i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Research and
Development
February 1979
Energy, Minerals and Industry
DOE Program Transfer
Abstracts of
Fossil Fuel Related
Health and
Environmental Effects
Research Projects
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
J
0 0 3 5
DOE Program Transfer
Abstracts of
Fossil Fuel Related
Health and Environmental
Effects Research Projects
Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
U.S. Envlronnmntal Protection
Library, Poonj 2404 PM-211-A
401 M Street, S.ff.
Washington, DC 80460
February, 1979
. _. *-» iieaujuauers
Mail cede 32C1
130 Pennsylvania Avenue
DC 20460
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
FOREWORD
The Interagency Energy/Environment R&D Program was inaugurated in FY 1975 for
energy-related environmental research and development. The Interagency Program is
planned and coordinated by the Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry but is
implemented through interoffice and interagency resource transfers throughout the
entire Office of Research and Development and between the EPA and 17 other Federal
agencies and departments.
In accordance with the President's FY 1979 budget, there has been a program
transfer of approximately $14 million of fossil energy-related environmental and
health effects research projects from the Department of Energy (DOE) to the En-
vironmental Protection Agency (EPA). The intent of this transfer, which was con-
curred with by Congress, is to consolidate and improve the overall Federal effort
in determining the health and environmental impacts of energy development.
The research areas and their associated FY 1979 funding that have been trans-
ferred to EPA consist of the following:
• Ecological Effects -- $3,984 K
» Health Effects — $7,208 K
* Atmospheric Transport -- $2,695 K
The purpose of this document is to present a description of the projects and
funding involved in the DOE to EPA transfer. To this end, all pertinent project
information has been included. The report is organized into three major sections
corresponding to the research areas listed above. Project information includes
project titles, applicable funding, designated EPA project officer, performing
organization, principal investigator and phone number, and abstract.
Of special note is the Atmospheric Transport section which consists of the
Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study (MAP3S). Due to the
uniqueness of this study, a program description is included which gives an overview
of the goals and objectives of MAP3S.
For additional information on the entire program, contact:
Clinton W. Hall (Director) or
William Frietsch (Deputy Director)
Energy Coordination Staff
Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry
Washington, D.C. 20460
FTS 426-4567
Following is a list of the performing organizations involved in the transfer
and their addresses:
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
1
I
1
1
I
1
•1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) •
P.O. Box 999 I
Richland, Washington 99352 1
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) •
Upton, New York 11973 I
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) 1
University of California •
Berkeley, California 94720 I
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) I
University of California I
Livermore, California 94550 I
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) I
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 I
U.S. Department of Agriculture I
Plant Stress Laboratory 1
Agricultural Research Center 1
Beltsville, Maryland 20705 1
Boston University 1
Department of Biology 1
881 Commonwealth Avenue 1
Boston, Massachusetts 02215 1
Boyce Thompson Institute 1
Environmental Biology 1
1086 North Broadway I
Yonkers, New York 10701 •
University of California - Davis •
Energy Related Health Research Laboratory •
Davis, California 95616 I
University of Georgia •
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory •
Savannah River Plant I
Drawer E •
Aiken, South Carolina 29801 I
University of Rochester •
Radiation Biology and Biophysics Department 1
Rochester, New York 14642 1
University of Tennessee (UT-CARL) 1
Comparative Animal Research Laboratory 1
1299 Bethel Valley Road •
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 •
Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute (ITRI) •
P.O. Box 5890 •
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87115 I
ii I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
H Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU)
Marmoset Research Center
P.O. Box 117
• Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
New York University
•College of Medicine
Department of Environmental Medicine
New York, New York 10016
^1 University of Washington
™ College of Arts and Sciences
Department of Oceanography
• Seattle, Washington 98195
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
111
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
FY 1979
Funds Page
I
I
I
I
I
I
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS 3,984 K 2
• Terrestrial Effects 4
Combustion Pollutant Stress on Terrestrial Ecosystems 4
• Marine Effects 7
Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment 7
Marine Effects of Biocides 9
• Freshwater Effects 10
Ecosystem Analysis 13
HEALTH EFFECTS 7,208 K 15
• Biological Effects of Coal Combustion Pollutants 17
Pulmonary Deposition of Coal Dusts 21
™ Carcinogenic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 22
•| Fundamental Research in Biological Test Systems 23
_ ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT: 2,695 K 34
• MAP3S (Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study)
Program Description 35
GRAND TOTAL 13,887 K
I
I
I
IV
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
Ecological
Effects
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
«
™
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
•••r
I
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
FY 1979
EPA Project Officer Funds
Alfred A. Galli
FTS 426-4567
OEMI
Washington, D.C.
Terrestrial Effects
Combustion Pollutant Stress on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Effects of Chronic SO^ Exposure on Economically Important
Crops in Midwest 232 K
Effects of Acid Rain on Northeast Forests 258 K
Effects of Episodic Fluctuations in S0? Concentrations
in Presence or Absence of Ozone 131 K
Effects of SO. and N0» on Vegetation in Four Different
Areas 176 K
Theoretical Approach to Assessment of Pollutant Stress
on Plant Function 405 K
Agriculture — Absorption by Vegetation 48 K
Terrestrial Subtotal 1,250 K
Marine Effects
Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment
Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Behavior of Marine
Organisms 90 K
Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
—Puget Sound 83 K
Long-Term Hydrocarbon Effects on Organisms and Communities
in NW Coastal Ecosystems 165 K
Fate and Effects of Hydrocarbons in California Coastal
Environment 83 K
Natural Hydrocarbon Distribution in Puget Sound 170 K
Effects of Sublethal Levels of Oil on Behavior and
Chemo reception of Aquatic Animals 66 K
2
I
Page •
1
I
1
1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 I
5 1
5 I
1
6 •
6 I
7 1
7 •
1
7 •
1
7 •
8 1
8 1
8 1
1
9 •
1
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
• ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS (Continued) FY 1979
Funds Page
^1 Marine Effects of Biocides 9
Toxicant Formation in Condenser Cooling Systems 207 K 9
• Marine Subtotal 864 K
^1 Freshwater Effects 10
_ Long-term Input of Mortality on Fishery Population and Yield 109 K 10
I
I
Nature and Quantity of Pollutants Reaching Aquatic Environment
From Coal Combustion 258 K 10
Ecosystem Resilience 186 K 11
Great Lakes Pollutant Transport Processes 431 K 11
Great Lakes Pollutant Transport Processes 179 K 12
fl| Great Lakes Biological Effects of Energy-Related Pollutants 397 K 12
Great Lakes Research Vessel Support 52 K 12
H Freshwater Subtotal 1,612 K
II Ecosystem Analysis 13
I
Methodology for Collecting and Interpreting Ecological
Data 258 K 13
Ecosystem Analysis Subtotal 258 K
I
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS GRAND TOTAL 3,984 K
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Terrestrial Effects
Combustion Pollutant Stress on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Title: Effects of Chronic S0« Exposure on Economically Important Crops in Midwest
(232 K)
I
I
I
I
Performing Organization: Argonne National Laboratory
B Principal Investigator: Joseph Miller, FTS 972-4206
•Abstract: Although damage to crop plants in certain industrialized regions is well
documented (primarily as the result of acute episodes of SCL exposure), much less
is known with regard to chronic, long-term exposures at concentrations of the order
11-10 pphm which frequently occur. The primary emphasis of these studies is to
determine the effects of such chronic exposure to SCL on the growth and yield of
economically important crop plants common to the midwest. An open air fumigation
• system will be utilized to treat uniform plots of soybeans with 0, 2, 5, and 10
PPHM of SCL regularly throughout the growing season. Effects of this chronic
exposure on crop morphology, development, physiology, and yield, plus the nutrient
I and elemental composition of individual plants, will be studied. Actual flux rates
of SCL into the plant canopy will be obtained by measuring SCL profiles in both the
treated plots and in untreated regions several hundred meters downwind. In addi-
•tion, growth chamber studies will be carried out to evaluate the relationships
between the absorbed dose (uptake) and response under controlled conditions.
Stomatal diffusion resistances of test plants and other physiological and environ-
I mental variables will be monitored closely as quantitative indicators of stress and
in order to make possible objective comparisons of field and chamber results.
Title: Effects of Acid Rain on Northeast Forests (258 K)
Performing Organization: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: George R. Hendrey, FTS 666-3262
Abstract: There is evidence that acid rainfall and acid particulates as by-
products of energy-related activities are imposing a considerable stress on eco-
systems in the northeastern region of the United States. Forest ecosystems of Long
Island are particularly sensitive as they have poorly buffered soils. Acid rain
can have effects both on the vegetation and on the soil. Changes in pH of stem-
flow and through fall can change the nutrient flux from vegetation to the soil and
influence the growth of bark-living and leaf-surface organisms. Changes in soil
chemistry will result in changes in microbial activities. These changes in turn
affect the rates of mineralization and nitrification and of other processes.
Decreases in the rates of these processes will have a direct effect on nutrient
levels in the soil and therefore upon the productivity of plant and animal life.
To begin to understand the effects of acid rain and acid precipitation on plant
species of the forest, a laboratory program has been established. Experiments are
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
HI focused to (1) measure effects of acid rain and acid precipitation on foilage at
acute and protracted dose rates, (2) establish visual and histological responses
•after exposure to both acid rain and acid precipitation, (3) set threshold limits
of acid rain and acid aerosols that plants can withstand with no visual or ana-
tomical malfunctions and no growth inhibition, (4) follow rates of nitrate and
sulfate accumulation after exposure to compare with injury responses, and (5)
•determine effects on leaf surfaces by use of scanning electron microscopy and the
leaching of elements through increased cell permeability.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Effects of Episodic Fluctuations in SO Concentrations in Presence or
Absence of Ozone (131 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: W.F. Harris, III, FTS 624-7444
Abstract: This project examines the influence of dosage kinetics on plant response
•to individual and combined exposures with sulfur dioxide, ozone, and acidified
precipitation. With gaseous pollutants, emphasis is being placed on determining
the role of episodic fluctuations in S0? concentrations in the presence or absence
•of ozone. Both single and multiple exposures are being conducted to explore the
role of exposure history on plant response. Concentrations of S02 being utilized
are at or below the current secondary NAAQS (3-H avg more or less 0.50 ppm). Plant
•response is being measured in terms of both altered rates of physiological pro-
cesses (photosynthesis and transpiration) and plant growth and yield. Experiments
with simulated acid rain are examining both the range of responses produced by high
(pH 3.2) acidity levels and the influence of lower dosage levels, as determined by
H rainfall acidity and frequency. In addition to gas exchange processes and altered
•• plant growth and yield, effects on root modulation, weathering of leaf surface
waxes, leaf wettability and reflectance are being examined. Initial experiments
•are being conducted with kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with additional species
(yellow poplar, white oak, and shortleaf pine) to be included ultimately.
Title: Effects of S02 and NO on Vegetation in Four Different Areas (176 K)
Performing Organization: Boyce Thompson Institute
Principal Investigator: Dr. Leonard H. Weinstein, 914-965-0390
Abstract: Research is proposed for a study of the effects of SO- and NO- on vege-
tation in four different but integrated areas. These areas of research, which
include both basic and applied aspects, are (1) the route and rate of uptake and
metabolic transformation of SO in plants, (2) the effect of SO on the plant as it
affects its suitability as a host for plant diseases, (3) the effect of SO. on
secondary products of plant metabolism and the relation of these changes to the
susceptibility of the plant to invasion by insects, and (4) the effect of NO,, on
the phytotoxicity of S0? with respect to leaf lesions and yield. These investiga-
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
Title: Theoretical Approach to Assessment of Pollutant Stress on Plant Function
(405 K)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
tions will utilize various cultivars or hybrid lines of plant species of economic
importance (conifers, corn, soybeans, wheat). Benefits realized from these studies
will include a broad data base on both direct and indirect effects of S0_ in plants
and how they are affected by NO . This kind of information will be very useful to
assess the impacts of fossil-fueled power generators on agriculture and forestry.
Performing Organization: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Joseph H. Shinn, FTS 532-6806
Abstract: A combination experimental and theoretical approach to the assessment of
environmental stress on plant function in the ecosystem is described. The approach
ultimately relies on validated theoretical process models supplemented by empirical
models where theoretical conceptualization of environment x plant interactions is
weak or lacking. Experimental equipment and systems have been developed to provide
the necessary data base. These methods are currently being utilized in a study of
air pollution stress effects on ponderosa pine in the San Bernardino Mountains of
California.
Title: Absorption by Vegetation (48 K)
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Principal Investigator: Dr. Jesse H. Bennett, 301-344-3143
Abstract: This is a proposal to conduct basic research into physiological effects
of S0? and N0_ and various pollutant combinations on crop plants. The primary
purpose is to assess the foliar absorption rates and to determine minimum doses
that can inhibit photosynthesis and alter plant growth without causing visible
injury. Some experiments will be directed toward assessing the possible fertility
value of low exposure doses of these pollutants on S/N deficient plants. Use of
radioactive tracer techniques is anticipated in the research with sulfur dioxide.
Varieties varying in tolerance to SO- and NO- will be used in some of the studies.
Plants will be grown and fumigated in controlled environments which will be moni-
tored with respect to temperature, humidity, light, wind, and carbon dioxide and
pollutant content.
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Marine Effects
Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment
Title: Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Behavior of Marine Organisms (90 K)
Performing Organization: Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Charles I. Gibson, 206-683-4151
I
Abstract: The basic aim of the research is to observe and describe patterns of
•behavior in marine organisms as related to life habits and environmental require-
ments. Once established, the various strategies possessed by the organism to deal
with the total range of selected environmental factors can be identified, including
those levels which may be stressful. Such understanding of behavior under natural
•conditions may be used to design experiments in the laboratory, with the formula-
tion of questions and interpretation of results derived from and related to the
field observations of natural behaviors. From these findings the effect of man-
I induced perturbations may be predicted, with the highest probability of predictive
success on those which approximate natural stresses. Based on findings to date,
the research will center on defining comprehensively the natural flexibility of
behavioral patterns expressed under various environmental regimes.
Title: Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems--Puget Sound (83 K)
Performing Organization: Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Principal Investigator: J.R. Vanderhorst, 206-683-4151
Abstract: Production and transport of petroleum in the coastal and inland waters
of the Pacific Northwest is in the process of a dramatic increase due to completion
of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, present and anticipated offshore oil leases in
Alaska, and exploration of offshore leasing activities on the Oregon and Washington
coasts. These activities will result in a significant increase in the petroleum
hydrocarbon content of the marine ecosystems. The objectives in this program are
to identify potential population and community response parameters and provide
estimates of changes in these parameters in the field. Emphasis is placed on
identification of parameters for which statistically valid estimates can be made at
specific field sites in proximity to petroleum industry operations. This is being
accomplished by field sampling, field manipulative studies, development of pro-
cedures for indirect estimation of population vital statistics, and by manipulation
of statistical design. Laboratory experiments are being conducted to define the
relative magnitude of change which may be expected in parameters from specified
inputs of petroleum hydrocarbons. At present, these studies are examining the
response of marine intertidal communities and populations of clams to chronic
low-concentration contamination by petroleum.
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Long-Term Hydrocarbon Effects on Organisms and Communities in NW Coastal
Ecosystems (165 K)
• Performing Organization: Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Principal Investigator: D.R. Anderson, FTS 444-7511 (ask for 946-2934)
I
Abstract: This research program has been designed to provide data necessary to
access effects of long-term exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons on selected organ-
isms and communities from the northwest U.S. coastal ecosystems. The types of
studies in progress include long-term lab exposure of cultures of selected species
to sublethal levels of the aqueous phase of Prudhoe Crude Oil (PBC), exposure of
organisms in field or laboratory to sediments contaminated with hydrocarbons in
varying degrees, and in situ depuration studies on rates of release of hydrocarbons
from both sediment and organisms previously contaminated and, at the same time,
monitoring of the recruitment rate of benthic organisms in these sediments. The
program closely integrates analytical expertise of the environmental chemistry
section with experimental approaches of marine biologists in the marine sciences
section. While utilizing state-of-the-art techniques, development is taking place
to produce better analytical methods and experimental approaches to more closely
define the transport of hydrocarbons and their effects under natural conditions.
Title: Fate and Effects of Hydrocarbons in California Coastal Environment (83 K)
Performing Organization: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Robert B. Spies, FTS 532-5792
Abstract: This marine science activity investigates the fate and effects of
petroleum hydrocarbons on the California coastal environment. It responds to
increased offshore oil drilling in southern California, particularly the Santa
Barbara Channel. It is designated to complement the B.L.M. study of the entire
southern California bight. By focusing attention on ecological phenomena around a
natural oil seep, hydrocarbon effects and processes can be realistically studied
that would be anticipated by increased oil pollution in the Santa Barbara Channel.
For the past 2 years, we have been studying faunal communities living in the
well-oiled sediments of the seep and a nearby control area. The new study will
answer questions raised by the baseline study. These include possible adaptation
of communities to chronic oil pollution; fractionation of hydrocarbons among sedi-
ments, water, and organisms; and trophic transfer of hydrocarbons from sediments to
organisms. Therefore, this project represents a significant redirection of the
former effort supported by EPA passthrough funding.
*
Title: Natural Hydrocarbon Distribution in Puget Sound (170 K)
Performing Organization: University of Washington
Principal Investigator: Dr. Roy Carpenter, 206-543-8535
Abstract: Seasonal samplings of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and neuston are being
made in a number of areas within Puget Sound and off the west coast of Washington
State north of the Columbia River. The samples are being subjected to solvent
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
1
1
I
I
1
I
1
1
I
1
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
extraction to remove the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, which are then being
characterized by gas chromatography, UV fluorescence spectroscopy, and high pres-
sure liquid chromatography. Selected samples are being analyzed by combined gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry and/or by having 14C and 13C/12C ratios deter-
mined. The purpose of these measurements is to establish the natural distribution
of hydrocarbons in local marine organisms and sediments and to determine the extent
to which they may be already contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons from chronic
oil spills. Some of the regions being sampled are in comparatively remote areas
which are unlikely to have received significant oil pollution while other samples
come from areas near petroleum refineries or along tanker routes where spills are
more likely. In addition to the organisms, cores of sediment are being collected
and analyzed in a similar manner. With the lead-210 technique, we are also deter-
mining sediment accumulation rates in these cores over the last 100 years. We are
thus determining profiles of changes in hydrocarbons types and amounts during the
last 100 years.
Title: Effects of Sublethal Levels of Oil on Behavior and Chemoreception of
Aquatic Animals (66 K)
Performing Organization: Boston University
Principal Investigator: Dr. Jelle Atema, 617-353-2442
Abstract: Studies will be made of the effects of temperature and of petroleum
hydrocarbon fractions on the behavioral responses of catfish, lobsters, and marine
snails. Heat shock studies on catfish at different acclimation temperatures have
led to the hypothesis that temperature affects the fish's hormone level. Elevated
hormone levels result in formation of breeding territories which are based on male
aggression. Abnormal levels of aggression appear to be the result of both
abnormally high temperatures and abnormally crowded conditions. The investigator
proposes to separate the two parameters in a naturalistic study where crowding will
not be a determining factor. A model is proposed to determine the mechanisms by
which petroleum hydrocarbons interfere with marine animal behavior which predicts
that specific compounds or classes of compounds will cause specific behavioral
changes. Some of these changes will be mediated via chemoreceptors, either as
perceived compounds confusing the natural chemical environment or as blocking
compounds damaging receptor structures.
Marine Effects of Biocides
Title: Toxicant Formation in Condenser Cooling Systems (207 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: R.W. Brocksen, FTS 624-7399
Abstract: The overall goal of this research is development of the ability to
predict the environmental effects of toxicants resulting from efficient operation
of condenser cooling systems . The research in progress involves chlorine optimi-
zation for which two criteria are important: (]) Determination of the minimum dose
requirements needed to control fouling and (2) estimation of the environmental
9
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
1
I
I
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
effects of releases at that level. Steps toward the first goal above have been
initiated using data from operating power plants in the Southeast and Michigan.
These data will be supplemented as required by research studies both in the labora-
tory and in situ, using the important fouling communities which are identified.
Efforts toward the second goal have begun to identify and quantify the important
chlorine reaction products (both residual chlorine and chlorinated organics) pro-
duced under various field conditions. Toxicity of these products at realistic
dose-time combinations will be estimated using carp eggs, daphnia, and fathead
minnows, among others. Acute and chronic toxicity as well as bioaccumulation will
all receive some emphasis. Results will be important in making decisions regarding
optimum design and operation of power plants.
Freshwater Effects
Title: Long-Term Input of Mortality on Fishery Population and Yield (109 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: R.W. Brocksen, FTS 624-7399
Abstract: The objective of this research program is to develop and apply modeling
and statistical methodologies for fish populations that will be of value (a) in
evaluating the consequences of manmade stresses, (b) in placing previously qualita-
tive statements into a quantitative framework, and (c) in defining issues where
field and laboratory research are essential for more accurate estimates of impacts.
The methodologies will be sufficiently flexible so as to be applicable to more than
one site and one fish species. Two interrelated approaches are used in our com-
puter simulation modeling of fish populations. First, a population transport model
is developed and applied in cases where it is important to consider spatial phenom-
ena in addition to temporal phenomena. Second, an age-dependent, life-cycle popu-
lation model is developed and applied to estimate the long-term impact of increased
mortality on the size and age structure of the total population and, where appro-
priate, on the yield to the fishery.
Title: Nature and Quantity of Pollutants Reaching Aquatic Environment From Coal
Combustion (258 K)
Performing Organization: Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Principal Investigator: D.R. Anderson, FTS 444-7511 (ask for 946-2934)
Abstract: The objective of our present research is to obtain predictive infor-
mation on potential impacts of coal combustion and coal conversion (i.e., solvent
refining) on water quality and aquatic biota. Essentially, we are attempting to
identify the byproducts that reach aquatic environments, determine which ones occur
in greatest concentrations, assess their potential for adverse impacts, and quan-
tify the direct and indirect effects that can result. Categories of potentially
adverse toxicants include heavy metals, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic
compounds, basic hydrocarbons, and various trace elements. Our program consists of
10
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
five interrelated projects: (1) assessment of current state-of-the-art, (2) site
surveys of western coal-fired plants, (3) laboratory studies of selected effluent
constituents, (A) studies of developing technologies (SRC), and (5) sublethal
effects (behavioral, physiological) of coal effluents on freshwater biota.
Title: Ecosystem Resilience (186 K)
Performing Organization: University of Georgia at Athens
Principal Investigator: Dr. Michael H. Smith, FTS 239-2959
Abstract: The objective of this program is to address questions related to the
response of environment systems to stress. In particular, which characteristics of
ecosystems or populatons are most vulnerable, resistant, and have the most rapid
recovery rate following ecological disturbance? These questions are of vital
importance during the present period of escalating energy demands as all power
generating facilities will produce thermal or other environmental stresses. At
SREL we have studied long- and short-term effects of thermal stress in both field
and laboratory conditions. We will continue to focus on aquatic ecosystems and
species populations. The development of a capability to direct and control heated
effluent from a thermal canal to a natural creek will expand our field experi-
mentation opportunities. This experiment will concentrate on plant and animal
populations normally occurring in the stream. The program will be set up to es-
tablish prealteration conditions of selected parameters for later comparison with
control and altered portions of the system.
I
Title: Great Lakes Pollutant Transport Processes (431 K)
Performing Organization: Argonne National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Paul Frenzen, FTS 972-4143
Abstract: This program examines the role of the principal physical transport
processes which combine to define the average pathways followed by energy-related
pollutants in the Great Lakes. These mechanisms include (a) wet and dry deposition
at the air-water interface, (b) resuspension and redistribution of sediments on the
bottom, and (c) large-scale mixing associated with wind-driven upwelling circula-
tions. Field experiments are conducted to obtain data sets sufficient to test
available models of these mechanisms, the goal being to develop quantitative infor-
mation on the average pathways followed by pollutant material as they move from
atmospheric or stream inputs, through the water column to the sediments. Dry and
wet deposition data are collected at the air-water interface by equipment mounted
on spar buoys in the open lake; sediment resuspension studies are conducted in the
lower boundary layer by suitable instruments near the bottom. Existing models of
these transport and mixing mechanisms will be tested and modified as required to
obtain realistic simulations of the average pollutant pathways in the Great Lakes.
11
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Great Lakes Pollutant Transport Processes (179 K)
Performing Organization: Argonne National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Paul Frenzen, FTS 972-4143
Abstract: This program examines the role of the principal physical transport
processes which combine to define the average pathways followed by energy-related
pollutants in the Great Lakes. These mechanisms include (a) wet and dry deposition
at the air-water interface, (b) resuspension and redistribution of sediments on the
bottom, and (c) large-scale mixing associated with wind-driven upwelling circula-
tions. Field experiments are conducted to obtain data sets sufficient to test
available models of these mechanisms, the goal being to develop quantitative infor-
mation on the average pathways followed by pollutant material as they move from
atmospheric or stream inputs, through the water column to the sediments. Dry and
wet deposition data are collected at the air-water interface by equipment mounted
on spar buoys in the open lake; sediment resuspension studies are conducted in the
lower boundary layer by suitable instruments near the bottom. Existing models of
these transport and mixing mechanisms will be tested and modified as required to
obtain realistic simulations of the average pollutant pathways in the Great Lakes.
Title: Great Lakes Biological Effects of Energy-Related Pollutants (397 K)
Performing Organization: Argonne National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Paul Frenzen, FTS 972-4143
Abstract: Field investigations which represent a major portion of the Great Lakes
research program require the periodic use of research vessels for sampling and
other in situ experimental activities. These vessels are required to be equipped
for deep-water limnological studies and must be capable of operating in the open
lakes. Up to now, ship-time has been leased from other midwestern research groups.
This situation will be changed in FY 1978 since ANL will have used FY 1977 equip-
ment funds to purchase a 50-foot fast work boat equipped for lakewide research
activities. The vessel will be based relatively near ANL, will be operated in all
seasons of the year, and will be able to accommodate most of the activities in
progress or planned for the Great Lakes research program. The total costs of
operating, maintaining, and staffing this vessel will not be unlike those incurred
in chartering larger vessels from other organizations. However, since the use-
factor of a vessel based near ANL and available on short notice year-around will be
greater, daily costs will be correspondingly lower.
Title: Great Lakes Research Vessel Support (52 K)
Performing Organization: Argonne National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Paul Frenzen, FTS 972-4143
Abstract: Field investigations which represent a major portion of the Great Lakes
research program require the periodic use of research vessels for sampling and
other in situ experimental activities. These vessels are required to be equipped
for deep-water limnological studies and must be capable of operating in the open
12
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
lakes. Since up to now ANL has not owned such a vessel, ship-time has been leased
from other midwestern research groups who are so equipped. This situation will be
changed in FY 1978 since ANL will have used FY 1977 equipment funds to purchase a
50-foot fast work boat equipped for lakewide research activities. The vessel will
be based relatively near to ANL, will be operated in all seasons of the year, and
will be able to accommodate most of the activities in progress or planned for the
Great Lakes research program. The total costs of operating, maintaining, and
staffing this vessel will not be unlike those incurred in chartering larger vessels
from other organizations. However, since the use-factor of a vessel based near to
ANL and available on short notice year-around will be greater, daily costs will be
correspondingly lower.
Ecosystem Analysis
Title: Methodology for Collecting and Interpreting Ecological Data (258 K)
Performing Organization: Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Principal Investigator: L.L. Eberhart, FTS 942-3251
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to provide improved quantitative method-
ology for the description and interpretation of ecological data and to provide a
suitable analytical framework for field and laboratory research activities. The
problems dealt with include (l) design of sampling programs, (2) experimental
design, (3) structuring of computer simulation models, (4) formulation of methods
of estimation, (5) hypothesis testing, and (6) analyses of relevant data. Justi-
fication for the project rests on the crucial need for improved quantitative
methods in ecology. To be truly effective, such methodology must encompass sam-
pling, statistical methods, modeling, and real data without undue emphasis on any
one aspect. The increased scope of impact evaluation problems which need to be
addressed has led us to include questions having to do with the assessment of
abundance of natural populations in the vicinity or region of energy related activ-
ities as a part of this project.
13
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Health
Effects
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
^^v
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
HEALTH EFFECTS
EPA Project Officer
Gerald J. Rausa
FTS 426-4567
OEMI
Washington, D.C.
Biological Effects of Coal Combustion Pollutants
Pathology of Respiratory Epithelium
Cocarcinogenesis in Hamsters
Cocarcinogenesis in Mice
Respiratory Toxicology
Carcinogenesis Screening-Respiratory Toxicology
Cellular (in vivo) and Biochemical Changes
Lung Clearance Mechanisms
Acute-Chronic Loss of Lung Function
Interspecies Transport and Fate as Function of Age
Multispecies Metabolic Transport Models
Subtotal
Pulmonary Deposition of Coal Dusts
Deposition, Transposition, and Fate of Associated
Components
Lung Deposition and Transport Modeling
Subtotal
Carcinogenic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Ultrastructural Changes - Lung Epithelium
Effects on Tracheal Implant Cultures
Carcinogenesis and Cocarcinogenesis Dose/Effect
Subtotal
15
FY 1979
Funds Page
17
94 K 17
104 K 17
94 K 17
139 K 18
248 K 18
62 K 19
62 K 19
104 K 20
465 K 20
310 K 21
1,682 K
21
237 K 21
124 K 21
361 K
22
108 K 22
94 K 22
380 K 23
582 K
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
1
v^w
I
I
HEALTH EFFECTS (Continued)
Fundamental Research in Biological Test Systems
Chemical Activation of Tumor Virus
Chemical Activation of Tumor Virus
Develop Mutagenesis Marker
Develop Mutagenesis Marker
Develop Carcinogenesis Biochemical Markers
Develop Carcinogenesis Biochemical Markers
Develop Markers Reproductive--Teratological Damage
Develop Markers Reproductive Damage
Develop Organ-Cell Cultures-Lung
Develop Organ-Cell Cultures-Lung and Skin
Develop Markers for Damage to Immune System
Baseline Studies to Support Carcinogenesis
Baseline Studies to Support Carcinogenesis
Baseline Studies to Support Hematological Effects
Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism
Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism
Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism
Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism
Baseline Studies to Support Mutagenesis
Baseline Studies to Support Mutagenesis
Chemical Carcinogenic Cells In Vitro
Methylated Metals Mutagenesis
Subtotal
HEALTH EFFECTS GRAND TOTAL
16
FY 1979
Funds
221 K
116 K
139 K
77 K
206 K
94 K
67 K
289 K
94 K
155 K
310 K
496 K
57 K
622 K
176 K
174 K
102 K
140 K
434 K
253 K
211 K
150 K
4,583 K
7,208 K
Page
23
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
30
31
31
31
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Biological Effects of Coal CombustionPollutants
Title: Pathology of Respiratory Epithelium (94 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: John B. Storer, FTS 624-0212
Abstract: The purpose of the investigation is to determine (1) the role of several
highly suspect gaseous and particulate fossil fuel combustion products in the
induction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema in particular, (2)
the effect of residual injury due to exposure to one toxic air contaminant on the
susceptibility to another in induction of emphysema, and (3) to examine the pro-
gression of the disease processes leading to emphysema production after the ex-
posure to the main etiological agents has ceased. The main air contaminants which
will be studied singly and in combination are cadmium, sulfuric acid, and nitrogen
dioxide.
Title: Cocarcinogenesis in Hamsters (104 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: A. Marchok, FTS 624-3966
Abstract: The studies have two major objectives: (1) to investigate the cocar-
cinogenic activity of irritant gases derived from combustion of fossil fuels and
(2) to study biochemical changes in the lungs following exposure to such air con-
taminants. In the first group of studies, the effects of nitrogen dioxide and
formaldehyde on the tumor response induced by the systemic carcinogen diethylni-
trosamine (DEN) in hamsters are being investigated. Animals are exposed at dif-
ferent time intervals before and after a single injection of DEN, which causes
tumors in all major segments of the respiratory tract. The use of this tumor model
is being explored for testing air contaminants for cocarcinogenic activity. The
second group of studies is concerned with the effects of NXL on lung surfactant
synthesis and catabolism. Particular attention is given to the biosynthetic activ-
ity in the lungs of NO- tolerant animals. This work is carried out in collabora-
tion with the lipid biochemistry group at ORAU.
Title: Cocarcinogenesis in Mice (94 K)
Performing Organization: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Margaret R. White, FTS 451-5811
Abstract: In the development of energy sources, airborne contamination arises from
mining, combustion, and industrial processing. Some of these contaminants are
potentially carcinogenic. A major problem in cancer research has been the evalua-
tion of risks from carcinogens at very low levels. In recent studies (1-4), we
have reported on an apparently general dependence of the latent period in carcino-
genesis on an inverse power of the dose of carcinogen. It follows that there may
17
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
be dose levels below which the latent period is longer than the life expectancy of
the affected population. If this tentative conclusion can be verified for a given
carcinogen, a level of negligible hazard can be established. To test very low
levels of carcinogens in the laboratory, many thousands of animals are required.
By superimposing the action of air pollutants on tumor induction by other carcino-
gens and studying the effects on latent periods as well as the possibility of
multiplicative effects on the total tumor incidence, we hope to evaluate the risks
of potentially carcinogenic agents found in the human environment at levels too low
for direct experimental testing. This may lead to better ways of evaluating the
hazards of environmental pollutants and protecting the public while at the same
time now unnecessarily restricting the development of energy sources.
Title: Respiratory Toxicology (139 K)
Performing Organization: Inhalation Toxicology Research
Principal Investigator: Dr. Raymond C. Pfleger, FTS 475-9139
•Abstract: One of the environmental pollutants associated with combustion of coal
is NO which is known to induce lung injury. Particulate materials from coal
combustion contain a variety of potentially toxic agents including heavy metals.
This study is designed to examine the toxicity of NO and particles following
• inhalation by experimental animals. Particles to be usea include those typical of
i" emissions from conventional combustion of coal and from fluidized-bed combustion of
coal so that comparisons can be made. Emphasis in this study is being placed on
•determining effects of these materials on pulmonary surfactant and pulmonary sur-
factant synthesis and their effect on lung collagen and elastin synthesis breakdown
and quantity. It is anticipated that initial studies will be conducted on animals
_ exposed to these materials over relatively short time periods. Later they will be
H extended to animals exposed to lower levels for longer periods of time. Correla-
tions will be made between biochemical, morphological, and physiological meas-
urements conducted on the exposed animals. Information obtained will be used to
fl determine the relative hazards of N0v, S0v, particles and hydrocarbons from FBC and
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
vjt uc -L111 j. lit; i_.ij.*= j-CiOvJ-vv; iiaija j. uo uj. nw j ^v j jj
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
• Evaluation of the site and sequence of biochemical, immunological, and cellu-
lar mechanisms responsible for the injury.
• Determination of cellular and subcellular mechanisms of adaptation and repair
according to intensity and duration of injury, and to plot the extent to which
recovery is possible as a function of exposure concentration and time.
• Examination of the relationships between the factors involved in the balance
between injury and adaptation/repair, and assessment of their relative roles
in the development of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, instertitial fibrosis,
and proliferative states capable of increasing the risk of carcinogenesis.
Title: Cellular (in vivo) and Biochemical Changes (62 K)
Performing Organization: Inhalation Toxicology Research
Principal Investigator: Dr. David Brownstein, FTS 475-1005
•Abstract: These studies are directed at determining the response of the mammalian
lung to inhaled particulate acid sulfates. Morphologic, intracellular, and extra-
cellular enzymatic alterations resulting from acute, repeated and chronic exposures
are being evaluated and correlated with physiological changes. Methodologies to
H provide acute, repeated and chronic exposures of animals at various concentrations
^* of acid sulfates with concomitant variations in humidity have been completed.
Investigations have been initiated to elucidate the respiratory anatomic site at
•risk, the population of cells predominantly affected, and their response to various
acid sulfates. These sites at risk are being examined for morphologic alteration
at the light microscope and ultrastructural level. They are also being investi-
• gated for intracellular enzymatic alterations and changes in alveolar fluid and its
constituents due to insult by these environmental pollutants. The sequential
observations being made provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for pul-
monary disease following inhalation of sulfates.
Title: Lung Clearance Mechanisms (62 K)
Performing Organization: Inhalation Toxicology Research
Principal Investigator: Dr. Fletcher F. Hahn, FTS 475-4040
Abstract: Epidemiological studies have indicated an increased incidence of mor-
tality from respiratory disease during periods of elevated sulfur oxide levels.
Since laboratory studies have not shown SO- alone to significantly affect pulmonary
clearance, this project is examining the effect of oxidation products of SO- on
pulmonary clearance mechanisms. Specifically, acid sulfates such as zinc sullate
or zinc ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid aerosols are being evaluated. Mice are
being chronically exposed by inhalation to graded levels of sulfates ranging from
ambient air concentrations to high concentrations. Pulmonary clearance mechanisms
are being examined including the removal of particles from the deep lung, and the
ability to survive respiratory infections such as influenza or mycoplasma. The
results will indicate whether or not acid sulfates reduce the susceptibility of
animals to pulmonary infections and thus whether existing health protection stand-
ards and control technology are adequate. In addition, their role in reducing
19
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
•H clearance of particles from the deep lung may be an additive factor in assessing
hazards from toxic particulates.
I
I
I
I
Title: Acute-Chronic Loss of Lung Function (104 K)
Performing Organization: Inhalation Toxicology Research
Principal Investigator: Dr. Joe L. Mauderly, FTS 475-1169
Abstract: Estimates of health effects of inhaled sulfates have been derived from
data on respiratory changes during acute exposures of guinea pigs. These data are
difficult to interpret because of disagreement as to uniformity of response, out-
dated aerosol technology, and inadequate monitoring of temperature and relative
humidity. This project involves use of animal models of acute exposure to compare
aerosols used at ITRI with those used by others and to determine the response of
•the guinea pig and other species using state-of-the-art aerosoL generation and
characterization techniques. Guinea pigs exposed to 1.0 mg/m H~SO, at 40%
relative humidity were unaffected, in contrast to marked changes reported by AMDUR.
• Guinea pigs are now being exposed to 1.0 mg/m H?SO. at 80% relative humidity,
using graded concentrations of histamine aerosol as a positive control and to grade
individual reactivity. Guinea pigs will be exposed to other sulfate and sulfite
_ species to rank responses. Rats and dogs will be similarly exposed as a species
• comparison. Initial results indicate average guinea pig sensitivity to be lower
^* than previously reported, with a few highly reactive individuals among the popula-
tion. Results of acute studies will be evaluated to determine if long-term expo-
IB sure studies are required.
• Title: Interspecies Transport and Fate as Function of Age (465 K)
Performing Organization: UT-DOE Comparative Animal Research
• Principal Investigator: Dr. Robert J. Chertok, FTS 626-4043
Abstract: The broad objective of this program is to investigate in a systematic
manner the interactions of specific energy-related pollutants with essential nutri-
ents under a variety of nutritional and physiological stresses at several levels of
biological organization in an effort to understand these interactions and their
mechanisms of control. To accomplish this broad objective, experiments are being
conducted to examine the absorption of toxic agents from the gastro intestinal
tract of several species; clarify the interrelationships of toxic agents with
essential nutrients (Ca, P, Fe, Vitamin D, etc.) and physiological stresses (ane-
mia, pregnancy) in absorption, metabolism, and subcellular deposition; identify
metabolic alterations caused by specific toxic agents; and study the prenatal
metabolism of pollutants and their interaction with essential nutrients. In addi-
tion, studies at a fundamental level are being conducted to contribute to the
elucidation of the subcellular and molecular biology underlying the multistep
processes of metal absorption. Special emphasis is placed on the protein-mediated
and membrane-associated steps of transport in the intestinal brush border and
influence of toxic agents on the absorption of amino acids into isolated renal
vesicles.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
20
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
•I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Multispecies Metabolic Transport Models (310 K)
Performing Organization: UT-DOE Comparative Animal Research Laboratory (CARL)
Principal Investigator: Dr. Gary E. Spalding, FTS 626-4077
Abstract: CARL has a major program directed toward ascertaining the uptake, trans-
port, and distribution of important energy-related environmental pollutants. This
program involves strong interaction between data collection and data analysis, with
the objective of developing whole-body transport models of various pollutants in
several animal species and for several developmental stages. Ultimately, we wish
to fit man into the modeling process by interspecies comparisons of model structure
and model parameters. Current studies include gastrointestinal uptake and metabo-
lism of 95NB, 239PU, and 115MCD in sheep, swine, guinea pigs, rats, and mice as
fetuses, neonates, weanlings, and adults.
Pulmonary Deposition of Coal Dusts
Title: Deposition, Transportation, and Fate of Associated Components (237 K)
Performing Organization: University of Rochester
Principal Investigator: Dr. Paul E. Morrow, FTS 430-3861
Abstract: The principal objective of this research project is the procurement of
basic information on the deposition, clearance, and fate of inhaled materials. Of
special relevance are specific materials which are major toxicologic concerns in
various energy-related technologies and those substances which, by virtue of their
special physiochemical properties, serve as investigative probes or prototypes for
the pursuit of mechanistic information generally applicable to inhalation toxicol-
ogy. The success of this dual approach depends considerably upon the preparation
•of well-controlled and fully-characterized aerosols, their administration to labo-
ratory animals or human subjects by the respiratory route under circumstances which
allow quantification, and the subsequent evaluation of the retention, transloca-
tion, and elimination processes. The last-mentioned effort is concerned with every
level of biological organization which is amenable to investigation, i.e., the
organism, organ, cellular, and subcellular, and it seeks to elucidate functional,
cytologic, biochemical, and pathogeneic mechanisms and interactions. These kinds
of information contribute directly to the quantification and understanding of
dose-effect relationships. They are fundamental to the development of toxicologic
and radiologic protection standards and the establishment of practices for both
occupational and public health protection.
Title: Lung Deposition and Transport Modeling (124 K)
Performing Organization: University of Rochester
Principal Investigator: Dr. Juraj Ferin, FTS 430-3726
Abstract: The increased prevalence of chronic, nonspecific pulmonary disease has
expanded interest regarding pathogenic mechanisms and biologic characteristics of
21
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
™ the lung. Realizing the vast number of potentially-damaging agents, researchers
have begun to focus attention on the defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract.
The organism's defense against environmental factors involves efficient pulmonary
clearance mechanisms whereby the deep parts of the lungs are kept clear and ster-
ile. Since the cells of the alveolar membrane and the internal environment of the
alveolar are directly exposed to the external environment by inhalation, the pro-
tection of these structures and the maintenance of alveolar integrity are of great
concern. Different lung pathologies, including lung cancer, have been related,
mostly in a hypothetical way, to inefficient clearance function.
I
I
I
I
Carcinogenic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Title: Ultrastructural Changes—Lung Epithelium (108 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: C.A. Heckman, FTS 624-0830
^1 Abstract: The main objective of this effort is to study changes occurring during
the early development of polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced carcinomas of the conduct-
,_ ing airways. The studies are an integral part of our efforts (1) to identify early
^B markers of respiratory tract neoplasia and (2) to develop iji vitro models for
^* respiratory carcinogenesis. As part of this effort, we are investigating the
characteristics of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic epithelial cells in vivo
•and iji vitro. The biological basis of decreased intercellular adhesiveness and its
importance in carcinogenesis will be studied. In particular, cell surface and
cytoskeletal features will be investigated by transmission and scanning electron
microscopy. Efforts will be made to study the mechanism of invasion using in vitro
systems.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Effects of Trachael Implant Cultures (94 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: B.C. Pal, FTS 624-0813
Abstract: The purpose of the studies is to develop a simplified model for the
investigation of the etiology and pathogenesis of bronchogenic carcinoma. Hetero-
topic tracheal transplants are used as targets for carcinogenic polycyclic hydro-
carbons and other fossil-fuel related carcinogens. The system has already proven
to be extremely useful to study the evolution of preneoplastic and early neoplastic
lesions. However, a better carcinogen delivery system needs to be developed which
will release the carcinogen from either a solid pellet or a capsule into the tra-
cheal lumen at a constant rate, for protracted periods of time. Various approaches
are tested in an .in vitro system as well as in the tracheal transplants. Silastic,
polystirene, cellulose acetate, and other polymers are being tested as either
matrix for incorporation of carcinogen or as "coat" to encapsulate carcinogen
pellets. Studies with cocarcinogenic substances have also been initiated.
22
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Carcinogenesis and Cocarcinogenesis Dose/Effect (380 K)
Performing Organization: New York University Medical Center
Principal Investigator: Dr. Roy E. Albert, 914-351-2396
Abstract: The temporal kinetics of tumor induction when two or more carcinogens
are present simultaneously or sequentially are studied in mouse and rat skin and
hamster lung. Experimental tumor induction curves are being analyzed in terms of
mathematical models that relate the probability of tumor development to carcinogen
dose and time of exposure.
Fundamental Research in Biological Test Systems
Title: Chemical Activation of Tumor Virus (221 K)
I
I
I
1
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
II Principal Investigator: R.W. Tennant, FTS 624-0823
Abstract: Cancer is the major long-term health-related consequence of energy
^| generation and utilization and can result from the interaction between multiple
^" gene loci and various environmental factors. In rodents this interaction involves
loci which are endogenous RNA tumor viruses and other loci which control expression
•of the virus, both of which can be affected by several, defined environmental
factors. Therefore, it is important to determine the mechanisms of environmental
carcinogen-endogenous virus interactions in model systems and this pursuit con-
• tinues to form the basis of our proposal. Specifically, we are attempting to
determine if various chemicals and radiation act as carcinogens primarily through
interaction with endogenous RNA tumor viruses and other cellular genes, using three
complementary approaches: (1) the mechanisms of radiation and chemical induction
•of endogenous tumor viruses in cell cultures, (2) the potential role of endogenous
RNA tumor virus induction by chemical carcinogens in cell culture transformation,
and (3) the mechanisms of cellular control over RNA tumor virus expression tumori-
genesis.
_ Title: Chemical Activation of Tumor Virus (116 K)
"^" Performing Organization: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Maria T. Pavlova, FTS 666-3634
Abstract: In order to define the dose-effect relationship for a variety of acute
and late effects, including carcinogenic effects, it is necessary to understand the
interaction of manmade pollutants with living organisms and ecosystems. The pur-
pose of this research is to determine whether energy-related pollutants, such as
polycyclic hydrocarbons, metals and metallic compounds, ozone, and nitrogen and
sulfur oxides, (1) enhance viral transformation of cells in vitjro, and/or (2)
enhance viral tumor formation in vivo. If so, quantitative information directly
applicable to estimation of health risks from these pollutants will be obtained.
The objectives are to develop reliable methods for rapid in vitro screening for
23
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
carcinogenic and mutagenic potential of chemical agents associated with all facets
of fossil energy technologies. The studies will also provide information about the
^1 molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and mutagenesis.
I
I
«
Title: Develop Mutagenesis Marker (139 K)
Performing Organization: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Barton L. Gledhill, FTS 532-6299
Abstract: Sperm can be used to indicate the presence of mutagens, carcinogens, and
teratogens in the mouse and hamster. They also may be useful as part of a protocol
that monitors humans for occupational, accidental, or therapeutic exposure to
noxious agents. In this project we are determining if changes in sperm morphology
^^ and variability in DNA content are sufficiently sensitive indicators to signal such
^M hazards. Particular attention will be focused toward monitoring humans involved in
»• fossil-fuel production. The genetic implications of abnormally shaped sperm in the
mouse as a mammalian model are being defined, and some of the genotypic differences
•in metabolism of hydrocarbons are under study. Automated methods for the recogni-
tion, counting, and separation of abnormal sperm must be developed for the prac-
tical implementation of a screening protocol for human exposure to hazardous
agents. Since flow systems are the most appropriate means for automation, we are
engaged in the development and application of improved flow instruments for this
task.
IP Title: Develop Mutagenesis Marker (77 K)
M Performing Organization: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Elbert W. Branscomb, FTS 532-5681
•Abstract: The purpose of this project is to develop and apply automated cytolog-
ical methods for monitoring the rate of somatic point mutation in humans. Initial
efforts will be directed towards measuring the frequency of mutant erythrocytes in
•samples of peripheral blood. In this approach fluorescent antibodies will be used
to label rare red cells that contain certain mutant forms of hemoglobin, and flow
microfluorometry will be used to count the frequencies of such rare cells in normal
•blood samples. The project has three primary objectives: (1) to develop and
purify specific antisera capable of distinguishing hemoglobins containing any one
of a number of specific amino acid substitutions and to confirm the applicability
of these red blood cell markers for detection by automated flow cytometry, (2) to
•apply these methods in testing blood samples from several occupationally exposed
worker populations, particularly those involved in coal gasification, and (3) to
develop corresponding immunologic markers for detecting mutant hemoglobins in
•rabbit or mouse erythrocytes and to use these markers to perform the arrival stud-
ies needed to validate and interpret the human data.
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Develop Carcinogenesis Biochemical Markers (206 K)
Performing Organization: Lawrence Liverraore Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Martin Vanderlaan 532-5721
•Abstract: These studies will further our understanding of the early cellular
events in chemical Carcinogenesis by developing analytical cytochemical methods and
applying them to the study of tumor induction by complete carcinogens and tumor-
I promoting agents. We will measure enzymatic activity, DNA, and other cellular
markers by fluorescent cytochemical methods, using light and electron microscopy
and flow cytology. Early cellular changes and preneoplastic cell markers will be
^_ identified in rat livers, mouse skin, and cultured cells after exposure of the
• animals and cultures to carcinogens. The generality of the observed cytological
^" changes will be explored in these varied biological systems, using representative
chemicals from several classes of carcinogens and promoting agents. Emphasis,
•however, will be on polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens and on tumor promoters
because of the likely role of these agents in human Carcinogenesis and their pos-
sible introduction into the environment by the use of fossil fuels. Ultimately,
•these studies may provide (1) sensitive inexpensive assays for both complete car-
cinogens and for promoting agents, (2) a basis for identification of tumor cells in
diagnostic cytology and in monitoring of high risk human populations, and (3)
insight into the mechanism of Carcinogenesis and tumor promotion.
Title: Develop Carcinogenesis Biochemical Markers (94 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: M. Uziel, FTS 624-0838
Abstract: Broad study of interaction of cellular macromolecules with carcinogens
with the goal of determining irregular events in nucleic acid metabolism. Monitor-
ing modified nucleosides after treatment of resistant and susceptible tissues and
cells will elucidate early biochemical alterations that may be critical to malig-
nant transformation. Existing techniques in our lab will monitor uridine, methi-
onine, inosine, adenine, and quanirie to fully map perturbations in RNA metabolism.
Separation of RNA populations by gel electrophoresis will facilitate examining
intracellular variance in systems both resistant and susceptible to malignant
transformation.
Title: Develop Markers Reproductive--Teratological Damage (67 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: A.P. Pfuderer, FTS 624-1200
Abstract: Phenol is the major single toxicant from coal conversion process water.
We studied the action of phenol and substituted phenols on the goldfish as a model
system. Above 10 ppm phenol, the goldfish darken in color. Higher concentrations
intensify this, causing the fish to swim erratically and to die. The melanophore
in teleost fish is an alpha-adrenergic nerve cell. Severing the nerve causes it to
darken; stimulating it causes it to lighten. Phenol appears to act as a toxin on
25
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
^^ the adrenergic system in the goldfish. A sample of purified acetylcholinesterase
was found unchanged in activity in phenol concentrations up to 200 ppm. Synthoil
• #4, fraction #3 (weak acids) behaved much like the other phenols, causing an ini-
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
I
I
tial darkening at 10 ppm, and maximum darkening at 50 ppm. We believe we have a
good model system to study neurological effects of coal conversion products. These
effects are not confined to fish, but have been observed in man also. We also have
found an active analog to a natural neurotoxic growth inhibitor in Xenopus laevis.
We intend to simulate aging by inhibiting growth and following the incidence of
tumors and other indicators of age.
Title: Develop Markers Reproductive Damage (289 K)
• Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: R.A. Wallace, FTS 624-1207
«i Abstract: A major thrust of our previous work has been the demonstration that
macromolecular yolk precursors as well as heterologous materials present in the
•maternal serum are incorporated by the growing oocyte, stored in compartmentalized
membrane-bound inclusions and utilized during embryogenesis. Thus, it appears
likely that environmental materials present at subthreshold levels of toxicity in
•the adult female will be acquired, concentrated, and stored by growing oocytes and
made available to the embryo when the yolk compartment is utilized. Studies de-
signed to test this possibility have begun with an attempt to understand the normal
process of yolk utilization during embryogenesis. We have also developed a model
•system, which uses the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, to test potentially danger-
ous environmental products. The system is inexpensive, rapid, and monitors be-
havior, cytology, respiration and growth. We have begun to examine coal-conversion
effluents and some of the dissolved organics (phenol, cresol, halogenated and
substituted phenols) which they contain. We are also extending our studies to
other aquatic organisms (daphnia, amphibian embryos) in order to acquire compara-
tive data. Finally, our group supervises the operation of two transmission and one
scanning electron microscope; use of these instruments by other research groups at
the laboratory is extensive.
Title: Develop Organ-Cell Cultures — Lung (94 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: A. Marchok, FTS 624-3966
Abstract: The respiratory system is continuously exposed to pollutants in the
environment which are potentially carcinogens or cocarcinogens. A major source of
these pollutants can be byproducts generated during processing and burning fossil
fuels. Therefore, it is of great practical importance to determine the capacity of
respiratory tract epithelium to recover from such toxic and carcinogenic insults
and to define conditions favoring recovery. The proposed studies utilize and will
further develop three in vitro model systems: (1) organ culture of lesions induced
by exposure of tracheal transplants to carcinogens in vivo, (2) an epithelial
outgrowth-cell culture system of these lesions, and (3) an organ culture-cell
culture system in which carcinogen exposure takes place in vitro in order to iden-
tify epithelial cell populations that have acquired altered growth characteristics
26
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
and functional changes due to contact with carcinogens. Such investigations will
aid in developing diagnostic tools for identification of preneoplastic lesions and
M individuals with an increased cancer risk due to previous exposure to toxic agents.
_ Title: Develop Organ-Cell Cultures—Lung and Skin (155 K)
^™ Performing Organization: Brookhaven National Laboratory
• Principal Investigator: Eugene P. Cronkite, FTS 666-3568
•
I
I
I
I
I
Abstract: The incidence of chronic pulmonary disease is increasing. Toxic agents
in the environment, cigarettes, and industrial dusts are suspected as the primary
causes. Evaluation of suspected hazards by exposure of animals in closed, moni-
tored environments would take decades and be extremely costly in manpower as well
as dollars. Using special tissue culture systems, it is proposed to study the
interactions of suspected, toxic agents with pulmonary macrophages and neutrophils
and to detect those pollutants producing deleterious effects on human pulmonary
epithelium. In particular, agents producing necrosis and transformation in tissue
culture will be identified. In addition, the effects of noxious particulate and
gaseous pollutants will be studied in classical tissue culture systems. The toxic
agents shown to have deleterious effects in culture will be evaluated in animals
when exposure chambers are available for handling pollutants from generation of
electricity.
Title: Develop Markers for Damage to Immune Systems (310 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge Associated Universities
Principal Investigator: Dr. N. Grengozian, FTS 626-3118
Abstract: The objective of this program is to evaluate the effects of environ-
mental hazards such as radiation chemical pollutants on the homeostatic control
mechanisms of immunologic cell populations. The coexistence of two different
genetic cell types in the marmoset, a natural blood chimera, and the allogeneic
radiation chimera created in the laboratory, depend on immunologic deficits similar
to that of host-tumor relationships in man. Identification of the cellular and
humoral factors mediating these tolerant relationships should ultimately permit us
to regulate and eliminate cell populations escaping from homeostatic control such
as may occur following exposure to environmental carcinogens.
Title: Baseline Studies to Support Carcinogenesis (496 K)
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: John B. Storer, FTS 624-0212
^M Abstract: When an individual is exposed to a carcinogen, numerous intrinsic and
• environmental factors will determine whether a cell becomes neoplastic and whether
™ the cell subsequently develops into a tumor. A central objective of this project
is to examine the role of physiologic and environmental factors in carcinogenesis.
!• Individuals respond variably to exposures to carcinogens. If we are to reliably
I
27
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
|p evaluate risks for tumors from experimental models, it is important to identify
those intrinsic factors that determine sensitivity. That hormones are factors
•which influence the development of neoplasms is well known. Whether hormones act
as promoters, cocarcinogens, antagonists, or as physiological modulators is un-
known. Therefore, one aspect of this project has been a study of the influence of
hormones on carcinogenesis. Environmental factors appear to play a major role in
Icarcinogenesis. This involves the interaction of various agents at low dose
levels. Most experimental work has studied single carcinogens, but little effort
has been directed towards synergistic and competitive effects between carcinogenic
I and noncarcinogenic compounds found in the environment. These latter compounds may
modify the biological activity and effect of carcinogens and serve either as cocar-
cinogens or antagonists. Experiments undertaken in this group have been examining
these potential interactions.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Baseline Studies to Support Carcinogenesis (57 K)
Performing Organization: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Principal Investigator: E.L. Alpen, FTS 451-5206
Abstract: The objectives of this project are to (1) evaluate carcinogenic influ-
ences that can be revealed by data such as dose versus yield of tumors, dose versus
•time of appearance of tumors, calendar time since exposure or chronological age
versus incidence of tumors and (2) study the influence of health factors on the
frequency of cancer, since such factors, though not intrinsically carcinogenic or
•anticarcinogenic, may alter the end results expressed as observed cancers. Our
previously reported work produced a model of carcinogenesis that has stood up under
test in various carcinogenic systems. If this model can be further supported by
extension of our studies to a much larger base of experimental data, it should
^1 permit determination of dosage levels of environmental carcinogens that can be
^* regarded as reasonably safe. We plan to develop this model more fully and to
relate it to as much of the data in the literature on carcinogenesis as possible.
Title: Baseline Studies to Support Hematological Effects (622 K)
Performing Organization: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Eugene P. Cronkite, FTS 666-3568
Abstract: Chemical pollutants, e.g., benzene and many polycyclic hydrocarbons, are
capable of producing leukemic hypoplastic to aplastic bone marrow, and hemopoietic
dysplasias frequently preceding the appearance of leukemia. Chemical moieties in
pollutants produced by combustion of fossile fuels contain carcinogens and sub-
stances related to materials that have produced hemopoietic dysplasia (HD). Target
cells for leukemogenesis and HD are the hemopoietic stem cells, probably the pluri-
potent but possibly also the committed stem cells.
A new method is developed for determining the route of absorption, cellular loca-
tion, and concentration of radiolabeled pollutants by freezing cell suspensions and
allowing target cells, e.g., the gemopoietic stem cell, to accumulate radiation
injury. The procedure can be utilized in several target tissues.
28
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
•H
A system is developed for separating pure stem cells and culturing them in vitro or
in peritoneally implanted diffusion chambers, in the presence of candidate
•leukemogens from pollutants. The leukemogenic, ED, and hypoplastic potential will
be tested by transplantation of the treated stem cells into syngeneic mice. Study
is made of the cell-to-cell interactions in bone marrow, definition of feedback
_ loops controlling cell differentiation, and description of mechanisms which deter-
1 mine rates of hemlopoietic cell proliferation.
I
I
I
I
Title: Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism (176 K)
Performing Organization: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Darrel D. Joel, FTS 666-3603
Abstract: Particulate materials, including known carcinogens and sulfates, consti-
^m tute a major proportion of pollutants in the biosphere. Particulates enter the
•I gastrointestinal tract not only by ingestion of contaminated food and water but
also by the swallowing of inhaled particles subsequently cleared from the lung.
•Consequently, the mucosal surface of the intestine is a major site of contact with
the environment, yet little is known about the penetration of particulates through
the intestinal mucosa or their deposition and effect on the gut wall. The broad
objectives of this budget activity are to study quantitatively in animals the
• uptake, distribution, and fate of tagged, nonviable particles of various sizes
^^ administered into the gut, and then to establish a practical threshold of no
detectable effect by observing the biological effects of carcinogens, suspended
•sulfates, and other hazardous particulate pollutants on DNA turnover rates, hema-
topoietic stem cells, dominant lethal mutations, immunological responses, and
carcinogenesis. By providing a valid estimate of the hazard to animals, an approx-
Iimation of the hazard to man can be established. These studies could also provide
useful information on antigen entry and immunologic responsiveness of the intestine
to pollutant haptenes in the environment.
Title: Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism (174 K)
• Performing Organization: University of Rochester
Principal Investigator: Dr. Thomas T. Mercer, FTS 430-5997
• Abstract: The ultimate goal of this program is to explain quantitatively the part
played by the physical and chemical properties of airborne particles in the chain
of events between exposure to a toxic aerosol and the production of biological
•damage. Its scope includes (1) routine measurement of particulate properties for
all aerosols needed for animal exposures, (2) development of methods for generating
aerosols designed to meet specific requirements for studies of clearance mech-
Ianisms, (3) investigation of fundamental mechanisms of sampling processes to pro-
vide a basis for the development of improved instrumentation and more accurate
methods of data interpretation, (4) investigation of mechanisms related to the
stability of aerosols and to aerosol-vapor (-gas) interactions, (5) solubility rate
• measurements on selected toxic materials with which to improve the interpretation
•i of data now available in the literature, and (6) investigation of the effect of
particulate properties on the physiological clearance of intact particles from
M nonciliated regions of the lung.
29
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
Title: Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism (102 K)
Performing Organization: University of Rochester
Principal Investigator: Undesignated
Abstract: The overall aim of the project is directed toward exploring the precise
morphological and biochemical events that take place during transcellular transport
of calcium (and possibly other divalent cations), a process which we consider to be
distinctly different from transport associated with intracellular calcium ion
regulation. The long-term goal is to achieve a better understanding of the intra-
cellular processes involved in the transfer of absorbed materials, physiological or
toxic, through the cytosol and into the recipient organism.
Title: Baseline Studies to Support Metabolism (140 K)
Performing Organization: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Frank T. Lindgren, 415-642-3637
I
I
I
^^ Abstract: This proposal involves studies of plasma lipoproteins as interaction
sites for, and transporters of, environmental pollutants. Human plasma lipopro-
Iteins, in vitro, and animal model systems, in vivo, will be used to study dose-
response effects of such pollutants as ozone and heavy metals (namely, lead and
mercury). Changes in distribution and physicochemical properties of lipoproteins
Iwill be studied as a function of exposure to pollutants, using analytic ultracen-
trifugation, agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electron micro-
scopy. Methodology for the measurement of small amounts of lipoproteins and plasma
— proteins will be developed to facilitate screening for abnormalities of these
• constituents in animal model systems exposed to pollutants. Effects of heavy
™ metals (lead and mercury in both their organic and inorganic forms) on tissues,
cells, and enzyme systems associated with lipoprotein metabolism will be investi-
• gated. The overall aim and goal of these studies is to describe (1) the mechanism
of pollutant transport in the bloodstream, (2) the initiation of membrane and
cellular damage by pollutants, and (3) correlation of degree or pollutant damage
•| with concentrations of serum lipoproteins and/or proteins.
Title: Baseline Studies to Support Mutagenesis (434 K)
*• Performing Organization: UT-DOE Comparative Animal Research Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Dr. B.H. Erickson, FTS 626-4036
Abstract: Studies of irradiation effects conducted at our laboratory have shown
• that in the mammal, with the exception of the rodent oocyte, the primitive stem
germ cell (gonocyte, male, and oogonium, female) is the cell type affected most
adversely. The gonocyte and oogonium are at risk for protracted periods in the
development of the long-lived mammal (months to years, depending on species and
•sex); thus we have chosen to study interspecific variability in their kinetics and
response to chronically administered toxicants emitted by the energy-producing
industry. Mitotic delay, cellular survival, chromosomal abnormalities, sperm
M number and morphology, follicular number and quality, ovulation rate, growth, and
I
30
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
reproductive performance are assayed. Trials are being conducted in cooperation
with ORNL to establish the cytogenetic sensitivity of swine oocytes since they are
closely comparable to those of humans; interspecies comparisons of chromosomal
response to known mutagens will provide a basis for examining mechanisms of in-
duction and will generate a broadened data base for extrapolation to man.
Title: Baseline Studies to Support Mutagenesis (253 K)
Performing Organization: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Michael A. Bender, FTS 666-3570
Abstract: Genetic effects of energy-related pollutants represent a major conse-
quence in terms of human ill health and societal cost. This is especially true of
the nuclear technologies and of coal conversion and combustion. Genetic effects
are impossible to measure directly under the low-level exposure conditions relevant
to energy production and use. Consequently, human genetic hazard estimates must
rest on downward extrapolation over orders of magnitude from data on acute, high-
level exposures, and from animal and in vitro human cell exposures to human popu-
lation exposures. Chromosomal aberrations not only constitute a class of genetic
effect of considerable importance in human populations, but are conveniently de-
tected as well. This program has two major objectives. One is the development and
verification of sensitive model test systems using chromosome aberration and sister
chromatid exchange production to detect and evaluate the mutagenic potential of
energy-related agents administered to rodents via inhalation or ingestion, as well
as to monitor actual human populations. The other is investigation of the molec-
ular mechanisms involved in the production of these cytogenetic phenomena in order
to facilitate more confident human genetic hazard evaluation based upon model test
system results.
I
I
I
I
I
^ Title: Chemical Carcinogenic Cells In Vitro (211 K)
I ~~
Performing Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: E. Huberman, FTS 624-0833
Abstract: Induction of somatic cell mutations and malignant cell transformation
will be studied in rodent and human cells in vitro. These studies are performed in
order to develop systems for screening for potential hazardous chemicals reliably,
quickly, and cheaply relative to current animal exposure techniques. In addition,
our studies will be concerned with the relationship between carcinogenesis and
mutagenesis induced by polycyclic hydrocarbons and other classes of chemical car-
cinogens as well as the involvement of mammalian DNA polymerases in these events.
31
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Methylated Metals Mutagenesis (150 K)
Performing Organization: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Robert T. Taylor, FTS 532-5652
Abstract: Methylation can be an important determination of metal toxicity in man,
the striking example being raethyl-Hg-l+ versus inorganic Hg-2+. The major purpose
of this project is to determine the relative toxicities and mutagenicities of six
energy-relation metals (As, Hg, Sn Cr, Ti, and Pt), comparing the inorganic metal
ions with their methylated forms. A secondary goal is to determine whether com-
binations of metal ions and their methyl derivatives have synergistic mutagenic
effects. Biochemical reactivity with methylcobalamin (MEB-12) will be used as a
biomethylation index. Use of ME-labeled MEG-12 will permit us to ascertain which
other metals can yield stable ME-metal reaction products. Cultured mammalian
cells, primarily Chinese hamster ovary lines, will be used for acute toxicity and
mutagenesis-assay systems. Toxicity experiments will measure metal-compound-
concentration effects on cell growth, cell viability, and the incorporation of
radioactive precursors into macromolecules. Metagenesis assays will involve the
induced resistance to two drugs (8-azaguanine and ouabain), markers which reflect
changes in specific enzymes. Trace metals are significant components of the pollu-
tion from most of the energy technologies, but especially coal processing and coal
combustion. It is important to evaluate the influence of the valence state and the
chemical form of some of these metals on their in. vitro mutagenicity in mammalian
cells.
32
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Atmospheric
Transport
MAP3S
Multistate Atmospheric Power
Production Pollution Study
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT:
MAP3S (Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study)
EPA Project Officer
Daniel Golomb
FTS 426-4567
OEMI
Washington, D.C.
Program Description
Transport and Transformation
Modeling and Analysis--Development
Data Management
MAP3S Aircraft Operation
Modeling Studies--Computer
Precipitation Scavenging
Boundary Layer Investigation
Aerosol and Trace Gas Transport
Research Aircraft Operations
Field Studies—Mobile Laboratory
Aerosol Characterization
Program Coordination--MAP3S
ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT GRAND TOTAL
FY 1979
Funds
415 K
165 K
155 K
191 K
165 K
520 K
413 K
227 K
186 K
52 K
88 K
118 K
2,695 K
Page
35
37
37
37
38
38
39
39
39
40
40
40
41
34
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
Program Description
The Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study (MAP3S), coordi-
nated among the DOE national laboratories, has as its goal the development of an
improved capability for the regional assessment of the effects of pollutants
emitted during the conversion and combustion of fossil fuels. The program centers
on the emission effects from coal-fired power plants in relation to interacting
emissions from all other sources.
These sources include:
• Sulfur oxides sulfites and sulfates.
• Nitrogen oxides and their secondary reaction products (including
oxidants).
• Hydrocarbons (including polycyclic organic matter).
• Trace inorganic elements
• Particulates (which may contain any or all of the above substances
and elemental carbon or soot).
The primary objective is to develop and demonstrate an improved, verified
capability of numerically simulating the present atmospheric conditions and poten-
tial changes that result from pollutants released by coal-fired power production
processes.
MAPSS-supported research emphasizes:
• Field experiments, aimed at improving the understanding of atmos-
pheric processes.
• Numerical modeling, directed at simulating atmospheric processes.
* Characterization of present air quality, using aircraft and surface
measurements with substantial cooperation from the SURE (EPRI-Sulfur
Regional Experiment) project.
The results will be used in energy and environmental planning and will form
the basis for answering two critical questions concerning coal combustion emis-
sions :
• Will precipitation acidity and atmospheric turbidity in the United
States increase as coal combustion increases?
• Can atmospheric concentrations of particulate sulfur be reduced by
decreasing sulfur oxide emissions?
The MAP3S study area is the high-population, energy intensive, northeastern
United States, upper midwest, and areas directly influencing air quality in these
regions.
35
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
The program will be carried out primarily through the personnel, resources,
and expertise of the atmospheric sciences programs at Argonne National Laboratory
(ANL), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Battele Pacific Northwest Laboratory
(PNL), and the Health and Safety Laboratory (HASL), as well as other national
laboratories and research organizations with applicable experience. Integration of
the various individual efforts into a cohesive program is provided by the Project
Director:
Dr. Michael C. MacCracken
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Livermore, CA 94550
FTS 532-1826
To facilitate program information flow between the participating organizations
and other interested parties, a MAP3S data management center has been created at
Brookhaven National Laboratory. Processed data from this program and information
gathered by other air-quality programs are available at the center. Additionally,
information on the status of MAP3S activities and planning efforts are available
through a quarterly newsletter. (Contact Dr. MacCracken at the above address to be
put on the distribution list.)
A more detailed discussion of the program plans, goals, and objectives is
presented in the following DOE publication: The Multistate Atmospheric Power
Production Pollution Study-Program Plan and Addendum, M. C. MacCracken,
DOE/EV-0008/1 and DOE/EV-0008/2, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research,
U.S. Department of Energy. January, 1978, (available through NTIS).
36
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Transport and Transformation (415 K)
PerformingOrganization: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Paul A. Michael, FTS 666-2264
Abstract: This program is a part of the Multistate Atmospheric Power Production
Pollution Study (MAP3S). This particular effort is aimed at obtaining experimental
results to (1) test hypothesis used in simulation models, (2) develop an under-
standing of mechanisms so that proper parameterization may be used in models, and
(3) provide data for the testing of integrated models. In particular, measurements
will be made of the vertical and horizontal distributions of sulfates. Studies of
the transformation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate will be made in the atmosphere and
there will be participation in large-scale field experiments.
Title: Modeling and Analysis--Development (165 K)
Performing Organization: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Ronald E. Meyers, FTS 666-2261
Abstract: This project is designed to perform five critical modeling and analysis
functions and one research-coordination function for the Division of Biomedical and
Environmental Research (DBER) Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution
Study (MAP3S). The modeling and analysis functions consist of development of (1)
an advanced three-dimensional eulerian-grid pollution model treating nonlinear
chemistry, long-distance transport and diffusion of sulfur compounds, N0x> 0^, and
related chemicals on the regional scale; (2) a variational diagnostic three-
dimensional meteorological analysis model capable of objectively resolving inver-
sions and fronts on the regional and subregional scale; (3) advanced plume-
laboratory reaction models incorporating lumped chemistry and the major effects of
turbulence mixing upon chemical reactions; (4) a computer link from BNL to the
National Weather Service at Suitland, MD, to supply MAP3S with timely meteoro-
logical data for experiments and modeling; and (5) the design of field experiments,
including establishment of aircraft data requirements and quality assurance such as
calibration flights and intercomparison programs, to test and further develop the
models. In addition, R. E. Meyers will provide the MAP3S numerical modeling
working group coordinating functions, consisting of chairmanship of the MAP3S
modeling working group and related duties.
Title: Data Management (155 K)
Performing Organization: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: C.M. Benkovitz, FTS 666-4135
Abstract: A major portion of the MAP3S program is concerned with the collection,
evaluation, and codification of both newly-measured and selected historical data
that pertain to the distribution and evolution of energy conversion-related pollu-
tants over the greater northeast. The initial purpose is to collect sufficient
reliable information to assess the extent and severity of the present S0_/sulfate
37
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
atmospheric burden over the region. These data will provide preliminary objective
answers to questions on the spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric sulfate
aerosol and will supply preliminary estimates of the relative impacts of particular
source regions. A continuing purpose is to build a readily-accessible data bank
(This is to include supporting source inventory and meteorological information.)
against which submodel parameterization schemes and, eventually, full-
parameterized, regional-pollutant transport and transformation simulations can be
tested. A longer-range goal will be to provide baseline air-quality data for the
greater northeast to which future assessments of regional atmospheric environmental
impacts attributable to new energy technologies may be referred.
Title: MAP3S Aircraft Operation (191 K)
Performing Organization: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: R.W. Garber, FTS 666-3086
Abstract: An aircraft has been leased to carry out research projects which are
part of the atmospheric sciences programs at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL).
The principal use for the aircraft is in conjunction with the MAP3S program. The
aircraft is being set up for atmospheric sampling and analysis. Approximately
one-half of its scheduled flight time will be utilized to conduct routine MAP3S
observations, including horizontal and vertical atmospheric pollutant profiles and
regional pollution transport studies. About one-quarter of its scheduled flight
time will be utilized for plume studies which are part of MAP3S. The remaining
scheduled flight time will be used in cooperative atmospheric studies with aircraft
and ground observation teams in conjunction with organizations outside BNL but
which are part of the overall MAP3S program. Flight time on this aircraft will be
available for other BNL atmospheric programs on a cost-recoverable basis. For
certain portions of the MAP3S program and for other atmospheric sciences programs,
utilization of a second aircraft is necessary. Additional aircraft will be rented
as required and outfitted with conveniently-installed equipment suited to the
purposes of the experiments.
Title: Modeling Studies—Computer (165 K)
Performing Organization: Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Principal Investigator: R.L. Drake, FTS 444-7511 (ask for 946-2961)
Abstract: The primary purpose of this program is to develop and exercise a com-
puter model to evaluate the impact over a multistate region of an increased atmos-
pheric burden of SO- and sulfate particulates due to various strategies involving
the burning of coal to produce electrical power. The model is to be composed of
the most technically and economically appropriate methods available for describing
transport, dispersion, transformation, dry deposition, and precipitation scav-
enging. For a more realistic simulation of precipitation scavenging beyond the
application of climatological mean rainfall to average concentration data, a com-
prehensive series of tests using meteorological data and improved emission source
data will be conducted to validate the model formulations by comparison of pre-
dicted results to observed ambient air quality measurements. Also, calculated
rainfall acidity will be compared to MAP3S chemistry network data.
38
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Precipitation Scavenging (520 K)
Performing Organization: Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Principal Investigator: J.M. Hales, FTS 444-7511 (ask for 946-2861)
Abstract: This program provides the field data and the mechanistic information
necessary for formulating a quantitative understanding of precipitation scavenging
of pollutants from the atmosphere, and also the precipitation chemistry that occurs
as a result of these scavenging processes. This information is intended to facil-
itate the development of prognostic, regional pollution models, which will be
applied to assess and optimize the development of energy resources in the United
States. This program maintains a precipitation chemistry network in the north-
eastern quadrant of the U.S., which supplies data that is directly useful to model
development and impact analysis. The program also is operating a comprehensive
field study of selected storm systems to evaluate quantitatively pertinent scav-
enging processes, so that these may be incorporated realistically into predictive
models. Extensive use of research aircraft measurements (state, cloud-physics, and
pollutant variables) as well as tracer releases and ground precipitation sampling
networks are used on these studies.
Title: Boundary Layer Investigation (413 K)
Performing Organization: Argonne National Laboratory
Principal Investigation: Bruce B. Hicks, FTS 972-5792
Abstract: The Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study (MAP3S) is a
research program coordinated among the National Laboratories with the goal of
developing an improved capability for the regional assessment of the effects of
pollutants emitted during the conversion and combustion of fossil fuels. As a
contribution to the joint effort, this section has initiated a number of inter-
acting experimental and numerical modeling subprograms, including an investigation
of the behavior of pollutants in the planetary boundary layer, applications of
remote-sensing techniques to the problems of MAP3S, the development of numerical
simulations of the transport, dispersion, conversion, and removal of atmospheric
pollutants, and the direct measurement of various pollutant fluxes to vegetated
surfaces.
Title: Aerosol and Trace Gas Transport (227 K)
Performing Organization: Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Principal Investigator: A.G. Alkezweeny, FTS 942-2861
Abstract: This program is addressed to the task of providing input—in the form of
quantitative transformation parameterizations--to evolving models of regional-scale
pollution behavior. The research program is focused on the MAP3S study area and
its output is directly specifically toward the MAP3S modeling effort. This program
involves extensive field studies of pollutant transformation phenomena, using
instrumented research aircraft. Data obtained from these experiments are processed
using numerical models of atmospheric diffusion and chemical transformation.
39
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Title: Research Aircraft Operations (186 K)
Performing Organization: Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Principal Investigator: P.M. Potter, FTS 942-2861
Abstract: The purpose of this program is to provide technical support in the form
of research aircraft for on-going DOE-DBER atmospheric research programs. The
aircraft provide aerial platforms for atmospheric sampling of aerosols and trace
gases, measurements of airborne pollutants and for the release of special tracer
materials. Aircraft support is required for the following programs: atmospheric
boundary layer studies, urban pollutant characterization, transport and deposition,
precipitation scavenging in MAP3S, aerosol and trace gas transformation, and resus-
pension and translocation.
Title: Field Studies—Mobile Laboratory (52 K)
Performing Organization: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Principal Investigator: T. Novakov, FTS 451-5319
Abstract: This project consists of two interrelated components: (1) characteriza-
tion and behavior of aerosol formed under nonphotochemical atmospheric conditions
and (2) participation and collaboration with other MAP3S investigators on the
chemical characterization of particulates. The first component of the project will
be carried out in the greater San Francisco Bay area with the objective of com-
paring the aerosol chemical composition and behavior during winter months when the
photochemical oxidant levels are low or negligible, with those that exist in the
summer when the manifestations of atmospheric photochemistry are strongest. A
detailed comparison of the chemical composition of aerosols sampled under these
extreme situations should yield those species that are exclusively generated by
photochemical processes. These studies will be performed by our newly equipped
mobile atmospheric research laboratory. The samples collected in this program will
be made available to other MAP3S investigators. The mobile laboratory will also be
made available to other MAP3S groups for installing specific sampling and moni-
toring devices that they may have. The second component of the program will in-
volve chemical characterization of MAP3S samples with physical methods that are at
our disposal, for the purposes of intermethod comparison.
Title: Aerosol Characterization (88 K)
Performing Organization: Argonne National Laboratory
Principal Investigator: F.A. Cafasso, FTS 972-4542
Abstract: Accurate assessment of the problems associated with the emission to the
atmosphere of power production pollutants and their eventual dispersal on a re-
gional scale requires the development of a comprehensive data base. A data base
covering an extensive region, such as the northeastern United States, can be put
together, utilizing information from a variety of national, local, and regional
governmental sources, including pollution monitoring facilities operated by power
companies and other industrial and commercial concerns, and other sources as may be
40
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
available. An important input for this data base that is not presently available
from these sources is the detailed nature of the chemical (molecular) composition
of atmospheric aerosols. This program will provide for the collection and chemical
(molecular) characterization of size—and time--classified atmospheric aerosol
samples obtained at a few (probably 3-4) selected sites in the northeastern United
States. Specific attention will be given to the amount of sulfate present in the
collected aerosol and the degree of acidity associated therewith.
Title: Program Coordination--MAP3S (118 K)
Performing Organization: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Michael C. MacCracken, FTS 532-1826
Abstract: The goal of the MAP3S program over the next 3 years is to improve the
understanding of temporal and spatial relationships between ambient levels and
emissions from utilities in order to develop the capability to simulate more accu-
rately the changes in pollutant concentration and nature, precipitation chemistry,
and atmospheric behavior relevant to understanding and evaluating human health and
ecological effects which would result from alternative strategies of generating
power with fossil fuel in the northeastern United States. The program will be
carried out primarily through the personnel, the resources, and the expertise of
the atmospheric sciences programs at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Brookhaven
National Laboratory (BNL), Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL), and the
Health and Safety Laboratory (HASL). In addition to the national laboratories,
other research groups funded by DBER will also be involved. This specific project
provides funding support for the MAP3S project director who is to provide the
program leadership to integrate the individual efforts into a cohesive program.
The project director is to provide for the interface of this project with other
related studies and to represent this project to other agencies and organizations.
41
-------
Mail cede 32G1
"!33 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington DC 20460
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
DATE DUE
AUG 2 0
Demco, Inc. 38-293
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
,1 neaGquauers i_.c.
Mail cede 32C1
*!30 Pennsylvania Avenue X
ȴ*shington OC 20460
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
------- |