EPA
600/
1985.1
INTEGRATED AIR CANCER PROJECT
INTERIM REPORT
September 25, 1985
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
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Table of Contents
I. Executive Summary
II. Background and Rational
III. Goals of the Project
A.
B.
Long Range
Short Range
IV. Management
A. Approach
B. Management Plan
C. Budgeting
D. Peer Review and Advisory Process
V. Technical Approach
A. Integrated Field Study
B. Sampling
C. Source Apportionment
D. Bioassay Directed Fractionation
E. Chemical/Analytical Measurements
F. Atmospheric Transformation
G. Human Exposure
VI. Project Status
A. RTP Measurements
B. RTP Measurements - Resolving Technical Issues
C. Albuquerque Field Measurements
0. Special Studies
VII. Technical Results
VIII. Appendix
A. Potential IACP Publications by Task
B. Technical Protocols and Results by Task
C. Peer Review Participants and Comments
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I. Executive Summary
The Integrated Air Cancer Project (IACP) is planned to be a closely
coordinated interdisciplinary research program to develop the scientific
methods and data bases for identifying the major sources of carcinogenic
chemicals emitted into the air and/or arising from atmospheric transforma-
tion of chemicals emitted into the air. This research program will also
be designed to improve the methodology and data base for assessing human
exposure and risk to airborne carcinogens.
These objectives will be achieved in a stepwise manner by conducting
field studies in areas of increasing complexity. Initially, airsheds
with one or two emission sources will be examined. The first efforts
*.
will focus on emissions from wood combustion for residential heating
and from mobile sources.
Realization of the Integrated Air Cancer Project's goals requires the
combined expertise of the four ORD Laboratories located at RTP, NC.
The project participants1 knowledge includes source description, characteri-
zation and control; source measurement and analysis of pollutants; atmos-
pheric transformation; ambient pollutant measurement and analysis; receptor
and dispersion modeling; exposure assessment; and quantification of the
mutagenic/carcinogenic activity of pollutants. All of these activities
must include well defined QA/QC procedures and documentation. And finally,
there must be a smoothly functioning interlab/intralab management structure,
In the final analysis, the results of this project will identify the
principal airborne carcinogens and their sources and will assess
the human cancer risk they pose. Through the combined mechanisms of
detailed chemical/physical/biological analysis of ambient air pollution
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samples, dispersion models, receptor models, atmospheric transformation
models, and detailed knowledge of sources and their emissions, it will be
possible to trace these airborne carcinogens back to their source.
Effectiveness of control strategies for reducing the emission of these
airborne carcinogens or their precursors will then make realistic cost
benefit analyses possible.
The long range goals of this project will require many years to attain.
Approaching the long term goals through field tests of relatively isolated -
single source categories, in a stepwise fashion, will yield the methodology
to understand the more typical complex multiple source category environment
experienced by the general population.
Current data indicates that residential wood combustion and
motor vehicles contribute substantially to the mutagenic activity found
in ambient air samples. Therefore, Phase 1 (FY'85/'86), the first field
test series described in this document, was aimed at developing and
testing methodology quantifying mutagenic and chemical carcinogens emitted
from residential wood-fired combustion systems and motor vehicles. These
areas of investigation are outlined in Figure 1. Two residential communities
were selected to initiate Phase 1 of the IACP. Albuquerque, NM was one
site selected due to evidence from previous studies which showed the
wintertime particulate loadings were heavily impacted by wood smoke and
vehicle emissions. Raleigh, NC was selected as the second site in order to
make optimum use of EPA personnel located at the RTP, NC facility for
methods development and evaluation studies. The methods development
studies were conducted to resolve specific sampling analysis uncertainties
so that standardized methods would be available for subsequent field studies.
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Special studies at RTP were conducted to provide data on wood stove
emissions under control conditions and to assess the role of atmospheric
transformation in altering mutagenicity of emitted chemicals.
A summary of the interim accomplishments are listed below:
1.' State of the art sampling and analysis procedures have been
developed and implemented. They are being evaluated and
standardized for use in FY'86/'87 studies.
2. Sampling procedures for human exposure have been developed
and evaluated in a pilot study.
3. Ambient, residential and source samples were taken simultaneously
with equipment and procedures developed to provide comparable
samples for chemical, physical and biological characterization.
4. Wintertime sample sets were collected for chemical and
bioassay analysis at two urban residential sites impacted by
wood burning emissions.
A mutagenic activity data base on the semi-volatile and particulate
organic samples has been generated a.s part of these studies.
These data will be incorporated into a source apportionment model
which for the first time will merge biological and chemical/physical
information.
6. Field and laboratory studies have both shown that greater mutagenicity
was associated with the semi-volatile and volatile components than
is associated with the particulate matter.
Initial receptor model calculations from Albuquerque show that
residential wood combustion and mobile sources account for
approximately 90% of the fine particle mass. This result supports
the earlier assumption that these sources contribute significantly
to the mutagenic potential of the ambient air.
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II. Background and Rationale
Major scientific questions regarding the relationship between air pollution
and human cancer remain unanswered. Human cancer caused by^air pollution
is difficult to elucidate by traditional techniques of epidemiology. The
length of time (decades) that may pass between an exposure to a carcinogen
and diagnosis of cancer precludes any meaningful prospective study of
human populations and their quantitative dosage of carcinogens.
Retrospective studies are also difficult to perform since one does not
know when the observed cancer was initiated. Because most non-occupational
cancers are not specific and could have multiple causations, the process
of associating an observed cancer with a given putative agent has not met
with great success. In 1977 and again in 1982, international meetings
were held in Stockholm, Sweden to address the relationship between air
pollution and cancer risk. These meetings both concluded that air pollution
arising from combustion products of fossil fuels, probably acting together
with cigarette smoke, have been responsible for lOfc of all cancers for
the United States. Doll and Peto, in a recent review of causes of
cancer in the U.S., also suggest that 2% of cancer deaths could be attributed
to pollution. Karen and Schneiderman recently reported that past
analyses of this problem have overestimated the contribution of smoking
and underestimated the multicausal nature of cancer. They estimate that
at least 11% and more likely 21% of lung cancer is related to air pollution.
Regardless of which of these estimates proves to be the most accurate,
there is certainly reason to believe that the carcinogenic potential of
air pollution may be a serious public health problem. EPA needs to
undertake a major research program directed specifically at clarifying
the risk and sources of carcinogens in the air. As part of this program
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a methodology must be developed that will allow an estimate of the future
cancer risk associated with human exposures to present day dosages of
airborne carcinogens which can be related to identifiable sources.
The Environmental Protection Agency has the responsibility and authority
to regulate the emission of carcinogens into the air (e.g., Section 112,
Clean Air Act), however, the identification of which carcinogens and
emission sources are of greatest potential human risk is not well known and
remains a high-priority research effort. In the past, research on hazardous
air pollutants has been conducted on individual primary pollutants.
These substances have been selected for study based upon such available
data as national production volumes, volatility, estimated emissions, and
known health effects data (including data on suspected carcinogenicity).
The compounds selected may, or may not, actually be the principal carcinogens
to which people are exposed. The Integrated Air Cancer Project adopts a
different approach: it focuses on identifying those species actually
present in the air which are most likely to be carcinogenic and attempts
to describe how they came to be present in the environment. The accomplishment
of this research requires the IACP to bring together the multi-disciplinary
talents of chemists, engineers and"health scientists to conduct a series
of coordinated field studies of emission sources, atmospheric transport
and transformation, and toxicological studies to address the complex
issues involved.
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Objectives of the Project
A. The major long-range goals of this research program are:
I. To Identify the principal airborne carcinogens.
The relative importance and contribution to the total airborne
carcinogens of the volatile, semi-volatile and participate organic
compounds is not known. This research will develop the methodologies
and data necessary to eventually provide such an evaluation.
Within each of these fractions the specific chemicals or
chemical classes which contain mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds
need to be identified and their concentration in air quantitated.
It is possible that these compounds could be transformation
products produced after reactions of simple hydrocarbons or
complex polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with acidic and oxidizing
gases in the atmosphere. Therefore an integrated approach is
needed to address these goals. Not only do the emission sources
need to be characterized, but transformation products from these
emissions need to be identified.
2. To determine which emission sources are the major contributors of
carcinogens to ambient aTr"!
To control the emission of hazardous air pollutants, the sources of the
hazardous compounds themselves or their precursors have to be identified.
Field studies with simultaneous emission characterizations and ambient
monitoring, followed by source apportionment calculations, will be
conducted to determine which emission sources are the major contributors
of carcinogens to the ambient air. Characterization of emissions
"and ambient samples will be by both chemical and biological (mutagenicity
and carcinogenicity) testing.
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3. Improve the estimate of comparative human cancer risk from specific
air pollution emission sources
In order to improve the estimate of relative human cancer risk from
specific air pollution emission sources, a comparative methodology is
being developed to evaluate and utilize short-term mutagenesis and
animal carcinogenesis data on emission sources. In addition, better
total human exposure estimates will be developed for these complex
emission products and individual carcinogens including transformation
products.
8. The major short range goals of this reasearch program are:
1. Phase 0, FY'84 Objectives:
Design and planning of the FY'85/'86 Integrated Air Cancer Project.
a) Preparation of background documentation.
b) Preparation of project research plan including work plan,
protocols, and quality assurance plan.
c} Establishment of scientific peer review and advisory
group to review the concept plans, project plans, QA
plan, and progress of the project.
2. Phase I, FY'85 Objectives:
Field and laboratory evaluation and selection of methodology.
a) Select data management tools.
b) Design and test community survey.
c) Evaluate and select sampling methodologies.
d) Evaluate and select fractionation and analysis methodologies.
e) Use air chemistry simulations to assess the chemical
distributions and hazardousness of the air pollution anticipated
in the background air at the likely field site.
f) Improve and validate sampling, analytical and bioassay method-
ologies.
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g) Select appropriate source apportionment methodologies for
identifying sources and impacts of carcinogenic species.
3. Phase II, FY'86/'87 Objectives:
a. To conduct an integrated field study of a simplified air shed in order
to:
1) Identify and quantify classes of compounds in the ambient
air resulting from residential wood combustion and motor
vehicles.
2) Quantify the relative contributions of emission sources,
specifically residential wood combustion and motor vehicles,
to the mutagenic activity, organic and fine particulate mass
of ambient airborne pollutants.
3) Apply exposure assessment methodologies for selected
potential carcinogens, including aldehydes.
4) Develop a data base to compare the human cancer risk of
air impacted by residential wood burning to other combustion
sources previously evaluated (e.g., residential oil burning,
motor vehicles, etc.).
b. Develop methods (sampling and analysis) to extend to other
airsheds heavily impacted by wood stoves.
c. Conduct simulations of the field site air chemistry in order to
assess the resultant changes in mutagenic response and to
characterize the chemical changes which may occur to the source
emission materials.
d. To complete development of scientifically sound protocols,
procedures and instruments for implementation by the
states and regions of future woodsmoke studies development
for future IACP studies.
e. Complete the analysis of samples from the FY'85 study.
To meet these objectives established methods will be used at an
appropriate field site to obtain the data necessary for objective (a).
Research will continue at RTF to meet objectives (b-e).
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IV. Management
A. Management Afpnach
The organization and management of this project is designed to ensure
that the expertise of each of the four participating laboratories (HERL,
AEERL, ASRL, and EHSL) is applied in the most effective manner to meet the
project's scientific objectives. Specific management objectives are:
1. Provide leadership and direction for the project planning and
implementation which are closely coordinated between the four
laboratories.
2. Ensure technical input from all four laboratories in all aspects of
the project.
3. Provide a mechanism for efficient interdisciplinary decision making.
In order to accomplish these objectives, a management plan was prepared
which described the matrix management organization operating through a steering
committee and technical teams. The membership and responsibilities
of the steering committee and team leaders is described below in the
management plan. This plan was presented to the four laboratory directors
for their discussion, modification and approval. This was a critical
step in the process of meeting the above objectives since several
of the laboratory director's normal responsibilities were being delegated
to the steering committee.
B. Management Plan
The Integrated Air Cancer Project is an integrated interlaboratory project
involving the expertise of all four research laboratories in the Research
Triangle Park, NC. The management plan which has been developed, reviewed,
and agreed.upon by the laboratory directors utilizes a steering committee and
technical teams with representatives from each laboratory as listed in
Table 1.
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TABLE 1. IACP STEERING COMMITTEE AND TEAM MEMBERS
FY'85
FY'86
Steering Committee:
Joel 1 en Lewtas, HERL (Chairman)
Tom Clark/Jack Puzak, EMSL
Gene Tucker, AEERL
Basil Dimitriades, ASRL
Study Design/Data Management/Interpretation Team:
Larry Cupitt, ASRL (Team Leader)
Dave Mage, EMSL
Larry Claxton, HERL
Bruce Tichenor, AEERL
Sampli ng Team:
Charles Rodes, EMSL (Team Leader)
Ralph Baumgargner, ASRL
Bruce Harris, AEERL
Judy Mumford, HERL
Analysis Team:
Jim Dorsey, AEERL (Team Leader)
Nancy Wilson/Don Scott, EMSL
Leon King, HERL
John Sigsby, ASRL
Quali ty Assuranee:
Jack Puzak, EMSL
Ralph Bauragardner, ASRL
Gary Johnson, AEERL
Joel 1 en Lewtas, HERL (Chairman)
Jack Puzak, EMSL
Jim Dorsey, AEERL
Robert Stevens, ASRL
Larry Cupitt, ASRL (Team Leader)
Dave Mage, EMSL
Larry Claxton, HERL
Bob McCrillis, AEERL
Charles Rodes, EMSL (Team Leader)
Ralph Baumgargner, ASRL
Bruce Harris, AEERL
Judy Mumford, HERL
Ray Merrill , AEERL (Team Leader)
Don Scott, EMSL
Randy Watts, HERL
John Sigsby, ASRL
William Mitchell, EMSL
Ralph Baumgardner, ASRL
Gary Johnson, AEERL
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Because of the project's special nature, it was recommended that the Laboratory
Directors delegate responsibilities for project planning and implementation
to their representatives in the steering committee.
The responsibilities of the steering committee are listed below:
1. Provide overall scientific and technical review and approval of
project plans.
2. Ensure overall planning, coordination, and timely delivery of high
quality Project outputs.
3. Ensure that project information is relayed to the Research Committee
and Program Office (OAQPS).
4. Resolve any problems between the research teams or laboratories.
5. Ensure that RTP laboratory directors are kept informed on a semi-annual
basis of the progress of the project, its resource requirements
(especially for support from in-house personnel, which will vary as
the project progresses). Any management or technical problems that
cannot be satisfactorily resolved by the Steering Committee will be
discussed with the laboratory directors as the need arises.
6. Assigning project tasks to the appropriate laboratories based upon
factors including identified expertise and each respective laboratory's
mission.
7. Distribute the'Project's extramural resources (from the IACP portion
of HAP funds) among the major tasks in the project. This will
ensure that the steering commitee has sufficient authority over the
project to see that its responsibilities can be implemented. The
Agency's current planning process has allocated funds into a series
of PPA's which have been identified with the IACP. These resources
are not necessarily distributed among the laboratories by PPA propor-
tionally to the work to be accomplished. The ORD Steering Committee
for the Air Cancer Project has agreed to consider the extramural
resources as one pool of money for the project and distribute it
according to the laboratories' needs in the final approved project-
plan.
The responsibilities of the research team leaders are to:
1. Plan and coordinate the work in their respective areas, ensuring
best effort at meeting overall project schedules prepared by the
steering committee.
2. Submit detailed plans for review and approval to the steering
committee. Present progress reports to the steering committee.
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3. Ensure that expertise from all four laboratories is used objectively
in planning and implementation of tasks.
4. Work with other research teams to ensure coordination of technical
details.
C. Budgeting an Inter-laboratory Project
1. Budgeting Resources
Although this project was jointly planned by all four laboratories as one
integrated project with one set of objectives, the current budgeting
process did not accomodate funding the project with one PPA (Planned
Program Accomplishment). Therefore, each laboratory submitted to their
respective headquarter's office a proposed PPA and budget for the project.
The Research Committee considered the four combined PPAs in funding the
project. The FY'85 resources were the following:
Lab S&E MY R&D
EMSL
ASRL
AEERL
HERL
220
-0-
294.3
138.9
4.4.
-0-
5.0
2.8
980
94
349.3
337.5
Total 653.2 12.2 1760.8
D. Peer. Review and Advisory Process
The peer review and advisory panel (Table 2) selected in February 1984
consisted of experts from each of the disciplines represented in the
project who were also experienced in interdisciplinary environmental
studies. The peer reviewers were sent copies of the IACP Concept Plan*
and Study Design and invited to participate in a 4-day workshop in April
1984 on Genotoxic Air Pollutants held at Quail Roost Conference Center.
Many of the technical issues addressed in the project plans were also
addressed at this workshop. Each peer reviewer also provided individual
written comments to the Steering Committee (See Appendix B 1).
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The Peer Review Panel's comments and suggestions were used to revise the
design, scheduling and emphasis of the project prior to preparation of
the task protocols (work plans). The peer reviewers were very strongly
encouraged and endorsed the project concept and approach. They cautioned
the Steering Committee to proceed at a slower pace than had been projected
in order to develop the methods that would be needed for the project's
success. They advised the project to strive for scientific quality rather
than quantity.
During the first week in October 1984, after preparation of all of the
task protocols and an initial budgeting of the resources, the peer review
panel was reconvened to review the technical approach in more detail.
The first two days of the meeting were used for technical presentations
and discussions with each scientist and engineer involved with the project.
The last several days were used by the peer reviewers to prepare a report
to the Steering Committee and Laboratory Directors with their recommendations,
Their recommendations were presented in an open meeting to all project
participants, Laboratory Directors and other interested parties (such as
representatives from OAQPS and the ORD Headquarters Research Committee
staff). The advisors recommended some limitations in the scope of the
project,-maximum use of EPA personnel, deletion of woodsmoke control-
related research, and changes in the objectives, approaches, and the
scope of specific tasks (See Appendix C 2).
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TABLE 2. PEER REVIEW PANEL
Dr. Roy Albert
NYU Medical Center
550 First Avenue
New York, NY 10016
Dr. Ingird Alfheim
Central Institute for Industrial Research
P.O. Box 350 Blinden
0314 Oslo 3, Norway
Dr. Bruce Appel
California Dept. of Health Services
Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory
2151 Berkeley Way
Berkeley, CA 94704
Dr. Joan Daisey
Institute of Environmental Medicine
NYU Medical Center
550 First Avenue
New York, NY 10016
Dr. Glen Gordon
Chemistry Department
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
Dr. Charles Lochmuller
Department of Chemistry
Paul M. Gross Chemical Laboratory
Duke University
Durham, NC 27706
Dr. Goran Lofroth
Department of Radiobiology
Wallenberg Laboratory
University of Stockholm
S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
Dr. James Pitts, Jr.
Statewide Air Pollution Research Center
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Dr. Dennis Schuetzle
Analytical Science Department S-3061
P.O. Box 2053
Ford Motor Company
Dearborn, HI 43121
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V- Technical Approach
A. Integrated Field Study
The Phase 1 integrated field studies' goal was to develop procedures
to identify and quantify the airborne emissions from mobile sources and
residential wood combustion. Limited residential air measurements and
woodstove appliance emission measurements were planned as part of
the Raleigh study.
Correlation between sources and ambient measurements, both inside
and outside, are important considerations for the success of the IACP.
Therefore, to the greatest extent possible, identical sampling and
analytical schemes were planned for ambient and source studies to
obtain samples for bioassay, chemical characterization and source
signature studies. Throughout the entire field study appropriate
QA/QC procedures were followed.
B. Sampling
The sampling portion of this study was planned to include the development
of the detailed protocols which would allow materials of known integrity and
sufficient quantity to be collected. These sampling protocols were;
structured to facilitate the subsequent bioassay directed fractionation
and chemical analyses necessary to identify the relationships between
source, ambient and microenvironments. Studies were conducted
to characterize, validate, and evaluate samplers to collect samples
for chemical and biological characterization. The sampling protocols
were to take into consideration techniques necessary to collect
particulate material as well as volatile, semi-volatile, and condensable
organic material. Combustion gases and other key indicators were
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to be measured as part of the sampling activities. Typical activities
for sources were to include sampling with extractive sampling equipment
and appropriate participate filtration and vapor phase organic collection.
Ambient sampling planned to include size separation of particulates,
collection of respirafale and inhalable particulates and other
organic material. Microenvironment sampling procedures were to
include volatile and semi-volatile sampling at low concentration
levels.
C. Source Apportionment
Source apportionment is a combination of mathematical and analytical
procedures which are used to determine the contribution of specific
emission sources to ambient concentrations of air pollution. Several
methods have been used to apportion the contributions of source emissions
to ambient air quality. These include emission inventory methods,
source dispersion models and receptor models. The receptor-model
approach to source apportionment was thought to be effective for this
type of project, where the number of particulate sources are small
and known. In addition, emissions from mobile sources and wood
burning contain unique elemental tracers which improve the accuracy
of the source apportionment calculations. The key assumptions, based
on the current state of the art of receptor modeling were: (1)
source signatures would be unique, (2) ratios of elemental species
emitted from a source would remain unchanged during transport from
source to receptor, (3) the measurements of composition would be
precise enough to distinguish among sources, (4) ambient concentrations
would be high enough to be measured reliably, and (5) statistical
receptor modeling would require more than 40 samples (day) and 40
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samples (night) and substantial variability of source emission rates
during the two sampling periods.
D. Bioassay Directed Fractionation/Characterization
This approach has been successfully used to identify potential carcinogens
in complex mixtures including synthetic fuels, diesel emissions, and
kerosene soot. Basically, the complex mixtures are fractionated and
each fraction is bioassayed. The Ames Salmonella typhimurium plate
incorporation assay or the j>. typhimurium forward mutation assay have
been the most widely used bioassays. Mutagenically active fractions
are further fractionated, bioassayed, and characterized until the
major class or specific compounds responsible for the mutagenicity
are identified.
For Phase 1 this approach would initially be aimed at identifying
mutagens. It was not expected to identify tumor promoters or
chemicals with other toxic (non-mutagenic) activity. The compounds
and fractions identified as mutagenic using this approach would be
further evaluated for mutagenicity in mammalian cells and carcinogem'city
in rodents.
E. Chemical/Analytical Measurements
1. Organic Compounds
Chemical analysis provides identification of those chemical
species originating from wood combustion and mobile sources and
their -atmospheric transformation products that are carcinogenic
or potentially carcinogenic. Analytical measurements were therefore
planned to address three aspects. First, establish profiles of
. the organic compounds present, including volatile, semi-volatile,
and non-volatile or particle-associated compounds. Second, the
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methods must provide identification of the compounds that may
pose a significant hazard to human health. Third, those compounds
that have been identified as markers, established carcinogens, or
potent tnutagens must be quantified.
Reliable or existing methods were considered initially and
modified and the necessary modifications were planned over the course
of the project. Initial screening of samples would involve gas
chromatography with flame ionization or photoionization detection
(GC/FID or GC/PID) for volatile organic compounds and gas
chromatography/mass spectometery (GC/MS) and high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet, mass spectrometry,
or fluorescence detection for semi-volatile and particle-associated
compounds. The screening approach was based primarily on the
mutagenicity of the fractions with chemical/analytical screening
as a complementary procedure.
2. Inorganic Compounds
In order to apply current receptor models to determine the
fraction of ambient aerosols that orginate from wood burning,
extensive inorganic chemical and physical analysis of ambient
particles and source emissions is necessary. These measurements
planned included:
a. The elemental composition of particulates (principally of the
elements potassium, chlorine, lead, and bromine). Carbon-14
dating measurements were also included to apportion air
particulate carbon into "new carbon" such as wood burning
and "old carbon" such as gasoline, oil and coal etc.
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b. Determination of the amount of elemental and volatilizable
carbon present in fine particles. The ratio of elemental
carbon to volatilizable carbon is important in resolving the
source of carbon.
c. Sulfate and nitrate concentrations in fine particles. These
measurements were planned to provide data for the chemical mass
balance receptor model calculations.
d. The measurement of particle mass.
F. Atmospheric Transformation
A growing number of laboratory and field studies have suggested that
there are unidentified compounds present in ambient air which cause
mutagenic responses in short-term bioassay tests, both in the vapor
and aerosol phases. Recent studies in ASRL/HERL have demonstrated
that exposure of many organic source emissions to photochemical reaction
conditions increases the mutagenicity of the emissions.
The transformation studies carried out as part of the Integrated Air
Cancer Project were planned to utilize a large reaction and atmospheric
simulation chamber (the Mobile Aerosol Reaction Chamber, or MARC) to
produce irradiation products of air mixtures like those found in
typical U.S. 'environments and in the IACP field study. Operated in
a dynamic mode, the MARC produces consistent conditions which
will permits direct exposure of bioassay test systems and provides
large quantities of the transformation products for chemical sampling
and analysis. Runs with differing residence times or reaction conditions
produce differing product distributions for aid in identifying the
potentially hazardous materials and in understanding the processes
which form the target chemicals.
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The MARC was designed to begin with an examination of the simpler
systems and an identification of the products which cause the bioassay
responses. More complex mixtures would then be examined as understanding
of the processes increased, culminating in simulations of the actual
field conditions found in the IACP field studies.
G. Meteorology (Task 9 and Task 10}
A meteorological understanding of the transport and diffusion of
woodsmoke is essential to interperting the ambient samples. Such
understanding is essential to any extrapolation of the data to other
locations and/or other times through dispersion modeling. Meteorlogical
measurements are planned to determine the relative impact of nearby
sources on the ambient samples and to determine how woodsmoke diffuses
under stagnant conditions influenced only by local drainage flows.
H. Human Exposure Assessment
Human exposure to airborne carcinogens is continuous throughout
one's life. However, in order to interpret measured exposure data so
that the sources of the carcinogens can be identified, it is necessary
to analyze methodically the total exposure to carcinogens as the
summed effect over multiple discrete exposure intervals which can be
aggregated into classes represented by common sources. For example, a
single collection of airborne particles over a 24-hour period may
capture a specific carcinogen in a significant quantity, but there
would be no information as to whether the exposure occurred in the
subject's residence, in traffic while commuting, at work in an occupational
setting, or outside in the ambient air. It would help to measure the
portions of the sample collected in each of these categories independently
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to ascribe the probable source to one or the other microenvironments.
There are two general ways in which this evaluation can be achieved.
In the first approach the subject collects a discrete sample in each
microenvironment passed through in the course of a day. In the
second approach, samples are collected continously in each microenvironment
and the subject's activities are monitored to ascribe to them an
exposure associated with each microenvironment. The second approach
is the one selected as most applicable for evaluation of human carcinogen
exposure assessment in the integrated field studies described above.
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VI. Project Status
The FY'85 program of the IACP focused on three main areas of research:
field measurements and methods development/evaluation work conducted in
the RTP area, field measurements in Albuquerque, NM, and special efforts
to enhance our understanding and preparations for Phase 2.
The RTP field program included sample collection at fixed sites
to characterize the mutagenicity and organic chemical composition of the
ambient aerosol, to permit receptor analysis of the origins of the'
aerosol, and to characterize the air mass for hazardous and criteria
pollutants and meteorological parameters. The fixed site monitoring was
combined with measurements at various homes to describe the nature and
magnitude of the source emissions from the use of wood stoves. Measurements
inside and outside the homes were also made to assess the exposure levels
of the residents. The RTP effort included a series of tasks which
were intended to resolve various technical issues related to the sampling
and analysis methods to be used in Phase 2 of the project.
The Albuquerque field program, like the fixed site monitoring at
RTP, included sample collection at two sites for bioassay characterization,
for receptor analysis, and for characterizing ubiquitous gaseous
pollutants and meteorological factors. One site was heavily impacted by
residential woodburning and the other by vehicular emissions.
The special studies included laboratory determinations of the factors"
influencing the emissions from wood stoves and smog-chamber simulations
of the transformations of the wood smoke. The special study area also
covers a few tasks which were designed to prepare for the FY'86/'87 time
period.
23
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The status of each of these areas is briefly discussed beliOw.
A. RTP Measurements
Measurements in the RTP area were made regularly at two fixed sites
(one in a RWC impacted neighborhood and one at a background location),
and for short periods of time at one roadway site and at 5 residences.
The status of the effort is described below.
1. Bioassay and Organic Characterization (Task 1 and Task 3)
The purpose of the analytical portion of the field measurements was
to prepare and analyze samples for both bioassay/organic signature
evaluation and source apportionment. The Fiscal Year 1985 studies
concentrated on residential , mobile and woodstove ambient emissions as
the primary sources of impact for the airsheds and exposure routes to be
studied.
The signature sample preparation involved collection/concentration of
volatile, semi-volatile and particulate organic materials from ambient,
residential sites, and source locations. Gaseous analysis procedures
involved cartridge collection of aldehydes and canister collection
of light hydrocarbons and halocarbons.
Analytical techniques used for source signature involved direct
analysis of the gaseous organic compounds, extractable organic material
(EQM), and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC). Bioassay (Ames) analyses
were also performed on filter and sorbent extracts. Additional sp'ecialized
analyses to develop techniques for bioassay directed fractionation and
identification of mutagenic compounds were planned and are described in
the special projects portion later in this report.
Samples submitted for volatile organic analysis included: 16 impinger
and 61 cartridge samples for aldehyde analysis and 38 gas phase samples for
24
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light hydrocarbons and halocarbons. Samples submitted for other organic
analyses included: 56 sets of filters for source apportionment, 20 sets
of filters and sorbent for residential signature analysis, and 12 sets of
filters and sorbent for source emissions signature analysis. Additional
samples (approximately 130 filters and 6 sorbents) were submitted for
analysis to support research and methods development tasks.
Analysis of samples from the field study is underway.
Results of the signature analysis using volatile organic compounds are
*
essentially complete and show differences between roadway and woodstove
impacted samples. The volatile analysis for aldehydes developed under
part of the field effort provide comparable data to, and are more sensitive
than the conventional impinger techniques. Halocarbon analysis did not
appear to yield data useful to source apportionment or signature analysis
due to the very low levels of these compounds observed.
Results from the filter and sorbent analyses are still being completed.
Residential samples and the comparable prime site samples have been
analyzed for EOM. Initial results indicate a low mass loading on filters
[approximately 1 to 4 ug/actual standard cubic meters (ASCM)] and
a much larger loading on the sorbents (10 to 30 ug/ASCM). Mutagenesis
analyses are currently being performed on this set of samples to
determine if the relative response of the samples follows the
mass loading or if there is a difference in the activity between
the condensable and semi-volatile material.
Completion of the EOM and bioassay analyses are planned for late
FY'85 and early FY'86. All EOM analyses on source apportionment, ambient
signature and source signature samples will be completed in the near
future. Directed research tasks to identify and quantify the
25
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mutagens using a combination of bioassay directed fractionation,
chemical analysis and mutagenesis bioassay will continue into
FY'86. Compilation and interpretation of the results from all
facets of the project will result in a series of peer reviewed
journal articles in FY'86 and FY'87.
2. Modeling Data
In an effort to identify species responsible for the ambient mutagenicity
and to relate them to their original source types, measurements were made
in Raleigh using the following samplers: a dichotomous sampler (elemental
and mass data for 0-2.5 urn and 2.5-10.0 urn), a carbon sampler (0-2.5 urn),
and a nitric acid/nitrate sampler (0-2.5 urn). Twelve hour, day and
night, samples were taken over a period from January 15 to March 26, 1985.
The dichotomous filter samples which were collected are being analyzed
for elemental content by X-ray fluorescence at the RTF labs. As of September
1, mass analysis, nitric acid/nitrate analysis and elemental analysis of
fine particles were completed. . Analysis for volatilizable carbon
have been initiated. Once the data are formatted, a receptor
modeling exercise will be performed to apportion the Raleigh
aerosol. Also, bioassay results from the samples collected over
the same time periods will be added to the source-apportionment
data base.
3. Chemical and Meterological Support Measurements (Albuquerque, Ralefgh and Task 9}
Ancillary measurements including carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide
(NO), nitrogen dioxide (f^), ozone (03), sulfur dioxide (SOj), nephelo-
meter Bscat, wind speed and direction, precipitation, solar radiation, and
relative humidity were made to help relate the RTF wood smoke measurements
to other pollutant sources in the vicinity, transport and transformation,
26
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and measurements from other studies. The pollutants and meteorology were
measured with continuous monitors housed in mobile vans located at the
primary and background sites, producing hourly averages from 1/9/85 to
4/17/85, Over 30,000 data points were collected by the on-site mini-
computer and final validation is still in progress.
4. Source Measurements (Task 22)
The objective of the field source sampling task was to sample
different woodstoves for condensable particulate and semi-volatile organic
material. Duplicate tests using the Woodstove Dilution Sampling System
were completed on four woodstoves in North Raleigh. Samples have been
delivered to the analytic group for chemical and biological characterization.
Additional samples are being acquired as needed for specialized resarch
tasks.
5. Exposure Measurements (Task .13 and Questionnaire)
In order to address exposure to wood smoke near the main Raleigh
site, selected measurements were made inside and outside of five resi-
dences. Particulate samples integrated from.7 p.m. to 7 a.m. were col-
lected on Teflon and-Pallflex filters for chemistry and bioassay, along
with XAD-2 for semi-volatiles, DNPH tubes for aldehydes, and Tenax and
evacuated cannisters for volatiles. Particle mass data shows that
the particle concentrations are much lower indoors than outdoors.
The chemistry and bioassay analyses are in progress. The exposure*
sampling component of the program is expected to be expanded in
FY'86 to include a much larger number of homes selected by a
statistically valid survey questionnaire.
B. RTP Measurements - Resolving Technical Issues
A number of experiments were undertaken at RTP to resolve various
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technical issues which arose during the peer review. The status of each
is discussed below.
1. Extraction (Task 20}
The primary objective of the extraction task was to optimize
the recovery of mutagenic material from filter and sorbent material used for
IACP sampling activities. One hundred seventeen (117) filters
and six (6) XAD-2 sorbent modules from the primary sampling site were
used for the task. Composite filter particulate samples were
extracted using combinations of organic solvents and extraction
techniques. Mass recovery and mutagenic activity data from the
filter samples were obtained and these data are being used to
compare various combinations of extractions. All laboratory work has
been completed on the filter samples. The same approach is planned for
for the XAD-2 sorbent samples.
Future efforts involve application of statistical analysis (ANOVA)
to identify significant differences between the techniques evaluated.
Completion of statistical analysis will allow additional laboratory
testing of the effect of the optimum solvent on mutagenic activity
("inertness" study). A standard operating procedure and a journal
publication are planned as the final products of this task.
2. Sample Integrity (Task 8)
The purpose of this task was the investigation of the effects" of sample
storage over time, both on the collection media (filters or sorbent resin)
and as extracts. Eight samples (4 XAD-2 sorbent, 4 filters) were generated
as samples for extraction. Eight extracts (4 XAD-2, 4 Filter) were
generated and stored as extracts. Organic and bioassay aliquot samples
were stored in the appropriate solvents.
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3.
Organic and bioassay analysts of the samples and the stored
extracts will be conducted over a period of 8 months. Results from each
analysis period are compared to the other periods using an optimum design
statistical approach. The first three periods have been completed.
Chemical and bioassay analysis is complete on these samples.
Data thus far from the Sample Integrity Task indicates little or no
chemical change in the samples over the storage period. Some possible shift
between semi-volatile and condensable material was noted in the chemical
analysis. These trends will be evaluated at the completion of
the task.
The last sample set is to be evaluated shortly. Following
completion of chemical and bioassay analyses the results will be reviewed
for trends and recommendations on sample storage for the FY'86 study. An
SOP is planned as output from this task.
XAD-2 Clean-Up (Task 7)
The objective here was to design and implement a more cost-effective
cleaning procedure that would produce clean XAD-2 sorbent resin
which met or exceeded existing QA requirements. A developmental large scale
extraction apparatus was evaluated which allows approximately 2
kg of resin to be prepared per batch. Twenty kilograms of resin
material were cleaned using this apparatus. The sorbent resin
material prepared using this technique was evaluated against a
smaller scale clean up apparatus used to prepare resin for source
sampling. Resin prepared in the new apparatus was found to be cleaner
in all cases than the smaller scale unit. As a result all resin needs
were met.
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The current activity for Task 7 involves scaling up the clean-up
procedure using solvent elution instead of Soxhlet extraction. The new
apparatus being evaluated will allow cleaning of at least 4 kg of resin
per batch and holds the possibility to generate resin with a lower
background at a much lower cost than the extraction technique. Upon
completion of the final -scale up evaluation, an SOP will be
generated which describes the selected technique for providing clean
sorbent resin for semi-volatile organic sampling.
4. Fractionation (Task 19)
The objective of this task is to develop a procedure to divide
complex organic mixtures extracted from IACP samples into fractions
which simplify the mixture, concentrate the mutagenic activity,
and allow identification of chemical compounds or compound
classes responsible for the activity. The development of the
fractionation scheme by HPLC is in its early stages. Compounds
have been identified for use as standards to mark the division
between chemical classes as they elute from the HPLC. Blank and
control samples have been assayed in both chemical and mutagenic assays.
Efforts will continue using source samples to refine the separation
between chemical classes to meet the objectives of the task.
The limiting factor for fractionation and the subsequent chemical
and bioassay testing is the mass available from the samples taken to
date. Individual source samples are planned for the development stage
of .the fractionation task, followed by application of the developed
procedure to source and residential samples. A refinement of
the initial fractionation approach has been chosen which combines
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the best of existing approaches used previously in bioassay related
projects and in chemical analysis related projects. The efforts
on this task will continue in FY'86.
5. Evaluation and Development of New Bioassay Techniques (Task 15)
This task, Evaluation of Microbial Bioassay Techniques, is the
development and evaluation of rapid and automated microscale bioassay
techniques, is proceeding on schedule. While one method, the Mutascreen
system, has been shown to be inadequate, two other usable methods 1} the
micro-forward mutation assay and 2} the micro-reverse mutation assay
have been implemented. Bioassay results obtained to date are
reported as part of each task in this section and/or in Appendix B.
Support of other tasks is proceeding with the receipt of samples;
however, due to late arrival of samples bioassay studies will proceed
into. Fiscal Year 1986.
6. Organic- Signature/Apportionment Analysis (Task 14)
The objective of this work is to define compounds, groups of compounds,
or other significant analytical features that will be characteristic of
an individual type of source and to optimize this analysis. The focus
in FY'86/'87 is on 2 specific sources: woodsmoke and automotive sources.
More than 200 compounds have been identified in the gas phase.
Thirty-eight samples have been analyzed including those collected from
the concurrent residential study. This hydrocarbon data has been "analyzed
and initially verified. Some additional nonhydrocarbon compounds
seen by GC/MS are still being verified. Analysis of the semi-volatile
fraction and all data obtained on this task is in progress and will
proceed into FY'86 . Research to determine the optimum procedures for
31
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profiling the organic extractables from the participate fraction has
been initiated.
Prel iminary results suggest that organic signature analyses
of gas phase samples may differentiate between the background,
roadway, and primary Raleigh sites. Twenty-nine compounds
gave initial indications of being site specific.
Normal phase chromatography of the particulate related organic
compounds proved to be inadequate. Reverse phase HPLC with fluorescence
detection and excitation at two different wavelengths show significant
pattern differences in the different types of source samples studied.
Future efforts will include verification of the non-hydrocarbon
components seen in the gas phase by GC/MS. The semi-volatile
fractions will be analyzed when they become available. This will
include efforts to determine the distribution of the material by
molecular weight and/or boiling point. In addition data from all
analyses will be merged by sample period for further data reduction
and interpretation. The particulate organic fraction will also
be further characterized and expanded to include the recently
acquired electrochemical detector. A preliminary data assessment
will- be made to identify the most promising components for full
scale evaluation in future studies. Some organic particulate
extract samples will'be divided and portions will be supplied to
N8S for cooperative analytical studies.
7. Comparison by Particle Size (Task 3)
In order to demonstrate differences in chemistry and mutagenic
response as a function of particle size, samples were to be collected in
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the FINE (0-2.5 urn), COARSE (2.5-10 urn), and TOTAL (0-10 urn) size
ranges. To collect enough mass to permit chemistry and bioassay
on each sample, a higher flow rate (20 CFM) version of the
dichotomous sampler was built and field tested at the Raleigh
site for mass collection using quartz filters. The development
of the samplers proved successful but took longer than expected,
resulting in no Pall flex samples being collected for bioassay.
A continuation effort is planned in December 1985 to complete
this task at an RTP site impacted by wood smoke.
8. Development of a 2.5 urn Sampler for the Hi-vol (Task 5)
A long range research and development effort was initiated to
provide a 40 CFM hi-vol adaptable sampling head for 0-2.5 urn.
This flow rate should provide enough mass for bioassay-directed
fractionation for wood smoke or pollutant classes to be selected
in the future. A contract task with the University of Minnesota
has produced a prototype which has worked well in preliminary
tests. Delivery of three field prototypes is expected by November
1985 for field testing at a local RTP site impacted by wood
smoke.
9. Comparison of Face Velocity (Task 4)
The effect of face velocity through Pall flex filters collection
of organics was investigated using specially designed sampling
heads to provide velocities of 15, 46, 80, and 120 cm/sec.
Samples were collected for five 12-hour periods on Pall flex
filters. The chemical analyses are almost completed and data
33
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analysis should be undertaken shortly. The study will be repeated
in the Raleigh area in December 1985 with the addition of XAD-2
cartridges.
10. Source Sampling Methods (Tasks 16 and Task 22}
A Prototype dilution source sampler was designed specifically
for wood stove emissions. The unit was tested at several homes
near the main Raleigh site in conjunction with the residential
study, collecting 12-hour integrated Pallflex and XAD-2 samples
from 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. The analytical results are expected to be
available shortly. The dilution system worked very well and
several additional systems will be built for the FY'86 field study
after only minor modifications.
11. Stove Operating Profiles (Tasks 18 and Task 24)
This effort addressed cost-effective wood stove operation monitoring
methods to permit large scale characterization of the stove operating
profiles in a neighborhood. Continuous stove temperature monitors were
installed in six homes in the vicinity of the Raleigh site and their
profiles recorded for 10 weeks. The data are still being reduced because
of the manual data recorders. Activity in FY'86 will concentrate on
automated data recording systems.
12. Micrometeorology (Task 10)
The micrometeorology in the vicinity of the main Raleigh site" was
monitored to assess the parameters most likely to cause high ground level
concentrations of woodsmoke-and affect its transport. Low wind speed
monitors and vertical temperature gradient sensors were operated from
February through April at three locations near the main site. Results
34
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to date indicate that much more sensitive wind speed monitors are
needed to study nighttime wood smoke transport and ultra-low wind
speed monitors have been evaluated. A variety of new more sensitive
monitors are being procured for the FY'86 field study.
13. Source Impact Study (Task 10)
The impact of single wood stoves on the smoke concentrations monitored
at the Raleigh site were to be investigated using tracer gases. Logistical
problems delayed awarding a cooperative agreement with Washington State
University until after the Raleigh site was shut down. Some preliminary
laboratory testing of the tracers has begun and numerical modeling performed,
Field work is planned to commence with the FY'86 study.
C. Albuquerque Field Measurements
The objective of the Albuquerque Field Study was to apportion the
impact of residential wood combustion and mobile sources upon the mass
loading and mutagenic activity of the ambient fine aerosol. To accomplish
these objectives, measurements were made of the fine particle mass (from
a dichotomous sampler), volatilizable and elemental carbon (from a modified
Sierra dichotomous sampler), nitric acid/nitrate (from a denuder-difference
sampler), fine particle sample for bioassay (from a hi-vol with an Anderson
impactor), ^C/^C (from a hi-vol with an Sierra impactor), CO, S02> NOX and
light scattering (integrating nephelometer). Measurements of nitric acid
and nitrates were made to assist in determing the sources of nitrate and
their potential contribution to any nitrogenous organics that may be present
in ambient samples collected during the study. Samples were collected
from December 28, 1984 to February 20, 1985 at a residential site impacted
35
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by wood smoke and at a roadway site. Aerosol samples were collected over
twelve hour periods from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. and from 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. As
of September 1, analysis for fine particle mass and elemental composition
was completed for both Albuquerque sites. Volatilizable and elemental
carbon analysis was completed for the residential wood burning site. An
interim receptor modeling exercise was completed for the available data.
Bioassay of collected filters and Hc/12c measurements are planned for
the near future. Volatilizable and elemental carbon data for the roadway
site will also be completed. Compilation of the continuous gas monitor data
is also expected soon. Once the data are available, a receptor modeling
exercise will be undertaken incorporating the bioassay results.
D. Special Studies
The status of several special areas of investigation is described
below. These efforts are intended to augment the field work by providing
understanding of the processes involved.
1. Laboratory Source Studies (Task 24)
The objective of this effort was to determine the impact of six
operational parameters upon the mass and chemical composition of wood
smoke emissions. Statistical considerations forced a revision of the
original plans and investigation of two parameters was deleted from the
effort. A test matrix of 10 burns, designed to examine the impact of.
burnrate, wood species, wood moisture content, and wood loading upon the
source emissions was completed in June. Measurements were made using a
Modified Method 5 (MM5) approach. Analysis of the total weight of material
collected in the probe and filter, CO, C02, and 03 versus burnrate, wood
load, and wood moisture content have been completed. Analysis of the PAH
36
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content and correlations with wood species are anticipated to be available
soon.
2. Transformation Studies {Task 25)
The investigation of the transformation of wood smoke emissions was
undertaken with three major goals: (1) to assess whether or not transformation
would occur with resultant changes in chemical composition and mutagenicity;
(2) to examine the atmospheric stability of potential signature compounds;
and (3) to evaluate the relative mutagenicity of the particulate and
gaseous products. The goals were successfully met by a series of irradiations
which evaluated the chemical and mutagenic changes caused by transformations
under the conditions found in both remote, isolated air sheds and in
urban areas. The nature and extent of chemical and mutagenic changes
were characterized for both the gas-phase and aerosol-bound species, and
reaction profiles of several potential tracer compounds were obtained.
A publication of the results demonstrating an overwhelming contribution by
the gaseous irradiation products to the total mutagenic burden is planned
as a journal article. A draft copy of the proposed journal article is
attached to the Transformation Studies protocol in the Appendix B.
3. FY'86/'87 Preparations (Questionnaire, Site Selection and Data Management)
Two survey questionnaires have been developed for use in the planned
field program. Preparation of the OMB clearance package for the questionnaire
is underway. A Site Selection Workshop was conducted which narrowed
the potential locations for the FY'86/'87 field effort to three cities:
Boise, ID; Reno, NV; or Albuquerque, NM. Visits to each city are planned
in September to examine potential sampling sites in each area. A data
handling and sample tracking system was implemented for the FY'85 program.
37
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Problems have been identified and remedial actions are underway. Imple-
mentation of a computerized data entry and tracking system is planned.
38
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VII. Technical Results
Listed below is summary of the major technical results obtained to
date.
1. State of the art sampling and analysis procedures have been
developed and implemented. They are being evaluated and
standardized for use in FY'86/'87 studies.
2. Sampling procedures for human exposure have been developed
and evaluated in a pilot study.
3. Ambient, residential and source samples were taken simultaneously
with equipment and procedures developed to provide comparable
samples for chemical, physical and biological characterization.
4. Wintertime sample sets were collected for chemical and
bioassay analysis at two urban residential sites impacted by
wood burning emissions.
5. A mutagenic activity data base on the semi^volatile and particulate
organic samples has been generated as part of these studies.
These data will be incorporated into a source apportionment model
which for the first time will merge biological and chemical/physical
information.
6. Field and laboratory studies have both shown that greater mutagenicity
was associated with the semi-volatile and volatile components than
is associated with the particulate matter.
7. Initial receptor model calculations from Albuquerque show that
that residential wood combustion and mobile sources account for
approximately 90% of the fine particle mass. This result supports
the earlier assumption that these sources contribute significantly
to the mutagenic potential of the ambient air.
A more detailed description of results can be found in Appendix B
under each task.
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
NORTH CAROLINA 27711
INTEGRATED AIR CANCER PROJECT
"Mini Symposium"
Agenda
March 14, 1986
Room 3906
Welcome Donald Ehreth
0/erview Obeli en Lewtas
Source Sampling and Analysis Ray Merrill
Residential and fear Source Ross Highsmith
Sampling and Analysis
Ambient Sampling and Analysis Ross Highsmith
Source Apportionment Chuck Lewis
Transformation " Larry Cupitt
Synopsis Larry Cupitt
Future Plans Jo ell en Lewtas
Panel Discussion Everyone
Lunch
Poster Session.
Adjorn
9:30
9:35
9:45
10:00
10:15
10:30
10:45
11:00
11:15
11:30
12:30
2:00
4:00
a.m.
a.m.
a.m.
a.m.
a.m.
a.m.
a.m.
a.m.
a.m.
a.m.
p.m.
p.m.
p .m.
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m
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INTEGRATED AIR CANCER PROJECT
"Mini Symposium" Participants
Steering Committee
Joel 1 en Lewtas, KERL
Chairman
MD-68
FTS 629-3849
919-541-3849
Team Leaders
Larry Cupitt, ASRL
Study Design/Data Management/
Interpretation Team
MD-84
FTS 629-2878
919-541-2878
Ray Merrill, AEERL
Analysis Team
MO-62
FTS 629-2558
919 541-2558
Robert Stevens, ASRL
MD-47
FTS 629-3156
919-541-3156
Charles Rodes, EMSL
Sampling Team
MD-56
FTS 629-3079
919 541-3079
Other Participants
Barbara Andon, EHRT
Project Coordinator
MD-69
FTS 629-7532
919 541-7532
Ross Highsmith, EMSL
MD-56
FTS 629-7828
919 541-7828
Chuck Lewis, ASRL
MD-47
FTS 629-3154
919 541-3154
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The Integrated Air Cancer Project
Project Participants
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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STEERING COMMITTEE
Joel lien Lewtas, HERL (Chairman)
MD-68
FTS 629-3849
919-541-3849
Jack Puzak, EMSL
MD-75
FTS 629-2106
919-541-2106
Robert Stevens, ASRL
MD-47
FTS 629-3156
919-541-3156
Jim Dorsey, AEERL
MD-62
FTS 629-2509
919-541-2509
TEAM LEADERS
Larry Cupitt, ASRL (Study Design/Data Management/Interpretation)
MD-84
FTS 629-2878
919-541-2878
Ray Merrill, AEERL (Analysis)
MD-62
FTS 629-2558
919 541-2558
Charles Rodes, EMSL (Sampling)
MD-56
FTS 629-3079
919-541-3079
PROJECT COORDINATOR
Barbara Andon, EHRT
MD-69
FTS 629-7532
919 541-7532
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RESEARCHERS
Bill Barnard, EMSL
MD-77B
FTS 629-2205
919-541-2205
Ralph Baumgardner, ASRL
MO-47
FTS 629-4625
919-541-4625
Rudy Boksleiter, EMSL
MD-77
FTS 629-4746
919-541-4746
Bob Burton, EMSL
MD-76
FTS 629-3078
919-541-3078
Larry Claxton, HERL
MD-68
FTS 629-2329
919 541-2329
Howard Crist, EMSL
MD-77B
FTS 629-2723
919-541-2723
Ron Drago, EMSL
MD-76
FTS 629-3078
919-541-3078
Bert Eskridge, ASRL
MD-80
FTS 629-4551
919 541-4451
Peter Finkelstein, ASRL
MD-80
FTS 629-4551
919-541-4551
Bruce Harris, AEERL
MD-62
FTS 629-7807
919-541-7807
Tom Hart!age, EMSL
MD-76
FTS 629-3008
919-541-3008
Ross High smith, EMSL
MD-56
FTS 629-7828
919 541-7828
Leon King, HERL
MD-68
FTS 629-3932
919-541-3932
Tom Lawless, EMSL
MD-56
FTS 629-2291
919-541-2991
Bob Lewis, EMSL
MD-44
FTS 629-3065
919 541-3065
Chuck Lewis, ASRL
MD-47
FTS 629-3154
919 541-3154
Tom Lumpkin, EMSL
MD-76
FTS 629-3611
919 541-3611
David Mage, EMSL
MD-56
FTS 629-3184
919 541-3184
Bob McCrillis, AEERL
MD-65
FTS 629-2733
919 629-2733
Judy Mumford, HERL
MD-68
FTS 629-3095
919 541-3095
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Don Scott, EMSL
MD-78A
FTS 629-7948
919 541-7948
John Sigsby, ASRL
MD-46
FTS 629-3037
919-541-3037
Si 1 vestre Tejada, ASRL
MD-59
FTS 629-2323
919 541-2323
Randy Watts, HERL
MD-68
FTS 629-2491
919 541-2491
Nancy Wilson, EMSL
MD-44
FTS 629-4723
919 541-4723
Roy Zweidinger, ASRL
MD-59
FTS 629-2323
919 541-2323
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U.S. Enrlronmental Protection
Library, Room 2404
-401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DO t0480
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