heterologous  materials  present  in  the
          •maternal serum are  incorporated  by the growing oocyte, stored in compartmentalized
          membrane-bound  inclusions  and  utilized  during embryogenesis.   Thus,  it  appears
          likely that  environmental materials present at subthreshold  levels of  toxicity in
          •the adult female  will  be acquired, concentrated, and stored by growing oocytes  and
          made  available  to the  embryo  when the yolk compartment  is  utilized.   Studies  de-
          signed to test this possibility have begun with an attempt to understand the normal
          process of  yolk  utilization during embryogenesis.   We have  also developed  a model
          •system, which uses  the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, to test potentially danger-
          ous environmental  products.  The  system  is inexpensive,  rapid, and monitors  be-
          havior, cytology, respiration and growth.   We have begun to examine coal-conversion
          effluents and  some  of  the dissolved organics (phenol,  cresol, halogenated  and
          substituted  phenols) which  they  contain.  We are also  extending  our studies  to
          other aquatic organisms  (daphnia,  amphibian embryos) in  order  to acquire compara-
          tive data.  Finally, our group supervises the operation of two transmission and  one
          scanning electron microscope;  use  of these instruments by other research groups at
          the laboratory is extensive.
          Title:  Develop Organ-Cell Cultures — Lung (94 K)

          Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

          Principal Investigator:  A. Marchok, FTS 624-3966

          Abstract:  The  respiratory system  is  continuously  exposed  to  pollutants  in the
          environment which  are  potentially carcinogens or cocarcinogens.   A major source of
          these pollutants can be byproducts generated during processing  and  burning fossil
          fuels.  Therefore,  it is of great practical importance to determine the capacity of
          respiratory tract  epithelium to  recover from such toxic  and carcinogenic insults
          and to  define  conditions favoring recovery.  The proposed studies utilize and will
          further develop three in vitro model systems:  (1) organ culture of lesions induced
          by  exposure  of  tracheal  transplants  to  carcinogens  in  vivo,  (2)  an  epithelial
          outgrowth-cell  culture  system  of  these lesions,  and  (3)  an  organ  culture-cell
          culture system  in  which carcinogen exposure takes place in vitro in order to iden-
          tify epithelial cell populations  that have acquired altered growth characteristics


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         and  functional  changes due to contact with  carcinogens.   Such investigations will
         aid  in developing diagnostic tools  for identification of preneoplastic lesions and
M       individuals with  an  increased cancer risk due to previous exposure to toxic agents.


_       Title:  Develop Organ-Cell Cultures—Lung and Skin  (155 K)

^™       Performing Organization:  Brookhaven National Laboratory

•       Principal Investigator:  Eugene P. Cronkite, FTS 666-3568
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         Abstract:  The  incidence  of chronic pulmonary disease is increasing.  Toxic agents
         in  the  environment,  cigarettes, and industrial  dusts  are suspected as the primary
         causes.   Evaluation  of suspected  hazards by exposure of animals  in closed, moni-
         tored environments would  take decades and be  extremely  costly in manpower as well
         as  dollars.   Using  special tissue  culture  systems, it  is proposed to  study the
         interactions  of suspected,  toxic agents with pulmonary macrophages and neutrophils
         and  to  detect  those  pollutants producing  deleterious  effects on  human pulmonary
         epithelium.   In particular, agents producing necrosis and  transformation in tissue
         culture  will be  identified.   In addition, the  effects  of noxious particulate and
         gaseous  pollutants will be studied  in classical tissue culture systems.  The toxic
         agents  shown to  have  deleterious  effects in culture will  be evaluated in animals
         when  exposure  chambers are available for  handling pollutants from  generation of
         electricity.


         Title:  Develop Markers for Damage  to Immune Systems (310 K)

         Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge  Associated Universities

         Principal Investigator:  Dr. N.  Grengozian, FTS  626-3118

         Abstract:  The  objective  of  this  program is  to evaluate  the  effects of environ-
         mental  hazards  such as  radiation  chemical  pollutants  on  the  homeostatic control
         mechanisms  of  immunologic  cell populations.   The coexistence  of  two different
         genetic  cell types  in the marmoset,  a  natural blood  chimera,  and the allogeneic
         radiation chimera created in the laboratory, depend  on immunologic deficits similar
         to  that of  host-tumor relationships in  man.   Identification of  the cellular and
         humoral  factors mediating these tolerant relationships should ultimately permit us
         to  regulate  and eliminate  cell  populations  escaping from homeostatic control such
         as may  occur  following exposure  to  environmental carcinogens.


         Title:  Baseline Studies to Support  Carcinogenesis  (496 K)

         Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge  National Laboratory

         Principal Investigator:  John B. Storer, FTS 624-0212
    ^M       Abstract:  When  an individual  is  exposed to  a  carcinogen,  numerous intrinsic and
    •       environmental  factors  will determine whether  a cell becomes neoplastic and whether
    ™       the  cell  subsequently  develops into a  tumor.   A central objective of this project
             is  to  examine  the role of physiologic  and environmental factors in carcinogenesis.
    !•       Individuals  respond  variably  to  exposures to carcinogens.   If  we are to reliably
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|p       evaluate risks  for tumors  from  experimental models,  it  is  important  to  identify
          those  intrinsic factors  that determine  sensitivity.   That  hormones  are  factors
          •which influence the development  of neoplasms is well  known.   Whether hormones act
          as  promoters,   cocarcinogens,  antagonists,  or as  physiological  modulators  is  un-
          known.  Therefore, one  aspect of this project has been a  study of the influence of
          hormones on carcinogenesis.   Environmental  factors appear to play a  major  role in
          Icarcinogenesis.   This  involves  the  interaction  of  various  agents  at low  dose
          levels.  Most  experimental  work  has studied single carcinogens, but  little effort
          has been directed  towards  synergistic and competitive  effects between carcinogenic
I          and noncarcinogenic compounds found in the environment. These latter compounds may
          modify the biological activity and effect of carcinogens and serve either as cocar-
          cinogens or antagonists.   Experiments undertaken in this  group have  been examining
          these potential interactions.
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Title:  Baseline Studies to Support Carcinogenesis (57 K)

Performing Organization:  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Principal Investigator:   E.L. Alpen, FTS 451-5206
          Abstract:  The  objectives  of this project are to  (1)  evaluate carcinogenic influ-
          ences that can be revealed by data such as dose versus yield of tumors,  dose versus
          •time  of  appearance of  tumors,  calendar  time  since exposure  or  chronological age
          versus incidence  of tumors  and (2)  study  the influence of health  factors  on the
          frequency of  cancer,  since such factors, though not  intrinsically  carcinogenic or
          •anticarcinogenic, may  alter the  end  results  expressed  as  observed  cancers.   Our
          previously reported work produced a model of carcinogenesis  that has stood up under
          test  in  various carcinogenic systems.   If  this  model can be  further supported by
          extension of  our studies  to a much  larger base  of  experimental data,  it should
^1       permit determination  of  dosage  levels  of  environmental carcinogens that  can be
^*       regarded  as   reasonably  safe.   We  plan  to  develop this model  more fully  and to
          relate it to  as much  of the data  in  the literature on carcinogenesis as possible.
Title:  Baseline Studies to Support Hematological Effects (622 K)

Performing Organization:  Brookhaven National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Eugene P. Cronkite, FTS 666-3568

Abstract:  Chemical pollutants, e.g., benzene and many polycyclic hydrocarbons, are
capable of producing  leukemic  hypoplastic to aplastic bone marrow, and hemopoietic
dysplasias frequently  preceding the appearance of leukemia.   Chemical  moieties in
pollutants produced  by combustion  of fossile  fuels  contain carcinogens  and  sub-
stances related to materials that have produced hemopoietic dysplasia (HD).  Target
cells for leukemogenesis and HD are the hemopoietic stem cells, probably the pluri-
potent but possibly also the committed stem cells.

A new method  is  developed for  determining  the  route  of absorption, cellular loca-
tion, and concentration of radiolabeled pollutants by freezing cell suspensions and
allowing  target  cells, e.g.,  the gemopoietic  stem  cell,  to  accumulate  radiation
injury.   The procedure can be utilized in several target tissues.
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•H
         A  system  is  developed  for  separating pure  stem  cells and  culturing them  in vitro or
         in peritoneally   implanted   diffusion   chambers,   in   the  presence  of candidate
         •leukemogens  from  pollutants.  The leukemogenic, ED, and  hypoplastic potential will
         be tested by transplantation of  the treated  stem  cells into  syngeneic mice.  Study
         is made  of  the cell-to-cell interactions in bone  marrow,  definition  of feedback
_       loops  controlling cell differentiation, and  description  of mechanisms which deter-
 1       mine  rates of hemlopoietic cell proliferation.
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          Title:   Baseline  Studies  to  Support Metabolism  (176 K)

          Performing Organization:   Brookhaven  National Laboratory

          Principal  Investigator:   Darrel  D. Joel, FTS 666-3603
          Abstract:   Particulate  materials,  including  known  carcinogens and sulfates, consti-
^m       tute a major  proportion of  pollutants  in  the  biosphere.   Particulates enter the
•I       gastrointestinal  tract not  only by  ingestion  of contaminated  food  and water but
          also by the  swallowing of  inhaled  particles subsequently  cleared from the lung.
          •Consequently,  the mucosal surface of  the  intestine  is  a major site of  contact with
          the environment,  yet little  is  known about  the  penetration  of particulates through
          the intestinal mucosa  or  their deposition and  effect  on  the  gut wall.  The broad
          objectives  of  this budget  activity  are  to  study  quantitatively in  animals the
•       uptake,  distribution,  and  fate  of  tagged,  nonviable particles of  various sizes
^^       administered  into  the  gut,  and  then to  establish a  practical  threshold  of no
          detectable  effect  by observing  the  biological effects  of  carcinogens, suspended
          •sulfates,  and other hazardous particulate pollutants  on DNA turnover  rates, hema-
          topoietic   stem  cells,  dominant  lethal   mutations,  immunological  responses,  and
          carcinogenesis.   By providing a  valid estimate  of  the hazard to  animals, an approx-
          Iimation  of the hazard  to  man can be  established.  These  studies  could  also provide
          useful information on antigen entry and immunologic  responsiveness  of the intestine
          to pollutant  haptenes in  the environment.
          Title:   Baseline Studies  to  Support  Metabolism  (174  K)

•       Performing Organization:   University of  Rochester

          Principal Investigator:   Dr.  Thomas  T. Mercer,  FTS 430-5997

•          Abstract:   The  ultimate goal of  this program is to  explain  quantitatively  the part
          played  by the physical and  chemical properties of airborne particles  in the chain
          of events  between exposure  to  a toxic  aerosol  and the  production of biological
          •damage.   Its scope includes  (1)  routine measurement of particulate properties  for
          all aerosols needed  for animal  exposures,  (2) development  of methods for generating
          aerosols designed  to meet  specific requirements  for studies  of clearance mech-
          Ianisms,  (3) investigation of fundamental  mechanisms  of sampling processes to pro-
          vide a  basis  for  the development  of  improved instrumentation  and more  accurate
          methods  of  data  interpretation,  (4) investigation of mechanisms  related to  the
          stability of aerosols and to  aerosol-vapor (-gas)  interactions,  (5)  solubility rate
•       measurements on selected toxic materials  with  which to improve  the interpretation
•i       of data  now available in the  literature, and  (6)  investigation of the effect  of
          particulate properties  on the  physiological  clearance  of  intact particles from
M       nonciliated regions  of the lung.
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Title:   Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism (102 K)

Performing Organization:  University of Rochester

Principal Investigator:  Undesignated

Abstract:  The overall  aim  of the project is directed toward exploring the precise
morphological and biochemical events that take place during transcellular transport
of calcium (and possibly other divalent cations), a process which we consider to be
distinctly  different  from   transport  associated  with  intracellular calcium  ion
regulation.  The  long-term  goal  is to achieve a better understanding of the intra-
cellular processes involved in the transfer of absorbed materials, physiological or
toxic,  through the cytosol and into the recipient organism.


Title:   Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism (140 K)

Performing Organization:  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Frank T. Lindgren, 415-642-3637
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^^       Abstract:  This  proposal  involves  studies of  plasma  lipoproteins as  interaction
          sites  for,  and transporters  of,  environmental pollutants.  Human  plasma  lipopro-
          Iteins,  in  vitro, and  animal  model systems,  in vivo,  will be used to  study dose-
          response effects  of such pollutants  as ozone  and heavy metals  (namely,  lead  and
          mercury).   Changes  in distribution and physicochemical properties  of lipoproteins
          Iwill be  studied  as  a function of  exposure  to pollutants,  using analytic ultracen-
          trifugation,  agarose  and  polyacrylamide gel  electrophoresis,  and  electron micro-
          scopy.  Methodology for the measurement of  small amounts of lipoproteins and plasma
—       proteins will be  developed  to  facilitate screening  for  abnormalities of  these
•       constituents  in  animal  model systems  exposed  to pollutants.   Effects of  heavy
™       metals  (lead  and mercury in  both  their organic and  inorganic  forms)  on  tissues,
          cells, and  enzyme  systems  associated  with  lipoprotein metabolism will  be  investi-
•          gated.   The overall  aim and goal of these  studies is to describe (1)  the mechanism
          of  pollutant  transport  in  the  bloodstream,   (2)  the  initiation of membrane  and
          cellular damage  by pollutants,  and (3) correlation of degree or pollutant damage
•|       with concentrations of serum lipoproteins and/or proteins.


          Title:  Baseline Studies to Support Mutagenesis (434 K)

*•       Performing Organization:  UT-DOE Comparative Animal Research Laboratory

          Principal Investigator:  Dr. B.H. Erickson, FTS 626-4036

          Abstract:  Studies  of  irradiation  effects  conducted at our  laboratory have shown
•          that  in the  mammal,  with  the exception of the rodent oocyte,  the primitive stem
          germ  cell  (gonocyte, male, and  oogonium,   female)  is  the  cell  type  affected most
          adversely.   The  gonocyte and  oogonium are at  risk for protracted periods in  the
          development of  the long-lived mammal   (months  to  years,  depending on  species  and
          •sex);  thus  we have  chosen  to study interspecific variability in their kinetics  and
          response  to  chronically  administered  toxicants  emitted  by  the  energy-producing
          industry.   Mitotic  delay,   cellular   survival, chromosomal  abnormalities,  sperm
M       number and  morphology,  follicular number and quality,  ovulation rate,  growth,  and
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reproductive performance  are assayed.   Trials  are being  conducted  in cooperation
with ORNL to establish the cytogenetic sensitivity of swine oocytes since they are
closely  comparable  to  those of  humans;  interspecies  comparisons  of chromosomal
response to  known mutagens  will  provide  a  basis for examining mechanisms  of in-
duction and will generate a broadened data base for extrapolation to man.


Title:  Baseline Studies to Support Mutagenesis (253 K)

Performing Organization:  Brookhaven National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Michael A. Bender, FTS 666-3570

Abstract:  Genetic effects  of energy-related pollutants  represent a  major  conse-
quence in terms  of  human ill health and societal cost.   This is especially true of
the nuclear  technologies and of  coal conversion and combustion.   Genetic effects
are impossible to measure directly under the low-level exposure conditions relevant
to energy  production and  use.   Consequently, human genetic  hazard  estimates  must
rest on  downward  extrapolation  over orders of magnitude  from data on acute, high-
level exposures,  and  from animal  and in vitro human  cell exposures to human popu-
lation exposures.  Chromosomal  aberrations not  only constitute a  class of genetic
effect of  considerable importance  in human populations,  but  are  conveniently de-
tected as well.  This program has  two major objectives.   One is the development and
verification of sensitive model test systems using chromosome aberration and sister
chromatid exchange  production to  detect and evaluate  the mutagenic  potential  of
energy-related agents  administered  to rodents via inhalation or ingestion, as well
as to monitor  actual human populations.   The other is  investigation of the molec-
ular mechanisms  involved  in the production of these cytogenetic phenomena in order
to facilitate  more  confident human genetic hazard evaluation based upon model test
system results.
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^       Title:  Chemical Carcinogenic Cells In Vitro (211 K)
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Performing Organization:  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  E. Huberman, FTS 624-0833

Abstract:  Induction  of somatic cell  mutations  and malignant  cell transformation
will be studied in rodent and human cells in vitro.  These studies are performed in
order to  develop  systems for screening for potential hazardous chemicals reliably,
quickly,  and  cheaply  relative to current animal exposure techniques.  In addition,
our  studies   will  be  concerned  with  the  relationship between  carcinogenesis  and
mutagenesis induced by polycyclic  hydrocarbons and other classes  of chemical car-
cinogens  as well  as  the involvement of mammalian  DNA  polymerases in these events.
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Title:  Methylated Metals Mutagenesis (150 K)


Performing Organization:  Lawrence Livermore Laboratory


Principal Investigator:  Robert T. Taylor, FTS 532-5652


Abstract:  Methylation  can  be  an important determination of metal toxicity in man,
the striking  example  being raethyl-Hg-l+ versus inorganic Hg-2+.  The major purpose
of this  project  is to determine  the  relative  toxicities and mutagenicities of six
energy-relation metals  (As,  Hg,  Sn Cr, Ti,  and  Pt),  comparing the inorganic metal
ions  with  their methylated  forms.   A secondary goal is  to  determine whether com-
binations of  metal ions  and their  methyl  derivatives have  synergistic  mutagenic
effects.  Biochemical reactivity with  methylcobalamin (MEB-12) will  be  used as a
biomethylation index.   Use  of  ME-labeled MEG-12 will permit  us to ascertain which
other  metals  can  yield  stable  ME-metal  reaction  products.  Cultured  mammalian
cells, primarily  Chinese  hamster ovary lines, will be  used  for acute toxicity and
mutagenesis-assay   systems.   Toxicity  experiments  will  measure  metal-compound-
concentration  effects  on  cell  growth,  cell  viability,  and  the  incorporation of
radioactive precursors into macromolecules.   Metagenesis assays  will involve the
induced  resistance to two drugs  (8-azaguanine and ouabain),  markers which reflect
changes  in specific enzymes.  Trace metals are significant components  of the pollu-
tion  from most of the  energy technologies, but especially coal processing and coal
combustion.  It is  important to evaluate the influence of the valence  state and the
chemical form  of  some of these metals  on their in. vitro mutagenicity in mammalian
cells.
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Atmospheric
Transport
MAP3S
Multistate Atmospheric Power
Production Pollution Study

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ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT:
   MAP3S (Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study)
      EPA Project Officer


      Daniel Golomb
      FTS 426-4567
      OEMI
      Washington, D.C.
Program Description


      Transport and Transformation


      Modeling and Analysis--Development


      Data Management


      MAP3S Aircraft Operation


      Modeling Studies--Computer


      Precipitation Scavenging


      Boundary Layer Investigation


      Aerosol and Trace Gas Transport


      Research Aircraft Operations


      Field Studies—Mobile Laboratory


      Aerosol Characterization


      Program Coordination--MAP3S


                            ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT GRAND TOTAL
FY 1979
 Funds
  415 K


  165 K


  155 K


  191 K


  165 K


  520 K


  413 K


  227 K


  186 K


   52 K


   88 K


  118 K


2,695 K
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Program Description

     The Multistate  Atmospheric Power Production Pollution  Study (MAP3S),  coordi-
nated among  the DOE national  laboratories,  has  as  its goal  the  development  of an
improved  capability  for  the   regional  assessment  of the  effects of  pollutants
emitted during  the  conversion  and combustion of fossil fuels.  The program centers
on  the  emission effects  from  coal-fired power  plants in  relation to interacting
emissions from all other sources.

     These sources include:

          •    Sulfur oxides sulfites and sulfates.

          •    Nitrogen  oxides  and  their secondary  reaction products  (including
               oxidants).

          •    Hydrocarbons (including polycyclic organic matter).

          •    Trace inorganic elements

          •    Particulates (which may  contain  any  or all of the above  substances
               and elemental carbon or soot).

     The  primary objective  is  to  develop  and  demonstrate  an  improved,  verified
capability of numerically  simulating the present atmospheric conditions  and poten-
tial changes  that result  from pollutants released by  coal-fired power  production
processes.

     MAPSS-supported research emphasizes:

          •    Field experiments,  aimed at  improving the understanding  of atmos-
               pheric processes.

          •    Numerical  modeling,  directed  at simulating  atmospheric  processes.

          *    Characterization  of present air  quality,  using aircraft and surface
               measurements with substantial  cooperation from the SURE (EPRI-Sulfur
               Regional Experiment) project.

     The  results  will  be  used  in energy and environmental  planning and  will form
the basis  for answering  two  critical questions  concerning  coal  combustion  emis-
sions :

          •    Will  precipitation  acidity and atmospheric turbidity in  the United
               States increase as coal combustion increases?

          •    Can atmospheric  concentrations of particulate  sulfur be  reduced by
               decreasing sulfur oxide emissions?

     The MAP3S  study area  is  the high-population,  energy  intensive,  northeastern
United States,  upper midwest,  and areas directly influencing air quality in these
regions.
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     The program  will be  carried  out primarily through  the  personnel,  resources,
and expertise of  the  atmospheric sciences programs at Argonne  National  Laboratory
(ANL),  Brookhaven  National Laboratory (BNL), Battele Pacific Northwest  Laboratory
(PNL),  and  the  Health and  Safety  Laboratory  (HASL),  as  well as  other  national
laboratories and research organizations with applicable  experience.  Integration of
the various individual  efforts  into a cohesive program is  provided by the Project
Director:


               Dr. Michael C. MacCracken
               Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
               Livermore,  CA  94550
               FTS 532-1826


     To facilitate program information flow between the  participating organizations
and other  interested  parties, a MAP3S data management  center  has  been  created at
Brookhaven National Laboratory.   Processed data from this  program and information
gathered by other  air-quality programs are available at the center.  Additionally,
information on  the status  of MAP3S activities  and planning  efforts  are available
through a quarterly newsletter.   (Contact Dr. MacCracken at the  above address to be
put on the distribution list.)


     A  more  detailed  discussion of  the  program plans,  goals, and  objectives  is
presented  in  the  following  DOE  publication:   The  Multistate Atmospheric  Power
Production  Pollution  Study-Program   Plan  and   Addendum,   M.   C.   MacCracken,
DOE/EV-0008/1  and DOE/EV-0008/2,  Division of Biomedical  and Environmental Research,
U.S. Department of Energy.  January, 1978, (available through NTIS).
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Title:  Transport and Transformation (415 K)

PerformingOrganization:  Brookhaven National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Paul A. Michael, FTS 666-2264

Abstract:  This  program is  a  part of the  Multistate  Atmospheric  Power Production
Pollution Study (MAP3S).  This particular effort is aimed at obtaining experimental
results  to  (1) test  hypothesis used  in simulation models,  (2) develop  an under-
standing of mechanisms  so  that proper parameterization may  be  used in models, and
(3) provide data for the testing of integrated models.  In particular, measurements
will  be  made  of  the vertical and horizontal distributions of sulfates.  Studies of
the transformation  of  sulfur dioxide to sulfate will be made in the atmosphere and
there will be participation in large-scale field experiments.


Title:  Modeling and Analysis--Development  (165 K)

Performing Organization:  Brookhaven National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Ronald E. Meyers, FTS 666-2261

Abstract:  This project is  designed to perform five critical modeling and analysis
functions and one research-coordination function for the Division of Biomedical and
Environmental  Research  (DBER)  Multistate  Atmospheric Power Production  Pollution
Study  (MAP3S).  The modeling and analysis  functions  consist  of development of (1)
an  advanced  three-dimensional   eulerian-grid  pollution  model   treating  nonlinear
chemistry, long-distance transport  and diffusion of sulfur compounds, N0x> 0^, and

related  chemicals  on  the   regional  scale;  (2)  a  variational diagnostic  three-
dimensional meteorological  analysis model  capable  of  objectively  resolving inver-
sions  and  fronts  on   the  regional  and  subregional  scale;  (3)   advanced  plume-
laboratory reaction models  incorporating lumped chemistry and the major effects of
turbulence  mixing  upon  chemical  reactions; (4)  a  computer  link  from BNL  to the
National  Weather  Service  at Suitland,  MD, to  supply MAP3S with  timely meteoro-
logical data for experiments and modeling; and (5) the design of field experiments,
including establishment of aircraft data requirements and quality assurance such as
calibration flights and intercomparison programs, to  test and  further develop the
models.   In  addition,  R.  E.   Meyers  will  provide the  MAP3S   numerical  modeling
working  group  coordinating functions,  consisting  of chairmanship  of  the  MAP3S
modeling working group  and related duties.


Title:  Data Management (155 K)

Performing Organization:  Brookhaven National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  C.M. Benkovitz, FTS 666-4135

Abstract:  A  major  portion  of the MAP3S  program  is concerned with the collection,
evaluation, and  codification of  both newly-measured  and  selected historical data
that  pertain  to  the distribution and evolution of energy conversion-related pollu-
tants  over  the greater northeast.   The  initial  purpose is  to collect sufficient
reliable information  to assess  the extent  and  severity  of  the  present S0_/sulfate
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atmospheric burden over  the  region.   These data will provide preliminary objective
answers to questions on the spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric sulfate
aerosol and will supply preliminary estimates of the relative impacts of particular
source regions.   A continuing  purpose  is  to build a  readily-accessible  data  bank
(This  is  to include  supporting source inventory  and  meteorological information.)
against   which   submodel   parameterization   schemes   and,   eventually,   full-
parameterized,   regional-pollutant  transport and transformation simulations  can be
tested.  A  longer-range  goal will  be to provide baseline  air-quality data for the
greater northeast to which future assessments of regional atmospheric environmental
impacts attributable to new energy technologies may be referred.


Title:  MAP3S Aircraft Operation (191 K)

Performing Organization:   Brookhaven National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  R.W. Garber, FTS 666-3086

Abstract:   An  aircraft has  been leased to  carry  out research projects  which are
part of  the atmospheric  sciences programs at Brookhaven National  Laboratory (BNL).
The principal  use  for the aircraft  is  in  conjunction  with the MAP3S program.   The
aircraft  is being  set  up  for  atmospheric  sampling and  analysis.   Approximately
one-half  of its scheduled  flight  time will  be utilized  to  conduct routine MAP3S
observations,  including  horizontal  and  vertical atmospheric pollutant profiles and
regional  pollution  transport studies.  About  one-quarter of  its  scheduled flight
time will  be  utilized  for  plume  studies  which are part  of  MAP3S.   The  remaining
scheduled flight time will be used in cooperative atmospheric studies with aircraft
and  ground observation  teams  in  conjunction  with  organizations  outside  BNL but
which  are  part of the overall MAP3S program.  Flight time on this  aircraft will be
available  for   other  BNL atmospheric  programs on  a cost-recoverable  basis.   For
certain portions  of  the  MAP3S program and for other atmospheric sciences  programs,
utilization of a  second  aircraft is necessary.  Additional aircraft will  be rented
as  required and  outfitted  with  conveniently-installed equipment  suited  to  the
purposes of the experiments.


Title:  Modeling Studies—Computer (165 K)

Performing Organization:   Pacific Northwest Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  R.L. Drake, FTS 444-7511 (ask for 946-2961)

Abstract:   The primary purpose  of this program is to develop and  exercise  a  com-
puter  model  to evaluate  the impact over a multistate region of an increased atmos-
pheric burden  of  SO-  and sulfate particulates  due  to  various strategies  involving

the burning of coal to produce  electrical  power.   The model is to  be  composed of
the most  technically  and economically appropriate methods available for describing
transport,  dispersion,  transformation,  dry  deposition,  and precipitation  scav-
enging.   For  a more  realistic  simulation  of  precipitation scavenging beyond the
application of climatological mean rainfall to average  concentration data,  a  com-
prehensive  series of  tests  using meteorological data and  improved  emission source
data will  be  conducted  to  validate  the  model formulations  by comparison of  pre-
dicted  results to  observed  ambient air  quality  measurements.  Also, calculated
rainfall acidity will be compared to MAP3S chemistry network data.


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Title:  Precipitation Scavenging (520 K)

Performing Organization:  Pacific Northwest Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  J.M. Hales, FTS 444-7511 (ask for 946-2861)

Abstract:  This  program provides  the  field data  and the mechanistic  information
necessary for  formulating  a  quantitative understanding of precipitation scavenging
of pollutants from the atmosphere, and also the precipitation chemistry that occurs
as a  result  of these scavenging processes.  This information is intended to facil-
itate  the development  of prognostic,  regional pollution  models,  which will  be
applied  to  assess and  optimize  the development of energy resources  in  the United
States.   This  program maintains  a precipitation chemistry  network in  the  north-
eastern quadrant  of  the U.S.,  which supplies data that is directly useful to model
development  and  impact analysis.   The  program  also  is  operating  a  comprehensive
field  study  of selected  storm systems to  evaluate quantitatively  pertinent scav-
enging processes, so  that  these may be  incorporated  realistically  into  predictive
models.  Extensive use of research aircraft measurements  (state, cloud-physics, and
pollutant variables)  as  well as tracer releases and  ground  precipitation sampling
networks are used on these studies.


Title:  Boundary Layer Investigation (413 K)

Performing Organization:  Argonne National Laboratory

Principal Investigation:  Bruce B. Hicks, FTS 972-5792

Abstract:  The Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study (MAP3S) is a
research  program coordinated  among the  National Laboratories with  the goal  of
developing an  improved capability  for  the  regional  assessment of  the  effects of
pollutants emitted  during  the conversion  and  combustion of  fossil fuels.   As  a
contribution to  the joint effort, this  section has  initiated a number of inter-
acting experimental and  numerical modeling subprograms,  including an investigation
of  the behavior  of pollutants  in the  planetary  boundary layer,  applications of
remote-sensing techniques  to  the  problems of MAP3S, the  development of numerical
simulations  of the  transport,  dispersion,  conversion,  and  removal of atmospheric
pollutants,  and  the direct  measurement of  various  pollutant   fluxes  to vegetated
surfaces.


Title:  Aerosol and Trace Gas Transport (227 K)

Performing Organization:  Pacific Northwest Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  A.G. Alkezweeny, FTS 942-2861

Abstract:  This program is addressed to the task of providing input—in the form of
quantitative transformation parameterizations--to evolving models of regional-scale
pollution behavior.   The research  program is  focused on the MAP3S study area and
its output is directly specifically toward the MAP3S modeling effort.  This program
involves  extensive   field  studies of  pollutant  transformation phenomena,  using
instrumented research aircraft.  Data obtained from these experiments are processed
using numerical models of atmospheric diffusion and chemical transformation.


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Title:  Research Aircraft Operations (186 K)

Performing Organization:  Pacific Northwest Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  P.M. Potter, FTS 942-2861

Abstract:  The purpose  of  this program is to provide technical support in the form
of  research  aircraft  for  on-going  DOE-DBER  atmospheric  research programs.   The
aircraft provide  aerial platforms  for atmospheric sampling of  aerosols  and trace
gases, measurements  of airborne  pollutants and for the release of  special  tracer
materials.   Aircraft  support is required for  the  following  programs:   atmospheric
boundary layer studies, urban pollutant characterization, transport and deposition,
precipitation scavenging in MAP3S, aerosol and trace gas transformation, and  resus-
pension and translocation.


Title:  Field Studies—Mobile Laboratory (52 K)

Performing Organization:  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  T. Novakov, FTS 451-5319

Abstract:  This project consists of two interrelated components: (1) characteriza-
tion  and behavior of aerosol  formed under  nonphotochemical  atmospheric conditions
and  (2)  participation  and  collaboration  with  other MAP3S  investigators  on  the
chemical characterization of particulates.  The first component of the project will
be  carried  out in  the greater  San  Francisco Bay area with the objective of com-
paring the aerosol  chemical  composition and behavior during winter months when the
photochemical  oxidant  levels  are  low  or negligible, with those that  exist  in the
summer when  the  manifestations  of  atmospheric  photochemistry  are  strongest.   A
detailed  comparison  of the  chemical composition  of  aerosols  sampled  under these
extreme  situations  should  yield  those species  that  are exclusively  generated  by
photochemical  processes.   These  studies  will be  performed  by our  newly equipped
mobile atmospheric research laboratory.  The samples collected in this program will
be made available to other MAP3S investigators.  The mobile laboratory will also be
made  available to other MAP3S groups  for  installing specific  sampling  and moni-
toring devices that they may  have.  The second component of  the  program will in-
volve chemical characterization of MAP3S samples with physical methods that  are at
our disposal, for the purposes of intermethod comparison.


Title:  Aerosol Characterization  (88 K)

Performing Organization:  Argonne National Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  F.A. Cafasso,  FTS 972-4542

Abstract:  Accurate assessment of the  problems associated with the emission  to the
atmosphere of  power production  pollutants  and  their eventual dispersal  on a re-
gional scale requires  the development  of a comprehensive data  base.   A  data base
covering  an  extensive  region,  such  as the northeastern United  States, can  be put
together, utilizing  information  from  a variety  of  national,  local,  and regional
governmental sources,  including pollution  monitoring  facilities operated by power
companies and other industrial and commercial concerns, and other sources  as  may be


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available.  An important  input  for this data base  that  is not presently available
from these sources  is  the detailed nature of the  chemical (molecular) composition
of atmospheric aerosols.  This program will provide for the collection and chemical
(molecular)  characterization  of  size—and  time--classified  atmospheric  aerosol
samples obtained at  a  few (probably 3-4) selected sites in the northeastern United
States.  Specific attention  will be given to the  amount  of sulfate present in the
collected aerosol and the degree of acidity associated therewith.


Title:  Program Coordination--MAP3S (118 K)

Performing Organization:  Lawrence Livermore Laboratory

Principal Investigator:  Michael C. MacCracken,  FTS 532-1826

Abstract:  The goal  of the MAP3S program  over  the next 3 years  is  to improve the
understanding  of temporal  and  spatial  relationships  between ambient  levels and
emissions from utilities  in  order to develop the capability to simulate more accu-
rately the changes  in  pollutant concentration and nature, precipitation chemistry,
and atmospheric  behavior  relevant to understanding and evaluating human health and
ecological effects  which  would result  from  alternative  strategies  of generating
power  with fossil  fuel in  the  northeastern  United  States.   The program  will  be
carried  out  primarily  through  the personnel,  the  resources,  and the expertise  of
the atmospheric  sciences  programs at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Brookhaven
National  Laboratory (BNL),  Battelle Pacific Northwest  Laboratory  (PNL),  and the
Health and  Safety Laboratory  (HASL).   In addition to the  national laboratories,
other  research groups  funded by DBER will also be involved.  This specific project
provides  funding support  for  the  MAP3S  project  director  who  is  to  provide the
program  leadership  to  integrate the individual efforts  into a  cohesive program.
The project  director  is  to  provide  for the interface of  this  project with other
related  studies  and  to represent this project to other agencies and organizations.
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